หนังสือEng

English for Tourist Guide Dr. Pimpika Thongrom

(In the van) I hope that you are not too tired from walking down. Here you are a bottle of
cold water, please take one. Now we are going back to the city of Chiang Mai. Please sit
back, relax and enjoy the view of Suthep Mountain.

3. Wat Phra Singh วัดพระสงิ ห9
วัดพระสิงหo เชยี งใหมY เปZนวดั ทีส่ ำคัญที่สุดแหงY หน่ึงในจังหวัดเชียงใหมY เปZนวดั ทีป่ ระดิษฐานพระพทุ ธรูป
องคoสำคัญของไทย พระพทุ ธสิหิงคo และเปนZ วัดพระธาตปุ ระจำปเ± กิดป±มะโรง
คำศพั ทoทเี่ กย่ี วขWองในการบรรยาย

dragon (n) มังกร serpent (n) งูใหญY พญานาค
statue (n) รปู ปk²น condition (n) สภาพ
mostly (adv) โดยสYวนใหญY fade (v) จาง
flea market (n) ตลาดนดั handicraft (n) งานฝม± ือ หตั ถกรรม
hand weaving ทอมอื food stall ซWมุ อาหาร

We are now in the city of Chiang Mai. You can see a lot of traffic which getting worse in
the rush hours and weekends. The van will drop us here. Please take your belonging
with you and follow me.

Wat Phra Singh is one of the most important temples in in the old city wall Chiang Mai.
It houses Phra Buddha Sihing one of the most important Buddha images in Thailand. The
temple is also known as the temple of the birth year of Dragon or Serpent. People who
were born in Serpent year should once come to visit this temple for good fortune.

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The original name was Wat Lee Chiang Phra, constructed in 1345 by King Phayu, the 5th
reign of Mangrai dynasty. He ordered the construction of the chedi to keep the ashes of
his father King Kam Fu. In 1367, Phra Buddha Sihing or Phra Singh Buddha image was
moved in the image hall, then the temple’s name was changed to Wat Phra Singh.
Between 1578 and 1774, the temple was abandoned when Lanna was governed by the
Burmese. Later in 1782, King Kawila was assigned by Siam to rule Chiang Mai. He has
restored the city and important temples in Chiang Mai including Wat Phra Singh.

The large building at the front is the main image hall, called Vihan Luang. The word
‘Luang’ locally means large. It was originally built in Lanna style but showing Rattanakosin
influence. Behind the main image hall is a small ordination hall which can be accessed
both from the north and the south doors. The building shows the typical Lanna
architecture, especially the roof and the geometric pattern on the gable-ends.

The principal monument of the temple is a bell-shaped chedi decorated with elephant
statues on the base. Above the three-tiered circular base is another three-tiered lotus
base surmounted by the bell-shaped chedi. The bases of the chedi is higher than those
in Sukhothai and Ayutthaya style. The ideology of elephants supported the chedi has
derived from Lanka through Nakhon Sri Thammarat and Sukhothai, signifying the Buddhist
cosmology. The chedi was recently covered by gold-plated sheet, ‘Thong Jungo’, typical
in Lanna architecture.

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ภาพท่ี 8.2 Vihan Lai Kam, the main chedi and the ordination hall (from left to right)
ทม่ี า: พมิ พกิ า ทองรมยo (2559)
To the south of the pricipal chedi is a small building called Vihan Lai Kam. Lai Kam in the
northern language means golden drawing, referring to the rear interior wall depicting
golden drawing on the red background. The rectangular building is topped with a multi-
layered roof. The roof at the front has three layers while the back has two layers. The
wooden gable-ends show the geometric patterns, called Ma Tang Mai. These features
reflect the typical Lanna architecture. Inside enshrines the principal Buddha image namely
Phra Buddha Sihing. Please follow me inside.

The image is in the early Chieng Saen style. The image has a lotus bud halo, large hair
curls, arched eyebrows, hook nose, smiling expression, and round face. The body is

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corpulent. The Buddha wears transparent robe with its split-end hanging over the left
shoulder. The image sits with crossed legs on the lotus base. The characteristics show the
Indian Pala influence.

On the northern and southern interior walls depict the Thai literature of Sang Thong and
Suphanahong. Sang Thong scenes are still in quite good condition while Suphanahong
scenes are mostly faded (สภุ ทั รดิศ ดศิ สกลุ , 2537). You can take photo inside but please do
not use flash.

Every weekend, there is a flea market in the temple. You can enjoy local food from the
food stalls. You will also find local products such as beautiful hand weaving both cotton
and silk, and local clothes and handicrafts. Please enjoy the market and we will meet at
the entrance in 45 minutes.

(In the van) I hope you enjoy the temples we visited today. Next, we are going to check-
in at the hotel. Then at 6, I will take you to traditional dinner, Kuntok. You will enjoy the
meal and the northern Lanna performances. Later, we will return to the hotel or you can
walk at the night market where is near our hotel. Tomorrow please pack your luggage and
meet up at the lobby at 8 o’clock.

(After dinner) How was the dinner? I hope you had a good time. For those who are going
to the night market, please keep the hotel card with you. You can take the red car ‘Song

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Teaw’ or taxi to return to the hotel. See you at 8 o’clock tomorrow. Enjoy and have a
good night.

4. Wat Phra That Lampang Luang วัดพระธาตุลำปางหลวง
วัดพระธาตุลำปางหลวง ต้ังอยูYในจังหวดั ลำปาง เปZนพระธาตุสำคัญทางภาคเหนือของ!ประเทศไทย เปน็
วัดที่มีโขงประตูแบบล้านนาที่สวยงามสมบูรณ์ที่สุด ไดWรับการยกยYองโดย!สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ
กรมพระยาดำรงราชานุภาพ ให้เปZนหนึ่งในแปดจอมเจดียoของประเทศไทย นอกจากนี้ยังเป็นวัด
ประจำป±ฉลู สิ่งที่นYาสนใจภายในวัด คือ พระธาตุเจดียoทรงระฆัง วิหารหลวง และวหิ ารพระธาตกุ ลับหัว
มัคคเุ ทศกคo วร!แนะนำเร่อื งขWอหาW มตามธรรมเนยี มปฏิบัติทอW งถนิ่ สำหรบั สตรที ่ีเขาW ชม

คำศัพทoทเี่ ก่ยี วขWองในการบรรยาย

assassinate (v) สงั หาร incident (n) เหตุการณ์
consider (v) พิจารณา reflection (n) ภาพสะทอ้ น
preserve (v) อนรุ ักษ์ region (n) ภูมภิ าค
conquer (v) พชิ ติ seal (v) ตราประทบั
authority (n) อาํ นาจ governor (n) เจ้าเมือง
typical (adj) แบบเฉพาะ forbidden (adj) ตอ้ งห้าม
underneath (adv) ใต้ phenomenon (n) ปรากฎการณ์
worth (n) คุ้มค่า artefact (n) วตั ถทุ ี่มนษุ ย์สร้าง

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Good morning everyone. Hope that you enjoy the night market and had a good sleep last
night. Please check your luggage at the van before you get on.

(In the van) We are heading to Lampang province to visit Phra That Lampang Luang. It
takes about 1 hour!and 30 minutes. Then we are going to have lunch at Prae. After that,
we are going to Nan province.

การแนะนาํ จังหวัดลาํ ปาง
Lampang province in located in the valley of Wang River, surrounded by mountains. The
history of the city was dated since the 7th century as part of Hariphunchai Kingdom. In the
11th century, it was occupied by Khmer Kingdom. Later, King Mangrai of Lanna conquered
Hariphunchai Kingdom, including Nakorn Lampang in 1292. Between the 16th- 18th century,
Lampang was ruled under Burmese authority. In the late 18th century, Nan Thip Chang
assassinated the local Burmese ruler and free Lampang from Burmese power. At Wat Phra
That Lampang Luang, you will see several bullet holes from the incident on the brass
fence. He became the governor of Lampang. In 1892, Lampang became a province of
Thailand in the reign of King Rama V or King Chulalongkorn.

(Reaching the temple) Welcome to Wat Phra That Lampang Luang, one of the most
significant temples in the north of Thailand. It is also one of the best preserved of Lanna
architecture in Thailand. Moreover, it is considered as one of the eight great stupas in

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Thailand, recognised by Prince Damrong. This is the temple of the birth year of Ox. Anyone
was born in the Ox year should worship the chedi to bring you good fortunes.

We now arrive at the largest temple in Lampang. I am going to show you the magnificent
bell-shaped chedi, the archetype image hall in Lanna style, and the famous upside down
reflecting of the chedi. The reflection is in a small image hall where the ladies are not
allowed. But you can have a look in another building which I will show you.

According to the legend, the Buddha comes to where is now Lampang province. A man
named Ay Kon offers him honey in the wooden tube. After Buddha drinks it, he throws
the tube and predicts the establishment of a big city, namely Lampa Kuppa Nakhon or
Lampang. The Buddha gives his hair to Ay Kon. Then, Ay Kon puts it in the gold box and
dig underground then built a chedi over it. Locals realize about the incident, this chedi
becomes the centre of Buddhism of the region. According to the old documents, Queen
Jammathevi of Lampoon has visited the temple and restored it many times in the 18th
century. However, the origin is still unknown.

In front of you is the naga stairs leading to the front gate in Thai called Khong. By walking
up the stairs and walking through the gate signifying entering the heaven. The naga stairs
represent the link between the world and the heaven. Khong decorated with mythical
animals inhabit at the Himavamsa forest at the base of Mount Meru, the centre of the
universe. The particular Khong is as archetype of Lanna gate. It is also used as the city seal

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of Lampang. Please enter the temple and meet me behind the gate! (สภุ ัทรดิศ ดิศสกลุ ,
2537).

This large opened wood building is ‘Vihan Luang’ or a large image hall. This is a typical
architecture of Lanna. The roof is multi-layered roof with 3 layers at the front and 2 layers
at the back. Inside enshrines the principal Buddha image called Phra Chao Lan Thong
places on a mondop in Lanna style (ศักดิ์ชยั สายสิงห์, 2560).

ภาพท่ี 8.3 Vihan Luang and the main chedi, Wat Phra That Lampang Luang
ท่ีมา: พิมพกิ า ทองรมยo (2557)

Behind the image hall is the principal monument, a large bell-shaped chedi covered with
gold sheets called Thong Jungo. On the Thong Jungo sheets display floral motifs. The
chedi is enclosed by spire fence panel made of brass. Inside the fence is strictly forbidden

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for woman referring to the relics kept underneath. You can worship the Buddha relics and
the chedi by walking 3 rounds in clockwise direction.

The small opened image hall to the north of the chedi is called Vihan Nam Tam. It has
bas-relief stucco of a vase of prosperous on the Singh base. It also has murals on wooden
friezes showing Lanna way of life. This is worth to visit inside.

Next I am going to show you one of the Unseen in Thailand, the upside-down reflection
of the chedi in Vihan of the Buddha footprint. Although this phenomenon can be simply
explained today, in the past it was a miracle. The gentlemen can go inside, and the ladies
please have a look in another image hall nearby this way please.

At the back is the museum displaying ancient artefacts date back to the 12th century and
Phra Kaew Don Tao Buddha image hall. You can walk around and take photo. Please come
back to the parking in 30 minutes.

การแนะนาํ จงั หวัดนา่ น
(In the van) Now, we are heading to Nan province. It takes about 3 hours to get there. Nan
province is surrounded by forest and mountains, so Nan had very few connections to the
other areas. In term of culture, it is one of the best conservative culture provinces in
Thailand. Recently, it is well-known as a slow life city where became famous among Thai
and international tourists recently. Nan is known for its remote location and tranquility. In
term of weather, it’s warm and dry during the day and cold during the night in the winter

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season. It could be very hot and humid in the summer and heavy rain in the raining
season.

Tonight, we are going to stay at Phukha Nanfa in the city centre. We are going to have
dinner at Huen Hom, one of the best restaurants in the city. I recommend you try grilled
chicken with ‘Makwan’, herb commonly found in the northern part. It tastes a little bit
spicy and has fragrance which gives a special taste and aroma to the dish. After the meal,
you can enjoy the night market. Please bring more clothes for a night walk. Tomorrow, we
are going to start our programme at 9 o’clock.

5. Wat Phra That Chae Heng วัดพระธาตุแช่แห้ง
วัดพระธาตุแชแ่ ห้ง เป็นวดั ท่สี ําคัญที่สุดแห่งหนึง่ ในจังหวดั นา่ น เป็นวดั ที่ประดิษฐานพระบรมสารรี กิ ธาตุที่
ได้มาจากสุโขทยั และเปน็ วัดพระธาตุประจําปเี กิดปเี ถาะ
คำศัพททo เี่ กยี่ วขอW งในการบรรยาย

predict (v) ทํานาย nearby (adj) ใกล้เคยี ง
wrist (n) ข้อมือ defend (v) ป้องกนั
match (v) จับคู่ notice (v) สงั เกต

Good morning everyone. I hope that you have a good rest last night. Today we are going
to visit Wat Phra That Chae Heng and Wat Phumin. After that, I’m going to take you to the
airport. It takes only 5 minutes from the hotel to Wat Phra That Chae Heng.

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Here we are arriving at Wat Phra That Chae Heng, the temple of the Rabbit year. Referring
to the legend, the Buddha has come to Nan river and predicted that his relics would be
kept nearby. After the Buddha entered nirvana, his disciples brought the relics of his left
wrist to Nan.

According to Nan chronical, the temple was built in 1354 by Chao Phaya Kanmuang. It was
built to keep the Buddha’s relics from Sukhothai, given by King Li Thai. The relics then
were kept underground and covered by a chedi. The chedi was built on a low hill which
made it can be seen from the distance. The access to the temple lies with naga
balustrades on both sides leading to the temple. To the left is the Reclining Buddha
image hall.!

You may notice the flags at the front of the temple. In the northern language calls ‘Tung’
which means flag. Lanna people use ‘tung’ for auspicious ceremonies, funerals and for
decorations. These flags are for decoration during the ceremonies believed that can
defend against bad fortune. It is also believed that offering ‘tung’ to the temple gives you
the good long life. You can make one yourself or buy from the temple. Today, we will
provide everyone a ‘tung’, you can choose the one match your birth year. Please take off
your shoes here before going inside and take a ‘tung’ and make a wish, then hang it here.

The main chedi is a bell-shaped chedi on the square base measuring 19.25 metres wide
on a side and 43.49 metres high. The chedi looks similar to that at Wat Pra That

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Hariphunchai, Lamphun province. The original chedi was smaller. In 1610, the chedi was
enlarged and covered with Thong Jungo, gold leaves and brass plates. On the four corners
inside the low wall are large canopy reflecting the Burmese influence. The chedi is
enclosed by the cloister enshrines Buddha images mostly show Sukhothai influence (บญุ
ยงค์ เกศเทศ, 2561).
To the south of the main chedi is the main image hall facing to the west. It was built by
Chao Phaya Kan Muang. The multi-layer roof shows the typical Lanna architecture. At the
entrance stands two singh guardians. Over the west door. It is decorated with stucco motifs
of eight nagas tie their tails up to the top. There are seven lotus spring up signifying the
seven mountains surrounding Mount Meru, the centre of the universe in the Buddhist
belief. Inside enshrines the principal image, Phra Chao Lanthong.

You can walk around and take photo for 20 minutes. Please meet me outside the cloister.
Next, we are going to visit Wat Phumin.

!
6. Wat Phumin วัดภมู ินทร9
วดั ภูมินทรoเปZนท่รี จูW กั เนือ่ งจากภาพเขียนทม่ี ชี ื่อเสียง วัดนต้ี ง้ั อยYูในตวั เมืองจงั หวดั นYานใกลWกับกาดขYวงเมือง
ชYวงวันหยุด!สุดสปั ดาหo มงี านถนนคนเดินบรเิ วณกาดขวY งเมืองเพื่อเปนZ การอนรุ ักษoวัฒนธรรมทอW งถ่นิ !และ!
ความภาคภูมิใจในทWองถนิ่ ไวW

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คำศัพททo ีเ่ กย่ี วขWองในการบรรยาย

shift (v) เลือ่ น เคลือ่ น bank note (n) ธนบตั ร

cruciform (adj) แบบไมก้ างเขน pride (n) ความภาคภูมใิ จ

enhance (v) เสริม หนุน obstacle (n) อุปสรรค

whisper (v) กระซบิ grin (v) อมยิม้
particular (adj) เจาะจง compare (v) เปรยี บเทียบ

likely (adj) นา่ จะ แนวโนม้ จะ refreshment (n) เครื่องด่ืมใหค้ วามสดช่ืน

Last night, you have been to the walking street here at Kad Kuong Muang and have seen

the local performances, arranged by the local authority in order to preserve the local

culture and enhance the local pride. Today we come back to visit Wat Phumin. It is famous

for its well-known mural paintings. Let’s go inside.

Wat Phumin was built in 1596 by King Chetabutr of Nan. According to the old documents,
the original name was Wat Phrom Min later the name was shifted and became Phumin.
The picture of this temple was printed on the one-baht bank note during the World War
II.

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ภาพที่ 8.4 Wat Phumin, Nan
ทมี่ า: museumthai.com

The principal monument is the ordination hall which is also functioned as an image hall.
The design of the cruciform building was very unique with large naga balustrades at the
front and the back entrance. Both balustrades have a short and low tunnel to walk through
as if walking under the naga body. According to the local belief, who walks under the naga
body will return to Nan. Please try if you want to.

Please go inside. Four Buddha images in Sukhothai style are enshrined inside the ordination
hall. The four images are in the attitude of subduing mara facing the four cardinal
directions. The mural painting was painted between 1867 and 1874 in King Ananta
Rittivoradej. The interior walls are mural paintings showing the jataka and the Buddha’s
life. The jataka were Nemiraj jataka and Khantana Kumar jataka. Khantana Kumar is the

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main part of the mural painting in the ordination hall. The story is about Khantana Kumar,
the son of Indra God but raised alone by his mother. He grows up as a good son to his
mother. One day he wants to search for his father. During the journey he faces obstacles
but overcomes those until meets his father. Later Khantana Kumar has two sons who
become enemies. The paintings could have reflected the history of Nan during the time
had conflict with Luang Phra Bang. Nemiraj jataka is about a young Nemiraj travels to see
heaven and hell in Buddhist belief.

There is one scene in particular looks different to the others. It is a couple standing
together. A man places one of his hand on the lady’s shoulder, while another hand raises
at the mouth in the gesture of whispering. The lady looks at him grinning. Due to the
northern norm, unmarried couple would not touch each other. Presumably, they are likely
to be husband and wife rather than a lover. It is believed that the artist was Nan Bua Pan,
the Thai Lue artist by comparing to his other works. Later, Mr Somjet Wimonkasem has
composed the poem enhancing the appreciation of the scene in the northern dialect
which perfectly fulfilled the aesthetics.

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ภาพที่ 8.5 Whispering of Love famous scene of the mural paintings at Wat Phumin

ที่มา: พมิ พกิ า ทองรมยo (2559)

My love to you
It would be too cold placing in the water
It would be covered all up by cloud placing in the sky
It would be stolen placing in public
It thus will be keeping in my heart
While sleep or awake, my heart calls out for you.
There are the souvenir shops selling the copy of the painting, T-shirts, and local products

at the exit. You can take photo or have some drinks at the coffee shop nearby. Then, the

van will be here in 20 minutes. After that, we are going to the airport.

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แบบฝึกหดั ท่ี 1 จับคู่คําศัพทต์ ่อไปน้ี A. ตราประทบั
1. Pilgrimage B. สงั เกต
2. Conquer C. อปุ สรรค
3. Phenomenon D. ความภาคภูมใิ จ
4. Incident E. แสวงบุญ
5. Assassinate F. ปรากฏการณ์
6. Preserve G. ภาพสะทอ้ น
7. Notice H. พงศาวดาร
8. Forbidden I. พิชติ
9. Dialect J. อนุรกั ษ์
10. Pride K. เหตุการณ์
11. Obstacle L. เจา้ เมอื ง
12. Reflection M. ภาษาถนิ่
13. Seal N. สังหาร
14. Chronical O. ห้าม
15. Governor

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แบบฝึกหัดที่ 2 เตมิ คําศัพท์ในประโยคต่อไปนใ้ี หถ้ ูกตอ้ ง worth
pilgrimage
fortune defend preserved faded
pride chronical predicted dialect

1. The Buddha …………………the establishment of Lampang after Ay Gon presented him
water.

2. The northern people speaks Thai in the northern ………………….. .

3. Most of the mural paintings on the wooden frieze are………………… .

4. One should…………………………… the temple of their birth year at least one time.

5. The local government arranges the local performances of Nan to encourage the
local….………… .

6. Wat Phumin’s famous mural painting shows the northern way of life which is
…………….to visit.

7. It is believed that to worship the chedi bring good………………………. .

8. According to the northern ……………………… Wat Phra That Doi Suthep was built by King
Gue Na.

9. According to the northern belief, the flag can ……….……….the bad fortune.

10. The front gate or Khong at Wat Phra That Lampang Luang is one of the
best………………….. .

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แบบฝึกหัดท่ี 3 เลือกคำเตมิ ลงในชอs งวsางให%ถกู ตอ% ง
1. Wat Phra That Lampang Luang is known as the temple of the birth year of ………(Ox/

Rabbit).
2. The market on the weekend is called ………………(flea/free) market.
3. There are many food………(stands/stalls) selling food and drinks in the walking street.
4. The temple was ………..(abandoned/ used) and left in ruins.
5. Phra Singh was…………..(moved/ restored) in the Vihan Nam Tam.
6. The chedi surrounded by elephants shows the ………..(support/ influence) of Lanka.
7. Ma Tung Mai motif on the gable-end is the ………….………..(geometric/foliate) motif.
8. Phra Buddha Sihing has………………..(corpulent/slender) body.
9. Sang Thong is a Thai……………………..(literature/ legend).
10. It is believe that people should visit the temple of their birth year…………….(one/once)

in their life.
11. Buddhist uses candle, ……………..(insane/incense) stick to worship the stupa.
12. The elephant carried the Buddha relics on its back to War Phra That Doi Suthep

dies……………….(unexpectedly/ expectedly) after arrived on the top.
13. Jung Ko is the ………………….(gold/ golden) sheet covering the stupa.
14. Phra That Doi Suthep stupa is a(n)………………..(octagonal/octopus) bell-shaped chedi.
15. The Buddha ……………..(attained/attended) his enlightenment under a Bodhi tree.

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16. Women are………………..(allowed/forbidden) to walk inside the fence around the stupa
where the relics are kept underneath.

17. Mount Meru is believed the ……………..(centre/central) of the universe.
18. The jataka is the story about Buddha’s …………………………(past/present) lives.
19. The obstacles are what we have to ……………………..(welcome/overcome).
20. Whispering of Love poem was composed in the northern……………..(diagram/ dialect).

แบบฝpกหัดที่ 4 เรียงเร่ืองเลาs วรรณกรรมเรอ่ื งสังข9ทองแลว% เขยี นใหมsตามลำดบั ให%ถกู ตอ% ง

A. In the end, Phra Sang revealed his golden body and lived happily after with
Princess Rojana. Phra Sang was born in a conch shell.

B. He covered himself under an ugly mask.
C. The story aimed to teach people not to judge people from the outside through

the main character Prince Song Tong or Phra Sang.
D. Later, Phra Sang was adopted by Giant lady who own the gold well.
E. Until one day Phra Sang helped King Samon save the city.
F. She then destroyed the shell.
G. Both were exiled from the palace to live somewhere else.
H. Sang Tong is one of the most well-known Thai folklore.
I. He would not come out and let people see him even his mother.
J. The young prince accidentally jumped into the well and turn his body gold.
K. The king accepted him for his goodness.
L. After that, he was chosen by Rojana, the youngest and most beautiful princess of

King Samon. Because she can see the inside of him.

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M. King Samon could not accept the ugly Phra Sang as his son in law and cast away
them.

N. One day, his mother knew he came out to work in household.
O. Phra Sang was born in a conch shell.
1 …. 2 …. 3 …. 4 …. 5 …. 6 …. 7 …. 8 ….

9 …. 10 …. 11 …. 12 …. 13 …. 14 …. 15 ….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
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แบบฝpกหัดท่ี 5 ตอบคำถามขอ% ตsอไปนี้
1. Which temples of the birth year are not located in the northern Thailand?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. When was Lanna kingdom governed by the Burmese?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. What is the typical roof style of the Lanna architecture?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. What stories were painted on the interior walls of Vihan Lai Kum?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. What is the meaning of Vihan Luang in Lanna?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. What is believed kept underneath the Phra That Lampang Luang?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
7. What jataka section, the Whispering of Love scene is included?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
8. When was the shoot of the Bodhi tree from Buddha Gaya planted at Wat Phra That

Doi Suthep?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
9. What is the spectacular phenomenon found at War Phra That Lampang Luang?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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10. What was the old name of Wat Phumin?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

แบบฝกึ หดั ท่ี 6 ตอบคาํ ถามจากการอา่ นบทความตอ่ ไปนี้

Flying the flag: The unique celebrations, and backstory, of Tung Saowa in Lampang

Bangkok Post, Published: 5/05/2016 at 04:00 AM
Writer: Peerawat Jariyasombat
Source: https://www.bangkokpost.com/print/960393

After splashing water throughout Songkran, the villagers of Ngao district in Lampang
continue celebrating in their own way -- by making an extra-long traditional flag.

It is a very hot day in April. The temperature has reached 45C. Summer heat has driven
people to seek shade or sit in a place with a refreshing breeze, relaxing after a long day
of celebrating by splashing water. Buddhists in Ngao district, however, remain working.
They are making a traditional long flag to fly in the Tung Saowa ceremony.

The Lanna traditional flag is different from others. It is narrow, but quite long and hangs
vertically. Ngao Buddhists make the tung Saowa in their own unique way. It is around a
metre wide but more than 20 metres long, and decorated with colourful paper.

"The flag comprises parts of animals that represent four of five different forms of Buddha,
according to Buddhist belief. The head of the flag has the shape of a rooster's head. The
round patterns on the flag represent a bull's eyes. Each block on the flag represents a
turtle and the splendid flag tail takes inspiration from the Naga's tail," Wallop Nonthamal,
secretariat of the cultural council, Ngao district, explains.

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Tung is a northern word meaning flag. Saowa means 20 wa, which is roughly 40 metres.
For centuries, the local people of Ngao have flown this extra-long flag to make merit for
Princess Suppakit.

The story has it that Princess Suppakit ruled the ancient town of Lampang, which was
located at the present-day Wat Sri Mung Muang of Ngao district. Her brother, Prince
Karapat, who ruled Phu Kamyao (present Phayao) made a visit disguised as a beggar. When
he arrived in Lampang, the disguised prince asked for some food, but Princess Suppakit
handed him rotten food. The angry prince returned to Lampang with his army and
defeated the town. Princess Suppakit fled before being arrested at the river bank.

Prior to this, however, the princess had saved two snails from being burned in a fire. The
snails then became angels, who were lucky enough to be there to witness the princess
about to be executed. To help, they unfolded a very long tung and dropped it from the
sky, which allowed the princess to climb out of harm's way.

It is to make merit for the princess that Ngao people celebrate the flag ceremony. They
also believe that the ceremony will result in a substantial rainfall for farmers. The length
of the flag indicates how long the rain will fall in the coming season. The longer the flag,
the longer the rainfall.

"There are many factors that determine the length of the flag. In the past, a poor harvest
of cotton meant people could produce less cloth.

"Today though, we can buy cloth from the factory, but the cloth we get does not come
at the exact length we want. It can be a bit shorter or longer. Moreover, the decoration
also influences the flag length," Wallop replied, when asked as to why people do not
make flags long enough.

On April 17, a few days after Songkran, people gathered at Wat Mon Sai Non, the
designated venue for the ceremony. After merit making and a local ceremony, the flag is
carried out by people, who then go around the flagpole. Traditional music is provided by
a live band that encourages the participants to dance.

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Under the cloudless sky, it was so hot that the municipality prepared a fire truck to spray
everyone with water. People got soaked, but that made them happier and able to
continue dancing.

The grass lawn around the flagpole turned muddy as hundreds of people danced under
the water spray. Laughter filled the air, while kids waited for the next spray of water. Adults
carried the flag to the pole to hoist it and its tail just touched the ground.

"It has never been this short," Siwan Khamtai, the medium who makes the forecast said.
"Last year, the tail of the flag reached the stairs, some 20 metres away. This year will be
very hot and dry."

Ngao people know that her forecast is just part of the ceremony, so whatever Siwan
forecasts for the coming season, the villagers still enjoy keeping this local ceremony alive.

The Tung Saowa ceremony is held on the morning of April 17 each year at Wat Mon Sai
Non, Ngao district of Lampang province.

Ngao is 83 kilometres northeast of Lampang town. It can be reached via Highway 1. Night
trains leave Bangkok daily for Chiang Mai, via Lampang.

1. What does the Lanna traditional flag look like?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. How was Princess Suppakit saved from harm?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………

3. What does ‘Saowa’ mean?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………

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4. Where is Saowa tung ceremony held on?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………
5. When does the villager celebrate the Tung Saowa flag?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. What does people do under the water spray?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
7. What does the longer flag indicate?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
8. What does ‘poor harvest’ effect the flag?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
9. How does the forecast affect to the villagers?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
10. What materials are used for making a Saowa Tung?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
11. What are the animals represented on the Saowa Tung?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
12. How does the villagers celebrate the flag?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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บทที่ 9 นาํ ชมปราสาทหินในวฒั นธรรมเขมร

หวั ขอ% เนอื้ หาประจำบท
1. การกลา่ วตอ้ นรับ
2. ปราสาทหนิ พมิ าย
3. ปราสาทหนิ เขาพนมรุWง
4. ปราสาทเมืองตำ่

จดุ ประสงค9
1. กล่าวตอ้ นรบั นกั ทอ่ งเทย่ี ว อธบิ ายเสน้ ทางตามรายการนาํ เที่ยว
2. บรรยายประวัติ ท่ีต้ัง และความสำคญั ของแหลงY ทอY งเที่ยว
3. บรรยายรปู แบบศลิ ปะและการตกแตงY สถาปkตยกรรม รวมท้งั ประติมากรรมภายในแหลYงทอY งเท่ียว
4. ขอW ปฏิบตั ิและขWอหาW ม

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บทที่ 9

นาํ ชมปราสาทหินในวัฒนธรรมเขมร

ในบทนี้เป็นการบรรยายแหล่งทอ่ งเที่ยวประเภทปราสาทหินในภาคตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือ ซึ่งเป็นท่ีต้ังของ
ปราสาทหินในวฒั นธรรมเขมรทีโ่ ดดเด่น และมีนักท่องเที่ยวนิยมเดนิ ทางไปเป็นจํานวนมาก ในเสน้ ทางนี้
รวมการนําชม ปราสาทหินพิมาย ปราสาทหินเขาพนมร้งุ และปราสาทเมืองตํา่

1. การกลา่ วตอ้ นรับ และอธบิ ายรายการนําเที่ยว

Good morning ladies and gentlemen. Welcome to Nakhon Ratchasima or commonly
known as Korat. This trip we are going to visit Phimai Stone sanctuary, the largest stone
sanctuary in Thailand. Then we are going to go to Burirum province. Tomorrow morning,
we are going to visit the most beautiful stone sanctuary in Thailand, Prasat Phnom Rung.
In the afternoon, we are going to visit Prasat Muang Tam, located at the bottom of the
Phnom Rung hill. These Khmer towers were mainly built between 11th – 13th centuries in
the Baphon, Angkor Wat, and Bayon style.

In the past, Phimai was recognized as the northwest terminus of the old imperial road
leading from Angkor. Although the imperial road is now invisible, 17 small Khmer
constructions called Arokaya Sala were found along the imperial road in Thailand. Those
were used as hospital and traveler lodge. Nowadays, Phimai stone sanctuary is one of the
most important Khmer monuments in Thailand.

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We are arriving at Prasat Phimai. Please bring your hat, umbrella, and sunglasses with you.
I also recommend bringing water with you. Please follow me. The toilet is on the right, if
you need it. Then please meet me at the entrance, and we are going inside together.

2. Prasat Phimai or Phimai Stone sanctuary ปราสาทหินพมิ าย
ปราสาทหินพิมายเป็นปราสาทหินแบบเขมรที่สาํ คัญทีส่ ุดแห่งหน่ึง และมีขนาดใหญ่ที่สุดใน ประเทศไทย
ชื่อของเมืองพิมายหรือวมิ ายปรุ ะได้ถูกกลา่ วถึงในจารึกปราสาทพระขันธ์ ประเทศกัมพูชา แสดงให้เห็นวา่
วิมายปุระเคยเป็นเมืองสําคัญและศูนย์กลางการปกครองท้องถิ่น และปราสาทหินพิมาย
เป็นศนู ย์กลางทางศาสนาของภมู ภิ าคน้ี

คำศพั ททo ี่เกี่ยวขWองในการบรรยาย

pediment (n) หนWาบนั stone sanctuary (n) ปราสาทหิน

false door (adj) ประตูหลอก false window (v) หนWาตYางหลอก

destination (n) จุดหมายปลายทาง concentrically (adv) อยYางมีศูนยoกลางรวY มกัน

entire (adj) ท้งั สน้ิ model (n) แบบจำลอง

antefixes (n) นาคปkก residence (n) ท่อี าศัย

layout (n) แผนผงั transition (n) การเปลีย่ นแปลง

sheaf (n) มดั deity (n) เทวดา เทพ

diamond-shaped (adj) ทรงส่ีเหล่ียมขาW วหลามตดั ritual (n) พธิ ีกรรม

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Welcome to Phimai stone sanctuary. Phimai or Vimayapura was mentioned in the Preah
Khan inscription in Cambodia as being one of the destinations of the imperial roads leading
from Angkor. Presumably, it was an important local administration of Khmer kingdom ruled
by Mahadharapura dynasty. Phimai stone sanctuary was the centre of religious of the
region. The impressive Phimai stone sanctuary was the largest Mahayana Buddhist
monastery in Thailand. The temple is laid out concentrically with the main sanctuary in
the middle. The entire temple was built of two kinds of sandstone; red and white.

4 1. The main tower
2. The inner enclosure
3 3. The inner gopura
4 3 13 4 4. The outer gopura
5. The outer enclosure
2
3

5

4

ภาพท่ี 9.1 Phimai Stone sanctuary plan

ทีม่ า: กรมศลิ ปากร, 2531

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At the entrance, on the left of is a rectangular building, called Plubpa. It is believed that
it has been used as a changing hall and for ritual preparations as some grindstones were
found.

From here we can see a cross-shaped terrace lined with naga balustrades with a pair of
lion guardian at the front. The lion guardians protect the sanctuary while the naga bridges
representing bridges from the human world to the heaven. Let’s across the bridge to the
residence of the gods of Hinduism. Although Phimai is a Buddhist temple, it has not
affected the layout of the temple.

The main entrance is the outer southern gopura. Gopura means a monumental entrance
tower in Sansakrit. This one is larger than another three. The gopura is stretching left and
right into the outer enclosure. Along the enclosure walls are false windows facing out and
real windows facing in. After the southern gopura, it is an elevated causeway leading
towards the main sanctuary. It was the symbol of walking up the heaven.

This is the inner southern gopura. It was built mainly of red sandstone while doors,
windows and lintels were built of white sandstone. The lintel over the entrance shows a
giant holding Magorn standing on Kala head in the centre, showing the transition of the
Bhphuon and the Angkor Wat period.

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ภาพที่ 9.2 The main tower in white sandstone and Prang Hin Deang to the left
ทม่ี า: พมิ พิกา ทองรมยo (2557)
Now we are in the main sanctuary. In the centre of the area stands the main tower. At
the front are two small buildings. On the left is Prang Hin Daeng, a semi-ruined tower in
red sandstone. On the right is Prang Brahmadat in laterite. Prang Brahmadat is 16
metres high tower. It was built entirely from laterite in the early of 13th century in Bayon
style. Inside found a statue of King Jayavarman VII. Both hands of the statue were
missing however the posture supposedly in putting two hands together at chest level or
paying homage position.

The main tower is a single tower with a small mondop attached to the front. The pediment
shows Shiva Nantaraj or the dancing Shiva. On the left is an unidentified deity, probably
Bhrama God. On the right is the Shiva god’s vehicle, the bull Nandin kneeling. At the bases

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of the pilasters are carved guardians. The figure holding a sheaf of arrows could be
Vajrasattava, the Buddhist Tantric deity. Both Hindu gods and Buddhist deity were found
in the same temple.

Let’s go inside the mondop. It is connected to the shrine hall by a short corridor called
the antarala. Over the doorway is a lintel showing the Buddha being protected by a multi-
headed naga. At the side, women tempt him while below four-faced warriors mounted
on elephants and dragons prepare to attack the Buddha.

ภาพที่ 9.3 The Boddhisattava Trilokayavichai defeats Shiva God and Uma Goddess scene
ทมี่ า: พมิ พกิ า ทองรมยo (2557)
Please follow me I will show you another Mahayana Buddhist lintel. This one depicts a
four-faced deity with ten arms steps on a man and a woman, presumably Boddhisattava
Trilokayavichai defeats Shiva God and Uma Goddess. It reflects that the Buddhism
overpower the Hinduism. Inside the shrine hall enshrines the Buddha image. In the floor

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found a diamond-shaped hole, called somasutra used for draining holy water from the
base of the cell outside to the east.

Let’s go outside and mind the uneven floor. The origin of the main tower was the Indian
shikara, dated from the end of 9th to the mid of the 13th century. The design was
developed from pyramidal shape into soaring curved tower with five tiers. Each tier is a
reduction of the one below and allows enough room for a series of antefixes at each
corner. These stones form the curve and lean inwards shape of the tower top. The
techniques are the reducing height of the tiers, which makes the tower seems taller than
its actual 28.15 metres high!(กรมศิลปากร, 2531; กรมศลิ ปากร, 2554).

Another small building to the west of the main tower is the library. It was built mainly
with laterite while door frame and window frames are in sandstone.

Please look around at lintels. Most of the lintels found in Phimai show the scenes from
Ramayana, the great Indian epic. It is about the war between Prince Ram and Tosakanth
or Ravana, the demon king. The scenes were randomly selected for example the scene
of Laksaman shot by Nagabat arrow, Sita riding on the magic flying pavilion, and Prince
Ram fighting with Tosakanth.

Now I’m going to let you walk around and take photos. We have one hour here please
enjoy the walk. Then we will meet at the reception building where provides souvenir shop
and toilets.!Then we are going to have lunch at!Sai Ngam.

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(On the bus) We are now going to Sai Ngam. It takes only 5 minutes from here. It is a park
with a small island in a pond. On the island is Sai Ngam banyan tree supposedly the largest
and oldest banyan tree in Thailand, around 350 years old. It is very unique. The whole
island is covered by banyan tree, beautiful but spooky at the same time. Around the park,
there are restaurants serving local food like papaya salad, grilled pork and beef, and typical
fried noodle, Pad Mee Korat. Now it’s 11.30 and we will stop here for 1.30 hour. Here we
are arriving at Sai Ngam. Please come back to the bus at 1 o’clock.

(After lunch) How was Sai Ngam? I hope you enjoy the food and the park. We are going to
stop for a service on the way to Buriram province. It takes about 2 hours to get there. We
are going to check-in at Modena by Fraser Buriram hotel. Then we are going to have dinner
at the restaurant.

3. Phnom Rung Sanctuary ปราสาทหนิ เขาพนมรงุ%
ปราสาทหินเขาพนมรุWง ตัง้ อยูYบนยอดเขาสูงและมีองคoประกอบที่สมบูรณoที่ทำใหWที่นี่ เปรียบเสมือนการ
จําลองที่สถิตของพระศิวะเทพเจ้าสูงสุด ปราสาททั้งหลังดWวยหินทรายสีชมพูทำใหWปราสาทแหYงนี้เปZน!
ปราสาทหินท่ีสวยงามทส่ี ดุ ในประเทศไทย

คำศพั ททo ีเ่ ก่ยี วขอW งในการบรรยาย

component (n) องคoประกอบ arrival (n) การมาถงึ
delightful (adj) นาY ร่นื รมยo quality (adj) คณุ ภาพ

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evidence (n) หลักฐาน rebuild (v) สราW งใหมY

enemy (n) ศัตรู priest (n) นกั บวช

inactive (adj) อยูเY ฉย ไมมY ีปฎิกริยา volcano (n) ภูเขาไฟ

drop (v) สYง recommend (v) แนะนำ

through (adv) ผYาน welcome (v) ตWอนรับ

fierce (adj) ดรุ าW ย belief (n) ความเชือ่

sunrise (n) พระอาทติ ยขo ึน้ successional (adj) เปZนลำดบั ตอY เนอ่ื ง

attendant (n) ผดWู ูแล บรวิ าร sunset (n) พระอาทติ ยoตก

famous (adj) มีช่ือเสยี ง attach (v) ตดิ แนบ

garland (n) พวงมาลยั embrace (v) กอด

supreme (adj) สูงสดุ lasso (n) บYวง

wealth (n) ความม่ังคง่ั club (n) กระบอง

Good morning. I hope that you have a good sleep!enjoy your breakfast. We are now in

Buriram province. It is known for stone sanctuary, land of volcano, beautiful silk and

recently for a sport city. Today we are going to visit two stone sanctuaries, one is located

on the volcano. We are also going to visit the silk shop. And we are passing the Chang

Arena stadium, Buriram United’s home ground. We are going to see the racing circuit,

Chang International Circuit in the city. So, we are experiencing the best of Buriram.

In the morning, we are going to visit Phnom Rung Stone sanctuary. It is located in
Chaleamprakiat district which takes about 1 hour from here. After visiting Phnom Rung, we

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are going to have lunch at the restaurant nearby. Then in the afternoon, we are going to
visit Muang Tam Stone sanctuary. Later, we are going to visit the silk shop before going to
the airport. Your flight is at 19.10 and I already check-in for everyone. So, we should arrive
at the airport around 6 o’clock.!Now please have some rest, and I’ll let you know when
we are getting there.

Ladies and gentlemen, we are now arriving at the base of Phnom Rung hill and going to
the top. The temple is located on the top of the inactive volcano which provides the
perfect symbolic components of the model of the residence of the god. According to the
evidence, Phnom Rung stone sanctuary was built since the 11th century. The main tower
was rebuilt in the 12th century showing the Angkor Wat style. There were 11 inscriptions
found at Phnom Rung. The one in 1150 was inscribed by Hiranya, son of Narendraditya
who was the relative of King Suryavarman II of Cambodia. He helped King Suryavarman II
defeat his enemies. Later, he gave up his throne to Hiranya and became a priest. The
inscription mentioned that Narendraditya has built the monastery to worship Shiva God.

(At the parking) From here we have to walk up to a sequence of causeway and steps. You
will be impressed by a long and remarkable access way to the sanctuary. Also, walking
pass through the naga bridges signifying that we are walking up to the heaven. However,
if you don’t want to walk up you can stay on the bus. The driver will drop you at the
back of the sanctuary. Then you can meet the group at the main tower. Before we walk
up, please find the toilet here. I also recommend you bring some water with you.

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Let me check how many people will stay on the bus. Okay, the rest please come with
me. !

Let’s stop here for a few minutes. Now we are at the first terrace. on your right is a large
laterite and sandstone structure. It was used as the changing hall for the king before
entering the sanctuary. From here you can see the impressive 160 metres walkway leading
to the main tower. At each side are 67 lotus bud-topped stone pillars, called Nang Reang
pillars to welcome the God arrival. Let’s walk through the walkway.

By the end of the walkway is a cross-shaped terrace with five-headed naga balustrades,
called naga bridge. According to the Khmer belief, the naga is ideally a bridge between
the human world and the heaven. At the top is another large terrace and another naga
bridge with fierce look naga face balustrades on four directions, typical Angkor Wat style.
Let’s walk up to the top.

The sanctuary was mainly built in high quality pinkish sandstone made Phnom Rung the
most delightful Khmer stone sanctuary in Thailand. Another interesting fact is, If you stand
here, right in the middle in front of the eastern gopura, you can see 15 doorways
successional lies on the temple’s axis. There are four times a year when the sun can be
seen through all 15 doorways. Viewing the sunrise are between 3rd-5th of April and between
8th-10th of September. To view the sunset are between 5th-7th of March and between 5th-
7th of October every year.

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ภาพที่ 9.4 The eastern gopura at Phnom Rung Stone sanctuary
ที่มา: พิมพิกา ทองรมยo (2557)
The pediment at the front shows a Hindu yogi, supposedly Narendraditya, surrounded by
female attendants and celestial dancers. Behind the gopura is another naga bridge in front
of the mondop attached to the main tower. Please follow me.

ภาพท่ี 9.5 The eastern pediment, dancing Shiva and Vishnu Anantasayin Pattamanapa
ท่มี า: พิมพิกา ทองรมยo (2557)

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On the eastern pediment of the mondop shows the dancing Shiva. The scene relates to
Shiva defeats Muyalaka demon. One day Shiva asks Vishnu to come to the earth due to
some yogis are lack of practicing. Shiva disguises as a young yogi together with Vishnu
disguises as his beautiful wife. Those yogis are attracted to his wife and prey for their own
wives’ dead. They also command Muyalaka demon to kill Shiva. Shiva turns back to his
own self and defeats the demon. According to Hindu mythology, Muyalaka represents the
ignorance. He could not be killed in order to balance knowledge and ignorance in the
world. Thus, Shiva God must subdue him under his feet. Another myth, Shiva dancing
represent the birth of the Solar system. His movements keep balance of the world which
made him the supreme God.

Below is the Vishnu Anantasayin Pattamanapa lintel or Narai Buntom Sintu which has
become the most famous lintel in Thailand. It is the finest representation of the well-
known Hindu scene. Vishnu God is reclining on his right side on the back of the naga,
Anantanagaraj on top of Hera, a long-bodied dragon with a lion’s head. Brahma God rises
from Vishnu’s navel on a lotus flower. Lakshmi Goddess on the right embraces Vishnu’s
legs. The lintel depicts Vishnu God creates Brahma God who is the world creator. On the
other hand, Vishnu God is actually the real creator.

To the north of the main tower are the base of two brick buildings, one facing south, and
the other facing east. They are considered the oldest construction of the entire monastery.

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Let’s go inside. We cannot enter from the front door. Supposedly, this is for the gods only.
Please follow me. The main tower is a single tower with a mondop attached at the front.
Inside the mondop places a bull Nandi kneeling. The bull Nandi is Shiva’s vehicle. The
shrine hall places Shiva lingam the symbol of the supreme god on yoni base the symbol
of his consort, Uma goddess. It is obvious that this temple was built to worship Shiva God,
however worshiping Vishnu God in the same temple was not unusual.

Please look on the ground at the entrances, you will see the guardian of four directions.
Indra holding lightning on the elephant protects the east. Veruna holding lasso made of
snake on riding on naga protects the west. Kuvera, also the god of wealth, holding a club
on Kochasri guards the north. Yama, the lord of death, holding club on a buffalo guards
the south.

ภาพที่ 9.6 The guardian of four directions
ท่ีมา: พิมพิกา ทองรมยo (2557)
Let’s go outside this way. The lintels throughout the sanctuary show the Indian epics,
Ramayana and Mahabharata, both are the avatars of Vishnu.

Please come this way to the southwest corner of the enclosure. This is known as Prang
Noi. Supposedly built in between the late 10th and early 11th centuries as the styles of

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the eastern and southern lintels show the Baphoun style. Another small building built in
laterite was a library (กรมศิลปากร, 2548).

I hope you enjoy this wonderful stone sanctuary. We have around 1 hour to walk around,
enjoy the panoramic view from the top, and also take photos. Please meet me at the
back of the monastery where is the parking. After that I will take you to the restaurant.

4. Muang Tam Stone Sanctuary ปราสาทเมอื งต่ำ
ปราสาทเมืองตำ่ ถูกตัง้ ชื่อตามที่ตั้งของปราสาทที่อยูYตำ่ กวYาปราสาทพนมรุงW ปราสาทแหYงนี้เปZนปราสาท!
ขนาดเล็กแตมY ีความโดดเดนY เฉพาะตัวอยูYท่แี ผนผังลWอมรอบดWวยบารายขนาดใหญY

คำศัพทoที่เกีย่ วขอW งในการบรรยาย

slippery (adj) ลืน่ date (v) กําหนดอายุ
bless (v) ใหพ้ ร moat (n) คูนา้ํ
extraordinary (adj) น่ามหัศจรรย์ dedicate (v) อทุ ศิ
feature (n) ลกั ษณะ epic (n) มหากาพย์
incarnation (n) การอวตาร relatives (n) ญาติ
peacefully (adv) อยา่ งสงบ ankle (n) ข้อเท้า
tear (v) ฉกี frequently (adv) บอ่ ยคร้ัง

Here we are at Muang Tam Stone sanctuary. Muang Tam Stone sanctuary was named after
its location meaning ‘lower city’ where is lower than Prasat Phnom Rung. There was no

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inscription found here, thus the origin was unknown. According to the architectural style
and the art history, it was supposedly older than Phnom Rung. It is a small monastery with
a unique plan surrounded by 4 large ponds or baray in Khmer.

We are now standing at the front of the Muang Tam stone sanctuary. Please mind the
slippery walkway during the rainy season. Alright please follow me.
As mentioned, no inscription has been found here, the monastery can be dated by the
styles of lintels. Most lintels show the combination of Khleang and Baphuon styles.
Probably they were made between the end of the 10th century and the end of the 11th
century. The monastery was mainly built of laterite and brick. The door frames, window
frames, and lintels were made of sandstone.

ภาพท่ี 9.7 The layout of Muang Tam Stone sanctuary showing ‘L’ shape baray
ทีม่ า: twitter.com/richardbarrow

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We are now in between the outer and the inner enclosures. The most extraordinary
feature of the temple is the four corner ponds or baray which form the ‘L’ shape. They
appear as a continuous square moat intersected by four broad causeways. Each pond is
enclosed by bald naga balustrades with their tails meet at the gates leading down in the
water. The bald naga reflects the typical Baphuon style in the 11th century. Possibly, the
water was used for the ritual (สุภัทรดศิ ดศิ สกุล, 2537).

!

ภาพที่ 9.8 The inner enclosure, the main tower and Uma Mahesuen lintel
ทีม่ า: http://virtualhistoricalpark.finearts.go.th

The temple was obviously built to dedicate to Shiva God as a large lingam was found in
the shrine hall. Also, a lintel of the northeast tower shows Shiva and Uma riding on the
bull Nandi or Uma Mahesuen. The Five towers on the same platform were built in the
centre of the monastery. They were built in two rows, the front row of three towers and

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a back row of two towers. The front towers dedicate to Shiva, Vishnu, Brahma, and the
back towers dedicate to Uma and Ganesh.

The lintels found in the monastery depict after the great Indian epic, Mahabharata. The
story of Krishna, the incarnation of Vishu God. Krishna is a son of Prince Thevaki but raised
by Nanda and Yasota to save him from being killed by his own uncle, Phaya Kong. It
became the war between 2 families. Krishna helps his relatives from his mother’s side to
win the war. After that, he lives peacefully in the forest. At the end, he is killed by an
arrow shot at the ankle. The lintel over the main doorway to the east shows the scene of
Krishna fighting the five-headed naga Kaliya. This is when Indra orders naga Kaliya to poison
the river. Krishna finds out then kills Kaliya by tears its body apart.

The kala face plays an important role in the decoration here as frequently shown on the
lintels and pediments. There are two different styles of kala carved. Mostly are Baphuon
style but a few are in Khleang style. According to the Indian mythology, Jaladhara was
blessed by Shiva God. Later he was in a burst of pride and challenge Shiva God. Shiva
defeats him and order him to eat his own body only his face remains. Shiva gives the
name Kirtimukha meaning glorious face. Kala face or Kirtimukha was commonly used for
the monastery decoration as the guardian.

Now we have 30 minutes for walking around and taking photo. Then please meet me at
the entrance. Later, we are going to visit the silk shop.

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(End the tour) Our tour has come to an end. I hope that you enjoy our tour visiting Khmer
stone sanctuary. I would like to thank you again for choosing us. Have a safe flight back
to Bangkok and enjoy the rest of your holiday in Thailand. I hope that if you come back
to Thailand you will visit here again. Thank you. Sawadee ka.

แบบฝกึ หัดที่ 1 จับคูค่ าํ ศพั ท์ต่อไปน้ใี ห้ถกู ตอ้ ง A. อทุ ิศ
1. ………antefixes! B. สงู สุด
2. ……concentrically C. เปนZ ลำดับตอY เนอื่ ง
3. ……..successional D. มหากาพยo
4. ……..embrace E. นาคปกk
5. ……..incarnation F. คนู ำ้
6. ……..dedicate G. โอบกอด
7. ……..supreme H. ใหWพร
8. ……..epic I. อวตาร
9. ……..bless J. อยYางมีศูนยoกลางรYวมกัน
10. ……moat

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แบบฝกp หดั ที่ 2 เติมคำในชsองวsางตsอไปนี้ใหถ% กู ตอ% ง

welcome entire divine drained leak
shrine hall lean rises baray guards
partial sheaf gopura marker stones supreme
fierce lasso model wealth ignorance

1. The water used in the ritual was…………………..by somasutra under the floor.

2. Kuvera is the god of ………………….and also one of the guardian of four directions.

3. The layout of Phnom Rung stone sanctuary is a…………………………..of the residence of
God.

4. The naga bridge represents the link between the ……………and human world.

5. The Bodhisattava holds a……………….of arrows is Vajrasattava.

6. Narai Buntom Sintu lintel shows the Brahma…………………….from Vishnu’s navel.

7. A pair of stone lion…………………………..the entrance of Phimai.

8. The ………………….compound of Phimai stone sanctuary is enclosed by the outer
enclosure.

9. Muyalaka demon represents ……………………………… who Shiva God subdues under his
feet.

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10. The ………………………. enshrines Shiva lingam the symbol of Shiva God on the yoni base.

11. The antefixes ………………………….inward to the tower form the curve shape of the tower.

12. The ……………………..look naga’s face is typical Angkor Wat naga.

13. The 4 ponds on the corner, or called……………………provide water for the rituals.

14. Along the long and impressive walkway is lined with 67………………………………… .

15. The Trimurti is a trinity of ……………………….gods in Hinduism represent create, maintain,
and destroy.

แบบฝกp หดั ท่ี 3 เตมิ คำตอs ไปน้ีให%ถกู ต%องในรปู ประโยค Passive voice

1. The oldest buildings found at Phnom Rung ………………………………(construct) in brick and
stucco.

2. Vishnu Anantasayin Pattamanapa lintel……………………………………………..(carve) in Angkor
Wat style.

3. The middle tower of the front row at Prasat Muang Tam………………………………(destroy)
only the base still visible.

4. Kala face……………………..(find) mostly on the lintel in Baphuon style.
5. The water from the ritual……………………..(drain) outside by the diamond shape hole.
6. Buddha image ………………………(enshrine) in the shrine hall at Prasat Phimai.

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7. Phnom Rung Stone Sanctuary………………………..(locate) on the top of the inactive
volcano.

8. It is believed that Baray or ponds ……………………(dug) nearby the Khmer stone sanctuary
to contain water for ritual and for living.

9. Arokaya Sala, which are found along the imperial road,……………………(use) as the
hospital.

10. The ancient Khmer believed that the human world………………………….(link) with the
god’s residence by the naga bridge.

แบบฝpกหดั ท่ี 4 ตอบคำถามขอ% ตsอไปน้ี
1. What is enshrined inside of Phnom Rung stone sanctuary?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. What do the five towers at Prasat Muang Tum represent to?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. What features signify the Vishnu God’s weapon?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. What are the vehicles of Trimurti?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
5. Why was Phimai sanctuary facing to the south?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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