grammar 7 final -2077 press print

DYNAMIC

ENGLISH GRAMMAR
&

COMPOSITION

7

Author
Krishna Prasad Regmi

Edited by
Balaram Sharma

TU Topper in English Education (M.ED)
M.Phil with scholarship award (UGC)

Shubharambha Publication Pvt. Ltd.

Kathmandu, Nepal

Published by:

Shubharambha Publication Pvt. Ltd.

Kathmandu, Nepal
URL: www.shubharambhapublication.com
E-mail: [email protected]

www.facebook.com/shubharambhapublication

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-7

Author: Krishna Prasad Regmi
Layout Design: Ram Malakar
Copyright ©: Publisher
New Edition : 2076
Revised Edition: 2077

© : Publisher

No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted by means (electronic,
photocopying, recording or otherwise) without prior written permission from the
publisher. Any breach of this condition will entail legal action and prosecution.

Printed in Nepal

Preface

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition has been designed according to the new
English Curriculum prescribed by the Curriculum Development Centre. The series
comprises of ten textbooks from grade one to grade ten. The present book is an
amalgamation of survey of rules, structures and forms presented in lucid modern English
and illustrated with numerous examples.
The aim of this book is to bring about a change in teaching and learning English
grammar and composition-a change that will enable the learners to use grammar in
context using both inductive and deductive approaches to develop four language skills
immensely. Practice in composition tasks will help to develop the learner’s writing
skills. It will encourage to writing their own thoughts, ideas and feelings.
This new edition contains huge examples and their application to communicative
approach that will increase the quality learning of English grammar. It is thought that
this change will improve the standard and acceptability of the book and I will consider
the attempts fruitful if the students find the book fruitful.
I have left no stone unturned for the meaningful presentation of subject matter to make
it reader friendly. Detailed description of grammatical structures and adequate exercises
on them, plenty of guided and free writing composition with enough practice questions,
an adequate amount of vocabulary related sections and as much as necessary self study
materials have been presented in the following chapters.
I am thankful to Shubharambha Publication Pvt. Ltd. for their encouragement,
co-operation and help in preparing this book.
At last, I would like to assure all the concerned teachers, students and readers that
constructive comments and suggestions shall be tremendously appreciated and
incorporated in the upcoming edition.

The Author

Table of Contents

1. NOUNS............................................................................................6-23
2. PRONOUNS...................................................................................24-40
3. ARTICLES......................................................................................41-56
4. PREPOSITIONS............................................................................ 57-74
5. ADJECTIVES..................................................................................75-89
6. ADVERBS.....................................................................................90-105
7. VERBS .......................................................................................106-122
8. SENTENCES..............................................................................123-143
9. QUESTION TAGS.......................................................................144-158
10. TENSE......................................................................................159-179
11. SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT................................................180-195
12. VOICE.......................................................................................196-211
13. REPORTED SPEECH.............................................................212-228
14. RELATIVE CLAUSE.................................................................229-237
15. CONJUNCTIONS.....................................................................238-248
16. WH QUESTIONS.....................................................................249-257
17. READING COMPREHENSION................................................258-268
18. IRREGULAR VERBS................................................................269-271
19. REGULAR VERBS...................................................................272-274
20. ANTONYMS..............................................................................275-276
21. SYNONYMS.............................................................................277-280

Phonetic Symbols

Consonant Sounds Vowel Sounds

Symbols Words Symbols Initial Medial Final Spelling

/k/ s king, pick, cat /i: / O{ eat meat see ee, ea, ie, eo, e, ei
/I/ O
/g/ u gate, ghost /e/ P it sit city i, u, o, e, y, a
/æ/ of
/ŋ/ ª sing, sink /a: / cf egg pen - e, ie, ea, ue
/ə/ c
/tƒ/ r chair, match /ʌ/ c act man - a

/dʒ/ h jug, judge /ʒ: / cM arm large car a, ear, ar
/ɒ/ cf]
/z/ h is, zoo, balls /ɔ: / cf]M ago perfect the a
/ʊ / p
/ʒ/ h genre, /u: / pm up but - o, u, ou, u, oe
pleasure,
Symbols
garage
/eI/ PO
/t/ 6 tree, mat earth bird sir ir, ur, er, ear
/aI / cfO{ on o, a, ow
/d/ 8 do, middle / ɔI/ cf]O{ all hot - a, aw, au
/ Iə/ Oc -
/ø/ y thank, with /ʊə/ pc ball saw u, ou, o, oo
/eə/ Pc ooze o, oo, wo, ue, ou
/ð/ b those, breathe book -
Initial Spelling
/n/ g nose, man eight move two a, ay

/p/ k pot, map Diphthongs

/f/ km fan, potato, Medial Final
laugh same say
/b/ a
/v/ e bag, bulb ice might sky uy, igh, ie, y, eye
/m/ d van, save oil voice boy
/j/ o man, same ear real here oy, oi
/r/ / - influence poor
yak area chair rare ear, eer, ere
red, carry
out our, ocr, ure
/l/ n late, sell /aʊ / cfp old loud cow
home go air, ear, ere, eir,
/w/ j walk / əʊ/ cp are

o, ow, ew

ou, ow

/ʃ/ z shoes, sugar,

wish, chef

/s/ ; sun, miss

/h/ x house, yahoo

T START CHAPTER 1

GE ED

NOUNS

Read the following story.

There was a beautiful village in Nepal.
There lived a family. There were three
members in the family. Raj was a
carpenter. His mother died a long time
back. His aged father, Pitambar, lived with
him. He was very strong when his wife was
alive. He used to tame cows, buffaloes,
goats, sheep and dogs.

But Pitambar became very weak after his
wife’s death. He could not even walk well. He was so weak. It was because Raj
did not give him enough food. He had given his father a small earthen plate.
Even a small quantity of rice in the plate appeared to be much. Raj was a bad
man. He was a drunkard also. After taking drinks, he abused his father badly.

Raj had a son. His name was Dambar. He was just ten years old. He was a very
good boy. He loved his grandfather. He had great respect for him. He did not
like his father’s attitude and character. He always misbehaved his granddad.

One day Pitambar was eating his foodstuff in an earthen plate. It fell down and
broke into pieces. It fell on the floor. Raj was working at the other end of the
room. He saw the broken plate. He scolded using harsh words to abuse his
father. The old man felt bad about what happened.

Dambar saw that scene. He felt sympathy at his grandfather. His father was
ill-treating his grandfather. He was afraid to speak against his father. He was
sad about his grandfather. But he was not powerful to stand in support of his
grandfather.

The next day Dambar took some of his father’s carpentry tools and a piece
of wood. He worked with the tools to make a timber plate. His father saw him
working. “What are you making, Dambar?” he asked. “I am making a wooden
plate!” replied Dambar. “A wooden plate! What for?” asked his father. “I am making

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

it for you, father. When you grow old, like my grandfather, you will need a plate
for food. A plate made from earth mat breaks very easily. Then I may scold you
severely. So, I want to give you a wooden plate. It may not break so easily.”

The carpenter was shocked to hear this. Only then he realized his mistake.
From that day, Raj treated his father with great respect. He gave up drinking
too. Raj learnt a lesson from his own son.

Do You Know? In the story given above, the coloured words are nouns. They

are naming words. They are words denoting a person, place,animal, thing, group,
quality or action.

Speaking Practice

Answer these questions based on the given story.
a. What is the name of the boy?
b. What is the name of his father and son?
c. Where does he live now?
d. Name the animals that he has tamed?
e. Tell any two singular and plural noun words.
f. Is the word ‘sympathy’ countable or uncountable?
g. Tell any two words that are materials.

Listening Practice

Reproduce these words from the above given story after your teacher.

People: boy, carpenter, Dambar, father, granddad, grandfather, man, mother,
Pitambar, Raj, son, wife

Places: earth, Nepal, village, room, floor

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

Animals: cows, buffaloes, dogs, goats, sheep

Materials: drinks, food, foodstuff, mat, plate, rice, timber, wood

Abstract concepts: attitude, carpentry, character, death, lesson, mistake, price,
quantity, respect, support, sympathy, drinking, scene, time, day

Quick Tip

Nouns function as the subject or object of action expressed by a verb or
as the object of a preposition in a sentence.

Grammar Focus: Countable and Uncountable Nouns

Countable Nouns

Countable nouns are those which can be counted. It can be both singular and
plural. Here are some countable nouns.

Countable Nouns house, car, man, dog, horse, room, computer, orange,
banana, watch, etc.

Uncountable Nouns

Uncountable nouns are those which cannot be counted. They do not take any
articles. Here are some uncountable nouns.

Uncountable Nouns Examples
Food and Drinks water, wine, milk, rice, bread, pasta, beef, pork, fruit,
sugar, salt, flour, cheese, butter, tea, honey, jam, oil,
Thinking or Feeling juice, tea, coffee, etc.

Everyday Things humour, guilt, grief, love, fun, knowledge, faith, freedom,
beauty, courage, help, advice, knowledge, information,
Free time curiosity, aggression, etc.

homework, education, mail, sand, hair, oxygen, oil,
sugar, water, heat, time, business, equipment, dirt,
dust, garbage, etc.

art, poetry, literature, nature, leisure, travel, chess,
yoga, applause, etc.

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

Instant Practice

Look at the following nouns carefully and write them in the correct column
given below.

water, oil, soil, hair, books, trees, tables, teacher, language, hospital, sugar, blood,
ice, furniture, oxygen, cake, dog, apple, pen, stone

Countable Uncountable Countable Uncountable

________ ________ ________ ________

________ ________ ________ ________

________ ________ ________ ________

________ ________ ________ ________

________ ________ ________ ________

Grammar Focus: Singular and Plural Nouns

Singular Nouns

Nouns can be singular or plural. When we are talking about just one thing or
person, we use a singular noun. For example:

Singular Nouns ant, bicycle, cow, daughter, egg, flower, grape, house, jug,
king, lock, magazine, nose, orange, picture, rose, spoon,
toy, vase, well, etc

When we are talking about more than one thing or person, we use a plural noun.
For example:

Plural Nouns ants, bicycles, cows, daughters, eggs, flowers, grapes,
houses, jugs, kings, locks, magazines, noses, oranges,
pictures, roses, spoons, toys, vases, wells, etc.

Quick Tip

Words called articles or determiners are used to signal nouns. For
example: a palace, a river, an easy chair, an idea, two books, three
trees, etc.
The article An is used before nouns that begin with the vowels a, e, i, o
and u. For example: an ant, an umbrella, an oven, an insect, an eye, an
artist, etc.

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

Formation of Plural Nouns
 By adding -es to nouns ending in –ch, -s, -sh, -ss, and -x

ch beach-beaches inch-inches match-matches watch-watches

s bus-buses octopus-octopuses syllabus-syllabuses virus-viruses

sh dish-dishes brush-brushes thrush-thrushes bush-bushes

ss boss-bosses dress-dresses glass-glasses kiss-kisses

x six-sixes box-boxes fox-foxes tax-taxes

 By adding –s to nouns ending in -o

dynamo-dynamos studio-studios photo-photos tattoo-tattoos piano-pianos

torso-torsos radio-radios trio-trios solo-solos zero-zeros

 By adding –s/es to nouns ending in -o

buffalo-buffaloes potato-potatoes echo-echoes tomato-tomatoes
veto-vetoes
hero-heroes tornado-tornadoes mosquito-
mosquitoes motto-mottos/
mottoes
mango-mangoes cargo-cargos/car- volcano-volcanoes
goes

 By changing –y into –ies if a noun ends in a consonant before the -y

beauty-beauties fairy-fairies cherry-cherries family- curry-curries
families
theory-
nappy-nappies diary-diaries spy-spies duty-duties theories

 By adding –s if there is a vowel before the -y

chimney- kidney-kidneys donkey-donkeys monkey- guy-guys
chimneys monkeys
valley-
toy-toys jersey-jerseys trolley-trolleys key-keys valleys

 By changing –f or –fe into –ves

calf-calves life-lives elf-elves loaf-loaves half-halves
thief-thieves leaf-leaves wife-wives
sheaf-sheaves knife-knives

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

 By adding –s to nouns ending in –f or –fe

chef-chefs chief-chiefs reef-reefs cliff-cliffs
roof-roofs giraffe-giraffes safe-safes gulf-gulfs

 By adding –s or changing –f into –ves

dwarf-dwarves handkerchief-handkerchiefs/ves hoof-hooves
scarf-scarfs/ves turf-turfs/turves wharf-wharfs/wharves

 By changing the vowels

axis-axes goose-geese cactus-cacti louse-lice crisis-crises
mouse-mice oasis-oases fungus-fungi tooth-teeth

 By adding –en or –ren

ox-oxen child-children

 These nouns have same singular and plural forms

advice, knowledge, aircraft, music, baggage, news, cattle, offspring, cod,
scenery, deer, series, fish, sheep, furniture, species, information

Instant Practice

Change these words into plural.

leg ________ house ________ lake ________
finger ________
eye ________ park ________ tooth ________
baby ________
door ________ fridge ________ apple ________
movie ________
table ________ comb ________ monkey________
tomato________
room ________ pencil ________ wolf ________
church ________
shovel________ point ________

friend ________ question________

child ________ photo ________

foot ________ ox ________

key ________ glass ________

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

Grammar Focus: Concrete and Abstract Nouns

Concrete Nouns
Concrete nouns are those nouns that we can see, touch and count. They are
proper, common, collective and material nouns.

Proper: Nepal, Kathmandu, Bhanubhakta, Mt. Everest, Rani, etc.

Common: doctor, leader, girl, baby, minister, book, copy, etc.

Collective: team, herd, committee, family, school, etc.

Material: copper, glass, oil, water, pebble, sand, stone, etc.

Abstract Nouns

Contrary to concrete noun, abstract nouns are those nouns that we cannot
perceive through our sense organs. Neither they have plural form nor articles are
used with abstract nouns.

Examples: brotherhood, manhood, childhood, membership, friendship,
motherhood, kingship, neighbourhood, leadership, scholarship, behaviour,
death , marriage, freedom, pleasure, growth, knowledge, speech, laughter,
thought, anger, newness, beauty, strength, bravery, thirst, greatness, truth,
happiness, uniqueness, hunger, weakness, kindness, width, length, wisdom,
etc.

Instant Practice

Write C for concrete and A for abstract for the following nouns.

photograph _______ music _______ rose _______

bridge _______ love _______ freedom _______
fun _______ wisdom _______ beauty _______

anger _______ laughter_______ happiness _______
boy _______ crowd _______ iron _______
snow _______ Garima_______ Kathmandu_______
group _______ doctor _______ gold _______

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

Grammar Focus: Gender Nouns

Masculine nouns are words for men and boys, and male animals. Here are some
masculine nouns for people.

Masculine Nouns actor, brother, emperor, father, gentleman, grandfather,
grandson, man, master, nephew, prince, son, steward,
uncle, wizard, etc.

Feminine nouns are words for women and girls, and female animals. Here are
some feminine nouns for people.

Feminine Nouns actress, sister, empress, mother, lady, grandmother,
granddaughter, woman, mistress, niece, princess, daughter,
stewardess, aunt, witch, etc

Many nouns are used for both males and females. They are called common
gender nouns.

Common Nouns brother, man, child, member, teacher, student, parents,
king, neighbour, leader, scholar, singer, dancer, dog, river,
city, village, beggar, mountain, book, pen, river, sea, lake,
etc.

Non living things and inanimate things come under neuter nouns.

Neuter Nouns computer, laptop, glass, table, chair, pot, book, copy, mobile,
street, college, clinic, etc.

Quick Tip

Masculine nouns belong to the masculine gender. Feminine nouns
belong to the feminine gender.

Instant Practice

Write M for masculine, F for feminine, C for common and N for neuter nouns
given below.

actress astronaut aunt computer
baby boy brother bull

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

children cousin cow dancer
tree
daughter doctor doe file
goose
duck empress father lamp
manager
fox girl fire phone
pupil
husband pen king son
waiter
street lion man

mother cave nephew

parent president princess

queen scientist sister

stallion sun teacher

Grammar Focus: Collective Nouns

Words for groups of people, animals or things are called collective nouns. Some
collective nouns for groups of people are a band, a choir, a club, a committee,
a community, a company, a crew, a family, a gang, a team, an orchestra, an
audience, a crowd of shoppers, a gang of thieves, a company of actors, a panel
of judges, a class of schoolchildren, a platoon of soldiers, etc.

Collective nouns may be used with a singular verb or with a plural verb. If the
group is acting as a single unit, we use a singular verb. If group members are
acting as individuals, we use a plural verb. For example:

The crowd was orderly. The crowd were clapping, yelling and cheering.

Many group of animals have their own special collective nouns.

a herd of cattle, a pack of wolves, a litter of puppies, a flock of birds, a pride
of lions, a troop of monkeys, a drove of sheep, a pod of dolphins, a brood of
chickens, a gaggle of geese, a school of fish, a swarm of bees, etc.

Quick Tip

Always use a plural verb with the collective nouns, people and the
police. For example:

Those people live (not lives) in Kathmandu.
The police have caught (not has caught) the criminal.

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

Some groups of things also have their own special collective nouns.

a bouquet of a bunch of a bunch of flowers a cluster of

flowers bananas grapes

a deck of cards a fleet of ships a fleet of vehicles a flight of steps

a grove of trees a range of a set of tools a string of beads

mountains

a suite of furniture a suite of rooms a suite of minirals a string of sausages

Some nouns name the amount or form of something.

a ball of string a bar of chocolate a bar of soap a loaf of bread

The words a piece of mean a single serving or part of something.

a piece of advice a piece of chalk a piece of information
a piece/square of chocolate a sheet/piece of paper a slice/piece of bread
a slice/piece of cake a slice/piece of cheese a piece of machinery

Instant Practice

Fill in the blank spaces with correct words from the box.

singers, crooks, buffaloes, cattle, kittens, thieves, friends, whales, lions,
soldiers, stamps, teachers, bees, players, natives, actors, photographs, poems,
soldiers, insects

1. a gang of _______ 11. a set of _______

2. a group of _______ 12. a staff of _______

3. a herd of _______ 13. a swarm of _______

4. a herd of _______ 14. a team of _______

5. a litter of _______ 15. a tribe of _______

6. a pack of _______ 16. a troupe of _______

7. a party of _______ 17. an album of _______

8. a pod of _______ 18. an anthology of _______

9. a pride of _______ 19. an army of _______

10. a regiment of _______ 20. a swarm of _______

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

1 ASSESS YOURSELF

Circle nouns in the following sentences.
1. The kids went to the mountains.
2. The players stayed at a big cabin.
3. The cabin had lots of games.
4. The players built a fort using snow.
5. The girls are building a sandcastle.
6. Nabin is from Kathmandu.
7. We gain knowledge, wisdom, skills and inspiration from teachers.
8. The couple is working in the field.
9. A group of boys are sitting under a big tree.
10. My dog likes to chew bones.
11. Fire and water do not agree.
12. We often eat popcorn, ice-cream, biscuits, juice and candy.
13. I like to read novels, stories, biographies and comics.
14. The old man works day and night to make his living.
15. Thread and needle just like bread and butter is a single idea.
16. All my money was spent on clothes.
17. Good manners make a good person.
18. My uncle, aunt, father, mother, nephew and niece are enjoying a party
now.
19. I saw a crowd of people protesting against the school principal.
20. I like reading mathematics, science and computer subjects most.

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

2 ASSESS YOURSELF

Tick the best answers.

Words Countable Uncountable Singular Plural Proper Common Collective Abstract Masculine Feminine Neuter
Dinesh

Love

Milk
Mother
Family
Fruit
Uncle
Girl
Hero
Beauty
Laptop
Dogs
Crowd
Clay
Truth
Poet
Sister
Pens
Chairs
Mice
Horse

Hair
Scissors

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

3 ASSESS YOURSELF

Choose correct words from the brackets to complete the following sentences.
1. How _____ students were there in this class last year? (much, many, a
few, a little)
2. Were there ____ people at the meeting last Monday? (much, many, a few,
a little)
3. How _____ free time was there during the Basic Training Period? (much,
many, a few, a little)
4. Was there enough _____ for all the people? (bread, breads)
5. How many _____ were there in the laboratory? (student, students)
6. How many ____ were there in February that year? (day, days)
7. Were there many ____ in the street at that time? (car, cars)
8. There is _____ free time in the evening. (a lot of, many, much)
9. There are ___ women at the meeting. (some, any)
10. There isn´t ____food left in the fridge. (some, any)
11. There is very ____ food in the fridge now.(little, less, few)
12. How ____money is there in your wallet? (many, much)
13. She´s got blue ___ and black hair. (eye, eyes)
14. They´ve got a lot of ____ there. (friend, friends)
15. ____ are expensive in Chile.(Book, Books)
16. They gave us some ____. (magazine, magazines)
17. He sent his mother _____letters. (much, several)
18. They brought us many _____ from abroad. (present, presents)
19. Some ____hate to go to school. (child, children)
20. I forgot to lock the door when I left my ______ this morning. (apartment,
apartments)

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

4 ASSESS YOURSELF 19

Fill in the blanks choosing correct word from bracket.
1. There are lots of _____ here. (shop, shops)
2. These _____ are really slow. (bus, buses)
3. How many _____ does he have? (wife, wives)
4. The _____ of horses are very strong. (hoof, hooves)
5. These _____ over there run very fast. (calf, calves)
6. I like to swim if the _____ aren’t too big. (wave, waves)
7. She always brings lots of _____ with her. (toy, toys)
8. I fill my three _____with water. (bucket, buckets)
9. These _____ are from the next village. (sheep, sheeps)
10. Her _____ are very smooth. (hair, hairs)
11. How many _____of chalks do you have? (piece, pieces)
12. All my _____is good. (information, informations)
13. Only _____ cheese is left in the fridge. (some, a few)
14. Every _____in the class is smart. (boy, boys)
15. There are many _____ in the pond. (fish, fishes)
16. Give me a glass of _____. (water, waters)
17. I don’t like much _____ in tea. (sugar, sugars)
18. Many _____in the world are poor. (person, people)
19. Would you like _____ tea? (some, any)
20. This newspaper contains _____ information. (many, much)

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

5 ASSESS YOURSELF

Fill in the blank spaces with correct words from the box.
musicians, fruits, beauties, directors, flowers, firewood, mountains, singers, pupils,
flies, books, actors, people, cards, horses, kings, ships, birds, sheep, geese

1. a band of _______ 11. a collection of _______

2. a basket of _______ 12. a company of _______

3. a bevy of _______ 13. a crowd of _______

4. a board of _______ 14. a deck of ______

5. a bunch of _______ 15. a drove of _______

6. a bundle of _______ 16. a dynasty of _______

7. a chain of _______ 17. a fleet of _______

8. a choir of _______ 18. a flight of _______

9. a class of _______ 19. a flock of _______

10. a cloud of _______ 20. a gaggle of _______

6 ASSESS YOURSELF

Complete the following text choosing the correct words from the brackets.

The world’s smallest ____ (dog, dogs), the Chihuahua, is just
6 ____ (inch, inches), and is barely 1–2 kg as an ____
(adult, adults). Named after a Mexican ____ (state,
states) its ____ (root, roots) can be traced back to
China. With their strong vocal ____ (chord, chords) the
Chihuahua are good guard ____ (dog, dogs). What makes them
popular with ____ (dog lover, dog lovers) is that they do not need
to be taken out of the ____ (house, houses) for ____ (walk, walks) to exercise.

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

Compared to other ____ (pup, pups) they require little ____ (care, cares),
except for regular clipping of ____ (nail, nails). They are good with ____ (child,
children), are loyal to the ____ (family, families), and learn easily. For ‘show’
____ (purpose, purposes) the maximum permissible ____ (weight, weights) is
between 0.9–1.8 kg. They can be of any colour and have flat wavy ____
(coat, coats) or soft glossy ones. Their ____ (body, bodies) are slightly longer
than the ____ (tail, tails). The ____ (nose, noses) is short and the ____ (ear, ears)
are at an angle of 45 ____ (degree, degrees) to the ____ (head, heads).

Vocabulary in Use

Match the following words with their similar meanings.

abhor kidnap
abduct detest

agree over

above consent

abridge shorten
abroad overseas

abrogate refrain

admit agreement

accord confess

adversary opponent
affable friendly

abstain worsen

aggravate cancel

alive related
lively
akin

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

Guided Composition: Paragraph Writing

A Paragraph is a group of connected sentences that is generally made up of
one main idea and a group of supporting sentences. Paragraphs are the basic
unit for building longer pieces of writing, like essays, reports, assignments etc. A
paragraph contains three main parts:

a. A topic sentence - contains the main idea of the paragraph. It’s often but
not always the first sentence of the paragraph.

b. Supporting sentences - these sentences develop or give details about
the topic sentence. They can: expand on the main point, offer explanations,
give examples and give additional details.

c. A concluding sentence summarizes the paragraph or may provide
a link to the next paragraph. This sentence is not always necessary in a
paragraph.

Read the following sample paragraphs.

1. Travelling broadens our minds and enlivens one’s spirits. People who
have stayed in one place their whole lives tend to have narrow perspectives.
Reading helps in knowing about other lands and their people but it isn’t the
same as visiting those places. The joy and thrill of seeing the sights and sounds
of different regions is an adventure by itself. Travelling to various lands gives
a deeper understanding of their culture. Meeting people of different religions,
speaking different languages, following their unique customs and food habits
are definitely an enriching learning experience. A historical monument gives an
insight into the history of the place and helps in developing tolerant minds, free of
prejudice. Ultimately, travelling helps in building universal brotherhood.

2. My hometown is famous for several amazing natural features. First, it is
noted for the Wheaton River, which is very wide and beautiful. On either side
of this river, which is 175 feet wide, are many willow trees which have long
branches that can move gracefully in the wind. In autumn the leaves of these
trees fall and cover the riverbanks like golden snow. Also, on the other side of the
town is Wheaton Hill, which is unusual because it is very steep. Even though it
is steep, climbing this hill is not dangerous, because there are some firm rocks
along the sides that can be used as stairs. There are no trees around this hill, so
it stands clearly against the sky and can be seen from many miles away. The third

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

amazing feature is the Big Old Tree. This tree stands two hundred feet tall and is
probably about six hundred years old. These three landmarks are truly amazing
and make my hometown a famous place.

3. I like my room very much because of its interior setting. The walls are
painted in pink and the room is carpeted in the same colour. It has two big
windows and a thick wooden door. Air and sunlight get into my room through
the windows. The curtains of the windows are also pink, which is my best
colour. There are three beautiful paintings on the wall that reflect the various
groups of people in Nepal. There is a double bed in the east corner of the room.
And a book-shelf is kept opposite the bed. There is a round tea table between
the bed and the book-shelf. There are two chairs around the tea table. Everyone
who visits my room likes it very much.

4. All over the world, deserts are spreading. Hot deserts and semi-desert regions
have already occupied one-fifth of the world's land surface. Some scientists
believe that more than 200 square kilometres of land become desert each day.
The process by which fertilie land becomes desert is called desertification.
Desertification threatens about one-third of the world's land surface and affects
the lives of about 850 million people. It is caused by the way people treat the land.
The areas most at risk from desertification are those around the true deserts.

7 ASSESS YOURSELF

Write paragraphs on the following topics. 23
a. Living in cities
b. Newspaper
c. Importance of discipline
d. Importance of trees
e. My school
f. My favourite food
g. My hobby
h. Pollution

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

T START CHAPTER 2

GE ED

PRONOUNS

Read the following description.

My name is Nanu. I am a student. I study in grade seven.
I have a brother. His name is Kamal. He Studies in grade
five. I also have a sister. Her name is Karina. She studies in
grade three. My brother does all his works by himself. But
my sister cannot do all her work by herself.

My father is a businessman. He travels to different places for
business. My mother is a house wife. She prepares food for
us and does other arrangements at home. We have a small family. We mostly do
our work ourselves. We help each other in need.

I study in a reputed school in Kathmandu. It is a Higher Secondary School. I have
many friends at school. Among them, Niruta and Namrata are my best friends.
Both of them are kind and considerate to one another. They always help me in
need. I also help them timely. Everybody likes them because they are man of
manners.

My father is a very good person. He always tells me to be good rather than great.
I like his ideas. Thus, I suggest all my friends to be good. It is your duty to obey
your parents and teachers.

Do You Know? The coloured words in the given discription are pronouns.

They are used in place of nouns. They are used to avoid unnecessary repetition
of noun in writing.

SDpoeaYkoiunKg nPorwa?ctice

Answer these questions based on the given description.

a. Who is speaking in the description?

b. What is she talking about?
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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

c. Why is ‘I’ used instead of Nanu?
d. Who does ‘his’ refer to in the description?
e. Who does ‘her’ refer to in the description?
f. Who does ‘we’ refer to in the description?
g. Who does ‘they’ refer to in the description?
h. Who does ‘both’ refer to in the description?
i. Who does ‘herself’ refer to in the description?
j. Who does ‘ourselves’ refer to in the description?

Quick Tip

A pronoun is an identifying word used instead of a noun and
inflected in the same way nouns are. It is a word that takes the place of a
common noun or a proper noun. There are different kinds of pronouns.

Listening Practice

Reproduce these words after your teacher.

Personal Subject: I, we, you, she, he, it, they

Object: me, us, you, her, him, it, them

Demonstrative Possessive: my, our, your, her, his, its, their, mine, ours,
Indefinite yours, hers, his its, theirs
this, that, these, those
Interrogative anyone, everyone, someone, no one, everybody, anybody,
Reciprocal nobody, somebody, everything, nothing, anything, something,
Reflexive every, either, neither, all, each, most, other, several, few, such,
Relative one
who, when, where, whom, whose, why, what
each other, one another
myself, ourselves, yourself, herself, himself, itself,
themselves
who, when, where, whom, whose, why, how,

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Instant Practice

Underline pronouns in the following sentences and state their types.
1. My name is Mohan. I am fourteen.
2. My father works hard. He works in a factory.
3. My sister is older than me. She is twelve.
4. Our dog is very naughty. It likes to chase cats.
5. David and I are playing football. We like sports.
6. Jim and Jeff are my brothers. They are older than I am.
7. I’m doing my homework. Dad is helping me.
8. Goodbye, children! I’ll call you later.
9. Miss Garcia is very nice. All the children like her.
10. The car is very dirty. Mom is cleaning it.
11. My brother built this computer himself.
12. Be careful not to cut yourself with that knife.
13. Our cat washes itself after every meal.
14. We baked the cake by ourselves.
15. Whose pen is this?

Instant Practice

Underline pronouns in the following sentences and state their types.
1. My chocolates are all gone. Someone has eaten them.
2. John was looking at himself in the mirror.
3. Come in, everybody, and find yourselves a seat.
4. The bird washed itself by splashing in a puddle.
5. The players train every day to keep themselves fit.
6. Have yourselves a good time.
7. This pen is mine and that one is his.

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

8. Sarah has lost her cat. Is this cat hers?

9. I can see our car, but where is yours?

10. We’ve had our lunch, but they haven’t had theirs.

11. Who are those people?

12. Whose are these shoes?

13. Which of these desks is yours?

14. Whom did the President criticize?

15. Everybody is welcome at the meeting.

Grammar Focus: Personal Pronouns

Personal pronouns are those that refer to person or thing. Personal pronouns
are of three types. They are subjective, objective and possessive pronouns. Let’s
see the following table:

Person Subjective Objective Possesive Examples

First I P1 P2
me my mine First persons are the person
Person we us our ours speaking.

My name is Hem. I am a boy.

We live in the village. Our

village is clean and neat.

S e c o n d you you your yours Second persons are the
Person persons we are speaking to.

What are you doing now?

What is your hobby?

Third she her her hers Third persons are the
Person he him his his persons being spoken to.
it it
they them it its She is reading now. Her
sister is reading too.
their theirs He is playing now. His brother

playing too.

They are busy.

Their schedule is fixed.

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

Subject Pronouns

The words I, you, he, she, it, we and they are called personal pronouns. They
take the place of nouns and are used as the subject of the verb in a sentence.
George, you are a good dog.
Good morning, children! You may sit down now.
I have a brother and two sisters.
I have a dog. It is called George.
My family and I live in a big city. We have an apartment.
My name is David. I am the youngest person in the family.
They are Rabin, Sonia and Jessica.
This is my brother. He is a teacher.
This is my sister. She is a lawyer.

Quick Tip

The subject of a sentence is the person, animal, place or thing that does
the action shown by the verb.

Object Pronouns

The words me, you, him, her, it, us and them are also personal pronouns. They
also take the place of nouns. These pronouns are used as the object of the verb
in a sentence.
Baby birds cannot fly. Mother bird has to feed them.
I am standing on my head. Look at me.
Karma and Karina! Dad is waiting for you!
My mother is kind. Everybody likes her.
My sister and I are playing in the park. Dad is watching us.
Pick up your dolls and put them away.

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

Sabin, I told you to tidy your bed!
Tsering likes riding my bicycle. I sometimes lend it to him.
You must not play with the knife. Give it to me.

Quick Tip

The object of a sentence is the person, animal, place or thing that
receives the action shown by the verb.

Instant Practice

Write subject and object pronouns in the following passage given below.

My name is Kaman. ____ have
two brothers. ___ are both older
than____. Sometimes _____take_____ to
the park and play football together. _____ like
playing football with _____because _____ are
very good. _____ are going to the park today.
Would _____ like to come with _____ ? _____
can all play together. Afterwards,
_____can come to _____
house if _____ want to. _____think _____ will like _____ dad. _____is very funny
and makes omelettes. Do_____ like an omelet?

Grammar Focus: Possessive pronouns

Possessive pronouns are used to talk about things that belong to people. The
words mine, yours, his, hers, ours and theirs are possessive pronouns.

Have you lost yours, Tek?

I can see our car, but where is yours?

Mina has lost her cat. Is this cat hers?

This book is mine.

This pen is mine and that one is his.

We’ve had our lunch, but they haven’t had theirs.

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

Instant Practice

Write the missing possessive pronouns in the blank spaces to complete the
sentences.
1. I chose this seat first so it’s____.
2. Can we borrow your coloring pens? We’ve lost____.
3. We live in the city and they live in the countryside. Our house is smaller
than____.
4. John, is this pencil ____?
5. Sally is looking for her gloves. Are these gloves ____?
6. Can Julie use your bike? ____ is broken.
7. Tom got the books mixed up. He thought mine was ____and his was____.

Grammar Focus: Demonstrative Pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns are used for pointing out things. The words this, that,
these and those are demonstrative pronouns.
This is my desk. These are my pets.
These are sheep but those are goats.
That is my friend’s house. Those are horses.
That’s my mother’s car.
You’ll have to work harder than this.
We can do better than that.

Quick Tip

Use this and these when you are talking about things near you. Use that
and those when you are talking about things farther away.

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

Instant Practice

Read the following passage. Write the missing demonstrative pronouns in the
blank spaces.

Henry and I went for a walk on the beach. “What’s ____over there?” I asked. “It
looks like broken glass,” said Henry. He gave me a bag. “Put it in ____,” he said.
I put the broken glass into the bag. “We’d better put ____in the trash,” I said. He
took the bag from me. “You have to hold it like ____,” said Henry, “so that you
don’t cut your hand.”

Grammar Focus: Indefinite Pronouns

An indefinite pronoun does not refer directly to any other word. Most indefinite
pronouns express the idea of quantity. All, each, most, other, another, either,
neither, several, any, everybody, nobody, some, anybody, everyone, none,
somebody, anyone, few, no, one, someone, both, many, such, etc. are indefinite
pronouns.

Everybody is welcome at the meeting.

Many people prefer their coffee with sugar.

Does anybody care for a cheese sandwich?

Few choose to live in the arid desert.

Instant Practice

Circle at least one indefinite pronoun in each sentence. 31
1. One never knows who might be listening.
2. Many are called but few are chosen.
3. I finished my cookie and asked for another.
4. Both were punished for the crime they committed.
5. Several applied for the job, but no one was hired.
6. Someone has called me.
7. Neither of the boys is looking at you.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

8. Most of the players are injured.

9. Each dog has a day.

10. Either of us has known them.

Grammar Focus: Reflexive Pronouns

Reflexive pronouns are words that refer to the noun or pronoun that is the
subject of the verb. The words myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves,
yourselves and themselves are reflexive pronouns.
My brother built this computer himself.
Be careful not to cut yourself with that knife.
Kate fell and hurt herself.
Our cat washes itself after every meal.
We baked the cake by ourselves.
Come in, everybody, and find yourselves a seat.
The children cleaned their room all by themselves.

Grammar Focus: Emphatic Pronouns

We use an emphatic pronoun to emphasize a noun phrase. Here, selves or self
is stressed.

The principal himself was the victim person. (the principal, not someone else)

The town itself is very ordinary, but it is set in lovely countryside. (the town, not
its surroundings)

The pronoun can also mean ‘without help’. In this meaning, it usually comes in
end position.

Quick Tip

Myself sometimes means ‘as for me’, ‘as far as I am concerned’.
I don’t agree with it, myself.

We built the garage ourselves.

Did you do all this work yourself?
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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

Instant Practice

Write the correct reflexive pronouns to complete the following sentences.
1. After his accident, Prem drove ______to the hospital.
2. He hurt ______when he was playing football.
3. I hate ______watching on video.
4. I like to wake____ up in the morning with a cup of coffee.
5. I’m sorry, Tony, but I haven’t got enough money to pay for you. Can you pay
for ______?
6. Now, children, remember to give ______enough time to answer all the exam
questions.
7. Should I apply for the job?’ she asked______.
8. Thanks for a great party. We really enjoyed ______.
9. We don’t need a babysitter - the children can look after______.
10. We’re planning to buy ______a new television.

Grammar Focus: Relative Pronouns

Relative pronouns are those which are used to relate nouns in a given sentence.
They are also called relative clause. They are used to identify exact person or
thing being discussed.

Let’s see the following table.

Who describes person in subject
Whom describes person in object
Whose describes person in possessive degree
That describes things in defining relative clauses
Which describes things in non-defining relative clauses
Where describes places
What gives information about subject
Why describes reason
How describes the manner of doing things
When describes time

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

Instant Practice

Fill in the blanks with correct relative pronouns.
1. I like a person____ is very helpful.
2. This is the house ____ my uncle lives.
3. Listen to ____your parents say.
4. The man ____was living alone, died today.
5. I called one of my friends ____father has recently died.
6. Rina, ____ I like is coming here today.
7. That is the book ___ contains my article.
8. It is the time____flowers blossom.
9. This is the reason ____ I like her.
10. My father is a man ____works very hard.

Grammar Focus: Interrogative Pronouns

Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions about a person, place or thing.
The words who, whose, what, which and whom are interrogative pronouns.
Who are you looking at?
Whose car is this?
What is the programme for today?
Which of your students is the smartest one?
Whom did the Principal scold?

Instant Practice

Fill in the blanks with correct interrogative pronouns.
1. _____ do they like to do?
2. _____of the following is the correct answer?

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

3. _____ are poor people on earth?
4. _____ was the letter addressed to?
5. _____house is it?
6. _____does your classes start?
7. _____is your English teacher?
8. _____are you talking about?
9. _____do you admire most?
10. _____are they quarrelling each other?

Grammar Focus: Reciprocal Pronouns

Reciprocal pronouns are those which express very common relationship
between two or more than two people. If more than one person is involved in
work, we use one another and if two persons are involved each other is used.
The players accused each other of the cause of defeat.
We must help one another.
My sons always help each other.
We exchanged gifts one another.

1 ASSESS YOURSELF

Put correct reflexive pronouns in the following sentences. 35
1. Anita and Mina made the dinner all by ____.
2. Can you dress ____, boys and girls?
3. Children, you must do the homework ____________.
4. Dad had an accident. He cut ____ with a knife.
5. Krishna can swim all by ____ now.
6. Do you think the doctor can cure ____ when he is ill?

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

7. I hurt ____________ in the playground yesterday.
8. Alisha always makes the bed by ____________.
9. Heman, you must behave __________ properly before your friends.
10. Mom lets me walk to school by ____.
11. No one can help us. We have to help ____________.
12. Sumy washes the car by _______.
13. Sometimes I wash the dishes all by ______.
14. The cat stays clean by licking _______.
15. The dog is scratching ____________.
16. They painted the wall all by ____________.
17. This light is automatic. It switches ____ on at night.
18. Tom defended ____________ against the bullies.
19. Our cat washes _____ after every meal.
20. We baked the cake by ______.

2 ASSESS YOURSELF

Fill in the blanks with correct pronouns.
1. All his students like _______ very much.
2. Children, _______ are making too much noise!
3. Binod, ______ are all waiting for _____. Are ______ coming with _____?
4. May _______ borrow your pen?
5. Mom is a doctor. _______ works in a hospital.
6. ______ brother is a teacher. _______ teaches English.
7. Sabin and I are brothers. _______ share a bedroom together.
8. Dina isn’t well. Dad is taking _______ to see a doctor.

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

9. The sky is getting dark. _______ is going to rain.
10. What are _______ reading now, Hem?
11. Who are those people? Where are _______ from?
12. I saw _______ stolen bag at Ram's house.
13. I’m doing ______homework. Dad is helping _______.
14. Goodbye, children! _______’ll call _______ later.
15. Where is your son? _______need to speak to _______.
16. Miss Sedain is very nice. _______ the children like _______.
17. The car is very dirty. Mom is cleaning _______.
18. Uncle called aunt to ask _______ a question.
19. My chocolates are _______gone. _______ has eaten _______.
20. Inkar likes cats. _______has four cats.

3 ASSESS YOURSELF

Write the correct interrogative pronouns in the blanks to complete these
sentences.

1. _____ bag is this?

2. _____ did the President criticize?

3. _____ do you prefer?

4. _____ do you want to be when you grow up?

5. _____ is your mother’s name?

6. _____ is your work today?

7. _____ of these desks is yours?

8. _____ of your sisters is the tallest?

9. _____came first, the chicken or the egg?

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

10. _____do you wish to speak to?

11. _____invented the computer?

12. _____ is the matter with you?

13. ______is the word for a stamp collector?

14. ______is this car in front of our house?

15. ______knows the answer?

16. ______of the twin is older?

17. ______would you like to drink?

18. _____of them do you think will win the race?

19. _____are these shoes?

20. _____used my car?

4 ASSESS YOURSELF

Read the following letter and underline all pronoun words.

Dallu, Kathmandu
May 10, 2019

Dear friend,

It was so good calling you from Kathmandu last week. We had a superb trip.
Though we missed you a lot, it was compensated by something I had least
expected.

We decided to visit the place where my uncle stayed. He is a writer. Though
we felt we had disturbed his writing, when he opened the door and saw us he
smiled and let us in. He told us that he enjoyed writing for children and anyway he
needed a break! We were struck by the silence, and the number of old books in
the room. Most of all I loved it when tea was served along with the most delicious
biscuits and scones.
I asked him what he was working on at the moment and he said, ‘Would you like

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

to read my life story?’ With a twinkle in his eye he scooped up some sweets from
his drawer and shepherded us out of the room.

Today I am going to the market with mum and dad. I really want to ask dad to pick
up the book for me!

I am hoping to be able to read a story to you when we meet next time.

With best wishes.

Yours ever,

Sanam

Vocabulary in Use

Match the following words with their opposite meanings.

above straight

abroad end

absent sorrow

accept dull

include bored

increase praise

indifferent outside

inner below

inside home

insult present

interested refuse

interesting exclude

joy decrease

begin interested

bent outer

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

Guided Composition:Paragraph Writing

Read the sample paragraph.

Life in My Village

I live in a small village that lies in Saptari. People in my village have different
lifestyles. Most of the people in my village are farmers. Some are also traders and
officers. The farmers are very hardworking and thus busy growing crops of their
needs. They often get up early in the morning and spend their whole day in the
field. They even visit their field at night to see if there is something wrong with their
crops. They enjoy various festivals as many groups of people live there. Most of
them like to celebrate the festivals related with farming and harvesting like Maghe
Sankranti, Hathiya, etc. There is a primary school in our village where children
go for studies. Our village lacks modern facilities like telephones, computer,
concrete road, market, etc. Recently the young people have started going to
foreign countries to make money. So life of people in village is very simple but
they live together in harmony.

Write a similar paragraph describing your town including the following
points.

 name of the city

 location of the city

 climate and environment

 occupation of people there

 festivals and cultural activities

 facilities and services available there

 how is your living there

The town where I live is ………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………

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T START CHAPTER 3

GE ED

ARTICLES

Read the following description.

I have a friend who is in the same class as
me. Her name is Krishala. She comes from
the poorest part of the city. She used to go
to a school in Pokhara, the headquarter of
the province number four. Her father is an
army officer and her mother is an electronic
engineer.

Two years ago, the officer was transferred
to the capital of the country. When the family reached the city, they looked for a
good school to admit the girl. Krishala’s father asked a friend of his about all the
best schools in Kathmandu.

The friend has a school-going son. The boy studies in an excellent school in the
central part of the city. In fact it is the same school that I go too. Krishala joined
the most prestigious school in the area. As luck would have it, she was sent to
the same section that I was in.

Do You Know? The coloured words a, an and the in the above given

description are articles. They are demonstrative adjectives. There are two
types of articles in English.

Articles

Indefinite-A/AN Definite-THE

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

Speaking Practice

Answer these questions based on the given description.

a. What are the words that are countable?

b. What are the words that are uncountable?

c. Does the word ‘friend’ start with vowel or consonant?

d. Does the word ‘excellent’ start with vowel or consonant?

e. Is the word ‘friend’ singular or plural?

f. What is the difference between ‘an army officer’ and ‘the officer’ in the given
description?

g. What is the difference between ‘a friend’ and ‘the friend’ in the given
description?

Grammar Focus: Indefinite Article: A/An

 The form a, an is used before a singular noun which is countable when it is
mentioned for the first time and represents no particular person or thing:

I need a room. They live in a flat. He bought an umbrella.

A car must be insured. A child needs love. It is a bench.

He is a man. I have a shop. He bought a laptop.

 The form an is used before words beginning with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) or
words beginning with a mute h: an apple, an island, an uncle, an egg, an
onion, an hour, an MP, an SOS, an ‘x’, an hour, an honest boy, an honourable
teacher, an hourly plan, an heir

But when they are pronounced consonant; use ‘a’: Example: a horse, a hat,
a house, a hall

 After many, such, quite, rather, what, etc. as exclamations before singular,
countable nouns:

Such a long queue! What a pretty girl! What a beautiful flower it is!

Many a girl is absent. It is such a place I like most. What an ugly person he is!

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

 In the sense of one:

I have a pen. She has a bike. They have an ox. We have a ewe.

 The English vowels a, e, i, o, u, don’t sound always vowel, they sound
consonant sometimes.

a university student, a euro, a one eyed girl, an elf, an album, an alligator, an
astronaut, a ewe, an heir, an honourable person

 To show frequency with time, quantity, distance, price, speed, ratio, number
or weight:

once a year, twice a week, many times a year, fifty rupees a kilo, a lot of, a
couple, a dozen, a hundred, a thousand, 50 rupees a kilo, Rs. 100 a meter,
sixty kilometers an hour

 Use ‘a’ before an abbreviation having consonant sound and ‘an’ before
vowel sound. Examples: an SSP, an MLA, a VIP, a DEO, an AIGP

Abbreviation with vowel: A, E, F, H, I, L, M, N, O, R, S, X

Abbreviation with consonant: B, C, D, G, J, K, P, Q, T, U, V, W, Y, Z

 With some phrases:

a lot of, a few, a number of, a bit much, a capriccio, a chicken in every pot,
a damn sight, a good deal, a little, a positive, a posteriori, a non domino

 With the following expressions:

make an attempt, make a profit, have a pain, take an interest in, have a l
ook, as a result, at a glance, in a hurry, have a rest, on a diet

 With units of uncountable noun:

a litre of water, a kilo of sugar, a lump of sugar, a bunch of keys, a pouch
of milk, a bowl of soup, a spoon salt, a pinch of salt, a cup of tea, a glass
of milk, a meter of cloth, a plate of rice

 With a noun complement. This includes names of professions: She’ll be a
dancer. He is an actor.

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

Instant Practice

Put 'a' or 'an' in the blank space where necessary.

________answer ________hour

________apple ________house

________banana ________impolite question

________big banana ________instrument

________car ________modern car

________difficult exercise ________musical instrument

________easy exercise ________new gift

________egg ________envelope

________exercise ________aged woman

________five-dollar bill ________one-dollar bill

________hard lesson ________pencil

________admiration ________question

________hotel ________university

________umbrella ________unusual question

________used car ________usual question

________young woman

Grammar Focus: Definite Article THE

 When the object or group of objects is unique or considered to be unique:

the earth the sea the sky the equator the stars

 Before a noun which has become definite as a result of being mentioned a
second time:

His car struck a tree; you can still see the mark on the tree.

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

 Before a noun made definite by the addition of a phrase or clause:

the girl in blue the man with the banner

the boy that I met the place where I met him

 Before a noun which by reason of locality can represent only one particular
thing:

Dina is in the garden, (the garden of this house)

Please pass the water bottle. (the water bottle on the table)

 Before superlatives and first, second etc. used as adjectives or pronouns,
and only:

the first the best day the only way the worst boy the most exciting scene

 the + adjective represents a class of persons: the old, the poor, the
unemployed, the rich, the young, the deaf,etc.

 Adjectives as the subject: The poor are honest. The beautiful are praised.

 Daybreaks: the evening, the morning, the afternoon.

 Family names and castes: the Limbus, the Magars, the Chhetries, etc.

 Groups of Islands: the British and Irish Isles. the West Indies, etc.

 Historic events: the Independence Day, the Martyr’s Day, the Democracy
Day, etc.

 Historical buildings: the Taj Mahal, the Kathmandu Mall, the Buddha Mall,
etc.

 Hotels, restaurants, theaters, etc: the Soaltee, the Barahai Movies, etc.

 Mountain Ranges: the Mahabharat range, the Churia range, the Himalayas,
the Annapurna range

 Museums and libraries: the Chhauni museum, the national museum, the
British library, the American library, the central library, etc.

 Musical instruments: He always plays the flute. I like to play the madal. Do
you know how to play the piano?

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

 Name of canals: the Gandaki Canal, the Panama Canal, etc.
 Name of deserts: the Saraha, the Thar, etc.
 Name of directions: the east, the north, the west, the south, etc.
 Name of inventions: He invented the Television. Who invented the mobile?
 Only one object in the world: the celestial bodies: the sun, the earth, the sky,
the moon, etc.
 Ordinal numbers: the first, the third, the fifth, etc.
 Organs of human body: the heart, the head, etc.
 Parallel comparatives: The more you try, the more you learn. The more you
work, the more you earn, etc.
 Parts of the house: the kitchen, the bedroom, the restroom, the guestroom,
the living room, etc.
 Period of history: the classical age, the Elizabethan age, the post-modern
age, etc.
 Periods of decades: the sixties, the eighties, etc.
 Physical position: the first, the middle, the bottom, etc.
 Plural names of countries: the UK, the USA, the Philippines, etc.
 Political parties: the UML, the Republican, the R.P.P, etc.
 Religious books/Religious groups: the Ramayana, the Bible, the Quran, the
Hindus, the Muslims, the Christians, etc.
 Repeated nouns: There is a dog in my house. The dog is very faithful. She
bought a pencil yesterday. She lost the pencil.
 With rivers, seas, oceans: the Gandaki, the Nile, the Red sea, the Indian
Ocean, etc.
 With special meals: the birthday party, the wedding party, etc.

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

Instant Practice 47

Put 'a' 'an' or 'the' in the blank space where necessary.
1. I saw _____ewe yesterday.
2. It is _____user manual.
3. Who is _____first student of this class?
4. I know how to play _____flute.
5. Have you ever seen _____one eyed person?
6. He is _____university student.
7. What _____ugly place it is!
8. Have you ever been to _____City Mall?
9. I bought _____ cow yesterday. _____cow is well behaved.
10. Honesty is _____best policy.
11. Do you like to drink _____water?
12. _____water in that bottle is dirty.
13. I have read _____Bible once.
14. My mother cooks food in _____kitchen.
15. _____ Brahmins are theist.
16. _____north wind has caused rainfall.
17. _____Titanic is a great ship.
18. He plays volleyball most.
19. Mr. Regmi is _____honest teacher.
20. _____cat you have is fond of fish.

Grammar Focus: Omission of Article

 Before material nouns: Gold is an expensive metal.
 Before plural nouns: Horses are animals.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

 Before proper nouns: He lives in Kathmandu. They saw Mahindra at the bus
station.
 Before festivals: Hindus celebrate Dashain. Christians enjoy Christmas.
 Before languages: He speaks English fluently. Can you speak Dutch?
 Before academic subjects: I am good at English. She likes science very
much.
 Before games and sports: I play football every day. Does he know how to
play basketball?
 Before colours: I like red most. Blue is his favourite colour.
 Before possessive + noun: This is my house. That is his car.
 Before uncountable nouns: Dogs looks after our house. Beer is a drink.
 Before meals: I have my breakfast at 8. He eats his lunch in school
canteen.
 Days and months: My son was born on Sunday. He died on Wednesday.
 Before school, church, temple, market and college if they are used for primary
purpose: She goes to hospital every day. He has gone to school to study.

Quick Tip

Article the is used before school, church, temple, market, college, etc.
if they are used for secondary purpose.

1 ASSESS YOURSELF

Put 'a' 'an' or 'the' in the blank space where necessary.

1. He’s _____ one person I can trust.

2. She and I waited _____ hour just to see you.

3. _____ letter came _____ few days ago.

4. I went through _____ items on _____ list one by one.

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

5. Let’s meet _____ week after next.
6. She’s _____ little Hitler.
7. _____ less said about _____ whole thing, _____ happier I’ll be.
8. Do you wish to speak to _____ manager?
9. It’s _____ present for one of my children.
10. _____ police questioned everyone in _____ room.
11. Noam Chomsky is _____linguist.
12. She is _____enthusiastic student.
13. He can type 100 words _____minute.
14. I saw _____interesting man yesterday. _____man was very tall.
15. Mr. Shristi is _____most beautiful girl.
16. Mr. Soam is from _____Netherlands.
17. We have been to _____Suez canal once.
18. He is _____useful member of our group.
19. Hira is _____violent student.
20. My father is _____aggressive person.

2 ASSESS YOURSELF

Put 'a' 'an' or 'the' in the blank space where necessary.
1. _____ ritual of _____ party conference is acted out in _____ same way every
year.
2. She was here just _____ minute ago.
3. _____ symptoms suggest _____ minor heart attack.
4. Their early arrival was just _____ accident.
5. Place _____ box down anywhere.

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Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

6. She gave _____ police _____ full account of _____ incident.
7. There is _____ acute shortage of water.
8. What is _____ startup command for _____ program?
9. We stood aghast at _____ sight of so much blood.
10. She was killed in _____ accident.
11. He has _____ugly face.
12. Have you brought _____Kathmandu Post?
13. _____Chhetries are brave.
14. My father always recites _____Geeta.
15. In poor countries _____condition of _____poor is very miserable.
16. Pokhara is known as _____Cherapunji of Nepal.
17. He was locked inside _____toilet.
18. We have _____holiday on _____Martyr’s Day.
19. _____more you learn, _____better you know.
20. _____sugar is bad for your health.

3 ASSESS YOURSELF

Put 'a' 'an' or 'the' in the blank space where necessary.
1. _____ drug may cause _____ aggravation of _____ condition.
2. Even _____ small success gives you _____ sense of achievement.
3. He started playing _____ piano at _____ early age.
4. _____ hotel commands _____ fine view of _____ valley.
5. There’s someone at _____ door.
6. _____ government has ordered _____ investigation into _____ accident.
7. What _____ huge cake!

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