Grammar --6 (2077) press

Vocabulary in Use
Read the following pictures of clothes and write what they are.

dressing-gown collar cuff cardigan

button braces belt heel

zip sole sleeve
waist coat

slippers mittens laces hem

Example:

A dressing gown is a long, loose piece of clothing that is worn indoors
over night clothes.

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Guided Composition: Interpretation of Charts and Graphs

Read the following interpretation.

Total number of student in class

Boys Girls

25 20 20 25 25 30 30 30

20 15

2071 2072 2073 2074 2075

This is a bar graph. This shows the total number of student in class in a school in
Kathmandu. The bar graph represents the number of boys and girls in different
years.

According to the graph, the number of boys and girls of five years, 2071 to 2075,
is depicted clearly. The number of boys and girls in the year 2071 was 20 and 15
respectively. It increased to 25 and 20 in the year 2072. However, the number of
boys declined in the year 2073. The number of girls kept increasing in the years
2073 and 2074. The number of girls became constant in the year 2075. The number
of boys increased in the years 2074 and 2075 significantly.

On the whole, the school has good future as every year total number of student is
increasing considerably.

Now, interpret the following pie chart.
Monthly Expenditure of a family

saving food
20% 20%

health clothes
15% 20%

education rent
20% 10%

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T START CHAPTER 11

GE ED WH-QUESTIONS

Act out the following dialogue.
A: What’s your name?
B: My name is Mina.
A: How old are you?
B: I am twenty years old.
A: Where do you live?
B: I live in Kathmandu.
A: When is your birthday?
B: It is on next Saturday.
A: Who do you love most?
B: I love my mother most.
A: Why are you worried today?
B: Because I lost my bag.
A: Which way do you go?
B: I go through this way.

Speaking Practice

Answer these questions based on the given dialogue.
a. What are W-H questions?
b. Why is it called W-H questions?
c. How are W-H words used in the dialogue?

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d. What words are used as the subjects of questions?
e. What other word is used after W-H words?

Do You Know? Questions that start with W-H words like who, where, how,
when, why, what, etc. are W-H questions. We use them to know exact answer
about person or thing.

Listening Practice

Repeat these sentences after your teacher.

Where were you at this time yesterday?

When will you be on vacation again?

How are you today?

Who was absent from class last Monday?

Why is your friend in bed at this time?

Where were you last weekend?

Who was with you at the party last Saturday?

When is the next general meeting?

Where will you be at this time tomorrow?

Why were you absent from class last Friday?

Grammar Focus: Different W-H Words

Look at the following table.

Words Question Answer
Who Who is your best friend? Aman is my best friend.
Whom Whom did she scold? She scolded her sister.
Whose Whose house is it? It is Mina’s house.
Where Where do you study? I study in Kathmandu.
What What do you buy now? I buy a wrist watch.

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Why Why are you happy today? I am happy coz I won a
match today.
How How do you go to school? I go to school on foot.
When When did you visit him? I visited him on Saturday.
How How much water can you drink? I can drink 2 liters at a
much time.
How How many brothers do you have? I have two brothers.
many

Grammar Focus: Forming W-H questions

WHAT ask for information What is on the table?
WHEN
WHERE There is a pencil.
WHICH
WHO ask about the time that something When is the party?
WHOM
WHOSE happened or will happen. On Friday at 2o’clock.
WHY
ask question about place or Where is your book?
HOW
position It is in the bag.
HOW
MUCH ask for information about one of a Which is your apple?
HOW
MANY limited number of things. The green one.

ask about someone’s identity. Who is that boy?

He is my brother Tom.

ask about the object (person) in the To whom did you speak?

sentence. I spoke to Monika.

ask about possession. Whose are these glasses?

They are my glasses.

ask for the reason. Why are you late?

Because I missed the

bus.

ask about the way in which How was school today?

something is done, something It was great.

happens

ask for the quantity of any How much fish do

uncountable name crocodiles eat?

ask for the quantity of any countable How many teeth have

name. gorillas got?

They’ve got 32 teeth.

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1ASSESS YOURSELF

Complete the following sentences using what, where, how, when, who or
why.
1. ______did the chicken cross the road?
2. ______is the oldest person in this room?
3. ______ are you going now?
4. ______ did you get up in the morning?
5. ______ have you done to my computer?
6. ______is your sister’s occupation?
7. ______should I talk to about my wages?
8. ______did you put my magazine?
9. ______has your friend been?
10. ______ is Atul going to get a haircut?
11. ______ is David saying?
12. ______ made you change your mind?
13. ______ old is he?
14. ______ told you that?
15. ______ would you like for dinner?
16. ______’s your favourite food?
17. ______are you going to tidy up your room?
18. ______did the builders get here?
19. ______is there a scratch on my new car?
20. ______size do you wear?

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2ASSESS YOURSELF

Fill in the blanks using how much and how many to answer the following
short answers.

1. ______ money have you got in your pockets? One hundred

2. ______ children have you got? Five children

3. ______ students were there in your class last year? Thirty

4. ______ milk is left? Just two bottles.

5. ______ days are there in a week? Seven

6. ______ days will there be in holiday next year? 90 days

7. ______ students were there in your class last year? Thirty five

8. ______ computers are there in your office? Twenty

9. ______ people were there in the room at 8:30? Forty

10. ______ people are there at the reception? Ten

11. ______ money is there in the box? Ten thousands

12. ______ money is there in your wallet? Thirty thousands

13. ______ eggs are there in a dozen? Thirty

14. ______ students were there in this class last year? About 20

15. ______ people were there at the meeting? More than 30

16. ______ free time was there during recess? very little

17. ______ students were there in the laboratory? Five

18. ______ days were there in February that year? Twenty nine

19. ______ cars were there in the street at that time? lots of cars

20. ______ tickets have you sold? Ten

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3ASSESS YOURSELF

Answer the following questions using correct WH words to answer the follow-
ing short questions.

1. _____ is your birthday? On Sunday.

2. _____ was your father born? In 1990.

3. _____ house is this? My brother’s.

4. _____ does he work? In an office.

5. _____ do you live? Kathmandu.

6. _____ seasons are there in a year? Four.

7. _____´s your favourite season? Spring

8. _____ are the parts of a day? Morning, afternoon and evening.

9. _____ boys are there? Thirty.

10. _____´s the first month of the year? January

11. _____ was talking to you yesterday? Maya.

12. _____´s the third day of the week? Tuesday

13. _____´s the last month of the year? December.

14. _____ colour do you like? Purple.

15. _____ tea do you like? Some.

16. _____ months are there in a year? Twelve.

17. _____ is New Year´s Day? Next Saturday.

18. _____´s our Independence Day? Tomorrow.

19. _____well do you drive? I drive very well.

20. _____ heavy is the box? It weighs 5 kilos.

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21. _____ colour is the car? It´s light blue.
22. _____ size is this shirt? It´s extra large.
23. _____ pen is this? Maya’s.
24. _____ are you going now? Market.
25. _____ do you go to school? To study.
26. _____ is a greedy person? Sonam.
27. _____ often do you go to cinema? Every Saturdays.
28. _____ does he admire most? His father.
29. _____ often does he visit his uncle? Quite often.
30. _____ class are you in? Six.

4ASSESS YOURSELF

Make WH questions based on the following words given in brackets.

1. We went to work by bus. (how)

2. Peter came here yesterday. (when)

3. I wanted to drink tea. (what)

4. They saw the car accident. (what)

5. He earns 120,000 dollars a month. (how much)

6. They bought the car in Paris. (where)

7. The boy did the exercise well. (how)

8. We had dinner at the Club. (where)

9. I send her email every month. (how often)

10. We wrote the letter in Kathmandu. (where)

11. I went market to buy vegetable. (why)

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12. They studied English in London. (where)

13. He went to the zoo yesterday. (when)

14. Her sister sings English songs. (whose)

15. The children got up at 6:30 (when)

16. They are the best players. (who)

17. He drinks green tea. (which)

18. He went to the doctor because he was ill. (why)

19. Peter saw the film last week. (when)

20. They came here by taxi. (how)

21. The boy wanted to play. (what)

22. He didn´t go because he was tired. (why)

23. He cut his finger. (what)

24. They stayed in Pokhara for a week. (where)

25. Bill spent one hundred dollars. (how much)

26. My brother sings songs. (who)

27. She did the same exercise three times. (how many)

28. He sings for money. (why)

29. He goes to the theatre once a week. (how often)

30. I like a red house. (which)

5ASSESS YOURSELF

Fill in the blanks with correct question words.
1. is your hobby?
2. did your live last year?

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3. are you late?
4. lessons do you have?
5. is that man at the door?
6. do you go to the club?
7. did you feel yesterday?
8. is your sister?
9. are you crying?
10. will you return?
11. books have you bought?
12. is your dad?
13. will the concert start?
14. is playing with the dog?
15. is the kitten?
16. book is on the table?
17. will you get to London?
18. do you do in the evening?
19. friends do you have?
20. is the tea?
21. cat is on the tree?
22. sports do you like?
23. are your parents?
24. swims faster you or Arbin?
25. is your new car?
26. will you spend your holidays?
27. will you go to Paris?
28. bag is it?

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Vocabulary in Use
Vocabulary in Use

Read the following things used in bedroom and bathroom and write
sentences using W-H words.

Bedroom

bed beside lamp cupboard mirror

chest of drawers alarm clock beside tables
Bathroom
night dress/nightie

wardrobe hairbrush dress table pyjamas

shower soap toothpaste brush

shampoo towel toilet basin

Example:

A bedroom is a room where you sleep in.

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T START SENTENCE CHAPTER 12
TRANSFORMATION
GE ED

Study the following sets of sentences.
First Set Second Set
I play a game. I am playing a game.
I played a game. I was playing a game.
He plays a game. I will be playing a game.

Speaking Practice

Answer the following questions based on the given sets of sentences.
a. What difference can you find between the two sets of sentences?
b. Does which set have sentences with main verbs only?
c. Does which set have sentences with auxiliary verbs?
d. What form of verbs do the verbs (play), (played) and (plays) represent?
e. What is the feature of a main verb in a sentence?
f. What is the use of auxiliary verb in a sentence?

Do You Know? In the above given sets, the first set of sentences are without
auxiliary verbs whereas the second set of sentences have auxiliary verbs.
Transformation of a sentence into another requires an auxiliary verb. Let’s see the
transformation of the above given sets of sentences:

First Set

Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I sing a song. I do not sing a song. Do I sing a song?
I sang a song. I did not sing a song. Did I sing a song?

She sings a song. She does not sing a song. Does she sing a song?
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Second Set Negative Interrogative
Affirmative

I am singing a song I am not singing a song. Am I singing a song?

I was singing a song. I was not singing a song. Was I singing a song?

I will sing a song. I will not sing a song. Will I sing a song?

In the first set of sentences do, did and does auxiliary verbs are used in place of main
verbs sing, sang and sings while transforming them into negative and interrogative.
However, same auxiliary verbs am, was and will are used while transforming them
into negative and interrogative in the second set of sentences.

Quick Tip

Converting a sentence from one type to another type is called sentence
transformation. To transform sentences, auxiliary verbs are required in
the given sentences.

Grammar Focus: Sentence Transformation

Transformation of a sentence is usually done to state YES, NO or ASK
QUESTIONS. Let’s see the following type of sentences.
 An AFFIRMATIVE sentence says YES in response to the given information.
I am an honest boy.
He has already trimmed his hair.
She is painting her house.
We will visit you tomorrow.
He went Pokhara last Saturday.
Dinesh can sing songs.

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 A NEGATIVE sentence says NO in response to the given information.
I am not an honest boy.
He has not trimmed his hair yet.
She is not painting her house.
We will not visit you tomorrow.
He did not go to Pokhara last Saturday.
Dinesh cannot sing songs.
 An INTERROGATIVE sentence PUTS QUESTIONS about something
or somebody.
Am I an honest boy?
Has he already trimmed his hair?
Is she painting her house?
Will we visit you tomorrow?
Did he go to Pokhara last Saturday?
Can Dinesh sing songs?

Quick Tip

Sentence transformation starts with auxiliary verbs.

 Transformation of Sentences with Auxiliary Verbs

A sentence that has an auxiliary verb takes ‘NOT’ instantly after the auxiliary verb
when it is changed into negative and auxiliary verb comes at the initial position of
the sentence when it is changed into interrogative.

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I am a student. I am not a student. Am I a student?

We are honest men. We are not honest men. Are we honest men?

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You were playing. You were not playing. Were you playing?

He has broken his leg. He has not broken his leg. Has he broken his leg?

She will meet me soon. She will not meet me soon. Will she meet me soon?

It can play many tricks. It cannot play many tricks. Can it play any tricks?

They have seen us. They have not seen us. Have they seen us?

 Transformation of Sentences without Auxiliary Verbs

If there is a main verb in a sentence, auxiliary verbs DO, DID and DOES are
used for V1, V2 and V5 respectively while changing them into negative and
interrogative.

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I write a poem. I do not write a poem. Do I write a poem?

He wrote a poem. He did not write a poem. Did he write a poem?

She writes a poem. She does not write a poem. Does she write a poem?

 Transformation of Imperative Sentences

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

Tell me a joke. Don’t tell me a joke. Will you tell me a joke?

Call her. Don’t call her. Will you call her?

Hurry up! Don’t hurry up! Will you hurry up?
 Transformation of Sentences Changing Certain Words

always-never some-any

already-yet too-either

must-need not some-no

any of-none of either---or-neither----nor---
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Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I always visit her. I never visit her. Do I ever visit her
I have some coins. I do not have any coins. Do I have any coins?
He has already gone. He has not gone yet. Has he already gone? /
Hasn’ he gone yet?
We like tea, too. We don’t like tea, either. Do we like tea, too?
I know a lot of stories. I don’t know many Do I know any stories?

stories.

You must help me. You need not help me. Must you help me?

Someone hit me. No one hit me. Can all of us read?

Any of us can read. None of us can read. Can all of us read?

Either I or he is active. Neither I nor he is active. Are we active?

1ASSESS YOURSELF

Change the following sentences into negative and interrogative.

Sentences Negative Interrogative

I play a game.

I am playing a game.

I have played a game.

I have been playing a game.

He wrote a poem.

He was writing a poem.

He had written a poem.

He had been writing a poem.

She will write an essay.

We can go there.

You could sing well.

They would scold us.

It may rain today.

She might fail in exam.

He dances.

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She ate an apple.
We go to the zoo.
You call us.
She shouts.
Dip reads a novel.

2ASSESS YOURSELF

Change the following sentences into negative and interrogative.

Sentences Negative Interrogative
Our school starts at 9.
This bus goes to Kathmandu.
This house has a swimming pool.
My village lies in remote area.
We have a new car.
He did his work.
You solved the puzzle.
She called me.
Bina pushed me.
I compose many songs.
We can swim in river.
Dina bought a calculator.
I always speak truth.
Someone gifted me.
All my books are lost.
These cows are well behaved.
Either he or she is naughty.
We have already seen her.
You will help me.
All of us are good.

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3ASSESS YOURSELF

Change the following sentences into negative.
1. Anmol always drinks beer.
2. He often walks to work.
3. Bina goes shopping on Saturday.
4. Muna likes to drink coffee with milk.
5. Prem does everything well.
6. Sonia watches TV every night.
7. Diya lives near Kathmandu.
8. She usually sleeps six hours every night.
9. That man speaks German.
10. One bus leaves at 7:45
11. The students need more practice.
12. You came here a week ago.
13. They liked the car because it´s comfortable.
14. We got up at 7:15 yesterday.
15. They have two cars now.
16. I will show it later.
17. We must invite them, too.
18. You should help your father.
19. I ought to go there.
20. We must do our work ourselves.

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4ASSESS YOURSELF

Change the following sentences into interrogative.
1. I play a game.
2. We go to the zoo.
3. He sings songs.
4. Maya reads a book.
5. She has a new bag.
6. Jubal scolds his brother.
7. She is visiting the Taj Mahal next month.
8. I have seen her sister twice.
9. I wrote a poem yesterday.
10. He was singing a song at this time yesterday.
11. They had invited us for the dinner.
12. I will call you later.
13. She can do this work.
14. He may scold us.
15. We might go there, too.
16. He used to wear shorts.
17. Muna has to take tuition classes.
18. He had to meet me at the station.
19. She has a servant for cooking food.
20. We had a tea state in Illam.

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5ASSESS YOURSELF

Change the following sentences into affirmative.
1. Am I all right?
2. They do not buy the car in Paris.
3. Does he want to drink tea?
4. They did not see the car accident.
5. We did not have dinner at the Club.
6. Are there any trees in your garden?
7. The boy did not do the exercise well.
8. Does Bill work in the garage?
9. Has she invited you?
10. Does Amir work in the canteen?
11. Was he singing at that moment?
12. Do we work here?
13. Will we meet tomorrow?
14. Do they work here?
15. Were they discussing about the problem?
16. Do you watch TV?
17. Did we go to work by bus?
18. Had he called us?
19. We do not write the letter in Spanish.
20. They will not study English in London.

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6ASSESS YOURSELF

Change the following sentences into affirmative.
1. Abash didn´t go to the movies.
2. Can I go now?
3. Did you hear what I said?
4. Shall I leave the window open?
5. I didn´t eat there yesterday.
6. She doesn´t come here every day.
7. Do you know how to use the machine?
8. He didn´t like the picture.
9. I don´t eat lunch in the cafeteria.
10. Do you want to go alone?
11. Have you got enough money?
12. I don´t watch TV after dinner.
13. I shouldn´t work harder.
14. Kaman doesn´t go to school.
15. Manu can´t speak English well.
16. My car isn´t very old.
17. She doesn´t like pie for dessert.
18. They mustn´t pay more.
19. They weren´t very busy.
20. We won´t go by train.

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Vocabulary in Use

Read the following vegetables, fruits and drinks and state whether they
are countable or uncountable.

Vegetables

carrots beans potatoes tomatoes

peas garlics mushroom turnip

Fruits

grapes pineapple strawberries apple
mango
orange bananas pears

drinks

fruit juice milk coffee tea

Examples: tea: uncountable
vegetable: countable

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Guided Composition: Letter of Application

An application to the principal requesting him/her for leave

Address Gongabu, Kathmandu

Date January 20, 2019

AIndsdidreess The Principal
Nepal Police School

Subject Samakhusi, Kathmandu, Nepal
Greeting Sub: An application for five day’s leave.

Dear Sir,

Most respectfully, this is to bring into your kind notice that I

will be unable to attend my regular classes for five days due
Body to an urgent family work. I have to help my parents to do the

work and manage things.

I, therefore, request you to kindly allow me leave absence
for five days to be effective from tomorrow.

Closing I would like to promise you that I will complete all my home
works and assignments of absent days as soon as I am
present in regular class.

I am hopeful for the positive response from you soon.

Yours obedient student,

Ending ABC
Class-6

Roll No-7

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An application to the principal of your school requesting for managing your
retest

Samakhusi, Kathmandu
May 18, 2019

The Principal
Nepal Police School
Samakhusi, Kathmandu, Nepal

Sub: An application for retest.

Dear Sir,

With humble submission and due respect, I would like to make a sincere request
asking you to allow me an opportunity to take part in the retest as my exams of
three subjects are missed due to my sickness. I had already informed about it when
I had been hospitalized and was undergoing treatment there.
Therefore, I am writing this letter to appeal you for allowing me in retest of
aforementioned 3 subject’s retest. I would be more than happy if you could kindly
manage it and provide that opportunity to me.
I am eagerly waiting for the positive response from you soon.

Thank you.

Yours truly,

ABC
Class: 6
Roll No: 5

7ASSESS YOURSELF

1. Write an application to your class teacher asking him/her for 2 days’ sick
leave.

1. Write an application to your subject teacher asking him/her for an excuse for
not completing project work on time.

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T START SUBJECT CHAPTER 13
VERB AGREEMENT
GE ED

Read the following description.

The blood vessels are a system of tubes that carry the
blood throughout the body. The main vessels are arteries,
veins, and capillaries. Arteries carry blood out from the
heart. Veins return blood to the heart. Arteries are the
thickest of all blood vessels. They expand and contract
to keep blood moving away from the heart. Veins contain
valves that prevent blood from flowing backward.
Capillaries are tiny passages that connect the arteries
and the veins to the body’s tissues.

Blood flows through the vessels in two very specific paths. In pulmonary
circulation, blood travels from the heart to the lungs. In the lungs carbon dioxide
and other waste gases leave the blood. The blood takes in oxygen and then
returns to the heart.

In systemic circulation, the blood travels away from the heart throughout the
body. In the capillaries the blood transfers oxygen and nutrients to cells in the
body’s tissues. The blood in the capillaries also collects waste products from the
cells. From the capillaries the blood flows into small vessels called venules. These
unite to form veins. The blood flows through the veins back to the heart.

Do You Know? In the above given description, the words in coloured letters
show relationship between subject and verb. A verb must agree with its subject in
number and pronoun.

Speaking Practice

Answer these questions based on the given description.
a. What are singular subjects?
b. What are plural subjects?
c. What are singular verbs?

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d. What are plural verbs?
e. What are the subjects that start with uncountable nouns?
f. Does an uncountable subject take singular or plural verb?

Quick Tip

The relationship between subject and verb is called subject- verb
agreement.

Compare the differences between these sentences.

Rita speaks English well. Rita and Mina speak English well.

Harry writes a poem. Harry and Rohit write poems.

He has a story book. He and I have a story book.

She does not speak English. She and I do not speak English.

He was at the party. Both of us were at the party.

I am sick today. We are sick today.

Quick Tip

Singular subject takes singular verb and plural subject takes plural
verb.

Grammar Focus: Singular Subject + Singular Verb

Singular subjects Singular verbs
A pen is different from pencil.
countable singular An apple has a sweet taste.
nouns A teacher is coming here.
An engineer designs buildings.
Mina drives vehicles.
Rohit works in a hotel.
A boy is a male character.

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uncountable nouns Water flows down.
Milk is a drink.
singular pronouns Ice is cold.
Snow melts.
anyone, everyone, Sugar is sweet.
someone, no one, Blood is thicker than water.
everybody, anybody,
nobody, somebody, He has a smart phone.
everything, nothing, She does not work well.
anything, something It is hot today.
This boy plays well.
each, every, either, That house is mine.
neither, much, little,
one, another, enough, Is anyone there?
other Everyone has a chance to win.
Someone is looking at us.
No one was at home.
Everybody enjoys the nature.
Is there anybody who can help us?
Nobody knows us.
Somebody is knocking at the door.
Everything is right.
Nothing succeeds like success.
Is there anything I can do for you?
Something is better than nothing.

Each student has a uniform.
Every cloud has a silver lining.
Either of us has a car.
Neither of them learns well.
Much discussion has been done.
Little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
One of the boys is absent in class.
Another reason of poverty is illiteracy.
Enough is enough.
The other side of the bridge is damaged.

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gerunds Smoking is injurious to our health.
subjects Travelling broadens our mind.
Reading is my hobby.
Cycling is a type of exercise.

Mathematics is difficult to learn.
Physics is my best subject.
Linguistics is the study of language.
Economics is related to market.

Grammar Focus: Plural Subject + Plural Verb

Plural subjects Plural verbs

countable plural nouns Riya and Mina are best friends.

Fire and water do not agree.

These boys are from another school.

My friends were at the party yesterday.

Some children have gone out now.

Do Anu and Apsara work together?

Have the dogs chewed the bones?

plural pronouns We love quiet place.

They are from the Netherlands.

You are from a village.

These are my books.

Those are our sheep.

modal auxiliary verbs + plural I will call you later.

verb I shall go now.

We must help the poor.

You can carry this load.

They should help us.

He ought to labour hard.

It might rain today.

staff, cattle, livestock, people, All our staff are present today.

vermin, poultry, sheep, deer, These cattle are well behaved.

salmon, fish, police, outskirts, People learn from their experience.

stairs, arms, swine, gentry, The fish in this tank are not fresh.

clergymen The police have caught the criminals.

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either.....or.....and neither...... Either he or they have to solve this problem.
nor……+ plural subject Neither he nor we are good at English.

two nouns joined by ‘and’ My father and mother are coming today.
Rita and Mina have already done their proj-
ect.
Cats and dogs do not agree.
Teacher and student are opposite to each
other.

1ASSESS YOURSELF

Choose the correct form of verbs to complete the following sentences.
1. I _____ a new wallet. (have, has)
2. We _____ from Kathmandu. (is, are)
3. You _____well. (learn, learns)
4. She _____ a song. (sing, sings)
5. He _____ a game. (play, plays)
6. It _____ down. (fall, falls)
7. They _____ hard. (work, works)
8. All these players_____ well. (play, plays)
9. This _____my pen. (is, am, are)
10. That _____ his plan. (was, were)
11. These boys _____ labour hard. (has to, have to)
12. Those _____ my goats. (is, are)
13. My father_____ me. (scold, scolds)
14. Our school_____ a swimming pool. (have, has)
15. Their school_____ a programme hall. (have, has)

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16. One flower_____ no garland. (make, makes)
17. Each house_____ different. (is, are)
18. Every person _____unique. (is, are)
19. Either of these pencils_____ well. (write, writes)
20. Neither of the trees_____ green. (is, are)

2ASSESS YOURSELF

Choose the correct form of verbs to complete the following sentences.
1. The earth _____round the sun. (move, moves)
2. Rice _____in Terai.(grow, grows)
3. The sun _____ in the east. (rise, rises)
4. Bees_____ honey. (make, makes)
5. Vegetarians _____eat meat. (do not, does not)
6. An atheist _____in God. (does not believe, do not believe)
7. An interpreter _____from one language into another. (interprets, interpret)
8. A liar is someone who _____the truth. (does not speak, do not speak)
9. The Bagmati River _____through Kathmandu. (flow, flows)
10. This pen _____to me. (belong, belongs)
11. That house _____ an aquarium. (have, has)
12. Those keys _____ mine. (Is, Are)
13. _____these cigarettes yours? (is, are)
14. It _____ me ten minutes to get there by subway. (take, takes)
15. Mr. Sharma _____ us science. (teach, teaches)
16. This bus ____ to Kathmandu. (go, goes)
17. All my books _____ been stolen. (has, have)
18. Manners _____ a man. (make, makes)

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19. Innocents _____ nothing to fear. (has, have)
20. Haste ____ waste. (make, makes)

3ASSESS YOURSELF

Choose the correct form of verbs to complete the following sentences.
1. The teacher or student ____ going to appear on stage first. (is, are)
2. The mother duck____ so gracefully.( swims, swim)
3. Each of those dresses ____beautiful. (is, are)
4. The folder, not the letters, ____misplaced. (was, were)
5. Here ____ the three doughnuts that you wanted. (is, are)
6. Five hundred dollars ____the price that the dealer ___asking. (is, are)
7. Three-fourths of the pies ____ been eaten. (has, have)
8. A golden retriever ___one of those dogs that____ always faithful. (is, are)
9. Every one of the dancers ___very limber. (is, are)
10. The original document, as well as subsequent copies, ____lost. (was,
were)
11. Neither the ashtray nor the lamp ___ on the table. (was, were)
12. Only eligible voters ___ going to the polls. (is, are)
13. Almost all of the newspaper ___devoted to advertisements. (is, are)
14. There ____maps hanging on the walls. (is, are)
15. Here ___ Sony and Jessica. (is, are)
16. Neither he nor I ____ going. (is, am, are)
17. John as well as his family ____missing? (is, are)
18. Five dollars ___ all I have to my name. (is, are)
19. Neither of the lawyers ____ willing to take the case. (is, are)
20. Each of the vacation homes _____ furnished with pots and pans. (is, are)

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4ASSESS YOURSELF

Choose the correct form of verbs to complete the following description.

Dinesh ____ (is, are) a writer. He ____ (is, are) thirty three years old. His daily
routine ____ (depends, depend) on the inspiration. But it ____ (is, are) a routine
that he ____ (clean, cleans) his teeth every morning. He ____ (start, starts) writing
when he ____ (has, have) a good idea. It frequently ____ (come, comes) up. He
can’t ____ (go, goes) out because he ____ (have to, has to) work. So, he ____ (stay,
stays) at home. His friends ____ (understand, understands) this because he ____
(is, are) a friendly man indeed.

He ____ (is, are) a successful writer. He ____ (has, have) lots of bestsellers.
He____ (write, writes) many books every year. He____ (is, are) fond of playing
with children. He ____ (has, have) a son whom he ____ (love, loves) very much.
He ____ (take, takes) him out for visiting to new places in the city. He ____ (buy,
buys) him playthings and an ice-cream. He ____(feel, feels) quite happy with his
son.

Vocabulary in Use

Read the following means of transport and write sentences using
comparatives +than.

train aeroplane taxi bus

motorbike under ground train boat bicycle

helicopter ship honda microbus

Example: A train is bigger than a car.

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Guided Composition: Personal Letter

A letter is a message that is written down or printed on paper and usually put in
envelope and sent to somebody else in order to communicate with them. A personal
letter is written to friends, relatives, family members and among others who are in
close contact with us. We are to communicate informally in personal letters.

A letter to your father asking to buy a bicycle as a birthday gift

Address Gongabu, Kathmandu
Date January 10, 2019

Greeting Dear Father,

We are completely fine here and hope you are also quite well
there. Mother, little brother and I are happy here. But we are
missing you very much. We are very eager to know that you are
coming home during this summer. Please do come fast.

Dear father! As mom has already told you, I am waiting for your
arrival during my birthday. I want to ride a bicycle and I would
like to ask you to bring a strong and good looking bicycle as my
birthday gift. I don’t require other thing except it. All my friends
Body have bicycle and I feel jealous of them. Sometimes, they insult
me for not having a bicycle. I feel very sad at that time.

As you know that riding bicycle itself is an exercise, it has many
advantages. I can reach school on time if I choose to ride bicycle.
It saves my time so that I can put extra effort in my studies.
Therefore, I request you not to forget to bring a bicycle when
you come home. Little brother is very keen to meet you soon. He
often asks when you are coming home. He loves sweets to fruits
very much. Other things when we meet at home.

Ending Waiting for your arrival soon.
Yours obedient son,

Anil

Postscript P. S: Please bring a tiffin box and water bottle for little brother.

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A letter to a friend describing about holiday

Nilkantha Municipality, Dhading
August 20, 2019

Dear Susan,

It feels like such a long time since the last time I saw you. I know it’s only been
several weeks since I saw you. So far my summer has been great!

I spent all my weekends at the beach. I am getting a nice time and you can no
longer say I am sadder than you. I have been playing volleyball, surfing and build-
ing a nice collection of sea shells. Just this past weekend I took second place in a
sandcastle building contest!

On the weekdays I work. I drive an ice cream truck around and sell ice cream to
the kids. It is so cool. It is a combination of the two things I love most, ice cream,
and kids. The pay isn’t too great but I love the job so much.

I hope the summer’s been going well for you too. There’s only a month and a half
left in summer vacation and after that it’s back to school. Would you like to meet
up some time before school starts?

Best wishes.

Yours affectionate friend,

Roman

P.S: Ryan says hi.

5ASSESS YOURSELF

1. Write a letter to your friend describing your school.

2. Write a letter to your friend describing your hobby.

3. Write a letter to your friend describing your final exam.

4. Write a letter to your friend inviting him/her to your birthday party.

5. Write a letter to your brother asking some suggestions to be healthy.

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T START CHAPTER 14

GE ED TENSE

Read the following texts.

Karina is thirty years old. She is working as a teacher. She generally gets up at 5
because her work starts at 7. Her school is rather far from her home. She has got
little free time as she is mostly busy with her school works. When she has enough
free time, she plays table tennis. However, she has travelled to many places of the
world. She always eats an apple a day because an apple a day keeps us away from
doctor. She doesn’t have family. She has been living alone since childhood. As she
is beautiful, everyone wants to marry her. But she doesn’t like to marry, either.

A man walked into a hotel, saw a nice coat, put it over his arm and walked out
again. Then he tried to hitch a lift out of town. While he was waiting, he put the
coat on. At last a coach stopped and gave him a lift. It was carrying forty detectives
on their way home from a conference on crime. One of them had recently become
a detective inspector. He recognized the coat. It was his. He had left it in the hotel,
and it had gone missing. The thief gave the inspector his coat. The inspector
arrested him. ‘It seemed a good idea at the time,’ the man said. He thought himself
rather unlucky.

I will go to Kathmandu tomorrow. I will take the first bus early. I will be travelling
with my friend, Prem. As I am travelling for the first time, I will have taken help
of Prem if required. He will be helping me there because he knows a lot about
it. I will have visited different places by the end of this week.

Do You Know? The given texts represent different tenses.

Speaking Practice

Answer these questions based on the given dialogue.

a. What are different tenses in English?

b. Which tense is used in the first text?

c. Which tense is used in the second text?

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d. Which tense is used in the third text?

e. Which one of the given texts tells us about today and present?

f. Which one of the given texts tells us about yesterday and past?

g. Which one of the given texts tells us about tomorrow and future?

Quick Tip

Tenses are any of the forms of a verb that is used to show time of the
action or state expressed by the verb. Tense is divided into three types
namely present, past and future. Each of them is further divided into
simple, continuous, perfect and perfect continuous aspects.

Listening Practice

Repeat these sentences and structures after your teacher.

Simple Present Sub + v1/v5 + obj I draw a picture.
Present Continuous
Present Perfect Sub + is/am/are + v4 + obj I am drawing a picture.
Present Perfect
Continuous Sub + has/have + v3 + obj I have drawn a picture.
Simple Past
Past Continuous Sub + has/have + been +v4 + I have been drawing a
Past Perfect
Past Perfect obj picture.
Continuous
Simple Future Sub + v2 + obj I drew a picture.
Future Continuous
Sub + was/were + v4 + obj I was drawing a picture.
Future Perfect
Sub + had + v3 + obj I had drawn a picture.
Future Perfect
Continuous Sub + had + been + v4 + obj I had been drawing a

picture.

Sub + will/shall +v1 + obj I will draw a picture.

Sub + will/shall +be + v4 + I will be drawing a pic-

obj ture.

Sub + will/shall +have + v3 I will have drawn a

+ obj picture.

Sub + will/shall +have + been I will have been

+ v4 + obj drawing a picture.

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Instant Practice

Read the three texts again and name the tenses of the following sentences.

Karina is thirty years old.
I will have taken help of Prem if required.
At last a coach stopped and gave him a lift.
But she doesn’t like to marry, either.
He had left it in the hotel.
He recognized the coat.
He will be helping me there because he knows a lot about it.
Her school is rather far from her home.
I will be travelling with my friend, Prem.
I will go to Kathmandu tomorrow.
I will have visited different places by the end of this week.
I will take the first bus early.
It had gone missing.
She generally gets up at 5 because her work starts at 7.
She has been living alone since childhood.
She is working as a teacher.
The inspector arrested him.
The thief gave the inspector his coat.
It was his.
She has travelled to many places of the world.

Instant Practice

Change the following sentences into all tenses.

Tense I (play) cricket. He (write) an essay.
Simple Present
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Simple Past
Past Continuous

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Past Perfect We (compose) a song. They (type) a text.
Past Perfect Continuous You (eat) rice. Rita (read) a story.
Simple Future
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Tense
Simple Present
Present
Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect
Continuous
Simple Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Simple Future
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Tense
Simple Present
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Simple Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Simple Future
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous

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Tense My mother (not play) My father (not
cricket. work) in computer.
Simple Present
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Simple Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Simple Future
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous

Instant Practice

Complete the following sentences as shown in the example.

Tense They (plant) crops. We (knit) a net.
Simple Present
They plant crops. We knit a net.
Present Continuous
Present Perfect They do not plant crops. We do not knit a net.
Present Perfect Continuous
Simple Past Do they plant crops? Do we knit a net?
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Simple Future
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous

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Instant Practice
Grammar Focus: Present Tense

Rules Examples
Simple present tense states: Water flows down.

 universal, general truths Blood is thicker than water.

 habitual, regular actions I always get up early in the morning.

 scheduled future actions The bus leaves at 6:30 am.

 proverbs and quotations Knowledge is power.

 scenes of stories, dramas, In Bahubali 2 Kattapa kills Bahubali.

fictions, films, etc. I seldom watch movies.

 adverbs: always, seldom, daily, He hardly speaks English.
usually, occasionally, hardly,
now-a-days, rarely, sometimes, never, I visit my uncle every Saturday.

generally, frequently, often, every I do my health check up once a month.
day, every week, every month, every
year, once a week, twice a day, thrice He frequently visits us.

a month, whenever, after, every time, He brushes his teeth twice a day.
etc.

Present continuous tense is used for: I am studying now.

 an action going on at the time of He is going to Kathmandu tomorrow.
speaking I am visiting Manang this year.
Pollution in cities is increasing.
 an action planned to take place in My health is improving.
the near future I am living in a rented house.

 a long- term process and
development

 a changing situation The farmers are still working in the

 a temporary situation field.

 adverbs: now, still, at present, at She is meeting you this morning.
the moment, at this time, this morning, What are you doing tomorrow?

afternoon, evening, next day, week, It is raining soon.

month, year, soon, in the near future, I am buying a car in the near future.
tomorrow morning, etc.

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Present perfect tense is used for: I have just taken my lunch.

 a completed action in the recent He has already come from office.

past I have cut my leg. (It is bleeding.)
 recent past actions having results
present We have worked here since May.

 since + point of time He has worked for 2 months here.
 for + period of I have already visited this place.

 interesting incidents or experiences He has not come here yet.
 adverbs: already, recently, always, Have you ever seen her?
I have not seen her lately.
ever, lately, never, not + yet, just,

today, this morning, since, for, all the

time, etc.

Present perfect continuous tense is I have been living in a flat.

used for: He has been learning computer.

 an action this began at some time She has been working here since
in the past and is still continuing January.

 since +point of time We have been waiting for a bus for an
hour.
 for +period of time

 all +present time He has been writing all morning.

 verbs: stay, live, wait, work, sleep, I have been waiting for you for a long

read, etc. time.

Where have you been staying these
days?

Instant Practice

Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verbs given below.

1. The tennis game _____just. Hurry up! (start)

2. He _____still _____in his rom. (sleep)

3. I always _____ my uncle on Saturdays. (visit)

4. We _____the Taj Mahal next month. (visit)

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5. Bill _____ in Tansen several times. He knows it well. (be)
6. Wait! The train _____. (come)
7. Listen! Someone_____ us. (call)
8. Wood _____on water. (float)
9. Your train _____already_____, Sir. You´ll have to take another. (leave)
10. A cow_____ us milk. (give)
11. The boys _____now. (play)
12. Haste _____waste. (make)
13. I´m quite sure that I _____ that woman before. (see)
14. She always _____to us. (write)
15. I _____this book for two hours. (read)
16. Our meeting _____ at 3. (start)
17. My friends _____in this house for over 10 years. (live)
18. My sister _____to be a nurse. (want)
19. They _____in the rain for 2 hours. (work)
20. My sister _____her homework now. (do)
21. I _____television for hours. (watch)
22. Peter _____ just_____ a letter. He´s reading it now. (receive)
23. He _____in field since morning. (work)
24. He isn´t in Manang. He _____to America. (go)
25. The dog _____at night. (bark)
26. Hira _____for that company since 1987. (work)
27. My school _____at nine every day. (start)
28. Bob _____to Pokhara several times. (go)

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29. He _____ his teeth twice a day. (brush)
30. The students _____ already _____ that book (read)
31. The earth _____around the sun. (spin)
32. Mary _____to him about it twice already. (speak)
33. It _____outside at present. (rain)
34. I _____that man before. If I see I’ll know him. (meet)
35. Look! She _____. (dance)

Instant Practice

Look at the following picture and write what they do every day.

Look at the following picture and write what they are doing now.


Look at the following picture and write what they have done.

p
O
S
T
B
O
X


Look at the following picture and write what they have been doing.

BUS STOP

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Grammar Focus: Past Tense

Rules Examples

Simple past tense is used to: He died of cancer last year.
 denote an action completed in the I used to visit temple every

past Saturdays.
 express past habits The earthquake took many lives in
 express the historic events Nepal.
 with when clause When he beat me, I cried.
 adverbials: I went Manang last Friday.

yesterday, ago, last night, week, day, He wrote three essays in two hours.

month, year, century, in the past, I saw her long time ago.

in past time, just now, a few minutes My father came two days ago.

ago, long time ago, three days ago, I came just now.

when, while, until, before, after, once, There was an earthquake five minutes

as soon as, 2005, etc. ago.

Past continuous tense is used: He was singing all morning
 denote an action going on at yesterday.

sometime in the past I was walking at this time last
 to refer to a temporary situation Saturday.

in the past She was living in flat during winter.
 with while clause
The telephone rang while I was
 with ‘ all +past time’: all day reading.

yesterday, all last night , Sunday, I was crying all last night.

week, month, year, at this time yes- I was visiting Jiri last Sunday.

terday, at this moment yesterday, etc. He was sleeping all day yesterday.

Past perfect tense is used to: I had seen that film in 2012.
 denote an action completed We had visited them three years

before a certain moment in the back.

past. They had finished their project before
 show which of two actions in the deadline was over.

the past happened earlier than the The patient had died before the doctor

other. came.
 simple past for 2nd action, past I had reached there before the train

perfect for 1st action left.
 as soon as +past perfect simple As soon as I finished my homework,

past. I slept.

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Past perfect continuous tense is I had been cutting grass in the field.
used for an action that began at We had been playing in the ground.
certain point in the past and The cow had been grazing.
continued up to that time.

Instant Practice

Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verbs given below.
1. My father ____ here last Saturday. (come)
2. My brother ____a story book all morning yesterday. (read)
3. When he ____me (call) I ____. (go)
4. When the doctor ____ (come), the patient ____already ____. (die)
5. The bus ____ (stop) when he____ the brake. (press)
6. He ____along the road. (run)
7. Some boys ____cards yesterday. (play)
8. At 5 o’clock yesterday, they ____in the field. (work)
9. We ____in the garden when it rained heavily. (sit)
10. ____you ____ when I called you? (sleep)
11. The bus ____just ____when I arrived at the station. (leave)
12. All of them were hungry. They ____for three hours. (not eat)
13. Finally I asked them why they ____us. (not call)
14. I thought I ____him before but I was wrong. (meet)
15. She ____television before I called her. (watch)
16. At 2 pm yesterday, I ____for 3 hours. (walk)
17. When I woke up it ____. (snow)
18. I ____ buy anything yesterday. (not buy)
19. I ____songs. (not sing)

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20. They ____ me some books a week ago. (give)
21. We ____the park at this time yesterday. (visit)
22. My sister ____ the USA in 2015. (visit)
23. I ____ (read) an essay when the telephone____. (ring)
24. Her brother ____ market an hour ago. (go)
25. Prem ____ (see) me while I ____ on the way. (walk)
26. She ____married a year ago. (get)
27. We ____ (eat) when my father ____. (arrive)
28. After I ____ (finish) my homework, I ____to bed. (go)
29. The line cut off while I ____ my homework. (do)
30. He ____this school last year. (leave)

Instant Practice

Look at the following picture and write what they did yesterday.

Look at the following picture and write what they were doing at this time
yesterday.

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Look at the following pictures and write a short story in past tense.
A Farmer and His Lazy Sons

Look at the following pictures and write a short story in past tense.
The Crow and Pitcher

Grammar Focus: Future Tense

Rules Examples

Simple future tense is used: We will come to your shop this Sunday.
 for an action that has still to take I will buy an I-phone tomorrow.

place If you call me, I will come to your
 with ‘If clause’
house.
 I (don’t) think, I (don’t) expect, If it rains, we’ll stay at home.

I am sure, probably + simple I think she will surely win the match.

future tense I am sure I will be first this time.
 with the following time I don’t think he will pass the driving

adverbials: test.

soon, tomorrow, tonight, shortly, next I will call you after this class.

time, day, week, month, year, in a few They will marry in a couple of weeks.

minutes, days, weeks, months, years,

etc.

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Future continuous tense is used: I will be sleeping at this time
 for an action going on at some tomorrow.

time in future He will be performing a song next
 for future events that are planned month.
 with following adverbials: at this We will be playing football at this

time tomorrow, at this moment moment tomorrow.

tomorrow, etc. I will be drawing a picture at this time

tomorrow.

Future perfect tense is used: We will have reached there by 2
 to indicate the completion of o’clock.

action by a certain future time I will have posted this letter by tomor-
 by + time, before + time, in +period row.

of time He will have completed the project in

three years.

I will have bought a car by 2035.

Future perfect continuous tense is By next year, she will have been working

used: in this office for three years.
 ‘by, before + future time’ and I will have been learning computer for a

‘for+ period of time’ month by next Saturday.
 ‘in + period of time’ and ‘for +

period of time’

Instant Practice

Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verbs given below.

1. The soldiers_____ to the top of that hill tomorrow. (march)

2. I _____ you a post card from Kathmandu. (send)

3. My little brother _____ a hard test next Monday. (have)

4. Mr. Dura _____ his old car. (sell)

5. The instructor_____ the data show. (use)

6. The gardener_____ a deep hole in the ground to plant the tree. (dig)

7. NASA_____ a space ship to Mars next week. (launch)

8. Professor Subedi_____ a conference in Paris next month. (attend)

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9. I _____ busy all day tomorrow. (be)
10. We_____ a new house soon. (buy)
11. Mr. Rubin _____ a limousine to take his guests to the airport. (hire)
12. The Smiths _____to a new house in spring. (move)
13. At 10 o´clock tomorrow morning, I _____here. (work)
14. At this time next month, we _____in the USA. (travel)
15. I _____ to work at this time tomorrow morning. (drive)
16. The Browns _____ some friends at 9 this evening (entertain)
17. Mr. Sam and his friends_____ Tansen next weekend. (visit)
18. Kamala ____the shopping at midday today. (do)
19. We _____soccer at this time next Saturday. (play)
20. The students_____ in the gym after 7 this evening. (work out)
21. I _____television when you come home tonight. (watch)
22. What _____you_____ at this time tomorrow? (do)
23. They _____dinner at 8:45 this evening. (have)
24. They _____Brazil next month. (visit)
25. At this time tomorrow, we, _____ of course. (work)
26. Mr. Raj _____not _____ home for dinner tonight. (come)
27. They _____in Dhading at this time next year. (live)
28. They _____at a Chinese restaurant tonight. (have dinner)
29. Mary _____dinner when John gets home tonight. (cook)
30. Where _____ they _____when they visit Paris in June? (stay)

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-6