grammar 7 final -2077 press print

3. The students talked noisily. 101
4. Come here!
5. Have you seen my cat anywhere?
6. We arrived early.
7. He drove carelessly.
8. Oman talked to his friend for over an hour.
9. I haven’t seen my cousins for two years.
10. I’m going to my new school tomorrow.
11. The train has already left.
12. Let’s go now.
13. Tom spoke politely to his teacher.
14. We stayed up all night talking.
15. My brother is studying at an English university.
16. Please speak clearly.
17. They live on the northern side of the island.
18. We waited for ages for a bus.
19. Please write legibly.
20. The children are playing outside.

3 ASSESS YOURSELF

Underline adverbs in the following sentences and write their types.
1. Alice lived next door.
2. David arrived late.
3. Everyone arrived early.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

4. Have you ever been to Japan?
5. He often swims in the evening.
6. My friend was driving carelessly.
7. The workers are moving the rubbish away.
8. I’ll never make that mistake again.
9. There are trees everywhere.
10. Kamal plays the piano skillfully.
11. Liza is always cheerful.
12. Please speak in a clear voice.
13. Ram is behaving like a baby.
14. Sometimes I ride my bike to school.
15. The children always go to school on the bus.
16. Some miners are working underground.
17. The plane landed safely.
18. Some of these shops are often very busy.
19. They are going abroad to study.
20. We’ve been to Dhading twice.

4 ASSESS YOURSELF

Rewrite the following adjectives as adverbs.

slow cool beautiful
wise
comfortable strong brave
busy
tidy quiet

merry soft

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neat clear brilliant
bright
careful bad late

aggressive honest

5 ASSESS YOURSELF

Write whether the following underlined words are adverbs or adjectives.
1. The teacher smiled kindly.
2. She has a lovely smile.
3. The children in my class are very friendly.
4. John had no friends and felt very lonely.
5. It was raining, so they wisely decided to stay in.
6. My dad buys a daily newspaper.
7. Some snakes are deadly.
8. I’ve nearly finished my homework.
9. I shook hands politely with the head teacher.
10. They played some very lively games.

6 ASSESS YOURSELF

Identify the adverbs in the paragraph. State what type of adverb each one is.

Abiral hates getting up early so he often lies in bed too long. Then he has to finish
his breakfast quickly and run fast to catch the bus. The traffic is usually heavy so
he arrives at work late. He has to work hard and seldom takes a lunch break. He
has been working there since January and thoroughly enjoys what he is doing.
He hopes to be given a promotion soon. His employer is encouraging him to
study further and has offered to help him financially.

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Guided Composition: Essay Writing

An Essay is a regular and connected writing about any subject. It may be narration
of some individual, description of some substance, some creature, building,
plant or some topic of abstract qualities, such as ‘Youth’, ‘Friendship’, ‘Truth’,
‘Discipline’, ‘Love,’ etc.

Parts of an essay:

 Introduction

 Supporting Paragraphs

 Summary Paragraphs

Read the following essay.

Importance of school uniform

Students wearing school uniform is a good idea. In fact, uniforms would help
schools provide a better education to all students by reducing socioeconomic
differences and improving discipline among students.

Wearing uniforms is good because they build a sense of community. Everyone
from the same school wear the same clothes. The students know if someone
is from their school right away. It makes it easier for students, rich or poor, to
make friends with people. They don’t have to worry about what to wear in the
morning because they always know. Also they don’t have to spend much money
on clothes.

Many students think it is unfair that students could wear whatever they
wanted. Then everyone would be able to dress the way they want to and be
individualistic. Some people say uniforms would make bad students behave
better. Because they wouldn’t always be talking about who has a better
sneakers or better jeans.

School uniforms will constantly remind students that they are indeed in
school and they’re in school to learn. Getting dressed for school itself will be
a form of discipline that students will carry into the classroom. Though
many students will complain, requiring school students to wear uniforms makes
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sense, students will learn more both about themselves and about the world
around them.

Student Life

Human life is divided into some periods. The period which is spent in educational
institutions for giving education is called student life. It is the seed time of human
life. It is a period of preparation for earning knowledge and a real life.

The main object of student is to devote to his study. All his learning should aim at
cultivating good qualities. Proper use of time is the key to success. Waste of his
time and energy is very much harmful. THe sucess and happiness of a student
largely depends on it.

During his leisure time he should take part in social service. In natural calamities
like cyclones, drough, flood, etc. He has to stand by the distressed and the suffers.
HE can play a role to remove the illiteracy. He must be well disciplined and good
natured. He must show respect to his superiors. He must be polite, gentle and
modest in his behaviour.

A student of today is the future leader. He must work hard to make himself a
dignified person in the family, society and country. Over all, he must be very
active, dutiful and sincere to his studies.

7 ASSESS YOURSELF

Write similar essays in the following topics.
• Importance of education

• Importance of English language

• Importance of physical exercise

• Importance of playground

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T START CHAPTER 7

GE ED

VERBS

Read the following description.

There are many private schools in Kathmandu. Krishal
studies in one of the reputed schools in Kathmandu. He
says, “I am happy here.” It is a new experience for him.
He was studying in a village school. There were no good
facilities there. He used to go to school on foot. He had
faced many problems there. So, his father decided to
bring him in Kathmandu. He has found many differences
between the school in the village and Kathmandu. Schools
in Kathmandu have managed better facilities than the
schools in the village.

He could not play many games before but he can play plenty of games
now. In the village schools, the teacher would say, “You must solve these
questions yourselves.” But, he does not have to worry about it here. What he
needs here is good concentration to his teachers. The teachers carry out very
effective presentation of content through projector. They help students with their
homework. They assign project work and balanced homework. He takes part in
sports and debates. He is happy here.

Do You Know? In the above given description, the coloured words are verbs.

The words like is, am, are, was, were, has, have, had, used to, can, could,
would, must and does are auxiliary verbs. They are also called helping verbs.
These verbs are used in different tenses for making sentences. Words like
studies, says, studying, faced, decided, bring, found, managed, play, say,
solve, have to worry, needs, carry out, help, assign and takes part are main
verbs. They perform different actions in sentences.

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Speaking Practice

Answer these questions based on the given description.
a. Do all sentences have main verbs?
b. Do all sentences have auxiliary verbs?
c. What is the difference between main verb and auxiliary verb?
d. How many auxiliary verbs are there in English?
e. What are the forms of the main verbs used in the description?
f. What are primary auxiliary verbs?
g. What are modal auxiliary verbs?

Quick Tip
Words that express some form of action are called verbs. Most verbs are
action words. They tell you what people, animals or things are doing.

QLuiisctkeTnipin: g Practice

Repeat the following words after your teacher.

 Main Verbs
come, go, sing, play, eat, dance, read, write, listen, act, run, speak, regret, drink,
tell, say, tear

 Auxiliary Verbs

Be: was, were, is, am, are

Have: has, have, had

Do: do, does, did

Modal: can, may, will, shall, could, might, would, should, must, ought to, need to,
dare to, used to

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 Regular Verbs

accept accepted accepted

act acted acted

achieve achieved achieved

admire admired admired

advise advised advised

affect affected affected

agree agreed agreed

amaze amazed amazed

 Irregular Verbs

eat ate eaten

swim swam swum

bring brought brought

hide hid hidden

go went gone

sing sang sung

hit hit hit

Grammar Focus: Main Verbs

The verbs in main clauses are main verbs. There are different forms of main
verbs.

Present Past Past Present Present

participle participle singular

V1 V2 V3 V4 V5

drink drank drunk drinking drinks

look looked looked looking looks

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jump jumped jumped jumping jumps
swum
swim swam fallen swimming swims
eaten
fall fell shouted falling falls
walked
eat ate thrown eating eats
climbed
shout shouted laughed shouting shouts

walk walked walking walks

throw threw throwing throws

climb climbed climbing climbs

laugh laughed laughing laughs

Instant Practice

Circle main verbs and write their types in the following sentences.

1. He arrived at about ten. arrived-V2

2. He enquired her name.

3. He follows me everywhere.

4. He forbids any talking in class.

5. He is now fighting his addiction to alcohol.

6. I hope nothing has happened to them.

7. I wish I hadn’t eaten so much.

8. If metal gets hot it expands.

9. I’m just finishing my book.

10. Inflation continues to accelerate.

11. Just help yourselves.

12. Mario said the very same thing.

13. Our plans had gone badly adrift.

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14. Put it on my account please.

15. She adores working with children.

16. She agreed to let me go early.
17. She expressed a wish to be alone.
18. Temperatures have been above average.
19. The baby had been abandoned by its mother.
20. The boy had been sexually abused.

Grammar Focus: Auxiliary Verb

Be Verb: was, were, is, am, are

Have Verb: has, have, had

Do Verb: do, does, did

Modal Verb: can, may, will, shall, could, might, would, should, must, ought to,
need to, dare to, used to

Instant Practice

Underline the auxiliary verbs and write their types.

1. Jessica is taking Juna at the airport. is-be verb

2. If he doesn’t arrive on time, he will have to take a later flight.

3. Our dinner has been eaten by the dog.

4. I have purchased some pair of shoes to replace the ones that were lost in
my luggage.

5. We hope you don’t have an accident on your way to school.

6. She was baking a pie for dessert.

7. Dad had been working hard all day.
8. The bed was made as soon as I got up.

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9. Did Mohan bring coffee?
10. I have seen her closely.
11. We would visit her frequently.
12. What shall we do for you?

Instant Practice

Fill in the blank with the correct auxiliary verb from the brackets given
below.

1. Waiba________ always wanted to try skydiving. (was, doesn’t, has, is,
have)

2. Jeremy________ want to go to the movies; he wants to stay home instead.
(doesn’t, isn’t, wasn’t, hasn’t, was not)

3. Mary________ going to be upset when she hears what happened. (will, don’t,
is, didn’t, has)

4. What________ the kids doing when you last saw them? (was, were, are, did,
been)

5. Where_________ you go on your summer vacation? (were, been, are, did,
does)

6. Why do you think she _______ call you like she said she would? (didn’t, is,
hasn’t, has been, have)

7. I________ appreciate his jokes. They weren’t funny. (did, have, been, didn’t,
haven’t)

8. I really like fish but I________ care for meat. (weren’t, been, don’t, is, was)

9. Where________ you going when I saw you last night? (were, was, is, do,
did)

10. Tara________ called yet; she’s late as usual. (are, were, has, hasn’t,
wouldn’t)

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Grammar Focus: Causative Verb

The verbs ‘get’, ‘have’ and ‘make’ are causative verbs. They are used to show
casual relationship in a sentence.

Look at the following sentences.

Rita gets my friend to write a poem. (The work of writing a poem is done by my
friend and Rita caused to do so.)

Gita has my father repair the roof. (The work of repairing the roof is done by my
father and Gita caused to do so.)

I make him read an article. (The work of reading an article is done by him and I
caused to do so.)

Structures Examples
Sub + get + agent+ to+V1+obj Maya gets her brother to polish her shoes.
Sub + make + agent+ V1+obj I get him to type my letter.
Sub + have + agent+ V1+obj He got us to wait for an hour.
Sub + get+ obj+V3+…. You make us read a poem.
Sub + have+ obj+V3+…. They made us write an essay.
Sub + let ++ agent+ to+V1+obj He makes me sing a song
I have my sister bring a cup of tea.
He has me walk together.
They had us compose a song.
I get my hair cut.
He gets his house painted.
We got his car bought.
I have my pen refilled.
We had our shop decorated.
He has his clothes washed.
The teacher lets us do our work.
He let us go out.
We let him sing a song.

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Instant Practice

Choose correct form of verbs to complete the following sentences.

1. I have my friend _________my homework. (do, to do, done)

2. They had Ratan _________ a song. (sing, to sing, sung)

3. She has Nanina_________ a poem. (write, to write, written)

4. Mohan makes Manu _________a newspaper. (read, to read, reading)

5. You always make me _________sad. (feel, to feel, felt)

6. He made his sister_________ his room. (clean, to clean, cleaned)

7. We get our friends _________ us in writing. (help, to help, helped)

8. Darpan gets Tarzan _________ his room. (broom, to broom, broomed)

9. Milan got us_________ an old folk song. (sing, to sing, sung)

10. I get my shoes_________ every day. (polish, to polish, polished)

11. He gets his beard_________ every Saturdays. (trim, to trim, trimmed)

12. Riya and Rina got their house_________. (clean, to clean, cleaned)

13. You have your car_________. (service, to service, serviced)

14. I had my hair_________. (dye, to dye, dyed)

15. She has her car_________ in a no parking area. (park, to park, parked)

16. Hem often makes me_________ good. (feel, to feel, felt)

17. Junu had me_________ with her for shopping. (go, to go, gone)

18. Nim got me_________ a gift for him. (buy, to buy, bought)

19. Kaman gets me_________ a cup of tea. (prepare, to prepare, prepared)

20. Hira has me _____ things in the store. (manage, to manage, managed)

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Grammar Focus: Transitive and Intransitive Verb

Some verbs have an object. The object of a verb is the person or thing that
is affected by the action of the verb. Look at this sentence.

Aman eats an egg for breakfast.

The subject of the verb is Aman. He is the person who does the action: he eats.
The object of the verb is an egg. An egg is affected by the action of the verb. So
in this sentence, the object of the verb ‘eat’ is ‘an egg’.

Verbs that have objects are called transitive verbs.

Here are some sentences with transitive verbs. The verbs are in bold and their
objects are in italicized.

John likes apples. Sam knows the answer to the question.

My sister cooks all our meals. My brother rides his bike in the street.

Dad buys tea at the market. Mom writes stories in her spare time.

Some verbs don’t have an object. A verb that does not have an object
is called an intransitive verb. Here are some sentences with intransitive
verbs.

Lots of people walk to work in Nepal.

The boys play in the yard after school.

He always drives very carefully.

Dip is a very successful businesswoman.

Michael and I both entered the race. He won but I lost.

Some verbs can be either transitive or intransitive. Notice that the transitive
meaning and the intransitive meaning are sometimes different.

Transitive Verbs Intransitive Verbs

The pilot flies the plane very well. Eagles fly high in the sky.

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The boys play football on weekends. The boys play in the yard on weekends.

My mom runs her own company. My mom runs in the park for fun.

We walk the dog every evening. We walk on the beach every evening.

Instant Practice

Underline the verbs in the following sentences. Then write whether the verb
are transitive or intransitive.
1. My brother and I often play chess.
2. Mom and Dad work in the garden on weekends.
3. The library closes at 5 P.M.
4. Mr. Ross drives his car very carefully.
5. The cat jumped over the wall.
6. My sister likes her new jeans.
7. Granddad walks the dog every evening.
8. Will you come with me to the shop?
9. The boys are skating in the park.
10. Dad is making sandwiches.
11. The children went to bed.
12. We buy our food at the supermarket.
13. Sally found a good hiding place.
14. They are learning to speak English.
15. Anna was reading an interesting book.
16. On weekends, I usually go to the beach with Dad.
17. The cat is sleeping under the tree.

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18. They pushed the cart into the shed.
19. She laughs at us.
20. My sister sleeps till seven.

1 ASSESS YOURSELF

Use the correct form of the verb to be (am/is/are) to complete the following
sentences.
1. The teacher ______ in the classroom now.
2. I ____going to meet my friend soon.
3. Doctor Smith _____ busy right now.
4. John and Mary _____ good friends.
5. The train _____ ten minutes late.
6. The men ______ tired.
7. I ______ a student but he ___ a carpenter.
8. Those vehicles______ slow-moving.
9. The instructor´s name _____ Guna Nepal.
10. Those weapons ______ powerful.
11. The coach _____ in the staff-room.
12. The children ____watching TV
13. Karina____ having breakfast now.
14. John ______ in New York the day before yesterday but he ______ in Chicago
today.
15. They ______ free today, but they ______ at work yesterday.
16. Today ______ Monday. Yesterday ______Sunday.
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17. Where ______ the Johnsons last weekend? Where ______ they today?
18. The elevator ______ out of order last night, but it ______ working well now.
19. John ______not in the office at ten this morning because he ______ at a
meeting.
20. Bob ______ very sick yesterday, but he ______ much better today.

2 ASSESS YOURSELF

Supply the correct form of verbs given in brackets.
1. The children _______ at this time every morning. (get up)
2. We seldom_______ to the North in summer. (go)
3. I _______breakfast at 7:15 every morning. (have)
4. John _______ the newspaper on the train every day. (read)
5. The students sometimes _______rugby at school. (play)
6. Peter _______Bridge with his friends every Friday night. (play)
7. The train _______in London at 7:50 every morning. (arrive)
8. Mina_______ the floor once or twice a week. (wash)
9. I never_______ Spanish at school. (speak)
10. The manager generally _______ the office after 8:00 p.m. (leave)
11. My wife and I often_______ in that restaurant. (eat)
12. Mr. Smith______ TV after dinner every evening. (watch)
13. My brother ______ in Boston at present. (work)
14. The secretary generally _______ the office at 7:30 every evening. (leave)
15. Mr. Scott _______ the news on TV at the moment. (watch)

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16. We seldom _______ to the coast in winter. (go)
17. Look! John _______ over there. (come)
18. Mary _______ to visit us once or twice a month. (come)
19. For the time being, Tom _______ as a mechanic. (work)
20. Where _______ they _______ at present? (live)

3 ASSESS YOURSELF

Answer these questions saying no using the information given in brackets in
past tense.

Did you go by bus? (Taxi) No, I didn´t (go by bus). I went by taxi.

1. Did they watch TV last night? (listen to the radio)

2. Did John go out last night? (stay at home)

3. Did you eat fish for supper? (chicken)

4. Did Mukta send you a fax? (a letter)

5. Did they walk to the park? (take a bus)

6. Did Prem say “yes” (No)

7. Did you read the book in English? (Japanese)

8. Did they drink beer? (wine)

9. Did Ram write a poem? (a short story)

10. Did the woman buy a dress? (a jacket)

11. Did you see Nita last Sunday? (yesterday)

12. Did Girish have lunch at home? (at work)

13. Did the old man feel well? (weak and tired)

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14. Did the man speak to you in English? (Nepali)
15. Did Mr. Shrestha come in the morning? (at midday)
16. Did you fly American Airlines? (Nepal Airlines)
17. Did you give the boy an apple? (some money)
18. Did the secretary leave the office early? (late)
19. Did Paru wear a short skirt? (a long one)
20. Did he break his arm in the accident? (his leg)

4 ASSESS YOURSELF

Underline auxiliary verbs in the following sentences.
1. There is someone in the room
2. I am calling you from the corridor.
3. We are going to do something now.
4. There was someone at the door.
5. Mary and John were flying to Paris yesterday.
6. He has got something to do.
7. She had visited the park all alone.
8. They have already completed their task.
9. I must work tonight.
10. John will go out of town this afternoon.
11. It may rain today.
12. You might be punished against the law.
13. I would go for swimming every Saturdays.

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14. You can meet me later.
15. We could play better then.
16. You should always work hard.
17. I ought to go there at any cost.
18. I do not like him.
19. I did not like it.
20. He does not work actively.

5 ASSESS YOURSELF

Underline verbs in the following sentences and write whether they are
transitive or intransitive.
1. Please put it somewhere in this room.
2. He lives somewhere in New York.
3. He told somebody about it.
4. He gave the book to somebody.
5. I had put the money in drawer yesterday.
6. Tell somebody about Peter´s problems.
7. He said something to her.
8. They found the money somewhere.
9. They will send the goods to someone.
10. You must read this article.
11. They must stay there at least an hour.
12. I must get up early every day.

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13. We must write a composition each night.
14. I must write many letters.
15. We must prepare our lessons every night.
16. Mary must study French next year.
17. John must also take another language.
18. We must learn many new words every day.
19. I must leave at once.
20. We make reservations at once.

Vocabulary in Use

Fill in the gaps with correct information.

Animal Male Female
_______
chicken _______ cow
_______
_______ _______ _______
_______
_______ buck _______
goose
donkey _______ mare
_______
_______ drake _______
tigress
fox _______

_______ _______

_______ _______

_______ lion

sheep _______

_______ _______

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Guided Composition: Essay Writing

Read the following essay.

My Favourite Room

The room in our house I like best is our kitchen.
Perhaps the kitchen is the most important room in
many houses, but it is particularly so in our house
because it’s not only where we cook and eat but
also it’s the place where family and friends come
together.

I have so many happy memories of times spent
there: ordinary daily events such as making breakfast on dark, cold winter
mornings for children who are cross and sleepy, before sending them off to school;
or special occasion such as homecomings or cooking Dashain dinner. Whenever
we have a party, people gravitate with their drinks to the kitchen. It always ends
up the fullest and noisiest room in the house.

So what does this special room look like? It’s quite big but not huge. It is big
enough to have a good-sized rectangular table in the centre, which is the focal
point of the room. There is a large window above the sink, looking out onto two
mango trees in the garden. There’s a big, old cooking stove at one end, and at the
other end a wall with a huge notice board which tells the story of our lives, past,
present and future. It has photos of kids and other important dates and functions
that took place in the past.

The front door is seldom used in our house, only by strangers. All our friends
use the back door which means they come straight into the kitchen and join in
whatever happening in the kitchen. Without doubt some of the happiest times of
my life have been spent in our kitchen.

Write an essay on your favourite room based on the clues given below.

room you like most-----size----colour--------furniture------decoration------setting of
things------door------window------activities done there-----happy moments spent
there

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T START CHAPTER 8

GE ED

SENTENCES

Read the following story.

One day, a lion had been lying under a bush.
It yawned, rolled over once or twice and said
to himself, ‘Thank God! I am so strong that I
need not fear anyone on this earth! I am not
like these stupid mosquitoes that are afraid of
everyone because anyone can crush them.’
The mosquitoes heard him. They were very
angry and thought badly.

‘Don’t think that no one is better than you, lion, just because you’re so big and
strong,’ one of them said. ‘If we unite together, we may prove to be your equals.’
“How fool you are!” the lion roared angrily. ‘You had better be careful of what you
say. Why am I saying so? “I can crush the lot of you with one paw!’ Do you have
anything to say?” the lion said.

On hearing this all mosquitoes flew at the lion and began to bite him all over. He
turned over on his back and waved all his four paws together and bit his teeth,
too. But nothing helped. He said, “Don’t bite me. Aren’t you troubling yourself?”

Quite a few mosquitoes were killed by the tiger. Their numbers seemed not to
lessen. They kept coming at him as though someone was pouring them out
of a bag. The Lion tried jumping into the air. He ran round the bush. However,
the mosquitoes did not stop biting him. The lion had not thought that the poor
mosquitoes could be his equals.

At last the Lion began begging them. ‘Do please stop and leave me alone. He
said, ‘I wasn’t making fun of you, really I wasn’t. Take pity on me for the love of
God!’ The mosquitoes left the lion. They said, ‘Don’t boast, lion, neither your
strength nor your wisdom works!’ At last they made the lion run away.

Do You Know? In the above given story, different types of sentences are

used to complete the story. Different punctuation marks are used in different
sentences.

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Speaking Practice

Answer these questions based on the given story.
 What are the sentences that end in full stop?
 What sentences state no?
 List out the sentences that ask questions.
 How many sentences end with exclamatory mark?
 Name the sentences that start with verbs.
 How many different punctuation marks do you notice?
Look at these sentences from the story and talk about their types.
 One day, a lion had been lying under a bush.
 The mosquitoes heard him.
 I am not like these stupid mosquitoes that are afraid of everyone.
 How fool you are!
 Take pity on me for the love of God!
 Do you have anything to say?
 Aren’t you troubling yourself?
 The mosquitoes did not stop biting him.
 Do please stop and leave me alone.
 Don’t bite me.

Quick Tip

A sentence is a group of words or a single word that expresses a
complete thought, feeling or idea. It usually contains an explicit or
implied subject and a predicate containing a finite verb.

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Grammar Focus: Types of Sentences

Based on their function, sentences are mainly of four types.

1. An assertive sentence makes a statement.

 The dog is chewing bone now.

 I do not speak English well.

 The school has not announced vacancy.

 Mina was watching TV all day.

Notes: An assertive sentence starts with noun or pronoun and ends with a full
stop.

2. An interrogative sentence asks a question.
 Do you have any problem?
 Does he sing song?
 Where do you live?
 Who is knocking at the door?
Notes: An interrogative sentence ends with a question mark (?) instead of a full
stop.

3. An imperative sentence gives an order.
 Please help me.
 Never insult the poor.
 Don’t make noise!
 Let me sing a song.
 Hurry up!
 Go to your class!
Notes: An imperative sentence starts with a verb. It also starts with don’t, please,
never, etc. and ends with a full stop. It can also end with an exclamation point (!)
if the order is very firm.

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4. An exclamatory sentence makes a very strong statement called an
exclamation. It shows strong feeling such as surprise or anger.
 How beautiful they are!

 The silly farmer!

 What a beautiful day it is today!

 What expensive shoes these are!
Notes: An exclamatory sentence ends with an exclamation point (!) instead of a
full stop.

Instant Practice

Write correct punctuation marks in the box against the following sentences
given below.

Sentences Punctuation Mark
How fast she runs
He is a good boy
Can you solve this puzzle
Never be late again
What a beautiful dress she is wearing
They help us in need
Is he an honest boy
Don’t look at me
How intelligent
Travelling broadens our mind
What does she like
Let them go
Go ahead
What an idiot I am
She has sung a lot of folk songs so far
How many sisters do you have
Never insult the poor
Am I a student

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Instant Practice

What types of sentences are the following ones? Write their types in the box
given below.

Sentences Types
How romantic this music is!
What do you like most?
We are leaving now.
How stupid I was!
Don’t tell me lies.
Where do you live?
Guru likes visiting new places.
The school bell was ringing.
Do you sing songs?
The students are playing with the cat.
Eat plenty of vegetables.
Find some nice round pebbles.
What a fast train it was!
Stand, everyone!
What a friendly person Mary is!
Does your brother help you?

Instant Practice

Read the story given above again and list out any two sentences of the
following types.

Types of Sentences Examples
Assertive
Interrogative
Imperative
Exclamatory

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Grammar Focus: Subject and Predicate

Study the following sentences.

a. Teachers teach. b. Our teachers teach many students.

c. Our dedicated teachers have taught thousands of students so far.

In the above sentences, the bold portion of the sentences led by ‘nouns’ are
subjects and the remaining part of the sentence including the verb are predicates.
If we get an answer by asking the main verb ’a’ question with ‘who’ or ‘what’, the
answer is the subject of the sentence. In the first sentence, the subject is in one
word, in second sentence the subject is in two words and in the third sentence
the subject is in three words. Subjects having more than a word is called subject
group.

Similarly, in the sentences (a), (b), and (c), something is said under the leadership
of the verb. If the answer is in one word as in (a), it is predicate and if the answer
is in more than one words as in (b) and (c), they are predicate group.

Quick Tip

A sentence is a group of words having a subject and predicate. A word or
group of words denoting a person or a thing spoken about in a sentence
is called its subject. Again, a word or group of words that says something
about the subject of a sentence is called its predicate.

Let’s see some examples.

Subject Predicate
People speak.
People speak English.
People speak English and Nepali language.
Some people speak many languages.
Many people in the world don’t speak many languages.
The little boy has been sleeping.
Smoking is injurious to our health.
To delay justice is to deny justice.
Our English teacher teaches us nicely.
It works well.
God may bless you!

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Instant Practice 129

Separate the subject and predicate in the following sentences.
1. A captain in the navy ranks above a captain in the army.
2. Not a drop of alcohol passed my lips.
3. How tire we were after the walk!
4. A lion is a dangerous animal.
5. Please accept our sincere apologies.
6. How stupid I was!
7. Please write to us at the above address.
8. Shouts of protest accompanied this announcement.
9. Take out accident insurance before you go on your trip.
10. The baby had been abandoned by its mother.
11. How romantic this music is!
12. The bad weather only added to our difficulties.
13. How good this whisky is!
14. The book doesn’t say where he was born.
15. The desire for publicity became her Achilles heel.
16. Why wasn’t I told about the accident?
17. How about going for a walk?
18. What’s she so angry about?
19. What expensive shoes these are!
20. We will abide by their decision.
21. The whole building was soon ablaze.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

22. The remote desert area is accessible only by helicopter.
23. The paintings were sold for absurdly high prices.
24. He ran his finger around the lip of the cup.
25. He isn’t in the office much.
26. He doesn’t sing all that well.
27. He didn’t give an adequate answer to the question.
28. Everywhere people were going about their daily business.
29. Each pack contains a book and accompanying CD.
30. Don’t look so angry.
31. Don’t go back to work until you are better.
32. Ahead of them was a gaping abyss.

Instant Practice

Match the following part of sentences to make a complete sentence.

A house divided against itself howls at night.

A mad dog cannot stand.

A man of character is a bird of prey.

An eagle may bite anybody.

Birds are playing in the field.

Forty of the tender boys fly at large in the sky.

An industrious candidate sang in a clear voice.

The leaders of the party succeeds in life.

A man of good will is the mother of good luck.

The wolf is required for the post.

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Instant Practice

Add appropriate part of subjects to complete the following sentences.
1. _____________________are playing together.
2. _____________________is the best policy.
3. _____________________flock together.
4. _____________________called me again to receive a letter.
5. _____________________have blessings on us.
6. _____________________left two sons behind him.
7. _____________________is half done.
8. _____________________is a joy forever.
9. _____________________make a week.
10. _____________________equals twenty.
11. _____________________have gone out.
12. _____________________cannot see anything.
13. _____________________has taken our order.
14. _____________________has been sleeping since morning.
15. _____________________will have completed this work by tomorrow.

Instant Practice

Add appropriate part of predicates to complete the following sentences.

1. A bad workman __________________________.

2. A four-man gang__________________________.

3. A heavy purse __________________________.

4. A lot of rebuilding__________________________.

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6. Actions__________________________.
7. All that glitters__________________________.
8. Can she__________________________?
9. Do you__________________________?

10. Does he__________________________?
11. Early to bed and early to rise_________________________.
12. How cold it__________________________!

13. How difficult these exercises__________________________!

14. May I __________________________?

15. One of my friends_________________________.

Grammar Focus: Sentence Transformation

Study the following sets of sentences.

First Set Second Set

I eat rice. I am eating rice.

I ate rice. I was eating rice.

He eats rice. I will eat rice.

Speaking Practice

Answer the following questions based on the given sets of sentences.
a. What difference can you find between the two sets of sentences?
b. Does which set have sentences with main verbs only?
c. Does which set have sentences with auxiliary verbs?
d. What form of verbs do the verbs (eat), (ate) and (eats) represent?
e. What is the feature of the main verb in a sentence?
f. What is the use of auxiliary verb in a sentence?

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In the above given sets, the first set of sentences are without auxiliary verbs
whereas the second set of sentences have auxiliary verbs. Transformation of a
sentence into another requires an auxiliary verb. Let’s see the transformation of
the above given sets of sentences:

First Set

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I eat rice. I do not eat rice. Do I eat rice?

I ate rice. I did not eat rice. Did I eat rice?

He eats rice. He does not eat rice. Does he eat rice?

Second Set

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I am eating rice. I am not eating rice. Am I eating rice?

I was eating rice. I was not eating rice. Was I eating rice?

I will eat rice. I will not eat rice. Will I eat rice?

In the first set of sentences (do), (did) and (does) auxiliary verbs are used in
place of main verbs (eat), (ate) and (eats) while transforming them into negative
and interrogative. However, same auxiliary verbs (am), (was) and (will) are used
while transforming them into negative and interrogative in the second set of
sentences.

Quick Tip

Converting a sentence from one type to another type is called sentence
transformation. To transform sentences, auxiliary verbs are required in
the given sentences.

 Transformation of Sentences with Auxiliary Verbs

A sentence that has an auxiliary verb takes ‘NOT’ instantly after the auxiliary verb
when it is changed into negative and auxiliary verb comes at the initial position of
the sentence when it is changed into interrogative.



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Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I am fine today. I am not fine today. Am I fine today?

He is an honest man. He is not an honest man. Is he an honest man?

We are in problem. We are not in problem. Are we in problem?

There were some cars. There were not any cars. Were there any cars?

She will call us tonight. She will not call us tonight. Will she call us tonight?
 Transformation of Sentences without Auxiliary Verbs

If there is a main verb in a sentence, auxiliary verbs DO, DID and DOES are
used for V1, V2 and V5 respectively while changing them into negative and
interrogative.

Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I sing song. I do not sing song. Do I sing song?
I sang song. I did not sing song. Did I sing song?
He sings song. He does not sing song. Does he sing song?

Do You Know? When HAVE (Has, have and had) verb means possession,

DO verb is used for transformation.

Similarly, sentences containing HAS TO / HAVE TO and HAD TO take DOES, DO
and DID for transformation.

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I have a nice car. I do not have a nice car. Do I have a nice car?

We had a new car. We did not have a new ar. Did we have a new car?

He has a nice He does not have a nice Does he have a nice

house. house. house?

I have to meet her. I do not have to meet her. Do I have to meet her?

We had to go there. We did not have to go Did we have to go there?
there.

He has to work He does not have to work Does he have to work

hard. hard. hard?

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 Transformation of Imperative Sentences

Affirmative Negative Interrogative
Sing a song. Don’t sing a song. Will you sing a song?
Let him sing a song. Let him not sing a song. Will you let him sing a
song?
Come fast! Don’t come fast! Will you come fast?

 Transformation of Sentences Changing Certain Words

always-never some-any

already-yet too-either

must-need not some-no

any of-none of either---or-neither----nor---

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I always speak truth. I never speak truth. Do I ever speak truth?

I have some money. I do not have any money. Do I have any money?

He has already come. He has not come yet. Has he already come? /

Hasn’t he come yet?

We like apples, too. We don’t like apples, Do we like apples, too?

either.

I know a lot of poems. I don’t know many Do I know any poems?

poems.

You must help him. You need not help him. Must you help him?

Someone called me. No one called me. Did anyone call me?

Any of us can sing. None of us can sing. Can all of us sing?

Either I or he is good. Neither I nor he is good. Are we good?

Instant Practice

Read the following sentences. Write the auxiliary verbs and the forms of main
verbs in the brackets.

1. Are you finding the work any easier? [ are ]

2. A new order seems to be emerging. [ v5 ]

3. A thousand people were there. [ ]

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4. Accurate records must be kept. [ ]
5. I’m busy at the moment. [ ]
6. All applications will be acknowledged. [ ]
7. All my plants have died. [ ]
8. All of them enjoyed the party. [ ]
9. He doesn’t sing all that well. [ ]
10. He had to laugh despite himself. [ ]
11. She has lost all her money. [ ]
12. Rohit hit him across the face. [ ]
13. He overcame many personal adversities. [ ]
14. I didn’t enjoy it at all. [ ]
15. I drew a line across the page. [ ]

Instant Practice

Change these sentences into different types.

Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I play a game.
He sings song. I am not writing a poem. Do I learn English?
We painted the wall. He has not written a story. Did he see you?
You speak well. She was not playing a game. Does he type fast?
We had not seen her. Will you help me?

She must help her.

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I can drive car.

You could help us.

They ought to sing
together.

Should I go there?
Would you type fast?
Does he have to go
there?
Do we have to see
her once?
They are not happy here.
We were not present yesterday.
They have not gone to school.
We may not do this.

1 ASSESS YOURSELF

Change the following sentences into negative and interrogative. 137
1. All wood tends to shrink.
2. Almost everyone has some musical ability.
3. An accident can happen anywhere.
4. I’d better go now.
5. Let’s forget about that for the moment.
6. Abstract art is an acquired taste.
7. All passengers have come out of the plane.
8. He’s getting married soon.
9. I really have to go there.
10. I’ve just got back from a trip to Rome.
11. Roman stole the money.
12. I have a spare set of keys in my office.
13. All this mail must be answered.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

14. We must stand up for ourselves.
15. He can expect to command a six-figure salary.
16. Any of us can drive a car.
17. Every day seemed the same to him.
18. She saw less and less of all her old friends at home.
19. He had his very own car at last.
20. I have something to say.

2 ASSESS YOURSELF

Change the following sentences into negative and interrogative.
1. I shall remember you.
2. The garden looks beautiful.
3. He has only a few balls.
4. A barn adjoins the farmhouse.
5. He always dozes when he reads.
6. Kathmandu is the biggest city in Nepal.
7. We must yield to fate.
8. A captain in the navy ranks above a captain in the army.
9. Even a genius sometimes fails.
10. Only Diana was present at the party.
11. You are a great fool.
12. He has learnt five languages so far.
13. I am learning French these days.
14. I want peace and prosperity.
15. He had called us but we had to go some other place.
16. We are victorious.
17. A four-man gang carried out the robbery.

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18. Krishal is only six years old. 139
19. Check your receipts against the statement.
20. Each of these systems has its advantages and disadvantages.

3 ASSESS YOURSELF

Change the following sentences into negative and interrogative.
1. Everyone else was there.
2. Gold rings adorned his fingers.
3. Everyone has a chance to win.
4. All of them enjoyed the party.
5. We were visiting the park.
6. They should have reached a decision by then.
7. Each day that passed he grew more and more desperate.
8. People had a more physical and active lifestyle in the past.
9. Be there by six at the very latest.
10. Christmas trees aglow with lights.
11. Each of the answers is worth 20 points.
12. A grin spread across her face.
13. All the children had been physically and emotionally abused.
14. Beauty can be measured by any absolute standard.
15. He also writes novels in his spare time.
16. All this mail must be answered.
17. Every child needs to know that he is loved.
18. At school the older boys ganged up on him and called his names.
19. He claims he acted in self-defense.
20. Troy commanded his men to retreat.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

4 ASSESS YOURSELF

Change the following sentences into affirmative and interrogative.
1. He couldn’t afford the money to go on the trip.
2. She doesn’t sing all that well.
3. They didn’t give an adequate answer to the question.
4. Mohan had no wish to start a fight.
5. Rina hasn’t got any hobbies so far.
6. He isn’t in the office much.
7. He was not sure whether he wished her to stay or go.
8. I can’t just drop all my commitments.
9. Yam couldn’t hear her above the noise of the traffic.
10. Nina didn’t eat any meat.
11. The poor beggars don’t have anywhere to stay.
12. The coach hadn’t trained enough for the game.
13. I neither knew nor cared what had happened to him.
14. I never hid the truth.
15. She wouldn’t say they were rich.
16. I’m not good at tennis.
17. It’s not actually raining now.
18. My watch is not very accurate.
19. Neither answer is correct.
20. No one was at home.

5 ASSESS YOURSELF

Change the following sentences into negative and affirmative.
1. Can I sit next to you?
2. Could you repeat that once more?
3. Did she tell you her name?
4. Do you want me to come this Tuesday?

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5. Does anyone else want to come? 141
6. How much water do you need?
7. How many children do you have?
8. Is this your bag?
9. May I suggest a white wine with this dish, Sir?
10. Shall I order you a taxi?
11. Should we call a doctor or someone?
12. Would you be so kind as to lock the door when you leave?
13. Had you invited them?
14. Has she called us at the party?
15. Are we prepared for the test?
16. Were they lost in jungle?
17. Will we go to movie now?
18. Must you do hard work?
19. Is there anything wrong with you?
20. Shall I ever forget a friend like you?

6 ASSESS YOURSELF

Change the following sentences into exclamatory sentences.

1. The rose is a very nice flower.

2. The flower is very nice.

3. The adventure is very exciting.

4. It is a very lonely place.

5. The bird is very pretty.

6. It is sorrowful that he has failed.

7. I wish I had wings of a bird.

8. It’s a matter of joy that we won the game.

9. You are a great fool.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

10. He is very foolish.
11. The man is very talkative.
12. His eldest daughter is very powerful.
13. I wish I had been the king.
14. I wish I could fly in the sky.
15. We rejoice that we are victorious.
16. The sight is very apathetic.
17. It is a very fine picture.
18. Mr. Sharma is a smart teacher.
19. The student is very well behaved.
20. His sister is a very lazy girl.

Vocabulary in Use

Fill in the blank spaces choosing the correct word for each definition.
drummer, flautist, harpsichordist, harpist, cellist, violinist, pianist, guitarist,
bassoonist, saxophonist
A ________ is a person who plays the cello.
A ________ is a person who plays the violin.
A ________ is a person who plays the piano.
A ________ is a person who plays the guitar.
A ________ is a person who plays the saxophone.
A ________ is a person who plays the drum.
A ________ is a person who plays the flute.
A ________ is a person who plays the harpsichord.
A ________ is a person who plays the harp.
A ________ is a person who plays the bassoon.

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Guided Composition: Essay Writing

Read the following essay.

Sunila, My Aunt

Of all my relatives, I like my aunt Sunila the best. She’s my mother’s eldest sister.
She has never married and she lives all alone in a small village near Kathmandu.
She’s in her late fifties, but she’s still quite young in spirit. She is always fit and
fine.

She has a fair complexion, curly grey hair, and deep blue eyes. She has a kind
face, and when you met her, the first thing you notice about her is her warm,
friendly smile. Her face is a little lined now, but I think she is still rather attractive.
She is the kind of person you can always go if you have a problem.

Aunt Sunila likes reading and gardening. She also likes to take her dog, George,
for long walks in the park. She is a very active person. Either she is making
something or mending something or doing something to help others. She does
the shopping for some of the old people in the villages. She’s extremely generous,
but not very tolerant of people who don’t agree with her. I hope that I am as
contented as she is when I am her age. I love her very much.

Write an essay on "My Mother" using the clues given below.

name of your mother----age-----physical features-----habits and manners----
hobbies----special things-----why is she your favourite

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T START CHAPTER 9

GE ED

QUESTION TAGS

Act out the following dialogue.

Gem : It’s colder today, isn’t it?

Bob : Yes, it’s not very warm, is it? I shall
have to light the fire soon, shan’t I?

Gem : Oh, you have coal fires, do you?

Bob : Yes. We don’t have central heating. You have central heating, don’t
you?

Gem : Yes, we do. But coal fires are nice, aren’t they?

Bob : Yes, but they’re a lot more work than just switching on the heating. We
keep talking about getting central heating put in.

Gem : I suppose coal fires aren’t very convenient, are they?

Bob : They certainly aren’t.

Do You Know? In the given dialogue, the coloured words in each sentence

are question tags.

Speaking Practice

Answer these questions based on the given dialogue.
 What are question tags?
 Why are question tags used?
 What are tags in the given dialogue?
 Do sentences end in full stop or question mark in tags?

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 Do you see main verbs used in tags?
 Why are only auxiliary verbs used in tags?
 Why is there comma instead of full stop in sentence in tags?

Listening Practice

Read the following sentences.

I am a student, aren’t I?

I live in Kathmandu, don’t I?

There are five members, aren’t there?

I was born in 2056, wasn’t I?

People like me because of my hard work, don’t they?

I am composing songs, aren’t I?

Quick Tip

Question tags are short two word questions which are added to
statements to turn them into questions. They are used to seek
confirmation about person or thing being refereed to.

 There should be comma (,) at the end of the statement.

I am good at singing, aren’t I?
 A tag should begin with small letter.

She eats an apple, doesn’t she?
 Affirmative statement has a negative tag and negative statement has a
positive tag.

Ram works hard, doesn’t he? (Positive statement-Negative tag)

Students aren’t running on the ground, are they? (Negative statement-
Positive tag)

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Listening Practice

Reproduce the following contractions after your teacher.

Statements Tag question
am/’m aren’t………?
are/’re aren’t……….?
can can’t………?
command will you?
could couldn’t………?
dare not dare………?
dares doesn’t………?
do don’t………?
does doesn’t………?
did didn’t………?
don’t/ never + v + o will you?
‘d + better hadn’t………?
‘d + have + v3 wouldn’t………?
‘d + rather wouldn’t………?
‘d + v3 hadn’t………?
‘s + been + v4 hasn’t………?
‘s + being + v3 isn’t………?
‘s + ing isn’t………?
‘s + noun isn’t………?
‘s + p.p. (v3) hasn’t………?
had + noun didn’t………?
had + v3 hadn’t………?
had better not had………?
has + v3 hasn’t………?
has to /have to /had to doesn’t/don’t/didn’t………?
has/have/had+ noun doesn’t/don’t/didn’t………?
have + v3 haven’t………?
let(me/us/him/her/them) will you?
may mayn’t………?

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might mightn’t………?
must mustn’t………?
needed didn’t………?
needs doesn’t/needn’t………?
shall shan’t………?
should shouldn’t………?
used to + v1 didn’t………?
v1/v2/v5 don’t/didn’t/doesn’t?
will won’t………?
would rather not would………?
would/’d + v1 wouldn’t………?

 Nouns as subject of the statement should be changed into pronoun.

The boys were in white dress, weren’t they?

These dogs bark, don't they?

Ram sings songs, doesn't he?

Riya works hard, doesn't she?

 If there is auxiliary verb in the statement, the same auxiliary verb should be
repeated in the tag.

Present Form Past Form
is/am/are was/were
has/have had
do/does did
shall/will should/would
can/may could/might

You are playing, aren’t you?
He has finished his work, hasn’t he?
I could sing well, couldn’t I?
You can do it, can’t you?

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 If there is no auxiliary verb in the statement, do, does or did is used in the tag
according to the subject, number and form of the verb.

Sub +v1 (base form) = don’t I play a game, don’t I?

Sub +v2 (past form) = didn’t He called me, didn’t he?

Sub +v5 (‘s’ or ‘es’ form) =doesn’t She types fast, doesn’t she?

 If the subject is 'this' and 'that' the pronoun in the tag 'it' and if the subject is
‘these’ or ‘those’, the pronoun in the tag is ‘they’.

This is a nice car, isn’t it?

That is not your matter, is it?

These are the reports I need, aren’t they?

Those are my note copies, aren’t they?

 If there is ‘You and I’ together in the subject of the statement, the pronoun in
the tag should be ‘we’.

You and I are best friends, aren’t we?

You and I were swimming together, weren’t we?
 If the verb ‘Have’ is used as a main verb the tag will be as given below:

Had=did I had an apple yesterday, didn’t I?

Have=do We have a car, don’t we?

Has=does She has many comments, doesn’t she?

 Imperative sentences take 'will you' as a tag. But in the case of ‘Let’s’, ‘Shall
we’ is used.
Come here, will you?
Don’t insult the poor, will you?
Please, speak up, will you?
Let us go, will you?
Let’s not go there, shall we?
Let’s have a party today, shall we?

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 A sentence having two clauses takes a tag according to the former clause.

I wish he would pass the exam, don’t I?

I don’t think he will come here, do I?

It is said that 5% of total children are out of school, isn’t it?
 If there is sub +’d + rather + V1 and sub +’d +better + V1 in the statement the
tag will be wouldn’t and hadn’t respectively.

You’d better take tuition class, hadn’t you?

He’d rather drink coffee, wouldn’t he?
 Sentence with negative words such as neither, no, none, no one, nothing,
scarcely, barely, hardly, hardly ever, seldom, never, rarely, nobody, not often,
infrequently are always followed by a positive tag.

Nobody does homework, do they?

My sons never play basketball, do they?

Ram and Anita hardly speak English, do they?

Nothing took place, did it?

Neither of the players had lunch, did they?

None of them enjoyed the show, did they?
 Singular auxiliary verbs (is, was, has, does) change to plural auxiliary verbs
(are, were, have, do) to form tags if the subjects of the statements are
somebody, someone, nobody, no one, everybody, everyone, anybody,
anyone, none, neither, etc.

Everyone likes music, don’t they?

Everybody likes party, don’t they?

No one respects a bad person, do they?

Neither of the boys is good, are they?

Somebody has stolen my purse, haven’t they?

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 If the subject of the statement is everything, anything, something, nothing,
all + singular verb, the pronoun in the tags is ‘it’.
Everything is fine, isn’t it?
All is well, isn’t it?
Something is wrong to them, isn’t it?

1 ASSESS YOURSELF

Add suitable question tag against the following sentences.

1. He is busy now, _____________?

2. I am writing a poem, _____________?

3. They are living in a flat, _____________?

4. It was a nice party, _____________?

5. We were in dilemma, _____________?

6. He has a nice suit, _____________?

7. People have many problems, _____________?

8. You had an idea, _____________?

9. I do my work myself, _____________?

10. He does everything properly, _____________?

11. They did their class work in class, _____________?

12. I shall invite them, _____________?

13. They will call me later, _____________?

14. We should not fight, _____________?

15. They would not visit us timely, _____________?

16. You cannot sing now, _____________?

17. It mayn’t rain today, _____________?

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