grammar 7 final -2077 press print

18. He couldn’t type very fast, _____________?
19. We mightn’t defeat them, _____________?
20. I never play football on Saturdays, _____________?

2 ASSESS YOURSELF

Add suitable question tag against the following sentences.

1. She is working now, _____________?

2. I am writing a letter, _____________?

3. They are living on rent house, _____________?

4. It was a nice conference, _____________?

5. They were in terrible condition, _____________?

6. He has a nice guitar, _____________?

7. We have many opportunities, _____________?

8. They had an important idea, _____________?

9. Students do their work themselves, _____________?

10. Sony does everything properly, _____________?

11. We did our class work in class, _____________?

12. We shall invite them, _____________?

13. I will call you later, _____________?

14. We should never quarrel, _____________?

15. They would visit us timely, _____________?

16. You can sing now, _____________?

17. It may rain today, _____________?

18. He could type very fast, _____________?

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19. We might defeat them, _____________?
20. I always play football on Saturdays, _____________?

3 ASSESS YOURSELF

Add suitable question tag against the following sentences.

1. He played trick on me, _____________?

2. Rabin plays the guitar well, _____________?

3. This house is on fire, _____________?

4. That man is homeless, _____________?

5. You and I are out of job, _____________?

6. Mina had a beautiful garden, _____________?

7. We have a new experience now, _____________?

8. Temba has many friends, _____________?

9. I’d rather go there, _____________?

10. You’d better work hard, _____________?

11. Either of them is honest, _____________?

12. No worker is present today, _____________?

13. None of them are sincere, _____________?

14. No one calls her by her real name, _____________?

15. Nothing happened to her, _____________?

16. They scarcely go to the party, _____________?

17. He barely submits his homework on time, _____________?

18. They hardly invite us to party, _____________?

19. We have already visited her, _____________?

20. We seldom go out, _____________?

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4 ASSESS YOURSELF

Add suitable question tag against the following sentences.

1. He didn’t play trick on me, _____________?

2. Rabin doesn’t play the guitar well, _____________?

3. This house isn’t on fire, _____________?

4. That man isn’t homeless, _____________?

5. You and I aren’t out of job, _____________?

6. She had a beautiful garden, _____________?

7. They have a new experience now, _____________?

8. Temba doesn’t have many friends, _____________?

9. I’d rather not go there, _____________?

10. You’d better not work hard, _____________?

11. Neither of them is honest, _____________?

12. No news is good news, _____________?

13. None of them are hard working, _____________?

14. No one called me, _____________?

15. Nothing has happened, _____________?

16. I scarcely go to the zoo, _____________?

17. He barely does his homework, _____________?

18. They hardly finished their work, _____________?

19. I have hardly ever visited her, _____________?

20. We seldom fight, _____________?

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5 ASSESS YOURSELF

Add suitable question tag against the following sentences.

1. You never call us, _____________?

2. The school rarely organizes seminars, _____________?

3. Nobody is coming here, _____________?

4. He is infrequently complained, _____________?

5. Somebody has called us, _____________?

6. Someone is looking at us, _____________?

7. Nobody wants to be poor, _____________?

8. No one knows about the problem, _____________?

9. Everybody calls him a liar, _____________?

10. Everyone enjoys the nature, _____________?

11. Everybody can’t help us, _____________?

12. We mightn’t do that, _____________?

13. None of the players plays well, _____________?

14. Neither of them has sincerity, _____________?

15. Everything has its own turn, _____________?

16. Anything might happen there, _____________?

17. Something will be given to us, _____________?

18. Everything is possible, _____________?

19. All my money is finished, _____________?

20. All boys are hardworking, _____________?

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6 ASSESS YOURSELF

Add suitable question tag against the following sentences.

1. You always call us, _____________?

2. The university rarely organizes programmes, _____________?

3. Nobody has called me so far, _____________?

4. Joni is occasionally complained, _____________?

5. Somebody is calling us, _____________?

6. Someone has invited me, _____________?

7. Nobody is responsible, _____________?

8. No one has common sense, _____________?

9. Everybody is calling him a liar, _____________?

10. Everyone has to enjoy the nature, _____________?

11. Anybody can help us, _____________?

12. Anyone might do that, _____________?

13. None of the players is strong, _____________?

14. Neither of them is obedient, _____________?

15. Everything is alright, _____________?

16. Anything can be done here, _____________?

17. Something is better than nothing _____________?

18. Nothing is impossible, _____________?

19. All of them are honest, _____________?

20. All is well, _____________?

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7 ASSESS YOURSELF

Complete the following dialogue with the correct question tags.

A: Hello. Nice to see you here! It’s a great party, -------?

B: Yes, it’s really good, -------? There are so many people here that I
haven’t seen for ages.

A: Yes, quite a few. I bumped into Sonia a few minutes ago and we had a
brief chat. Well, no she chatted and I listened, -------?

B: Yes, she’s still the same, -------? She just loves talking about

herself, -------? And she doesn’t seem to be interested in what

anyone else has to say -------?

A: That’s right. Oh look, that’s Rama there -------?

B: Yes. You’re right, it is. Who’s that she’s with?

A: It’s Rajesh, -------?

B: But he’s going out with his sister Elisha, -------?

A: Well, yes. I thought so. But he’s holding Rama’s hand, -------?

B: Oh yes. Well, I suppose our information must be out of date
then, -------? Anyway, what about you? You know, I’ve missed you a
lot -------?

A: Yes. Of course I missed you too -------?

B: But I expect you have got a new boyfriend now -------?

A: Not now. I did for a little while after you went away but not now.

B: It was hard saying goodbye -------? I was going to write to you but I
thought I wouldn’t help -------?

A: That’s right. Let’s dance -------? Please come on -------?

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B: Well, let me catch your hand -------? You used to dance well, -------?

A: Yes. Quite a lot. I can dance well -------?

B: You don’t take drinks -------? If you like, I’ll bring for you -------?

A: No thanks. It’s the time to return home -------? I want to leave now.
Bye!

B: Bye! See you later.

Vocabulary in Use

Fill in the gaps choosing one of the types of house.

time-share villa bedsit bungalow cottage,

terraced semi-detached detached almshouse chalet

A ____ house is a small house in the country or in a village.

A ____ house is house with only one storey.

A ____ house is a house which has bedroom and living room all in one.
A ____ is a large house with big gardens.
A ____ house is that is not joined any other house.
A ____ house is that is joined to one other house.
A ____ house is that is joined to several houses to form a row.
A ____ is holiday flat or house where you have the right to live one or two

weeks a year.
An ____ house is a house owned by a charity.
A ____ house is a wooden house with a flat roof.

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Guided Composition: Essay Writing

Read the following essay.

Human body

Body is the physical structure of human being. Although
people differ in their appearance, their bodies are all made up
of the same basic parts. We can do things such as reading,
eating, jumping, and running because of the cells.

Our body contains more than 200 different kinds of cells,
including bone cells, skin cells, and muscle cells. Cells of the
same type combine to form a tissue. For instance, muscle
cells in arm form muscle tissue that helps us do things such
as throw a ball.

The human body is made up of ten body systems, or groups of tissues and
organs that work together. For example, the skeletal system contains bones that
support the body and protect your internal organs. The muscular system contains
muscles that help the body move. The circulatory system uses blood to send
oxygen to body cells and remove wastes.

The brain is the body’s main control center. It tells your body how to move and
helps you learn how to do things such as use a computer or play the piano. Your
brain even controls many activities that you do without thinking, such as blinking
and breathing.

It’s important to keep your body healthy. Exercising every day is fun and it can
help your muscles and bones stay strong. If you don’t get eight to ten hours of
sleep a night, you may feel tired or cranky, or homework that’s normally easy
may feel impossible. And eating a variety of foods every day can help you avoid
certain illnesses or recover faster if you get sick.

Now write essays on the following topics.

My house

My school canteen

My village

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T START CHAPTER 10

GE ED

TENSE

Read the following dialogue.

Ashok : Hello Sigma! How are you?

Sigma : Oh, Ashok! I am fine here. What about you?

Ashok : I am fine, too. Are you planning anything special?

Sigma : Yes! I am planning something. I was going to call you tonight but I
forgot.

Ashok : What’s up? What have planned to do?

Sigma : Well, its Saran’s birthday on Saturday,
and we have planned a surprise
party for him. We have already done
necessary arrangements. Anand has
made a list of invitees.

Ashok : Who’re planning the party?

Sigma : Anand, Gyanu, Pritee and me. We have been preparing for it since
Friday.

Ashok : Sounds like fun. I had not thought about it. Why didn’t you tell about
it?

Sigma : I called you but no one answered my call. Don’t worry about it.
I’ve asked Saran to go to a film with me at 6:00. After the film, we’ll
go back to his place. So you shall be at Saran’s by 8:00 to wait for
us and surprise him. His parents will let you in.

Ashok : Will we be bringing anything to eat?

Sigma : Of course! Preeti and Gyanu will be bringing cakes and cokes.
Anand will be bringing some fried sausages. I will be bringing some
fried fish.

Ashok : Great! What else will we have done there?

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Sigma : Anand will bring his guitar. He will have played the guitar. We will
have sung and danced together.

Ashok : Sounds good! Shall I have to bring anything else?

Sigma : Um, can you bring some peanuts? And don’t say anything to
Saran.

Ashok : No problem!

Sigma : That’s very kind of you!

Do You Know? In the given dialogue, different forms of verbs like are

planning, am planning, was going to, have planned, have done, has made,
have been preparing, had not thought, didn’t tell, called, answered, shall
be, will be bringing, will have done, will have sung, etc. represent different
tenses.

Speaking Practice

Answer these questions based on the given dialogue.
a. How many different tenses are used in the dialogue?
b. What are verbs that represent the present tense?
c. What are verbs that represent the past tense?
d. What are verbs that represent the future tense?
e. Are there negative sentences in the dialogue?
f. Are there interrogative sentences in the dialogue?
g. What is the structure of the sentence ‘I am fine here’?
h. What is the structure of the sentence ‘I am planning something’?
i. What is the structure of the sentence ‘I had not thought about it’?
j. What is the structure of the sentence ‘I will be bringing some fried fish’?

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Quick Tip

Tenses are any of the forms of a verb that is used to show time of the
action or state expressed by the verb. Tense is divided into three types
namely present, past and future. Each of them is further divided into
simple, continuous, perfect and perfect continuous aspects.

Listening Practice

Repeat these sentences and structures after your teacher.

Tense Structure Example

Simple Present Sub + v1/v5 + obj I read a poem.

Present Sub + is/am/are + v4 + obj I am reading a poem.
Continuous

Present Perfect Sub + has/have + v3 + obj I have read a poem.

Present Perfect Sub + has/have + been +v4 + I have been reading a

Continuous obj poem.

Simple Past Sub + v2 + obj I read a poem.

Past Continuous Sub + was/were + v4 + obj I was reading a poem.

Past Perfect Sub + had + v3 + obj I had read a poem.

Past Perfect Sub + had + been + v4 + obj I had been reading a
Continuous poem.

Simple Future Sub + will/shall +v1 + obj I will read a poem.

Future Sub + will/shall +be + v4 + obj I will be reading a
Continuous poem.

Future Perfect Sub + will/shall +have + v3 + I will have read a poem.
obj

Future Perfect Sub + will/shall +have + been + I will have been reading
Continuous
v4 + obj a poem.

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Instant Practice

Read the given dialogue again and write sentences of different tenses in the
following table.

Sub + v1/v5 + obj
Sub + is/am/are + v4 + obj
Sub + has/have + v3 + obj
Sub + has/have + been +v4 + obj
Sub + v2 + obj
Sub + was/were + v4 + obj
Sub + had + v3 + obj
Sub + had + been + v4 + obj
Sub + will/shall +v1 + obj
Sub + will/shall +be + v4 + obj
Sub + will/shall +have + v3 + obj
Sub + will/shall +have + been + v4 + obj

Instant Practice

Complete the following table.

Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous

I sing a
song.

I was singing a song I will have sung I have been writing a
a song. letter.
I will be writing a
letter. I had written a
letter.

I have drunk tea.

I had been drinking
tea.

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I will drink
tea.

I am playing cricket.

I had played
cricket.

I will have been
playing cricket.

G Frammar ocus: Tense and Transformation in Different Tenses

Tense Affirmative Negative Interrogative Wh Question
Simple He plays.
Present He does not Does he play? What does he
He is playing. play. play?
Present
Continuous He has He is not Is he playing? What is he
Present played. playing. playing?
Perfect He has been
Present playing. He has not Has he What has he
Perfect played. played? played?
Continuous
Simple Past He has not Has he been What has he
been playing.
Past playing? been playing?
Continuous
Past Perfect He played. He did not Did he play? What did he
play. play?
Past Perfect He was
Continuous playing. He was not Was he What was he
Simple He had playing. playing? playing?
Future played.
Future He had been He had not Had he What had he
Continuous playing. played. played? played?
Future He will play.
Perfect He had not Had he been What had he
Future He will be been playing.
Perfect playing. playing? been playing?
Continuous He will have He will not
played. play. Will he play? What will he
He will have play?
been playing. He will not be
playing. Will he be What will he
playing? be playing?
He will not
have played. Will he have What will he

He will not played? have played?
have been
playing. Will he have What will he
been playing? have been

playing?

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Instant Practice

Complete the following table.

Tense Affirmative Negative Interrogative Wh Question
He (sing) a song.
Simple She (eat) an apple.
Present

I (write) a poem.

We (play) a game.

They (work) in field.

You (dig) the field.

Present He (sing) a song.

Continuous She (eat) an apple.

I (write) a poem.

We (play) a game.
They (work) in field.

You (dig) the field.

Present He (sing) a song.
Perfect She (eat) an apple.
I (write) a poem.

We (play) a game.

They (work) in field.
You (dig) the field.

Present He (sing) a song.

Perfect She (eat) an apple.

Continuous I (write) a poem.

We (play) a game.

They (work) in field.

You (dig) the field.

Simple He (sing) a song.
Past She (eat) an apple.

I (write) a poem.

We (play) a game.

They (work) in field.
You (dig) the field.

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Past He (sing) a song.

Continuous She (eat) an apple.

I (write) a poem.

We (play) a game.

They (work) in field.

You (dig) the field.

Past He (sing) a song.
Perfect She (eat) an apple.

I (write) a poem.

We (play) a game.

They (work) in field.

You (dig) the field.

Past He (sing) a song.

Perfect She (eat) an apple.

Continuous I (write) a poem.

We (play) a game.

They (work) in field.

You (dig) the field.

Simple He (sing) a song.
Future She (eat) an apple.

I (write) a poem.

We (play) a game.

They (work) in field.

You (dig) the field.

Future He (sing) a song.

Continuous She (eat) an apple.

I (write) a poem.

We (play) a game.

They (work) in field.

You (dig) the field.

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Future He (sing) a song.
Perfect She (eat) an apple.

I (write) a poem.

We (play) a game.

They (work) in field.

You (dig) the field.

Future He (sing) a song.

Perfect She (eat) an apple.
Continuous

I (write) a poem.

We (play) a game.

They (work) in field.
You (dig) the field.

Grammar Focus: Present Tense

Rules Examples

Simple present tense states:
 universal, general truths
 habitual, regular actions Water flows down.

 scheduled future actions Blood is thicker than water.

 proverbs and quotations I always get up early in the morning.

The bus leaves at 6:30 am.
 scenes of stories, dramas, fictions, Knowledge is power.

films, etc. In Bahubali 2 Kattapa kills Bahubali.
 adverbs: always, seldom, daily, I seldom watch movies.

usually, occasionally, hardly, He hardly speaks English.

now-a-days, rarely, sometimes, I visit my uncle every Saturday.

never, generally, frequently, I do my health check up once a

often, every day, every week, month.

every month, every year, once He frequently visits us.

a week, twice a day, thrice a He brushes his teeth twice a day.

month,whenever, after, every time,

etc.

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Present continuous tense is used

for:
 an action going on at the time of I am studying now.

speaking He is going to Kathmandu tomorrow.
 an action planned to take place in I am visiting Muktinath this year.

the near future Pollution in cities is increasing.
 a long- term process and My health is improving.

development I am living in a rented house.
 a changing situation
 a temporary situation The farmers are still working in the

field.
 adverbs: now, still, at present, at She is meeting you this morning.

the moment, at this time, this What are you doing tomorrow?

morning, afternoon, evening, next It is raining soon.

day, week, month, year, soon, in the I am buying a car in the near future.

near future, tomorrow morning, etc.

Present perfect tense is used for:
 a completed action in the recent I have just taken my lunch.
past
 recent past actions having results He has already come from office.
present I have cut my leg. (It is bleeding.)

 since + point of time We have worked here since May.

 for + period of He has worked for 2 months here.
 interesting
incidents or I have already visited this place.

 experiences He has not come here yet.
adverbs: already, recently, Have you ever seen her?
always, ever, lately, never, not +
yet, just, today, this morning, all the I have not seen her lately.

time, etc.

Present perfect continuous tense is I have been living in a flat.

used for: He has been learning computer.
 an action this began at some time She has been working here since

in the past and is still continuing January.
 since +point of time
 for +period of time We have been waiting for a bus for an

 all +present time hour.

He has been writing all morning.
 verbs: stay, live, wait, work, sleep, I have been waiting for you for a long

read, etc. time.

Where have you been staying these

days?

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Instant Practice

Complete the following sentences using simple present or present continuous
tense.

1. Where____ they usually ____in the summer? (go)

2. What ____ the boy ____at the moment? (do)

3. Look! It ____ to rain! Let´s go inside. (begin)

4. The bar ____ at 6:45 and ____at 10:30 every day. (open, close)

5. We ___ not ___anything special right now. We ___ just____TV. (do / watch)

6. Hello, Bob! What ____you ____there now? (do)
7. You must always speak to him in English. He ____ not ____Spanish.
(understand)
8. Listen! Somebody ____ the piano upstairs. Who can it be? (play)
9. What ____you ____doing when you are at home? (like)
10. Why ____you ____English now? Are you planning to go to the USA?
(study)
11. Why ____you always ____ home so late every night? (Get)
12. Look at that man. He____a green uniform. He must be a police officer.
(wear)
13. They _____the weekend in Miami. (spend)
14. Look! The bus____ over there! (come)
15. Listen! Those children____ Spanish! (speak)
16. There´s a man in the garden. He____ the grass. (cut)
17. There are several students in the gym. They ______. (work out)
18. Our friends_____ Disney World today. (visit)
19. The train_____ at the station at this time. (arrive)

20. You_____ the exercises well now. (do)

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Grammar Focus: Past Tense

Rules Examples

Simple past tense is used to: He died of cancer last year.
 denote an action completed in the I used to visit temple every Saturdays.

past The earthquake took many lives in
 express past habits
 express the historic events Nepal.

 with when clause When he beat me, I cried.

 adverbials: I went Manang last Friday.

He wrote three essays in two hours.

yesterday, ago, last night, week, day, I saw her long time ago.

month, year, century, in the past, in My father came two days ago.

+ past time, just now, a few minutes I came just now.

ago, long time ago, three days ago, There was an earthquake five minutes

when, while, until, before, after, once, ago.

as soon as, 2005, etc.

Past continuous tense is used: He was singing all morning yesterday.
 denote an action going on at some I was walking at this time last

time in the past Saturday.
 to refer to a temporary situation in She was living in flat during winter.

the past The telephone rang while I was
 with while clause
reading.
 with ' all +past time': all day I was crying all last night.

yesterday, all last night ,Sunday, week, I was visiting Jomsom last Sunday.

month, year, at thistime yesterday, at He was sleeping all day yesterday.

this moment yesterday, etc.

Past perfect tense is used to: I had seen that film in 2012.
 denote an action completed before We had visited them three years back.

a certain moment in the past. They had finished their project before
 show which of two actions in the the deadline was over.

past happened earlier than the The patient had died before the doctor

other. came.
 simple past for 2nd action, past I had reached there before the train

perfect for 1st action left.
 as soon as +past perfect + simple As soon as I finished my homework, I

past slept.

Past perfect continuous tense I had been cutting grass in the field.
is used for an action that began at We had been playing in the ground.
certain point in the past and continued The cow had been grazing.
up to that time.

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Instant Practice

Change the following sentences into past tense.
1. Bob wants to know how many people there are.
2. He believes he can do it.
3. Nutan hopes he can be there early
4. He says he has to work hard every day
5. Mina says she is very sorry.
6. She says she is in kathmandu.
7. He wants to know where she is.
8. You don´t know where Mary is.
9. I don´t think Biplab likes the new job.
10. We know where she lives.
11. Do you think he works hard?
12. I think I can meet you.
13. You think it may rain this evening.
14. It is hot this afternoon.
15. We think Mr. Jones may be in his office.
16. I think there´ll be a lot of work to do.
17. The boy says he has seen the movie.
18. The girl says she is studying for a test.
19. The weather man predicts it will rain.
20. The young man tells us he is married.

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Grammar Focus: Future Tense

Rules Examples

Simple future tense is used: We will come to your shop this
 for an action that has still to take Sunday.

place I will buy an I-phone tomorrow.
 with 'If clause'
If you call me, I will come to your
 I (don’t) think, I (don’t) expect, I am house.

sure, probably + Simple Future If it rains, we’ll stay at home.

Tense I think she will surely win the match.
 with the following time adverbials: I am sure I will be first this time.

soon, tomorrow, tonight, shortly, I don’t think he will pass the driving

next time, day, week, month, year, in test.

a few minutes, days, weeks, months, I will call you after this class.

years, etc. They will marry in a couple of weeks.

Future continuous tense is used: I will be sleeping at this time
 for an action going on at some time tomorrow.

in future He will be performing a song next
 for future events that are planned month.
 with following adverbials: at this We will be playing football at this

time tomorrow, at this moment moment tomorrow.

tomorrow, etc. I will be drawing a picture at this time

tomorrow.

Future perfect tense is used: We will have reached there by 2
 to indicate the completion of action o’clock.

by a certain future time I will have posted this letter by
 by + time, before + time, in + period tomorrow.

of time He will have completed the project in

three years.

I will have bought a car by 2035.

Future perfect continuous tense is By next year, she will have been

used: working in this office for three years.
 'by, before + future time' and 'for+ I will have been learning computer for

period of time' a month by next Saturday.
 'in + period of time' and 'for +

period of time'

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Instant Practice

Complete the following sentences using future perfect tense.
1. When you arrive at midday tomorrow, the Johnsons _____ already.
(leave)
2. By the end of March, the weather ______considerably.(change)
3. If you come at noon tomorrow, we______ the work. (finish)
4. If he gets here at 6 o´clock, they ______ home. (go)
5. If he doesn´t hurry, they_____ dinner when he gets there. (have)
6. By December, the students____ their first course. (complete)
7. I ______ in this country for two years next October. (be)
8. By tomorrow, I ____ all these grammar rules. (forget)
9. When he becomes a man, he _____ many things. (learn)
10. By this time next month, you _____ from your illness. (recover)
11. Before they leave New York next Sunday, they _____ the most important
places of interest. (visit)
12. By two o´clock, they _____ and ____. (come - go)
13. By the end of this month, I _____ reading this book. (finish)
14. By the end of this year, I _____ this course in English. (complete)
15. By the time I retire, I _____ as a teacher for thirty-five years. (work)

1 ASSESS YOURSELF

Complete the following sentences using correct form of verbs.
1. Shhh!! The little boy (sleep) .He (sleep) for ten hours every night.
2. Right now I´m in class and I (sit) at my desk. I usually (sit) at the same
desk in class every day.

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3. Mustafa comes from Saudi Arabia .He (speak) Arabic. Arabic is his native
language, but right now he (speak) English.

4. Our teacher (stand, not) up right now. He (sit) on the corner of his desk.

5. It´s 7 o´clock now. Mrs. Regmi at home. She (eat) dinner. She always
(eat) dinner with her family around six o´clock.

6. It (rain, not) right now. The sun (shine) and the sky (be) blue.

7. (rain, it), much in the South in the winter?

8. Look out of the window. (rain, it) now? Should I take my umbrella?

9. It´s 7:30 a.m. now and the couple (be) in their kitchen.

10. Mrs. Rai (sit) at the breakfast table. She (read) the morning paper.

11. She (read) the newspaper every morning.

12. Mr. Sharma (pour) a cup of coffee. He (drink) two cups of coffee every
morning before he (go) to work.

13. There´s a cartoon on TV now, but the children (watch, not) it. They (play)
with their toys instead.

14. They usually (watch) cartoons in the morning, but this morning they (pay,
not) any attention to the TV. Mr. and Mrs. Thapa (watch, not) TV either.
They (like, not) to watch cartoons.

15. Alina (take, not) the bus to work every day. She usually (walk) instead.

16. (take, you) the bus to get to work every day, or (walk, you) sometimes?

2 ASSESS YOURSELF

Complete the following sentences in the simple past or the past perfect tense.

1. Mary ____ already ____ to the cinema when I arrived. (go)

2. They ____ already______ the discussion when we entered the room.
(start)

3. Bob ____ just _____typing the report when the general called him to his
office. (finish)

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4. When the police arrived, the thief ____already_____. (disappear)

5. She said she ____ there several times before. (be)

6. As soon as he opened the door, he noticed that someone ______ his TV
set. (steal)

7. The policeman told us that we_____ the wrong road. (take)

8. They arrived only ten minutes after John____. (leave)

9. By the time the firemen arrived, the neighbours ____ already ____ the fire.
(put out)

10. Mary ____already _____ to bed when we arrived home last night. (go)

11. Robert____ (be) a taxi driver before he____ (become) a businessman.

12. Mr. Sharma____ (feel) a little better after he____ (take) the medicine.

13. The teacher____ (give, already) the test results when I____ (get) to class.

14. The detectives____ (leave) the place after they___(collect) enough
evidence.

15. By the time the meeting ____(be) over, the rain _____ (already, stop)

16. The show____ (begin, already)by the time we (get)____to the theatre, so we
quietly ____(take) a seat in the back.

17. Millions of years ago, dinosaurs____ (roam) the earth, but they (become,
already) extinct by the time man first____ (appear).

18. The students____ (see, never) any of Renoir´s paintings before they____
(visit) the art gallery.

19. Garima almost missed her plane. All of the other passengers____
(board, already) by the time she (get) to the boarding gate.

20. Yesterday at a restaurant, I____ (see) Deepak Pulami, an old friend of mine.
I____ (see, not) him in years. At first, I (recognize, not) him because he
____ (lose) at least fifteen kilos.

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3 ASSESS YOURSELF 175

Change the following sentences into past tense.
1. Peter comes here every week.
2. I buy the newspaper every Sunday.
3. They go to Europe every year.
4. Mary visits her parents every month.
5. I write to Mary every week-end.
6. They eat fish every Friday.
7. Bob washes the car every Saturday.
8. We watch TV every night.
9. The postman brings a letter every Monday.
10. We have a test every week.
11. The boy reads a book every month.
12. I give the boy a present every year.
13. Peter drives to Baltimore every Sunday.
14. We enjoy our vacation every summer.
15. It rains a lot here every winter.

4 ASSESS YOURSELF

Change the following sentences into future tense.
1. They receive a letter every week.
2. I sleep well every night.
3. Father tells the boy a story every night.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

4. Mother makes an apple pie every Saturday.
5. They sell lots of books every year.
6. There´s a lot of work in the office today.
7. There are two books missing from the shelf.
8. How much milk is there in the fridge?
9. There aren´t many hotels in this town.
10. Is there enough money for the trip?
11. How many people are there on board?
12. There isn´t much time to talk.
13. There are very few people in the pub.
14. Are there many errors in the bill?
15. There´s very little whisky left.

5 ASSESS YOURSELF

Complete the following sentences using the past continuous tense.
1. The sun _____ when Peter got up this morning. (shine)
2. Binod _____ the report when Mr. Magar entered the room. (read)
3. The students _____ rugby when it began to rain. (play)
4. We _____ the road when the accident happened. (cross)
5. At that time, everyone ____ to go to work. (get ready)
6. I _____ to the coast when the car broke down. (drive)
7. We _____ near the river that evening. (camp)
8. Ann _____ in Germany when the war broke out. (live)
9. When we got to the station, the train ____. (leave)

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10. We _____ when the lights went out last night. (have dinner)
11. Mrs. Brown _____ the shopping when she had the accident. (do)
12. Mary and John _____ in the park when we saw them yesterday. (walk)
13. I _____ to the news at that moment. (listen)
14. The students _____ to school then. (go)
15. Mr. Smith _____ for the bus. (wait)
16. Mary ____ as a secretary all her college years. (work)

6 ASSESS YOURSELF

Complete the following sentences using the correct form of the verbs given in
bracket.
1. Listen! Mary _____the piano now. (play)
2. We_____ our vacation in Kathmandu next year. (spend)
3. At 10:30 last night, we ____television. (watch)
4. John usually _____here on Tuesday. (come)
5. Mr. Bhatta _____ a very good movie last night. (see)
6. They _____ English very often. (practise)
7. What ____you ____at this time yesterday? (do)
8. They ____ not ___the story at the moment. (read)
9. What ___the Johnson ____ last Saturday? (do)
10. What _____Mary_____ at this time tomorrow? (do)
11. ____n´t you ___the newspaper this morning? (buy)
12. Jane ____n´t _____ to see me every day. (come)
13. ______you always ____ home at midday? (phone)

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14. _____ your friends ____you when you arrived at their home yesterday?
(expect)
15. Where ____they _____when the World War II started? (live)
16. How often ____your friend ______ to you? (write)
17. What time______ you ____this morning? (get up)
18. What time ____you ___here tomorrow? (be)
19. They ____ n´t ____out tonight because it´s too cold. (go)
20. When ____the Johnsons_____ today or tomorrow? (arrive)

Vocabulary in Use

Match the following sound words with their definitions given below.

bang noise of heavy traffic, noise of a huge waterfall

rustle distant noise of thunder, noise of traffic far away

thud gas, steam escaping through a small hole

crash a metal pan falling on to a concrete floor

clang a door closing in the wind, someone bursting a balloon

clatter opening a paper, plastic bag, dry leaves underfoot

hiss a heavy object falling on to a carpeted floor

rumble a big, solid, heavy object falling on to a hard floor

roar a big bell ringing, a hollow metal object being struck

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Guided Composition:Letter of Application

Read the following application letter to your class teacher for sick leave.

Address Gongabu, Kathmandu
Date April 20, 2019

AIdndsirdeess The Class Teacher
Subject Nepal Police School
Samakhusi, Kathmandu, Nepal

Sub: An application for sick leave.

Greeting Dear Sir,

Body Most respectfully, I beg to state that I am unable to attend my
regular classes today because I have been suffering from
continuous fever since yesterday. As it is getting severe, I
believe that it might require a couple of days to fully recover
from it. My father has already taken an appointment with
Dr. Madhu today at 2:00 pm.

Closing I, therefore, would like to sincerely request you to kindly grant
me leave till I fully get recovered from fever for a week. I will
definitely inform you if I require more days’ leave. I would like
to assure you that I will attach the report of doctor in the next
application letter.

I am hopeful for the positive response from you soon.

Yours obedient student,

Ending Kamal Shrestha
Class: 7

Roll No: 5

Now, write a similar application letter to your class teacher asking a week’s
leave for your sister’s marriage.

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T START CHAPTER 11

GE ED

SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT

Read the following description.

Food gives the body the energy it needs for
everything it does, from repairing damaged
cells to sleeping. A calorie is a measure of the
amount of energy a food can produce. The body
changes the calories in food to energy. When a
person eats more food than the body needs,
the body changes the extra calories into fat.

Food also provides the nutrients that the
body needs to function and maintain it. These
nutrients are proteins, carbohydrates, fats and
oils, minerals, vitamins, and water. Meat, fish, poultry, eggs, beans, peas, nuts,
and breads are the sources of protein. Carbohydrates give the body most of the
energy it needs. The body uses fats to maintain its temperature and to cushion
organs.

Minerals serve a variety of purposes. Calcium, for example, builds bones and
teeth and helps to clot blood. The body also needs vitamins. Vitamin C keeps
gums healthy and helps the body absorb iron. Vitamin D works with calcium
and phosphorus to make strong bones and teeth. Water is important in many
chemical reactions in the body. Water also helps the body throw away wastes
and maintain its temperature. Water makes up about 60 percent of an adult’s
body weight.

Do You Know? In the above given description, the words in coloured words

show relationship between subject and verb. A verb must agree with its subject
in number and pronoun.

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Speaking Practice

Answer these questions based on the given description.
a. What are singular subjects?
b. What are plural subjects?
c. What are singular verbs?
d. What are plural verbs?
e. What are the subjects that start with uncountable nouns?
f. Does an uncountable subject take singular or plural verb?

Quick Tip

The relationship between subject and verb is called subject- verb
agreement.

Grammar Focus: Subject Verb Agreement

 Singular subject V5/was / is / has, does takes singular verb.
Mina has an ability to communicate with people effectively.
The dog always barks in the morning.
All his money was spent on clothes.
Sony is an honest girl.
Nita does her work herself.
Alina hasn’t taken her lunch yet.
Does your father love you?
The bus leaves at 6:00 in the morning.
It is raining heavily outside.

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 Plural subject V1/were/ are/ have do takes plural verb.
Cats love fish.
The rich are proud of their wealth.
We were jealous of your success.
These boys are obedient to their trainer.
I have a house in the village.
We don’t have any problem now.
Do you know how to install this app?
These players play well.
Mohan and Nabin dance well.

Instant Practice

Write correct verbs to complete the following sentences.

1. I ____ (has/have) two brothers. One of my brothers ____ (is/are)a
teacher and another ____ (work/works) in a company. Both of them _____
hard working.(is/are)

2. _____ (Do/Does) he go to school regularly? He ____ (was/were) an
irregular student last year. The school often ____ (complain/complains) about
it.

3. Why____ (do/does) people feel bored? ____ (Is/Are) it because we ____ (do
not/does not) have anything that ____ (interest/interests) us?

4. My two sisters always _____ (go/goes) to work together. They ___ (say/says)
that they ____ (are/is) punctual at work. Unpunctuality _____ (do not/does
not) suit them.

5. The building ____ (cover/covers) 5 acres of land and ____ (has/have) twenty
eight rooms.

The following sentences are incorrect. Rewrite after you correct them.

1. We has a beautiful house.

2. They always beats me on the head.

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3. Her uncle were calling her.
4. Are this apples god?
5. Do he sing well?
6. Does you like this house?
7. Has his sons got any awards?
8. Have he informed you about the accident?
9. My friend always visit me on saturday.
10. It have some sense.

Listening Practice

Repeat these words after your teacher.

Singular Verbs: becomes, beats, begins, bites, buys, catches, cuts, digs,
does, dreams, drinks, finds, flies, forgets, eats, drives, fights, gets, goes, keeps,
leaves, lets, makes, knows, learns, meets, pays, reads, rides, sits, sees, sets,
swims, tears, understands, says, sends, sleeps, speaks, spends, steals, sweeps,
teaches, tells, throws, wakes, weeps, wins, strikes, writes, withstands, etc.

Plural Verbs: become, beat, begin, bite, buy, catch, cut, dig, do, dream, drink,
find, fly, forget, eat, drive, fight, get, go, keep, leave, let, make, know, learn, meet,
pay, read, ride, sit, see, set, swim, tear, understand, say, send, sleep, peak, spend,
teal, weep, teach, tell, throw, wake, weep, win, strike, write, withstand, etc.

Grammar Focus: Verb Agreement with Singular Subject

 Two or more subjects joined by ‘as well as’, ‘with’, ‘together with’, ‘along
with’, accompanied by’, ‘including’, ‘in addition’, ‘no less than’, etc. take
verb according to the former subject.

The principal as well as his students is going to the library.

My brother with his friends always goes for yoga.

The goat together with other cows grazes fondly.

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The manager along with all his staff works hard.
The captain accompanied by other players is coming today.
The Prime Minister including his ministers has resigned from his post.
This exercise in addition to many other is difficult to solve.
The class contains no less than 50 students.
 Some nouns ending in –s are plural in form, but singular in meaning .
a. Field of study/subjects: mathematics, linguistics, statistics, economics,
ethics, physics, ethics, politics, gymnastics, athletes
b. Diseases and Injuries: measles, shambles, rabies, AIDS, mumps,
tuberculosis, syphilis, paralysis, crisis, diabetes, shingles, rickets, etc.
c. Games and Sports: rounders, table tennis, checkers/ draughts, noughts
and crosses, musical bumps, fives, billiards, bowls, darts, dominoes, etc.

This statistics is incorrect.
Mathematics is a difficult subject.
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease.
Billiards has a wide range scope.
Table tennis seems suitable game for you.
 If the noun suggests one idea to the mind or refers to the something,
the verb is singular.
Thread and needle is required to sew this cloth.
Rice and curry is my main food.
Time and tide waits for none.
 A sheep/ deer/ fish/ policeman/ clergyman takes singular verb.
A deer is grazing in the field.
A policeman is on duty.
Our one ship was lost in the forest.

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A clergyman is a male priest or minister in the Christian Church.

This fish tastes horrible.
 Two or more nouns qualified by each or every, joined by ‘and’ require
singular verb.

Each and every boy has not done homework.

Every teacher, parent and student is conscious about value based
education.

Every student and every teacher is in school uniform.
 If the subject of a sentence begins with ‘either of / neither of / each of /
one of / everyone of + plural nouns, it must be followed by singular
verb.

Either of these players plays well.

Neither of them has good communication skill.

Each of these books is good for students.

One of the boys doesn’t have his book.

Every one of the students enjoys my class.
 Phrases beginning with a chain of / a bunch of / a bouquet of / a batch
of / a galaxy of / a series of / a packet of +plural nouns generally take
singular verb.

A bunch of flower is on the floor.

A galaxy of stars is seen in the sky.
 Subjects that are about specific quantity or amount, distance,
measurement and arithmetic sums often have a singular verb.
Fifty miles is a long distance.

Twenty meters of cloth is required to cover the area.

Forty thousand rupees is enough for my study.

Twelve hours equals to a day.

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Ten months is enough to finish this task.
Six plus three equals nine.
Twelve minus five is seven.
Ninety dollars is a lot of money.
 Plural noun which is a proper noun for some single object or some
collective unit must be followed by a singular verb.
The United States is one of the most developed countries in the world.
The Arabian Nights has got mammoth popularity.
Tom and Jerry pleases many children.
 Gerund and to-infinitive as subject is always followed by singular
verb.
To delay justice is to deny justice.
Smoking in public places is against the law of the country.
Exchanging things which are of about equal value is fair exchange.
Lightning never strikes twice in the same place.
Nothing succeeds like success
To err is human.
Caring for someone should begin with those closest and dearest to you
before others.
 Indefinite pronouns as subjects have the following type of agreement.
Always Singular: anyone, everyone, someone, no one, everybody, anybody,
nobody, somebody, everything, nothing, anything, something, each, every,
either, neither, much, little, one, another, enough, other,etc.

Is there anyone in the class?
Everyone has a special quality.
Someone is knocking at the door.

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No one wants to be ruined.

Everybody knows the Prime Minister.

Either of us has a problem.
One of the teachers is coming.

Grammar Focus: Verb Agreement with Plural Subject

 Modal auxiliary verbs such as will/would/ can/ could/shall/should/
may/might /ought to/ must/need to/dare to/used to, etc. are always
followed by plural verbs even if the subject is singular.
I will convey this message to your parents tomorrow.
I would appreciate if you could kindly help me.
What shall I do for you?
We should have good communication skill.
It may rain today.
We might defeat them if we played well.
They can overcome any difficult situations.
He could attract the attention of others with his dancing skills.
You ought to take care of yourself first.
I must complete this project right now.
We need to be there on time.
Most of them dare to delay the work.
They used to organize a dancing competition every year.
 Two or more nouns or pronouns joined by ‘and’ often require a plural
verb.
She and I are living together.
Ram and Sita are an ideal couple.
A cat and a dog do not cooperate each other.
My father and mother are going to the market today.

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 Some nouns like staff, cattle, livestock, people, vermin, poultry, sheep,
deer, salmon, fish, police, outskirts, stairs, arms, swine, gentry, and
clergymen take plural verb.
The cattle are grazing in the field.
These stairs are difficult to climb.
The police are investigating the case.
The sheep were grazing in the field.
I have 20 staff working for me.
Many young people are out of work in Nepal.
They live on the outskirts of the city.
 Two or more nouns/pronouns corrected by ‘either.....or.....’ and
‘neither......nor......’ take verb according to the latter subject.
Either Som or I am good at English.
Neither you nor Diraj learns well.
Either he or we have many problems.
Neither Buna nor her friends are going for hiking.
The government has/have already lost majority.
The jury has/have decided to consider its verdict.
All my family enjoy/enjoys football.
 The subject of a sentence beginning with some of / most of / all of /
a few of / a lot of + plural nouns take a plural verb.
Most of the people are poor in Nepal.
All of us belong to an aristocratic family.
A few of them disobey us.
A lot of people were there at the party.

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 Indefinite pronouns such as, few, many, several, others are always
plural.
Several people are attending the ceremony.
None of us are hard working.
All of them enjoy the party.

1 ASSESS YOURSELF

Choose the correct form of verbs to complete the following sentences.

1. Everyone ______ this leader. (love, loves)

2. Neither the managers nor the employers____ happy with the new timing.
(seem, seems)

3. A list of invitees ______ prepared. (was, were)

4. Designer tables and chairs _____quite a lot. (cost, costs)

5. Either Lisa or Lily usually _____ all the household chores. (do, does)

6. My best friend and severest critic _____ my mother. (is, are)

7. Neither boys nor girls ____ interested in hockey. (is, are)

8. Each minute ____precious. (is, are)

9. Either Indu or Kabi _____ do this work. (has to, have to)

10. A mass of cotton wool and band-aids ____ left on the table. (was, were)

11. A white cat and a black cat _____ sitting on the window sill. (is, are)

12. Dip and Aman ____ brothers. (is, are)

13. Eman and Dipesh ____ to school. (walk, walks)

14. Bread and jam ___ well with milk. (go, goes)

15. Either the labourers or their leader _____ at fault. (was, were)

16. Either the ministers or the administration _____ take the decision. (has to,
have to)

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17. Either the police or the soldiers ____ be on guard. (has to, have to)
18. Either you or your friends _____ mistaken. (is, are)
19. Phurba and Purnima ____ waiting at the bus stop. (is, are)
20. The dog or the cat ____ eaten up the food. (has, have)

2 ASSESS YOURSELF

Choose the correct form of verbs to complete the following sentences.
1. The players as well as their coach____ for morning walk. (go, goes)
2. The principal together with all staff _____hard. (work, works)
3. This room _____(contain, contains) forty people.
4. Physics_____ my best subject. (is, are)
5. Rabies _____ a fatal disease. (is, are)
6. Tuberculosis _____ be cured in time. (has to, have to)
7. These people ____hard all the time. (work, works)
8. Forty staff _____ working here. (is, are)
9. These fish_____ good. (taste, tastes)
10. Many citizens _____ unemployed in Nepal. (is, are)
11. Every person _____their own problem. (have, has)
12. Each of these exercises _____easy to do. (is, are)
13. Either of them _____do well. (has to, have to)
14. One of the boys _____absent today. (is, are)
15. A bunch of keys _____ lying on the floor. (is, are)
16. _____there anyone in the class? (Is, Are)
17. Several people _____killed in an earthquake. (was, were)

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18. To live long _____to experience the world much. (are, is)
19. Reading always_____ me. (interest, interests)
20. To make a quarrel _____two persons. (need, needs)

3 ASSESS YOURSELF

Choose the correct form of verbs to complete the following sentences.

1. Everybody _____ him. (know, knows)

2. Everything in the capital _____now quiet. (is, are)

1. Everyone _____do their work honestly. (has to, have to)

2. He never _____ to see me these days.(comes, come)

3. Her books _____ lying about on the floor. (was, were)

4. No one else of my acquaintance _____ rich or successful. (was, were)

5. There _____ lights still ablaze as they drove up to the house. (was, were)

6. God _____those who help themselves. (help, helps)

7. Bread and butter _____my wholesome food. (is, are)

8. The teacher and coordinator_____ present today. (is, are)

9. The teacher and the coordinator_____ present today. (is, are)

10. Somebody _____to convey you some message. (wants, want)

11. All my books _____been lost. (have, has)

12. All my money _____spent on food. (was, were)

13. Everything _____as usual. (happen, happens)

14. Nothing _____me. (interest, interests)

15. Fire and water _____agree. (do not, does not)

16. My friend _____pay attention to his studies. (do not, does not)

17. The water of this river _____much salt. (contain, contains)

18. Both of the boys_____ killed in an accident. (was, were) 191
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

19. None of us _____attending the party today. (is, are)
20. Almost all students _____participating in programme. (are, is)

4 ASSESS YOURSELF

Choose the correct form of verbs to complete the following sentences.
1. Both the complainants ____ be present for the hearing. (has to, have to)
2. Bread and jam _____well with milk. (go, goes)
3. Different models of cars ____available in this showroom. (is, are)
4. Each moment of time _____ precious. (is, are)
5. Previously the jury _____divided on its verdict. (was, were)
6. Either the ministers or the secretary _____ take the decision. (has to, have
to)
7. Many students _____ present for the ceremony. (was, were)
8. Either you or your friends _____wrong. (is, are)
9. Fifty paisa _____equal to half a rupee. (is, are)
10. Pickwick Papers ____written by Charles Dickens. (was, were)
11. Half a kilo of sugar ____left. (is, are)
12. The United Nations ____ taking an important decision against North Korea.
(is, are)
13. Just a minute of your time _____. (work, works)
14. My best friend and severest critic ____my brother. (is, are)
15. The mob ____scattered now. (has, have)
16. No one ____heard from him for the past ten months. (has, have)

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17. One of the delegates ____ just finished his speech. (has, have)
18. The jury ____united on its verdict. (was, were)
19. Ramhari or Ganesh ___ present at the party. (was, were)
20. The news ____true. (is, are)

5 ASSESS YOURSELF

Choose the correct form of verbs to complete the following sentences.
21. Saba and Alan ____ waiting at the bus stop. (is, are)
22. It ___ such a beautiful day that everyone is enjoying it. (is, are)
23. Ten thousand rupees ___ a lot of money. (is, are)
24. The Harry Potter ____ still very popular with children. (is, are)
25. An angry crowd ____assembled at the accident site. (has, have)
26. The army ____on the march. (is, are)
27. A committee ____been formed. (has, have)
28. The colour of those flowers ____appealing. (is, are)
29. A list of invitees ____prepared. (was, were)
30. The dog or the cat ____eaten up the food. (has, have)
31. A mass of cotton wool and other materials ___ left on the table. (is, are)
32. The furniture in that show room ___ expensive. (is, are)
33. A white cat and a black cat ____sitting on the window sill. (is, are)
34. These designer tables and chairs ____ quite a lot. (cost, costs)
35. Two-thirds of the work ____ complete. (is, are)
36. Watching this programme ____ quite odd. (is, are)

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37. Yam and Ali ____ playing now. (is, are)
38. You and he ____ invited. (is, are)
39. The king ____ an heir to the throne. (needs, need)
40. Many good boys _____ to take drugs. (like, likes)

Vocabulary in Use

Fill in the gaps choosing one of the words given below.

scissors, pliers, pincers, tweezers, tongs, binoculars, scales, handcuffs,
shears, spectacles

_______ is a tool for cutting paper or cloth.

_______ are eye glasses.

_______ arevery large pair of scissors used for cutting bushes.

_______ are a pair of metal rings used for holding the wrists of a prisoner

together.

_______ are weight measuring devices.

_______ are instruments that bring distant objects nearer.

_______ are tools used for picking up and holding things.

_______ are small tools used for picking up very small things.

_______ are metal tools used for holding things firmly and pullingthings.

_______ are metal tools used for holding things firmly and cutting wires.

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Guided Composition: Personal Letter

A letter is a message that is written down or printed on paper and usually put in an
envelope and sent to somebody else in order to communicate with them.

A personal letter is written to friends, relatives, family members and among others
who are in close contact with us. We are to communicate informally in personal
letters. Here is a personal letter about hobby of a friend.

Address Gongabu, Kathmandu

Date May 20, 2019
Greeting
Dear friend,
Body By the grace of god, everything is going well here and hope
everything is alright there too. Your letter is to my hand just
Closing now. I am quite happy at your mammoth success in sports.
Ending As you had asked about my hobbies, I am going to describe
about the same in this letter now.
Every person is born with certain hobbies and interests.
Some are nature lovers while some of them like to read and
make friends. Some have interest in games and sports while
some are eager in public speaking. As an individual, I would
like to pursue public speaking as my hobby. Public speaking,
as I believe, is one of the platforms that one can expose
one’s inherent qualities to the public. I would like to be a
great public speaker. I would like to visit to different parts
of the country and across the world as invitees to give my
opinion to a large heterogeneous group of people.
So far I have participated in many oratories, poem recitation,
debate and speech competitions and stood in leading
positions. This has significantly inspired me to be a public
speaker. I listen to the speech given by Martin Luther King,
Einstein, Barack Obama and so on and watch many videos
related to it. Such things are inspiring and cultivating my
hobby. Recently, I have been preparing for the national level
debate. I hope I will do better there. What about you? Please
keep writing to me if you have anything to communicate and
if I will be able to help you with your problem.

With best regards,

Yours best friend,

Rabin

Postscript P.S: Please convey my regard to papa and mama and love
to sister Amrita

Now write similar letter to your friend describing your hobbies.

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T START CHAPTER 12

GE ED

VOICE

Read the following description.

A tall, treelike grass, the bamboo is
found in tropical and subtropical to
mild temperate regions. More than 350
species, or types, of bamboo are found
in the world. Most species are found
in Southeast Asia and on islands of the
Indian and Pacific oceans. A few types
of bamboo are found in Nepal too. The
stems of bamboo are called culms.
They are woody and hollow, and can
be grown in clusters of branches from a
thick underground stem called a rhizome. As many as 100 stems may be grown
from a single root.

Bamboo is used for a variety of purposes in Nepal. The seeds are eaten as grain.
The young shoots of some bamboos are cooked and eaten as vegetables. The
leaves are used as food for cattle. The pulped fibres of several bamboo species
are used to make fine-quality paper. The stems of bamboo have a number of
uses. The largest stems are used as planks for houses and rafts. Bamboo stems
are often tied together to form scaffolding used on building construction sites. The
stems are also split to make buckets and pipes or are used to make furniture,
walking sticks, fishing poles, garden stakes, chopsticks, and other utensils. Fine-
grained silica has been used as a medicine in Asian countries.

Do You Know? The coloured words in the above given description are in

passive voice. If the object is affected by the action of the verb, that is active voice
and if the subject is affected by the action of the verb, that is in passive voice.

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Speaking Practice

Answer these questions based on the given description.
a. What is voice?
b. What is active voice?
c. What is passive voice?
d. What are the subjects in the given sentences?
e. What are the objects in the given sentences?
f. Who does an action in the active voice?
g. Who does an action in the passive voice?

Listening Practice

Reproduce these sentences after your teacher.

Active Voice Passive Voice
He writes an essay. An essay is written by him.
He is writing an essay. An essay is being written by him.
He has written an essay. An essay has been written by him.
He wrote an essay. An essay was written by him.
He was writing an essay. An essay was being written by him.
He had written an essay. An essay had been written by him.
He will write an essay. An essay will be written by him.
He will have written an essay. An essay will have been written by him.
He can write an easy. An essay can be written by him.
He has to write an essay. An essay has to be written by him.

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Quick Tip

Both active and passive sentences have same meaning. An action is
acted upon in the passive voice but an active voice is different types of
simple sentences.

Grammar Focus: Subject and Object Change

Active Voice: Ram writes to Kristal.

Passive Voice: Kristal is written to by Ram.

Active Voice: Dinesh invited Dikshya.

Passive Voice: Dikshya was invited by Dinesh.

Active Voice: He composed a song.

Passive Voice: A song was composed by him.

Active Voice: They helped Mohan.

Passive Voice: Mohan was helped by them

Quick Tip

Nouns do not get changed but the forms of pronouns are changed while
changing an active sentence into passive.

Passive of sentences having two objects

Active Voice: Ram writes a letter to Kristal.

Passive Voice: A letter is written to Kristal by Ram.

Active Voice: I called him a liar.

Passive Voice: He was called a liar by me.

Active Voice: He gave me a note copy.

Passive Voice: A note copy was given to me by him.

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Quick Tip

Sentences having two objects have passive construction using either of
the objects. However, the first object is easier to take.

Passive of sentences having subjects like somebody, someone, nobody no
one, people, etc.

Active Voice: Somebody called me.

Passive Voice: I was called.

Active Voice: Someone broke down my house.

Passive Voice: My house was broken down.

Active Voice: People are destroying the forest.

Passive Voice: The forest is being destroyed.

Quick Tip

Indefinite pronouns as subjects are not used in passive voice.

Grammar Focus: Pronoun Change

Active voice Passive voice
I Me
Us
We You
You Him
He Her
She It

It Them
They

Active Voice Passive Voice

I crack a joke. A joke is cracked by me.

We visit the zoo. The zoo is visited by us.

You drive a car. A car is driven by you.

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He lifts a load. A load is lifted by him.
She draws a picture. A picture is drawn by her.
It says no. No is said by it.
They scold Nim. Nim is scolded by them.

Instant Practice

Fill in the blank spaces with correct pronouns.
Active Voice Passive Voice

1. I buy an umbrella. An umbrella is bought by _______.
2. We sell fruits. Fruits are sold by______.

3. You read an article. An article is read by _______.

4. He brings water. Water is brought by_______.

5. She throws a stone. A stone is thrown by_______.

6. It conveys meaning. Meaning is conveyed by_______.

]7. They build a house. A house is built by_______.

8. I ring a bell. A bell is rung by_______.

9. We write to the Council. The Council is written to by_______.

10. You call Riya. Riya is called by_______.

11. He invited Hem. Hem was invited by_______.

12. She praised Juna. Juna was praised by_______.

13. It communicates something. Something is communicated by___.

14. They start a shop. A shop is started by_______.

15. Hem and Jem play basketball. Basketball is played by_______.

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