grammar 7 final -2077 press print

Grammar Focus: Formation of Passive Voice

Tense Active Passive

Simple I eat an apple. An apple is eaten by me.
present Sub + v1/v5 + obj Obj + is/am/are + v3+ by + sub

Present I am eating an apple. An apple is being eaten by me.
(Obj +is/am/are + being + v3 +
continuous (S + is/am/are + v4 +obj) by + sub)

Present I have eaten an apple. An apple has been eaten by me.
perfect (S + have/has+ v3+obj) (Obj + have/has + been + v3 +
by + sub)
Simple I ate an apple.
past (S + v2 + obj) An apple was eaten by me.
(Obj + was/were + v3 + by + sub)

Past I was eating an apple. An apple was being eaten by me.
(Obj + was/were + being + v3 +
continuous (S + was/were + v4 + obj) sub)

Past I had eaten an apple. An apple had been eaten by me.
perfect (S + had + v3 + obj) (Obj + had + been + v3 + by +
sub)
Simple I will eat an apple.
future (S + will/shall +v1 + obj) An apple will be eaten by me.
(Obj + will/shall + be + v3 + by +
sub)

Future I would have eaten an apple. An apple would have been eaten
Perfect (S + will/shall + have + v3 + by me.
obj) (Obj + will/shall +have + been +
v3 + by + sub)

Instant Practice

Change the following sentences into passive voice. Passive

Active
I play volleyball.
I am playing volleyball.
I have played volleyball.
I played volleyball.

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I was playing volleyball.
I had played volleyball.
I will play volleyball.
I will have played volleyball.
I do not play volleyball.
I am not playing volleyball.
I have not played volleyball.
I did not play volleyball.
I was not playing volleyball.
I had not played volleyball.
I will not play volleyball.
I will not have played volleyball.
Do I play volleyball?
Am I playing volleyball?
Have I played volleyball?
Did I play volleyball?
Was I playing volleyball?
Had I played volleyball?
Will I play volleyball?
Will I have played volleyball?

Passive of Modal Verbs

Active Passive
(S + modal + v1 + obj) (Obj + modal + be + v3 + sub)
(S + modal +not+ v1 + obj) (Obj + modal +not+ be + v3 + sub)
(Aux + s + v1 + obj +? (Aux + obj + be + v3 + sub +?)

I can play a game. A game can be played by me.
I cannot play a game. A game cannot be played by me.
Can I play a game? Can a game be played by me?

She may defeat us. We may be defeated by her.
She may not defeat us. We may not be defeated by her.
May she defeat us? May we be defeated by her?

He might win game. Game might be won by him.
He mightn’t win game. Game might not be won by him.
Might he win game? Might game be won by him?

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We should care them. They should be cared by us.
We should not care them. They should not be cared by us.
Should we care them? Should they be cared by us?

You must do it. It must be done by you.
You must not do it. It must not be done by you.
Must you do it? Must it be done by you?

I ought to help her. She ought to be helped by me.
I ought not to help her. She ought not to be helped by me.
Ought I to help her? Ought she to be helped by me?

Instant Practice

Change the following sentences into passive voice. Passive

Active
He can draw a picture.
He may draw a picture.
He might draw a picture.
He should draw a picture.
He has to draw a picture.
He had to draw a picture.
He must draw a picture.
He ought to draw a picture.
He could draw a picture.
He cannot draw a picture.
He may not draw a picture.
He might not draw a picture.
He should not draw a picture.
He does not have to draw a picture.
He did not have to draw a picture.
He must not draw a picture.
He ought not to draw a picture.
He could not draw a picture.
Can he draw a picture?
May he draw a picture?
Might he draw a picture?

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Should he draw a picture?
Does he have to draw a picture?
Did he have to draw a picture?
Must he draw a picture?
Ought he to draw a picture?
Could he draw a picture?

Passive of Different Sentences

Affirmative Active Pasive
Negative
Interrogative I play football. Football is played by me.
WH question We visit temple. Temple is visited by us.
Imperative You sing a song. A song is sung by you.
204 She writes a poem. A poem is written by her.
He carries load. Load is carried by him.
They carry loads. Loads are carried by them.

I do not play football. Football is not played by me.
We do not visit temple. Temple is not visited by us.
You do not sing a song. A song is not sung by you.
She does not write a poem. A poem is not written by her.
He does not carry load. Load is not carried by him.
They do not carry loads. Loads are not carried by them.

Do I play football? Is football played by me?
Do we visit temple? Is temple visited by us?
Do you sing a song? Is a song sung by you?
Does she write a poem? Is a poem is written by her?
Does he carry load? Is load carried by him?
Do they carry loads? Are loads carried by them?

What do I play? What is played by me?
Where do we visit? Where is visited by us?
What do you do? What is done by us?
What does she do? What is done by her?
What does he do? What is done by him?
What do they do? What is done by them?

Play football. Let football be played.
Visit temple. Let temple be visited.
Sing a song. Let a song be sung.
Write a poem. Let a poem be written.
Carry load. Let load be carried.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

Instant Practice Passive

Change the following sentences into passive voice.

Active
What do you do?
What are you doing?
What have you done?
What has he done?
What did he do?
What was he doing?
What had he done?
What will he do?
What will he have done?
Sing a song.
Call a taxi.
Let us write a letter.
Let Ram lift my bag.
Let Hem drive a car.
Let her send you a note.
Let me play cricket.

1 ASSESS YOURSELF

Change the following sentences into passive voice.
1. He took the money last Monday evening.
2. He will deliver the letter today.
3. She ate the cake this morning.
4. Mr. Regmi wrote the book last summer.
5. She has just taken the newspaper.
6. Mr. Basnet teaches that class on Friday.
7. They will leave the tickets for you.

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8. Somebody has taken my book.
9. She is typing that letter now.
10. They were discussing the question when I went in.
11. They are sending troops there today.
12. He is finishing the work now.
13. They were cleaning the office this morning.
14. They are examining him now.
15. The wind blew the smoke away soon.
16. She broke the plate on purpose.
17. They will bring the boy tomorrow.
18. They had finished the work by noon.
19. Mrs. Jackson saw the accident.
20. They have found the child at last.

2 ASSESS YOURSELF

Change the following sentences into passive voice.
1. He broke his leg in an accident.
2. They will send the book next week.
3. A car ran over our dog a short while ago.
4. They left the wounded soldiers behind.
5. They are sending the material today.
6. He will do the work this afternoon.
7. People will forget it in a few days.
8. People speak English all over the world.

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9. They fought a big battle here many years ago. 207
10. They made this gun by hand.
11. Someone has put all the chairs in the next room.
12. They are considering that question now.
13. We were using this room.
14. They are defending the city well.
15. They are holding the meeting today.
16. They were transferring him to another class.
17. I have done this well.
18. He has written to me.
19. They have sent me a parcel.
20. He has invited me.

3 ASSESS YOURSELF

Change the following sentences into passive voice.
1. We can finish this right away.
2. They may send the fax tomorrow.
3. We must lose no time.
4. You can use this room for the lesson.
5. We have to write these exercises at home.
6. He should send this message right away.
7. They cannot put those things here.
8. They may deliver the goods tomorrow.
9. He has to do it immediately.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

10. We must help him.
11. He cannot finish this today.
12. The police may hold him for several days.
13. We had to complete that task.
14. He will play cricket.
15. I will have painted the wall.
16. He might assist you.
17. She could call you.
18. Kaman would scold Ganesh.
19. You have to read this story.
20. She should teach us.

4 ASSESS YOURSELF

Change the following sentences into passive voice.
1. Mohan brings the mail every day.
2. Mohan brought the mail yesterday.
3. Mohan will bring the mail tomorrow.
4. Mohan has brought the mail every day.
5. Mohan is bringing the mail now.
6. Mohan may bring the mail tomorrow.
7. Mohan has to bring the mail every day.
8. They have put the chairs in the room.
9. They are sending the computer today.
10. He sent the e-mail last week.

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11. They have to deliver the books today. 209
12. We must find him immediately.
13. I praise her.
14. I am repairing my watch.
15. He has painted the wall white.
16. We wrote to the principal.
17. They were waving us.
18. He had taken oath.
19. She will remind you.
20. We will have seen her at the party.

5 ASSESS YOURSELF

Change the following sentences into active voice.
1. The book was found by Mary.
2. The money was stolen by a thief.
3. The parcel will be delivered tomorrow.
4. The city has been destroyed.
5. The book will be published next spring.
6. The lecture was attended by many people.
7. Our exercises are corrected each night by our teacher.
8. He was struck by an automobile.
9. The work had been finished by June.
10. The town will have been captured by Wednesday.
11. The house was built in 1950.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

12. The books will be brought by Kabina.
13. America was discovered in 1492.
14. Our class is taught by Mr. Gurung.
15. This book was written by Mr. Regmi.
16. The poor should be helped.
17. A letter has to be written by you.
18. Even a lion may be helped by a mouse.
19. My computer will be repaired tomorrow by me.
20. What is being done by you?

Vocabulary in Use

Fill in the gaps choosing one of the words given below.
excited, inspired, enthusiastic, thrilled, cross, furious, anxious, nervous,
worried, upset
You feel ______ when anxious thoughts are constantly going through your
head.
You feel ______ when you are afraid and uncertain about the future.
You feel ______ when you are extremely angry.
You feel ______ when you are afraid or anxious about something.
You feel ______ when you have positive thinking about something.
You feel ______ when something extremely exciting or pleasing happens.
You feel ______ when you are stimulated to creative deeds or works.
You feel ______ when you are expecting something special to happen.
You feel ______ when you are angry or bad tempered.
You feel ______ when something unpleasant has happened to disturb you.

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Guided Composition: Thank you and Apology Letters

Read the following thank you letter to your friend for his help.
Dallu, Kathmandu
April 4, 2019

Dear Friend,

I would like to thank you for the time you took to complete my missed homework
and assignments during the annual examination. If you had not helped me, I
would have been missed a lot of information which could be a cause of my failure
in exam.

It was very kind of you and I felt very happy more than I had before. I am planning
to do arrangements and continue my study now. Once again, I would like to thank
you for your selfless help in difficult time. I will never forget it throughout my life.

Yours best friend,

Saman Adhikari

Now write similar thank you letter to your uncle for his help.

Read the following letter of apology for a bad behaviour.

Gongabu, Kathmandu

December 20, 2019

Dear Suresh,

Please allow me to apologize for what i did on Saturday. My behaviour was
extremely inappropriate, immature, and lacked the respect you deserved. It was
a disruption and distracted others from doing their work.

It was embarrassing, but I learned that nobody appreciated my poor behaviour.
In the future, I have every intention of curbing my thoughtless actions and learn
to adjust my behaviour befitting the environment and situation.

Again, I am sorry for my actions and I hope that we can put this matter behind us. I
look forward to hearing a word of excuse from you soon. If you have any thoughts
in this, please feel free to share. You may contact me at your convenience at my
email.

With best wishes,

Sincerely yours,

Nirmal

Now write a similar letter of apology to your teacher for your mistake.

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T START CHAPTER 13

GE ED

REPORTED SPEECH

Read the following dialogue.

Kishor: Waiter... Waiter! Please, come here.

Waiter: Yes! Can I help you, sir?

Kishor: Er, we haven’t got a menu.

Waiter: Oh, I’m sorry I’ll bring you one now.

Kishor Thank you.

Waiter: Here’s the menu, sir.

Kishor: Would you serve us two halves chaumine, two omelets, a cup of
tea, and a coke.

Waiter: Okay, sir! (After a while) Here’re the dishes, please
Kishor: Thank you, waiter.
Osika: Let’s start having meal.

Speaking Practice

Answer these questions based on the given dialogue.
a. Where are the speakers?
b. Who are the speakers in the dialogue?
c. What did Kishor say?
d. What did the waiter say?
e. What did Osika say?
f. Are the speakers using direct or indirect speech?
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g. What is direct speech?
h. What is indirect speech?

Do You Know? The speakers in the given dialogue are using direct speech.

Direct speech is the speech the speakers themselves use in conversation.
There are two ways of expressing meaning what somebody has said. They are
DIRECT and INDIRECT speech.
From the above dialogue, the following are direct speech.
Kishor said to waiter, “Waiter! Please, come here.”
Waiter said to Kishor, “Yes! Can I help you, sir?”
Kishor said to waiter, “Er, we haven’t got a menu.”
Waiter said to Kishor, “Oh, I’m sorry I’ll bring you one now.”
Kishor said to waiter, “Thank you.”
Waiter said to Kishor “Here’s the menu, sir.”
Kishor said to waiter, “Would you serve us two halves chaumine, two omelettes,
a cup of tea, and a coke.”
Waiter said to Kishor, “Okay, sir! (After a while) Here’re the dishes, please.”
Kishor said to waiter, “Thank you, waiter.”
Osika said to Kishor, “Let’s start having meal.”
Now underline the change in the following sentences while changing them into
indirect speech.
Kishor requested waiter to go there.
Waiter asked Kishor if he could help him.
Kishor told waiter that they had not got a menu.
Waiter told Kishor that he was sorry and he would bring him one then.
Kishor thanked waiter.

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Waiter told Kishor that there was the menu.
Kishor asked waiter if he would serve them two halves chaumine, two omelettes,
a cup of tea, and a coke.
Waiter told Kishor that it was okay. He said that there were the dishes.
Kishor thanked waiter again.
Osika offered Kishor to start having meal.
Look at the changes in the following sentences.
Direct: Hem said to me, “I am very sad today.”
Indirect: Hem told me that he was very sad that day.
a. Change in reporting verb: said to-told
b. Use of connective: that
c. Change in pronoun: I- he
d. Change in tense: am-was
e. Change in adverbial: today-that day
f. Change in punctuation: inverted comma and comma-full stop

Listening Practice

Repeat the following adverbials after your teacher.

Direct Indirect

this that
these those
here there
today that day
now/just then
thus so
hence thence

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tomorrow the following day/the next day
yesterday the previous day/the day before
next day/week/month the following day/week/month
the day before yesterday two days ago
last week/month/year the week/month/year before
ago before
hither thither
tonight that night
come go

Instant Practice

Complete the following sentences putting correct adverbials.

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

She said, “She’s coming this week.” She said that she was coming _____.

He said, “I bought this pearl for He said that he had bought_____ pearl

myself.” for himself.

He said, “I found these coins in bed.” He said he had found _____coins in
bed.

He said, “I saw her the day before He said he’d seen her _______.
yesterday.”

“I’ll do it tomorrow,” he promised. He promised that he would do it ____.

She said, “My father died a year ago.” She said that her father had died ___.

He said, “I’ll be very busy today.” He said that he would be very busy
______.

He said, “I’ll be here again tomorrow.” He said that he’d be again ______.

She said, “I’ll come to you tonight.” She said that she would come to me
_____.

Joe said, “Are you fine now?” Joe asked if I was fine______.

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Grammar Focus: Person Change Possessive Self-forms

Person Subjective case Objective P1 P2
case My Mine Myself
Our Ours Ourselves
1st I Me Your Yours Yourself/ Yourselves
We Us Her Hers Herself
You His His Himself
2nd You Her It Its Itself
3rd She Him Their Theirs Themselves
It
He Them
It
They

Instant Practice

Complete the following sentences putting correct pronouns.

Direct Speech Indirect Speech
He said, “I have lost my umbrella.” He said that____ had lost ____
umbrella.
She said, “He’s my son.” She said that ____was ____son.

They said, “We’ve lost our car.” They said that ____had lost ____car.

I said to them, “I am on my way.” I told them that ____was on ___way.

She said, “You have to do your own She said that ____had to do ____own

work.” work.

He says, ‘I don’t want to wait any He says that ____doesn’t want to wait

longer.’ any longer.

‘I know her,’ said James. James said that ____ knew ____.

He said, ‘I might be late.’ He said that ____might be late.

He said, ‘It is nice I saw you again.’ He said that ____ was nice ___had

seen ___again.

The teacher says, ‘You should work The teacher says that ____should

hard.’ work hard.

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Grammar Focus: Reporting Verb Change

Reported speech Reporting verbs Joining words

statement told/said that

request asked/requested to/not to

command told/said/ordered/commanded to/not to

yes/no question asked/enquired/questioned if/whether

w-h question asked/enquired/questioned w-h words

exclamation asked/exclaimed that/w-h words

optative wished/blessed/cursed that

Grammar Focus: Tense Change

Direct Indirect Example

V1/V5 V2 He said, “I sing a song.”
He said that he sang a song.
She said to me, “I play a game.”
She told me that she played a game.

is, am, are was, were Mina said to me, “He is an honest boy.”
has, have Had Mina told me that he was an honest boy.
He said, “I am all right.”
He said that he was all right.
She said to me, “You are good looking.”
She told me that I was good looking.

My uncle said, “I have hired a house.”
My uncle said that he had hired a house.
Hema said, “She has brought me some apples.”
Hema said that she had brought her some apples.

has to, had to I said to her, “You have to hurry up.”
have to I told her that she had to hurry up.
My sister said, “She has to cancel the flight.”
My sister said that she had to cancel the flight.

was, were had been He said to me, “I was looking at you.”
He told me that he had been looking at me.
They said, “We were visiting the museum.”
They said that they had been visiting the museum.

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will, shall would, She said to me, “What will you do next?”
should She asked me what I would do next.
can, may We said to him, “What shall we do for you?”
We asked him what we should do for him.
do not,
does not could, He said, “I can type this letter.”
might He said that he could type that letter.
did not She said to me, “I may call you later.”
She told me that she might call me later.
would,
should did not Tony said to me, “I do not like apples.”
Tony told me that he did not like apples.
could, He said, “It does not work properly.”
might He said that it did not work properly.
universal
truth had not Maya said, “I did not invite you at the party.”
Maya said that she had not invited me at the party.

He said, “I would top the class quite often.”

no change He said that he would top the class quite often.
They said, “You should help us.”

They said that I should help them.

Rita said to me, “I could sing very well.”

no change Rita told me that she could sing very well.
Urmila said, “I might visit you.”

Urmila said that she might visit me.

no change He said, “Water flows down.”
He said that water flows down.

Instant Practice

Change the following sentences into indirect speech.
1. He said, “I never eat meat.”
2. She said, “I’m waiting for my friend.”
3. Nib said, “I have found a flat.”
4. He said, “I’ve been waiting for ages.”
5. She said to me, “I took it home with me.”
6. He said, “I will/shall be there on Monday.”
7. Maya said, “I will/shall be using the car myself.”

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8. I said, “I would like to see it.”

9. Father said, “I’m trying to get a taxi.”

10. The girl said, ‘It gives me great pleasure to be here this evening.’

11. The man said, ‘I must go as soon as possible.’

12. He said, ‘I have won the match.’

13. The report said, ‘Global temperatures are rising.’

14. The boy said, ‘I am very busy now.’

15. She said, ‘I have finished my job.’

16. He said, ‘My father is working in the garage.’

17. I said, ‘I have passed the examination.’

18. The man said, ‘The horse died in the night.’

19. The teacher says, ‘The earth moves round the sun.’

20. He said, ‘I’m glad to be here in this evening.’

G Frammar ocus: Change of Different Types of Sentences

Sentences Direct Indirect
Assertive
My father said, “I am going My father said that he was
Negative out.” going out.
He said to me, “I can type He told me that he could type
fast.” fast.
She said to us, “I have a She told us that she had a
smart watch.” smart watch.

She said, “I didn’t buy a car” She said that she had not
He said, “He does not like bought a car.
computer” He said that he did not like
She said, “I am not laughing” computer.
She said that she was not
laughing.

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Interrogative I said to him, “Who are you?" I enquired of him who he
Imperative
Exclamatory Aman said, “Why don't you go was.

home?" Aman asked me why I did not

He said, “Where do you come go home.

from?” He asked me where I came

from.

He said, “Shut up!” He told me to shut up.
She said, “Don't do it again!” She told me not to do it
He said, “Please give me again.
some money.” He asked to give him some
money.

He said, “Hurrah! I won a He exclaimed with joy that he
prize” had won a prize.
She said, “Alas! I failed in She exclaimed with sorrow
exam” that she failed in the exam.
John said, “Wow! What a nice John exclaimed with wonder
shirt it is” that it was a nice shirt.

Instant Practice

Change the following sentences into indirect speech.
1. Mr. Yam said, “I am very tired.”
2. He said, “I am flying to Rome tomorrow,”
3. George said, “I have lived in this village all my life”
4. Peter said to me, “Ί can’t go out with you because I am not feeling well”.
5. Himani said to me, “I hope you have enjoyed yourself”
6. She said, “I have been to Pokhara many times”
7. Kalika said, “I want to study medicine, father.”
8. Her friend said, “You are wrong, Mira”.
9. He said to me, “I saw your friend at the cinema yesterday”,
10. She said to him “I called you up but you didn’t answer an hour ago”

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Instant Practice 221

Change the following sentences into indirect speech.
1. The teacher said to me, “Write your name on this paper.”
2. He said to me, “Wait for me here.”
3. He said to them “Don’t go out alone.”
4. He said to me, “Type this letter immediately,”
5. Peter said to Tom, “Don’t do it again.”
6. The students said, “We may be a little late.”
7. The teacher said, “You must answer this question in 5 seconds”
8. He said, “I can’t stay out very late”
9. My mother said to me, “You ought to be more careful.”
10. I said to them, “Don’t write on your desks.”

Instant Practice

Change the following sentences into indirect speech.
1. He asked me, “How much did you pay for this book?”
2. The nurse asked him, “How are you feeling.”
3. The teacher asked “Have you written your homework?”
4. He asked me “Do you know anything about the accident?”
5. My brother asked, “Has anybody called while I was out.”
6. She asked me “Do you know where Mrs. Adhikari lives?”
7. He asked her, “Has the plane left?”
8. She asked, “How much does this coat cost?”
9. She asked me “Where are you from?”
10. She asked him “When will you meet your friends?”

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

Instant Practice

Change the following sentences into indirect speech.
1. She said, "I don’t want to see any of you; go away."
2. He said to me, "I don’t believe you."
3. I said to him, ‘I didn’t go there.’
4. They said, “We aren’t coming.”
5. You said to me, “I am not feeling well.”
6. Mohan said, “My sister isn’t in good health.”
7. Teacher said, “He does not obey me.”
8. She said, “My mother wasn’t in the visiting team.”
9. Alana said, “I won’t trouble you.”
10. Lolita said, “I cannot help you.”

Instant Practice

Change the following sentences into indirect speech.
1. “Good!” he exclaimed.
2. “Ugh!” she exclaimed.
3. They said, “Thank you!”
4. He said, “Good luck!”
5. She said, “Happy Christmas!”
6. He said, “Congratulations!”
7. He said, “Liar!”
8. He said, “Damn!”
9. The notice said: " Welcome to Kathmandu !"
10. She said, “What a cute baby!”

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1 ASSESS YOURSELF 223

Change the following sentences into indirect speech.
1. He asked, “How much does it cost?”
2. Helen asked, “Where are you going?”
3. They asked me “Will you invite us?”
4. He asked me, “Do you know, where he is?”
5. She asked me, “What time is it?”
6. He asked me, “How are you feeling now?”
7. She asked him, “How do you like your new job?”
8. He asked me, “Have you been waiting long?”
9. She said to me, “Throw it away.”
10. He said to her, “Stop that noise.”
11. She said to her, “Don’t go near the dog.”
12. He said to them, “Put your books on the table.”
13. She said to him, “Be careful.”
14. She said to him, “Don’t be silly.”
15. Helen said to me, “I want to be a doctor.”
16. John said, “I want to go out, mother.”
17. His father said, “You are right, Tom”.
18. George said, “Wait for me here.”
19. She asked him, “Have you paid the bill?”
20. He always said “You must pay more attention”

2 ASSESS YOURSELF

Change the following sentences into indirect speech.
1. He said to me, " You are very ambitious."
2. He said to me, ‘'Your father has sent you a gift.'’

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-7

3. James said, ‘'I am working against heavy odds.’'
4. He said to me, '‘I have often told you not to play with fire.'’
5. ‘You have done very badly,’ " remarked the teacher."
6. They wrote, ‘' It is time we must settle the matter.'’
7. The mother said, ‘'I am longing for my son’s return.'’
8. He wrote, ‘' I am unable to come just now because I am ill.'’
9. She said, ‘' I left school long ago.’'
10. I said to her, ‘'I have not seen him in years.'’
11. Susan said, “The food is very delicious here.”
12. Madhu said, “I am going to ride my bike to work today.”
13. Junu said, “I have been to Dhunche several times.”
14. Hiren said, “I forgot to call my mother.”
15. Karina said, “I can teach you how to edit video.”
16. Michael said, “I want to visit Kathmandu one day.”
17. Bob’s boss said, “The meeting starts at 2:00.”
18. Sue said, “I’ve already seen that movie.”
19. Tom said, “I have to finish my report.”
20. Safalta said, “I can meet you at noon.”

3 ASSESS YOURSELF

Change the following sentences into indirect speech.
1. Kabina said, “I don’t like seafood.”
2. Anu said, “I can’t read Farsi.”
3. The professor said, “The next quiz will be this Friday.”

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4. Jitu said, “I don’t love Spanish food.”
5. Eman said, “I’m not going to Singapore next month.”
6. Keshar said, “I had a great weekend.”
7. Mehar said, “I’m going to start my own business next month.”
8. Alina said, “I finished university in June.”
9. Sofia said, “I haven’t studied photography.”
10. Mina said, “I will bring you a scarf from India.”
11. Atul said, “I’m sorry but I can’t meet at 10.”
12. Bill said, “I can meet you for lunch on Friday.”
13. Mani said, “I don’t want to learn how to swim.”
14. “Don’t eat all the pizza. We need to save some for John.”
15. “Don’t climb the fence,” said the security guard.
16. “Don’t eat just before going to bed,” the doctor told her.
17. She said, “Stop running!”
18. “Answer the test with a pencil,” said the instructor.
19. “Please put your name at the top of the page,” said the instructor.

4 ASSESS YOURSELF

Fill in the blanks choosing the correct options.
1. Bill said that he .................................. the party. (doesn’t like, didn’t like,
didn’t liked)
2. I asked her ............................... she would marry me. (that, if, what)
3. The police inspector asked us ........................... our passports. (show, to
show, that we show)
4. I wondered how ...........................(are you, you are, were you, you were).

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5. The government announced that taxes................... (will rise, would be
raised, will be raised).

6. She said that she .............................. enough. (has had, had had, have,
had)

7. I............................ I didn’t intend to stand for election. (replied, replied
that)

8. I.................................you are probably right. (think, thought)

9. I ...............................I was busy. (shouted, shouted that)

10. He wanted to know ............................... leaving. (when was I, when I was,
when I will)

11. Nobody told me why ............................to sign the papers. (had I, did I
have, I had)

12. I knew how ...........................(you felt, did you feel, you feel)

Vocabulary in Use

Match the following adjectives with their meanings given below.

pleasing showing much love and admiration

spellbinding very impressive or very difficult and perhaps rather
frightening

passionate very exciting or impressive usually in a pleasant way;
very surprising

loving extremely attractive or impressive

awesome impressive; making you feel respect and admiration

breathtaking feeling or showing love and affection for somebody/
something

stunning having or showing strong feelings of sexual love or of
anger, etc

awe-inspiring holding your attention completely

adoring causing great interest or excitement

exciting that gives you pleasure or satisfaction

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Guided Composition: Writing Biography

A biography is a story or an account of a person’s life written by somebody
else. A biography is an effective means of communication. It states an
individual’s basic life facts and their importance for us. The lives of many people
in the world can inspire us to do better in future. Thus, biographies are written
to make people inform about the people and their contribution for the specific
area, field, or any other topic. Here are some considerations to be made while
writing a biography.

 Date of birth and death of the person whose biography is going to be
written.

 List out the major achievements in the life of that person.

 Mention the educational background and awards if any related to the
person whose biography is being written.

 Highlight the contribution of the person in the specific field/area.

 Significance of his/her contribution to mankind, society or the nation as a
whole.

Read the following biography.

Rajesh Hamal

Rajesh Hamal is an actor, producer, director,
singer, lecturer and environmental activist. He is
known to be the biggest actor (MAHA NAYAK) in
Nepalese movie industry.

He was born on June 26, 1964 in Tansen, which
lies in central Nepal. Rajesh Hamal studied at
Bhanubhakta Memorial School till eighth grade.
Then he went to Moscow, Russia with his father
who was Nepalese Ambassador to Russia. Rajesh Hamal finished his M.A. in
English literature from Chandigarh University.

Rajesh Hamal started his career with the movie Yug Dekhi Yug Samma in 1988,
a film made by his maternal uncle. Initially, his parents were disappointed with his

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career choice. He is considered a prominent figure in bringing professionalism
in the Nepali movie industry. From the start of his career, he worked no less than
10 to 12 films a year. Later, in his prime years, he even starred in more than 20
movies a year. Till date he has worked in over 230 Nepali films and one Punjabi
movie.
Rajesh Hamal is only one Superstar in Nepali cinema that keeps records
on awards winning. In 1988 he got "National Film Award" and “Best Actor
Debut” award in 1989. Since 1992 to 2001 no other star got opportunity
to win the award in 'Best Actor Award Category.' He had won 12 awards in
National Film Award for “Best Actor Award” category and received 12
nominations. He is nominated for 28 times in a Nepali Cinema Award function.
Hamal is very popular within and across the country. He is a great inspiration
for all of us. He is a high rated artist, public speaker and esteemed personality.
He is an epitome of professional artist in Nepal.
Write a similar biography of a famous person you like most.
Write similar biography of the following persons.

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T START CHAPTER 14

GE ED

RELATIVE CLAUSE

Read the following story.
The Three Boys

Half an hour before daybreak three of the
boys assembled, as they agreed, near the
old bridge. The fourth, a boy whose name
was Tony, had not turned up. His absence
did not make the others feel greatly surprise.
They knew that it was his mother who did not
want him to come on this expedition into the
forest.

Charles, whom all trusted was the oldest and their accepted leader. He waded
downstream to the place where their boat was tied up in the shelter of some
overhanging bushes. Then he rowed the boats back to the shallow water near
the bridge, where the boys loaded it with the provisions, blankets and other things
that they were taking on their journey. Dawn was just breaking as they climbed
into their boat and pushed off from the bank. There was a swift current which
carried them downstream so there was no need to row. They took it in turns to
keep the boat in the centre of the river. Three hours later they entered the forest
where they intended to spend the next few days. “Let’s go ashore now and
make some tea,” suggested Charles. “No one will see us here.” The reason why
people rarely came this way was that it was forbidden to light fires in the forest.

When Charles tied the boat up, the other two boys set about gathering wood
for a fire. When they came back, each with a large handful of sticks, they found
Charles who was looking very worried. He announced gloomily that they hadn’t
got any matches,” “Tony was going to bring them.” This was bad news. They were
miles away now from the nearest shop. Had they thought about it before they set
off, they would not have got that problem.

Do You Know? In the story, the coloured words are relative pronouns. They

give more information about noun or pronoun used in a sentence.

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Speaking Practice

Answer these questions based on the given story.
1. What are these words called?
2. When is ‘whose’ used?
3. How is ‘who’ used in the story?
4. What is the difference in the use of ‘who’ and ‘whom’?
5. What does ‘where’ talk about?
6. What do the words ‘which’ and ‘that’ refer to?
7. What does the word ‘when’ refer to?

Quick Tip

The clauses that start with the words like, who, whom, whose, when,
where, why, etc. are relative clause.

Grammar Focus: Relative Clause

There are two kinds of relative clauses:

RELATIVE CLAUSE

give relative information give extra information

DEFINING NON-DEFINING

People thing places times possession who
which
who which where when whose when
that that where
whose

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A. Defining Relative Clauses
Defining relative clauses are those clauses that are required to comprehend a
sentence and cannot be deleted. No comas are used in this type of sentences.
For example:

Krishal is my son who lives in Kathmandu.
My brother runs the new shop that / which contained many goods.
That’s the student who failed English class three times.
By 4.30, there was only one painting which hadn’t been sold.
There is hardly a moment when I don’t think of you, my son.
This is the street where I live.
B. Non-defining Relative Clauses
Non-defining relative clauses are those which include more information and can
be deleted from the sentence without changing its basic meaning. Generally, a
coma is used to separate the clause in this type of sentence. For example:

Krishal is son of mine, who lives in Kathmandu.
The new shop, which contained many goods, is run by my brother.
My brother, who lives in California, is an engineer.
By 4.30, which was almost closing time, nearly all the paintings had been sold.
Come back at 3.30, when I won’t be so busy.
I stopped in Sitapaila, where my sister owns a shop.
There was nobody left on the train, which made me suspicious.
I watched the play until the end of the first act, at which point I felt I had seen
enough.

A warning sign ‘Overheat’ may come on, in which case turn off the appliance at
once.

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Grammar Focus: Function of Relative Clause

Words Function Examples

Who describes person in She is one of the girls who tore my copy.
subject He, who works far, has come home
today.
Whom describes person in
object The teacher whom I sent a parcel is
blind.
Whose describes person in Maya, whom I proposed scolded me bit-
possessive degree terly.

That describes things in We have a teacher whose tone is Indian.
defining relative I have a friend whose parents are in the
clauses USA.

Which describes things in The bag that I saw at the supermarket
non-defining relative was pretty.
clauses I complained about the man that was
very rude.
Where describes places
The house, which is in white colour, is
What gives information attractive.
about subject The class, which is in first floor, has a
projector.
Why Describes Reason
How This is the house where I live.
Describes the Manner That is the place where an accident took
of doing things place last Friday.

When Describes Time This is the question what troubled me
much.
That was the issue what I wanted to talk
about.

My friend wanted to know why I called
him.
I don’t know why I hate rich people.

I understood how you came here.
It is the process how I installed this app.

This is the time when people migrate to
cities.
I got an accident when I was in grade
six.

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1 ASSESS YOURSELF 233

Join the following sentences using the correct relative pronouns.
1. This is the woman. She gave me my first job.
2. He picked up the book. It was on the desk.
3. The meal was delicious. Ben cooked it.
4. She’s the woman. She telephoned the police.
5. He’s the person. He wanted to buy your house.
6. We threw out the computer. It never worked properly.
7. This is the lion. It’s been ill recently.
8. The man was badly injured. He was driving the car.
9. The children broke my window. They live in the next street.
10. They sold the cat. It was afraid of mice.
11. This is the chair. My parents gave it to me.
12. I’ve applied for the job. You told me about it.
13. We’re looking for the ball. We were playing with it.
14. The man was holding the gun. We saw him.
15. I’m going to speak to the mechanic. He repaired my car.
16. The TV programme was very sad. I watched it last night.
17. The girl had red hair. I saw her.
18. That’s the woman. I was telling you about her.
19. Yesterday I met a man. He works in the circus.
20. I want to sell my house. I bought it last year.

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2 ASSESS YOURSELF

Use suitable relative pronouns to fill in each blank space.

1. The book _______proved most helpful was the one by Mr. Gautam.

2. The biscuits ____Tirana bought this morning have all eaten.

3. Childhood is said to be the period in our lives _____we learn fastest.

4. I’m selling the computer ____ I bought in the U.S.

5. My cousins, one of ____ is a doctor, live in England.

6. The library had a variety of books; the most popular of _____ are on short
loan.

7. I bought a cell phone ____ has internet access.

8. The equipment _____ I avoid using is the gas spectrometer.

9. Our hotel, _____was only two minutes from the beach, was very nice.
10. Nepal is a country, ____ capital is in Kathmandu.
11. The man _____car was stolen went to the police station.
12. Do you know the people _____ live in the house on the corner?
13. The student _____ saw me yesterday was absent this morning.
14. I was talking to two researchers, _____English was hard to understand.
15. The Bus Park is the place _____ you’ll find most adverts for flats.
16. The supervisors ____ students appreciate most are those that give the
clearest advice.
17. We had a long meeting; by the end of _____ she had accepted our
proposal.
18. The woman ____works in the bank is my neighbour.
19. There were three lecturers in the office, none of _____ knew much about
it.

20. There’s the restaurant ___ I ate last night.

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3 ASSESS YOURSELF 235

Use suitable relative pronouns to fill in each blank space.
1. Mr. Regmi is a person ___speaks politely.
2. I saw the same person_____ I had met in hospital.
3. This is the place_____ I was born.
4. These are the machines _____ switch themselves off.
5. My brother is a professor _____is living in Canada.
6. What is the name of your office _____ you work?
7. The old couple _____ live here are foreigners.
8. The boy, _____ father is a policeman, is an engineer.
9. I have seen the kangaroo _____ lives in Australia.
10. This is the same girl _____ I gave your note copy.
11. All students _____ are hardworking are liked by teachers.
12. The labourer is carrying load _____is very heavy.
13. This is the reason_____ I don’t like this place.
14. Spring is the time_____ baby birds learn to fly.
15. I know the woman _____ you are going to marry soon.
16. The boy is washing a car _____ is very expensive.
17. I have no idea _____Rara Lake is located.
18. The dogs_____ you have kept are very well behaved.
19. The old man _____ visited the USA recently, is very happy now.
20. This is the same chair _____ I used to sit always.

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Vocabulary in Use
Vocabulary in Use

Fill in the gaps choosing these words to complete the following sentences.

ecstatic content cheerful grateful delighted

miserable fed-up depressed frustrated confused

You feel ________ when you are madly in love or spiritually uplifted for some

reason.

You feel ________ when you are peaceful and satisfied with what you have.

You feel ________ when life is looking quite bright and positive.

You feel ________ when someone has done you a favour.

You feel ________ when something has happened that gives you immense

pleasure.

You feel ________ when everything seems miserable in your life.

You feel ________ when you have had enough of something disagreeable.

You feel ________ when you are miserable over a long period of time.

You feel ________ when you are unable to do something that you want to do.

You feel ________ when you cannot make sense of different conflicting feelings

or ideas.

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Guided Composition: News Story

Headline Pilot dies in small plane crash at
Lloydminster

Byline Reported by Geoff Smith

Placeline Canada

An experienced pilot is dead after crashing a new
Lead ultra light plane north of Lloydminster near the Alberta

Saskatchewan border at about 3:00 pm today.

Facts According to our reporter, rescue teams were called
in to an area of rough terrain north of the city as soon
Additional as the news of the crash. The pilot had last been
information seen on Sunday, practicing touch-and-go takeoffs
and landings from a private runway. The victim was
an experienced pilot, but not with this type of aircraft.
The family has asked police to withhold the name.

The police are investigating the case.

Car accident claims life, injures two

The Republica

Rupandehi: One person died and two were injured in a car accident at Debdaha
along East-West Highway last night.

The mishap occurred when the car collided with a culvert and fell 10 meters
down the road. Area Police Office, Butwal, said Basanta Bahadur Khati, 32,
of Bandipokhara-8 from Palpa died on the way to Lumbini Zonal Hospital for
treatment.

Yam Bahadur Bohora of Tansen Municipality-13 and Khem Narayan Kafle
of Jagatradevi-8 from Syangja were injured in the accident. Both of them are
undergoing treatment in Lumbini Zonal Hospital. The police are further investigating
the case.

Now write similar news stories based on accidents and natural disasters.

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T START CHAPTER 15

GE ED

CONJUNCTIONS

Read the following description .

Adobe is a type of clay. It is used to
make bricks. People in many dry parts
of the world use adobe bricks to build
buildings. This is partly because there
are few trees in these regions in order to
supply wood for constructing building.
Adobe soils are so fertile that crops
can flourish much. It can be shaped
easily while it is wet but it is so hard
that ploughing is almost impossible
after it is dry.

Though it is time consuming, people do not bother themselves to make adobe
bricks by wetting clay and then adding straw or another type of fiber. They mix
the material and pour it into molds. The molds have four sides and are open at
the top. People then lay the bricks out in the sun to dry, which can take several
weeks. When they are dry, the adobe bricks are ready to use.

Adobe buildings usually start with a base of stone or concrete. Workers stack
the adobe bricks on this base. They stick the bricks together with a mud like
material called mortar so that adobe buildings become very strong and can
last for hundreds of years. Adobe buildings also stay warm in winter and cool in
summer.

Do You Know? In the given description, the coloured words are conjunctions.

They are also called connectors. They connect two different ideas.

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Speaking Practice

Say what words are connectives in the following sentences.
a. We buy fruit and vegetables at the grocery store.
b. The teacher is firm but fair with the children.
c. Who is cooking the dinner, Mom or Dad?
d. Before you leave the house, be sure that you’ve got your backpack.
e. I usually do my homework after I have my dinner.
f. We’ve moved to a new house since I last wrote to you.
g. While we’re waiting for the bus, let’s play a game.
h. People stand back as the train goes through the station.
i. I sat down because I was feeling tired.
j. He failed exam because of his laziness.

Quick Tip

Conjunctions are the words that connect sentences, clauses, phrases,
or words, and sometimes paragraphs. They can also be used to avoid
repetition of grammatical phrases.

Grammar Focus: Types of Conjunctions

A. Coordinating conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions may join single words, or they may join groups
of words.

The seven coordinating conjunctions in English are: FOR, AND, NOR, BUT, OR,
YET and SO.

We looked everywhere for the key.

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I was neither reading nor sleeping.
The musicians are young but very talented.
You can have a soda or lemonade.
He was careless yet he passed his driving test.
Your handwriting is poor so you must improve it.
B. Subordinating conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions join together the clauses of unequal rank or
importance.
a. Time connectives: before, after, when, while, till, until, as long as, as soon as,
etc. All these connectives join two actions:
It was sometime before I realized the truth.
I will call you after I finish my office work.
I liked her when I was at school.
His wife died while he was in the USA.
You cannot go home till you finish this task.
Let’s wait until the bus stops.
You cannot reach that bus as long as you hurry up.
The thieves ran away as soon as they saw the policemen.
b. Reason Connectives: because, as, since, because of, so, lest, therefore, etc.
Reason connectives join a statement and a reason.
I called you here because he told me to.
She might need some help as she is new.
I won’t write to you since you write to me.
He failed exam because of his carelessness.
It was still painful so I went to see a doctor.

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He was terrified lest he had revealed too much.

He is only sixteen therefore he is not allowed to vote.

c. Purpose Connectives: to, in order to, for, so that, so….that, in order that, etc.
Purpose connectives join an action and a purpose. All these connectives are
placed before purpose.

I went the park to meet one of my old friends.

Buy an oxford dictionary in order to improve your vocabulary power.

I listened eagerly for he brought good news of my brother.

I go to market so that I can buy some vegetable.

He is so intelligent that everybody likes him.

We visit museum in order that we know much about past history of our
country.

d. Connectives of Unexpected Result: though, although, even though, in spite
of, despite, however, nevertheless, etc. All these connectives join a situation
and its unexpected result.

I could not succeed though I tried hard.

Although he is poor, he is honest.

I did not see him even though I was at the party.

He skied in spite of warning signs.

Despite his request she left him.

He is polite. However, few people like him.
C. Compound conjunctions
Some compound expressions are used as conjunctions. These are called
compound conjunctions.

He as well as his son has gone to Kathmandu.

She behaved as if nothing has happened.

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It sounds as though you had a good time.

I will get there, even if I have to walk.

You can use my car provided that you drive slowly.

He gave him 5 lakhs on condition that he would return 6 lakhs.

D. Correlative conjunctions/Connectives in Pairs

All the connectives join a pair of nouns, verbs, adverbs, phrases; clauses,
etc. The conjunctions that are used in pairs are called correlative
conjunctions.

You have to either work regularly or quit it.

Neither he nor his friends are good mannered.

I not only fell down but also bruised myself.

Whether you sing or dance no problem for me.

My brother is both sincere and hard working.

Such was his condition that nobody liked him.

No sooner did the teacher come than we started writing.
E. Relative Pronoun Connectives: who, whose, whom, what, which, where,
that, when, how, why, etc.
The man who Anu saw at the concert is Sonam.
He saw the man whose name was Niraj.
The writer whom you wrote is your own relative.
Nobody knows what will happen next.
This is the same pen which you had stolen yesterday.
I will stop where there is a parking area.
That’s an old castle that we visited.
I will phone you when I arrive.
She is unknown on how she has to speak.
The reason why I like her is her politeness.
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1 ASSESS YOURSELF

Underline connectives in the following statements.

1. Since the new teacher arrived, we all enjoy our work more.

2. Take an umbrella in case it rains.

3. Take the toy out of the box before you throw the box away.

4. The animal is large but timid.

5. Is this a sheep or a goat?

6. It’s cold, wet and windy today.

7. Joe first met his wife when he was studying in London.

8. Joe listened to music while he was doing his homework.

9. Mom switched off the TV as it was past my bedtime.

10. People stand back as the train goes through the station.

11. Sam ran faster than both Kim and David.

12. Since you have finished your homework, you can help me make dinner.

13. Take all your belongings with you when you leave the plane.

14. Tamendra saw an accident while he was walking home.

15. Until the rice is cooked, we can’t eat dinner.

16. Wait here until I come back.

17. While the bus is slower than the train, it’s cheaper.

18. You can do your homework either now or after dinner.

19. Wherever there are mountains, you will also find streams.

20. You can’t watch TV until you’ve done your homework.

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2 ASSESS YOURSELF

Supply the correct connectives to the following statements.
1. ____you forget the number, I’ve written it on this piece of paper. (If, In case)
2. ____get to sleep, he reads a really boring book at bedtime. (For, In order to)
3. John took a map ____he wouldn’t get lost. (so, so that)
4. Let’s write down the address ____ we don’t forget it. (so, so that)
5. Look both ways ____ you cross the street. (after, before)
6. Miss Thapa was smiling ____she walked into the class. ( as, though)
7. She goes jogging every morning ____keep fit. (in order that, in order to)
8. The children are wearing hats ____ they won’t get sunburned. (so, so that)
9. The dog follows Aman ____ he goes. (whenever, wherever)
10. The movie was ____ funny ____interesting. (neither…nor…, whether…or.)
11. The party began at 8:00 P.M. and lasted ________ midnight.(unless, until)
12. They visited Sydney, ____Hong Kong and Tokyo. (and, as well as)
13. ____this computer is very old, it is very reliable. (Though, Because of)
14. Tom and Joe have been friends____ childhood. (because, since)
15. We could walk, ____ else take a taxi. (or, however)
16. We left early ____we wouldn’t be late. (so, so that)
17. We went inside ____it started to rain. (as soon as , as)
18. We’ve moved to a new house ____ I last wrote to you. (because, since)
19. ____ the wind blows, the branches on the tree bend. (As, When)
20. ____ the road is narrow, big trucks can’t get through. (When, Where)
21. You have grown taller ____I saw you last. ( as, since)

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3 ASSESS YOURSELF

Supply the correct connectives to the following statements.

1. _____he began exercising regularly, Bibas became healthier. (Before, After)

2. _____ I went to bed, I heard a strange noise downstairs. (Before, After)

3. _____Grandpa is old, he’s very fit. (Although, Because)

4. _____you’ve finished your homework, let me see it. (As soon as, When)

5. _____you’re my best friend, I’ll lend you my new bike. (As, Because)

6. ______we arrived late; we missed the beginning of the play. (As, Because)

7. _____you leave the house, be sure that you’ve got your backpack. (Before,
After)

8. Dad _____ washed the car, ____ he polished it. (so…..that, not only….but
also)

9. Dad painted the walls white ____ make the room look brighter. (in order to,
for)
10. Dad watches TV ____ he does his exercises. (while, when)
11. Does anybody know ____ Mr. Regmi lives? (when, where)
12. Don’t leave ____ you’ve finished your work. (until, unless)
13. _____ the weather was sunny, it was cold. (Even though, Because)
14. Grandpa is old ____ very fit. (and, but)
15. I always brush my teeth ____ I’ve had my breakfast. (before, after)
16. I hid the comics under the bed ____ nobody could find them. (so that, so…
that)
17. I sat down ____ I was feeling tired. (as, because)
18. I took an apple ____ it was the only fruit in the bowl. (since, however)
19. I usually do my homework ____ I have my dinner. (before, after)

20. I’ll call you ___ I get home. (while, when)

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4 ASSESS YOURSELF

Supply the correct connectives to the following statements.
1. I asked for some bread ________ butter. (and, but)
2. ____I really need is a long holiday. (That, What)
3. Aman looked unhappy ________ he walked in. (while, when)
4. The plane____ has just taken off is an hour late. (which, when)
5. My friend Nilam____ works in the city, earns much more than I do. (whom,
who)
6. Martin is someone with _____I usually agree. (who, whom)
7. Atlanta is the city____ the Olympic Games were held in 1996. (when,
where)
8. It rained all the time____ it was a great pity. (so, so that)
9. We passed shops ____ windows were decorated for Christmas. (which,
whose)
10. Mr. ________ Mrs. Chaudhary have three children. (and, but)
11. Muna is a good singer ________ a poor dancer. (and, but)
12. We wish you a Merry Christmas ________ a Happy New Year. (also, as
well as)
13. Is their new baby a boy ________ a girl? (and, or)
14. The dictionary has 1000 words ________ 200 drawings. (and, but)
15. Babin is taller than Nabin ________ shorter than Mike. (and, but)
16. Are you going by train ________ by bus? (and, or)

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17. Jack always brushes his teeth ________ he has eaten a meal. (before,
after)

18. It started to rain ________ the children were playing in the garden. (when,
while)

19. Let’s go home ________ it gets dark. (before, after)
20. Give this letter to Anne ________ you see her. (when, as)

Vocabulary in Use

Match the following crime words with their definitions given below.

murder an act of taking something illegally into another country

shoplifting an act of setting fire to something in a criminal way

burglary an act of killing someone

smuggling an act of stealing something from a shop

arson an act of stealing from someone’s home

kidnapping taking a person hostage in exchange for money or other
favour

assault to enter a building illegally usually using force and steal from
it

burgle to attack somebody violently

conspire to get money illegally from a person or organization by
tricking them

defraud to secretly plan with other people to do something illegal or
harmful


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Guided Composition: Broken Dialogue

Complete the following dialogue.
Student: ……………, which lesson do we learn today?
Teacher: Well, today we learn lesson 10. Are you ready?
Student: Yes sir,…………… about?
Teacher: It’s about ……. letter. Today, I’ll tell you……. and their models
Student: Sir, would you please tell us how to write letters?
Teacher: Yes,………… Shyam, have you written any letter?
Student: No Sir.
a. Listen to me carefully –
b. What is it –
c. Excuse me –
d. different types of letters –
e. how to write
Complete the following dialogue.
Ramita: Do you have any new experience, Manohar? …………
Manohar: Not a special one but yesterday………….
Ramita: Really? How was the garden?
Manohar: There were fountains running on all sides.
Ramita: Did the flowers present a scene of colorfulness?
Manohar: Yes,………………….
Ramita: Wonderful! How was the garden?
Manohr: In certain bushes the birds were making their nests and………
Ramita: I love fountains. They look very beautiful.
Manohar: Exactly! ………………..
a. on all sides were green trees and flowering plants.
b. we paid a visit to the Children Garden.
c. let me listen to it.
d. the water of the fountains was sparking in the bright sun-shine.
e. we felt like plucking them.

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GE T STARTED CHAPTER 16

WH QUESTIONS

Act out the following dialogue.

Alan: Look at this picture, father. You used to be thin. Now you’re fat.
Why is it so?

Father: I was thirteen then. Now I’m
forty-three.

Alan: Where was it?

Father: It was in the village. I used to live
there with my parents. I used to
live in a mud house but now I live
in a flat in Kathmandu.

Alan: What changes have there been in the village?

Father: There used to be trees everywhere. And there used to be cows in
the fields. There are highways now. There are many new towns
there.


Alan: Who was your best friend there, father?

Father: Oh! There was a boy called Sanam. He was my best friend. We
often spent time together. Why do you ask such questions?

Alan: I want to know about your childhood much.

Do You Know? Questions that start with W-H words like who, where, how,

when, why, what, etc. are W-H questions. We use them to know exact answer
about person or thing.

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Speaking Practice

Answer these questions based on the given dialogue.
a. What are WH questions?
b. Why is it called WH questions?
c. How are WH words used in the dialogue?
d. What words are used as the subjects of questions?
e. What other word is use after WH words?

Listening Practice

Repeat this conversation after your teacher.
A: What is your name?
B: My name is Heman Rai.
A: How old are you?
B: I am 15 years old.
A: Where do you live?
B: I live in Kathmandu.
A: What is your father’s name?
B: My father’s name is Sonam Rai.
A: What is your mother’s name?
B: My mother’s name is Sunita Rai.
A: How many members are there in your family?
B: There are five members in my family.

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