Grammar --6 (2077) press

DYNAMIC

ENGLISH GRAMMAR
&

COMPOSITION

6

Author
Krishna Prasad Regmi

Edited by
Balaram Sharma

TU Topper in English Education (M.ED)
M.Phil with scholarship award (UGC)

Shubharambha Publication Pvt. Ltd.

Kathmandu, Nepal

Published by:

Shubharambha Publication Pvt.Ltd.

Kathmandu, Nepal
URL: www.shubharambhapublication.com
E-mail: [email protected]

www.facebook.com/shubharambhapublication

Book: Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book- 6

Author : Krishna Prasad Regmi
Layout Design : Ram Malakar
Copyright © : Publisher
New Edition : 2076
Revised Edition: 2077

© : Publisher

No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted by means (electronic,
photocopying, recording or otherwise) without prior written permission from the
publisher. Any breach of this condition will entail legal action and prosecution.

Printed in Nepal

Preface

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition has been designed according to the new
English Curriculum prescribed by the Curriculum Development Centre. The series
comprises of ten textbooks from grade one to grade ten. The present book is an
amalgamation of survey of rules, structures and forms presented in lucid modern English
and illustrated with numerous examples.

The aim of this book is to bring about a change in teaching and learning English grammar
and composition-a change that will enable the learners to use grammar in context using
both inductive and deductive approaches to develop four language skills immensely.
Practice in composition tasks will help to develop the learner’s writing skills. It will
encourage to writing their own thoughts, ideas and feelings.

This new edition contains huge examples and their application to communicative
approach that will increase the quality learning of English grammar. It is thought that
this change will improve the standard and acceptability of the book and I will consider
the attempts fruitful if the students find the book fruitful.

I have left no stone unturned for the meaningful presentation of subject matter to make
it reader friendly. Detailed description of grammatical structures and adequate exercises
on them, plenty of guided and free writing composition with enough practice questions,
an adequate amount of vocabulary related sections and as much as necessary self study
materials have been presented in the following chapters.

I am thankful to Shubharambha Publication Pvt. Ltd. for their encouragement, co-
operation and help in preparing this book.

At last, I would like to assure all the concerned teachers, students and readers that
constructive comments and suggestions shall be tremendously appreciated and
incorporated in the upcoming edition.

The Author

Table of Contents

1. NOUNS..............................................................................................6-21
2. PRONOUNS................................................................................. ..22-37
3. Quantifiers.................................................................................38-49
4. ARTICLES........................................................................................50-65
5. PREPOSITIONS..............................................................................66-81
6. ADJECTIVES...................................................................................82-98
7. ADVERBS......................................................................................99-109
8. AUXILIARY VERBS......................................................................110-124
9. QUESTION TAGS........................................................................125-136
10. SENTENCES.............................................................................137-152
11. WH-QUESTIONS.......................................................................153-162
12. SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION............................................163-175
13. SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT.................................................176-185
14. TENSE.......................................................................................186-207
15. VOICE........................................................................................208-221
16. REPORTED SPEECH...............................................................222-235
17. CONJUNCTIONS.......................................................................236-251
18. READING COMPREHENSION.................................................252-262
19. IRREGULAR VERBS.................................................................263-265
20. Regular Verbs ...................................................................266-269
21. Antonyms .............................................................................270-272
22. SYNONYMS .............................................................................273-276

Phonetic Symbols

Consonant Sounds Vowel Sounds

Symbols Words Symbols Initial Medial Final Spelling
/i: / O{ eat
/k/ s king, pick, cat /I/ O it meat see ee, ea, ie, eo, e, ei
/e/ P egg
/g/ u gate, ghost /æ/ of act sit city i, u, o, e, y, a
/a: / cf arm
/ŋ/ ª sing, sink /ə/ c ago pen - e, ie, ea, ue
/ʌ/ c up
/tƒ/ r chair, match man - a
/ʒ: / cM
/dʒ/ h jug, judge /ɒ/ cf] large car a, ear, ar
/ɔ: / cf]M
/z/ h is, zoo, balls /ʊ / p perfect the a
/u: / pm
/ʒ/ h genre, but - o, u, ou, u, oe
pleasure, Symbols
/eI/ PO
garage
/aI / cfO{
/t/ 6 tree, mat / ɔI/ cf]O{ earth bird sir ir, ur, er, ear
/ Iə/ Oc on o, a, ow
/d/ 8 do, middle /ʊə/ pc all hot - a, aw, au
/eə/ Pc -
/ø/ y thank, with ball saw u, ou, o, oo
ooze o, oo, wo, ue, ou
/ð/ b those, breathe book -
Initial Spelling
/n/ g nose, man eight move two a, ay

/p/ k pot, map Diphthongs

Medial Final

/f/ km fan, potato, same say
laugh
/b/ a ice might sky uy, igh, ie, y, eye
/v/ e bag, bulb oil voice boy oy, oi
/m/ d van, save ear real here
/j/ o man, same - influence poor ear, eer, ere
/r/ / area chair rare our, ocr, ure
yak air, ear, ere, eir,
red, carry out
old are
/l/ n late, sell /aʊ / cfp loud cow o, ow, ew
home go
/w/ j walk / əʊ/ cp ou, ow

/ʃ/ z shoes, sugar,
wish, chef

/s/ ; sun, miss

/h/ x house, yahoo

GE T STARTED 1CHAPTER 1

NOUNS

Read the following text.

A mammal is an animal that breathes air, has a
backbone, and grows hair at some point during its
life. All female mammals have glands that can produce
milk. The mother feeds the young with this milk until
the young are old enough to get food for themselves.
Mammals have intelligence among all living creatures
and also, in many ways, the most highly developed.

Mammals include a wide variety of animals, from cats to humans to whales.
There are about 5,000 species, or kinds, of living mammal. More than half of all
mammals are rodents, a group that includes mice and squirrels.

Mammals are found in every major habitat around the world. Most mammals
live on land – on the ground, in trees or even underground. Some mammals
– including otters, beavers and seals – live on land and in the water. Whales,
dolphins and manatees are mammals that spend their whole life in water.

Do You Know? In the text given above, the coloured words are nouns. They
are naming words. They are words denoting a person, place, animal, thing, group,
quality or action.

Speaking Practice

Answer these questions based on the given text.
a. Which animal gives birth to live babies and feeds on milk?
b. What do female mammals have?
c. Where are mammals found?
d. What does the mother mammal feed the young with?
e. Where do mammals live in?
f. Name some mammals that live on earth.

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Listening Practice

Reproduce these words after your teacher.
People: human, mother
Places: world, land, ground, underground, habitat
Animals: mammal, cat, whale, rodent, mouse, squirrel, otter, beaver, seal,
dolphin, manatee
Materials: air, hair, milk, food, water
Groups: family, kinds, species, group
Abstract concepts: intelligence, life

Quick Tip

Nouns function as the subject or object of action expressed by a verb or
as the object of a preposition in a sentence.

Grammar Focus: Different Type of Nouns

Noun Type Examples

Common Nouns name people, places woman, mountain, city, ocean,

or things that are not specific. country, building, dog, airline

Proper Nouns name specific people, Laxmi Prasad, Mount Everest, North

places, or things. Sea, Nepal, Kathmandu, City Mall

Abstract Nouns name nouns that you love, wealth, happiness, pride, fear,

can't perceive with your five senses. religion, belief, history, communica-

tion

Concrete Nouns name nouns that you house, ocean, Uncle Mohan, bird,

can perceive with your five senses. photograph, banana, eyes, light, sun,

dog, suitcase, flowers

Countable Nouns name nouns that bed, cat, movie, train, country, book,

you can count. phone, match, speaker, clock, pen,

David, violin

Uncountable Nouns name nouns that milk, rice, snow, rain, water, food,

you can't count. music

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Compound Nouns are made up of tablecloth, eyeglasses, New York,

two or more words. photograph, daughter-in-law, pigtails,

sunlight, snowflake

Collective Nouns refer to things or bunch, audience, flock, team, group,

people as a unit. family, band, village

Singular Nouns name one person, cat, sock, ship, hero, monkey, baby,

place, thing, or idea. match, table, house, ball

Plural Nouns name more than one cats, socks, ships, heroes, monkeys,

person, place, thing, or idea. babies, matches, tables, houses, balls

Grammar Focus: Countable and Uncountable Nouns

Countable Nouns

Countable nouns are those which can be counted. It can be both singular and plural.
Here are some countable nouns.

Countable Nouns computer, laptop, plate, bed, marble, book, apple, mango,
cup, boy, cap, desk, bench, copy, pen, etc.

Uncountable Nouns

Uncountable nouns are those which cannot be counted. They do not take any
articles. Here are some countable nouns.

Uncountable Examples
Nouns
Food and Drinks milk, rice, bread, pasta, beef, pork, fruit, sugar, salt,
flour, cheese, butter, tea, honey, jam, oil, juice, water,
Thinking or wine, tea, coffee, etc.
Feeling knowledge, faith, freedom, beauty, courage, help,
Everyday Things advice, knowledge, information, humour, guilt, grief,
love, fun, curiosity, aggression, etc.
Free time education, mail, sand, hair, oxygen, oil, sugar, water,
heat, time, business, equipment, dirt, homework, dust,
garbage, etc.
nature, leisure, travel, chess, art, poetry, literature, yoga,
applause, etc.

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Instant Practice

Write C for countable and U for uncountable for the following underlined
nouns.

1. The children fell asleep quickly after a busy day of fun.

2. Be careful! The water is deep.

3. The parade included fire trucks and police cars.

4. We like the large bottles of mineral water.

5. My mother uses real butter in the cakes she bakes.

6. How many politicians does it take to pass a simple law?

7. Most kids like milk, but Herman hates it.

8. Most pottery is made of clay.

9. Michael can play madal and several different musical instruments.

10. I drank a cup of milk and ate an entire box of cookies.

Circle for countable and underline for uncountable nouns.

advice air alcohol apple art beef blood

book butter cheese chewing coffee confusion cotton

cricket doctor education electricity energy entertainment gold

experience fiction flour food football forgiveness glass

furniture grass ground gum happiness history hope
homework honey horse ice information jam juice
knowledge lamb lightning liquid literature love luck

luggage meat milk mist money music news

noise oil oxygen paper patience pay peace

peanut pepper petrol plastic pork power rain
pressure rice sadness salt sand shopping silver

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snow space speed steam sugar sunshine table
vinegar
tea tennis time toothpaste traffic trousers watch

water weather wine wood wool work

Grammar Focus: Singular and Plural Nouns

Nouns can be singular or plural. When we are talking about just one thing or person,
we use a singular noun. For example:

Singular ant, bicycle, cow, daughter, egg, flower, grape, house, jug, king,

Nouns lock, magazine, nose, orange, picture, rose, spoonful, toy, vase,
well, etc.

When we are talking about more than one thing or person, we use a plural noun.
For example:

Plural ants, bicycles, cows, daughters, eggs, flowers, grapes, houses, jugs,
Nouns kings, locks, magazines, noses, oranges, pictures, roses, spoonfuls,
toys, vases, wells, etc.

Quick Tip

Words called articles or determiners are used to signal nouns. For
example: a palace, a river, an easy chair, an idea, two books, three trees,
some water, etc.

Instant Practice

Complete the sentences using either ‘a’ or ‘some’.

1. There is _____________ rice in the cupboard.

2. There is _____________ dog in the garden.

3. There is _____________ postman coming to the door.

4. There is _____________ alcohol in the fridge.

5. There is _____________ bathroom upstairs.

6. There is _____________ computer in the office.

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7. There is _____________ oil on the floor.
8. There is _____________ ice on the windscreen.
9. There is _____________ shirt in the tumble dryer.
10. There is _____________ homework to do later on.
11. There is _____________ food on the table.
12. There is _____________ cheese in the fridge.
13. There is _____________ light switch on the wall.
14. There is _____________ vinegar on your chips.

15. There is _____________ pen in my pocket.

Forming Plural Nouns
 By adding -es to nouns ending in –ch, -s, -sh, -ss, and -x

ch beach-beaches inch-inches match-matches watch-watches

s bus-buses octopus-octopuses syllabus-syllabuses virus-viruses

sh dish-dishes brush-brushes thrush-thrushes bush-bushes

ss boss-bosses dress-dresses glass-glasses kiss-kisses
x six-sixes box-boxes fox-foxes tax-taxes

 By adding –s to nouns ending in -o

dynamo-dynamos studio-studios photo-photos tattoo-tattoos piano-pianos

torso-torsos radio-radios trio-trios solo-solos zero-zeros

 By adding –s/es to nouns ending in -o

buffalo-buffaloes potato-potatoes echo-echoes tomato-tomatos
veto-vetoes
hero-heroes tornado-tornadoes mosquito-
motto-mottos/
mosquitoes mottoes

mango-mangoes cargo-cargos/car- volcano-volcanoes

goes

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 By changing –y into –ies if a noun ends in a consonant before the -y

beauty-beauties fairy-fairies cherry-cherries family- curry-curries

families theory-
theories
nappy-nappies diary-diaries spy-spies duty-duties

 By adding –s if there is a vowel before the -y

chimney- kidney-kidneys donkey-donkeys monkey- guys-guys
chimneys monkeys
valley-
toys-toys jersey-jerseys trolley-trolleys key-keys valleys

 By changing –f or –fe into –ves

calf-calves life-lives elf-elves loaf-loaves half-halves
sheaf-sheaves knife-knives thief-thieves leaf-leaves wife-wives

 By adding –s to nouns ending in –f or –fe

chef-chefs chief-chiefs reef-reefs cliff-cliffs
roof-roofs giraffe-giraffes safe-safes gulf-gulfs

 By adding –s or changing –f into –ves

dwarf-dwarves handkerchief-handkerchiefs/ves hoof-hooves
scarf-scarfs/ves turf-turfs/turves wharf-wharfs/wharves

 Wechanging the vowels

axis-axes goose-geese cactus-cacti louse-lice crisis-crises
mouse-mice oasis-oases fungus-fungi tooth-teeth man-men

 We adding –en or –ren

ox-oxen child-children

 Some nouns have same singular and plural forms

advice, knowledge, aircraft, music, baggage, news, cattle, offspring, cod, scen-
ery, deer, series, fish, sheep, furniture, species, information

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Instant Practice

Write the plural of the following nouns.

hand _______ wish _______ thief _______ riff _______

foot _______ apple _______ loaf _______ grief _______

woman _______ price _______ roof _______ proof _______

annex _______ ox _______ radish _______ glass _______

eyelash _______ fee _______ goose _______ child _______

mouse _______ box _______ genius_______ louse _______

half _______ cliff _______ self _______ elf _______

valley _______ baby _______ party _______ highway _______

company _______ joy _______ bakery_______ monkey_______

pharmacy _______ chimney________ studio_______ potato _______

portfolio _______ tomato ________ ratio _______ veto _______

Instant Practice

Write the singular of the following nouns.

children _______ lamps _______ men _______ addresses ________

flowers _______ circuses_______ knives_______ leaves ________

staffs _______ lives _______ selves _______ churches ________

pennies _______ turkeys ______ holidays_______ juries ________

attorneys _______ ferries _______ beds _______ cows ________

toys _______ watches _______ days _______ buffaloes ________

lice _______ geese _______ people_______ feet ________

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Grammar Focus: Unit Noun

Look at the following nouns.

milk water tea honey bread coke

sugar meat soap chocolate cheese furniture

These are uncountable nouns. They cannot be counted but can be measured. Some
determiners are used to talk about the quantities of uncountable nouns. When
uncountable nouns are measured in unit or quantity, they are called unit nouns.
Let’s see the following unit nouns:

a bottle a glass a jug a cup a packet a jar
of milk of water of water of tea of tea of honey

a loaf a slice a carton a can a bottle a bowl
of bread of bread of milk of coke of coke of sugar

a kilo a bar a bar a piece a piece a piece

of meat of soap of chocolate of chocolate of cheese of furniture

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Instant Practice

Fill in the blanks with one of the following unit nouns.
tube piece bunch gallon kilo can box bowl tub
bar cartoon loaf piece slice bolt deck bunch bottle

a ______ of bread a ______ of bananas a ______ of sugar

a ______ of paper a ______ of grapes a ______ of Pepsi

a ______ of pizza a ______ of toothpaste a ______ of cereal

a ______ of lightning a ______ of advice a ______ of soup

a ______ of cards a ______ of gasoline a______of margarine

a ______ of soap a ______ of milk a______of beer

1ASSESS YOURSELF

Underline nouns in the following sentences given below.
1. Anmol is eating a peach.
2. Lal flew a kite in the park.
3. The clock was broken.
4. Mr. Jubal corrected the test.
5. Six dogs ran across the sidewalk.
6. Mohan is reading an exciting book about plants.
7. Nina painted a pretty picture.
8. Sabina played the guitar.
9. Gupta answered the question correctly.

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10. Bibas dribbled the basketball.
11. Krishal munched on cookies.
12. Hichan drove her car to work.
13. Salt is a popular spice.
14. Oranges provide a great source of vitamin C.
15. The house is on Kings Street.
16. Dina played with her brother.
17. He rides bicycle very carefully.
18. Dambar and his friends chased the robbers.
19. There were no bottles in the fridge.
20. Fish Burger at Burger King is yummy.

2ASSESS YOURSELF

Rewrite the following sentences by changing the underline nouns into their
plural form.

1. Monkey sat on the tree. _________________

2. The house caught fire. _________________

3. The dog barked at the fox. _________________

4. The bush has white rose. _________________

5. The fox ate a corn. _________________

6. The clock was ticking. _________________

7. The girl is playing with doll. _________________

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8. The table has so much dust. _________________

9. The pond is full of fish. _________________

10. The tree is full of bird. _________________

11. I watched a movie while I was sick. _________________

12. The library has a collection of rare books. _________________

13. The woman ran a daycare center. _________________

14. I wrote a note for my history class. _________________

15. Manish ate a stuffed tomato for dinner. _________________

3ASSESS YOURSELF

Correct the errors in the following sentences.
1. Waters are essential to life.
2. Could I have some salts.
3. We find sands in the desert.
4. Fires burn.
5. He is fond of musics.
6. There has been no rains for the last two months.
7. I enjoy funs.
8. He is the lover of natures.
9. He is in good health.
10. He is suffering from cancers.

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4ASSESS YOURSELF

Change the following nouns into plural. dream ______
bush ______ door ______ camp ______ adult ______
driver ______ car ______ dress ______ answer ______
card ______ ear ______ animal______ chair ______
cat ______ egg ______ article ______ baby ______
artist ______ chapter______ engine______ child ______
chest ______ eye______ bag ______ farm ______
face______ bank ______ city______ club ______
class ______ father ______ beach ______ farm ______
field ______ bed ______ coat ______

5ASSESS YOURSELF

Circle the uncountable nouns given below.

electricity energy fear book beauty health
bus dog luck hall powder fun
bridge peace ice music boat bell
pleasure happiness courage wind soup snow
rain salt game foot time silence

6ASSESS YOURSELF

Read the following text and group the nouns under the suitable headings.

Gladiators were usually slaves and criminals. Some were men of high social
standing who had fallen on hard times and started fighting to earn a living. There
were various classes of gladiators. Gladiators used everything from knives and

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nets to chariots and lassos in the battles. Most fighters trained for combat at
gladiatorial schools. The shows took place in amphitheaters, which were huge
round arenas that could seat thousands of people. The gladiator shows began with
a parade of the gladiators through the arena. Then a fake fight with wooden swords
and javelins occurred. The reward for victory was palm branches and sometimes
money.

Singular Noun Plural Noun

Vocabulary in Use

Choose the best answer to complete the following sentences.
1. A crowd of _______lined up to see what was happening. (cows, sheep,
people, birds)
2. A swarm of _______gathered around the swamp. (sheep, birds, insects,
cows)

3. As she looked up, she saw a flight of_______. (planes, insects, clouds,
stairs)

4. In the distance, the onlookers could see a fleet of_______. (players, insects,
stairs, ships)

5. In the show, we saw many different schools of _______. (birds, cattle, fish,
beads)

6. Over by the railroad tracks, there was a heap of_______. (houses, flowers,
stairs, stones)

7. The boys gathered a bundle of _______. (sticks, people, beads, houses)

8. The flock of _______stayed together. (sheep, blankets, ships, cows)

9. The herd of _______ kept eating as the wind blew past them. (people, birds,
cows, crows)

10. There was a long row of _______near the beach. (cows, insects, stairs,
houses)

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Guided Composition: Paragraph Writing

A Paragraph is a group of connected sentences that is generally made up of one
main idea and a group of supporting sentences. Paragraphs are the basic unit for
building longer pieces of writing, like essays, reports, assignments etc. A paragraph
contains three main parts:

a. A topic sentence - contains the main idea of the paragraph. It’s often but not
always the first sentence of the paragraph.

b. Supporting sentences - these sentences develop or give details about the
topic sentence. They can: expand on the main point, offer explanations,
give examples and additional details.

c. A concluding sentence- which summarizes the paragraph or may provide
a link to the next paragraph. This sentence is not always necessary in a
paragraph.

Read the following sample paragraphs:

Travelling

Travelling by bicycle is a very good way to see the countryside. First of all it’s
cheap, and secondly it’s clean. Also, you don’t have to worry about parking your
car or waiting a long time for a bus. It’s healthy too! However, in the city there are
lots of disadvantages. There’s a lot of traffic, which is dangerous and dirty, and also
there aren’t enough special places on the road for bicycles to use. If you cycle to
work in the rain, you will be very wet when you arrive. This might be a problem
if you have to look smart at work. Despite the disadvantages, thousands of people
travel by bicycle every day. Try it for a week, you might like it!

Cuttlefish

Cuttlefish are very intriguing little animals. The cuttlefish resembles a rather large
squid and is, like the octopus, a member of the order of cephalopods. Although
they are not considered the most highly evolved of the cephalopods, cuttlefish
are extremely intelligent. While observing them, it is hard to tell who is doing
the watching, you or the cuttlefish. Since the eye of the cuttlefish is very similar
in structure to the human eye, cuttlefish can give you the impression that you are
looking into the eyes of a wizard who has metamorphosed himself into a squid

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with very human eyes. Cuttlefish are also highly mobile and fast creatures. They
come equipped with a small jet located just below the tentacles that can expel
water to help them move. For navigation, ribbons of flexible fin on each side of the
body allow cuttlefish to hover, move, stop, and start.

Human Right
Human rights are the rights that belong to an individual or group of individuals
as a consequence of being human. They refer to a wide continuum of values or
capabilities thought to enhance human agency and declared to be universal in
character, in some sense equally claimed for all human beings. It is a common
observation that human beings everywhere demand the realization of diverse
values or capabilities to ensure their individual and collective well-being. It also is
a common observation that this demand is often painfully frustrated by social as
well as natural forces, resulting in exploitation, oppression, persecution, and other
forms of deprivation.

7ASSESS YOURSELF

Write paragraphs on the following topics.
a. Radio
b. Computer
c. My classroom
d. My house
e. Elephant
f. Earth
g. Dashain
h. Parents

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T START CHAPTER 2

GE ED PRONOUNS

Read the following description.

My name is Mina. I have two sisters. One day, my mother was not at home. I
prepared breakfast. It was not good. I sniffed at my breakfast in disgust. My sister
Alisa managed to eat her breakfast quickly. She smiled at me. “You must eat
yours,” she pleaded. But I did not feel like eating myself.

In the corner Nina lay fast asleep. I watched her blanket rise and fall itself as she
slept. Alisa herself crawled across to her and pulled the blanket right up to Nina’s
chin.

“We don’t want her getting cold,” she whispered to me. We stared ourselves
at the sleeping form. She seemed so small and helpless. Where was our father?
Where was he? I smiled at Alisa and picked up the bowl. We would all need to be
strong.

Do You Know? The coloured words in the given description are pronouns.
They are used in place of nouns. They are used to avoid for unnecessary repetition
of noun in writing.

Speaking Practice

Answer these questions based on the given description.
a. Who is speaking in the description?
b. What is she talking about?
c. Why is ‘I’ and ‘my’ used instead of Mina?
d. Who does ‘her’ refer to in the description?
e. Who does ‘we’ refer to in the description?
f. Who does ‘she’ refer to in the description?
g. Who does ‘our’ refer to in the description?
h. Who does ‘herself’ refer to in the description?
i. Who does ‘ourselves’ refer to in the description?

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Quick Tip

A pronoun is an identifying word used instead of a noun and inflected in
the same way nouns are. It is a word that takes the place of a common
noun or a proper noun. There are different kinds of pronouns.

Listening Practice

Reproduce these sentences following your teacher.

Personal Subject: I, we, you, she, he, it, they

Object: me, us, you, her, him, it, them

Demonstrative Possessive: my, our, your, her, his, its, their, mine, ours,
Indefinite yours, hers, his, its, theirs
this, that, these, those
Interrogative
Reciprocal no one, everybody, anybody, nobody, somebody,
Reflexive everything, nothing, anything, something, every, either,
Relative neither, all, each, most, other, several, few, such, anyone,
everyone, someone, one

who, when, where, whom, whose, why, what

each other, one another

myself, ourselves, yourself, herself, himself, itself,
themselves
who, when, where, whom, whose, why, how, that

Instant Practice

Write who the underlined pronouns refer to in the following sentences.

1. My name is Kamala. I live in a village.

2. My sister Arpana is 13 years old. She cannot speak well.

3. My brother Sujal is 18 years old. He studies in grade 12.

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4. My house is in the village. It is a mud house.

5. My brother and sister live together. They live in Kathmandu.

6. My father is a farmer. His hard work is the source of our living.

7. My mother is a house wife. Her most of the time is spent in house works.

8. My brother and sister are students. Their time is spent on studies.

9. I along with my father and mother work in the field. We have a busy
schedule.

10. My friend Manu and I study in the village school. Our school has poor
facilities.

Grammar Focus: Personal Pronouns

Personal pronouns are those that refer to person or thing. Personal pronouns are of
three types. They are subjective, objective and possessive pronouns. Let’s see the
following table:

Person Subjective Objective Possessive Examples

First I me P1 P2
Person we us
my mine First persons are the person
Second you you our ours speaking.
Person
her My name is Hem. I am a boy.
Third she him We live in the village. Our
Person he it village is clean and neat.
them
it your yours Second persons are the
they persons we are speaking to.
What are you doing now?
What is your hobby?

her hers Third persons are the persons
his his being spoken to.
it its She is reading now. Her sis-
their theirs ter is reading too. He is play-

ing now. His brother playing
too. They are busy. Their
schedule is fixed.

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Subject Pronouns

The subject of a verb does the action of the verb. The personal pronouns I, you, he,
she, it, we and they can all be used as the subject of a verb. Study the following
two sentences:
Bina likes dogs. She has four dogs.
In the first sentence, the proper noun ‘Bina’ is the subject of the verb ‘likes’.
In the second sentence, the pronoun she is the subject of the verb has.
Here are some more pairs of sentences that show personal pronouns used as subjects
of verbs.
My name is Manoj. I am fourteen.
Diya and I are playing football. We like sports.
George, you are a bad dog!
My father works hard. He works in a shop.
My sister is older than me. She is ten.
Our dog is very naughty. It likes to chase cats.
Lal and Tula are my brothers. They are older than I am.

Quick Tip

The subject of a sentence is the person, animal, place or thing that does
the action shown by the verb.

Object Pronouns
The object of a verb receives the action of the verb. The personal pronouns me,
you, him, her, it, us and them can all be used as the object of a verb.
Look at the following two sentences:
Bina likes dogs. She likes to stroke them.
In the first sentence, the noun ‘dogs’ is the object of the verb likes. In the second
sentence, the pronoun them is the object of the verb stroke.

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Here are some more pairs of sentences that show personal pronouns used as
objects of verbs.
I’m doing my homework. Mom is helping me.
Goodbye, children! I’ll call you soon.
Where is Karan? I need to speak to him.
Miss Guragain is very nice. All the children like her.
The room is very dirty. Mom is cleaning it.
Uncle Hira called Niru to ask her a question.
My marbles are all gone. Someone has taken them.

Quick Tip

The object of a sentence is the person, animal, place or thing that receives
the action shown by the verb.

Instant Practice

Fill in each gap with either a subject pronoun or object pronoun.
1. Alana said goodbye to her brother. She was sad to watch _____ go.
2. Are _____ going to finish your dinner?
3. Ben isn’t coming to see the film. _____ ’s seen _____ already.
4. Binisa saw _____ at the restaurant. They were having lunch there.
5. Have you seen my dad? _____ ’s wearing a red shirt.
6. Her shoes were dirty, so _____ cleaned _____.
7. How much is that CD?_____ think _____ ’s Rs. 200.
8. I don’t like Christopher. _____ really annoys _____.
9. I don’t think the shop is open. _____ usually closes at five thirty.
10. I showed_____ my photos. He thought _____were boring.

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11. I went to see my aunt. _____was pleased to see __________ .

12. I’m going to the cinema. Do _____want to come with _____ ?

13. It’s good to see _____ all. Thanks for coming.

14. It’s sunny today, isn’t _____ ?

15. He has broken up with _____ . _____ told ______that _____ doesn’t
love her any more.

16. My brother rang last night. _____ was great to talk to _____ .

17. The boy came up to _____ and took my hand.

18. We always go to bed early. Ten o’clock is late for _____ .

19. _____were annoyed when their meal was late.

20. Your bag is over there. Take _____ with _____ when you go.

Grammar Focus: Self Pronouns

The words myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves and
themselves are called self pronouns. They are also called reflexive pronouns.

They refer to the person or animal that is the subject of the verb. Let’s see the
following table:

Person Singular Plural
First Person I, me- myself We, us- ourselves
Second Person You-yourself You- yourselves
Third Person He, him- himself They, them- themselves
She, her- herself They, them- themselves
It- itself They, them- themselves

I made this kite myself.

Be careful with the knife. You’ll cut yourself.

Sabin is looking at himself in the mirror.

Santa has hurt herself.

Our dog washes itself after each meal.

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We organized the party all by ourselves.
Come in, children, and find yourselves a seat.
Baby birds are too young to look after themselves.

Instant Practice

Supply the correct reflexive pronouns to complete the following sentences.
1. Do you like to talk about_____?
2. He fell and hurt _____on the ice.
3. They _____ will deliver the goods.
4. We _____will wait for you.
5. Indu burnt_____ with the match.
6. We enjoyed_____ at the concert.
7. She said that she _____could meet us at the airport.
8. Hari _____ will deliver the speech.
9. I _____will do it.
10. You _____ must speak to him, Peter.
11. You_____ have to do it, boys.
12. I shave _____ every morning.
13. Sanu _____wrote to me.
14. Tashi hurt_____ when he fell on the pavement.
15. Minju_____ will attend the meeting.
16. Miss Rai _____ will speak to us.
17. She looked at _____ in the mirror.
18. Most people like to talk about _____.
19. The ambassador _____ will sign the agreement.
20. My brother cannot dress_____. He is only 2.

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Grammar Focus: Demonstrative Pronouns

The words this, these, that and those are called demonstrative pronouns. They
are showing words.
This is Hari’s car.

That is Hari’s car.

These are dogs.

Those are dogs.

This is a peak.

That is a peak.

These are his books.

Those are his books.

Demonstrative pronouns can be singular or plural.
Singular Plural
this these
that those

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Quick Tip

Use this and these when you are talking about things near you. Use that
and those when you are talking about things farther away.

Instant Practice

Fill in the blanks with correct demonstrative pronouns.
a. All of them are good but __boy in red hat is better than __one in white cap.
b. ____ is the bag ___ you bought yesterday.
c. ____are sheep but _____are goats.
d. ____is a cap but ____one is a hat.
e. ____ are the best shoes of my mother.
f. ____ is one of the best examples of his writing.
g. ____is a small room but ____is a large room.
h. ____are monkeys but ____ are horses.
i. ____ is my bottle but ____is hers.
j. ____ are his paintings but ____ are mine.

Grammar Focus: Possessive Pronouns

Possessive pronouns are used to talk about things that belong to people. The
words my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, our, ours, their, theirs and its are
possessive pronouns. They show relationship.
This is my house.
This house is mine.
Look! This is your book.
That book is yours.
I have seen his house.

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That car is hers?

He is our English teacher.

This school is ours.

Do they do their work?

These cars are theirs.

Here is a table to help you remember which possessive pronoun to use with which
personal pronoun.

Singular personal possessive plural personal possessive

pronoun pronoun pronoun pronoun

I, me mine we, us ours

you yours you yours

he, him his they, them theirs

she, her hers

Instant Practice

Complete the following by adding the necessary possessive pronoun.

a. I have a dog; the dog is mine.

b. Nil has a dog; the dog is _____.

c. Juna has a cat; the cat is _____.

d. You have a toy; the toy is_____.

e. Aman has a new car; the car is_____.

f. Kalika has a new pen; the pen is_____.

g. We have two English books; the English books are_____.

h. Riya and Unisha have two English books; the English books are_____.

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i. I have a dog and a cat; the dog and the cat are _____.
j. You have a dog and a cat; the dog and the cat are _____.

Instant Practice

Substitute possessive pronouns for the coloured words.
a. This is my book. This book is mine.
b. This is her room. This room is ______.
c. This is Dambar’s office. This office is ______.
d. He took his book and left my book. He took his book and left ______.
e. These are their newspapers. These newspapers are ______.
f. These are Hem’s cigarettes. These cigarettes are ______.
g. That is Nina’s notebook. That notebook is______.
h. This is my notebook. This notebook is______.
i. Is this your pencil? Is this ______?
j. Is this your coat or her coat? Is this coat ______?
k. These are our seats. These seats are______.
l. This is the teacher’s desk. This desk is______.

1ASSESS YOURSELF

Choose the correct pronoun(s) for each sentence.
1. She/Her went to the store.
2. It was she/her bag.
3. We talked to he/him.

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4. It is I/me speaking now.
5. Talk to they/them before making a decision.
6. Can you go with we/us?
7. Sami and she/her have quit the team.
8. They asked he/him and I/me to join the group.
9. That call was for I/me, not he/him.
10. You didn’t tell we/us that they/them were here first.
11. I/me wonder what he/him could have said to she/her.
12. A message arrived for he/him and she/her.
13. Tell Gita and she/her friends that I/me called.
14. I am as willing as he/him to work hard.
15. She invited he/him to be she/ her escort.
16. It is they/them who called we/us.
17. Binod is more nervous than she/her.
18. It will be we/us who win this election.
19. Biru invited Sonu and I/me to the movie.
20. This is he/him speaking.

2ASSESS YOURSELF

Substitute the correct pronoun for the coloured words.
1. Hira likes Mohini.
2. Inkar studies the book.

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3. She speaks with Kamal.
4. I understand the teacher very well.
5. The teacher likes Binod and Tashi.
6. Vishnu studies his book every day.
7. Rubin goes with Mega and me to the lesson.
8. I like this song very much.
9. Lal goes with Hukmat and Arpan to the club.
10. Paru speaks with Hira in English.
11. I know Ash and his wife very well.
12. Kiran sent the invitations to Mina and me.
13. They are talking about the accident.
14. Is this letter for Mr. Regmi or for his wife?
15. I like Hema and Nina.

3ASSESS YOURSELF

For the word ALONE substitute the preposition BY with the correct reflexive
pronoun.
1. John lives alone in an apartment. John lives by himself in an apartment.
2. She likes to study alone.
3. I went to the movie alone.
4. Do you like to go to the movie alone?
5. He likes to walk alone in the park.
6. My aunt lives alone in the cottage.

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7. He works alone in a small office.
8. He prefers to work alone.
9. I do not like to eat alone.
10. I do not think he can do it alone.
11. Both the boys and the girls study alone.
12. He wrote the entire book alone.
13. He does his homework alone.
14. Maya travels alone.
15. You come school alone.

4ASSESS YOURSELF

Use object pronouns (me, you, him, her, it, us, them) to complete the following
sentences.
1. When did you see Jugal? I saw____ two months ago.
2. When did you buy the car? I bought ______ two years ago.
3. When did he visit Mary? He visited ____last Sunday.
4. When did she send the letters? She sent ____last Monday.
5. When did they wash the car? They washed ____2 weeks ago.
6. When did you visit your parents? I visited _____last weekend.
7. When did he get his diploma? He got _____a long time ago.
8. When did she spend the money? She spent ____last summer.
9. When did you speak to Tom? I spoke to ____yesterday morning.
10. When did he invite you? He invited ____last month.

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11. When did they eat the apples? They ate _____this morning.
12. When did she meet Robert? She met ___last Friday.
13. When did he send you message? He sent ____message at noon.
14. When did you buy these caps? I bought ___on Saturday.
15. When did you last see her? I last saw ___ in 2015.

Vocabulary in Use
Fill in the gaps with one of the following crime words.
accessory attacker bomber burglar con man dealer fraudster gangster
hustler murderer
1. A is ______ a man who tricks others into giving him money, etc.
2. A is ______ a member of a group of violent criminals.
3. A is ______ a person who commits fraud.
4. A is ______ a person who enters a building illegally in order to steal.
5. A is ______ a person who has killed somebody deliberately and illegally.
6. A is ______ a person who sells illegal drugs.
7. An is _____ a person who helps somebody to commit a crime or who
knows about it and protects the person from the police.
8. A is ______ a person who tries to trick somebody into giving them
money.
9. An is ______a person who attacks somebody.
10. A is ______a person who puts a bomb somewhere illegally.

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Guided Composition: Paragraph Writing

Read the sample paragraph.

My School

I like my school because teachers are very helpful and affectionate. We talk about
different issues in our classroom. They ask us interesting questions and we use our
experiences to answer them. They give us handouts and other reference materials.
We work in groups and pairs. They encourage us to do things on our own. We are
always active in class. Education is based on practice and relevancy to our real life.
We take part in different extra and co-curricular activities. We do a lot of project
works. I am always busy doing so many things and learning a lot of things every
day. Well experienced teachers, its infrastructures and other facilities make our
school a perfect place for learning and getting education.

5ASSESS YOURSELF

Write a similar paragraph describing your village including the following
points.
 Name of the village
 Location of the village
 Climate and environment
 Occupation of people there
 Festivals and cultural activities
 Facilities and services available there
 How is your living there

The village where I live is …………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………

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T START CHAPTER 3

GE ED QUANTIFIERS

Act out the following dialogue.
A: How much money have you got in your pockets?
B: I’ve got quite a lot. Perhaps ten thousands!
A: How many children have you got?
B: I’ve got two children.
A: Have you got any friends in Kathmandu?
B: Yes, there are some friends in Kathmandu.
A: How many rooms has your house got?
B: Not many. There are only six rooms.
A: How much money is there in your wallet?
B: Not much…only two hundred and fifty rupees.
A: How many eggs are there in that box?
B: Very few! There are only three eggs.
A: Do you watch a lot of movies?
B: Yes, quite a lot. Perhaps two or three every week!
A: Do you like playing games?
B: I like playing very much.
A: Do you like this watch?
B: Which one. Bigger or smaller one! I like that smaller watch very much.

Do You Know? In the above given dialogue, the coloured words are quantifiers.
Quantifiers are determiners or pronouns that express quantity of amount or
number.

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Speaking Practice

Answer these questions based on the given dialogue.
a. What singular countable nouns can you see?
b. What plural countable nouns can you see?
c. What uncountable nouns can you see?
d. What is the difference between ‘much’ and ‘many’?
e. What is the difference between ‘this’ and ‘that’?
f. What is the difference between ‘some’ and ‘any’?

Quick Tip

Words such as many, much and several tell about quantity without giving
an exact number. They are called quantifiers.

Listening Practice

Repeat these quantifiers after your teacher.

a little butter a lot of free time a lot of a lot of work enough bread

mistakes

many cars many students many days many people many

students

much free time no more CDs no more milk no time very little

several some letters very few some women much idea

helicopters people

enough bread enough sugar enough enough enough

apples money flower

little hope the least less time the most fewer rivers
opportunity
people

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-6

Grammar Focus: Quantity

Look at the following sentences.

There are not many marbles. There are a few marbles. There are a lot of marbles.
There is not much water. There is a little milk. There is a lot of milk.

Quick Tip

A few and a little refer to small quantity whereas much, many and a lot
of refer to large quantity.

Instant Practice

Look at the picture and tick the best answer.

many copies not much juice much bread
much copies a lot of juice many bread

a little book much students not many cows
a lot of books many students several cows

much brave soldiers a little orange juice a little old books
many brave soldiers a few orange juice a few old books

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-6

Grammar Focus: Quantifiers with Singular and Plural Nouns

 A, an, one, this, that, another, every, each + singular noun
I need another pencil.
He likes every child in the class.
Each house is painted a different colour.
This is a pen.
That is a book.
I have a pen.
He eats an apple.
 Few, a few, fewer, many, several, both, all, half, some, enough, a lot of, lots
of, more, most, other and plenty of +plural Noun
A few children are absent today.
A lot of people like burgers.
All children seem to like chocolate.
Both brothers have dark hair.
Drink plenty of water every day.
Few people have been to the moon.
He likes playing with other children.
I don’t have enough material to make a dress.
I have fewer CDs than you.
She spends half of her time watching television.
Most lemonade contains sugar.
Several friends went with me.
Some girls like to play football.
We went to Europe many years ago.
You will gain weight if you eat lots of ice cream.
You’ve got more brothers than I have.

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-6

Grammar Focus: Quantifiers with Countable and Uncountable

Nouns

much with uncountable with countable and enough
a little/little/very little nouns uncountable nouns all
more/most
a bit (of ) less/least
a great deal of
no/none
a large amount of lot of
a large quantity of a lots of

a large number of with countable plenty of
many nouns not any
some
several
a few/few/very few any

a great number of
a number of
a majority of

Quantifiers with Countable Noun
There were a large number of people at the party yesterday.
Do many people like your car?
There are several books in the library.
I wrote the letter in a few minutes.
There are very few flowers in our garden.
There were few people at the cinema.
A great number of people are gathering there.
A number of students are taking tuition classes.
A majority of staff voted against him.
Quantifiers with Uncountable Noun
Does the teacher give you much homework?
George was a little better this morning.
We have little time to play.

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-6

He has very little experience of driving trucks.

Here is a bit of pollution.
I can see a great deal of pollution in the town.

The town has a large amount of pollution.

The police have caught a large quantity of drug.

Quantifiers with both Countable and Uncountable Noun

He is old enough to travel abroad by himself.

All the shops will be closed tomorrow because it´s Saturday.

Helen is more beautiful than Mary

Most of the players are sick today.

I’ve got less ice cream than you.

Exercise at least five times a week.
No child likes getting hurt.
None of the players are playing well.
He has a lot of money.
He eats plenty of water.
There are not any more exercises in the book now.
Some boys are coming here.
Any dog will bite if it’s afraid.

Quantifiers Countable Uncountable
many √
much √
some √ √
any √ √
no, none √ √
a lot of, lots of √ √
little, a little √
few, a few √

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-6

1ASSESS YOURSELF

Change these sentences into the plural, use SOME, MANY or SEVERAL.
1. There´s a tree in the garden.
2. There´s a woman in the office.
3. There was a car accident last Sunday.
4. There is a new student in this class.
5. There will be an interesting program tonight
6. I´ve got a question for you.
7. They´ve got an interesting book in the library
8. The boy´s got a book in English.
9. There is a letter for you, Mr. Smith.
10. I´ve got a coin in my pocket.
11. I´ve got a magazine on my desk.
12. There´s a textbook on the teacher´s desk.
13. The student has got a new notebook.
14. There is a student in the laboratory now.
15. Please show me a photograph.

2ASSESS YOURSELF

Use LITTLE, FEW, A LOT in the blank spaces.
1. There are very ____books in the school library.
2. There´s _____milk left in the bottle.
3. There´s very ____ice in my glass.

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-6

4. There´s ____of noise in this room.
5. There are _____of trees in that park.
6. There are only a ____ tickets available.
7. There are ____students absent from class today.
8. There´s _____of sugar in my coffee. It is very sweet.
9. There are _____of errors in my cheque.
10. There´s just a _____whisky left in the bottle.
11. There is a very ____ food in the fridge now.
12. She bought _____onions and _____milk.
13. There were a ____people in the meeting.
14. You should put a ____honey in lemon juice for better taste.
15. I can see a_____ apples in the bowl.

3ASSESS YOURSELF

Complete the following sentences with LITTLE, FEW, SOME, LOTS, MANY
and MUCH.
1. We spent far too _____ money on our last trip.
2. Do you have _____people coming to the party?
3. He likes to drink_____ of beer every weekend.
4. We don’t have _____ time to get to the airport.
5. She only speaks a _____ English so it is very difficult to talk to her.
6. There are only a _____ decent night clubs in town.
7. It has been so dry recently. There hasn’t been _____ rain.
8. He is late because he had _____trouble with his car today.
9. Can I have _____of your bread, please?

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-6

10. How _____dogs does your brother have?
11. There’s _____ of space for more people in the theatre.
12. I could have lunch with you today. I don’t have _____ to do.
13. There are just a _____people in the park today.
14. How _____ milk would you like?
15. I don’t like very _____milk in my tea, just _____.

4ASSESS YOURSELF

Fill in the gaps with SOME, ANY, NO, MUCH, MANY and A LOT OF.
1. Do you want _____groceries from the shop?
2. How _____bottles of juice have you got?
3. How _____money have you got?
4. I don’t think we have _____milk left.
5. There’s not _____butter in the fridge. We need to buy_____.
6. We need _____cheese if we want to make a sandwich.
7. She doesn’t want _____kitchen appliances for her birthday.
8. Are there _____problems with your work?
9. I have heard _____interesting news this morning.
10. I must go now. I have got _____work to do.
11. There were _____people at the cinema yesterday.
12. There weren’t _____people at the concert.
13. There were too_____ people at the concert.
14. It’s a problem when there are so_____ people.
15. That’s _____reason to rude all the time.

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-6

5ASSESS YOURSELF

Choose the correct words to complete the following sentences.
1. They don’t want _____help moving to their new apartment. (much, any)
2. There aren’t _____people in this village. (much, many)
3. There’s not so_____ work to do this week. (much, many)
4. We’ve eaten _____the food in the refrigerator. (all, some)
5. Can I have ____ water? (some, any)
6. Do you have ____ books to read? (a little, enough)
7. ____ the balloons have burst already. (Half, Much)
8. There’s ____ fruit in the bowl. (a lot of, lots)
9. They went to a park with ____ of animals in it. (a lot of, lots)
10. There’s ____ space in my room than yours. (much, more)
11. ____teachers enjoy teaching. (More, Most)
12. They had never tasted ____ food. (other, much)
13. _____my friends have seen the Harry Potter movies. (A lot of, Not much)
14. There’s _____ rice left. (a little, a few)
15. Are there ____good books in the library? (some, any)

Vocabulary in Use
Rearrange the jumbled letters to name the following fruits.

UEBEBLRRY USFRCITRUIT PAPPLINEE EACPH YCHLEE

NWAMELOTER OSEBEROGORY CADOAVO HERCRY RSIMPEMON
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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-6

Guided Composition: Story Writing

According to Abrams, “A short story is a brief work of prose fiction, and most of
the terms for analyzing the component elements, the types and the various narrative
techniques of the novel are applicable to the short stories as well.”
Remember a good story has a beginning, a problem, a solution to the problem,
an ending. Follow these tips to write a story:
 Decide who the characters are.
 Who is going to be in the story?
 What sort of characters are they?
 Where and when your story is going to take place. This is called the setting.
 What is going to happen in your story?
 What is the main event.
 What type of story is it?
 A summary of what happens in the story.
 The events in the story. This is known as the plot.
 How it all ends. How the problem is solved.
 What type of ending? Happy or Sad?

Read the following sample story.

The Monkey and the Juggler

In a mango orchard outside a village there lived a mischievous
monkey. The whole day, he would jump from one tree to
another. Thus the monkey kept on eating the ripe mangoes. The
orchard-keeper tried to trap the monkey. But every time the
monkey escaped the trap.

One day, the monkey wandered out to the nearby town. “The
town people are so busy. There are so many crowds here,” the
monkey thought.

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Soon the monkey was sneaking into houses and running away with eatables.
By evening, he had made life difficult for the town people. “The town is more fun
than the orchard. I will live here,” he thought.
Days went by and the monkey was looked upon by the town people with terror.
“Here he comes again,” they screamed when they saw the monkey.
One day, a juggler came to the town. The people of the town approached him. “We
want you to help us get rid of that mischievous monkey,” they said to the juggler.
The juggler said in return, “Do not worry. Get me some jars with narrow necks,”
When the jars of the size were brought to him, he put peanuts into the jars and
placed them out on a field.
The monkey became curious when he saw the jars. When he went and peeped
inside the jars, he saw peanuts. “Yummy! Let me quickly grab the peanuts and
run,” he thought. He put his hand inside the jar and grabbed a big handful.
But he could not pull out his clenched fist, as the neck of the jar was so narrow. If
the monkey dropped some peanuts back into the jar, he could have pulled his hand
out. But he was greedy. So he did not drop some peanuts into the jar.
The town people trapped the monkey with his hand inside the jar. They got hold of
the rope and tied him in a post. Then the monkey was sold to a zoo. That was the
end of the greedy monkey.
Moral: Greed ruins us.

5ASSESS YOURSELF

Write a readable story using the following outlines.
A cat kills many mice mice hold a meeting dicuss on how to be safe a
young mouse says “Let’s tie a bell around its neck” all agree; happy
a wise old mouse says, “ But who will bell the cat?” all quite moral.

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T START CHAPTER 4

GE ED ARTICLES

Read the following description.

The telephone is a very common device for communicating
over a distance. With a telephone, a person can talk almost
instantly with someone on the other side of the world. A
traditional telephone depends on wires to send sound. It
has a handset and a base that are connected by a cord. The
handset is the part that a person holds to make or answer a
call. One end of the handset has a microphone for talking.
The other end has a small loudspeaker for listening. The
base connects the telephone to an electric current through a wire.

When the caller speaks into a telephone, the microphone changes the sound of
the person’s voice into an electric signal. The base sends out the signal through its
wire. How the signal travels from there depends on where the call is going. It can
remain an electric current, passing through wires and cables.

A cordless telephone is more convenient than a traditional telephone. It does not
have a cord connecting the handset and the base. It allows a person to walk around
the house while talking. The cordless telephone uses both electric signals and
radio waves. The base receives the call as an electric signal, like a corded phone
does. Then the base turns the electric signal into radio waves. Using an antenna,
the base sends the waves through the air to the handset. The handset’s antenna
picks up the waves. Then the handset turns the waves back into sound.

Do You Know? The words a, an and the in the above given description are
articles. They are demonstrative adjectives. There are two types of articles in
English.

Articles

Indefinite-A/AN Definite-THE

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