Grammar --6 (2077) press

Speaking Practice

Answer these questions based on the given description.
a. What are the words that are countable?
b. What are the words that are uncountable?
c. Does the word ‘handset’ start with vowel or consonant?
d. Does the word ‘antenna’ start with vowel or consonant?
e. Is the word ‘microphone’ singular or plural?
f. What is the difference between ‘a handset’ and ‘the handset’?
g. Why is there no article before wires and cables?

Grammar Focus: Indefinite Article: A/An

 A/AN is used before singular countable nouns. It gives general
information about a noun.
Do you have an umbrella that I can borrow?
Is that a dog or a fox?
Does every child in the school wear a uniform?
Have you ever seen an elephant?
He is reading a book.
I always take an apple to school.
Is there also an entrance at the back of the building?
Would you like a peach?
Would you like to live on an island?
You’ll need a ruler and a pencil.

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Listening Practice

Repeat after your teacher. a toothbrush a magazine
an oven a radio a bicycle a dog
a queue a suitcase a computer a shirt
a postman a bathroom an island an umbrella
a light switch a pen a player a teacher
a chair a train an armchair a castle
a taxi a river an eye glass an insect
an idea an artist

 ‘a’ or ‘an’ is used before consonant and vowel sound not the letter.

Give me a euro.

Meeting the president was an honour for all of us.

We are taking a European vacation this summer.

We’ve been waiting here for an hour.

Is there a university in your town?

Instant Practice

Fill in the blanks with ‘a’ or ‘an’.

_______ address _______ apple _______ application form

_______ bag _______ chair _______ computer

_______ ear _______ egg _______ ewe

_______ exam _______ fridge _______ girl

_______ heater _______ heir _______ hospital

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_______ hour _______ ice cream _______ interview

_______ number _______ octopus _______ orange
_______ pencil _______ school _______ sheep
_______ shoe _______ tie _______ umbrella
_______ union _______ university _______ year
_______ bat _______cat _______dog
_______ gun _______ jug _______ parrot
_______queen _______tap _______van

Listening Practice

Repeat after your teacher.

Vowel Examples
A
an apple, an applicant, an application, an astronaut, an airplane, an
E aimless person, an ant, an ATM machine

I an elephant, an emperor, an engine, an enemy, an exercise, an
entrepreneur, an elf, an eagle
O
an ink pot, an intelligent person, an interview, an inn, an illusion,
U an inkstand, an idea

an onion, an orange, an open space, an obedient student, an owl,
an omelet, an old man, an original document

an umpire, an ugly person, an unhappy boy, an unseen passage, an
unimportant person, an unnecessary talk

 Some letters like ‘H’ takes both a and an.

‘H’ is not silent ‘H’ is silent

a horse an honest person

a house an honourable teacher

a homework copy an hour

a homeless person an heir

a hammer an hourly plan

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Instant Practice

Fill in the gaps with ‘a’ or ‘an’ where necessary.

as __rule have __ pity to have__knowledge to make __guess
have __noise
have __talk have__rest have __walk on __average
have__say
to have __bath have __ drink to pay __visit

be in __temper to give __warning take __interest

Grammar Focus: Definite Article: THE

THE is used:

 When the object or group of objects is unique or considered to be
unique:

the earth the sea the sky the equator the stars

 Before a noun which has become definite as a result of being mentioned a
second time:

His car struck a tree; you can still see the mark on the tree.

I saw a man yesterday. The man was very tall.

I have tamed a cow. The cow is very well behaved.
 Before a noun made definite by the addition of a phrase or clause:

the girl in blue the man with the banner

the boy that I met the place where I met him

 Before a noun which by reason of locality can represent only one
particular thing:

Dina is in the garden. (the garden of this house)

Please pass the water bottle. (the water bottle on the table)

 Before superlatives and first, second etc. used as adjectives or pronouns,
and only:

the first the best day the only way the worst boy the most exciting scene

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 Before only one object in the world the celestial bodies: the sun, the earth,
the sky, the moon, etc.

 Before parallel comparatives: The more you try, the more you learn. The
more you work, the more you earn.

 Before parts of the house: the kitchen, the bedroom, the restroom, the
guestroom, the living room, etc.

 Before adjectives: the poor, the young, the rich, the deaf, etc

 Before daybreaks: in the evening, in the morning, in the afternoon.

 Before historic events: the Independence Day, the Martyr’s Day, the
Democracy Day, etc.

 Before name of inventions: He invented the Television. Who invented the
mobile?

 Before ordinal numbers: the first, the third, the fifth, etc.

 Before physical position: the first, the middle, the bottom, etc.

 Before periods in history and decades: the Classical age, the
Elizabethan Age, the Postmodern Age, the sixties, the eighties, etc.

THE is used before the names of:

 Family names and castes: the Limbus, the Magars, the Chhetries, etc.

 Groups of Islands: the British Ilres, the West Indies, etc.

 Historical buildings: the Taj Mahal, the Kathmandu Mall, the
Buddha Mall, etc.

 Hotels, theaters: the Soaltee, the Barahai Movies, etc.

 Mountain Ranges: the Churia range, the Himalayas, the
Annapurna range

 Museums and libraries: the Chhauni museum, the national museum,
the British library, etc.

 Musical instruments: the flute, the piano, the harmonium, the guitar,
etc.

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 Name of canals: the Gandak Canal, the Panama Canal, etc.

 Name of deserts: the Sahara, the Thar, etc.

 Name of directions: the east, the north, the west, the south, etc.

 Organs of human body: the heart, the head, etc.

 Plural names of countries: the UK, the USA, the Philippines, etc.

 Political parties: the UML, the Republican, the R.P.P, etc.

 Religious books/groups: the Ramayana, the Bible, the Quran, the
Hindus, the Muslims, the Christians, etc.

 Repeated nouns: There is a dog in my house. The dog is very
faithful. She bought a pencil yesterday. She
lost the pencil.

 With rivers, seas, oceans: the Gandaki, the Nile, the Red sea, the Indian

Ocean, etc.

Instant Practice

Supply the definite article ‘the’ where necessary in the following sentences.

1. We have____ good light in our classroom.

2. ____light in this room is not good.

3. ____air in this room is not good.

4. ____history is an interesting subject.

5. We are studying ____history of Nepal.

6. I always drink____ water with my meals.

7. ____ water in this glass is dirty.

8. ____leather in these shoes is very good.

9. We get ____ leather from the skins of animals.

10. We all need ____fresh air.

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11. ____air in large cities is not very fresh.

12. We like ____animals.

13. ____animals in that photograph are wild animals.

14. We eat ____meat almost every day.

15. ____fish in the refrigerator is fresh.

16. ____children like to watch cartoons.

17. Do you sell ____stamps here?

18. I like collecting ____stamps and ____coins

19. ____stamps and coins in this collection are interesting.

20. I have got ____English books and magazines. ____magazines are very easy
to read.

Grammar Focus: No Article

‘A’ ‘an’ or ‘the’ is not used before:
 academic subjects: I am good at English. She likes science very much.
 colours: I like red most. Blue is his favourite colour.
 days and months: My son was born on Sunday. He died on Wednesday.
 festivals: Hindus celebrate Dashain. Christians enjoy Christmas.
 games and sports: I play football every day. Does he know how to play
basketball?
 languages: He speaks English fluently. Can you speak Dutch?
 material nouns: Gold is an expensive metal.
 meals: I have my breakfast at 8. He eats his lunch in school canteen.
 plural nouns: Horses are animals.
 possessive + noun: This is my house. That is his car.
 proper nouns: He lives in Kathmandu. They saw Mahindra at the bus
station.

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 school, church, temple, market and college if they are used for primary
purpose: She goes to hospital every day. He has gone to school to study.
 uncountable nouns: Dogs looks after our house. Beer is a drink.

Quick Tip

Uncountable nouns when measured in quantity take article.

No article Article

water a glass of water, a jar of water, a gallon of water, a bottle of
water

a pouch of milk, a liter of milk, a jar of milk, a cup of milk
milk
a cup of tea, a cup of coffee
tea, coffee
a sack of rice, a fistful of rice, a packet of rice, a quintal of
rice rice


1ASSESS YOURSELF

Use ‘a’ ‘an’ or ‘the’ where necessary.
1. John is _____very intelligent person.
2. What _____ interesting lesson it is!
3. This is _____very incredible story.
4. _____water is colourless and tasteless liquid.
5. I was_____ very stupid person.
6. Mrs. Elisa is_____ very pleasant woman.
7. What _____awful person he is!
8. New York is _____fascinating city.
9. Have you heard about _____Titanic disaster?

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10. What time do you wake up in _____morning?
11. Mary is _____very friendly person
12. She plays _____piano well.
13. _____boy in suit is naughty.
14. She is _____excellent pianist
15. _____sugar is sweet.
16. It is_____ beautiful day.
17. She plays _____violin beautifully.
18. It is _____ very cold today.
19. Do you play _____harmonium well?
20. He is_____ very tall man.

2ASSESS YOURSELF

Use ‘a’ ‘an’ or ‘the’ where necessary.
1. Who invented _____telephone?
2. He is_____ handsome fellow.
3. She is wearing _____ beautiful dress.
4. You have _____beautiful new car.
5. I love to play _____ football much.
6. Grandfather told us_____ sad story.
7. Binod is _____smartest student of his class.
8. I live in _____old house.
9. We were very tired after _____walk.

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10. It was_____ very fast train.
11. Ann was _____ generous woman.
12. Sunil is _____honest boy.
13. I saw _____ ewe last Saturday.
14. Are you reading _____Rising Nepal?
15. _____Saturday is holiday in Nepal.
16. My father is _____engineer.
17. Do you wish to be _____ doctor?
18. I have been waiting you for _____ hour.
19. _____sun shines bright.
20. I like to read _____Geeta every morning.

3ASSESS YOURSELF

Use ‘a’ ‘an’ or ‘the’ where necessary.
1. _____European gave me _____ five hundred note yesterday.
2. Which is _____longest River in _____ world?
3. What is _____best idea to solve this problem?
4. My grandfather is _____ honourable person.
5. _____milk in that can is pure.
6. _____have you ever seen _____one legged person?
7. I always work eight hours _____day.
8. Are you _____union member?

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9. He is _____obedient student.
10. _____English is _____international language.
11. I am fond of playing _____flute.
12. Nikhil Upreti is _____actor.
13. He gave me _____example of such person.
14. _____water in that glass is dirty.
15. Have you ever seen _____Taj Mahal?
16. My house lies to _____South of Kathmandu.
17. We have _____holiday on _____Democracy Day.
18. Monday is _____second day of _____week.
19. _____Koshi is ____biggest River in Nepal.
20. _____heart circulates blood.

4ASSESS YOURSELF

Supply ‘a’ or ‘an’ where necessary.
1. What ____good idea!
2. What ____beautiful day!
3. What ____pretty eyes she has!
4. What ____strange thing to say!
5. What ____easy exercise!
6. What ____difficult lesson!
7. What ____funny name to give a dog!
8. What ____good whisky!

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9. What ____happy child!

10. What ____cheerful child!

11. What ____beautiful music!

12. What ____large room!

13. What ____foolish mistake!

14. What ____hot day!

15. What ____beautiful weather!

16. What ____ugly girl she is !

17. What ____useless room it is!

18. What ____unique idea!

19. What ____boring person you are!

20. What ____exciting day it is!

5ASSESS YOURSELF

Fill in the gaps with ‘a’ or ‘an’ .

Nepal is famous for birds. Danphe is ____ beautiful, multi-coloured bird. It is
also our national bird. Pandas are also beautiful animals. They are found in China.
Cheetahs live in Asia and Africa. They live in hot, flat places. ____cheetah can
run one hundred kilometres ____ hour but only for ____ few minutes. It can catch
deer. Giraffes also live in Africa. Giraffes are very tall. They can eat leaves 6 me-
ters high. Frogs are small, but ____ frog in Africa can grow to 35 centimeters and
weigh 3 kg.

A swift is ____ small bird .You can see them in Nepal. They can stay in____ air
for two years and fly 900 kilometres in ____ day. ____penguin is also ____ bird. It
can’t fly, but it can swim very well. It lives in Antarctica in ____ South Pole. It can
live in ____ cold snow. Snakes can smell with their tongues, and ____ big snake
can eat ____ goat. There are ____lot of snakes in Nepal. ____crocodile can live in
water and on land. There are crocodiles in rivers in ____ Terai.

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Vocabulary in Use
Read the following verbs and change them into different verb forms.

Example:

V1 V2 V3 V4 V5

ask asked asked asking asks

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Guided Composition: Story Writing

Arrange the following sentences in correct order and write a readable story. The
title of the story is given. Also write a suitable moral for it.

THE TWO BUTTER FROGS

a. Suddenly a sound of a cat meowing made them awake.

b. They panicked and fled for their lives.

c. They ran into a farm house and jumped right into a barrel of milk where
they hopped and hopped in order not to sink.

d. Sadly the smaller frog grew tired and drowned but the older one kept on
moving about and in the morning found he was sitting on a barrel of
qbutter.

e. A long, long time ago there were two frogs who thought it would be a good
idea to go on an outing.

f. They had never left their pond before and to them it was very big
adventure.
g. At first they thoroughly enjoyed themselves and for the first time in their
lives experienced a sense of freedom.
h. The weather was perfect and the sun never stopped shining.
i. They found plenty of food and decided to stop and take a rest.
j. In the hot sun they started to feel sleepy and very soon fell asleep.

Moral: ...............................................................................................

THE TWO DOGS

a. All the house dog did was simply to feed himself on the results of the
exertions that the hound dog undertook.
b. The house dog felt he had to defend himself in the face of all this criticism.
c. The house dog asked him not to pick on him if he wanted to blame
someone.

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d. The house dog told him to criticize their master who had taught him not
how to work but how to depend on the work of others.

e. A man had two dogs: a hound and trained to help him with his sports and
another to guard the house.

f. Whenever the hunter came home, he always gave the house dog a large
portion of what he caught.

g. The hound dog was very upset about this.

h. He told the house dog he found it very annoying having to do all the hard
work.

i. What made things worse, he continued, was that the house dog never took
part in any of the hunting.

Moral: ............................................................................................................

GREED FOR MONEY

a. The bag full of money remained under the tree unused and unclaimed with
their dead bodies.

b. Nothing else, but greed was the cause of their death.

c. Once three men saw something and cried pointing to a small bag under a
tree.

d. They had never seen such wads of money before.

e. To their amazement, it was a bag full of money.

f. They agreed to divide the money equally.

g. One of them was sent to buy some food from a nearby market.

h. They were very hungry as they had walked long that day.

i. He poisoned the food thinking that he would get that money if he killed the
rest of two men.

j. The two men killed the first one in order to share the money between the
two.

k. The two men planned to kill him.

l. As the food was poisoned, the two men also got death after they had poisoned
food.

Moral: ............................................................................................................

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T START CHAPTER 5

GE ED PREPOSITIONS

Read the following text.

Hobart is located on the Derwent River in the southeastern corner of the state.
Mount Wellington rises to the west of the city. It offers splendid views of the
city as well as hiking and biking paths. The city’s many art centers include Tasmanian
Museum and Art Gallery. It features a gallery devoted to Aboriginal history and
culture. A maritime museum teaches about Hobart’s connection with the sea, and
a military museum is located in Australia’s oldest military establishment. The
country’s oldest Jewish synagogue is also located in Hobart.

The port of Hobart is a major shipping center. Factories in and around the city
produce candy, clothing, tools, computer parts, furniture, and other goods.

The Mouheneer Aborigines were the first people to live in the area that is now
Hobart. When Europeans arrived during the early 1800s, however, they soon drove
the Mouheneer out of the area. The British established a colony on the Derwent
River in 1803. The following year they moved it to the present site of Hobart.

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The colony became a city in 1842 and developed into a major port for whaling
ships. Today it has many other businesses as well, but it still celebrates its
association with sailing and the sea. Every December since 1945, dozens of
yachts participate in a race from Sydney, on the mainland, to Hobart.
Do You Know? In the above given text, the coloured words are prepositions.
They are used before a noun or pronoun to show, time, place, position or method.

Speaking Practice

Answer these questions based on the given text.
a. What is the location of Hobart?
b. Where does Mount Wellington rise to?
c. Where is the military museum located?
d. When did the colony become a city?
e. Where did the British establish a colony?

Quick Tip

Words that combine with a noun or pronoun to form a phrase are termed
as prepositions. They show relationship.

Listening Practice

Repeat these prepositions after your teacher.

on, in, through, behind, for, beneath, against, beside, over, during, without,
abroad, across, among, against, around, at, between, behind, below, by , inside
, into, after , to , about , at, since ,while, under, over

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Instant Practice

Underline prepositions in the following sentences.
1. The child ran across the road.
2. The river flows under the bridge.
3. The work was done in haste.
4. He goes to church every Sunday.
5. The thieves jumped over the wall.
6. He spoke to me in French.
7. The moon does not shine by its own light.
8. I am tired of walking.
9. He has yet to recover from his illness.
10. Do not cry over spilt milk.
Look at the following pictures and sentences.

The mouse is on the table.

The mouse is under the table.

The runners raced around the track.

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The girl by the door is my sister.

The pizza in the oven is mine.

Instant Practice

Fill in the gaps with correct prepositions.

round, under, over, on, next to , in front of, in, between, behind, among
1. Mrs. Rai is playing her students.
2. The dog is sitting the car.
3. I sit Mohan and Raj in class.
4. The soldiers are the army camp.
5. The boy is standing of the class.
6. Manoj always sits me.
7. The parrot is sitting Joe’s shoulder.
8. There is a bridge the river.
9. The old man is sitting the tree.
10. The boy is making of the house.

Grammar Focus: Prepositions of Time

Preposition Usage Example

AGO a certain time in the past 2 years ago, 1 month ago, etc.

AT exact time: at 2 o’clock, at 3 pm, etc.

festivals: at Dashain, at Tihar, at Chhath, etc.

age: at 20, at fifty, etc.

price, speed, degree: at 40 km per hour, at 100 degree

Celsius, etc.

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BEFORE earlier than a certain before 2004, before school, before I
BY
FOR point of time came here, before his marriage, before
IN
10 am, etc
ON
at the latest, up to a I will be back by 6 o’clock.
PAST
SINCE certain time By 11 o’clock, I had read five pages.
TO
UNTIL over a certain period of for 2 years, for a day, month, year,

time decade, for a long time, for a few

minutes, for an hour, for 10 days, etc.

months: in August, January, in May, etc.

seasons: in spring, in summer, in winter, etc.

year: in 2006, in 2074, etc.

time period: in an hour, in 2 weeks, in a month, etc.

days: on Sunday, on Monday, on Saturdays, etc.

dates: on 3rd December, 2017, on 26th of this

occasions: month, etc.

on my birthday, on Mother’s Day, etc.

telling the time ten past six, seven past ten, etc

from a certain point of since my birthday, since Sunday, since

time in past till now 1980, since January, since morning,

since childhood, etc.

telling the time ten to six, five to ten, etc.

indicating the beginning He is on holiday until Friday.

and end of a period of I waited until he arrived.

time

Instant Practice

Fill in the gaps with correct time prepositions.
1. I visited my grandparents ___ summer. (in, on)
2. I’ll do my homework ___ dinner. (in, at)
3. School starts ___ nine o’clock. (in, at)
4. We’re going to the zoo ___ Saturday. (in, on)
5. You must finish the work ___ Friday. (in, on)
6. No, you can’t watch a video. It’s ___ your bedtime already. (on, past)

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7. He died a long time ___. (ago, past)

8. We waited ___the bus arrived. (until, before)

9. He was born ___ 25th December, 2015. (in, on)

10. It is five ___ ten now. (to, past)

11. I will write to you _____ a week. (in, on)

12. She has been ill _____Saturday. (from, since)

13. My father will come ____Dashain. (in, at)

14. He watched the match____ midnight. (past, until)

15. I will try to finish it ____this week. (in, within)

Grammar Focus:Prepositions of Place and Direction

Preposition Usage Example
ABOVE
ACROSS higher than something else, a path above the lake
AT
but not directly over it flying above the clouds
BELOW
FROM getting to the other side walk across the bridge
IN
swim across the lake
INTO
NEXT TO meaning next to, by an object at the door, at the station

for table at the table

for events at a concert, at the party

place where somebody does at the cinema, at school, at work,

something-watch a film, at cinema, at the theatre, etc.

study, work, etc.

lower than something else The fish are below the surface.

but above ground Skirts are worn below the knee.

in the sense of where from a flower from the garden

room, building, street, town, in the kitchen, in London, in the

country, book, paper, car, book, in the car, in a taxi, in the

taxi, picture, world picture, in the world

enter a room , a building go into the kitchen , the house

left or right of somebody or She is standing next to the car.

something

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ON Attached the picture on the wall
for a place with a river London lies on the Thames.
ONTO being on a surface, floor on the table, on the first floor
OVER for a certain side (left, right) on the left, on the right
for public transport on the bus, on a plane
for television, radio on TV, on the radio
jump onto the table
movement to the top of
something put a jacket over your shirt
over 16 years of age
covered by something else walk over the bridge
meaning more than climb over the wall
getting to the other side
overcoming an obstacle

THROUGH something with limits on top, drive through the tunnel

bottom and the sides river flowing through the village

TO movement to person or go to the cinema

building go to London , go to Kathmandu

movement to a place or go to bed

country

for bed

TOWARDS movement in the direction of go 5 steps towards the house
UNDER something (but not directly head towards the city
to it)
The bag is under the table.
lower than or covered by The cat is sitting under the car.
something else

Instant Practice

Fill in the gaps with correct place and direction prepositions.

1. The girls are hiding ______the wardrobe. (inside, outside)

2. I have a friend who lives ______America. (at, in)

3. Sanny was sitting ______ a tree. (over, under)

4. Some geese flew ______ their house. (under, over)

5. There was a tree ______ the river. (beside, besides)

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6. There’s a wooden floor ______ the carpet. (above, underneath)
7. A man was walking ______ the riverbank. (along, across)
8. The students chased ______ each other. (before, after)
9. The football rolled ______ the hill. (down, on)
10. The freeway goes ______ through the city. (right, past)
11. We were travelling ______ Mustang. (towards, in)
12. She is working ______the kitchen. (at, in)
13. I saw her ______the party. (in, at)
14. The ball rolled ______the ground. (into, onto)
15. What’s there ______TV tonight? (in, on)

Grammar Focus: Preposition with Adjectives, Verbs and Nouns

Prepositions with Adjectives
Dad was angry with us.
John is very good at drawing.
Mr. Gurung is pleased with our work.
She’s not very interested in sports.
The teachers are always kind to us.
We were afraid of the big dog.
Prepositions with Verbs
Think of another word for sad.
Cut the cake into five pieces.
Does this book belong to you?

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I agree with you.
I’m looking for my pencil. Have you seen it?
Tell me about the show you saw.
They borrowed money from the bank.
We’re listening to CDs.
What’s wrong with the computer?
Prepositions with Nouns
Congratulations on winning the competition!
Traffic can cause damage to the environment.
Here’s an example of good behaviuor.
Is there a reason for this delay?
What’s the answer to this question?
What’s the matter with you?

Instant Practice

Fill in the gaps with correct prepositions.
at, in, on, between, among, behind, under, over, near, in front of, next to, into,
of, through, past, before, after, since, until, ago
1. We were all ___ the party yesterday.
2. Mother is working ___ the kitchen.
3. I listened to a news ___the radio.
4. Nepal lies ___ India and China.
5. My father distributed sweets ___the kids.

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6. There is a tree ___ my house.
7. The bag is ___the table.
8. There is a path ___ the river.
9. A river flows ___ my village.
10. There is a coffee shop ___ my school.
11. The beggar is standing ___ the car.
12. The boy is running ___ the class.
13. He is ___ 18 years of age.
14. We walked ___ the forest.
15. It is already ten ___ twenty.
16. Please do this work ___ 10 am.
17. I always play ___ school.
18. I have been smoking continously ___ last year.
19. Don’t go anywhere ___ I come here.
20. My father went to the USA 2 years ___.

1ASSESS YOURSELF

Fill in the gaps with correct prepositions.
1. The school ends ___ 3:15. (at, in)
2. When she came home, her father was ___ the door. (in, at, by)
3. You must be prepared ——— anything. (to, for)
4. He lives ___ my street. (in, on)
5. I go to school ___ eight. (in, at)
6. He lives ___ Kapan, Kathmandu. (at, in)

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7. I have no interest ———— politics. (at, in)
8. Can you come ___ December? (on, in)
9. He married ____16. (at, in)
10. Can you come___ Saturday? (in, on)
11. Everyone is happy ___ Friday. (on, in)
12. Can you meet me ___ the corner? (at, in)
13. What are you looking at ____the map? (in, on)
14. A cat was sitting _____the roof of my car. (in, on)
15. He was born ___ the 20th century. (in, on)
16. I acted according——– his advice. (to, on)
17. A man was coming____ us on his bike. (towards, to)
18. He provided the poor —— food and clothing. (for, with)
19. I come home ___ the afternoon. (at, in)
20. Are these shoes the same ____those? (to, like)

2ASSESS YOURSELF

Fill in the gaps with correct prepositions.
1. Can you come __ six o’clock? (in, at)
2. The desk is ___ the front. (in, at)
3. He jumped ——— my offer.(on, over)
4. Some people were talking ___the movie. (on, about)
5. The apartment is ___ the fifth floor. (on, at)
6. Peter sings ___ a professional singer. (as, like)
7. She keeps her slippers____ her bed. (in, by)

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8. Let us proceed ——– the work in hand. (with, at)
9. The security man was ___ the gate. (in, at)
10. What you say is —— no consequence to me.(of, off)
11. She put the book ____her bag. (into, in)
12. I take exception —— your remark. (to, in)
13. I will go ___ Monday. (on, at)
14. It is cold ____winter. (in, on)
15. Trust ——— God and do what is right. (in, on)
16. We always wash our hands ____meals. (in, at)
17. It is nice ___ home. (in, at)
18. They eat lunch ___ noon every day. (in, at)
19. What do teachers do ___ summer? (on, in)
20. What are you doing ____the moment? (in, at)

3ASSESS YOURSELF

Fill in the gaps with correct prepositions.
1. She ran ____the dog because she was frightened. (before, after)
2. They visited their friends___ Dhading. (in, at)
3. We go to school ___ the morning. (in, at)
4. She saw him ___school. (in, at)
5. They say the minister is biased ——– his relatives. (with, at, to)
6. We rest ___ night. (in, at)
7. They go to church ___ Sundays. (in, on)
8. We walked ____the Street to the park. (along, across)

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9. The date changes ___ midnight. (at, in)
10. When will you be ___ Nepal? (in, at)
11. The game started after the players were ___ the field. (in, at)
12. The party starts_____ six o’clock. (at, in)
13. Little boy sat ____a corner. (in, at)
14. The lion and the unicorn fought ____the crown. (with, for)
15. She sat ____ the fire, and told me a tale. (by, through)
16. They all ran ___the farmer’s wife, who cut off their tails with a carving
knife. (before, after)
17. They rise ___the morning lark, and labour till almost dark. (with, at)
18. We go away ____three weeks every summer. (since, for)
19. Come and see us ___Christmas day. (on, at)
20. My friend visited my ____ Tihar. (in, at)

4ASSESS YOURSELF

Fill in the gaps with correct prepositions.
1. He is not bad ____badminton. (in, at)
2. Do you believe ____ ghosts? (in, on)
3. I belong ____ a local athletics club. (for, to)
4. She went green ____envy. (with, for)
5. She is not very clever ____singing. (in, at)
6. I must congratulate you ____ your success. (on, in, at)
7. The car crashed ____ a tree. (at, into)
8. He is dependent ____ his parents. (in, on, at)
9. He died ____Malaria. (of, by)
10. A week after the accident he died ____ his injuries. (from, of)
11. I have difficulty ____my travel arrangements. (for, with)

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12. We had no difficulty ____finding his address. (on, in)
13. He is disappointed ____his son. (with, at)
14. I am frustrated ____my performance. (with, at)
15. We had a long discussion ____philosophy. (on, about)
16. I cut fruits ____ a knife. (with, by)
17. Yesterday I walked ___ five hours. (for, at)
18. The helicopter flew ___the thick clouds. (over, above)
19. My father is ___the army. (in, on)
20. I prefer tea ___coffee. (to, for)

5ASSESS YOURSELF

Look at the picture and say where the dog is .

D

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Vocabulary in Use
Look at the following ball games.

Football(soccer) Rugby American football

Baseball Volleyball Cricket

Basketball Badminton Tennis
Name the following sports.

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Guided Composition: Story Writing

The paragraphs in the following story are not in correct order. Put the
paragraphs in order and complete the story with a moral.

THE EMPEROR AND HIS DAUGHTERS

The emperor one day reached the place in course of hunting animals. He saw his
daughters with their husbands working in the field. He saw them working happily.
He was very happy at them. He gave them all his property and they lived happily
ever after.

There was once an emperor who lived in a palace. He had three daughters but no
sons. He wanted his daughters to marry before he died. He found three princes.
However, his daughters didn’t like them. They refused to marry the princes, so the
emperor became very angry.

He said they must get married as soon as they were sixteen years old. The three
daughters ran away during the night and found work on a farm. They fell in love
with the farmer’s sons while they were working there. They married the sons when
they were sixteen.

Moral: ...........................................................................................

GLUSKAP AND THE BABY

‘There’, she said. ‘That is Wasis. He is little, but he is very strong.’ Gluskap
laughed and went up to the baby. ‘I am Gluskap. Fight me!’ he shouted. Little
Wasis looked at him for a moment, then he opened his mouth. ‘Waaah! Waaah!’
he screamed. Gluskap had never heard such a terrible noise. He danced a war
dance and sang some war songs. Wasis screamed louder. ‘Waaah! Waaah! Waaah!’
Gluskap covered his ears and ran out of the teepee.

Gluskap the warrior was very pleased with himself because he had fought and won
so many battles. He boasted to a woman friend: ‘Nobody can beat me!’ ‘Really?’
said the woman. ‘I know someone who can beat you. His name is Wasis.’ Gluskap
had never heard of Wasis. He immediately wanted to meet him and fight him. So
he was taken to the women’s village. The woman pointed to a baby who was sitting
and sucking a piece of sugar on the floor of a teepee.

After he had run a few miles, he stopped and listened. The baby was still screaming.
Gluskap the fearless was terrified. He ran on and was never seen again in the
woman’s village.

Moral: ...................................................................................................

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T START CHAPTER 6

GE ED ADJECTIVES

Read the following text.

The yak is a large, shaggy ox with humped
shoulders. It lives on high land, mostly in the
part of China called Tibet. Yaks live in cold
places with few plants. They can live at high
altitudes. They are found as high up as 20,000
feet in the mountainous areas. Yaks graze on
grass and browse on shrubs. At high altitudes
they can survive on mosses and lichens. They
drink large amounts of water and eat freezing snow in the winter. Yaks have long,
coarse hair and a dense woolen undercoat to keep them warm. Yaks that live in
the wild look somewhat different from domestic yaks. Wild yaks are blackish
brown with large horns. Wild cows and calves stay together in large herds. Adult
bulls may be found alone or in smaller groups.

Do You Know? In the above given text, the coloured words are adjectives.
They describe a person or thing. They qualify nouns or pronouns.

Speaking Practice

Answer these questions based on the given text.

a. How is the yak?

b. Where does it live?

c. Where are they found?

d. What do yaks eat?

e. What is the hair of the yak like?

f. How are the wild yaks?

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Quick Tip

An adjective is a word that modifies, or qualifies, a noun or pronoun,
in one of three forms of comparative degree: positive strong, beautiful,
comparative stronger, more beautiful, or superlative strongest, most
beautiful.

Read the text again and complete the following blank spaces with nouns which
come after the following adjectives.

large, shaggy ______ humped ______ high ______

cold ______ mountainous ______ large ______

freezing ______ long, coarse ______ dense woolen ______

domestic ______ wild ______ large ______

Quick Tip

Adjectives always come before the nouns in a sentence. They describe
about the nouns.

Observe the following information to understand different functions of
adjectives.

Large ox : It tells about the size.

High land : It tells about position.

Cold places : It tells about weather.

Few plants : It tells about number.

Mountainous areas : It tells about place.

Freezing snow : It tells about quality.

Woolen undercoat : It tells about material.

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Listening Practice

Repeat these words after your teacher.

Types of Adjectives

Quality : happy, sad, old, young, adult, hard, soft, lonely, strong,
dull, intelligent, easy, difficult, good, bad, honest, obedient,
silly, friendly, brave, angry, smart, handsome, stupid,
foolish, etc.

Quantity : empty, few, full, heavy, many, numerous, abundant, etc.

Possessive : my, your, his, their, our, her, its, etc.

Interrogative : what, which, when, etc.

Demonstrative : this, that, these, those, etc.

Distributive : all, every, each, both, either, neither, etc.

Instant Practice

Underline the adjectives in the following sentences.

1. Mr. Dinesh is a happy child.

2. My son has a smart watch.

3. What a friendly person he is!

4. How an obedient student he is!

5. Have you ever seen an angry person?

6. Only few people came at the party.

7. This room is already full. It was empty then.

8. Our English teacher gives us heavy task. It is his habit.

9. There aren’t many people in the room. All of them have already gone.

10. There are numerous evidences in support of this case.

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11. Neither of the players is good. Either is suffering from diarrhoe.
12. Which of the following is your pen?
13. Whose pens are those? Do these pens also belong to you?
14. Would you like some sugar in tea?
15. The boy is very naughty. He is always aggressive.
Now write the types of adjectives you have underlined.

Quality
Quantity
Possessive
Interrogative
Demonstrative
Distributive

Instant Practice

Match the adjective on the left with its opposite adjective on the right.
light narrow
warm short
old cool
odd young
fast flat
expensive normal
hungry cheap
uneven full
wide slow
tall dark
clever high
poor soft

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sunny stupid
wet rich
long rainy
fat dry
big short
good small
hard thin
low bad

Grammar Focus: Degrees of Adjectives

Adjectives can express degrees of modification.
Heman is a rich man, but Jitu is richer than Heman, and Binod is the richest man
in town.

Quick Tip

The degrees of comparison are known as the positive, the comparative
and the superlative.

Positive Degree: We use positive degree if there is no comparison in quality.
This is a big ground.
Sony is a good girl.
He is an intelligent person.
Comparative Degree: We use the comparative for comparing two things. The
word ‘than’ frequently accompanies the comparative. The inflected suffixes-er, -ier
and more are used in comparison.
This ground is bigger than that one.
Nita is better than Sony.
His brother is more intelligent than him.

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Superlative Degree: We use the superlative for comparing three or more things.
The word ‘the’ precedes the superlative. The inflected suffixes-est, -iest and most
are used in comparison.

This is the biggest ground in Nepal.

Nita is the best girl of her class.

His brother is the most intelligent person in this school.

Instant Practice

Write the comparative and superlative form of the coloured adjectives.

Positive Comparative Superlative
a busy street busier busiest
a caring nurse
a creative toy more smiling most loving
a dark corner
a deep sea
a dirty street
a large bed
a noisy room
a sleepy passenger
a smart dog
a smiling face
a sunny day
a windy day
an active child
an attractive hat
an interesting book
an oily pot
an old building
loving parents
matching clothes

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Grammar Focus:Formation of Comparative and Superlative

 Adjective + -er / -est: Adjective of one syllable adds-er in the comparative
form and -est in superlative form.

cheap cheaper cheapest

cold colder coldest

hard harder hardest

sharp sharper sharpest

old older oldest

 Adjective + -r/-st: One syllable adjectives ending in -e add -r in the
comparative form and -st in the superlative form.

large larger largest

nice nicer nicest

brave braver bravest

true truer truest

fine finer finest

 Double Consonant + -er\-est.

slim slimmer slimmest

wet wetter wettest

hot hotter hottest

big bigger biggest

sad sadder saddest

 i + -er/-est: If a one- syllable adjective ends in consonant + -y,- y is
changed into -i when -er/ -est is added.

happy happier happiest

dry drier driest

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pretty prettier prettiest

heavy heavier heaviest

ugly uglier ugliest

Quick Tip

But vowel + y is not changed into i:

gay gayer gayest

 Irregular comparatives and superlatives.

bad worse worst

far further farthest

good better best

little less least

much more most

 Adjectives of more than two syllables form their comparative/superlative
by adding more to the comparative form and most in the superlative.

expensive more expensive most expensive

exciting more exciting most exciting

valuable more valuable most valuable

useful more useful most useful

cheerful more cheerful most cheerful

Instant Practice

Write the appropriate comparative and superlative form of these
adjectives.

Positive Comparative Superlative
bad
clever

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careful
dirty
early
far
useful
fat
full
good
green
expensive
happy
hard
hot
late
courageous
light
long
dangerous
nasty
old
poor
powerful
rainy
rich
sad
shady
difficult
short
active
slow
interesting
small
soft
stupid

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sunny
comfortable
thin
wide

Grammar Focus: Comparison

There are different ways of comparison in English. Here are some such ways
of comparison:
 Comparative degree + than is used to compare dissimilarities.
India is richer than Nepal.
She is more intelligent than her sister.
This rope is longer than that one.
The present government is more popular than the earlier one.
 As + adjective + as is used to compare the equality.
My brother is as clever as you are.
She is not as smart as her sister is .
You are as tall as I am.
 The + superlative degree is used in superlative.
My father is the tallest person in my village.
Mr. Rai is the most intelligent person I have ever seen.
This is the most comfortable room in this house.
Binod Chaudhary is the richest person in Nepal.
 Not as + adjective + as is used to compare the dissimilarities.
Nepal is not as developed as India.
He is not as smart as Jubin.

I am not as talented as you are.

My sister is not as tall as I am.
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Instant Practice

Complete the following paragraph with comparative and superlative form of
adjectives.

Paul likes playing football. He’s a very good player, but his friend Sally is a (good)
player. She’s the (good) player in the whole school. She is (fast) and (strong) than
all the boys, even the boys who are (old) and (big) than her. That’s why Paul likes
her. Paul thinks all games are exciting, but football is the (exciting) game and it’s
(noisy) than all the other games he plays with his friends. When the grass is wet,
everyone gets dirty when they play football. But Sally gets (dirty) and (wet) than
everyone else.

Instant Practice

Complete the following sentences with correct form of comparative degrees.

Gold Iron
a. Gold is ____than iron. (expensive)
b. Iron is _____ than gold. (cheap)
c. The price of gold is ___than iron. (much)
d. The price of iron is ___than gold. (less)

a. The dog is slightly ____than the cat. (big)
b. The elephant is much ____ than the cat. (big)

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c. The dog and cat are _____than the elephant. (small)
d. The elephant is ______ than the dog and cat. (strong)
e. The elephant is ______ than the dog and cat. (heavy)
Use the following adjectives to compare the two birds.

a crane a nightingale
a. big
b. small ______________________________________________
c. long
d. short ______________________________________________
e. heavy
f. tall ______________________________________________
g. beautiful
______________________________________________

______________________________________________

______________________________________________

______________________________________________

1ASSESS YOURSELF

Complete the following sentences using positive, comparative and superlative
form of adjectives.

1. My friend likes to exercise and eat fruits and vegetable, so he’s ______ than
other. (healthy)

2. A: Are you a lazy person? B: No, in fact, I’m very ______ person. (hard
working)

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3. My brother is ______person in our family (young). He’s only five years
old.

4. He should play basketball because he is _______ (tall) than us.

5. My sister is an _____ (introverted) person. She’s shy and doesn’t like to meet
new people.

6. He worked very hard his whole life and he’s _____ person in our locality.
(rich)

7. I went on a diet last year and lost five kilograms, so now I’m _____. (thin)

8. Mina always says, “Thank you.” She’s a _____ person. (polite)

9. Of course, I’m_______ girl! I got an A+ on all of my exams! (smart)

10. My uncle loves to tell jokes to make us laugh. He’s ______ than us.
(funny)

11. My friend can lift 200 kilograms. He’s _____ than all of us. (strong)

12. They are ______ (careful) when they cross a busy street.

13. Kamala always smiles and has many friends. She’s ____ than other.
(friendly)

14. Nothing seems to make my grandfather sad. He’s a _______ person.
(happy)

15. Most people can’t do work that he can. He’s a ______ person. (special)

2ASSESS YOURSELF

Read the following sentences and write the types of the underlined
adjectives.

1. Dad has two pairs of shoes.

2. One pair is brown and the other pair is black.

3. This is a very simple puzzle.

4. What colour is the Nepalese flag?

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5. A kind fairy appeared before the wise king.
6. He is a proud man but his brother is an honest man.
7. There is some food left in that kitchen.
8. Tom is wearing a blue T-shirt but his brother is wearing red one.
9. Ganesh has ten marbles; Hari has twenty.
10. How many marbles do they have?
11. There is big Indian temple in the city.
12. There is a large crowd outside this temple.
13. My house is just a few miles from the school.
14. They are driving a small car.
15. Sue likes those yellow and red balloons.

3ASSESS YOURSELF

Underline the adjectives in the following text.
Sydney is a large Australian city with busy streets and expensive shops. In summer,
it’s a very hot place. People wear cool clothes and drink cool drinks. There are
beautiful sandy beaches where people can rest and look up at the wide blue sky.
There are big parks for tourists to visit. Japanese tourists like to sit and watch other
people. British tourists take photographs of the strange plants and colourful birds.

4ASSESS YOURSELF

Supply the comparative form of the adjectives in brackets + THAN.
1. India is _____Nepal. (large)
2. John is_____ William. (short)
3. Henry is_____ I. (tall)
4. This book is_____ that book. (old)

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5. The weather today is _____yesterday. (bad)
6. This summer is _____last summer. (hot)
7. This article is _____ that one. (interesting)
8. Is this exercise _____ the last one? (difficult)
9. These apples are _____ those. (good)
10. Some people are_____ others. (healthy)
11. This bag is _____ that one. (light)
12. Is this exercise _____ the last one? (important)

Vocabulary in Use
Read the following adverbs and change them into adjectives.

thoughfully accidentally calmly fiercely hastily mysteriously

wildly blindly doubtfully gladly lazily obnoxiously

rapidly silently victoriously bravely easily gracefully

sadly speedily angrily carelessly foolishly hungrily

loudly politely selfishly suspiciously anxiously cautiously
neatly recklessly sheepishly violently briefly elegantly
frantically innocently nervously reluctantly slowly wearily

greedily madly quickly seriously swiftly badly

busily gently happily merrily quietly shyly

courageously enthusastically inquisitively noisily rudely solemnly

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Guided Composition: Essay Writing

An Essay is a regular and connected writing about any subject. It may be narration
of some individual, description of some substance, some creature, building,
plant or some topic of abstract qualities, such as ‘Youth’, ‘Friendship’, ‘Truth’,
‘Discipline’, ‘Love,’ etc.

Parts of an essay:

 Introduction

 Supporting Paragraphs

 Summary Paragraphs

Read the following essay.

Is Childhood the best time of your life?

Some people say that childhood is the best time of your life. However, being a
child has both advantages and disadvantages.

One advantage is that you have very few responsibilities. For instance, you don’t
have to go to work, do the shopping, cooking or cleaning. This means you have
plenty of free time to do whatever you want-watch TV, play game on the computer;
go out with friends, play sports or pursue other hobbies. Moreover, public transport,
cinema, and sports centers cost much less for children. In fact, being a child is an
exciting, action-packed time in life.

However, for every plus there is minus. One disadvantage is that you have to
spend all day, Sunday to Friday at school, studying usually means you have to do
homework, and you have to take exams. Additionally, you may have a lot of free
time, but you are rarely allowed to do whatever you want. You usually have to ask
your parents if you can do things, from going shopping in town to staying out late
or going to a party.

Finally, although there are often cheaper prices for children, things are still
expensive-and parents are not always generous with pocket money. There’s never
enough to do everything you want. Another point is that sometimes there’s not
enough to do anything at all!

In conclusion, although some people see childhood as the best time in life, in

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my opinion, children have no real choice, independence or money. Nevertheless,
it is true that choice, money and independence all bring responsibilities and
restrictions which increase with age.

Do we need to save energy ?
Today we use much more energy than we used to. The world’s population is also
increasing all the time. So the world’s energy needs are going up. We will soon
run out of fossil fules. Another serious problem is that as we burn these fules we
release carbon dioxide into the air. Carbon dioxide trap the suns heat this is called
the greenhouse effect. Other gasses released by burning fuel have the same effect
Normaly, trees and plants adsorbs carbon dioxide from the air. But there are fewer
trees today because we have been cutting down the forests. This will cause global
warming a heating up of the atmosphere because of the greenhouse effect.
This could affect people all over the world. It will melt the ice at the polls and the
see level will rise, so that many lowlying places will be flooded. Whole chains of
eyelands could dissappear. It could also cause severe storms.
For these reasons, we need to cut down our use of energy and try not to waste it.
We could also shave energy by having fewer vehicles. We can walk or use the
bicycle. We can switch off lights, TV, and computers when we are not using them.
New energy saving light bulbs use less electricity and last longer than ordinary
light bulbs. It makes sense for all of us to save energy. It not only helps with the
problems that might affect the whole world, it will also save our a lot of money.

5ASSESS YOURSELF

1. Write an essay on why do we need to do exercise daily.
2. Write an essay on my daily life.
3. Write an essay on my family.

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T START CHAPTER 7

GE ED ADVERBS

Read the following letter.

Swoyambhu, Kathmandu

May 20, 2019

Dear Nina,

Your highly admirable smile with
its capped teeth and strikingly
attractive knotty pine denture
magically attracted me. I can
think of nothing I would rather
do than contemplate the gap
between your molars. Greatly inspired by your eyebrows, I sometimes think of
stars, constellations, and furry little bears. I will certainly write a poem about those
brows in the future. Your nose alone sufficiently merits a poem; a sonnet perhaps
should be dedicated to its nostrils. A wrestler would always be proud to have a
neck such as yours. Your shoulders seem attractively sloped. Moreover, your hips
turn round pleasantly better than my office chair. Across those extremely noble
shoulders slides your hair, as thick as extra-strength glue. How can I forget your
eyes? I am yours forever, Nina, unless I get distracted by a better offer.

With best wishes.

Yours friend,
Mohan

Do You Know? In the above given letter, the coloured words are adverbs.
They are modifiers.

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Speaking Practice

Answer these questions based on the given letter.
a. How was her smile?
b. How is her denture?
c. How did it attract him?
d. How was he inspired by her eyebrows?
e. When does he think of stars, constellations, and furry little bears?
f. How does her shoulders seem?
g. How does her hip turn round?

Quick Tip

An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
Adverbs may indicate place or direction, time, degree, manner, and belief
or doubt. Like adjectives, they too may be comparative.

Grammar Focus: Types of Adverbs

1. Adverbs of Manner
Amrita sings like a professional singer.
He was driving carelessly.
Binod plays the piano skillfully.
Please speak in a clear voice.
She is behaving like a baby.
Rima writes in a very grown-up way.
The girls answered all the questions correctly.
The plane landed safely.

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