Grammar --6 (2077) press

They sell everything at very low prices.
You can buy fruit very cheaply in this shop.

Quick Tip

Some adverbs and adverb phrases describe the way people do things.
They answer the question “How?”

2. Adverbs of Time
We haven’t seen her this morning. Is she working today?
They are going to my new school tomorrow.
It rained heavily last night.
His brother goes to college in the autumn.
These shoes will be too small for me next year.
This TV program starts at 6 o’clock.
The bus has already left.
She moved into our new house last week.
Leave as soon as possible.
He is going on a trip in a few days’ time.

Quick Tip

Some adverbs and adverb phrases answer the question “when?” They
are called adverbs of time.

3. Adverbs of Place
These flowers grow in the park.
You couldn’t find my book anywhere.
The day was hot but cold inside.
She is studying at an English university.

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It that our ball there?
Some boys are playing upstairs.
The cat is in the garden.
We live in a house nearby.
They are going to Pokhara on their school trip.
I live on the northern part of country.

Quick Tip

Some adverbs and adverb phrases answer the question “where?” They
are called adverbs of place.

4. Adverbs of Frequency
He polishes his shoes twice a week.
Have you ever been to Japan?
I’ve told you my name three times already.
I clean my bedroom every week.
I’ll never make that mistake again.
Alina practices the piano regularly.
The children always go to school on the bus.
The newspaper is delivered daily.
The shops are often very busy.
We walk home from school every day.
We’ve been to Dipayal twice.
You should go to the dentist once every six months.

Quick Tip

Some adverbs and adverb phrases answer the question “how often?”
They are called adverbs of frequency.

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5. Adverbs of Duration
He talked to his girlfriend for over an hour.
I haven’t seen him for two years.
Mom was away a very long time.
Stand still for a moment while I comb your hair.
The library is temporarily closed.
It lasted for three days.
The teacher left the classroom briefly.
They stayed up all night talking.
We waited for ages for a bus.
You are staying in a hotel overnight.

Quick Tip

Some adverbs and adverb phrases answer the question “how long?” They
are called adverbs of duration.

6. Adverbs of Emphasis
Baikal can run really fast.
This rice is too hot.
He sings quite beautifully.
That’s a very good drawing.
The film was just terrible.
All these tools are totally useless.
Your words are completely unbelievable.

Quick Tip

We have seen that most adverbs describe verbs, but remember that some
adverbs also describe adjectives or other adverbs. They are usually used
to add emphasis.

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1ASSESS YOURSELF

Rewrite the following adjectives as adverbs. ____________
1. slow ____________ 12. cool ____________
2. beautiful ____________ 13. comfortable ____________
3. strong ____________ 14. wise ____________
4. tidy ____________ 15. quiet ____________
5. brave ____________ 16. merry ____________
6. soft ____________ 17. busy ____________
7. careless ____________ 18. cheap ____________
8. clear ____________ 19. close ____________
9. correct ____________ 20. different ____________
10. playful ____________ 21. safe ____________
11. selfish ____________ 22. skillful

2ASSESS YOURSELF

Underline the adverbs in the following sentences and write their types.
1. The man shouted loudly.
2. He arrived early.
3. The train has already left.
4. He drove carelessly.
5. The students talked noisily.
6. The children are playing outside.
7. Let’s go now.
8. Tom spoke politely to his teacher.
9. Have you seen Anne’s cat anywhere?

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10. Come here!
11. The dog is barking fiercely.
12. Alice skated beautifully.
13. The Prince and the Princess are coming here.
14. They lived happily ever after.
15. The birds are singing sweetly.
16. It is raining heavily.
17. The dog and the cat live together peacefully.
18. The soldiers fought bravely.
19. The sun is shining brightly.
20. The old man walked slowly.

3ASSESS YOURSELF

Choose an adjective from the box and turn it into an adverb to complete the
sentences below.

clear quick sad regular quiet

careful close firm bright neat
1. “Goodbye. I’m going to miss you,” she said ______.
2. Attach the sign______ to the wall.
3. Carry the glass ______so you don’t drop it.
4. I can’t understand you. Please speak more______.
5. If you follow us ______, you won’t get lost.
6. Let’s walk ______so we get home before it starts to rain.
7. She writes very______.
8. The sky was blue and the sun was shining______.
9. You have to talk ______when you’re in the library.
10. You should exercise______ if you want to stay fit.

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4ASSESS YOURSELF

Fill in the gaps with one of the following adverbs.
all day in old clothes for a week already every day
outside this morning ever on the bus clearly
1. “Go and do your homework.” “I’ve _______done it.” (time)
2. She takes the dog for a walk_______. (frequency)
3. Have you_______ been in a plane? (frequency)
4. My face was dirty and I was dressed_______. (manner)
5. I did some homework last night and finished it_______. (time)
6. It was a fine day and the children played in the garden_______. (duration)
7. Buna left her pencil case_______. (place)
8. She was so ill that she missed school_______. (duration)
9. Speak _______so everyone can hear you. (manner)
10. We went _______to play. (place)

5ASSESS YOURSELF

Supply the adverb form of the adjective given in brackets.
1. John left the office _________ that afternoon. (quick)
2. She speaks English_________. (beautiful)
3. He always drives ________. (careful)
4. She works ________ every day. (hard)
5. We arrived home _________ that evening. (early)
6. He did the work_________, as usual. (easy)
7. We walked very ________. (quick)

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8. I feel very ________ today. (good)
9. He always does his work _______. (reckless)
10. He speaks very _________. (slow)
11. She prepares her lessons ________. (careless)
12. They acted _________ in that matter. (bad)

Vocabulary in Use
Read the following containers and match the collective nouns with their
continuations given below.

a bag of a box of a carton a can of a cup of a tin of
shopping chocolates of orange cola coffee fruit

juice

a bowl of a jar of a glass of a vase of a tube of a jug of
sugar marmalade water flower toothpaste milk

1. A class of thieves
2. An army of people
3. A choir of sailors

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4. A crew of musicians
5. A band of singers
6. A crowd of soldiers
7. A gang of students
8. A group of players
9. A team of dancers
10. A pack of thieves
11. A staff of employees
12. A tribe of natives
13. An audience of listeners
14. A panel of experts
15. A flock of labourers
16. A board of tourists
17. A gang of directors

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Guided Composition: Essay Writing

Read the following essay.

Phobias

Phobias are intense and persistent fear of a specific object, situation, or activity.
Because of this intense and persistent fear, the phobic person often leads a tight
life. The anxiety is typically out of proportion to the real situation, and the victim
is fully aware that the fear is irrational.

Phobias are very strong fears which may start in childhood. Usually there has been
an early experience which started the fear. A person may forget the experience
which started the fear, but the fear remains.

For example, a person who is afraid of closed rooms has claustrophobia. Perhaps
that person had parents who once locked him in a closet as a child. As an adult, he
has forgotten the experience in the closet, but he fears locked rooms.

A person who is afraid of insects has a kind of zoophobia. People who are afraid of
snakes, spiders, and mice have zoophobia, too.

People who are afraid of germs have micro phobia. They wash their hands many
times a day, and they refuse to be near people who are sick. Now that we understand
disease better, many people who are micro phobic are afraid of germs.
Write an essay on “Happiness” based on the given questions.
a. What is happiness?
b. What are the sources of happiness?
c. When do we feel sad?
d. When do we feel happy?
e. How can happiness help in your life?
f. What are short term and long term sources of happiness?
g. What are the benefits of happiness in life?
h. What are the obstacles in getting happiness?
i. Why do you think we should be happy?

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GE T STARTED CHAPTER 8

AUXILIARY VERBS

Read the following description.

The Sherpas are expert climbers. They have kept many
records in climbing. Temba is one of such boys, who even as
a child, has determined to climb Mount Everest, one day.

Temba used to stand and gaze at Mount Everest, standing
so tall and mighty. He always thought, “I must prepare for
it.” He was still very young when he started his training.
When he was about fifteen years old, he prepared himself to
climb Mount Everest. There were nine people in their group - three guides and six
trekkers.

They started their climb on April 13, 2000. When they were more than half way up
the mountain, Temba hurt his leg. But he went on, as his injury was minor. They
climbed higher and higher. They were almost at the top when Temba made the
biggest mistake of his life.

His boots had become loose. He pulled off his gloves to tighten his boots. That let
long enough time for his fingers to get frostbitten. The sweat inside his gloves was
frozen. When he put his fingers into his gloves they started bleeding.

Temba did not want to give up. He continued to climb. His guides wanted him to
turn back. Temba was disappointed. He was so close to the peak that he could see
it just above him. He had to stop climbing and return.

Five of his fingers – two of the left hand and three of the right had to be amputated,
but he did not give up hope. Failure wouldn’t defeat this young boy.

Do You Know? In the above given description, the coloured words are verbs.
The words like is, are, was, were, has, have, had, used to, could, would and
must are auxiliary verbs. They are also called helping verbs. These verbs are used
in different tenses for making sentences.

Words like studies, gaze, started, prepared, climb, hurt, went, climbed, made,
pulled, let, etc. are main verbs. They perform different actions in sentences.

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Speaking Practice

Answer these questions based on the given description.
a. Do all sentences have main verbs?
b. Do all sentences have auxiliary verbs?
c. What is the difference between main verb and auxiliary verb?
d. How many auxiliary verbs are there in English?
e. What are the forms of the main verbs used in the description?
f. What are primary auxiliary verbs?
g. What are modal auxiliary verbs?

Quick Tip

Words that express some form of action are called verbs. Most verbs are
action words. They tell you what people, animals or things are doing.

Listening Practice

Repeat the following words after your teacher.

Auxiliary Verbs
Be: is, am, are, was, were,
Have: has, have, had
Do: do, does, did
Modal: can, may, will, shall, could, might, would, should, must, ought to,
need to, dare to, used to

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Grammar Focus: Primary Auxiliary Verbs

Be Verb: is, am, are, was, were were is
He is my father.

She is Miss Lomu. was BE am
It is a hot day today.

They are good friends.

I am not teacher. are
We are in the same class, but we are not on the same team.

You are a stranger. You are not my friend.

He was at the party yesterday.

She was very good at writing.

We were in office at this time yesterday.

Were you also there with them?

Quick Tip

The words am, is, are, was and were, are the form of ‘be’ verbs, but
they are not action words. They are the simple present tense (is, am,
are) and simple past tense (was, were) of the verb ‘be’. We use am with
the pronoun I, and is, was with the pronouns he, she and it. We use are,
were with the pronouns you, we and they.

Have Verb: has, have, had Have
He has done his homework. Had HAVE Has
We have been there twice.
You have already seen me.
I haven’t completed my task yet.
I had seen you at the party?

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Had you had your lunch on time?

We hadn’t carried umbrella.

Quick Tip

We use ‘have’ and ‘has’ to make sentences in present perfect tense.
‘Has’ is used with he, she, it, Ram, Riya, etc. which is singular. ‘Have’
is used with I, we, you, they, Ram and Riya which are plural subjects.
‘Had’ is the past of have used in past perfect tense.

Do Verbs: do, does, did

My father does the washing of dishes. Do
My mother does the cooking.

They always do exercise together. Did DO Does
Who did this drawing?

He does such interesting work.

They do amazing tricks.

Fatima did her homework at home.

They did the dusting and cleaning.

Jane did all the laundry by herself.

You did well in the test.

I did poorly on my exam.

Quick Tip

We use do, does and did to talk about actions. We use do with the
pronouns I, you, we and they, and with plural nouns. Use does with the
pronouns he, she and it, and singular nouns. Did is the simple past tense
of do and does.

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Instant Practice

Fill in the blanks with do, does or did.
1. The shoes were too small. They ________ not fit me.
2. Amar ________ not do well on the exam last week.
3. Where ________ eggs come from?
4. The vase is broken. Who ________ that?
5. What ________ this word mean?
6. How ________ the computer work?
7. ________ he drink coffee?
8. Who ________ that drawing?
9. Where ________ you buy that dress?
10. How ________ you spell your name?
11. ________ not play on a busy street!
12. ________ your work quietly!
13. ________ a snake have legs?
14. He ________ not have any brothers.
15. ________ cats like to eat fish?

Instant Practice

Fill in the blanks with is, am, are, was or were.
1. Don’t blame him. It ________ my mistake.
2. He ________ sick yesterday.
3. Mom and Dad ________ on vacation last week.
4. The weather ________ fine this morning.
5. There ________ a lot of people at our party yesterday.

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6. There ________ a small lake here many years ago.
7. We ________ the champions last year.
8. Where _____Nima? He ________ here just now.
9. We _____going camping tomorrow.
10. I’____ starting piano lessons soon.
11. Jim’s parents ____taking him to Texas next week.
12. My favourite TV program ___starting in a minute.
13. All our friends ____coming.
14. I ____ visiting Aman next week.
15. Where ___you going for your vacation?

Instant Practice

Fill in the blanks with have or has.
1. A triangle ________got three sides.
2. These passengers ________ got their own tickets.
3. An insect ________got six legs.
4. My dad ________ got his cell phone with him.
5. Niraj ________ got a bad temper.
6. I often ________ got fruit for dessert.
7. Kathmandu________ got a very big airport.
8. Labish ________ got toothache.
9. Many poor people ________ got nothing to eat.
10. She ________ taken her breakfast.
11. The broom ________got a blue handle.
12. The children ________got a new swing set.

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13. All these girls ________got golden hair.
14. The man ________got two daughters.
15. They never ________ got any problem with tests.
16. We ________got a new science teacher.
17. You ________ got a good chance of winning the prize.
18. Kamal _____ bought a nice house.

Grammar Focus: Modal Auxiliary Verbs

Will and shall
I shall be eight years old next year.
We shall play a game of chess after lunch.
You will be sick if you eat too much.
I hope it won’t rain tomorrow.
They will finish the job next week.
The weatherman says it will rain this afternoon.
She will not be at the party today.
You will enjoy visiting New Zealand.
Dad will be back for dinner.
He will make lots of friends at his new school.

Quick Tip

We use the verbs shall and will as helping verbs or auxiliary verbs to
form the future tense.

Can and Could
He can run faster than Arbin.
She cannot afford such an expensive ring.

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I’m full. I can’t eat any more.
Can you help me?
Can I come with you?
I knew you could do it if you tried.
She could not come because she was ill.
Miss Mira said we could go home early.
They could not put us together again.

Quick Tip

The verbs can and could are both helping and auxiliary verbs. Use can
and could to talk about people’s ability to do things. Can and could are
used with the pronouns I, you, he, she, it, we and they, and with singular
or plural nouns. Could is the past tense of can.

May and Might
Use may to ask if you are allowed to do something, or to give someone permission
to do something.
May I watch television now? Yes, you may.
May I borrow your pen?
You may come in.
You may go now.
“May” is also used to talk about things that are likely to happen.
If it continues to rain, there may be a flood.
I may go to Sue’s birthday party if I’m free.
You may fall down if you aren’t careful.
Take an umbrella. It may rain.
“Might” is used as the past tense of “may.”

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He realized he might catch the earlier train if he hurried.
I knew my teacher might find out.

Quick Tip

You can also use might to talk about things that are possible. For
example:
Put your purse away or it might get stolen.
You might slip so hold on to the railing.

Would and Should
Use “would” as the past tense of “will.”
My friend said he would come.
I knew you would enjoy Dhading.
He said he would only marry a hardworking girl.
They said that they would meet me at the airport.
He promised he wouldn’t forget her birthday.
Use “should” to talk about necessary actions or things that people ought to
do.
If you are tired you should go to bed early.
Should I turn off the computer when I finish working in it?
Shouldn’t you tell your Mom if you’re going out?
We should all drink more water.
We should always thank people for presents, shouldn’t we?
You should do more exercise.
You should know how to spell your own name.

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Quick Tip

It is polite to use would like when you are offering people things, or
asking for something yourself. For example:
Would you like a cup of tea?
I am worn-out now. I’d like a rest.
You’d like food now, wouldn’t you?
What colour would you like?

Ought to
You look tired. You ought to go to bed early tonight.
I ought to get more physical exercise.
We ought to lock the door when we leave home.
You ought to turn off the computer when you’re not using it.
You ought to know how to spell your own name.
The teacher ought to make his classes more interesting.

Quick Tip

You use ought to to make strong suggestions and talk about someone’s
duty.

Must
I must mail this letter today.
You must speak louder. I can’t hear you.
Children must not play with matches.
Go to bed now. Oh, must I?
Why must I do my homework tonight?

Quick Tip

Use must to talk about things that you have to do.

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Instant Practice

Fill in the blanks with shall or will.
1. You __________ fat if you eat too many desserts. (grow)
2. The new school building ___________ ready soon. (be)
3. We ___________ to the zoo after breakfast. (go)
4. I ___________ bath before dinner. (take)
5. Peter ___________ lots to do on his grandmother’s farm. (find)
6. If we ask her, she ___________ us how to play chess. (teach)
7. If he works hard, he ___________ his exams. (pass)
8. ___________ we ___________ home now? (go)
9. They ____ busy tomorrow.(be)
10. We ____Ekbal this evening. (visit)

Instant Practice

Fill in the blanks with can, could, may or might.
1. _______ you jump over the hurdle?
2. If you hurry you ________ catch the train.
3. Jean ________ dance quite well.
4. Kaman doesn’t look well. He ________ have a fever.
5. Some people ________ speak three languages.
6. The baby is crying. She ________ be hungry.
7. The man is shouting. He ________ need help.
8. We ran as fast as we ________.
9. ________ I borrow your bike?

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10. I don’t know where Jane is. You ________ find her in the library.
11. ________ you drive?
12. Who ________ answer the question?
13. ________ you show me the way to the zoo?
14. He ________ play the piano.
15. It ____rain today.

Instant Practice

Fill in the blanks with would or should.
1. ________ you like to play a game with me?
2. Children ________ not watch too much television.
3. Every student ________ have a good dictionary.
4. He promised he ________ meet me after school.
5. Lal said he ________ help me with science.
6. Of course, I ________ help you!
7. We ________ all learn good table manners.
8. ________ you help if I asked?
9. We ________ like to go outdoors if it stops raining.
10. ________ you like some coffee?
11. We ________ not waste water.
12. What ________ we do now?
13. Yes, I ________ love a cup of coffee.
14. You ________ all pay attention in class.
15. You ________ not play with fire.

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Fill in the blanks with CAN, MUST, MAY or SHOULD.
1. You ____ not do that again. It´s dangerous.
2. The man is very strong. He ____ lift that heavy box easily.
3. You ____ be more generous. They´re very poor.
4. ____I have another piece of cake, mother?
5. Why don´t you phone at his home. He____ be there.
6. You ____ come and visit us any day.
7. ____I use your pen please, Sir?
8. He ____ n´t be driving the car! He doesn´t even know how to start a car.
9. What ____ I do in order to improve my pronunciation?
10. You ____ take your umbrella in case it rains this afternoon.
11. Miss Clark ____ type fast but she ____ n´t use a computer.
12. The little bird ____ n´t fly yet. It´s too young.
13. He ____n´t be an engineer. He is only 18 years old!
14. It´s almost midnight now. They ____be sleeping at this time.
15. You ____ ask questions at the end of the presentation.
16. You ____ be punctual for the meeting.
17. He is a retired civil servant. He ____ be over 65 years old now.
18. I don´t know why they´re talking. They____ be working instead.
19. I just put on my glasses. Now I ____ read better.
20. You ____ easily fall and break your leg.

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Vocabulary in Use

Look at the following small objects used at home and write their
function.

remote control power-point and table mat washing-up
plug liquid

Pegion bin-liner tea-towel ironing-board

grater mob coaster corkscrew

Example:

A remote control is a device that allows you to operate a television from a
distance.

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Guided Composition: Essay Writing

Read the following essay.

Should Students Wear School Uniform?

Almost all school students have school uniform. It is a compulsion for them. But
putting on school uniform is not the best idea for many reasons. The way the
student dresses makes a powerful statement about who he or she is. The school
years are an important time for them to explore their identities. The choice of
uniforms would undermine that. They would also have little, if any, positive effect
on students with discipline problems.

Each student has their own personality, and one way he expresses who he is
through his clothing. Clothes are an important way for young people to show
others how they feel about themselves and what is important to them. If school
students are forced to wear uniforms, this important form of self-expression will
be taken away.

Though discipline in schools is a serious concern, uniforms are not the answer.
Discipline problems usually come from a lack of discipline at home, and that’s
a problem that uniforms can’t begin to address. A student who is rowdy in the
classroom isn’t going to change their behaviour because they are wearing a white
shirt and tie.

In fact, discipline problems might increase if students are required to wear
uniforms. Students often make trouble because they want attention. Well behaved
students who used to get attention from how they dressed might now become
trouble-makers so they can continue to get attention.

Uniforms are not the answer to the problems public school students face. In fact,
because they’ll restrict individuality and may even increase disciplinary problems,
they’ll only add to the problem.

Write an essay on “why should we go to school?” in about 150 words using the
clues given below.

a. Why do you go to school? f. What do you learn in class?

b. What activities do you do in school?

c. What do you do in class? g. Why is classroom learning very good?

d. What do you do in the playground?

e. Why is learning at home and in school different?

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GE T STARTED CHAPTER 9

QUESTION TAGS

Act out the following dialogue.
Amar: You are from the village school, aren’t you?
Aman: You are right. We’ve already met once, haven’t
we?
Amar: Yes, we have. It was in the village market, wasn’t
it?
Aman: That’s right. You also study here, don’t you?
Amar: Yes, I have been studying here since my childhood. You too admitted
here, didn’t you?
Aman: Yes I did. Let me know your name, will you?
Amar: Certainly. I am Amar, aren’t I? What is your name?
Aman: I am Aman. It’s the time for class. Let’s go, shall we?
Amar: Sure.
Do You Know? The coloured words in each sentence are question tags.

Speaking Practice

Answer these questions based on the given dialogue.
a. What are question tags?
b. Why are question tags used?
c. What are tags in the given dialogue?
d. Do sentences end in full stop or question mark in tags?

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e. Do you see main verbs used in tags?
f. Why are only auxiliary verbs used in tags?

g. Why is there comma instead of full stop in sentence in tags?

Look at the following changes in question tags:

I don’t like to live in cities, do I? question mark

Comma subject positive auxiliary verb

My father works hard, doesn’t he? question mark

Comma subject
negative auxiliary verb

The structure of the tag in the above sentences is: subject + verb + obj+ comma
+ auxiliary +subject+?

Listening Practice

Repeat these contractions after your teacher.

is not=isn’t am not= aren’t are not=aren’t
have not=haven’t
was not=wasn’t were not=weren’t do not=don’t
cannot=can’t
has not=hasn’t had not=hadn’t would not=wouldn’t
shall not=shan’t
does not=doesn’t did not=did n’t ought not=oughtn’t

could not=couldn’t will not=won’t

may not=mayn’t might not=mightn’t

should not=shouldn’t must not=mustn’t

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Grammar Focus: Formation of Question Tags

1. Negative statement has positive tags.
He isn’t sincere, is he?
She was n’t there, was she?
You can’t convince me, can you?
We don’t like it, do we?
They did not invite us, did they?
2. Positive statement has negative tags.
I am fond of it, aren’t I?
She has called us, hasn’t she?
We have seen her closely, haven’t we?
You were there too, weren’t you?
He will visit us, won’t he?
3. Same auxiliary verb is used in the tags.
We should work hard, shouldn’t we?
You must help me, mustn’t you?
He would visit us, wouldn’t he?
She could sing well, couldn’t she?
I may call you later, mayn’t I?
4. Do, does and did is used for V1, V5 and V2 if there is no auxiliary verb in
a sentence.
I sing a song, don’t I?
He plays a game, doesn’t he?
We completed our task, didn’t we?

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5. Have as main verb takes do, does and did.
He has a nice car, doesn’t he?
I have a new watch, don’t I?
I had a Chinese friend, didn’t I?
6. Appropriate pronouns are used according to the subjects of the tag.
Ram is looking at us, isn’t he?
Riya has helped me, hasn’t she?
Paru and Prem are absent today, aren’t they?
These books are useful, aren’t they?
Milk is good for us, isn’t it?
This house has a swimming pool, doesn’t it?
The dog is not there, is it?
I can speak well, can’t I?
My friends were there too, weren’t they?
You have visited them, haven’t you?
We must work hard, mustn’t we?
The cat drinks milk, doesn’t it?
This house should be repaired, shouldn’t it?
That was mine, wasn’t it?
7. Imperative sentences take ‘will you?’ in tags.
Work hard, will you?
Never tell a lie, will you?
Don’t look at me, will you?
Please come here, will you?
Let me go, will you?
Let him sing a song, will you?

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8. Sentences starting with ‘let’s’ take ‘shall we?’ in tags.
Let’s sing, shall we?
Let’s go there, shall we?
Let’s not call her, shall we?
Let’s not try this, shall we?

1ASSESS YOURSELF

Add suitable question tag against the following sentences.

1. He comes here every day, ________?

2. She can speak French well, ________?

3. They will be here early, ________?

4. He left at two o’clock, ________?

5. He has to work tomorrow, ________?

6. You live up town, ________?

7. She studies with you, ________?

8. Both men look very much alike, ________?

9. I´m your best friend, ________?

10. They were both absent from the lesson, ________?

11. The wind is blowing very hard, ________?

12. Helen and her sister are both studying English, ________?

13. You are busy today, ________?

14. I´m doing the exercise well, ________?

15. She used to work in this office, ________?

16. He has been working very hard today, ________?
17. He has many friends here, ________?
18. He will be back later, ________?
19. Henry left at two o’clock, ________?

20. There´s some more milk in the fridge, ________?

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2ASSESS YOURSELF

Add suitable question tag against the following sentences.

1. The sun is setting now, ________?

2. She´s going to buy a new car, ________?

3. They went into the church, ________?

4. The shopping district extends for many blocks, ________?

5. He doesn’t come here every day, ________?

6. She isn’t busy now, ________?

7. They didn’t come with her, ________?

8. She can’t speak French, ________?

9. They don’t live uptown, ________?

10. He didn’t visit us last night, ________?

11. She won’t be at the lesson tomorrow, ________?

12. They don’t know each other, ________?

13. We don’t have to come to school tomorrow, ________?

14. They didn’t have to work yesterday, ________?

15. He hasn’t got any money, ________?

16. They didn’t arrive on time, ________?

17. Mr. Smith has seen that movie, ________?

18. Junu is a good student, ________?

19. George is a very tall boy, ________?

20. You were absent from class yesterday, ________?

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3ASSESS YOURSELF

Add suitable question tag against the following sentences.

1. This is your house, ________?

2. That isn’t the right answer, ________?

3. Your sister is very pretty, ________?

4. Andrew can’t ride a bike, ________?

5. You’ve already seen that movie, ________?

6. I’m lucky to have a friend like you, ________?

7. The tunnel was very dark, ________?

8. They didn’t play very well, ________?

9. We shouldn’t look at the answers first, ________?

10. Aunt Sarah could come to our house for dinner, ________?

11. There was a bag in the car, ________?

12. Sally hasn’t got a dog, ________?

13. We mustn’t be late, ________?

14. There is a post office nearby, ________?

15. There were some people in the park, ________?

16. We can stay an extra day, ________?

17. The journey won’t take long, ________?

18. I’m your best friend, ________?

19. Andrew and Susan are your neighbors, ________?

20. You didn’t see the dog in the garden, ________?

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4ASSESS YOURSELF

Add suitable question tag against the following sentences.

1. It is beginning to rain, ________?

2. Mr. Smith is out of town, ________?

3. They are leaving early in the morning, ________?

4. There were many students absent yesterday, ________?

5. Mary goes shopping every day, ________?

6. You called me last night, ________?

7. Dharma was born in Kathmandu, ________?

8. We will be there soon, ________?

9. The traffic was very heavy that evening, ________?

10. The sun sets at about six o’clock, ________?

11. John walks to the post office, _______?

12. He goes there in the morning, ________?

13. He first goes to the window, ________?

14. He doesn’t always buy stamps, ________?

15. There are many people ahead of him, ________?

16. There are only a few people ahead of him, ________?

17. He doesn’t always have to wait in line, ________?

18. He didn’t have to wait in line yesterday, ________?

19. He won’t have to wait in line tomorrow, ________?

20. He gave him the stamps, ________?

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5ASSESS YOURSELF

Add suitable question tag against the following sentences.

1. John didn’t receive any change, ________?

2. He put a stamp on the envelope, ________?

3. He didn’t mail any packages, ________?

4. He dropped the letter into the box, ________?

5. Let’s play, _________?

6. John sold his house, _________?

7. They bought the car in Pokhara, _________?

8. Let me tell you first, _________?

9. Let’s do it again, _________?

10. The boy did the exercise well, _________?

11. We had dinner at the Club, _________?

12. You will see me at the party, _________?

13. We wrote the letter in Spanish, _________?

14. They studied English in London, _________?

15. I am honest, _________?

16. They can work hard, _________?

17. We must keep quiet, _________?

18. Hurry up, _________?

19. Don’t smoke here, _________?

20. Never sing songs here, _________?

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Vocabulary in Use
Read the following words related to animals and change them into plural.

Frog Bee Snail Seal
Worm
Pegion Peacock Eagle
Bat
Seagull Shark Parrot Tortoise

Crab Dolphin Dove

Example: Frog-frogs

Change the following parts of a tree into plural.

Example: Bud-buds Bark
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Guided Composition: Essay Writing

Read the following essay.

Drugs

The term ‘drugs’ covers many kinds of chemical substance
which they are absorbed by the body, the majority being
medicines designed to cure illnesses. They are manufactured
from a variety of sources which include animal products,
plants and minerals.

In recent years it has become possible to synthesize in the laboratory many drugs
previously obtained from plants and animal products. A small number of drugs
can become addictive if taken excessively, that is either too frequently, or in doses
larger than recommended for medical use.

Drugs intended as painkillers, or drugs with a hypnotic effect used as sleeping
pills, can both become addictive if abused. It is important to emphasize the fact
that it is the abuse of drugs which has become a widespread social problem in
many societies, and that the drug itself may have many beneficial effects when
used medically. This is why many drugs are obtainable only through prescription
from a doctor.

Some people would argue that addiction to drugs involves both psychological and
social factors, since those people who become addicts may do so in order to find
some relief from personal or social inadequacies.

This argument implies that it is somehow the addict’s fault if he or she becomes
addicted, and this is to ignore the powerful physical effects of many drugs.
Any temporary effects of well-being soon wear off, leading to severe physical
discomfort.

Common Cold

The common cold, as it is technically known, still resists
the efforts of science to control and cure it, and has given
rise to a rich popular mythology. As the name suggests
the assumption is that you catch a cold because you go
out in the cold.

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As we now that a cold is a virus, and that we actually catch it from being in contact
with others’, this is not strictly true. Shaking hands with people, kissing them or
just being in the same room, can pass on the virus. It is now generally believed that
cold viruses; and there is more than one type, are always present in the throat, but
only become active when the body’s resistance to infection is lowered.
The activated cold virus then attacks the membranes in the nose and throat, whose
tissues become weakened and thus susceptible to infection by types of bacteria
which are generally also present in the body. Sudden chilling, or getting soaked to
the skin, promotes conditions in nose and throat membranes that permit the cold
virus to invade the body, although some individuals seem to be resistant to this.
Just being out in the cold is not enough, and studies conducted in wartime among
troops living in the open found that the incidence of colds’ was no greater. As far
as prevention and cure are concerned, nearly everyone has their own favourite
remedy.
Doctors have been unable to produce an effective vaccine against colds, although
strong claims have been put forward for vitamin C.

6ASSESS YOURSELF

Write essays on the following topics.
a. Health is wealth
b. Fever
c. Good habits
d. Discipline
e. Childhood

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T START CHAPTER 10

GE ED SENTENCES

Read the following story.

One day the people living near a mighty mountain
heard an echoing sound. Smoke was coming
out of the summit; the earth was trembling and
great rocks were hurtling down into the valley.
Somebody whispered in horror, ‘The Mountain
seems to be in labour. I don’t know what it will
give birth to.’

Many people rushed to a vantage point for a better view. They thought that a
terrible thing was going to happen. The sky grew dark. The rumblings and thunder
increased in intensity. The earth began to shake violently. A huge fissure appeared
on one side of the mountain. The awe-stricken people watched in terror. Some of
the weak-hearted people fainted. Others waited with bated breath.

Soon the tremor stopped and the people heaved a sigh of relief but they looked on
curiously, and out of the fissure came a tiny mouse.

Do You Know? In the above given story, different types of sentences are used to
complete the story. Different punctuation marks are used in different sentences.

Speaking Practice

Observe the following sentences based on the story and answer the given
questions.

the people living near a mighty mountain an echoing sound one day heard
violently to shake the earth began the dark sky grew
the increased rumblings in intensity and thunder
people some fainted of the weak-hearted
the terror awe-stricken people in watched
rushed to a vantage many people point for a better view

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a. Do these groups of words make sentences?
b. Do these sentences give any meaning?
c. Are the words arranged in correct order?
d. Do these sentences have correct punctuation mark?
e. Why are all words in small letters?

Quick Tip

The groups of words are not arranged in order. They do not give any
meaning. Thus, they are not sentences.

Now observe these groups of words.
a. One day the people living near a mighty mountain heard an echoing sound.
b. The earth began to shake violently.
c. The sky grew dark.
d. The rumblings and thunder increased in intensity.
e. Some of the weak-hearted people fainted.
f. The awe-stricken people watched in terror.
g. Many people rushed to a vantage point for a better view.
Answer the following questions.
a. Do these groups of words make sentences?
b. Do these sentences give any meaning?
c. Are the words arranged in correct order?
d. Do these sentences have correct punctuation mark?

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Quick Tip

The groups of words are arranged in order. They give us complete
meaning. Thus, they are sentences.

A sentence is a group of words or a single word that expresses a complete thought,
feeling or idea. It usually contains an explicit or implied subject and a predicate
containing a finite verb.

Instant Practice

Put the following group of words in correct order to make a complete sen-
tence with correct punctuation marks.
1. raining it is all day
2. all afternoon is working she
3. worked he has here years for five
4. playing was Raju friends with his
5. at night do I my homework
6. the story book read I
7. he not does neglect duty his
8. an hour they playing have been for
9. knows he me
10. gone to school he had I came before
Rewrite the following sentences with correct punctuation marks.
1. rohan is a salesperson
2. riya opens her shop at 6
3. my brother has no wife
4. mina does not have any brother
5. does aman have a sister

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6. does bibek work hard
7. don’t insult the poor
8. help sanu to do her work
9. what a nice person he is
10. how intelligent person he is

Listening Practice

Practice these sentences after your teacher.
Assertive I am going to market now.
Renu is an actress.
We have a new car.
They live in a flat.
Interrogative Are the boys angry?
Do you like to drink water?
What was he looking at?
Where are you going now?
Imperative Wait a minute, please.
Hurry up!
Don’t go too near the forest.
Never try to cheat other.
Exclamatory What a cute baby!
How lovely flower it is!
What an interesting programme!
How terrible person!

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Grammar Focus:Types of Sentences

Based on their function, sentences are mainly of four types.
1. An assertive sentence makes a statement.
 My father is watching television now.
 I have visited different parts of the country.
 He works in a supermarket.
 They are hardworking farmers.
Notes: An assertive sentence starts with noun or pronoun and ends with a full
stop.
2. An interrogative sentence asks a question.
 Are you fine today?
 Is he coming here?
 Does she sing well?
 What is your name?
Notes: An interrogative sentence ends with a question mark (?) instead of a full
stop.
3. An imperative sentence gives an order.
 Please call me later.
 Never drink alcohol.
 Don’t talk aloud!
 Let him play a game.
 Stand up!
Notes: An imperative sentence starts with a verb. It also starts with don’t, please,
never, etc. and ends with a full stop. It can also end with an exclamation point
(!) if the order is very firm.

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4. An exclamatory sentence makes a very strong statement called an
exclamation. It shows strong feeling such as surprise or anger.
 What a boring person you are!
 What an easy question!
 How beautiful flower it is!
 What a cloudy day it is today!

Notes: An exclamatory sentence ends with an exclamation point (!) instead of a
full stop.

Instant Practice

Put correct punctuation marks to complete the following sentences.
1. they have to study very hard
2. do we have to get up early
3. we must write an essay tonight
4. what a strange person
5. may I have a nice time ahead
6. we did not meet him at noon
7. has he gone out of town
8. how lovely weather
9. you are not working well
10. my god bless you
11. do you wake up early
12. i have to buy a new pen
13. prepare your homework every day
14. may you live long
15. learn new words of this class
16. help the helpless
17. what an ugly bird

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18. he does not like drinking
19. what a boring lesson it is
20. what an exciting lesson

Instant Practice

What types of sentences are the following ones? Write their types in the box
given below.

Sentences Types
I was running up the hill till midday. Assertive Sentence
What a silly boy!
Mind you language, please.
He will be working all morning tomorrow.
What a useful room!
The students are taking test today.
Help the poor kids.
We have seen her closely.
The secretary was not busy at midday.
Close the door.
They are not good friends at school.
How boring lecture!
The weather will not be fine tomorrow.
Don’t smoke here.
The men were not tired after the long walk.
What an untiring effort!
Are they coming, too?
Does she speak well?
Do we also try it?
Will you call us at the party?

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Grammar Focus: Subject and Predicate

Study the following sentences.

a. Players play.

b. These players play many games.

c. All these players have played many games so far.

In the above sentences, the bold portion of the sentences led by ‘nouns’ are subjects
and the remaining part of the sentence including the verb are predicates. If we get
an answer by asking the main verb ’a’ question with ‘who’ or ‘what’, the answer
is the subject of the sentence. In the first sentence, the subject is in one word, in
second sentence the subject is in two words and in the third sentence the subject is
in three words. Subjects having more than a word is called subject group.

Similarly, in the sentences (a), (b), and (c), something is said under the leadership
of the verb. If the answer is in one word as in (a), it is predicate and if the answer
is in more than one words as in (b) and (c), they are predicate group.

Quick Tip

A sentence is a group of words having a subject and predicate. A word or
group of words denoting a person or a thing spoken about in a sentence
is called its subject. Again, a word or group of words that says something
about the subject of a sentence is called its predicate.

Let’s see some examples. Predicate
eat.
Subject eat an apple.
I eat an apple and orange.
I eat an apple.
I don’t eat apples.
All of us has been eating an apple.
All my family members is good for our health.
My little brother is to be healthy.
Eating an apple everyday
To eat an apple a day

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I as well as all my friends eat an apple daily.
It is good to eat an apple daily.
God is also fond of apples.

Instant Practice

Separate the subject and predicate in the following sentences.

1. Ann has worked here for 6 months.

2. Neither Darpan nor I am to follow.

3. The desk and the chair sit in the corner.

4. Each of us was scheduled to take the test.

5. The coach, not the players, has been ill.

6. We worked here last year.

7. How quickly he runs.

8. There are only four days until Christmas.

9. He works here.

10. You work here every day.

11. That was Yusuf and I whom you saw.

12. This phone call is for Bill and me.

13. Terrell is the smarter of the two.

14. It was I who called.

15. Bill is working here now.

16. It is we clerks who work hard.

17. He took the plate off the table.

18. None of the neighbours offered their support.

19. They mailed the copies to him and me.

20. Neither of the candidates has spoken.

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Instant Practice

Underline subject in the following sentences.
1. Jaya is the older of the two brothers.
2. Maya did well on the test she took yesterday.
3. He and she were really close friends.
4. Samundra will meet us later.
5. The answer is plain and simple.
6. He depends on her in times of need.
7. You watch your step.
8. The insurance agent gave her sound advice.
9. On the table was her purse.
10. In the newspaper, an interesting article appeared.
11. You look before you leap.
12. Across the road lived her boyfriend.
13. We are forced to inhale and exhale this smog-filled air.
14. In the gutter, I found a shiny new dime.
15. Around every cloud is a silver lining.
16. Every one of the roses bloomed.
17. Your red scarf matches your eyes.
18. Every attempt to flatter him failed sadly.
19. Every rule has been followed by that industry.
20. The captain along with his players has come.

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1ASSESS YOURSELF

Reorganize the following words to make complete sentences.
1. the Tom office had already left.
2. spent all the already money They´d.
3. sent her a Paul had already fax.
4. seen that movie Min had twice.
5. children had The already had supper.
6. gone to bed already She had.
7. plant will die without Your water.
8. soon need a lot of repairs The school will.
9. exams are over Kina and I shall be glad when the.
10. be late for school We will if we don’t hurry.
11. girls answered all the questions The correctly.
12. in a very She grown-up way writes.
13. fruit very cheaply in this You can buy shop.
14. sell everything at They very low prices.
15. sings like a professional David singer.
16. left the classroom The teacher briefly.
17. snow lasted for three The days.
18. dressed smartly for the Jubal party.
19. is behaving Mira selfishly.
20. drove carelessly The man.

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2ASSESS YOURSELF

Reorganize the following words to make complete sentences.
1. at these footprints Look closely.
2. have all answered You correctly.
3. shop cheaply at this You can store.
4. twins liked to dress The differently.
5. skillfully She played.
6. library is temporarily The closed.
7. staying in a hotel We’re overnight.
8. still for a moment Stand while I comb your hair.
9. ready to Are we go?
10. instructor Am I a good?
11. be hot It´ll tomorrow.
12. some books There are on the shelf.
13. very little There is money left in the box.
14. only one student in the lab There is now.
15. people are there at the How many reception?
16. much money is there in the How box?
17. eyes and black hair She´s got blue.
18. got a lot of friends They´ve there.
19. students are reading a The story.
20. travelling by plane George is.

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3ASSESS YOURSELF

Punctuate the following sentences.
1. the desk of the teacher is new
2. was she having a bath
3. we were running down the road
4. all those soldiers were doing exercise
5. is he making the beds
6. her children were watching TV
7. were the men going to work
8. they were studying for a test
9. is that the home of his father
10. has the friend of my sister become sick
11. mary will go out this evening
12. you will send them a fax
13. john walks to school
14. she comes here every day
15. they´ve been playing tennis since midday
16. don’t forget to return the letter I gave you
17. did they go any other place
18. no other person helped him with the work
19. you must ask some other person about it
20. haven’t I met you some other place

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4ASSESS YOURSELF

Look at the following picture and make some sentences based on the picture.
This is the cactus plant.

Look at the following picture and make some sentences based on the picture.
This is the blue whale.

Look at the following picture and make some sentences based on the picture.
Penguins are the only birds that can swim but cannot
fly.

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