Grammar --6 (2077) press

1ASSESS YOURSELF

Write the tenses of the following sentences.
1. He had to leave at noon.
2. She has to wear a coat because it´s cold.
3. We liked the picture.
4. He will be attending a meeting at this time on Thursday.
5. I ate there yesterday.
6. They eat lunch in the cafeteria.
7. I watch TV after dinner.
8. We will be travelling in Kathmandu for 2 weeks.
9. I´ll be staying at the Radisson Hotel in Kathmandu.
10. You´ll be working in the lab tomorrow morning.
11. We won´t be working tomorrow because it´s a holiday.
12. He has sent them a fax.
13. She walks to school.
14. Amrita went to the movies with us.
15. Mina likes pie for dessert.
16. Nina speaks Italian well.
17. Her car is not working.
18. Manu has had dinner already.
19. She comes here every day.
20. Durga has to rest a while because she´s tired.
21. The bus will be arriving at 12:30 tomorrow.

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22. One of the planes has already left.
23. The game has already finished.
24. We have studied the report.
25. We are constructing an apartment soon.
26. They have been learning Japanese since last month.
27. They were very busy.
28. I have given her my new address.
29. We have to get up at 6.00 every morning.
30. We will go by train.

2ASSESS YOURSELF

Change the following sentences as indicated in the brackets.
1. I do exercise daily. (present continuous)
2. She is learning English now. (past continuous)
3. He called me by my nickname. (simple present)
4. I visit temple every day. (simple future)
5. They have been sleeping since morning. (past perfect continuous)
6. He repaired his bicycle yesterday. (simple present)
7. He seems to be such a lonely, quiet man. (simple past)
8. She wore a brightly coloured dress. (simple present)
9. She has a good, healthy attitude about her work. (simple past)
10. Her mother and father’s business went bankrupt. (simple future)
11. It is his word against mine. (simple past)
12. This is a one-family dwelling. (simple past)

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13. When did we refurnish our home? (simple present)
14. Our friendship was renewed. (simple future)
15. I cannot recollect the story. (simple past)
16. The teacher re-collected the papers. (simple future)
17. He reemphasized the point. (past continuous)
18. I enjoy re-covering chairs. (simple past)
19. The astronauts are coming here. (past continuous)
20. Martin Luther began the Reformation. (simple future)

3ASSESS YOURSELF

Choose the correct form of the verbs to complete the following sentences.
1. She always _____ her teeth at bedtime. (brush, brushes)
2. Dad _____ his shoes until they shine. (polish, polishes)
3. My brother _____ television after school. (watch, watches)
4. My friend Sanjay_____ to the same school as I do. (go, goes)
5. I think it _____be sunny tomorrow. (will, would)
6. I expect they ___give you a present. (will, would)
7. Mom ____ be very pleased with you. (will, would)
8. The audience _____ enjoying the play. (was, were)
9. The class ____thirty students. (has, have)
10. The band ____ performing until midnight. (is, are)
11. I ____ learning how to swim. (is, am, are)
12. I _____ eating my lunch. (is, am, are)
13. She _____reading a book. (is, am, are)

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14. We ____ lived in this house for five years. (has, have)
15. Your plane _____already landed. (has, have)
16. Dad ____baking a cake. (is, am, are)
17. My sister ____ listening to music. (is, am, are)
18. Uncle David ____ cleaning his car. (is, am, are)
19. The dog ___ barking in the garden. (is, am, are)
20. We ____singing our favorite song. (is, am, are)
21. My brother and I ____playing a computer game. (is, am, are)
22. The teachers ____showing us a film. (is, am, are)
23. I _____ (open, opened) the door and _____ (look, looked) inside.
24. The plane _____ ten minutes ago. (land, landed)
25. My cousin _____ us last summer. (visit, visited)
26. My brother ____when he fell off his bike. (cry, cried)
27. We ____ to the station to catch the train. (hurry, hurried)
28. Ben ____ finishing his homework. (was, were)
29. She ____ putting her books into her schoolbag. (was, were)
30. Jenny and I ____ tidying the classroom. (was, were)
31. We ___ all dancing at the party. (was, were)
32. She ____ dirtied her new shoes. (has, have)
33. I ____ do my homework after dinner. (shall, should)
34. I _____miss you when you leave. (will, would)
35. He ____be home later. (will, would)

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4ASSESS YOURSELF

Complete the following text choosing the correct form of the verbs.

My dad _____ (work, works) in a bank. He _____ (work, works) there from
Monday to Friday. He ____ (help, helps) people. He ____ (count, counts) money,
and he ____ (use, uses) the computer. His job ____ (is, are) important. He ____
(is, am) an important man at the bank. Dad also _____ (work, works) at home.
On weekends he ____ (cook, cooks) dinner. Usually he ____ (fix, fixes) Italian
food. On Saturdays he ____ (make, makes) spaghetti. On Sundays he ____ (make,
makes) pizza. Sometimes he ____ (fry, fries) chicken or ____ (fix, fixes) Chinese
food. My mother ___ (watch, watches) and ____ (help, helps). She ____ (cut, cuts)
the vegetables. She ____ (toss, tosses) the salad. I ____ (wash, washes) the dishes.
Some people ____ (say, says) it ___ (is, are) strange for a man to cook. My dad
____ (enjoy, enjoys) his hobby. Cooking _____ (relax, relaxes) him. His father ___
(was, were) a weekend cook, too.

5ASSESS YOURSELF

Complete the following text with correct form of the past verbs.

Hermes (be) the son of Zeus, the chief god, and Maia, a Titan. Hermes (have) a
reputation for being sly and deceitful. Besides being the messenger god, Hermes
(be) also the god of merchants, or businesspeople. When ancient Greek people
(find) money or treasure, they (thank) Hermes for their good luck. People (say)
that Hermes (lead) people down to Hades, or the underworld, after their death.
People (view) him as a protector of travelers. Artists (represent) Hermes wearing
sandals and a hat, both with wings. Hermes also (carry) a caduceus, or magical
stick, with two entwined serpents on it.

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Vocabulary in Use

Read the following subjects and write one sentence using simple pres-
ent tense for each of them.

English Mathematics Arts History

Information Astonomy Physical Biology
technology Education

Chemistry Literature Geography

Physics

Example:
English is my favourite subject.

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Guided Composition: Thank You Letter

Thank you letters are written in order to thank your friends, family members
and other people concerned for their help in need. It is written express
politeness with people.

A thank you letter to your friend for his/her help in the time of family
tragedy

Ranibari, Kathmandu

August 23, 2019

Dear Friend,

Thank you for your help and cooperation in time of our family tragedy. We were
all shocked at the sudden and untimely death of our beloved uncle, Rishi. It was
indeed a great help. I appreciate the warmth and friendliness you showed to us. I
remain highly interested in your company.

I am really indebted to your unconditional love and selfless help. It was really
a matter of praise. Words are not enough to explain the behaviour you showed
towards our family. Once again, I want to thank you on this account of your sincere
help.

I look forward to hearing from you and would greatly appreciate the chance to
become part of your company.

Thank you again.

Sincerely yours,

Sabina

4ASSESS YOURSELF

1. Write a thank you letter to your friend who helped you to do your project
work of social studies.

2. Write a thank you letter to your sister for her beautiful gift on your birthday .

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T START CHAPTER 15

GE ED VOICE

Read the following description.

Dolphins which are known for their intelligence, playfulness, and friendliness
toward humans, can often be seen swimming alongside boats or performing
at aquariums. They are closely related to another group of small whales, the
porpoises. Because dolphins and porpoises look so much alike, the two are often
confused with one another. In fact, the names dolphin and porpoise are sometimes
used as if they are one and the same.

In general, however, dolphins can be told apart from porpoises by their larger size
and their snouts. A dolphin is said to have a long, sharp snout that is flattened like
a beak. A porpoise’s snout is short and blunt. The name dolphin is also sometimes
used for a large fish known as the mahimahi or Dorado. As a fish, the mahimahi is
regarded as the mammal that is more commonly thought of as dolphins.

Dolphins can be found throughout the world in either salt water or freshwater.
The most widespread species, or kinds, are known as common and bottle-nosed
dolphins. Both live in warm and temperate oceans and seas worldwide. River
dolphins are found only in South America and Asia. They prefer freshwater.

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Do You Know? The coloured words in the above given description are in
passive voice. If the object is affected by the action of the verb, that is active
voice and if the subject is affected by the action of the verb, that is in passive
voice.

Speaking Practice

Answer these questions based on the given description.
a. What is voice?
b. What is active voice?
c. What is passive voice?
d. What are the subjects in the given sentences?
e. What are the objects in the given sentences?
f. Who does an action in the active voice?
g. Who does an action in the passive voice?

Listening Practice

Reproduce these sentences after your teacher.

Active Voice Passive Voice
I build a house. A house is built by me.
I am building a house. A house is being built by me.
I have built a house. A house has been built by me.
I built a house. A house was built by me.
I was building a house. A house was being built by me.
I had built a house. A house had been built by me.
I will build a house. A house will be built by me.
I will have built a house. A house will have been built by me.
I can build a house. A house can be built by me.
I have to build a house. A house has to be built by me.

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Quick Tip

Both active and passive sentences have same meaning. An action is
acted upon in the passive voice but an active voice is different types of
simple sentences.

Active Voice: Anurag scolds Aman.
Passive Voice: Aman is scolded by Anurag.
Active Voice: Dev visited Dipkiran.
Passive Voice: Dipkiran was visited by Dev.
Active Voice: She created a story.
Passive Voice: A story was created by her.
Active Voice: We taught the poor children.
Passive Voice: The poor children were taught by us.

Quick Tip

Nouns do not get changed but the forms of pronouns are changed while
changing an active sentence into passive.

Passive of sentences having two objects.

Active Voice: Mohan writes an email to Mina.

Passive Voice: An email is written to Mina by Mohan.
Active Voice: I gave him a pen.
Passive Voice: He was given a pen by me.
Active Voice: she handed me a wallet.
Passive Voice: A wallet was handed to me by her.

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Quick Tip

Sentences having two objects have passive construction using either of
the objects. However, the first object is easier to take.

Grammar Focus: Pronoun Change

Active voice Passive voice
I Me
We Us
You You
He Him
She Her
It It
They Them

Active Voice Passive Voice

I compose a song. A song is composed by me.

We construct a house. A house is constructed by us.

You play a game. A game is played by you.

He solves a riddle. A riddle is solved by him.

She paints the wall. The wall is painted by her.

It improves your health. Your health is improved by it.

They invite me. I am invited by them.

Instant Practice

Fill in the blank spaces with correct pronouns.

Active Voice Passive Voice

1. I type an essay. An essay is typed by _______.

2. We call a taxi. A taxi is called by _______.

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3. You manage your hair. Your hair is managed by _______.

4. He kicks the ball. The ball is kicked by _______.

5. She scolds her brother. Her brother is scolded by _______.

6. It improves your pronunciation. Your pronunciation is improved by __.

7. They plant trees. Trees are planted by _______.

8. I wash my clothes. My clothes are washed by _______.

9. We perform a drama. A drama is performed by _______.

10. You manage the files. The files are managed by _______.

11. He combs his hair. His hair is combed by _______.

12. She pronounces a word. A word is pronounced by _______.

13. It hurts your feelings. Your feelings are hurt by _______.

14. They buy a car. A car is bought by _______.

15. Muna and Mina decorate their class. Their class is decorated by _______.

Grammar Focus: Formation of Passive Voice

Passive of different Tenses

Tense Active Passive
Simple Past
He calls a taxi. A taxi is called by him.
Sub + v1/v5 + obj Obj + is/am/are + v3+ by + sub

Present continuous He is calling a taxi. A taxi is being called by him.
(S + is/am/are + v4 (Obj +is/am/are + being + v3 +
+obj) by + sub)

Present perfect He has called a taxi. A taxi has been called by him.
(S + have/has+ v3+obj) (Obj + have/has + been + v3 +

by + sub)

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Simple Past He called a taxi. A taxi was called by him.
Past Continuous (S + v2 + obj) (Obj + was/were + v3 + by +
Past Perfect sub)
Simple future He was calling a taxi.
Future Perfect (S + was/were + v4 + A taxi was being called by
obj) him.
(Obj + was/were + being + v3
He had called a taxi. + sub)
(S + had + v3 + obj)
A taxi had been called by
He will call a taxi. him.
(S + will/shall + v1 + (Obj + had + been + v3 + by +
obj) sub)

A taxi will be called by him.
(Obj + will/shall + be + v3 +
by + sub)

He would have called A taxi would have been called
a taxi. by him.
(S + will/shall + have + (Obj + will/shall +have + been
v3 + obj) + v3 + by + sub)

Instant Practice

Change the following sentences into passive voice.

Active Passive

1. I brush my teeth. My teeth _______by me.

2. We are cutting a tree. A tree _______by us.

3. You have washed the car. The car _______by you.

4. They threw the ball. The ball _______by them.

5. He was cleaning the room. The room _______by him.

6. She had painted the wall. The wall _______by her.

7. It will hurt you. You _______by it.

8. I will have completed it. It _______by me.

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9. We rub the floor. The floor _______by us.

10. They are planting crops. Crops _______by them.

11. We have cooked food. Food _______by us.

12. You wrote a news story. A news story _______by you.

13. She was sweeping the room. The room _______by her.

14. He will turn on the switch. The switch _______by him.

15. I will have managed my things. My things _______by me.

Passive of Modal Verbs

Active Passive
(S + modal + v1 + obj) (Obj + modal + be + v3 + sub)
I can type this letter. This letter can be typed by me.
We may visit the park. The park may be visited by us.
She will buy a bag. A bag will be bought by her.
He could sing a folk song. A folk song could be sung by him.
We would wash the dishes. The dishes would be washed by us.
I might call you. You might be called by me.

Instant Practice

Change the following sentences into passive voice.

1. I can defeat you.

2. He could beat us.

3. She may call Ram.

4. We might climb mountain.

5. They will wash their clothes.

6. He would repair his house.

7. My father may scold me.

8. The school might close today.

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9. She can clean her house.
10. We could climb that tree.

1ASSESS YOURSELF

Change the following sentences into passive voice.
1. Seema studies English.
2. He sells meat.
3. Rabi helps me.
4. He is teaching us English.
5. I see a dark cloud.
6. Sita loves Sabitri.
7. Some boys are helping the wounded man.
8. The mason is building the wall.
9. They are playing football.
10. She is singing a song.
11. I have sold my car.
12. He has kept me waiting.
13. He has just posted the letter.
14. My cousin has drawn this picture.
15. The boy made a kite.
16. The cat killed the mouse.
17. They compelled the enemy to surrender.
18. They have opened the theatre only last month.
19. The cat drank all the milk.
20. His teacher praised him.

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2ASSESS YOURSELF

Change the following sentences into passive voice.
1. He had scored century.
2. His friends had taken him to the hospital.
3. I had sold my new bicycle.
4. My father had written a letter.
5. They had found him guilty of murder.
6. My sister will write a letter.
7. He will finish the work in a fortnight.
8. The manager will give you a party.
9. The peon will open the gate.
10. He will have read a text.
11. I can wink eyes.
12. She will have collected old tickets.
13. They will have gone to Humla.
14. They will punish him for telling a lie.
15. We shall have finished our duty.
16. You will have eaten food.
17. She may hit you.
18. We might write to you.
19. You could call us.
20. They would tame animals.

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3ASSESS YOURSELF

Change the following sentences into passive voice.
1. The man cuts down the tree.
2. Kripa opens the door.
3. We expect good news.
4. Everyone loves him.
5. I write a letter.
6. I am reading a book.
7. You are writing a letter.
8. Sister is buying a doll.
9. They are painting the house.
10. The boy is climbing the cliff.
11. The cat has drunk all the milk.
12. We have prohibited smoking.
13. The boy has made a kite.
14. The enemies have defeated our army.
15. Mr. Lama has heard the news of the accident.
16. The boy caught the ball.
17. A policeman caught the thief.
18. Sony threw the ball.
19. I wrote a letter.
20. The boy teased the dog.

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4ASSESS YOURSELF

Change the following sentences into passive voice.
1. Black cloud will cover the sky.
2. Earthquake had destroyed the town.
3. He had played a losing game.
4. I may have returned story books.
5. Juna will help me.
6. She will admire your courage.
7. The fire had damaged the building.
8. She will recognize you.
9. The noise had frightened the horse.
10. The people had welcomed the president.
11. We might have changed ourselves.
12. She will have prepared a special party.
13. The tourists will have visited Lumbini.
14. They will have praised him.
15. We shall compose beautiful song.
16. She tears the paper.
17. He is composing songs.
18. My brother ate an orange.
19. We visit the park.
20. Thet help us.

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Vocabulary in Use
Look at the following pictures and write the function of each of them.

Board Notice board Paper clip Piece of paper

Board pen Tape recorder Pencil

Board rubber

Cassette Video recorder

OHT (overhead Computer
transparency)

Ruler Hole punch Sharpner

Table

Drawing pin Pen Text book Rubber

Example: A board is used for writing and drawing pictures.

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Guided Composition: Writing Biography

A biography is a story or an account of a person’s life written by somebody else. A
biography is an effective means of communication. It states an individual’s basic
life facts and their importance for us. The lives of many people in the world can
inspire us to do better in future. Thus, biographies are written to make people
inform about the people and their contribution for the specific area, field, or any
other topic. Here are some considerations to be made while writing a biography.

 Date of birth and death of the person whose biography is going to be
written.

 List out the major achievements in the life of that person.

 Mention the educational background and awards if any related to the person
whose biography is being written.

 Highlight the contribution of the person in the specific field/area.

 Significance of his/her contribution to mankind, society or the nation as a
whole.

A Biography of Jhamak Kumari Ghimire

Jhamak Kumari Ghimire was born in Dhankuta District
on July 1980 of Kachide VDC. She is the physically
paralyzed writer who writes her work by her feet. Jhamak
being feet writer is considered as the one of among 11
anomalous writers of the World. Jhamak Kumari Ghimire
has expressed her feelings through novels and poems.

Jhamak cannot read, speak and do other activities like us
since her childhood. She can think and express her emotion through writing. She
is a worldwide famous writer now. She is a columnist of Kantipur national daily.
The government has decided to take care of her by providing her with financial
support.

Jeevan Kada Ki Phool is one of her best Nepali Novels in Nepali Literature.
Sankalpa, Aaphnai Chita, Agnishikhatir, Manchhe Vitraka Yoddaharu and Quaati
are her poetry works. Awasan Pachhiko Aagaman is another work. Besides,

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Ghimire is awarded by Kabita Ram Bal Sahitya Prativa Puraskar 2055 and Madan
Puraskar 2067.
Neither her parents nor other people had thought that Jhamak’s condition would be
improved and she would be in the present situation. She had learnt to write from
her brother. She used to read her brother’s book and became a good reader. Without
formal education, she is not less than an academic expert. The parents were mostly
worried about her condition after their death. She was a burden for her family in
the past but she is also the source of income and a famous writer.
From this biography we can learn that she is the role model for all of us. The world
knows her the best as a disable literary figure. She is the epitome for all students,
teachers and common people.

5ASSESS YOURSELF

1. Write similar biography of a famous person you like most.
2. Write biography of the following persons.

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GE T STARTED CHAPTER 16

REPORTED SPEECH

Read the following letter.

Kathmandu, Nepal

20th May, 2018

Dear Sister,

I am fine here and hope you are also in good health. I got your letter yesterday. I
became very happy that your study is going well. I am writing this letter to remind
you about your food habit.

You should always eat healthy food. Junk food is bad for your health. Junk food is
tasty but it has long term effects on our health. Fruits and organic vegetables help
us to be healthy. Also, drink much water every day.

I hope you understand my health tips. If you have anything to tell, write to me in
your next letter.

Yours lovely brother,

Aman

Now, let’s observe what did Aman say to his sister.

Aman said that he was fine there and hoped she were also in good health. He said
that he had got her letter the day before. He said that he had become very happy
that her study was going well. He said that he was writing that letter to remind her
about her food habit.

He suggested her to always eat healthy food. He said that junk food was bad for
her health. He said that junk food was tasty but it had long term effects on her
health. He said that fruits and organic vegetables helped them to be healthy. He
told her to drink much water every day.

He hoped that she understood his health tips. He asked her to write to him in next
letter if she had anything to tell.

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Speaking Practice

Answer these questions based on the given letter.

a. Who has written this letter?
b. Who will receive this letter?
c. What did Aman say?
d. What is the different between the first and second text?
e. Which text is in direct speech?
f. Which text is in indirect speech?
g. What is direct speech?
h. What is indirect speech?

Do You Know? The speakers in the given letter is using direct speech. Direct
speech is the speech the speakers themselves use in conversation.

There are two ways of expressing meaning what somebody has said. They are
DIRECT and INDIRECT speech.

Read the following parts of the letter and underline the change you see.

1. Direct Speech: I am fine here and hope you are also in good health. I got your
letter yesterday. I became very happy that your study is going well. I am writing
this letter to remind you about your food habit.

Indirect Speech: Aman said that he was fine there and hoped she were also in
good health. He said that he had got her letter the day before. He said that he
had become very happy that her study was going well. He said that he was writing
that letter to remind her about her food habit.

2. Direct Speech: You should always eat healthy food. Junk food is bad for your
health. Junk food is tasty but it has long term effects on our health. Fruits and
organic vegetable help us to be healthy. Also, drink much water every day.

Indirect Speech: He suggested her to always eat healthy food. He said that
junk food was bad for her health. He said that junk food was tasty but it had

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long term effects on her health. He said that fruits and organic vegetables
helped them to be healthy. He told her to drink much water every day.
3. Direct Speech: I hope you understand my health tips. If you have anything
to tell, write to me in your next letter.
Indirect Speech: He hoped that she understood his health tips. He asked her
to write to him in next letter if she had anything to tell.
Look at the changes in the following sentences.
Direct: Aman said to her sister, “I got your letter yesterday.”
Indirect: Aman told her sister that he had got her letter the day before.
a. Change in reporting verb: said to-told
b. Use of connective: that
c. Change in pronoun: I- he, your-her
d. Change in tense: got-had got
e. Change in adverbial: yesterday-the day before
f. Change in punctuation: inverted comma and comma-full stop

Listening Practice

Repeat the following adverbials after your teacher.

Direct Indirect
this that
these those
here there
today that day
now/just then
thus so
hence thence
tomorrow the following day/the next day
yesterday the previous day/the day before

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next day/week/month the following day/week/month
the day before yesterday two days ago
last week/month/year the week/month/year before
ago before
hither thither
tonight that night
come go

Instant Practice

Complete the following sentences putting correct adverbials.

Direct Indirect
I said, “I am coming this week.” I said that I was going____.
He said, “These are my books.” He said that ____ were his books

She said, “I am working here.” She said that she was working ____.

They said, “We are tired today. They said that they were tired ____.

She said, “I am sleeping now.” She said that she was sleeping ____.

Juna said, “I will visit the zoo tomor- Juna said that she would visit the

row.” zoo____.

Dinesh said, “I called you yesterday.” Dinesh said that he had called me

____.

She said, “My father will come next She said that her father would come

month.” ____.

He said, “I came from the USA last He said that he had come from the

week.” USA ____.

She said, “I am attending a party She said that she was attending a

tonight.” party ______.

She said,” I saw you the day before She said that she had seen me

yesterday. ______.

He said, “ I came here last year” He said that he had come there

______.

Manu said, “ My father died 2 years Manu said that his father had died 2

ago”. years ______.

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Grammar Focus: Person Change

Person Subjective Objective Possessive Self-forms

case case P1 P2

1st I Me My Mine Myself

We Us Our Ours Ourselves

2nd You You Your Yours Yourself/

3rd She Her Her Hers Yourselves
He Him His His Herself
It It It Its Himself
They Them Their Theirs Itself
Themselves

Instant Practice

Complete the following sentences putting correct pronouns.

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

I said, “I like my brother.” I said that ____liked ___ brother.

We said, “We are doing our work.” We said that ____ were doing ___

work.

You said, “I can type fast.” You said that ____could type fast.

He said, “I wash my clothes myself.” He said that ____washed ___clothes

____.

She said, “I am looking at you.” She said that ____was looking at

____.

They said, “We are from the village.” They said that ____were from the

village.

Ram said, “I draw a picture.” Ram said that ____drew a picture.

Rita said, “I cook food myself.” Rita said that ____cooked food

_____.

Teacher said, “You are my best stu- Teacher said that ____was ____best

dent.” student.

They said, “We are helping our They said that ___were helping ___

friends.” friends.

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Grammar Focus:Reporting Verb Change

Reported speech Reporting verbs Joining words
that
statement told/said to/not to
to/not to
request asked/requested if/whether
w-h words
command told/said/ordered/commanded that/w-h words
that
yes/no question asked/enquired/questioned

w-h question asked/enquired/questioned

exclamation asked/exclaimed

optative wished/blessed/cursed

Grammar Focus: Tense Change

Direct Indirect Examples

V1/V5 V2 Direct: He said, “I sing a song.”

Indirect: He said that he sang a song.

Direct: You said, “He works hard.”

Indirect: You said that he worked hard.

is, am, was, were Direct: They said, “We are working now.”
are Indirect: They said that they were working then.

Direct: Maya said, “I am sleeping here.”

Indirect: Maya said that she was sleeping there.

has, have had Direct: He said, “I have seen her closely.”

Indirect: He said that he had seen her closely.

Direct: Naina said, “She has finished her work.”

Indirect: Naina said that she had finished her work.

has to, had to Direct: They said, “We have to be on time.”
have to Indirect: They said that they had to be on time.

Direct: Father said, “Ram has to paint the wall.”

Indirect: Father said that Ram had to paint the wall.

was, had been Direct: Dip said, “I was calling her.”
were Indirect: Dip said that he had been calling her.

Direct: We said, “They were planting a tree.”

Indirect: We said that they had been planting a tree.

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will, shall would, Direct: He said to me, “I will call you tomorrow.”
should Indirect: He told me that he would call me the next
day.
can, may could, Direct: She said to me, “I shall help you.”
might Indirect: She told me that she should help me.
Direct: Father said to me, “I can play the flute.”
do not, did not Indirect: Father told me that he could play the flute.
does not Direct: Mother said to me, “It may rain today.”
Indirect: Mother told me that it might rain that day.
did not had not Direct: She said to me, “I do not like her.”
Indirect: She told me that she did not like her.
Direct: He said to me, “Ram does not work hard.”
Indirect: He told me that Ram did not work hard.
Direct: The coach said to us, “I did not ask them.”
Indirect: The coach told us that he had not asked them.

would, no Direct: My father said to me, “I would wear shorts.”
should change Indirect: My father told me that he would wear shorts.
Direct: The doctor said to me, “You should drink
could, no much water.”
might change Indirect: The doctor advised me to drink much water.
Direct: I said to them, “He could carry it.”
Indirect: I told them that he could carry it.
Direct: They said to me, “We might be on time.”
Indirect: They told me that they might be on time.

universal no Direct: The teacher said, “Water flows down.”
truth change Indirect: The teacher said that water flows down.
Direct: My father said, “The sun shines bright.”
Indirect: My father said that the sun shines bright.

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Instant Practice

Change the following sentences into indirect speech.
1. She said to me, “Kamala catches the ball with one hand.”
2. He said to me, “Dad mixes flour and water when he makes bread.”
3. You said to me, “The bee buzzes around the flowers.”
4. Tony said to me, “I am watching television now.”
5. Father said to me, “Uncle David is cleaning his car.”
6. Girija said, “The dog is barking in the garden.”
7. They said, “We are bringing a television set into the classroom.”
8. Maya and Alisa said, “We walked to school yesterday.”
9. He said to me, “Sabina laughed when I told her the joke.”
10. Sumina said to me, “I carried my mom’s shopping bag.”
11. She said, “Dad was trying to help me with my homework.”
12. He said, “I was watching television.”
13. They said to me, “You weren’t listening to the teacher.”
14. They said, “Some boys were looking out of the window.”
15. My friend said, “The teacher has pinned a notice on the board.”
16. I said to him, “I’ve already opened the door.”
17. She said to me, “We shall take the dog for a walk later.”
18. My sisters said, “We will visit Grandma this weekend.”
19. You said, “She will help us cook the food for the party.”
20. Nanina said, “It will soon be dark outside.”

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Grammar Focus: Change of Different Types of Sentences

Sentences Direct Indirect

Assertive She said, “I am going out She said that she was going out

now.” then.

Maya said, “I have a new Maya said that she had a new

house.” house.

Negative He said, “I am not fine He said that he was not fine that

today.” day.

You said, “I don’t like You said that you did not like

snake.” snake.

Interrogative She said, “Are you learning She asked if I was learning well.

well?” Kaml asked what my name was.

Kamal said, “What is your

name?”

Imperative He said, “Be ready for the He asked to be ready for the pity.

pity.” Nim asked me to help him.

Nim said to me, “Help me.”

Exclamatory She said, “What a boring She expressed her disgust that I

person you are !” was a boring person.

He said, “How lovely He exclaimed with joy that

flower!” flower was lovely.

Instant Practice

Change the following sentences into indirect speech.
1. Hira said to me, “Are you a foreigner?”
2. The manager said, “Did you invite Hem?”
3. The teacher said, “Do you know who broke the window?”
4. Mr. Orbit said, “Does your father work here?”
5. She said to me, “Have you finished your exams?”
6. Mother said to me, “How did you get to school?”
7. Aman said, “How clever I am!”
8. He said, “Why didn’t you put on the brake?”

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9. She said, “What do you want?”
10. She said to us, “Is anyone there?”
11. Ram said to me, “Wait five minutes for me.”
12. The teacher said to us, “Don’t write in pencil.”
13. I asked him, “Be more careful.”
14. Nita said to me, ‘’Please don’t be late.”
15. He asked me, “Try to come on time.”
16. Urmila said to me, “Don’t make the same mistake again.”
17. I said to the child, “Don’t cross the road.”
18. He said to me, “Don’t forget what I told you.”
19. Sarita said to me, ‘’Please send me the money at once.”
20. He asked me, “Sit down for a few minutes.”

1ASSESS YOURSELF

Rewrite the following sentences choosing the correct answers given in
brackets.
1. He asked me if I (know, knew) the manager.
2. She asked me if I (like, liked) her new house.
3. She asked the driver to (give, gave) her lift.
4. Helen said that she (will, would) give up trying.
5. George said he (will, would) do his best.
6. She asked him if he (has, had) worked before.
7. They asked me if I (can, could) type.
8. We (said to, asked) the new boy to turn the music down.
9. He said he (will, would) answer the phone for me.
10. She said she (has, had) printed that report 3 times.
11. The manager said he (will, would) give us a rise.

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12. They said they (will, would) give up smoking.
13. He (said to, told) the employees to arrive earlier.
14. She (said to, told) me to write more clearly.
15. They said they (have, had) already visited the exhibition.
16. He said he (likes, liked) our products very much.
17. He (said to, told) me to write the memo immediately.
18. He asked me if I (can, could) write a business letter.

2ASSESS YOURSELF

Rewrite the following sentences choosing the correct answers given in
brackets.
1. He asked me where I (live, lived).
2. She asked whether (I could, I can) do it.
3. Can you tell me what time (it is, is it)?
4. He said he (will, would) come here soon.
5. He (told me, said to me) that he was busy.
6. I asked her whether she (is, was) married.
7. I’d like to know where (is it, it is).
8. He said he (can, could) meet us easily.
9. I´m not sure whether (he is, is he) here now.
10. He didn’t say where he (is, was) going.
11. She told me that I (have to, had to) write in ink.
12. He asked whether (I had, I have) mailed the letter.
13. He said he (would, will) be back soon.
14. He asked me what time it (is, was).
15. I asked him what the word (means, meant).
16. He said he (will, would) fill in an application form.
17. Helen (said to, told) me to read all the reports.
18. Maya said that she (wants, wanted) to be a nurse.

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3ASSESS YOURSELF

Change the following imperative sentences to indirect form. Begin each one
with the teacher told me.
1. Come back later.
2. Do your exercises in ink.
3. Don’t look at your neighbour’s paper.
4. Don’t waste so much time.
5. Give this message to your father.
6. Go to the whiteboard.
7. Prepare your lessons more carefully.
8. Sit down and read the story.
9. Sit in the first row.
10. Sit up straight.
11. Take your feet off the desk.
12. Wait outside in the hall.
13. Listen to your teacher carefully.
14. Never fight in class.
15. Submit your task on time.

4ASSESS YOURSELF

Change the following sentences into indirect speech.
1. Kamala said, “I have to work tonight.”
2. Mohan said to me, ‘’I will be back later.”
3. Raja said, “We may have an exam.”
4. He said, “I have no money.”
5. The doctor said, “Jubal is a very sick man.”
6. Buna said to me, “I cannot go with you tonight.”
7. He said, “I hope she comes soon.”

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8. He said, “I have known him a long time.”
9. Suraj said, “We will finish this tomorrow.”
10. Vivek said, “I have to work tonight.
11. He said, “I don’t know her well.”
12. She said, “I am going away tomorrow.”
13. He said to me, “He is supposed to be here now.”
14. My brother said to me, “I had seen you at the party.”
15. Lila said, “I have to finish this work today.”

Vocabulary in Use

Look at the following equipments and write what each of them is used
for.

Mobile Briefcase Scanner Bag
Socket
Mouse Pen drive Photocopy machine

File Plug

Broom Fan

Highlighter pen Tooth paste Thumb pin Chalk

Example: A mobile phone is used for making calls.

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Guided Composition: News Story

Read the following news stories.

Headline Theft case reported in Changunarayan Municipality

Byline By a staff reporter
Placeline
and Date Kathmandu, January 5

Lead Property worth around Rs 320,000 was stolen from a house in
Changunarayan Municipality-8 of Bhaktapur district on Monday.

According to police, an unidentified gang entered the unattended house
Facts of Krishna Bahadur Tamang (51) in Jitpur after breaking the lock of

the main door, and made off with various gold jewelleries and cash.

Additional Meanwhile, further investigation into the case is underway and search
Information is on for the absconding perpetrators, said police.

Three Nepalese Killed In Horrific Car Accident

By our correspondent

Manama, March 24

Three Nepalese workers were killed when a car crashed into them on a busy high-
way near Manama, yesterday.

Bel Bahadur Pun, 47; Kul Prasad Pun Phakami, 23; and Tuka Raj Thapa, 22, were
trying to cross the highway on their way home when a car, driven by a Bahraini,
ran into them at around 2pm on Friday.

A spokesman for Gulf Fencing and Specialist Surfacing Establishment where the
three victims worked told media that two of men were thrown 50 meters away
because of the impact of the crash, while the third victim was dragged by the car
after he got trapped under the wheels. The driver sustained severe injuries and was
taken to hospital for treatment.

5ASSESS YOURSELF

Write similar news stories related to sports, accident, natural disasters and
school activities.

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GE T STARTED CHAPTER 17

CONJUNCTIONS

Read the following description.

Riya and Mina are the two sisters of Dinesh. They
are so cute that everyone likes them. Riya is tall
but Mina is short. Although Riya is taller than
Mina, she is not as smart as Mina. Mina is both neat
and tidy. Dinesh loves them because of their good
behaviour. Riya always greets him whereas Mina does
not. As Riya studies in grade two but Mina studies in
grade one.

Sometimes Dinesh plays with them. Dinesh plays as if he is a child, too. Both of
them cry for long hours if he scolds them. They keep on crying unless they are
given sweets. When Dinesh gives them sweets, they become happy. They go to
mother in order to show the sweets.

On Saturdays, neither they study nor they stay at home. Dinesh takes them to a
nearby park. Either they play or draw a picture in the park. Dinesh not only plays
but also visits the park with them. They feel happy as long as they are in the park.
They return home after they feel hungry.

Do You Know? In the given description, the coloured words are conjunctions.
They are also called connectors. They connect two different ideas.

Speaking Practice

Say what words are connectives in the following sentences.

a. He stood on the hill and overlooked the plain.

b. I say this but she says that.

c. Since it stands on the hill it overlooks the plain.

d. Although I say this she says that.
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e. Before you leave the house, please lock the door.

f. After I went to bed, I heard a strange noise downstairs.

g. We’ve moved to a new house since I last wrote to you.

h. Until the rice is cooked, we can’t eat dinner.

i. While we’re waiting for the bus, let’s play a game.

Quick Tip

Conjunctions are the words that connect sentences, clauses, phrases,
or words, and sometimes paragraphs. They can also be used to avoid
repetition of grammatical phrases.

Listening Practice

Repeat these words after your teacher.

for and but after before than until
although how though when
because since unless why as if till while
but so that so..that.. despite
as long if however because either…or.. neither..nor… so
as of
in spite of as…as.. yet

whenever nor or

Instant Practice

Underline the conjunctions in the following sentences.

1. As I am sick, I cannot work well.

2. As soon as you finish your homework, show it to the teacher.

3. When the wind blows, the branches on the tree twist.

4. In case you forget my number, see it on my diary.

5. As you’re my best friend, I’ll lend you my new bike.
6. Because we arrived late, we missed the opening of the play.

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7. Since I have finished my work, I can help you.
8. Mitra finished his homework before dinner.
9. Write down the address so we don’t forget it.
10. He has a map so that he can see it.
11. I went market in order to buy some fruits.
12. She scolded me because I took her notebook.
13. My friend failed the exam because of his carelessness.
14. Her sister keeps on crying if she is not given what she wants.
15. Go to the shop whenever you need goods.
16. They climbed up the mountain despite bad weather.
17. He is not good at singing nor am I.
18. He does not wake up until seven.
19. We are so punctual that we are never late for school.
20. This tree is very tall so I cannot climb it.

Grammar Focus: Types of Conjunctions

A. Coordinating Conjunctions
We looked everywhere for the key.
The house is warm and comfortable.
I was neither reading nor sleeping.
The musicians are young but very talented.
You can have a soda or lemonade.
He was careless yet he passed his driving test.
Your handwriting is poor so you must improve it.

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Quick Tip

Coordinating conjunctions may join single words, or they may join
groups of words. There are seven coordinating conjunctions in English:
FOR, AND, NOR, BUT, OR, YET and SO (FANBOYS).

B. Subordinating Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions join together the clauses of unequal rank or
importance.

a. Time connectives
It was sometime before I realized the truth.
I will call you after I finish my office work.
I liked her when I was at school.
His wife died while he was in the USA.
You cannot go home till you finish this task.
Let’s wait until the bus stops.
You cannot reach that bus as long as you hurry up.
The thieves ran away as soon as they saw the policemen.

Quick Tip

The conjunctions before, after, when, while, till, until, as long as
and as soon as are used to say when something happens. All these
connectives join two actions. They are called conjunctions of time.

b. Reason Connectives

I called you here because he told me to.

She might need some help as she is new.

I won’t write to you since you write to me.

He failed exam because of his carelessness.

It was still painful so I went to see a doctor.

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He was terrified lest he had revealed too much.
He is only sixteen therefore he is not allowed to vote.

Quick Tip

The conjunctions because, as, since, because of, so, lest and therefore
tell why someone does something. Reason connectives join a statement
and a reason. They are called conjunctions of reason.

c. Purpose Connectives
I went the park to meet one of my old friends.
Buy an oxford dictionary in order to improve your vocabulary power.
I listened eagerly for he brought good news of my brother.
I go to market so that I can buy some vegetable.
He is so intelligent that everybody likes him.
We visit museum in order that we know much about past history of our
country.

Quick Tip

The conjunctions to, in order to, for, so that, so...that and in order that
tell what the purpose of something is. Purpose connectives join an action
and a purpose. All these connectives are placed before purpose. They
are called conjunctions of purpose.

d. Connectives of Unexpected Result
I could not succeed though I tried hard.
Although he is poor, he is honest.
I did not see him even though I was at the party.
He skied in spite of warning signs.
Despite his request she left him.
He is polite. However, few people like him.

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Quick Tip

The connectives like though, although, even though, in spite of, de-
spite and however, are connectives of unexpected result. All these
connectives join a situation and its unexpected result.

C. Compound Conjunctions
He as well as his son has gone to Kathmandu.
She behaved as if nothing has happened.
It sounds as though you had a good time.
I will get there, even if I have to walk.
You can use my car provided that you drive slowly.
He gave him 5 lakhs on condition that he would return 6 lakhs.

Quick Tip

The conjuctions as well as, as if as, though, even if, provided that and
on condition that are compound expressions used as conjunctions.
These are called compound conjunctions.

D. Correlative conjunctions/Connectives in Pairs
You have to either work regularly or quit it.
Neither he nor his friends are good mannered.
I not only fell down but also bruised myself.
Whether you sing or dance no problem for me.
My brother is both sincere and hard working.
Such was his condition that nobody liked him.
No sooner did the teacher come than we started writing.

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Quick Tip

All the connectives either.....or, neither.....nor, not only...but also, wheth-
er....or, both....and, such...that and no sooner...than join a pair of nouns,
verbs, adverbs, phrases; clauses, etc. The conjunctions that are used in
pairs are called correlative conjunctions.

E. Relative Pronoun Connectives
The man who Anu saw at the concert is Sonam.
He saw the man whose name was Niraj.
The writer whom you wrote is your own relative.
Nobody knows what will happen next.
This is the same pen which you had stolen yesterday.
I will stop where there is a parking area.
That’s an old castle that we visited.
I will phone you when I arrive.
She is unknown on how she has to speak.
The reason why I like her is her politeness.

Quick Tip

The conjunctions like who whose, whom, what, which, where, that,
when, how, why, etc. are relative pronoun connectives.

1ASSESS YOURSELF

Supply the correct connectives to the following statements.
1. My father watches TV _____ he does his exercises. (while, when)
2. I usually do my homework ____ I have my dinner. (after, when)
3. I’ll call you ____ I get home. (while, when)

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4. People stand back _____ the train goes through the station. (as, but)
5. ____ the new teacher arrived, we all enjoy our work more. (Since, Be
cause)
6. Take the toy out of the box ____ you throw the box away. (after, before)
7. We went inside _____ it started to rain. (as soon as, but)
8. You can’t watch TV ____ you finish your homework. (until, when)
9. Does anybody know ____ Mr. Adhikari lives? (where, when)
10. The dog follows Kamal _____ he goes. (wherever, however)
11. I sat down ____ I was feeling tired. (because, though)
12. I took an apple ____it was the only fruit in the bowl. (since, as)
13. Mom changed channel ____ she could see her favourite one. (so, so that)
14. Take an umbrella ____ it rains. (if, in case)
15. The children are wearing hats ____ they won’t get sunburned. (so, so that)
16. We left early ____ we wouldn’t be late. (so, so that)
17. She goes jogging every morning ____ keep fit. (in order to, for)
18. He can carry this load ____ he is very strong. (though, because)
19. I will definitely call you _____ I arrive at home. (but, when)
20. Please be in line ____ your turn comes. (before, until)

2ASSESS YOURSELF

Supply the correct connectives to the following statements.
1. Priya ____ (and/or) Paru are siblings.
2. Hari is six years old ____ (and/yet) Seema is five.
3. ____ (Since/Although) they are so close in age, they are the best of friends.
4. Alina will not go anywhere ____ (unless/although) Rabin goes too.

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5. They are a naughty pair. One ____ (and/or) the other always comes up with
bad ideas.
6. ____ (Although/Unless) they can’t do without each other, they often
quarrel.
7. He loves to play in the park ____ (but/if) she prefers in door games.
8. Rajesh was very upset ____ (because/until) Nima started school before
her.
9. Shree is at school, ____ (and/but) she is very happy.
10. I won’t go to sleep ____ (till/unless) you tell me a story.
11. I like reading ____ (because/but) I don’t get much time.
12. I ate an apple____ (but/and) a toast for breakfast.
13. She will go ____ (after, if) I go.
14. He is taking a rest ____ (because/if) he is ill.
15. Manu is absent today ____ (since/yet) he has fever.
16. I like him ____ (so/because) he is an honest boy.
17. I’ll help her ____ (since/therefore) she is my best friend.
18. Babin is weeping ____ (because/so) he had failed the exam.
19. Everybody loves him ____ (since/so) he is very obedient.
20. He is a kind person ____ (so/since) everyone likes him.

3ASSESS YOURSELF

Supply the correct connectives to the following statements.
1. ______Buna ____ Sony bought a new frock each. (Both ... and, Either...
or)
2. ______you _____your friends are responsible for the damage. (Either .... or,
So .... that)

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3. He didn’t attend the concert ______ he wasn’t feeling well. (although, be
cause)
4. I cannot lend you the books ______you return them on time. (unless,
until)
5. You can use the computer _____ you need to. (if, unless)
6. I wanted to help her ______she refused. (and, but)
7. You may sit ______ you like. (whoever, wherever)
8. I told you not to go out this evening, _____you didn’t listen to me. (yet,
since)
9. My brother washed the dishes ______I was cleaning the table. (until,
when)
10. Rashid ____ likes singing ______dancing. (either .... or/neither .... nor)
11. She may wait outside ____ we inform the principal about her arrival. (so,
while)
12. Anita told me _____she prefers Chinese food to Italian food. (what, that)
13. Ajanta went trekking _____he knew it would be hard. (if, although)
14. Sometimes they sing for hours ____ friends request them. (when, if)
15. Bikas kept waiting _____it was 8 o’clock. (until, when)
16. The ceremony was _____ long _____ boring. (either .... or, both.... and)
17. They couldn’t win the match______ they played very well. (although,
because)
18. This laptop is expensive _____ very useful. (and, but)
19. What would you do _____ a stranger hurt you? (when, if)
20. You _____any of your friends can come with me. (or, and)

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4ASSESS YOURSELF

Supply the correct connectives to the following statements.
1. I couldn’t meet the principal _____ he was busy in a meeting. (because,
so)
2. _____ it is a small city, it is very popular with tourists. (although, if)
3. She had to walk home _____ she had no money. (although, because)
4. The traffic was heavy _____ he arrived here late. (so, because)
5. The boy _____ didn’t come to school was seriously ill. (who, whom)
6. _____ Milan _____ Sumy are learning guitar. (Either .... or, Both ....and)
7. She lost both her money ______ her passport. (and, but)
8. The girl, ______ I met in Kathmandu was an engineer. (who, whom)
9. ______she is beautiful, she is not proud. (Although, So)
10. He missed the bus ____ he got up late.(because, so)
11. Ramjet is rich ______ he is unhappy. (but, because)
12. Soma failed the exam ____ she laboured hard. (although, and)
13. Babushka is _____ short ____ she can’t touch the ceiling. (so __that, so that)
14. I love Nepali Khana _____ it takes a lot of time to cook. (and, but)
15. I can neither dance _____ play the piano. (or, nor)
16. I think he is ____ Indian nor Pakistani. (neither, nor, after)
17. I’ll return your book _____ I say good bye. (after, when)
18. Can you hold my bag _____ I fill this form? (after, when)
19. I have secured less _____ I did not study hard. (so/because)
20. He slept fast _____ he was tired. (because, although)

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5ASSESS YOURSELF

Supply the correct connectives to the following statements.
1. _____ I felt ill, I went on working. (Although, Because)
2. This lesson will end _____ the bell rings. (when, until)
3. You can have _____ coffee ____ tea. (either .... or, so .... that)
4. _____ it was raining hard, that match was postponed. (As, But)
5. _____ there are no oranges, we have to eat apples. (So that, As)
6. I do not go_____ I see the doctor. (when, until)
7. He can speak _____ Nepali ____ Maithili. (so .... that, both .... and)
8. I locked the door _____ I went out. (before, when)
9. She moved to Nepal_____ she got married. (before, and)
10. I phoned her _____I visited her. (after, when)
11. I will phone you ______ I arrive. (but, when)
12. We will see you _____ we go abroad. (so, before)
13. ____ I have finished the letter, I’m going to post it. (Although, As)
14. _____ he was hungry, _____ he didn’t eat anything. (Although, As)
15. I’ll show you my letter _____ we are having lunch. (so, while)
16. It was _____ an amazing story ____ nobody believed it. (such .... that, ei
ther ....or)
17. My sister fried some eggs _____ I made coffee. (because, while)
18. She _____ writes _____ composes poem. (either .... or, both.... and)
19. The meeting was boring _____ I went home. (but, so)
20. I study hard _____ I can secure good marks. (So, So that)

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Vocabulary in Use

Look at the following pictures and write sentences using WHO for each
of the musicians.

Cello Violin Piano

Cellist Vilinist Pianist
Guitar Saxophonist Drums

Guitarist Saxophonist Drummer
Flute Harmonium Sitar

Flautist Harmoniumist Sitarist

Example:
A cellist is a person who plays the cello.
A violinist A pianist
A guitarist A saxophonist
A saxophonist A drummer
A flautist A harmoniumist
A sitarist

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Guided Composition: Broken Dialogue

Read the following dialogue.
Dialogue-1
Clerk: May I help you?
Customer: Yes, please. I have a pain in my side, an ache in my stomach, and a
headache. I need a pill, an aspirin, or a painkiller or… something fast.
Clerk: I’m sorry, but that’s not my job. That’s Mr. Sharma’s job. He’s the head
pharmacist.
Customer: May I see Mr. Sharma, please.
Clerk: I’m sorry. Mr. Sharma is busy. He’s on the phone.
Customer: Then his helper.
Clerk: She’s busy, too. Please wait.
Customer: Oh, no.
Clerk: Oh, here’s Mr. Sharma.
Mr. Sharma: Yes? May I help you?
Customer: I have a pain in my side, an ache in my stomach, and a headache.
Please give me a pill.
Mr. Sharma: That isn’t my job. I’m not a doctor. I’m a pharmacist. Dr.
Regmi has an office next to us. His address is Dallu, Kathmandu. Come back with
a prescription. We can help you then.
Dialogue-2
Sara: What a beautiful beach! Just look at the water. I can hardly wait to go in.
Uncle: It is very popular. At least, it’s certainly crowded.
Roberto: We’ll see many people that we know. Hey! There’s my cousin Luis!
Sara: Really? Which one?

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Roberto: The one in the green swimming suit.
Sara: I see two guys in green. Is he the tall one or the short one?
Roberto: The tall one with black hair.
Perez: And there’s Maria, too. She’s Luis’ sister.
Sara: Which girl is she?
Roberto: The short one in the red suit, with sunglasses.
Sara: We’ll meet your whole family here today.
1. Complete the following dialogue using the expressions given below.
Hari : Hello, where are you from?
Peter : ………………………………
Hari : Your name, please?
Peter : Peter……………
Hari : Yes, my name is Hari.
Peter : ………………………..?
Hari : Walk straight for about 5 minutes. Then turn on your right…
Peter : By the way………………..?
Hari : I am a student.
Peter : Thank you very much.
Hari : …………………
a. Would you please tell me your name?
b. Not at all –
c. I’m from London –
d. It’s near Basantapur –
e. What are you –?
f. How do I get to Hanuman Dhoka?

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