鍾靈獨立中學 2023年 校刊

ȟȟ䮼Ɑ⻾ឭ⮱⡈䓲ࣾᆂ喑ᬣА⮱अ䓮喑ϧㆨߠࠑ׼⮱ጒ㮮喑䕇䓴䧨ⵁহᩣ䯳䉱᫆喑ិ 䄥็⮱̺ज㘪अ᜽γज㘪ȡᰶϧᰫ䄡喑⣝АϧЙౕ̭Ꭱڲ᝭ᣒᩣݝ⮱Ԏᖜぶहλऑϧ̭ 䒵ၽчᓄݝ⮱䉱䃜ȡౕ䔆ᑧ᩹ຯ᳄⮱䋾䖀̷喑ϧㆨࢳ䮖㞝䭨喑ᤐᔭⱭ䯱ᓰᲱ䕍᱗Გ喑Ҭ ⩕ࣹ݈᝸䕍γ䩓㐐⮱ݺᮜȡ䔅䬡ᣒౝ䃖ϧЙᄦλపუ⮱᱗Გ៞ᰶᛔᛙ喑Όౕ̺։ౝᕊ㔰 Ꭱऻ⮱侙Გ㺬χ⾣「чຯ҂В̭͗ڕ⮱᫝ღ䆹䓻ᣒⱭᒀౝ⮱ϧℾ喤 ȟȟᆮᰵ⮱↶⋭喑প䓽⮱≮䒙अᰡ喑䄮䘪⇎ᰶ㘪߈䓽䒙ȡ侙Გ㺬χัλ̭͗ౝ⤳Ѻ㒛х 䊷⮱పუ喑ᰶⱭ䃥็჊䉢⮱๖♣䉱⎽ȡ᜾ᘠ喑Ꭱऻ侙Გ㺬χ܍ͻजग㷘݄ͧ䓾ͻ䰣↎ ᴀ⮱పუγ॔喆Ꭱऻ喑᜾ЙजВⰛⲦݝᰡ็⮱㡶᱕䱿㦞喑㟞㡶㍮㠯喑㞟ᒖ᪾ᫀ⮱㲡㲣 ౕ㟞⊤͚䒨⯵ౝ下㝋喑ѡ䮼Ɑᄼ卌⌲㘳ߕϧ⮱वฝᒏ᜽⮱̭䖀وٴᮜȡ⌲❪⮱۶䷻䒨䒨ౝ ៯䓴ϧ⮱⮱㙥Ꮛ喑ᬣ̺ᬣ䔅जВ̻ᄼ㡶Გ͗ϟܴ⮱䬛Ն喑ែڒ๔ౝᒀ͚喑̻๔㜗♣Გ͗ ᰭ⌞ᗲ⮱᠒៞ȡ⩌≨ౕᎡऻ⮱侙Გ㺬χϧℾᏁ䄒чᙌݝᒵᎥ⺼́⍖ᯃ喆 ȟȟᎡऻ喑ϧЙᰡ็जВⰸݝ⮱᭜㟺㔍㐬ᆞ喑倅㕥ຯξ⮱ᐧま➖Ⱑᡧౕ䗐٬ȡ㨊๖⮱ 䔼ᒨВࣷᔪᔪ㐂䓴೻ᆞ⮱⇠Ⅱ喑䗐᭜็͵Бϧाᒭ⮱̭͗పუ੷喆ౕ䔆䛹喑ϧЙᬍᔔᬍ 㭾喑गノ≨ౕᒀ̸喑ៀ➏䗐჊䉢⮱ᬣوٴ喑≨ܧᆋλЃЙᰭ㇫ᒖ喑ᰭᰶᩲθ⮱ϧ⩌喆Ꭱ ऻ⮱侙Გ㺬χϧℾчВ̭͗⼜Ხा̷喑ಇᠮ̺ᛵ喑߈ߗ⮱᫄๸ᓰᔮࣨ䲏ᄦ⩌≨ȡₐ᝭ 䅀喟Ą̭͗ϧ⮱ᔮᏓ۠ჇγЃ⮱倅ᏓȡąЃЙчاٴu᜽㜗ጞ⮱ќͽ喑ፓⱭ̭͗ाݺ⮱۟ 㗎ߟ۟ⵡϧ⩌⮱㏵◦㏬ȡ䗐ᬣ⮱侙Გ㺬χᬍ䲋ጟ᜽ͧ᪝̭᪝ι⮱اٴ䔈ࣾᆂపუȡ ȟȟ̭䌜䊝Გ喑ఋ仃ᰫ䊝䓴⮱䖀䌜喑ϧㆨ᜽ߌ݈ౝ䕍ܧ䃥็ᘼᘠ̺ݝ⮱ߌ㐖̻๴䔦ȡౕ ̭䌜ᣏᄨ̓⩹⮱ຒໆ喑↟ः᫝ⴒ䃳ᒀ͚喑ϧㆨࢳ㏼็⁎๞䉒喑ࣾᬻγᰶݖλ፛ߖ᜾Йۼ 䒨ጒ҉䛼喑㼐۠㍮⤽ጒ҉⮱ᱧகȡᎡऻ喑䔆ψᲮͧӬᢤ⮱ᱧகႅౕλ侙Გ㺬χ᭜̭͗ ᮛ䕺㜠Ხ⮱⣝䆎γȡ᜾Й⩇㜠䔅जВ๔㗳ౝ⡉ᘠᎡऻ喑ౕ侙Გ㺬χ下Ί๖ᤪᰵΌ̺ں ч᭜̭͗ᷓᎨ͸᫲ȡⰥࣺౝ喑Ⴐጟ᜽ͧγ̭͗◆᝸ज☚⮱᫲㵹≨ߕȡ ȟȟᰶϧᰫ䄡喟Ą̓⩹̷᱙ᅞ⇎ᰶᎠಓ⮱䌜喑ѳ᭜䊝䔆᲎䌜⮱ϧ็γ喑䗐ႰΌᅞ㜗♣㔹 ♣ౝᒏ᜽̭᲎䖀䌜ȡą
Ꭱऻ喑ᬍϧ侫侣⮱↪䒓Όጟ᜽ͧ䮼ัज㻮⮱ϑ䕇ጒڤγȡϧℾ ̺ϲज䖬ٺ䌜̷⇎ᓲ㺮⮱ϑ䕇䭨උ喑ᰭاٴ䔈⮱侫侣㈨㐌ΌजВ᣽ݺuڒℾ䃫㒛ສᰭᔘ២ 䓫Ⱋ⮱ౝ⮱䌜⼸হࣾܧᬣ䬡ȡ䔆Όᰶݖλͧ侙Გ㺬χ⮱ϧℾⰮ̸๔ិ⮱䛾䧞̻ᬣ䬡ȡᬣ وٴ⻿̭̭ܳ䘪ౕ≮䕊喑᜾Йੜ̭㘪և⮱ᅞ᭜⣺ᘉᬣ䬡ȡ̻ڣౕ≩㜗ጞ⮱〒䄊̓⩹䛹喑ぶ ᒲ⮪侙⢸ၽ⮱ݝᲒ喑ࣵᝃ᭜׼໾▝ཅぶᒲ⾬̷⣨⦰䲸⮱Ꭵ⺼⩌≨喑᜾ЙᰡᏁ䄒և⮱᭜䉎 ⡛ܧ̭Ъ߈䛼喑ӊ䲍㜗䏘⮱ࣹ᝸݈ࣨᐧపუ⮱᱗Გȡ͚႓⩌ຯ᜾Й᭜పუ⮱ᴸᶮ喑ᰡ᭜ 㷘ჱλࣇ᱈⮱ᄦ䆎ȡ᜾⌞Ԏ喑ग㺮᜾Й㗜ࣾ๸ఫᑧ喑䗐ຯह̷䔝⮱Ꭱऻ⮱侙Გ㺬χጟ ᜽ͧᠴᬒजᒲ⮱̭Уθᗲȡₐຯ㠌ၽ᝭㼭喟Ą䢒㔹̺㜺喑ᱪ᱕̺ៅ喑䢒㔹㜺͸喑䛾ⴠज 䩯ȡą䃖᜾Й̭䊤㖇䯳䊤Გ喑Вᑧ๔⮱߈䛼ͧᎡऻ⮱侙Გ㺬χក䕍ܧ̭͗䒶♹⦭⧕⮱ ݺᮜ॔喆 ڟ㟉⥖喐'. 倄̬㏰ۇی ବٯᘝ❤྆ẸΉ 349

ȟȟⴘ֒⮱䏘༬ౕ䊈䖀̷ກ依Ɑ喠х㒻⮱䏘⃢䮼Ɑ䴠ᒸ㝋䊤喠ౕⅡ͚ຯ冩ᓄⅡ⮱⍥∠֒ ᄳЙౕⅡ͚⎲䊤̭ᱢᱢ⊗㟞ȡऱ͗䓽ߕঅЙ䘪ᠩᅪ߈ڕ喑⩕ᅪ≾䏘㼐᪝喑ͧ㜗ጞ⮱☚ ❞Ƞᷓᘠ㔹ᠩ᤼ȡ䔆喑Ӭ᭜ЃЙᆂ⣝⮱Ҁ㗟㇫⺋ȡ ȟȟ䗐͵喑Ҁ㗟㇫⺋䛺㺮ॄ喤⃸䶨䉕⪾喑䗐᭜ᓲ♣⮱ȡ̭ѺᰶҀ㗟㇫⺋⮱䓽ߕঅ喑᝺ч ᠖ڣ❞᝭喑❞ڣ᝭᠖ȡᬏ䔶᠖γ̭䶦Ҁ㗟喑Ӭчែڒ☚ᔞȠ߈ߗȠ∗Ⅱ喑ͧγ㜗ጞ⮱ᷓ ᘠࣨЅܧȠᠩ᤼ȡ㏢Ҭݺ᫦䌜䕁⑘⑘喑ጰ␎㡳ḅ喑ΌчͶᬍࣺ䶫ౝाݺ䓵ₒ喑㐊̺䒨㼭 ᩫᐰȡₐ᭜ᰶຯₑ⮱Ҁ㗟㇫⺋喑᝺䕍ᅞγ็ᄾѺ᜽ߌ⮱䓽ߕঅЙ喑᜽ᅞγ็ᄾҀ㗟䊈θ ̷⮱䒶♹Ƞ๴䔦ȡऑϧξĄ๖ᄳ䭺๔Шλ᫜ϧΌ喑ᓲاٴ㠓ڣᓰᔄ喑ڣߠへ俕喑京ڣҀ 㗑喑㵹ᑄΞڣu᝭ȡąڣ͚㦄ऺ⮱⍥∠䓽ߕঅÿÿ㤟ᅁᮛ᫜Ӭ᭜ຯₑȡЃᰫ̸݈㏗ᒂ喑 ౕຒ䓽ч͚๧̸ژ᳇䛾❹喑Бϧࣵ㓎ࣵ຿ȡ ȟȟजڣ⮱͚䓈䚥ࣵᰶ҂ϧҀч喤ͧγ㣤ᓄҠ㐖喑̷̴ㆠ⮱䓽ߕ䛼Ƞᬒฺ̭ᬒ⮱䃚㏰Ƞ ͒ᵩᣔݣ⮱些丌ȡ䄂䬛喑㠒㤟ᅁᮛ᫜⇎ᰶҀ㗟㇫⺋喑ᬖاٴᅞ఍㞝䓈㔹ᩫᐰ喑䗐ЃϷᬒч ̸݈⦭⧕⮱᜽㐖喑᜽ͧ䓽ߕঅЙ⮱ỉᵤॄ喤ᰶ䞡λₑ喑ज㻮Ҁ㗟㇫⺋ౕ᜽ᅞ̭ऺ䓽ߕঅ ͚喑ល⑁γͫ䋠䒨䛺⮱㻿㞟ȡ ȟȟ᝭䅀Ҁ㗟㇫⺋喑ᰡ᭜̭ऺ䓽ߕঅᄷ䛺䔆䶦Ҁ㗟喑̺чͧγ㘉ݖ㔹ₒڒₔ䕁喑ϓᝃ᭜ ͧγऺ㾶㔹㔺䭡䮖᝸⃢ȡЃЙч䖢ᓗ㻱݆喑യയₐₐౝࣨ㣤ᓄᆋλ㜗ጞ⮱㢐㾶ȡ䄂ᘠ喑 㠒䓽ߕঅЙͧγ䊏ᓄ℁䊈㔹᰺⩕ڡ๸ݯȠᰶᘼߍრᄦ᝸喑䗐͵䊈౧̷ᄳ℘ᬍڙᎠڙₐज 㼭ȡ็ᄾ䓽ߕঅЙ⮱Ѕܧᄳч⃮λ̭ᬓ喤็ᄾ䓽ߕঅЙᄳч఍̻ͧ຃Ნϑ㛯͸๞㔹៞᛫ ㏵䏘喤 ȟȟҀ㗟㇫⺋喑᭜⃼̭Ѻ䓽ߕঅᄦᒲҀ㗟⮱☚ᔞȠ៞䉌ȡҀ㗟㇫⺋喑ᅞຯहౕ䰫䱚͚⮱ ̭᲌وٴ喑ͧ䔤㡘⮱䓽ߕঅЙᠴᑂ᫦ा喑В̺㜠λౕ䛺䛺ఝ䯫Ƞ䛺䛺䄞ᗾ͚䔤๞㜗᜾ȡҀ 㗟㇫⺋喑Ҁ⣝γ֒ᄳЙᄦ䓽ߕ݊⮱㶤Ƞ݊ᓰȡႰ᭜̭ិᅧၽ喑፛ߖ䓽ߕঅЙ㶎䛼᭜䲋叾 ⮪喑ᄨឫᷓᘠ̻Ⱋᴴȡ㠒⇎γҀ㗟㇫⺋喑䓽ߕ౧̷ᄳ̺чںᰶ依侸⮱䏘ᒞ喠̺чᰶᡒ∿ ⮱ↄⅡ̻∗Ⅱ喠̺чᰶ㘉ݖ঩⁏⮱ࣷૉᗓ喠̺чᰶ๞䉒ऻ⮱ᗟёࣷ∗Ⅱȡ⇎ᰶγҀ㗟㇫ ⺋喑䓽ߕঅЙᄳ̺ч䛺㻳䔆䶦Ҁ㗟喑Ҁ㗟Όᄳ̺ч⛍⛍⩌䒶Ƞ̺ں㇫ᒖ็㏤ȡ⇎ᰶϧч ںuγҀ㗟㔹呀㝋⁏঩ȡҀ㗟ᄳअᓄ吜⌎ᬍوٴ喑๞ࣨγڣᘼͶȡ ȟȟ䋹ԿȠ〆䊤Ƞ䋹ԿȠ〆䊤ććᬍ᪝⁎⮱ᡘ䉒喑ᬍ᪝⁎⮱䋹Կȡѳ䋹Կऻ࢜䋠γںߟ 〆䊤Გ喑ກ䋾ȡᰶγҀ㗟㇫⺋⮱ᩜᴞ喑䓽ߕঅЙᰶγಇჇ⮱Ԏᔢ喠ᰶγᆎ⁎๞䉒喑ѳᄳ ಇᠮ⮱ߴ⅁ȡᰭ㏵⮨̷倅ም喑㙇̸᭜⼜㤰ຯξ⮱⾧㧆ᆞ㞟ȡ ȟȟ㐩̷᝭䔝喑Ҁ㗟㇫⺋᭜⃼̭Ѻ䓽ߕঅЙ̺जᝃ㑧⮱㇫⺋ȠԎᔢȡ䃖᜾ЙᠮⱭ䔆Ъ㇫ ⺋喑䃖Ҁ㗟⮱▘◙⚷⚷⛰☔Ƞ⩌⩌̺ᖜ喆 䭴䴡ྣ喐44' 倄̬㏰φۇ ȧϸ᫑ᢶ᝔⌚ẹۇٴ⧻Ȩ 350

ȟȟౕ䔆͗䉱᱙ͨͶ⮱⹫ч䛹喑ڕ⤰పუ๔㜡ज̶ܳͧ͗䭣㏔喑ܳݘ᭜اٴ䔈పუȠࣾᆂ ͚పუВࣷ㥪ऻపუȡ㏢㻯ڕ⤰ᅭ߬喑侙Გ㺬χᏁᆋࣾᆂ͚పუȡ㮪䕾䃧⻾ឭ⮱⣝ϷВ ࣷ㏼≻ぶ᫦䲏݄ͫ̓⩹࡮ݺ喑ѳ侙Გ㺬χϺ᭜ڤᰶ⒉߈⮱పუȡ䔆Ӭᑂ䊤γ㏼≻႓უȠ ⹫ч႓უЙ⮱⡉≸喟Ą⾣「Ꭱऻ⮱侙Გ㺬χᄳчࣾᆂᓄຯ҂喤ą ȟȟӊ᜾≲㻮喑Ꭱऻ⮱侙Გ㺬χᄳч᭜㏼≻ᑧపȡ䮼Ɑ᫝ۍ㗧▻䓴⍎᜽ͧౝ᫦ᕔ≮㵹 ⫲ऻ喑侙Გ㺬χ⮱㏼≻䔽⌽ܧ⣝γฺ㟼⮱⣝䆎ȡ㮪䖚ڕ⤰䕇䉔㛕㗭⮱۟ܨ喑♣㔹ᅭ߬ᒵ ᔘӬ⽠Ⴧ̸Გȡज㻮喑ౕ࢞ᱧᬣݨӬҀ⣝ܧγ侙Გ㺬χ⮱䉏߈̺ۢ⟢ღᄼ㻾ȡں㔲喑͝ ჹ⮱๖♣䉱⎽Ƞх䊷⮱ౝ⤳Ѻ㒛Вࣷఈ႐ຯ฼⮱⅁Նᰡ᭜᜽ͧγݯࡃי喑ݧ᜾13ప㏼≻ 咬䒛⮱䒙ߕȡ఍ₑ喑᜾ಇԎ喑㇫ᬻ⮱䉏ᩬᩬゃВࣷノ⤳㔲઱⩕㜗♣䉱⎽⮱ᗲ̸ۢ喑Ꭱ ऻ⮱侙Გ㺬χᄳౕప䭲ᎠझϘᰶⰈ㾶ȡ
ȟȟ̺ϲຯₑ喑Ꭱऻ⮱侙Გ㺬χ⮱䉘⾤⢴ᄳч๔๔䭺ѻȡ㜗ϻ܍ݺШ仃Ⱕ๔߈ᣕ㵹⊵ 䮑䉘ఝ⮱ᩬゃऻ喑侙Გ㺬χᄦλ⊵䮑䉘ఝᰶγᰡ⌞ᅯ⮱㻮㼐ȡₐ᝭䅀喟Ą᪆㗟Ͱ⿸ప͸ ᱙ȡą侙Გ㺬χ⌞ⴒ᪆㗟᭜Ҭ⹫ч䭣㏔≮ߕ∂᫦᩵ᰶᰭ⮱ȡ఍ₑ喑䔆܍Ꭱ⮱ឣ䉘ᩬゃ⮱ ᠴᴴӬ䒙ाͧĄ⇨䉘اٴ⇨ᙇ喑ឣ䉘اٴឣᮧȡą᳉̺ڣ♣喑ⴚⴚ⮱܍Ꭱڲ喑侙Გ㺬χ⮱䉘 ⾤⢴ں̸ࣵ⁎䋹ȡ侙Გ㺬χၽℾ๔็ᥳ㙞γᕊᘠ⮱⺮䩏喑⾮ⵡγᕊᘠ⮱㬖ㄞ喑㥒䕍ܧγ ٲ᫒Ɑⴒ䃳ܳၽ⮱侙Გ㺬χȡ఍ₑ喑Յ㠒㐔㐚⇬⩕ຯϷ⮱ឣ䉘ᩬゃ喑Ꭱऻ⮱侙Გ㺬χ Όч᜽ͧ᪆㗟ⅡᎠѺλ࡮ݺ⮱పუȡ ȟȟ䮑ₑ͸ใ喑䮼Ɑᕊᘠ⮱๔䋰䔈喑⻾ឭ⮱䔈ₒں⁎䰴᧩γڕ⩺̓ȡមౝᱧகϧ⮱ᣕ ܧ喑$IBU(15᭍ڒ̓ϧⱩፅ喑ϧЙ̺⺮ᙌद̓⩹⮱䓽҉᫦ᐼᄳчፓᲒ๖㔨ౝ㺳⮱अࡃȡ 侙Გ㺬χࢠӬϺัλࣾᆂ͚పუ喑ࢡӊ♣䌌䔈ᬣА⮱⒛≮ȡ᜾ప䔽⌽ᣕ㵹ᬍ㏥ࡃ႓΍Ƞ 㜗႓ౕუ⮱὎ᐼ喑⻾ឭΌ䔽⌽䊝䔈γ侙Გ㺬χϧℾ⮱ᬒ፥⩌≨ȡϻВݺग㘪䕇䓴㔨䬲Γ ㅺᲒҀч᪴ϧ෕჏⮱ปᔄ䆗ᗲ喑ݝ⣝ౕग䰭ߕ⻾⩕ឭ⮱Ӭݖÿÿ̷㑾ᴒ䄏Ⱕڠ䉱᫆Ӭ㘪 ҀᗌϮϧᮧ㔲⮱ᮧᚔȡຯϷ喑㑾㐉䉚➖Όຯ䰕ऻ᭒〸㝙ڿ䊤喑̺ϲ㐆εγ⊵䉦㔲Ӭݖ喑 ᰡ᭜䃖᜾Йⰸݝγ侙Გ㺬χ⮱䉱᱙䔽ݖȠጯ౧㻱὎ࡃВݖࣷᰭ⯷๔ࡃ⮱䊸߬ȡ⩞ₑज 㻮喑Ꭱऻ⮱侙Გ㺬χ⻾ឭΌчں݈倅ም喑㐆ε侙Გ㺬χϧЙᰡ็⮱Ӭݖȡ
ȟȟф᝭কⴒ喑侙Გ㺬χ᭜͗᪴ࡃ๔ᠩⰅ喑̺ह⮱ℾ᫼⩌≨ౕ̭䊤Ӭⷝ᧋ܧγ̺̭ᵤ⮱ ▘㟞喑᜽ͧγ侙Გ㺬χ⠙ᰶ⮱䷻䛴ȡऱ᫼⮱㗹ᮜ᪴ࡃ䘪̺ह喑఍ₑ䘪ऱᰶࡰ⻸ÿÿऱ᫼ 䘪ᰶ᧲䪬⮱х߬Вࣷ◦➦ȡज㻮喑侙Გ㺬χౕᎡऻ⮱䔈ₒ᭜ᰶ䔦जᓗ⮱ȡग㺮侙Გ㺬 χऱ᫼ఏ㐀Ƞ⻾ឭ⮱䔈ₒȠ㏼≻⮱下䋰Вࣷ᪆㗟ⅡᎠ⮱᣽ࡴΌᄳчݝᲒȡ
ȟȟ㐩̷᝭䔝喑᜾ಇԎ喑侙Გ㺬χౕᎡऻᄳч᜽ͧᑂ䶳̓⩹Ƞ䊝ౕᬣАݺ⮱〜పუ喆 ⢷ᴀ㐆喐4$- 倄̬㏰ႏۇ ବٯᘝ❤྆ẸΉ 351

ȟȟĄ⏸⏸⏸ćć⁏䓻ᩣख़⩢㻳झȡ⣝ౕͧᅼᎂݺ⮱ऱѺᆂ⹧⮱ₐ᭜ι䰣ι䰣Ꭱ͉ϙຒ 䓽ч㓪℈⤰۠䊈⮱⣝౧喆℁䊈ₐຯ▘ຯ㢩ౝ䔈㵹Ɑ喑䗐⾣「᱙⁎⮱ຒ䓽ۈۍᄳ㟞㥪䄮᝸ এ喤䃖᜾Й᠚ⰛВᒲ喆 ȟȟ⃼⃼䄵䊤Ҁ㗟》ឭ喑す̭͗᭍ڒ㘾⊤͚ౝӬ̭Ⴧ᭜ຒ䓽чȡѳ᭜ຒ䓽чगϲϲА㶕 ⱭҀ㗟》ឭॄ喤ڣ჋Ꭳ̺᭜ȡ㻯фЙᒭᒭ㻯ⰸ̭౧Ҁ㗟℁䊈喑∕ᘼ⮱᭜䓽ߕঅЙౝ㶕 ⣝喑㉔ᑍ⮱᭜℁䊈̷ౝ℁ܳ喑ͧγ℁䊈㐀᳉㔹⁏ૉȠ㔹ᗟёȡѳ᭜Ҁ㗟℁䊈ⱌ⮱ग᭜ͧ γ۠ܧ㘉䉌ॄ喤ڣ჋喑䔆ڣ͚ᰡ็⮱᭜᝭䅀⮱Ҁ㗟㇫⺋ȡ ȟȟҀ㗟㇫⺋᭜᜾Йᦥ̺㻮Ƞⰸ̺Ɑ喑ࢡ㘪䔼䓴䓽ߕঅ⮱᫄ᔄᬯយ喑ౕ䊈౧̷ч䊈⮱⃼ ̭␡ↄⅡ͚ᙌऄᓄݝȡҀ㗟㇫⺋䛺㺮ॄ喤℘ᬍ⪾䬛喑Ⴐ㐊ᄦ᭜䛺㺮⮱喑ࡴթ᭜Ҁ㗟̺ज ᝃ㑧⮱̭䘕ܳȡ ȟȟ᜾ప㦄ऺ⮱㓪℈⤰䓽ߕঅᠬⲐᱻჄь喑ᰫ᪝⁎̻ຒ䓽ۈۍᨓ㗖㔹䓴喑䔅ᆎ⁎᜽͚ͧ ప㦄ऺ⮱㓪℈⤰֒ᄳ᳄ͦ⮱᝸̸䉒ᄳȡѳ᭜喑ЃᎣ⇎ᰶ఍ₑ㔹㜗⩅ൂ㥪喑ᩫᐰ㜗ጞ⮱ᷓ ᘠ喑ࣺ㔹ВₑͧⰛᴴ喑ᬒВ㐔้ౝݨ㠓䃚㏰ȡ᝭䅀䩟㔹㜺͸喑ᱪ᱕̺᫚喠䩟㔹̺㜺喑䛾 ⴠज䩯喑㮪♣ᠬⲐᱻჄьϺ䖄᛫ᬍ㑅᜽ͧຒ䓽ۈۍ喑ࢡ᜽ߌౕᎡ䛹㏓ຒ䓽чក䉒᳄ ͦ喑䔅ὗមγऱ̓䭲䊈θ㏔ݘ⮱㓪℈⤰℁䊈ۈۍȡ᝭ВҀ㗟㇫⺋䛺㺮ॄ喤ᒀ♣䛺㺮ȡ⇎ ᰶ⻶ᠮⱭҀ㗟㇫⺋喑ᠬⲐᱻჄьᔻᵤ㘪ౕ̭⁎ࣵ⮱⁎̭ᝅ䉒͚ᔘ䕌ᖏฺ⚷⚷⛰䊤⮱᫄ ᔄ喠⇎ᰶҀ㗟㇫⺋喑Ѓࣵᔻ㘪㐆ε߈ߕ喑ౕ̭⁎̭ࣵ᫝⁎̭䒛⮱ᄦ͚۠ិ㜗ጞ⮱჋ࣾ߈ ᡒݝᲮ㜡喑ិ̭Ꮤᰶ̭Ꮤ⮱຃ᲜᢔఋუȡҀ㗟㇫⺋⮱䛺㺮ᕔౕₑࣾᡒᓄ⋸⑀ᅪ㜡ȡ ȟȟ๔ݝప䭲喑ᄼ㜠̻᰸ࣸЙౕ⤰౧̷⮱ᬒ፥ܴⷸ喑Ҁ㗟㇫⺋ᕨౕ᜾Йᓰ䛹̺䊤Ⱪ⮱㻿 㥪ࣾᡒ䊤҉⩕喑䃖࣌᱙ᮛ䕇⮱̻Ѓϧ⮱ᄦ۠喑ࡻࡴ᜽γᠾᝅ㜗᜾⮱Ხ䭽ȡ㦄ऺ⮱ⴚ䋾䓽 ߕঅࢇᅁ➦᭜ڙ䃑⮱Ą̓⩹̷䋾ᓄᰭᔘ⮱ϧㆨą喑ЃΌ̸݈γऱ⻺ⴚ䋾℁䊈⮱̓⩹㏗ ᒂȡѳ᭜喑ЃᎣ⇎ᰶ఍ₑ㔹㒏о喑Ϻ♣ݨ㠓䃚㏰喑ܚՌⱭ㜗ጞ䊲ܧ፥ϧ⮱๖䉸হ㏼侹ᣒ 䔋ౕऱ๔䊈θ͚䶾䶾⾮ⵡ㜗ጞݺاٴ⮱̸݈᝭䃝ᒂ喑ౕ⾮ⵡ㜗᜾Ხ䭽⮱हᬣ喑Όౕ⾮ⵡڕ ϧㆨ⮱Ხ䭽ȡࢠҬ᭜⩝ᒱ䓽ߕঅЙ⃼ᬒ⮱ݨ㠓㏰΍喑Ό䘪᭜ͧγᠾᝅ㜗ጞȠͧγ⾮ⵡ᱙ 䏘⮱Ხ䭽喑ःᓄ䏘ᓰ̷⮱ᘶᗓহ␎䋠ȡ᝭䅀Ą๖㵹֒喑ैၽВ㜗ᑧ̺ᖜȡą᜾ᘠ䔆Ӭ᭜ Ҁ㗟㇫⺋⮱ຒໆ͸ั喟ᕨ᭜ౕ̺᫚ౝ⓭ߞ᜾Й喑߈ߗЅܧ喑ВӬᬒऻ⮱ఋ្ȡ ȟȟऱ๔䊈θ̷喑℁䊈ᐭ໸ݺহ㐀᲌ऻȡ䓽ߕঅЙᕨ᭜чহᄦ᝸ᤎ᝸В⹧ᄷ᪙喑㔹℁䊈 ⮱䓴⼸͚喑䔶᝸ЙΌ̴̴̺ч✳㇄ऐ喑ើᝃ᭜ߕ᝸ȡ䔆Όڕᑿᅞ̻Ҁ㗟㇫⺋⮱䛺㺮ᕔȡ Ҁ㗟》ឭ͚ᝃ᭜⇎ᰶҀ㗟㇫⺋喑䗐ധ᱙̷হऑᬣՆϧЙ͸䬡₸ᓺ⮱᤼᫄℘ᬍݘࡧγȡҀ 㗟㇫⺋Ҭᓄ᜾Йౕ℁䊈͚ࢠҬ䊏γ喑Ό̺чୟ䃪ݘϧȠࢠҬ䓀γΌ̺чࣾ㙫⅁喑Ⴐ䃖᜾ Й႓чγᄷ䛺Ѓϧ喑ᄷ䛺㜗ጞ喑ϻ㔹䓫ݝҀ㗟》ឭ⮱ͨ㺮Ⱋ⮱ȡ ȟȟ఍ₑȡҀ㗟》ឭহҀ㗟㇫⺋᭜̭Ҁ⮱喑㔹℘ᬍҸใҀ㗟㇫⺋᭜䛺㺮⮱ȡ㘪Ҭ̭౧℁ 䊈㇫ᒖ⮱̺ग᭜䓽ߕঅЙܧ㞟⮱㶕⣝喑ᰡ᭜ЃЙ䏘̷⮱Ҁ㗟㇫⺋ҬᓄЃЙ᫄ᔄ⓭ᬯ喑᝺ 㘪䃖̭౧Ҁ㗟℁䊈ຯₑᡜ๸ϧᓰȡҀ㗟㇫⺋ͧҀ㗟䊈θ͚෋⌨γ̭៦凉㞠㔹̺जᔪ㻳⮱ 㞟ᒖ喑㔹䔆ᖝᖝҬᓄҀ㗟ຯₑ➦ݘ喑ҬᓄҀ㗟㇫⺋ຯₑ䛺㺮ȡ ݄䨢䨢喐44' 倄̬㏰Ⴕ᚜ຂ ȧϸ᫑ᢶ᝔⌚ẹۇٴ⧻Ȩ 352

ȟȟ㜗ऑВᲒ喑Ҁ㗟≨ߕӬ᭜ϧЙ⩌≨͚̺जᝃ㑧⮱̭䘕ܳȡѳຯϷ喑ౕҀ㗟䊈θ͚⟜ 㻱҉ᐷ⮱θУᅯܧ釆̺ȡ䔆䃖䏘̭ͧऺ䓽ߕঅ⮱᜾࡮⅁ܳᙑȡ㜗ₑ喑᜾Ό߈ߗाфϧᣕ ᎬҀ㗟㇫⺋⮱䛺㺮ᕔȡ ȟȟౕ᜾ⰸᲒ喑Ҁ㗟᭜⺋౐⮱ȡҀ㗟䊈θ͚࠲क़⮱̺ग᭜㘉ݖ๞̻䉒喑䔅ᰶ䓽ߕ䔶᝸Й ͧγ℁䊈᝭ᆂ⣝⮱㇫⎈჋߈Вࣷ㗹ऻ᝭Ѕܧ⮱߈ߗ̻ↄⅡȡ⃼͗䓽ߕঅౕᲒݝ๔фⰛوٴ ݺ喑᝭Ѕܧ⮱АФ᭜፥ϧ䯫Вᘠ䆎⮱ȡᅑڣ᭜䆎ᒮⱭϧㆨҀ㘪ࣷ䓽ߕឭᱜ⮱ዲምÿÿຒ ᳄يٴࡦ喑ᰡ᭜䃥็䓽ߕঅ䖒̺जࣷᷓ⮱ᘠ⺋⃬ȡ㔹Ҁ㗟㇫⺋⮱ႅౕ喑Ӭ᭜ౕा䔆ψͧγ ᷓᘠ㔹ಇᠮ⮱䓽ߕঅ㶕䓫᪙⩼͸ᓰȡ ȟȟͧ҂Ҁ㗟㇫⺋ϧϧ䘪᣽Վ喤ͧ҂Ҁ㗟㇫⺋ຯₑ䛺㺮喤䏘̭ͧऺ䓽ߕঅ喑᜾⌞ⴒᰶψ ϧчͧγ㘉ݖ̺᠖᝸⃢喑⩇㜠䮤რ᩹᫦䔶᝸ȡҸຯౕࣨᎡຒ᳄يٴࡦ⏾⮱۝℁䊈͚喑䴖ప 䭌᝭≫ܧ⮱А㶕ౕ䔈㵹℁䊈ᬣ喑ౕфⰛⲪⲪ͸̸⩕᝸䔈㵹γ⟜㻱ߕ҉喑ᄩ㜡ڣЃ䭌к⮱ 䔶᝸ऄёȡ㮪ጟຯₑ喑㷮ݑ」Ɱ̭गⱩ䬚̭गⱩ喑⇎ᰶᄦ䴖ప䭌⟜㻱⮱㵹ͧ䛴ः㵹ߕȡ 䔆䃖ڕ⏾❞☚ᰶ᝭⩺̓۝⮱ϧᙌदڲᎂ⮱ᑧ๔ȡ䔆͗㵹ͧ喑᭜ज㕨⮱喑᭜Бϧ㓋ᙑ⮱ȡ 䔆ᅞ᭜ͧϭ͵Ҁ㗟㇫⺋ຯₑ䛺㺮ȡ ȟȟౕࣨᎡ⮱̓⩹Ნ℁䊈͚喑⩞ᶲ㺬ፓ䶳⮱䭬ᵦᐤ䭌к๧ۍ喑ᢔ䊤๔߈Ნ⺋ȡ㔹䔆Ό᭜ 䭬ᵦᐤ䭌кౕᬣ䯁Ꭱऻ㏵λں๧⁎ۍȡ᪡౧℁䊈ज䄡᭜㇫ᒖ㐊ѓ喑ᗷૉ̺᫚喑ᡜ๸ϧ ᓰ喆ڕ⮱⩺̓ϧℾ䘪ౕͧᶲ㺬⁏঩ȡͧϭ͵̓ϧ᪙䛺喑ૉ❞ᶲ㺬喤䔆᭜఍ͧᶲ㺬ڤᰶҀ 㗟㇫⺋喆̺ノ㘉ݖ̻॓喑Ѓ䘪ᄷ᪙ᄦ᝸喑ᰡ̺чҬĄ䭡᠈ą喑఍ͧЃࣾ㜗ڲᓰౝᄷ䛺喑 ☚❞䋠⤰䔆͗䓽ߕȡ ȟȟౕ䔆͗̓⩹̷喑ᆞ䔅ᰶ̭ᆞ倅喑ᕨᰶϧ℁ҍᰡх⻭喑ᰡᑧ喑๖䉸ᰡ倅ȡ䔆͗ᗲۢ㜗 ऑВᲒ⮳ᬍ∂ᩦअȡۈۍ჊Ꮤ喑गᰶ̭͗ȡ䔆᭜䓽ߕ䔶᝸ЙᷓჽВⅯ⮱ȡౕۈۍιႄ⮱ ᑧ๔䄞ᗾ߈̸͸喑ᰡ᭫ᓄҀ㗟㇫⺋᭜็͵䯫㘪ज䉢ȡ䲍Ɑ㜗ጞ⮱჋ڙ߈Ꭰڙₐౝ䊏ᓄ℁ 䊈喑䗐᝭ᰶϧ䘪чⱌ䄇ౝाҍ⺊䉧ȡⰥࣺ⮱喑̓ϧч੫ᐰҍ喑పუчВҍͧ㕨喑უϧ᰸ ࣸчͧҍ㧆㓋ȡ ȟȟౕ䔆͗ٲ《SSζ⮱̓⩹䛹喑̺䃧᭜ਗ͗᫦䲏喑๔უ䘪ᘠ᜽ͧڣҩҩ㔲喑ѳ᭜ۈۍग ᰶ̭͗ȡ఍ₑ喑ͧγ჋⣝㜗ጞ⮱ᷓᘠ喑ͧγᓰ͚᝭❞喑᝭ᰶϧ䘪Ꮑ႓΍Ҁ㗟㇫⺋䛹᝭࠲ क़⮱ᔍ䄇喑䄇჋ВڙࣷᎠڙₐ喑Გ䓫ݝ㜗ጞ⮱ϧ⩌Ⱋᴴȡ ᱺ㞶ᚓ喐44' 倄̬㏰Ⴕ᚜ຂ ȧϸ᫑ᢶ᝔⌚ẹۇٴȨ 353

ȟȟ㢻ธ℁χᰶ㼭喟Ą߈ࢸ᭜̭ᳱࣹܰݾȡą㔹᜾ᘠ䄡喟Ą㑾㐉喑Ό᭜̭ᳱࣹܰݾȡą ౕ䔆⻾ឭࣾ䓫⮱ᬣА喑ϧϧ⮳чᣒ㼓⩢ၽϔ৮ȡₐ᭜ౕ䔆͗ጰ␎๔๔ᄼᄼ㢔وٴᅼᎂ⮱̓ ⩹䛹喑̭㓑ᓰᮧ᱗⛌⮱ᄾᎡ喑ጟᐭ໸ᚏᚏᩦअ᱗Გ⮱䓽㵹䒕䔦ȡ ȟȟ㑾㐉̓⩹喑̭͚͗͗႓⩌᝭ाᒭ́ӊ䊃⮱з⩥చȡౕ䔆䛹喑ҍजВᔅࢡ⣝჋䛹ݝᏂ Ш҂ϧ喑㘪์ᓄݝҍ᝭䰭⮱̭ܴ喑ᏁᰶᅪᰶȡႰजፓҍⰸ䕺๖̸̭ܴ⣺๴ᐯ჊Ƞ๴䬨䋐 θȡႰ᭜Ȩ䭬៶̮⺋▜ȩ䛹⮱傁ℜȠ⟦ຯȨᴒ⤳হጔ߈يٴጒࢯȩ䛹⮱ጔ߈يٴ┾ጰȠΌ̺ χλȨ⊤Ꮒ̴͑䛹ȩ⮱Ą厓卶㳧तąȡႰЙ䘪̻̓䯁㐊喑ࢡ㘪䃖ᔿⰸ䕺๖̸⮱̭ܴȡႰ ᒵⱌ჋Ƞ㼓᝸जࣷ喠ࣵࢡ≋長Ƞ㑒㐵㮇ᬍȡ ȟȟ̭͗ᣒⱭ̭͗ᒭ̸ݤ⮱ⴚ㻳䶾喑ҍ㜗䃑ౕͧ᧺ᣔⱭႰ喑ࢡ̺₷ⴒႰΌₐᚏᚏࣨݤҍ ᓰ▢̷ϲޖ⮱㏜∮ȡҍ䃖"*ᱧகϧ፛ҍۆ͇҉喑ҍಇԎႰ᭜ҍ⮱㞜ጵ⯷ࣸ喑ࢡϻ᱗∕ᘼ 䗐ₐᚏᚏ̸䋹⮱᜽㐖ȡҍ᪋ᐭࣹ᝸᠒៞㑾㐉喑ҍ䮣䚶Ƞ׼݇͗रႹⅡ᳉㈃⮱႖ၽ喠ఋݝ ⣝჋喑ࢡ⡈♣ࣾ⣝ᢔౕ᝸䛹⮱᜽㐖ࢂȡҍᙑᔿȠᗟ⬈㜠Ხ喑ຯह⃿⭫ࣾ⮱҉॥⃿㔲ȡ ȟȟҍ䄡喑㑾㐉᭜͗⁧俄ᙌᗲ⮱ᢌࣸȡҍ䃖❣⃺ᢏγჳ⴮喑ϻₑহႰ̭ܭ᫚͑ȡҍᰫԎ 㿀ᬓᬓౝڨⱩ㜗ጞ㺮ࣾ๸ఫᑧ喑߈ߗ䄨Γȡҍ⮱⶛ݝߋγ喑ࢡगᠮ㐚ⴚⴚ⮱̶࡮ܳ䧌ȡ ҍಇჇౝᄦ❣⃺䄡㺮হ᝸ᱧĄহສą̺䓴᭜ͧγहႰ̭䊤႓΍喑ࣵࢡౕᩣݝ᲎̭⍥᜼ⴚ Ԏऻ喑Ш⩞ҍ⮱Ąⴒᓰສࣸąںិ⁎ҍ៶ڒ麦⣝჋ᘵᲒᘵ䔉⮱⌞⌷ȡ ȟȟႰ䄡喑ҍᏁ䄒䔯ᒀоᖜ喑ࢠҬౕ㔰䄂ݺโΌ㺮ᩫᲫ䏘ᓰ喑䒨ᲫᏁ㔰ȡႰ̺࿹ҍ☓喑 ̭Ⱑ䘪ౕ࣌ౝȠᄥₒ̺⻨喑गͧぶᒲҍ⮱ܧ⣝ȡࢠҬႰ㷘ఇ⺮ౕ䃚ᄩั⮱㏏⯿ၽ䛹喑ࣵ ϓ᭜䨮ౕҍ⮱ᝬ䬡៪ᅶ喑ҍЙ͸䬡⮱ᙌᗲӊᬔಇຯⷽⴠȡ ȟȟ㑾㐉喑ႰݝᏂਗ٬䩆γএ喤ႰजВ᭜͗≨∩ᔘͽ⮱⩤႖喑Όज᭜ऺⴒ䃳⌷ࢇ⮱႓ 㔲ȡᒀ͚႓⩌̺ࣨᬻ⶛ჇͶĄ㑾㐉ą⮱क़Ͷ喑ࣵ䄒ຯ҂ϻ͚ग㣤ݖ̺㣤ᐷ ȟȟ㑾㐉ᄦ͚႓⩌⮱ᒞ৺⩇๔ȡ҉ͧₐթᎡࡻ͚⮱႓⩌喑㠒᜾Й̺㏓᲌হ㜗᜾ノ⤳≼㻵 㑾㐉⮱ᬣ䭽ćć᜾ЙᄳᒨᏂ⇓ͧ㑾㐉⮱ມ䯣ȡ㑾㐉喑ᄳчᄦ᜾Й⮱ᕊ㐡ϔ⩌Ხᑧ⮱ᒞ৺ হᣔ߈ݣȡ ⢷□仔喐+'
ۇی㏰̵͙݉ ȧᨦᧄك⇸ਝ͎৉ᕒᘝஶۥȨ 354

ȟȟ᰸ࣸ⮱߈䛼喑᭜᭒ᬒ͚⏸⋓⮱㏳䰕喠᭜䔤㝗ᬣ䬗ϛ⮱▜ඁ喠᭜ჿۤ⮱ۙᬒ䛹⍖☚⮱ 㡣ȡЃᓛᄼࢡ䛺๔喑Ꭰࢡ܎ь๔ȡ ȟȟᬼ叾⮱ᝬᅸगޖ᲌̭۱ۤ⮪وٴ喑⩨㏥ຯ⻸๖⮱㥪ण喑䰣ⶻⱭ᪐㥪̭ౝȡ᜾〆ౕ㻿㥪 ๞᱈喑ࣵ䔤㡘⮱Շౕෆ̷ȡ͹卓ౕ⿄ใୣघȡ᜾⮱ᷓᘠᅞສ׼䗐̭䶬̭㐚⮱ฝ䴠喑䖒̺ जࣷᰡᡶᦥ̺Ѽ᫦ाȡ㐅⩨⮱㏰΍䔈ڒγ⨣䶵᱌喑ᬍ䃧᜾ຯ҂⩕ߌΌ⇎ᰶ᭫㦄⮱䔈ₒȡ Ժऄᅪកܨ᜾⮱䊷ࣾ䷀Ꮜ⮱ౕ⩨ბ䓴Ɑ䛺ฺ⮱ᬒၽȡ ȟȟᩫ႓ఋუ䌜䕁⮱䷻ᮜ䔅᭜হᒭᬒ̭ᵤ喑᜾౽ౕᵎ䒓̷喑ᬍ㕷ౝ᱈Ɑ⿄ใऻ䔭⮱ᝬၽ হᴾ᱕ȡ᜾ᰭສ⮱᰸ࣸ喑຦౽ౕ᜾⮱䏘䓦喑㏳ᓰౝࣾ⣝γ᜾̭ࣺ፥ᔮ⮱↶䬤হᰡ็⁎⮱ ᩫ⾧̻๞⺋ȡ̺䓴຦ϭ͵Ό⇎ᰶ䬛喑ग᭜̸ౕ䒓ݺᄳ̭❴ጔ߈يٴহ̭ᑍ㏥᲎䓲䕌උ䔈᜾ ⮱Γ࠲ȡ䔅⺋⼅⮱ॷ䃶᜾喑̭Ⴧ̺㺮ౕ䌜̷֤֤ⰸⰸ喑̭Ⴧ㺮ぶఋݝ⩨ბںⰸȡ ȟȟ᜾⩕ᒭ፥ιԺ⮱䕌Ꮣ۟ఋ⩨ბ喑౽ౕḲၽ̷喑ᄼᓰϻ࠲៪͚ܧ䗐ᑍ㏥᲎হጔ߈يٴȡ ∮⮪⮱㏥̷ۆ࢝Ɑ຦⮱ႄ䔦喟Ą᜾ⰥԎҍजВևݝ喑̭ჇजВ჋⣝ᷓᘠ喆䔅ᰶ喑ᬍ䃧᜽ ߌ̻॓喑̭Ⴧ㺮䃖㜗ጞ⃼๖ᐭᓰᎥ⺼喆ą᱘ᅫั䔅䌌Ɑ̭͗๔๔⮱〾㙥হ❞ᓰȡₑᬣ᜾ ⮱ᓰ׼ౝౌ⮱⋤᎟ᣒݝ⍖⋓⮱㏳䰕喑̭◦◦㷘Ѓᴁ䒜⏸⋓ȡ᜾ᧂᐭ䗐಄ጔ߈يٴ喑ᄳႰែ ڒऐ͚ȡ⩉⩉⮱⏸ঠᑒ⑘γ᜾⮱ऐ㚁ȡ᜾⮱ᓰ䛹⊹䊤̭㗎᱗ᰫᰶ䓴⮱߈䛼ȡ ȟȟࡵ⮱ऻ䭠وٴ⍖ᯃࣵ䒨㑀⮱⚔䔈ᝬ䬡ፓ䊤̭❴ᴁহ⮱وٴ喑䔼䓴㏞ፅ∿䔈ᅸ䛹ȡ⿄ใ卌 ٬⁏ᔘ⮱卐घ喑ᓛ䷻ࢤⱭḺ➖㟞ᱢ⮱仆⩉↪०䔈ᅸ͚喑᜾⩕̻Вᒭ̺ह⮱ᓰᗲ喑㏳㜡⮱ 䃏ສ⩨㏥喑ݷສ䧲ぁȡ䔆̭⁎喑⃼̭ぁ䘪㥪⮱ಇჇȡ ȟȟ㜗䗐Вऻ᜾̭ᩦ䷀Ꮜ⮱⩌≨⟣ᔮ喑⩕ⱩⲈࣨ㻯ᄌ⃼̭ั㏳ᓛ⮱अࡃ喑⩕ᓰ▢ࣨᙌऄ ⃼ᬒ⮱⌲䷻̻䭠وٴȡहᬣ᜾᜽ߌ非ౝⵡ⨣䶵᱌喑㐅⩨ឭᱜाݺ䓵䔈γ̭๔ₒȡ㔹ڕ䘕⮱ 䔆ψᩦअ䘪⎽λ䗐̭ᑍ㏥᲎হጔ߈يٴȡ᜾⮱᰸׼̭ࣸѺࡨڪ⇨᩾γ̭ग⓿₨卌٬喑㮪♣ ᭜Ꭰ܎⮱߈䛼喑ࢡ䃖卌٬⮱⃼ัへ俕䘪अᓄ凉≨喑㘪䛺᫝下㔁ౕ㩇㨊⮱๖⾧ȡ㮪♣᜾̻ ຦ጟ䏘ัᐯపЃΎ喑ज⃼̭⁎ᠬ䊤⩨ぁ喑⃼̭⁎⩨ܧSSᘼ⮱҉৮喑⃼⁎⮨̷䶳຃झȡ᜾ ⮱㘾⊤䘪ч⊛⣝䗐͗ٲSS䭠وٴ̸⮱ࡵ喑ٲSS߈䛼⮱㜗ጞ喑হ㜹ᅃ⩉⩉⮱⏸ঠȡ ȟȟ⌲᫝ຯ䄄喑⌎䯲ຯᷓȡ䔆Ӭ᭜᰸ࣸ⮱߈䛼ȡႰⰸѩຯᓛ䷻㝙̺ᑂϧ∕Ⱋ喑჋݆ຯ䭠 وٴ⚔ϛγ⃼̭ั㑊䯆̻㻿㥪喑䃖⃼̭❴ౌฑ䘪ᐭ␎γ㟞ȡ ᑌ䄙ᵼ喐+' ۇ㏰φ
̵͙݉ ཚـᘝ֞⌜ 355

ȟȟ㘪䮗᜾Й䊝䓴⑘䪬⮱̭⩌喑䮑γᰶუϧȠѡӐВใ喑ᅞ᭜᰸ࣸȡजࣵ็ᰶᄾϧࣾ ⣝喑ڣ᰸჋ࣸΌ吅吅ౝౕ㐆᜾Й߈䛼喑䃖᜾ЙᓄВ̭Ⱑݺ䔈ȡ ȟȟᝃ䃥喑᜾Й⩌ᲒӬ᭜႑ࢂ⮱ȡ㜗ϻ䭺͡ݝ䔆͗̓⩹喑᜾Йᄳ∕Ⴧ䲏͡ऱ⻺θᗲহ䯫 ䷅喑ѳ᜾Йࢡ㷘㐆εγ̭ᑍĄᱧчࢎą喑䃖᜾Йᰶᱰ䔶᠖᭜॓㺮⠙㜗䲏ᄦࢠᄳݝᯡ⮱Გ ䷻䰕喑ࣵᝃ᭜⠙㜗䓻ᣒ㐇ͪ⮱ᮡ๖ȡѳ᜾ⰥԎ喑℁䊤⠙㜗ឬ៲䔆̭ܴ喑ᰶ᰸ࣸ䮗ѡ喑᜾ Йᄳࡃ̭͗uߴธ喑΅䷻ⵡ⊗喑⛙䓴䰕๖喑ᰭऻ䓻Გγᮡ๖ȡ䔆ᅞ᭜᰸ࣸ⮱߈䛼喑ౕ᜾ Й႑⠙⮱ᬣՆ喑䮗ѡⱭ᜾Й喑᜽ͧ᜾Й⮱㇫⺋ᩜᴞ喑⛙䓴ᯡ䷻䰕ȡ ȟȟᰶγ䰕๖হᮡ๖喑֣ᅁ᜾ЙΌч䲏ᄦᲮ้⮱ᬣՆȡᲮ้喑̭❴叾ᯄ喑๖⅁ჿۤ喑ۤ ᓄ⾧⅁䘪㐀᜽۝ȡ䔆ᬣ喑᰸ࣸᄳࡃ䷄̭u๗䭠喑ᄳ̭㑂㑂䭠وٴ⚔ᄱ䔈Გ喑កⵡ叾ᯄ喑䃖 ᜾Й䛺㣤وٴϛ喑ںᚏᚏౝ䲍䓾᜾Й喑㐆᜾Й̭͗⍖ᯃ⮱᠒៞ȡౕЃЙ⮱ᔭ៞͚喑᜾Йᄳ ᙌऄݝ⍖ᯃ喑ⰸᓄ㻮ጹ᱈喑Ꭳ䛺᫝䓻Გ⮪᭩ȡ䔆ᅞ᭜᰸ࣸ⮱߈䛼喑᭜ౕ᜾Й㐊᱈Ƞრᕂ ᬣࡴ䊤⮱̭ិ▘喑᭜㘪ͧ᜾Й䰗͚䔮◚⮱ϧȡ ȟȟᰶᬣ喑᜾Й䕴ݝ⮱Όज㘪᭜䭡๖ȡౕ⮪㡘㡘⮱䰫͚喑᜾Йч๞ࣨ᫦ा喑Όज㘪ч̺ ᄼᓰ䊝ݝγ␎ౝ䘪᭜−∋⮱ᄼ䌜喑ч䋹Կȡ䔆ᬣ喑᰸ࣸᄳчܧ⣝喑ͧ᜾Йϛ䊤᝸⩢み喑 ͧ᜾Й⚔ϛݺ⮱᫦䌜喑ᠴᑂ᜾Й䊝ाوٴᬻ喑ᥳ㙞⮪䰫ȡ᜾ЙᎣ̺ⴒ䖀⮱᭜喑᰸ڣ̭ࣸ჋ Ⱑ䘪䌌ౕ᜾Й䏘ऻ喑ౕ᜾Й䰭㺮ᬣ㐆᜾Й̭ិ᝸喑䃖᜾Йϻ䋹Կ⮱ౝ᫦䛺᫝〆䊤Გȡ䔆 ᅞ᭜᰸ࣸ⮱߈䛼喑Ѓчࡃ䏘ͧ▜ඁ喑⚔ाݺ⮱᫦䌜喑䃖ౕ๔⊤͚䔤䌜⮱᜾Й喑ܿ㝦䊝ा ᰡສ⮱᱗Გȡ ȟȟݝγ䰕๖喑᜾Й֣ᅁΌчᔅγፓ䰕ыȡ๔䰕ᅞ׼̭͚≩⩌ᅯᅯ⮱߈ࢸ喑℘̺⪆ᗲౝ ᄳ᜾Й⋸⎬喑㔹ᬍࣵߖᬍ๵⮱᜾Й喑ग㘪Ш⏯⇞๔䰕ᄳ᜾Й̭◦◦ౝ⌦⇎ȡ䔆ᬣ喑ᰶ̭ ិыᦾౕγ᜾Й⮱๡̷喑ͧ᜾Йᡎ䊝γ䰕Ⅱȡ᜾Йчࣾ⣝喑᭜᰸ࣸ᜾uЙᦾ䊤γ䔆ិ ы喑䮗ѡⱭ᜾Й䊝ఋუȡ䔆ᅞ᭜᰸ࣸ⮱߈䛼喑ᒀ᜾Й㷘⩌≨͚⮱߈ࢸ䛺䛺ౝఝѼ喑ᔘ㺮 㷘⌦⇎㔹ૅ̺䓴⅁⮱ᬣՆ喑ЃЙӬчܧ⣝喑៶᜾Й̭ិ喑㐆ε᜾Й̭͗⾧䬡喑䃖᜾Йិ ᓰ͚᝭ᰶ⮱䉌䲏ᗲ㐗হ̺␎䘪ა⇱ܧᲒ喑̺ں㷘߈ࢸ㐆ࢸ೛ȡ ȟȟ䔆喑ᅞ᭜᰸ࣸ⮱߈䛼ȡ̺ノ᭜ສ๖⅁Ƞ౼๖⅁喑⩌≨͚఍ͧᰶ᰸ౕࣸ喑̭ܴ䘪чअ ᓄᒵ㒻ສȡ ᳃छ㟛喐+' ۇ㏰ႏ
̵͙݉ ཚـᘝ֞⌜ 356

ȟȟౕ䔆⻾ឭ䓲䕌ࣾ䓫⮱ᬣА喑ϧㆨ⮱ᬒ፥⩌≨̻㑾㐉ᰶⱭ࡮ܳჳܴ̺́जܳޟ⮱ڠ ㈨ȡ㑾㐉ፓᲒ⮱Ӭݖ̺᪝㘉᪝喑Ҭϧㆨ⮱⩌≨अᓄᬏᔘᢤࣵ᩵ᰶ⢴ȡ♣㔹喑̭ᬓϧЙ̺ व⤳ౝ␒⩕㑾㐉⮱߈䛼喑ऻ᳉̺जѝ䛼ȡ҉͚ͧ႓⩌⮱᜾Й喑℘ᬍҸใౝ̻㑾㐉ᖜᖜⰥ ȡڠ ȟȟĄ䬲䄨᭜កᐭⴒ䃳჊Ꮐ⮱䧒ࡆą喑㑾㐉ສѩ㵹䊝⮱ఫΓ亳喑᠒ᰶⱭ⊤䛼⮱Γㅺ喑႓ ⩌जВ䮼ᬣ䮼ౝ䃖㜗ጞ↶⊥ౕ⊖╇⮱ⴒ䃳⊤∸䛹喑䬲䄨ૉ⁏⮱Γㅺȡ̭ᲒजВ㞯Ⱞౕఫ Γ亳ᴒឫ䉱᫆⮱ᬣ䬡喑ιᲒजВⰮ̸䉚ΝΓㅺ⮱䧞喑ज䅀᭜̭ⴠι卌এ喆㑾㐉ΌजВ᭜ ̭͗ⴒ䃳჊Ꮐȡᒀ႓⩌ౕ䄫̷͇䕴ݝ䯫䷅ᬣ喑̺໕ݝ㑾㐉ᄨឫ㼐䷅ᕊ䌜ȡⰥ℁䄫᱙̷⮱ ⴒ䃳喑㑾㐉᠒ᰶᰡڕ䲏⮱㼐䛷ࣷ㶒ٲȡ႓⩌ΌᓄВౕუ㜗ͨ႓΍喑䶱΍䄫യڲღ喑Ꭳ᥉ ㉏Ⱕڠ䉱᫆ȡ㑾㐉䔅जВ᭜̭᱙̴㘪⮱䃺ڥȡ⃼ᒀ႓⩌ᰶ̺ч⮱⩌䃺喑䘪чा䔆ѺĄ㔮 ጵĄ䄤᪆ȡ㑾㐉ᄦ႓⩌⮱႓͇ፓᲒγ㣘๔⮱፛ߖȡ ȟȟ႓⩌ᅞ׼24᲎̭㐤Ɑ⮱ᑓ喑ౕጕ๔⮱႓͇߈ࢸ̸፥፥ૅ̺䓴⅁喑Ь҈ग㺮ں᫪ߍ̭ ◦߈ࢸӬч᫚㷯ȡ㑾㐉̓⩹᭜႓⩌ᓄВᮯᬣᩫᲫ⮱๖ౝȡ႓⩌जݖ⩕䄫҆ᬣ䬡ᅊ䄂ऱ⻺ ऱᵤ⮱㏬̷⯷ᮧ⍥᜼Ƞ̷㑾㕳ख़䒨䴠ͽȠ㻯ⰸऺϧ⮱⑁䃟ࣷ㏗ᒂ❴ぶぶȡ႓⩌⮱߈ࢸ䕇 䓴㑾㐉ᓄВ䛷ᩫȡ ȟȟ㑾㐉᭜̭ិࣹܰݾȡ⣝Ϸ喑ᰶ̺ᄾ䱿ᄾᎡ↶䔤λ㑾㐉̓⩹喑ϘऄⱭ⍥᜼ፓᲒ⮱ᔘᙌ হ␎䋠ᙌȡЃЙ̺ܳ᭩้ౝក⍥᜼喑㡿Ꮜ႓͇喑㜗ᯡ㜗ᐰ喑⩇㜠䋠̺ܧᝤ喑᜽ͧऺڣޜ ჋⮱ĄႲ⩤ąᝃĄႲຠąȡ♣㔹喑䪬᱌ᄦⱭ⩢㘾ᄦⱩⲈፓᲒγ̺जᡪఋ⮱ёრ喑䓾㻳Ꮣ ̺։ౝߍ⌞喑Ⱪ䪉䊷ᝡ䊷ࣇȡЃЙΌ፥ិ❣⃺⮱䄊ᒀ㕠䓦䷻喑ጓ㕠䔈喑ठ㕠ܧ喑䓉䉌γ ❣⃺হ㔮ጵᄦЃЙ⮱᱌᱈ȡ ȟȟ͚႓⩌݇݇ₒڒ䱿ᄾᎡ䭣⃢喑䯫ٺчᰶສ๴ᓰ喑λ᭜᥉㉏γऱᐼऱᵤ⮱͉㺬喑ౕ็ ͗㑾〆䌠䒙ȡౕ㷘็᫦䲏⮱䉱䃜ٲ⮱᫒ᗲ̸ۢ喑͚႓⩌䔅⇎ᰶݑ᫚ᄦ䩆⮱㘪߈喑⇎ᰶᬣ 䬡䃑ⱌᕊ㔰θᗲ⮱ₐ⶛ᕔ喑ᄩ㜡ᒵღᭀ㷘̺֒Ꮴ⮱㻯ᔢ䄜ᄩȡЃЙΌღᭀౕ㑾㐉̷䄜ϑ ᢌࣸ喑䊝ा䩆䄜⮱䖀䌜ȡ ȟȟ㮪♣᜾Й㺮ᬣݨ̻ᬣԞ䔈喑ѳ᭜ܴ䃝̺ज↶䔤λ㑾㐉̓⩹喑Ꮑᒀ䔯ᒀҬ⩕㑾㐉喑ग ᰶ䕇䓴ₐ⶛⮱Ҭ⩕হ̺᫚Ⴙ઱㻱݆喑᜾Й᝺㘪䓻ᣒᰡᎬ䭁⮱㑾㐉̓⩹喑䓵ाᰡ㒻ສ⮱᱗ Გȡ ҁԱ㣥喐+'
̵͙݉㏰Ⴕ᚜ຂ ᨦᧄك⇸ਝ͎৉ᕒᘝஶۥ 357

ȟȟوٴᒞຯペ喑ᆮᰵຯᷚ喑䒙Ⱪ䬡喑᜾䘪γȡᬣ䬡䓴ᓄຯₑᔘ喑ᎥສҍЙ䘪䔅ౕ᜾⮱ 䏘᫮ȡ᰸ࣸ᭜ϭ͵喤⃼͗ϧ䘪䰭㺮᰸ࣸ喑Ѓᕨчౕҍᔘ㺮Կ̸⮱ᬣՆ៶Ѽҍ喠ᒀҍ䕴ݝ ёᓰ⮱θᗲ喑Ѓч䮗ҍ⍎䓴䯫ڠ喠ᒀҍᙌ㻶๖䘪㺮൹γ⮱ᬣՆ喑Ѓч䮗ҍ̭䊤ឈѼ喑᝭ 䅀Ąᰶ⺼हϘ喑ᰶ䯫हᒀąȡ䔆ψ᭜ສ᰸ࣸ喑ᒀ♣喑ᔻ͵ᄾᓄγͧγⰛ⮱㔹䲍䓾⮱᰸ࣸ এ喤 ȟȟ᜾ϻژᆮᐭ໸ᅞ႓㑾⤰喑䏘Ҁ䊷Გ䊷ป喑⤰ឭΌ䊷Გ䊷ສȡ᜾ౕ࣬䛹ツ᭜̭㐊喑᜾ ᭜すι喑ᅞ⇎ᰶϧ᪏䃟㜗ጞ᭜す̭ȡ᜾͸᝭ВजВअ᜽ຯϷ⮱᜾喑᭜఍ͧ᜾ᰶ̭㓑๡㘾 キࢂ喑ఈ㗏ࣾ䓫喑ࢡᒵ䃟Ͷ⅁⮱᰸ࣸ᜾ౕ㗹ऻ呀ߞ᜾ȡ⾮♣喑᜾ᢶڒ䃝ᓳγ⮱⑖⋎䛹喑 ౕ᜾ι࡮ᆮ⮱ᬣՆ喑᜾ߍ࣯γపუ䭌⮱䔶᠁喑䔆᭜᜾̭䌜ВᲒ⮱ᷓᘠ喑᜾ᠩᅪ߈ڕ᝺䔈 䊈ȡ۠ࡷ⮱ڒ ȟȟᒀᬣ⮱℁䊈ౕᕎԊ喑᜾ີີ̭ϧ䒪Ɑ᜾ࣨγᕎԊ喑㔹᜾⮱᰸ࣸЙڕ䘕䘪⇎㘪ߍ࣯喑 ग㘪ౕἌ೻̷䄫ȡ᜾ᓰ䛹ᘠⱭ喟Ąᔻ͵ߋ喑᜾ສ႑⠙喑͸ݺ䘪᭜ᰶ܍᰸͗ࣸ䮗᜾⮱喑⣝ ౕअ᜽᜾̭͗ϧγȡĄ⇎θą喑᜾ᰡ㺮ζःᠬ຃喑♣ऻाЃЙ◘㔭ȡą䮼ऻ喑ୡ㻿䱟ܧ ᓲ㘉⮱〾ღȡ ȟȟᒵᔘᅞݝγ℁䊈ᒀ๖喑ग㺮᜾䊏ᓄ䔆̭౧℁䊈喑᜾Ӭ㘪䔈ڒపუ䭌γ喑᜾呀ߞ㜗 ጞ喑ႶះⱭ㜗ጞ㉔ᑍ⮱ᓰȡ㏵λ喑᜾䔈౧γ喑䲏ᄦຯₑᑧ๔⮱ᄦ᝸喑᜾⮱ᓰ䯫ٺчრ ᕂ喑̭Ⱑॷ䃶㜗ጞᠩᅪ߈ڕ᝺᭜ᄦᄦ᝸⮱ᄷ䛺ȡ᜾ౕ๗䭠Ꮒ̸ᅪ߈ౝក喑កᓄ␎๡๔ ↄ喑᜾Ό㐊̺чᩫᐰȡ ȟȟកγ͑͗ᄼᬣऻ喑ܳ᪝Გݝγ℁喑䄮℁ܳݝ喑䄮ᅞ䊏γ喑ѳ᜾⮱䏘Ҁສ㉜喑㶐 ᰺⎬䔼γ喑㙇䒜γ喑ᘠᩫᐰ喑᜾䘪ૅ̺䓴⅁Გȡ᜾⾮♣ᘠݝ䃚㏰⮱ᬣՆ喑䌌Ɑ᰸ࣸ㏰喑 ЃЙ䘪чͧ᜾ߍ⇦喑ⰸⱭ຦Й⮱ⱩⲈ喑ⱩⲈ䛹䔼䱟Ɑ̭㗎Ⅵ̺ᩫᐰ⮱ߟ喑Ό䃖᜾ᬍ᲎У ⮱ԎШЃЙȡᘠ䆎ⱭЃЙౕ⣝౧ͧ᜾ߍ⇦喑᜾⾮♣ᙌ㻶ᰶ̭㗎߈䛼ౕᣕߕⱭ᜾喑᜾ᠬ䊤 ⤰៺喑ⰸⱭݺ᫦喑ᓰ䛹⛰䊤̭ఏ▘喑㐔㐚កȡ ȟȟౕ℁喑᜾ᠩᅪ߈ڕក䊏γᰭऻ̭ㆿ⤰喑ᅞԿౕγౝ̷喑ᄦ◪☚⮱ౝ̷ጟ㏼⇎ᙌ 㻶γ喑᜾ᓰ͚⮱ᗲ㐗⾮♣䬡⊹̷Გ喑᜾⓭ߕᓄਚγ喑᜾⮱ᷓᘠ䓫ݝγ喑ᒀᬣ⮱ᓰᗲ喑䲋 ぁ෕᝭㘪ᒏღȡ᜾䒙๡喑ⰸݝγ̭㓑⛌ᖶ⮱㙥喑׼⡡ၽ̭ᵤ⓭ߕ⮱䌠Გ䌠ࣨȡ᜾⁐᚝̭ 〾喑䊝γܧᲒ喑ЃЙ៞Ɑ᜾喑៞ݝᔘ㺮̺㘪঩॥γȡ࣌Გ喑ЃЙ౽Ɑ᪆㏰⮱ᄼ㔮䒓Გݝ ᕎԊͧ᜾ߍ⇦喑᜾ᒀᬣⱌ⮱倅ڡᎣᙌ䅏㔮๖䃖᜾ᰶ̭㓑䗐͵㏜ⱌ⮱᰸ࣸȡ ȟȟ᰸ࣸ⮱߈䛼䰤䰳̴䧔喑जВౕҍᔘ㺮ᩫᐰ⮱ᬣՆ喑៶Ѽҍ喑䮗ҍ̭䊤ಇᠮ̸ࣨ喑䮗 ҍ̭䊤ݝ䓫ዲምȡ᰸ࣸ᭜ϧ䔆̭⩌͚ᓲ̺जᄾ⮱ϧȡ᜾䲋፥ᙌ䅏᜾⮱᰸ࣸЙ喑ጹ᱈Вऻ ⮱䌜᜾Й㘪̭䊤䊝喑Ⱕο፛ߖ喑Ⱕοᩜᠮȡ 䘙ⳟ᮰喐+'
̵͙݉㏰Ⴕ᚜ຂ ȧཚـᘝ֞⌜Ȩ 358

ȟȟϧ⩌喑ᅞ׼̭ᑍᓰ⩢ఫ喑ᰶ䊤ᓲ♣ᰶ㥪ҍ̺ज㘪Ⅵ䔉〆ౕϧ⩌⮱䶣〜喑ϓᝃⅥ䔉Ꭰ ಓౝ䓴Ⴙ̭⩌ȡ๞䉒喑ᡘៅ喑߈ࢸ᭜ϧ⩌⮱ᓲ㏼͸䌜喑ᅞ׼᱊⊗⊤ҍ᝾䲏㔹Გ喑Ҭҍঈ Ⅱ喑⾿ᖜ喑ѳ᝭Ꭵ喑᜾ᕨजВ۟ⵡ⊤⊗喑̻ڞڣ㝋ȡ߈ࢸ喑᜾ᝅ㘉γҍȡ ȟȟ㑞㐨⮱ᒭθ⅑⅟γᬃ᫻⮱仆喑ѡ᜾䔈ϧ̻߈ࢸ⮱ᒭθȡ݊㻮߈ࢸ喑ౕ᜾ᄼ႓ᬣ喑㑾 䄫Ҭ᜾ग㘪ౕუⅯ႓ȡѳ͉҂უ͚㑾㐉⩇ጛ喑ࣵᖝ䕏⫘ᗲᬣ᱌喑უϧᩣڒѻ䔤喑ᄦ㑾㐉 䬛䷅̷⮱ԛ㑛ᵦ᱙߈̺ϻᓰȡ䪬ₑВᒭ喑᜾ౕᵦᬍ∂॥ᩣ̷䄫ڲღ喑ΌҬ᜾ౕऻ㐚჋Ҁ 䄫ᬣ喑Ь҈ᬞ博ၽख़䰤ȡᒀᬣࣵᔘࡴ̷͚႓γ喑䄫͇ࢸ߈ࢸᓄ᜾ૅ̺䓴⅁ȡѳₑᬣ喑᜾ ⮱⤚ͨШ䉽λ᜾̭ऒ䛾㼭㞜䄚喑຦䄡喟Ą႓⊤ᬍ⋜喑㔮ጵⴒ䖀ҍ䲏͡Ɑ䃥็߈ࢸ喑ѳࢸ ߈ᅞ᭜߈ߕ喑䒙ᢏ㻿Ꮣ̭ᘠ喑ҍ䔅᭜͗Ꭵ䓽⮱ϧএ喆⩕ҍ⮱߈ߕ㐔㐚߈ߗȡᄾᎡᏁᰶ卬 危͸ฝ喑ᒀ侾侼侙䌼Ꭰጊȡą䔆≨⟦ຯᒀ๡᷿䩑喑᜾ι䄊̺䄡喑㔨ᐭΓ喑ែ䏘䔈႓⊤ 䛹喑⾮ⵡ̭ᅯᅯ⮱⊤⊗喑߈ζ̷⍥喑⇎ᬒ⇎้ౝ႓΍喑᳉̺ڣ♣喑⮴๖̺䉌㠓ᓰϧ喑᜾ ᰭ㏵䕇䓴ڒ႓㔰喑䔈ڒᓰЗ⮱႓ᵎ喑Όౕ႓ᱜ̷᠁ᅃȡĄ㵹ݝⅡ⾤ั喑౽ⰸξ䊤ᬣąȡ ߈ࢸ喑᜾ᝅ㘉γҍȡ ȟȟ䛺㻮߈ࢸ喑ౕ᜾͚႓݊᱌ᬣȡ᜾⮱❣ϟ⾮♣ᴀ̷䛺⫫喑ᕒ䰭䔈㵹̭౧๔᝸ᱜ喑ᓰ㘼 ᥚᶒȡ䔆ᖣ㕄ȡ䃖ڕუ䘪䮤ڒγ߈ࢸ喑䮑γ㏼≻߈ࢸ喑䔅ᰶუϧ⻨ݘᬣ⮱ёᙌ喑߈ࢸ㔮 㒖ⱭڕუუᏚ⮱߈ࢸΌ䃖᜾ᬍᓰែڒλ႓͇喑♓㭾㩀ᐣڕ䏘喑᜾⮱႓͇ᐭ໸䊝̸ಎ䌜喑 ̭䌜Ⱑ㏬̸䭺ȡₐᒀ߈ࢸ۳ิაॷ䔆౧㘉ᝅᬣ喑᜾⃲♣䔶᠖〆䊤Გȡ఍ͧ䔆Уθ喑᜾ᘼ 䃳ݝუ͚⮱⿅䔘喑ᰡ⌲ẇౝᬻ⮪喑䔆ψ఍ධ喑䘪᭜䰭㺮䲍䄨Γ᝺㘪ᩦअ䔆⻺䯫ัȡ఍ ₑ喑䬟᮴ᬣ䬡喑᜾ᰡ፛ߖີີ᪡⤳უߎ喑̺䃖຦᧺ߠ喑ۼ䒨຦䉌៲̻߈ࢸȡᰭऻ❣ϟ⮱ ⫲Όຯᙬౝສ䊤ᲒȡĄϧ⩌ຯ䔳᫲喑᜾ϓ᭜᫲ϧąȡ߈ࢸ喑᜾ں⁎ᝅ㘉γҍȡ ȟȟⅡज䒪㝌喑ϓज㺳㝌ȡ߈ࢸ喑ᅞຯह̭ិࣹ䲏ܭȡᢹᤎ߈ࢸ᭜ϧ⩌͚ᓲิ⮱ឭ㘪喑 㔹̻ڞ߈ࢸั喑⩇㜠ݣ᰺Ⴐ喑Ό䃖ҍ⮱ϧ⩌ᰡ㇫ᒖȡ䱿᭒ᅞ࡮׼ႄ䌜ऐ喑ҍᝃ䃥ч䌹 䎴喑⟦䆘喑։␋̺ݺ喑⩇㜠чͧγ䔶᠖̭᲎̭ߠⅥ䕥⮱䖀䌜㔹Ժᙌ♓㭾喑ѳ䄤ⰥԎ喑ҍ ᄳᝅ㘉߈ࢸ喑䌕䊷ὗ⇌喑䊝䓴䯉ⶺ喑Ꮣ䓴䔆⃢߈ࢸ᱌ȡ ȟȟĄ䖀㮪䔉喑〰㵹ज㜠喠θ㮪๔喑ಇͧज᜽ąȡ߈ࢸ喑㮪♣᭜̭⃢㞝䯫㔹ࣵШ䛺䖀䔉 ⮱䌜喑ѳग㺮ಇᠮ喑ࢸuᅞч䉒ౕҍ᝸̸喑䄤ᢔⱭΓ᱙⮱⃼͗ҍЙಇჇౝⰥԎ喑ҍчᝅ 㘉߈ࢸȡ ̭㟽ᴾ喐+' ۇیθ㏰
͙݉ ͺЄ֞⧨೴೺᫨؟ 359

ȟȟҍ᭜॓䃑ͧ႓΍᭜Уᔘͽ⮱θ喤᜾Ό̺Ҹใ喑䗐ᅞ䃖᜾Გ䄵䄵ͧϭ͵᜾䃑ͧ႓΍᭜ Уᔘͽ⮱θȡ
ȟȟ႓΍䃖᜾෋Ꭼ㻮䬨喑̺ϲ䃖᜾ᢹᤎⴒ䃳喑䔅ӰҬ᜾γ㼐䃥็䄫ใ䉱䃜ȡ䕇䓴႓΍喑 ᜾ᬻ⮪γϧ⩌䖀⤳喑ౕⴒ䃳⮱⊤∸⾬ᷚ喑॥ः̺ह䶳ഌ⮱ⴒ䃳ȡຯ⻾႓喑᜾Й㘪䓽⩕⻾ ႓࣌⤳䔈㵹ᬒ፥≨ߕ喠ຯౝ⤳喑䔼䓴ౝ䉕႓უ⮱⌞ڒᣏ䃕喑᝺ᰶγຯϷ⮱ౝᒏȠౝ⤳Ѻ 㒛⮱ऺ⼝Ƞ๖▫⮱ᒏ᜽ぶȡںຯࢳट喑ऑϧ䃝䒪γᰫ㏼ࣾ⮱⩌θ喑᧝ۆ̭᜽ЪႹ᪡⮱Γ ㅺ喑ӈऻϧγ㼐ᒀᬣࣾ⮱⩌θȡ䔆̺ϲ䃖᜾Йᐭ䭁㻳䛻喑䔅㘪⓭䊤᜾Йᄦ႓΍⮱ͽ䋐喑 ज䅀̭ⴠι卌ȡ ȟȟຯ๔ф᝭ⴒ喑႓΍䔅㘪ӰҬ᜾Й㐀ϑ᫝᰸ࣸȡͧϭ͵䔆͵䄡喤఍ͧ䕇䓴႓΍ऱ᫼ࣷ ऱㅺ䉜⮱䄚㼭喑㘪䃖᜾ЙᢹᤎᎣγ㼐ऱప⮱᪴ࡃ΍Ԅȡౕ႓΍⮱᫲䕁䔅㘪䃑䃳ᔄह䖀व ⮱᰸ࣸ喑ᬍ䲋㠓͚ፓ⩉ȡ̺ϲຯₑ喑႓΍็̭䬕䄚㼭Ό䃖㜗ጞᰶγ䃥็Ӭݖ喑ຯݝใప ᫲⍥ᬣ喑̺ᕂ఍䄚㼭䬛䷅ϔ⩌γ⇌䕇䯉ⶺ喑Ό㘪䒨ᭀ㲺ڒᒀౝϧ⮱⩌≨喑⌲ẇⴒ䖀ᒀౝ ⮱᪴ࡃ喑҂ͽ㔹̺ͧ喤 ȟȟₑใ喑䔯ᒀ⮱႓΍Ҭ᜾Йិ߈ࢸៈݝΊ䰱ξใȡ႓΍⮱हᬣ喑Ό̺ᔅិ㜗ጞ䲏ᄦ⮱ ߈ࢸ䛷ᩫܧᲒȡ䕇䓴Γۆᬒ䃝ᝃ҉᪴喑᜾Й㘪ౕ㥪ぁ⮱ⳙ䬡ិ☓ᖩ̻߈ࢸៈ㜠㘾ऻ喑䔆 ᵤ̭Გ喑႓΍̺ںu᜽ϧЙऐ͚⮱߈ࢸ⎽Გ喑㔹᭜ᔘͽ⇶⎽ȡ ȟȟₐ᝭䅀喟Ą႓㔹ᬣ΍͸喑̺ϓ䄡ͻȡą႓΍᭜ϧЙ⮱ᔘͽ⇶⎽喑Ό᭜ϧЙദڨಇᠮ ̺ᛵ⮱䬕䌜ȡ႓΍᭜̭Уᔘͽ⮱θȡ ⢷₏ᅓ喐+, ۇθ㏰φ
͙݉ ȧ৉ͱༀ̬χ௴ͦᘝͽȨ 360

ȟȟࣵ䓴γ̭͗ᚢ᛿⮱ক᱘喑ह႓Йఋݝ႓ᵎ䘪᭫ᓄᬍ㇫ក䛴ȡ䄫ბ䛹喑ह႓Йघ㠓䔋 ๖喑๔უ䘪ౕ೸ᕕ喟Ą๗䭠䔅⇎ࡴ䊤ᅞ㺮ݝ႓ᵎᲒ̷䄫喑̭๖䓴̭๖⮱喑႓΍जⱌ᭜У 㠓ጛ੷喆ą
ၽᰝ喟Ą႓㔹ᬣ΍͸喑̺ϓ䄡ͻ喤ą႓΍᱙䄒᭜̭Уᔘͽ⮱θ喑ѳͧ҂ᒀА ႓⩌ࢡិႰᒀ᜽⬈㠓⮱ᵦ⎽喤 ȟȟڣ჋喑Յ㠒᜾ЙजВВओ̭⻺㻿Ꮣⰸᒲ႓΍喑Ⴐ̺ϲ̺᭜̭УĄ㠓ጛą喑⩇㜠जВ ᭜̭УБϧᘶᗓ⮱θȡ䂙ຯ喟䄫യ̷喑᜾Йহह႓Й⼜ᲮౝᄨⅯⴒ䃳喑ϻ㔮ጵႉႉ̺Փ ⮱᪆ᄩ͚ࣵ䃑䃳γ䃥็᫝๴ࣵᰶ䋐⮱θ➖喑̭䊤ᣏ㉏⺋⼅́⌞ⓠ⮱ⴒ䃳⊤∸ȡ㔨ᐭΓ 䶢喑ᐭड़̭⃢Γ͚⮱᫲⼸喑ౕᩲθ⮱ᗲ㞯͚⾬ᷚ喑ౕⴒ䃳হ᣿ఫ͚Გఋᓉᒶ喑᜾Йࣵज Вࣾ⣝䃥็⣝჋⩌≨͚ឫ̺ݝ͉⮱㺬ȡ䔆ψ䯫䖀䘪̺᭜թᓄ⁏ૉ䯭䋰⮱θॄ喤 ȟȟ႓΍͸᝭Вч㐆ह႓ЙፓᲒ⬈㠓喑ᝃ䃥᭜᫦∂⮱䬛䷅ȡౕ䔆⻺ᗲ̸ۢ喑᫲㵹ڣ჋Ό जВ҉̭ͧ⻺ᔘͽ႓΍⮱᫦∂ȡ႓΍̺ϲϲᅭ䭽λΓ᱙̷ᝃ䄫യ̷⮱ڲღȡࣺ͸喑ϟ䏘 Ҁ侹㘪์ᰡᰶ᩵ౝ݈䕍⌞ݨ́䯫ᔅ⮱㏼ࢳȡᒀ᜾Йহϟ᰸ᝇݝࣸใౝ᫲⍥喑जВՌᱧγ 㼐ᒀౝᅲℾ⮱⮱䷻Ԅ᪴ࡃহᒀౝ⮱ࢳट喑ںⰸⰸЃЙ᭜ຯ҂䓴⩌≨ȡ⩕䔆⻺⩌ߕ᫦⮱ᐼ ᐭ䭁㻳䛻হߍ᜾⌞Йᄦ䔆็༬็ᒖ⮱̓⩹⮱γ㼐喑ិ䔆ψ㏼ࢳ☆ౕ࢝ᓰ䛹喑ϓजВ䃖᜾ Й⌞ݨҀчݝ႓΍ፓᲒ⮱ᔘͽȡ ȟȟں㔲喑႓΍̭䬕㜗ጞᙌڡ䋐⮱᱙䶳ᝃ᝸㞧हᵤजВ㐆᜾ЙፓᲒᔘͽȡͫ͗Ҹၽ喑䴠 ͽȠ㐅⩨Ƞۆ҉ぶহ㞧ᱜᰶڠ❞⮱ສजВ䃖᜾ЙҀ侹ऱ⻺ᙌᗲВࣷ⮱҉݈ᔘͽȡ䴠ͽ⮱ 䴠こᴁ㒻ຯ͊喑㑍㐂ౕ⾧⅁͚喠⩨ぁౕ㏥̷㔖㔖䊤㝋喑ࠫܧ߿>/ᙌ㜗ຯ⮱㏬᲎喠᪴ႄౕ Γ䶢̷䮼Ɑぁ㼓⌽⌽᭫⣝喑䨧䭵ܧ̭፲៪䆎ࢡ㒻ͪ⮱⩨䲏ȡ̺ϲຯₑ喑䋠⤰Ƞㄛ⤰Ƞ⩝ ᒱぶ⮱䓽ߕ᜾u݆ЙፓᲒ》ζ⮱⓭◵হ☚㵭喑▩☚̻⓭ᗲȡ᜾ЙजВ႓΍䔆ψ᱙䶳喑Ꭳ ិڣᒀ҉❞ສȡ䔆⻺႓΍喑ࣵຯ҂̺ч䃖᜾Йᙌݝᓰᗲᘶᗓ喤 ȟȟᕨ㔹㼭͸喑႓΍᭜̭УٲSSᔘͽ⮱θ喑̺ノ᭜ౕ႓ᵎᝃ⩌≨͚⤽ⶻ⮱ᄼθ㐆᜾Йፓ Გ⮱႓΍ᱧч喑䘪թᓄ᜾Йࣨ⣺ᘉহិᤎȡग㺮᜾Й̺㐆႓΍䉡̷Ą㠓ጛą⮱ᴴカ喑Ꭳ В̭⻺ₐ䲏⮱ᔮᏓⰸᒲ͸喑ᅞजВ㐆᜾ЙፓᲒᬍ⾤ᬍᅪ⮱ᔘͽহϘऄȡ 䃤Ԋ᪼喐'. ۇθ㏰ႏ͙݉ ৉ͱༀ̬χ௴ͦᘝͽ 361

ȟȟݝᏂϭ͵᭜ᔘͽ͸⎽এ喤Ό䃥喑⃼͗ϧᄦᔘͽ⮱㻮㼐䘪๔̺Ⱕहȡ᜾䃑ͧᔘͽ͸⎽ ᭜ᠴᒀҍౕև᳽Уθᬣ喑ҍᅞчᙌऄݝ㣘ऺ⮱ڡ๸喑ᐭᓰহᔘͽ喆䔆ज㘪᭜̭ψ⤽ⶻ⮱ θ喑ຯ喑ਫ਼⁹喑ⰸΓ喑䄡䄊喑⩇㜠ज㘪᭜ۆ͇҉喆㔹᜾⮱ᔘͽ͸⎽喑ᅞ᭜ߖϧȡ ȟȟ㜗ក᜾ܧ⩌ВᲒ喑᜾⮱❣⃺ᅞ̭Ⱑ᣽䚿᜾喑̺䃧Ꭱ咱喑ᕔݘ喑⻺᫼ᝃݖ⯷喑᜾Й䘪 Ꮑ䄒㐆䰭㺮፛ߖ⮱ϧѥܧ᝸ᤡȡℂ「喑䄮䘪ч䕴ݝ䯫䷅喑㔹́๔უ䘪ጹ᱈ݝᬣᰶϧजВ ౕ㜗ጞᰭఝ䯫ᬍߖ⮱ᬣՆ៶ЃЙ̭ិ喑㐆εЃЙ̭䖀وٴȡ ȟȟऄݝ⮱⃺❣⮱᜾ड़ࣾ喑᜾ϻᄼᅞ᱙Ɑߖϧͧᔘͽ͸⎽⮱㇫⺋ȡౕ႓ᵎ喑⃼ᒀ᜾⮱ह ႓ᰶ䯫䷅喑᲌᝸ᬍゃ⮱ᬣՆ喑᜾ч㜗ᙬౝ〆ܧᲒᅪᓰᅪ߈፛ߖЃȡຯ㠒ⱌ⮱ᬍ∂㼐۠喑 ᜾ч䮗ѡЃࣨ䄤㔮ጵ䉽᪆ȡᒀ䬛䷅㼐۠ऻ喑᜾ч̺⩞㜗ͨౝᙌݝᔘͽȡ䔆ᅞ׼᭜ᄦ᜾⮱ ̭⻺呀ߞ॔喆 ȟȟ㮪♣᜾̻⤚䪬䔆͗㕹Ѻᬍ㑅喑ѳ᭜喑᜾̺чᄦ፛ߖ㔮ጵ䔆Уθ̺䬨̺䬛ȡ⃼⁎̸ 䄫喑᜾чͨߕ̷ݺ䄏䬛㔮ጵ᭜॓䰭㺮Ш҂፛ߖȡ᜾⼜Ხ⮱㵹ͧহᔮᏓҬݝ㔮ጵ፥፥㶕យ ᜾ȡ䔆Ό䃖᜾⮱❣⃺ᑂВͧ㢐ȡ ȟȟ̺ⴒϻ҂ᬣᐭ໸喑᜾⮱ᓰ䛹೸̸γ̭䷄ᙬ᱈⮱⻺ၽȡ䪬๔Вऻ喑᜾ጹ᱈㘪፛ߖ䗐ψ 䔉ౕ䲋≟⮱႖ၽȡᝃ䃥喑Вऻ᜾㘪䔈᜾⮱㐢㪱͸߈喑䃖ᰡ็互ჿϑ䔘⮱႖ၽᄾऄψ㒗喑 जВरᓄສ喑⾬ᓄᯃ喑䓴̷Ꭵ⺼⮱⩌≨ȡ ȟȟ᜾ጹ᱈᜾ߖϧͧᔘͽ͸⎽⮱㇫⺋जВ̭Ⱑಇᠮ̸ࣨ喑Ⱑ㜠᜾⩌প⮱ᅪ๡ȡ᜾Όጹ᱈ ᜾⮱䔆Ъ❞जВᬍ⾤ᬍᅪ⮱э䔿̸ࣨȡ 䗝ტ⯴喐'. ͙݉θ㏰Ⴕ᚜ຂ ȧ֧Ξ⧨೴ᘝ௴ͦ͡ኳȨ 362

ȟȟ⃼͗ϧ⩌প͚䘪ᰶ㜗ጞ⮱㝋झ喑᜾Й〆ౕ㝋झ̷๔ᩫ㞟ᒖ喑ᆂ⣝ᆋλ㜗ጞ⮱㝋༬喑 ѳᬍ䃧᭜႓΍ϓᝃ㔲⩌≨͚䘪ᄾ̺γѻ䅤ᡘៅ喑߈ࢸ᭜᜾Й䔈ₒ⮱झ䭣ȡ᜾Йͧ҂̺៙ 䊤ҍ̭Ⱑѻ̸㜗ࡾ๡⮱喑ᩫⱩ᱈ࣨ䗐ψᝅ㘉߈ࢸ⮱ϧЙএ喤 ȟȟ᜾ᬣ፥ౕᘠ喑ϧͧ҂⩌㔹ߠ҉喑̺㘪⤳᝭ᒀ♣ౝϘऄႶ䕥ȡ㔮๖㐆εγϧЙᬍ∂ឬ ऄ⮱߈ࢸ喑ࣵᝃ㔲᭜প䓽⮱̺ڙȡ⹯⮱ᘼͶ᝭ౕ喤 ȟȟౕ᜾Ꭱᄾᬣ喑᜾㜗䃑ͧ๖᭜䗐ᵤ⮱㨊喑㡶᭜䗐ᵤ⮱㐬ȡ᜾ग䰭㺮ཡ䯲⮱⑘ₒౕ㡶࣌ ̷݆ສȡⰡݝ๡̭Ą⠛ၽą⮱ݝᲒ喑កⵡγ䔆㒻ສ⮱ᮜ䆎喑᜾ᠩপກ䋾喑ज䌜̷ܧࢡ⣝ γ̺ᰫ᠒ᰶ⮱䭨ⶺ喑ᄼݝⴠၽ喑๔࣯ݝ๖๔ᴾȡᅞౕ䔆ᬣ喑᜾ᬍัज䔰喑ज㻮⠛ၽ⣜㐂 ౕ᜾⮱কడ̺᫚䕩䔘Ɑ᜾ȡ᜾ᬍज๵҂喑䎟γ̸Გᄼฝ៪∐ȡ߈ࢸӢ㮭γ᜾喑ຯह叾≋ 㝙ȡ䓴γᒵͲ喑᜾ᙌ㻶ݝγ䶧⏾℈ࣾ⮱㼓ᙌ喑᜾⡈ౝᗷ䚿ȡ࣌Გ᭜䗐गܣ⠍⮱⠛ၽ΋Ⅿ ᜾㐆εЃ̭◦丌➖ȡ᜾ិ䏘̷ϲᰶ⮱㇛丌㐆γႰ喑Ⴐ⁏ૉ喑̺ⴒͧ҂᜾⇎ᰶ䗐͵რᕂ γȡࣺ㔹ᐭᓰౝ䌌Ѓກ䋾ౕ̭᱈ᬍ䭲⮱㡶̷࣌喑఍ͧ᜾⮱ߴ᪏ᝅ㘉γĄႰą̻ĄႰąহ Ꭰڞั喑ᰡ߈ߗߍౝກ䋾ౕ㡶࣌ᝃ㔲䄡᭜᜾⮱⩌≨䛹ȡ ȟȟڣ჋߈ࢸ⮱ᘼͶ᝭ౕ喑᭜䃖᜾Й᜽䪬ͧᰡສ⮱㜗ጞȡ₸⫫ϧឬऄⱭ̓Ԅ⮱Ⱪوٴহࢸ ߈喑ѳ䗐ࣵᔻᵤ喤ຯ᳉ЃЙ⇎ᰶᝅ㘉߈ࢸ喑ࣵᔻч〆ౕ䔆ȡ߈ࢸ㐆ε᜾Й᜽䪬喠㐆ε᜾ Й͝ჹ็ᒖ⮱ϧ⩌喠㐆ε᜾Йݺ䔈⮱߈ߕȡ᜾㺮̭Ⱑᒭݺ喑Ⱑݝષܧγ䗐̭ऒ喟Ąࢸ ߈喑᜾ᝅ㘉γҍȡą ᫩ᵼᵼ喐+, ͙݉θ㏰Ⴕ᚜ຂ ȧ؟᫨೺೴⧨֞ͺЄȠȨ 363

ȟȟ຦喑ᬍᕕᬍᗁ喑≨ᄳ䱿͊⛙᜽γᭌ◦⮱⮪ࣾ喠຦喑Вℂ⩌҉ͧ亵䊍喑ᥧⱭ᜾⮱᝸̭ हⰸ䕺᜽䪬䕁͚⮱ᭌوٴ喠຦喑᭜᜾⩌প͚⮱⛍⛍͸وٴ喑◦ϛᬍوٴ⮱ᓰᝬ喑◦ϛጹ᱈⮱ᓛ 㞿喑ͧ᜾ᦾ䊤γ̭͗็ᒖ⮱͹ច䗓ȡ◦̷䕇ᒭ๖ప⮱倅仆喑⃺ϟ喑䅕Ռ⩞丅⍧⮱䒨☌喑 э䔿ຠ٬ࡰ㼭̴䄚䖀̺ᅪ⮱ᙌ䅏喆䅏䅏ᗕ䮗᜾䪬๔喆 ȟȟ̭ग๔᝸喑ᥧⱭ̭गᄼ᝸喑ᕺ♣䬡喑䌼䓴γ࡮ιᎡ⮱㟞႐喑䊝䓴䰗ᰵ䷻ࡻ喑ⰸ䓴ᴡ ㆠ▷☌喑̭ψᎠ܎ᬍ∏Ⓣ⮱ᄼᬒၽΌ䖄̸γ㏳ⶻȠ⌎㪱⮱⬂䔦喑ⰸѩ̺䊤Ⱪ喑ࢡ᭜Ხڣ ⣺䉢⮱䰣ᭌ᜽䪬ఋᓳȡ䷻䊤γ喑ᆮᰵ᭜䗐͵࠳࠳ౝ䊝γ喑ੜᰶ䗐ψ䯪Ⅵ⮱䃝ᓳ䔅⣺㫼ౕ ᓰᏂ喑ϻ᱗⌎ࣨȡ ȟȟ㜗̭͗႖ၽঞঞ಍ౝ䊤喑⃺ϟ喑᜾ⴒ䖀ᗕ⮱ᓰ喑ϻ⇎̭ᬒႶჇȡ݊ͧϧ⃺⮱ᗕ喑ᕨ ᭜៲ᓰ䗐ᄼუцऄۨȠऄᗷ喑ᗕΌᰫቖ⎰䓴喑Όᰫฺࣺ䉕䬛㜗ጞ喑ͧϭ͵ᒀ̺ສ̭Ѻव ᵩ⮱ສ⃺ϟ喤ᗕ̺ᰫᰶ้̭ສⱍ喑้̭䚐⩲⋸⑀⮱ᷓ喑ग㺮ࣾ⣝Ꭹᬣ⮱᜾ౕ̺ᗕ䏘䓦喑 ᅞຯᗷᑀ͸卌㝙⾮ౝ䋰䊤喑Ⱑ㜠ࣾ⣝䏘䓦⮱ᄼϧ٬ጟ䚐♣ڒᷓ喑᫦㜿γ̭๔ऐ⅁ȡ䗐ᬣ ⮱ఋᓳ喑᭜䗐͵ౝ㒻ͪ喑ѳΌ๦ፓⱭ͊͊㠓⋖喑㔹᜾喑᭜ᗕᰭ⩉㱉⮱䉌㢤ȡ ȟȟ䪬๔ऻ⮱᜾喑Ό⇎̭ᬒБᗕႶᓰ䓴ȡ⟦䃝ᓄ̭ᬒ喑᜾ౕᵎۆڲa/s҉䊈͚䓀ᓄᒨᏂ喑 䔁უऻ喑䲏ᄦᗕฝฝ⮱ڠᓰ喑᜾「ࣾ䊤γ▘ȡᗕᎣᬍ䉐ᕗ͸ᘼ喑ग᭜㑀㑀ౝ䖀ܧγ̭ऒ 䄊喟Ąᗕ᭜๖䭲ᰭ䬗㔭⮱ᭌ喑̺䓴๖䔅᱗ᯄ̸ࣨ喑ᬍϧࣾ⣝ҍ⮱ᓛ㞿ȡą䔆ऒ䄊喑ᄳ⌞ ⌷͚⮱᜾λ̭ݦ䬡៶䊤喑εγ᜾ᬍ⾤ᬍᅪ⮱ጹ᱈ȡౕ᜾䱿᭒⮱⑘⑘䪬䌜̷喑Ⴐ℁Ш҂䛾 㼭⢶䄚ᰡ⓭ߞϧᓰȡ ȟȟ䗐̭͗ᮇ̷喑ᗕ᭜᜾ੜ̭㘪ӊ䲍⮱㗖㚭ȡ䖒᱈Ɑ๖䓦⮱ᭌ㞿喑ᗕѡⱭ᜾̭䊤ぶ๖ ϛȡ ȟȟ⃺ϟ喑᜾᭜䗐͵⬡᱈ᗕᓄВѡ᜾ౕ᜽䪬䌜̷㐔㐚ݺ㵹喑ѳᗕ㏵២̺䓴⫲傁⮱Ӣ㷚喑 Ⅵ䔉ౝ䬚̷γⱩⲈȡ⃺ϟ喑䄤ᗕᩫᓰ喑᜾чᑍᐭᷓᘠ⮱㓲㚭喑ፓⱭᗕ᜽䪬䌜̷⮱߶ߞ២ 㜠̭̭͗ࣵ͗䔉᫦喑ፓⱭᗕ᪆ч᜾⮱ߴ᪏ಇᑧ喑ࣨళ̭̭͗ࣵ͗ᓰ͸ाᒭȡ⃺ϟ喑䅏䅏 ᗕ䮗᜾䪬๔喆 ҁႵਞ喐'1 ۇی㏰͙̬݉ ࣯┉೴▙Є‟‟ 364

ȟȟౕ᜾ϧ⩌䖀䌜̷ᰶѺᄦλ᜾Გ䄡➦ݘౕႅ⮱ȡ຦䮗ѡ᜾䪬๔喟ᄼ႓ᬣ᱌຦䮗᜾ڒ ⱍ喠͚႓ᬣ᱌຦䮗᜾ฺ΍䄫͇ȡⰡ㜠᜾̷⤚ᬣ喑຦ӊᬔ⩕䗐੍क⮱䄊䄚䮗ѡⱭ᜾ȡ⃼ᘠ 䊤຦喑᜾䘪чᙌݝ̭͊⍖ᯃ喑̭͊ѡ䮼Ɑ⩅⩉㟞仆ঠ⮱⅁ঠȡ ȟȟ᜾ᰫౕ̭᱙Γ̷䄨䓴䔆͵̭݆ᩲθfl⃼͗⃺ϟ䘪ᰫ᭜Іຠȡ຦Й⩌≨ౕξ〜喑⃼ᬒᢂ ᭌᡶᰵ喑࢔Ɑξࢤξ㜿喑຦Й҂ᰫᠯ㭾䓴喤຦Й᭜๖⺋ᰭռѣ⮱ᄼຠ٬ȡ⌲ᮕ喑ІຠЙ ݝ͡Ⅱั喑ᙌद㜗ጞ䗐㒻ͪ⮱㓪㶐̻㖹㗑ȡ↶⊥λ䱿᭒͸͚喑䱿᭒⮱ࡻوٴҬ຦Йຯ⬡ຯ 䚶ȡ ȟȟᰶ๖喑Іຠ⮱㓪㶐̺㻮γ喑ᢏ̷γϧ䬡⮱㇄ጰÿÿÿ຦᜽ͧγ⃺ϟȡᰶϧ䄡㓪㶐㷘 㫼ౕγ䮽⼅⮱マၽ䛹ȡϧუ䔅䄡喑᭜຦̵๘䨮̷⮱ȡ ȟȟѳ᝭ᰶ⮱⃺ϟ䘪ᬻ⮪喑䗐ѺІຠ⌲ẇマၽ⮱᝭ౕȡ຦⃼ᬒ䘪чᖱᬍฝᖜౝកᐭマ ၽ喑ᗳᔲౝះᦥ䗐∮⮪ϛͪ⮱㓪㶐ȡ຦ⴒᮀग㺮຦̭⾬̷䗐㓪㶐喑Ѓᅞ㘪ఋݝξ〜ȡѳ γマၽȡ̷ڠग᭜䒨䒨ࢡ຦ ȟȟ຦̺㘪ں下喑఍ͧ຦ጟ̺ᓺ下ࣨȡ ȟȟີີ喑䅏䅏ҍ䮗᜾䪬๔ȡ఍ͧҍ᜾᝺㘪ᙌऄ䔆̓䬡㒻ສȡ⟦䃝喑ҍ䮗᜾䊝ౕ䗐᳄㢘 ᄼ䖀̷ȡ᜾Й̭हⰸⱭᬚᬒ̻ᴾणⰥο㲺व喑⇎ᰶγ⩹䭽ȡ䔆ग᭜̭Уᄼθ喑̭䊤̻ҍ ᪐ₒȡ᜾Ӭ㻶ᓄ࡮ܳ㒻ສ喑ᓰ䬡ϔ⩌䃥็ᯃᘼȡ̺ⴒᔻౝ喑᜾̻Ѓϧ䊝Ɑ䘪⇎ᰶ䔆⻺ᙌ 㻶喑ڡ䃥᭜఍ͧҍ᭜᜾ີີ⮱㑅ᩲ॔喆 ȟȟີີ喑䅏䅏ҍ䮗᜾䪬๔喑䃖᜾⮱⩌≨ٲSSᗷૉȡ⃼ᬒ喑᜾䘪Ⱙ᱈Ɑҍ᝭۳ิ⮱㒻 丌ȡҍᅞ׼傁∂ጵ喑⃼ᬒअᢏⱭ̺हҠ㗡ӈ᜾Ϙ⩕喑␎䋠γ᜾⮱ঠ㪫ȡᄦγ喑ᔅγহҍ 䄡喑ҍ۳ิ⮱㒻丌᜾ສૉ⁏喆 ȟȟີີ喑䅏䅏ҍ䮗ౕ᜾䏘䓦喑㐆ε᜾߈䛼喑㐆ε᜾Ⴖڕᙌȡग㺮ҍౕ䏘䓦喑᜾Ӭ㻶Ɑ ⇎ᰶϭ͵⸕䯫㘪ᄳ᜾ᅵ᰺ȡ᜾䔅䃝ᓄҍᰫᄦ᜾䄡喟Ą㺮ិఝ䯫䒙ࡃuⰁ⩟喑ܨ䉒Ⴐ喑᜽ ͧ㜗ጞ⮱߈䛼喆ąڠڠ䯫䓴ڠڠ䓴喑้้䯫⛙้้⛙喑ີີ᜾ч䅕䃝ҍ⮱᪆䄟⮱喆 ȟȟີີ喑㮪♣᜾ᬍ∂ں䔆ᵤघੑҍγȡѳҍ⮱䮗ѡ喑ጟ㷘᜾⠙უ⣺㫼λᬣ䬡䪬⇠͸ ͚ȡ᜾᱈Ɑᬖጟ∈叱⮱⚔❴喑̭᲌䭠وٴ䔼䓴⿄ᝤ᭍⚔ౕ⚔❴̷ȡ̺ⴒ҂ᬣ∗Ⅱᬖጟጰ␎ ⱩⱣ喑⍖ᯃ⮱⾧⅁͚๦ᱯⱭ⩅⩉㟞仆ঠ喑⪆̸̭ౝ⍖ᯃ৮䄨ϧ⩌ⴚ䪬ȡ ȟȟ㍮ࡻ㥪ᅪ喑ज᜾ᓰ͚Ϻᰶ㟞㥪⮱ฝ䴠ȡ̭ᱢ喑̭ᱢ喑ౕᬍϧ⮱ᆞ䬡ᗍᗍ丅㥪ȡĄີ ີ喑䅏䅏ҍ䮗᜾䪬๔ȡą᜾䒨䒨䄡䖀ȡ

᳃䲂⌟喐+, ۇ㏰φ͙̬݉ ȧ‟‟Є▙೴┉࣯Ȩ 365

ȟȟҍ᭜᜾ᓰ͚ᰭ❞ᰭ̺जᝃ㑧⮱̭͗ϧȡ᜾ⴒ䖀ҍᄦ᜾⮱❞㗜Ⴧহ᜾❞ҍ̭ᵤ喑⩇㜠 ज㘪䔅ч็̷ࡰԺᝃ⮫Ժȡ ȟȟᄼᬣՆ⮱᜾喑गᛯᓄ⩕ਚᲒ㶕䓫㜗ጞ喑ҍᅞ〾ⱜⱜౝ䊝䓴Გ喑䮗᜾̭䊤⣖喑䮗᜾र ͉㺬喑䮗᜾⣖⣖ڤȡҍчᘠᅪߋ∂䃖᜾ᐭᓰȡₑݨ喑᜾ᘠ䊤Გ喑⩇᭜ᙌߕȡ ȟȟ᜾䔅䃝ᓄ喑᜾হҍ̭䊤ݝཱཱིིუࣨȡ᜾ጟ㏼႓ч䊝䌜γ喑ѳ᜾䔅᭜̭Ⱑ㺮ҍ៞ȡλ ᭜喑ҍᅞݝੳ౧Νγ̭ࣹ䊝䊤Გ䌜Გчܧࣾฝ䴠⮱䲸ၽ喑᜾⾬̷γ䲸ၽऻ䲋፥ᐭᓰȡ᜾ ̭Ⱑ䊝Გ䊝ࣨ喑↶⊥ౕ䲸ၽܧࣾ⮱ฝ䴠䛹ȡҍᅞ̭Ⱑ䌌Ɑ᜾䊝喑ᅞຯ᜾᭜̭͗჊㫼̭ ᵤ喑̺㘪ᐱ͏γȡ ȟȟ᜾᭜̭͗䲋፥̺ᛯθ⮱႖ၽȡౕҍ䮗ѡ᜾᜽䪬⮱䌜̷喑᜾⟜γᒵ็⮱䩆ȡҍ⃼⁎䘪 ᪆ᄩ᜾喑ߊ᜾ॷ喑Ҭ᜾᜽̭ͧ͗ᛯ⹩䆹⮱ᄼ႖ȡҍΌౕ᜾̺᪏䌼ܧす̭ₒᬣ喑̭Ⱑ呀ߞ ᜾ߴ᎟ݺ䔈喑䔆᝺ӰҬγ⣝ౕ⮱᜾ȡ ȟȟ᜾ⴒ䖀喑ҍϻ̺㺮Ⅿ᜾᜽̭ͧ͗х⻭́Ⴙ㒻ᬍ⦂⮱႖ၽȡѳ᭜᜾ࢡૉ⁏ᅊ䄂᫝⮱θ ➖ȡౕҍ⮱呀ߞ̸喑᜾႓чγ䃥็̺ह⮱᝺㞧ȡज᭜᜾㏼፥䃖ҍ๞᱈喑᜾ᕨ᭜఍̺ͧⰥ Ԏ㜗ጞ㔹๞ݖȡ㮪♣ຯₑ喑ҍ䔅᭜̭Ⱑ呀ߞ᜾喑ᩜᠮ᜾喑䃖᜾㐔㐚և᜾ૉ⁏և⮱θᗲ喑 ̺䃖᜾ᩫᐰȡ ȟȟ᜾䔽⌽䪬๔喑ѳҍࢡౕᚏᚏअ㔮ȡज᭜᜾⃼̭๖ᬖᬖ⮱̷ࣨ႓喑ݝγᮇ̷᝺ఋუȡ ҍ⃼๖䘪ᘠⱭ㻮᜾̭䲏喑ज᭜᜾䊷๔喑̻ҍ̭䊤⮱ᬣ䬡ᅞ䊷ᄾȡₑݨ喑᜾ᘠ䊤Вݺ⮱ᬣ وٴ喑᜾⮱ᓰ䛹ज䄡᭜⮫ᙌϑ䯳ȡ ȟȟ᭜ҍ䃖᜾ᬻ⮪γϭ͵᭜Ą❣❞๔䓴๖ąȡᰶᬣՆ喑᜾ⰸ㻮ҍ㙥̷⮱⯞㏦ࣵ็γ܍ 䖀喑᜾ч⾮♣ᘼ䃳ݝ喑ҍ᭜ⱌ⮱㔮γ喑㔹᜾Ό䪬๔γȡ❥❥喑䅏䅏ҍ䮗᜾䪬๔ȡ᜾᜽䪬 ⮱䌜̷఍ͧᰶҍ㔹㇫ᒖ喑఍ͧᰶҍ㔹ᔘͽ喑Ό఍ͧᰶҍ⮱❞喑᝭В᜾㘪᜽̭ͧ͗䭠وٴᐭ ᱄⮱ຠ႖ȡ ȟȟ䅏䅏❥❥㐆᜾⮱❞喑Ό䅏䅏ҍ⮱Ѕܧহ䮗ѡȡ᜾❞ҍ喆喆喆喆喆 ,+䰛喐ܛᲔ ۇ㏰ႏ͙̬݉ ȧ‟‟Є▙೴┉࣯Ȩ 366

ȟȟĄह႓Й喑ҍЙ䃑ͧࣸ䄷⮱ჇͶ᭜ϭ͵喤ą
ࣸ䄷ᄦ᜾㔹㼭ज㘪ᅞ᭜᜾⩌প͚̺जᝃ 㑧⮱͉㺬॔喆๔უज㘪ч⪾ᗾ喑ѳ䔆ᅞ᭜᜾⮱ఋめȡ ȟȟ᜾ᰶ̭͗䲋፥㺮ສ⮱᰸ࣸȡ຦⮱ऺႄ᭜䭵㟊ᕎȡ຦ᰶ̭ࣹϛᮣᮣ⮱๔ⱩⲈȠ̭๡͹ 叾⮱䪬Ⱑࣾহ̭㗎х䯲⮱⅁䉕ȡ䏘䓦⮱᰸ࣸЙ䘪ϟܴ⮱⼝຦ͧĄ㟊㟊ąȡ ȟȟ᜾Й⮱Ⱕ䕴๔២᭜ౕᄼ႓̭Ꭱ㏔ȡ䗐ᬣՆ⮱᜾఍ͧ݇ݝ᫝⣜ධ喑᝭В̺᪏̻Ѓϧϑ ᰸ࣸȡₐᒀ᜾ͧ͸㔹☓ᖩᬣ喑̭ฝĄକąកᐭγ᜾Й⮱ࣸ䄷͸䌜ȡ㟊㟊হ᜾⮱ᕔᵩ๔̺ Ⱕह喑຦ᒵใा喑䒨㔹ᭀͫౝᅞ㘪̻কడ⮱ϧក᜽̭❴喠㔹᜾ᕔᵩ႑ب̻᪏̺Ѓϧកϑ 䖀喑ᕨ᭜ិ㜗ጞڲᓰᄮ䬚䊤Გȡ຦ፓⱭ᜾䃑䃳γ䃥็ϧȡ⌽⌽ౝ喑᜾㘪ाڣЃϧ᪋ᐭᓰ ᝶喑ౕ๔ф䲏ݺ㜗Ԏౝࣾ㼭ȡ䔆̭ܴ⮱̭ܴ䘪㺮ᑿߌλ㟊㟊ȡ ȟȟ䃝ᓄᰶ̭⁎喑᜾呀䊤ߴ⅁ߍ࣯γϧ⩌⮱す̭౧ࡻ䄚⑁䃟℁䊈ȡ᜾ᬒฺ̭ᬒ⛙้ᠩপ ㏰΍喑जᰭऻ⮱㐀᳉ࢡጛᑧϧᘼȡ఍ͧ䔆Уθᗲ᜾܍ͻ̶๖̺र̺૊喑㻶ᓄ߈ߗ䔆͵Ͳ ࢡᘕ䉒⮱㜗ጞ➦ݘ⩕⇎ȡ㟊㟊ᓄⴒₑθऻ⿸侙۟ݝ᜾უႶ᚝᜾ȡ຦䄡γ̭ऒ䄊㜠Ϸ䃖᜾ ᬍ∂ᔅᔭĄ̓䬡ᰶᒵ็㒻ສ⮱θ➖Ꭳ䲋᭜㼓᝸जࣷ⮱喑㏼䓴γᬣ䬡⮱ក⸕হ䚊䚬喑ぶᒲ ⮱㐀᳉喑᝺ч᭫ᓄᰡߍ⣺䉢喆ą䔆ऒ䄊◦䚿γ᜾喑䃖᜾ᰶ䋠์⮱ߴ⅁ں⁎ड़⼸喆 ȟȟᒵ็ᬣՆ喑᜾̻❣⃺ࣾ⩌γζបȡᎠᬣ䘪΍ᘜᬖⲎ⮱㟊㟊Όч఍ͧ᜾➦ᘼ⛙้ᐭᄩ ᜾喑ࡃ㼐᜾̻❣⃺͸䬡⮱ⴈⰫȡᰶᬣ喑᜾Й䔅ч㕷๖㕷ݝ䯁๖ᬖ̷喑㟊㟊ज䅀᭜᜾ᬍ䄊 ̺䄵⮱ສ᰸کࣸ⮱᜾Ąᓰ⤳㔮ጵąȡ ȟȟ᜾̻㟊㟊ڞह㏼ࢳ⮱ᄼ䋐θज䄡᭜᪝̺㘉᪝ȡ⃼̭๖喑຦䘪ч᣽䚿᜾䯁๖㺮ፓϭ ͵Ƞևϭ͵喑キⰡ᭜᜾⮱̀ᆋĄᄼᏓąȡᰶສ܍⁎喑᜾ЙΌч఍हᬣᔅγፓ͉㺬㔹̭䊤 㷘㒇ȡ㮪♣䓴⼸ᒵ⿅䔘喑ѳ䔆Ό᭜᜾̻຦͸䬡⮱㒻ສఋᓳȡ

ȟȟ᜾̻㟊㟊㜠ϷጟⰥ䃳̰Ꭱγȡ̻ڣ䄡㟊㟊᭜᜾⮱ສ᰸ࣸ喑̺ຯ䄡຦ጟ㏼᭜᜾⮱უ ϧȡϧЙ፥፥䄡⩌পᅞ׼̭䋌݄䒓喑ᰶψϧݝ〆γ㜗♣㔹♣ᅞч̸䒓ȡज᜾ࢡ̺Ԏ䔆͗ 䗗喑᜾ጹ᱈᜾হ㟊㟊㘪์Ⅵ䔉䮗ౕᒩₑ䏘䓦ȡᙌ䅏຦ܧ⣝ౕ᜾⮱⩌প͚喑䃖᜾⮱⩌প෋ ⌨γ䃥็㞟ᒖȡᙌ䅏ҍ喑㟊㟊喑᜾Ⅵ䔉̺чᔅγ᜾Й⣺䉢⮱ࣸ䄷喆 ु⁏∭喐+' ͙̬݉㏰Ⴕ᚜ຂ ȧᓚ₳ᘝـ Ȩ 367

ȟȟౕ᜾⮱᜽䪬䓴⼸͚喑̭Ⱑᰶ͗ϧ䮗Ɑ᜾䪬๔喑Ⱑݝ⣝ౕ喑຦䔅᭜䮗ౕ᜾䏘䓦ȡ ȟȟ຦喑ౕ᜾䔅ౕ➆➆႓䄚⮱ᬣՆ喑ᅞጟ㏼䮗ౕ᜾䏘䓦ȡ⃼ᒀ᜾ࣾ䴠ₐ⶛⮱ᬣՆ喑຦ч 呀ߞ᜾Ƞ⼝䊋᜾喠⃼ᒀ᜾ࣾ䴠䩆䄜⮱ᬣՆ喑຦Ό̺ч⩌⅁喑㔹᭜㔽ᓰౝ㏍ₐ᜾喑呀ߞ᜾ ں䄂܍⁎喑Ⱑݝ᜾ࣾ䴠ₐ⶛ऻ喑຦ࣵч䱟ܧ຦䗐ᙵ⺒⮱〾ღȡ ȟȟ຦喑ౕ᜾႓䊝䌜ᬣ喑℁Ш҂̭͗ϧ⩕ᓰౝ᪆ᄩ᜾喑Ⱑݝ᜾ऻᰭ႓ч䊝䌜ᬣ喑᜾䃝ᓄ ຦〾ᓄ℁Ш҂ϧ䔅ᐭᓰȡऻᲒ喑᜾̷γᎩ٬చȡ⟦䃝ᓄ᜾す̭๖̷Ꭹ٬చᬣ喑䬦Ɑ̺㗜 䔈ࣨ喑຦̺ڣ׼Ѓუ䪬ᠩপౝ៶᜾䔈ࣨ喑㔹᭜㔽ᓰౝৱⱭ᜾喑ᰭऻ᜾㏵λ΃΃ౝ䌌Ɑ㔮 ጵ̭䊤䔈ڒᎩ٬చȡ ȟȟ຦喑ౕ᜾⩌⫲⮱ᬣՆ喑⃼๖䘪౽ౕᎷ䓦䮗ѡ᜾Ƞ⚔䶫᜾ȡౕუ䛹㑧㢜⮱ᬣՆ喑຦׼ 䬗⩢䗐ᵤ۟ࣨΝ㢜喑ͧ⮱ᅞ᭜䃖᜾ࣷᬣर̷㢜ȡౕ᜾⫲ᓄ䲋፥䛺ᬣ喑຦̺ᘉ䓋ᢶጒ҉ፓ ᜾ࣨⰸࡨ⩌ȡ຦喑Όчౕ᜾ᮇ̷Ⲏݺ᜾u䃟ᩲθ喑䃖᜾ख़Ɑ຦⮱ᩲθႶᓰ⮱Ⲏࣨȡ຦Ό ᕨчౕ᜾ख़Ⴙ຦⮱ᩲθऻ喑᝺ᚏᚏ⮱䊝ఋᝬ䬡Ⲏ㻶ȡ ȟȟ຦喑ౕ᜾̷ᄼ႓ऻ喑ӊ♣ຯϻݺ̭ᵤ喑⃼๖䮗ౕ᜾䏘䓦ȡ຦ч䔮᜾̷ࣨ႓喑ݝγᩫ ႓ᬣ䬡ϟ㜗䓴Გᣒ䔮᜾ȡ͡䓾㔰䄂ᬣ喑຦ч䮗᜾ฺ΍Ƞ呀ߞ᜾喑䃖᜾ౕ㔰䄂͚㣤ःສ᜽ 㐖ȡऻᲒ̷γఈᎡ㏔喑႓͇߈ࢸअ๔γ喑຦ӊ♣䮗ౕ᜾䏘䓦ȡ㠒᜾䬛຦̭ψ䄫⼸̷⮱䬛 ䷅喑຦ᬍ䃧็ᔆ䘪чࢥ⮱̷๡᝸຦̸ጒ҉喑䒙䏘䓴Გ፛᜾ȡ຦ϻᲒ̺䬛᜾ĄϷ๖ᰶϭ͵ ߌ䄫ąȠĄߌ䄫ևႹγॄą͸ㆨ⮱䬛䷅喑㔹᭜䬛ĄϷ๖ࣨ႓ᵎສ⣖ॄąȠĄҍౕ႓ᵎ᎟ γϭ͵ą喑䃖᜾ᰡߍ᪏λܳϘౕ႓ᵎ⮱㏼ࢳȡ ȟȟ຦喑ౕݘϧ⮱Ⱪ䛹ᝃ䃥᭜͒ࢶ⮱ȡѳ喑ౕ᜾Ⱪ䛹喑຦ࢡ็γ̭ܳ⍖ᴁȡ຦喑ᅞ᭜᜾ ⮱ີີȡϻᄼݝ๔喑຦̭Ⱑ䮗ౕ᜾䏘䓦喑̭ݨ䘪᱗⻨ᐭ䓴ȡີີ喑䅏䅏ᗕ䮗᜾䪬๔喆 ᴛͼ䅒喐+' ͙̬݉㏰Ⴕ᚜ຂ ȧ‟‟Є▙೴┉࣯Ȩ 368

㷖 欰⢕⡲薉俒⡲俒 Prince Teoh Zhen Lin-S3SK Category A: 1st Prize 　　I, have a dream, where the words of presidents inspire. I, have a dream, that sincerity triumphs over empty promises. I, have a dream, who ever that leads can do so by example. I, have a dream. With how mere words influence the masses of today, public figures such as politicians, high-ranking officials, and even people like the owner of one of the biggest tech companies, Elon Musk, manage to manipulate the perception of themselves by the characteristics they possess. From humility to the confidence and bravado they radiate, the essence of presenting oneself is pivotal for the reputation they hold. That begs the question, what kind of characteristics should be prioritized for a public figure to possess? 　　I, have a dream, is a quote repeated by the late Martin Luther King who strived for the abolishment of violent regimes throughout America. Being an African-American back in the day was tough, to say the least, the prejudice and discrimination they had to face was unimaginable. Yet, he rose to the point that he was, through sheer will and determination that the voices of his people must be heard. So what can we learn from him? Confidence and willpower are the two major aspects of why he was revered. To own one’s word to that degree is nigh impossible if you lack the will to represent your ideologies and to strive for it. Public figures today should be confident and trust in their own ideas. No one would believe in someone with no backbone. 　　Moving on, what is a public figure without their fans or supporters? Nothing. No matter how great or handsome you are, if no one has ever heard of you, there’s no chase for success. Though it may sound contradictory, success attracts success. One must prove themselves with accomplishments and promote their contributions. When people realize what you do or did works, even if they’ve never heard of you, that success traces back to you. Imagine an unknown actor was cast as a main character of a movie that was a major hit. Sooner or later, when the movie “blows up”, so would the actors in it. “Oh, what if I don't have the funds or resources to do it? Isn’t the entertainment industry being monopolized right now?”. Even though true there exists an alternative to success, the promise of it. Advertising yourself or going viral these days is way easier than times before, if one has the ability to promote themselves and present their ideas through social media or any other platform, they’ve achieved the first step of being “public”. So a public figure should be able to produce results or promise them. Just make sure that they go through with it. 　　Next, being likeable is also important. Who would like an actor that acted incredibly but has a history of animal abuse? People might like the movie but I'm sure cancel culture wouldn't let that slide. The impressions people have of a public figure determine the emotions they feel about them. It is known that no one can be perfect and face totally no hate but one should at least try to hide their flaws. Being humble and relatable are good qualities that all What are the most important characteristics a public figure should possess? 369

Ng Zi Hao-S3CT Category A: 2nd Prize 　　The term "public figure" has relatively stayed the same definition-wise. It generally means a person who speaks publicly about certain ideas and agendas. A few decades ago, "public figures" were usually referred to being politicians, celebrities, and movement leaders, but thanks to social media, someone with 50 million "followers" on TikTok can be considered a "public figure". Thus, characteristics like being charismatic, intelligent, and tolerant are necessary for anyone wanting to be a "public figure". 　　Charisma is one of the most essential characteristics public figures need to have. Public figures are usually put into leadership roles so they need to present themselves with confidence and bravado. Charisma also includes being able to speak firmly and steadily with reason. Without these traits, it is impossible to become a public figure because the general public simply won't respect or pay any attention to them. This is the reason why you don't see any modern public figures, like Barack Obama for example, stutter during speeches or dress lazily in basketball shorts and an oversized t-shirt. 　　A wise man once said, "Opinion is the medium between knowledge and ignorance". Public figures need to be well-educated to play their role as leaders. Having intelligence means that you can rightfully defend your ideals and shove off any skepticism and doubt the public has. If public figures were uneducated, it would lead to a "blind leading the blind" situation and cause havoc to society. In a society where all humans recorded knowledge is just a tap away, it is even more important for public figures to be intelligent and not speak fake news or propaganda. 　　Tolerance is also one of the most important characteristics a public figure should have. There is a theory that for every person who agrees with you, there will be someone who doesn't. And these people who don't agree with your ideals will try their best to knock you down and make your stance void. Public figures have to have a great amount of tolerance to be able to prove they are fit to be in this role. Being tolerant and ignoring these "haters" shows the public that you are mature to ignore empty vessels and confident in your stance, leading to increased loyalty in your followers and more followers to come. What are the most important characteristics a public figure should possess? demographics like, such as the universally loved actor, Keanu Reeves. Possessing traits that are desirable in a leader or a politician is important as likability directly affects whether they are supported or shunned. 　　In the end, striving for fame or for the support of the masses directly depends on who you are as a person. Strive to be the beacon of hope or admiration that you desire. Being a public figure requires a lot of hard work and thought, you can’t just do what you want whenever you like it. The eyes of the people are laid upon your actions and ears desperately try to listen to ripples in your persona. In our world full of hate and prejudice, being famous has become a burden, but one with benefits and the influence they hold. Yet, never able to truly be themselves. If only one day all the facades face, would the world still be the same? Would we still like the famous people we do? Or shun the lies we’ve been told. 370

　　Public figures play an important role as educators and leaders in our society. The public is overloaded with knowledge that they don't know what to do with that knowledge. Public figures lead the people to what they think is just and those competent enough to see their virtues will follow them into the bright future. Yeoh Wei Dong-S3SK Category A: 3rd Prize 　　With the rise of the technological era and social media becoming more and more prominent, influencers are able to obtain greater power over the transmission of messages on social media platforms. Such examples are politicians like Joe Biden and Donald Trump, the most renowned tech influencer Linus Sebastian, and the highly controversial Andrew Tate. These public figures have their own unique characteristics that make them stand out from the bunch. But they all still have the characteristics in common that makes them so influential in the first place. 　　One of, if not, the most important characteristic, that public figures must have is a positive body language. Good body language can facilitate the transmission of information. Research states that certain body language can greatly influence the audience’s psychology. For example, using the index finger to point to someone when you are trying to call them out would cause a myriad of negative emotions to surface in the audience as they would subconsciously think it as a punishment, hence causing fear. On the other hand, using an open hand when you are trying to call someone out would make the audience or target to feel more welcomed, as though the figure is welcoming them with a warm handshake, prompting them to feel more relaxed compared to the former method. Hence, having a positive body language is an essential key trait that all public figures should have. 　　The next aspect that comes to mind when we think of public speakers is eloquence, to be gentle at most times, or to be bold when you are trying to make a point. The intonation of speech gives a long way when it comes to mass communication, because the public loves a dynamic, an intriguing storyteller that can clearly present the emotions that are in the story. A monotonous figure will not be as influential as others as most people would just get bored by just listening to their voice. No one likes a roller-coaster that only goes in a straight line. 　　Last but not least, a knowledge of current situations is crucial if you want to be a good public figure. Having the latest information of the world means that you are constantly on the same frequency as the masses, such examples are but limited to trends, politics, discoveries and many more. With these knowledge any influencers can relate to their audience and will also have an easier time sending their message to his or her audience. 　　In a nutshell, a good public figure must have two things in their arsenal, communication skills and knowledge on current situations. Without these, public figures will not be able to influence the public and will be forgotten easily. What are the most important characteristics a public figure should possess? 371

Liew Yii Ren-S3SF Category B: 1st Prize 　　As people stepped into the 21st century, with the aid of social platforms, more and more people are becoming famous more quickly than they imagine. Politicians, artists, influencers and so forth are known as public figures; and their names are shown in newspapers, posts in social media, advertisements, you name it. As they are ubiquitous, they should pay attention on how they behave to avoid any social ills. The most important characteristics a public figure should possess include having responsibility, humbleness, tough psyche and a loving heart. 　　First of all, public figures are responsible of what they have done. They get rewards from achievements and bear consequences from mistakes, as the saying goes “you reap what you sow”. Take politicians as an example. They are fairly treated like how normal citizens are treated, like facing imprisonment after committing a crime. Public figures have no right to escape from any punishments and this is what makes them respected by the public. 　　Secondly, public figures like artists usually possess a nice appearance to attract fans. Nevertheless, that is just the supporting element. What is more important is the inside, being humble. One should not blow one’s own trumpet and take everything for granted after being famous. Public figures such as Viktor Axelson always focuses on his weaknesses rather than strengths even though he has the highest ranking in badminton. By staying in a low profile, public figures can avoid being in the headlines of newspapers every single day and less netizens will give comments that may be heart-breaking. Thus, though public figures have fascinating achievements that are known by the public, they should not boast about it. 　　Furthermore, public figures especially stars need to withstand the criticism and pressure given by the public. Every single move can be noticed by reporters no matter how deep one is hiding. Apparently, famous people have no privacy. Once a photo is posted on the web, millions of comments pop out in everyone’s device. This may have a profound impact on the star’s feelings, but as time passes by, people will have forgotten about you, and move on to the next post. Therefore, public figures ignore harmful comments and criticism because the show must go on. 　　Last but not least, famous people love their fans and citizens. They accept their compliments and acknowledge the weaknesses spotted by the public. There is no use going against them since a single person’s explanation cannot beat a million people’s criticism. On the other hand, showing love and care gains more respect, and more respect means less complaints. As you can see, from a public figure’s perspective, giving love means getting love. 　　In a nutshell, public figures should be responsible, humble, mentally tough and caring in order to live happily as a famous person. As they are being watched most of the time, being careful of what they are doing is the key to not being “too famous”. On the other aspect, citizens have to beware of messages disseminating in the Internet to ameliorate any bad issues. What are the most important characteristics a public figure should possess? 372

Christopher Lu Zi Yang-S3SF Category A: Consolation Prize 　　With the advancement in technology, social networking websites have also become increasingly popular among the younger generation. Children nowadays often gain a large exposure towards the world of entertainment and tend to develop interests in it. As the result, most of the teenagers have a celebrity crush who also becomes their idol. Children are comparatively weak when it comes to resisting temptation as they usually do not have great self-control. Hence, a public figure ought to be well-behaved and be careful of their words. One can say that a public figure plays a prominent role in educating the society. Some of the most important characteristics a public figure should possess include having a great self-discipline, high self-esteem and being positive. 　　Primarily, a public figure should have a great self-discipline. Even as an influencer, they should not be above the law. In fact, they shall always abide by the law to prevent setting bad examples to the children. The Flash star Erza Miller, who once committed several assaults in Hawaii, is an example which show the importance of well-behaving as a public figure. They should also show their kindness frequently and raise the public awareness towards the weaker communities. This can be done by donating money to the charities. 　　Besides, a public figure should always be positive. They need to hide their negative feelings from the media and the fans. There is no doubt that our society has created a high-pressure environment for the working adult. Research shows that the suicidal rate around the world is currently rising in a high rate. People who seek relief from the world of entertainment shall not receive negative emotion in turn. This characteristic of public figure is of the essence as it helps to develop a caring and cheering society. 　　Last but not least, a public figure should have high self-esteem. This is because they often need to interact with the media either in a press conference or in a TV show. A public figure should not fear to express himself. Being an influencer means that they can also bring great impact to the world. This is a perfect platform for them to utilise their pent-up energy, potential and creativity. A strong self-esteem is also effective for expressing their own mesmerising personality and gain a bunch of fans. 　　In conclusion, a public figure shall be self-disciplined, positive and have strong self-esteem. Having the above characteristics is paramount as their behaviour might directly or indirectly affect the open-minded modern generation. A public figure should also develop skill which curb to their needs. However, the role of educating people should not totally fall on their shoulder. With that being said, government should totally take action such as implementing the current law to regulate the influencers’ activities. What are the most important characteristics a public figure should possess? 373

Khoo Jing Shan-F5M Category A: 1st Prize 　　Public figures are constantly in the limelight and receive massive public attention, ranging from blockbuster actors and fashionable influencers to well-known politicians who earn the respect and obsession of citizens. However, behind the spotlight are mounted stress which they face, attempting to avoid any potential fault that may send them to the headlines and become a disgrace to their fans and people. Hence, a public figure should care for his or her attitude, appearance, and virtue. 　　One of the essential aspects that public figures should look into is their behaviours, especially while being under the public’s eye. One should ensure that his or her formalities are applied to official events, for example, meeting representatives of other countries. It is because every nuance of their expressions, every word leaked from their mouths, and every action they have done are captured by journalists who are preying on a potential topic to write about. Moreover, their attitudes influence fanatics who look up to them, which may cause imitations. 　　Secondly, a socially conscious public figure should take good care of his or her physical appearance whenever being outside. What matter is not wearing luxury brands to gain sponsorships or dressing up in an extravagant way to display their financial status, but to have a tidy look and wear proper attire according to the situation. A model dress code not only foreshadows a person’s awareness of the event’s seriousness but also pays tribute to the host and significantly impacts others’ views on appropriate clothing. 　　It is known that public figures’ contributions to society are crucial, and it is common to see news of celebrities making vast sums of donations to the vulnerable, such as orphanages and victims of natural disasters. Although their kindness is part of the characteristics a public figure should possess and is well appreciated, instead of using money as a medium of helping others, their eagerness to devote themselves to society must be converted into actions. Action speaks louder than words. For example, one can participate in volunteering programmes by visiting the region where a natural catastrophe occurs, such as floods or earthquakes, to aid in the evacuation of the residents there to a safer place. A public figure who portrays courage and caring for people could be called an idol or role model. 　　To reiterate, as a public figure, one must understand his or her influence and role in society to maintain people’s faith in him or her. A sensible and considerate public figure should never look down on others but view issues from their perspective, for we all are human What are the most important characteristics a public figure should possess? 374

Ooi Ee Shen-S2SF Category A: 2nd Prize 　　Public figures have always been playing an important in the society. From the ancient Roman's emperor and warlords, to the modern-day great scientists and politicians, they have always been influencing the public with their speeches and actions. In this highest era of mass media and internet development, every decision, movement action made by a public figure will be broadcast, enlarged and discussed by the public. Therefore, even a small mistake made by public figures might make them infamous. There are a few characteristics that should be possessed by the public figures to maintain a likable image. 　　First, every public figure should be humble. The rise of fame usually brings an increase in power and wealth. Some public figures with crooked mindset will devour themselves in pride and wealth. For example, before the French revolution, King Louis was the dictator of France. The immense amount of wealth and power corrupted his mind, making him an absurd evil king. He abused his power by subjecting the peasant with unpaid labor, at the same time crippling the economy of France while he himself lived in his utopia of joy. The radical peasant fought against the monarch and later on revolutionized France. If King Louis had been a humble dictator France might have become a prospering superpower nation in the discovery era. Therefore, humility is one of the most important characteristics that should be possessed by a public figure. 　　Next, a good public figure should have good communicating and socializing skills. Public figures come across and deal with many people every single day, which makes interaction between people an important part of life. Being able to communicate flawlessly leaves a good impression for the public figures. 　　Last of all, all public figures should possess a healthy mindset. Some politicians abuse their power for corruption. For example, Adolf Hitler had an unhealthy mindset of conquering the world and eliminating the Jewish population. He slowly gained his fame from his great ability of making speeches thus becoming a well-known public figure in Germany. His influence was so significant that he successfully manipulated the entire society's mindset, to aid in his goal of conquering the world, leading to the tragedy of World War 2. Public figures should set a positive mindset for the society with their influence. 　　In conclusion, it is not easy to be ideal public figures, as they are always being scrutinized and subject to different opinions. As long as the public figures are performing their duties correctly and not deceiving the public, we should not expect total perfection from them as they are also normal human beings who can make mistakes. What are the most important characteristics a public figure should possess? 375

Ava Lynn-F5M Category A: 3rd Prize 　　A public figure is a person who is well-known by many and much more easily recognized by fans or other people. The notoriety of a public figure can range from a variety of reasons – a famous actor, a popular singer, or even an influential government figure. They frequently go out in public to attend events and the like. It’s not easy to become or be a public figure. A public figure should possess many essential characteristics, such as a solid mentality, high emotional intelligence, vital leadership skill and high compressive ability. 　　For starters, they must be mentally strong. Being known worldwide by strangers is not just all positive. It also entails other people judging or hating the public figure by appearance or personality. Public figures must understand that their fame will come with thousands or even millions of people examining or nitpicking their actions. ‘Nobody can be liked by everybody’ is a concept that a public figure, more than anyone else, must understand and accept. Someone who is loved by many will naturally be hated by others as well. 　　Besides that, a public figure should be emotionally intelligent or even just aware. Humans are naturally filled with emotions, and if not sympathetic, public figures should at least attempt to understand the feelings of the masses. After all, nobody likes a person who doesn’t even pretend to care for others. Public figures should also be able to read the room to move the topic in their favour or avoid the conversation going into unwanted territory. 　　Not only that, but a public figure should also possess leadership qualities. Sometimes, when people are unsure or hesitant about something, they tend to look towards public figures for advice or guidance. If the public figure cannot provide a definite answer or solution, they should at least try and steer them in the right direction. When the people are in disarray, a public figure should be able to unite the people to a common goal. 　　Lastly, public figures should be able to keep their calm under pressure. They should be collected in a sudden and unexpected situation and mustn’t be quick to panic. When people see a public figure in distress, they will also panic. A public figure should be calm, an example for others to follow. 　　It’s not easy to be a public figure, to constantly live up to many others’ expectations and not disappoint them. At the end of the day, a public figure must at least try for others and themselves. What are the most important characteristics a public figure should possess? 376

Yeoh Kai Hearn-S2SF Category A: Consolation Prize 　　In this 21st century, technology has replaced the bread and butter in our daily life. The invention of the Internet has also sparked off a revolution in the way we humans access information. The rise of social media, such as Instagram, Twitter and Facebook have given those public figures a tremendous leap in promoting themselves to the wide circle of users. However, any mistaken actions done by these public figures could eventually cause trouble for their pursuers as they are likely to follow the actions that are done by their idol without consideration. So, what are the most important characteristics a public figure should possess? In my opinion, they must be self-disciplined, patriotic towards the country, and must be committed to their work. 　　Firstly, a public figure must be self-disciplined, or in other terms, self-controlled. Discipline is of utmost importance for one to achieve success. Without self-discipline, one could easily become lazy and halt on the road towards their goals. As a public figure, self-discipline can not only propel them towards their goal, moreover it can also cultivate this good behavior in their followers, thus bringing the society to the next level. Public figures should also be self-controlled as one wrong act could cause them to be jeered and ostracized by the society forever. Moreover, it could also cause immense damage to their pursuers as they are likely to follow the act done by their idol without thinking. 　　Furthermore, being patriotic towards their country is also a characteristic that a public figure should possess. Athletes without patriotism could betray their country in various ways. Politicians without patriotism could even cause mammoth damage to the country by exposing the government secrets to other countries. As a public figure, he or she should show respect to his own country which has nurtured him so that people in their country can have a positive thinking of their country. 　　Lastly, public figures should be committed to their work. They should focus on what they are doing and give it all in to produce a masterpiece for their followers so that it produces a positive mechanism for their followers thus giving high hopes towards life. The followers will see how diligent their idol is and emulate their idol to be hardworking at the same time. 　　Ultimately, a public figure is important in a country. A good public figure could lead the country to a whole new level while a bad one could bring chaos to the country. As such, it is very important for those public figures to behave well in front of the people and in their own life. What are the most important characteristics a public figure should possess? 377

Lim Jyn Hong-S2CJ Category A: Consolation Prize 　　Whether it be a politician, motivational speaker, or philanthropist, these public figures share one thing in common: they inspire someone. A person who inspires others, however, must have defining qualities that make others look up to them. In my personal opinion, the important characteristics that a public figure should possess include having a higher moral standard, being able to lead others and they must be sociable. 　　Humans are flawed creatures, even the most respectable man on Earth is not perfect. However, one who is able to set aside their flaws and focus on their good side is someone to abide by. Public figures should be such people, they must have a higher moral compass in comparison to the average person. Having a higher morality as a public figure helps to set up an example for the public, it may inspire others to follow and there would be more good in this world. 　　Having the ability to lead is just as equally important. People love to follow in the path of others all the time. This holds more value against public figures as one of their responsibilities is to guide others into a similar route in which they took. As a public figure, you must think of yourself as a leader, thus having the ability to lead ensures that people can follow along smoothly. 　　Lastly, all public figures must be sociable people. What defines sociable? Well, in my opinion, it means to be able to interact with others and accept that you are subject to judgment by others. As a public figure, anything you do is broadcasted to the world. The receptions that the public may give are mixed, you will have those praising you and others criticizing. A sociable public figure must be able to accept all sorts of feedback and criticism to change for the better. Public figures should never stay silent. If there is a discussion of a hot topic going around, I believe public figures should at the very least share their opinions about the matter, especially when it is related to them. 　　In conclusion, public figures are really important people to have around. What they do can easily affect others for the better or the worse. However, I believe that only one deserves to be considered a public figure when they possess the characteristics stated. A good public figure must always guide others for the better of themselves and the world. What are the most important characteristics a public figure should possess? 378

Chin Zhi Xuan-F4P Category A: 1st Prize 　　In this modern era, we use an enormous amount of plastics. Plastics have been an integral part of our lives for the past 30 years, from plastic bottles to plastic containers. However, it has always been quintessential for us to be irresponsible with our waste. Thus, millions upon millions of plastics are dumped into rivers and oceans like some dumping grounds, killing millions of marine animals yearly. And it’s not just plastics: Most of our waste, ranging from metal cans to bottles, is thrown into the sea. However, there is a simple solution to all this: recycling, as it reduces ocean pollution, unnecessary expenses to produce plastic and global warming. 　　First of all, what is recycling? Well, it’s simply just reusing our waste! For example, if you throw a metal can into a recycling bin, that metal can be melted down to be molded into another object, say a metal spoon. However, while recycling materials such as metal and paper is easy, it’s a different story for plastics. But do we have an option when your only “reliable” alternative is dumping it all into the ocean and waiting hundreds of years for it to biodegrade? 　　With the definition out of the way, it’s not surprising that there are many benefits. The most obvious is that it reduces waste in the oceans. More recycling equals less waste and less ocean pollution, allowing more marine animals to thrive comfortably. We can now enjoy walking along the beach without any filthy plastics or other waste sullying our sight. 　　Another benefit is that governments do not have to waste their annual revenue on making new plastics. For years, governments could have spent more on improving healthcare, education, security, etc., but if we recycle, these governments will no longer be bound by the chains that are making plastics. Now unfettered, thanks to us, these governments can use their annual revenue on more important matters. 　　Still, need some convincing? Well, how about by recycling, we can reduce global warming? You see, besides just dumping our waste into the ocean, humans have also been burning our waste. The problem is that it emits C02(a greenhouse gas), thus increasing global warming. However, if we recycle, we don’t have to incinerate our waste to make room for more. 　　Throughout human history, fate has thrown countless problems at us, yet we have persevered. Despite our constant bickering at each other, I wholeheartedly believe that we could tackle and solve this problem if we unite and work together. We have always done that; who says we can’t do it now? What are the most important characteristics a public figure should possess? 379

Ong Rou Xuan-S1CL Category A: 2nd Prize 　　With trailblazing discoveries seething the globe nowadays, people from all walks of life are caught in a perpetual hamster wheel, vie for material satisfaction and fame. Therefore, a controversial issue is raised among the nation, namely “what are the most important characteristics a public figure should possess?” 　　Fundamentally, I deemed that public figures should be shrewd individual which are mature yet rational. Without a shadow of doubt, a proper decision-making skill plays a pivotal role in it. Since public figures often have far-reaching consequences to the nations, they should contemplate wisely and think twice before making momentous decisions, costly mistakes should be avoided dan suggestions should be takin into consideration. 　　Furthermore, country images are all boils down to the public figures. Hence, they should possess good attitudes and warm personalities. There is no gain saying that public figures are commonly those with fame and minted. However, they should be down-to-earth and self-effacing in spite of their success. Arrogant and proud should be shaken off instead. For instance, public figures can lend a helping hand to those who are weighed down with unsurmountable problems; when help is most needed, no conditions attached. To put it simply, public figures should be willing to give up themselves and make people feel comfortable with their presence. 　　Moreover, having the ability to manage stress is also a mandatory aspect. Let’s lift the lid off, life is never a bed of roses, it is full with hiccups and difficulties. This indeed holds water for public figures too. Therefore, they should manage their stress wisely. For instance, having good time management is a good measure to alleviate stress. 　　In a nutshell, public figures are not only stands for fame, minted and luxury lives, but also shrewd individuals and future leaders. What are the most important characteristics a public figure should possess? 380

Khor Wei Heng-S1SF Category A: 3rd Prize 　　In a generation entirely reared on social networking and online connections, countless people aspire to become public figures. Through the vicissitudes in time, public figures have taken the world by storm while bringing a substantial impact to society. Nevertheless, what are the most important characteristics a public figure should possess? First and foremost, being self-disciplined is a prerequisite for public figures. In the contemporary age, people have deviated from the admirable notion of hard work and diligence. As Walt Disney once said, “In order to reach success, quit talking and begin working.” It is an indisputable fact that dedication ought to be given to the extent for a public figure to live up to the expectations of society’s mainstream. Afterall, no pain no gain. 　　Being daring and innovative are also vital aspects of a public figure. Successful people such as Elon Musk and Jeff Bezos are pioneers of their respective industries. Both of them share multiple key aspects, both creativity and the courage to take risks. In addition, a brilliant public figure is always prepared to circumvent any challenges coming their way. Therefore, public figures have the tendency to birth constructive ideas without hesitation. Morality, a key aspect that every public figure should possess. Social media has sparked the trait of instantaneous communication. As such, any minute act of a public figure shall be spread like wildfire, sending ripples across the entire globe. Hence, the colossal influence of public figures is a mundane sight that is condoned now more than ever. Exploitation of such powers should be prohibited to avoid the impart of misconception to netizens. With great power comes great responsibility. Every influencer ought to spread positivity and optimism which are relevant to ethical standards. 　　In a nutshell, public figures have brought ground-breaking impacts to our daily lives. Hence, they should attest their calibre by shaping a brighter and better future for the entire community with qualified characteristics. What are the most important characteristics a public figure should possess? 381

Liew Li Wei-F4M Category A: Consolation Prize 　　In this world with a seemingly perpetual expanse in population and an ever-increasing amount of serious social problems, many are turning their heads towards public figures for directions and reassurances. Depending on the milieu, different public figures have different obligatory characteristics needed for their job. However, three fundamental characteristics have consistently defined what an ideal public figure should possess, and many would opine it begets a panoply of benefits. 　　The first and foremost characteristic is to be responsible. It is undeniable that public figures have extensive influence on the public, where their actions are exposed, viewed and followed by a large number of people. Sometimes, they represent a certain group of people as well as their beliefs, and their actions often translate to the will of that group. For example, the leader of an environmentalist society would voice concerns about a mining expansion in a piece of a protected forest reserve as it aligns with that group's idea of advocating for nature's protection. Hence, as the tremendously cliché but equally insightful saying goes, “With great power comes great responsibility", public figures must think through their actions and be prepared to accept as well as take blame for any repercussions that happened directly or indirectly of their actions. Only then can they be trusted. 　　Secondly, a public figure ought to be disciplined and respectable. With more people looking towards one for guidance, the stakes are significantly higher. More often than not, in their eyes, they would view a public figure as someone who respects others without taking into account their race, culture, and beliefs or at least have a certain degree of self-control. Hence, any negative action that offends others would be met with a huge emotional response. One paradigmatic example perpetuating this idea is a scenario where a businessman makes the faux pas of commenting in a racist manner, causing an immense backlash that could sabotage his career. In a sense, to be respected by people, that public figure has to respect others first. 　　Last but not least, a public figure must be confident. Indubitably, a leader who is not confident in his or her actions would most definitely fail at their core job of leading and convincing people, and the same idea applies to public figures as well. How could a bona fide politician build his name without the element of confidence? If he has no confidence in the political agenda he's pushing, even his most faithful supporters would doubt his tenet and his campaign crumbles apart. Those of the public would unequivocally want a figure that makes them feel reassured as well as lead them to a better future. 　　Succinctly, with many intricacies in this society, three main pillars still make up the obligatory characteristics of a public figure namely to be reliable, respectable and responsible. As we hold our public figures to high standards, we must remember that these qualities are not static but require continuous growth and development. Such values are intrinsic to a better public figure who would carry out his or her duty of reflecting the will of the public and leading them. What are the most important characteristics a public figure should possess? 382

Gabriel Woon Ren Jie-S1SF Category A: Consolation Prize 　　Back when the world was in chaos, without leaders and a same goal, people crave for something to worship and give meaning to their lives. That was the time when public figures started to appear. Their speeches on stage, their confidence and their leadership have shown hope, that is long lost, to people. In this contemporary age, the advent of technology and social media has brought immense change to most public figures, causing their influence to the society to grow bigger and bigger. However, there are important characteristic that these public figures should posses which they give insouciant shrugs to, such as being humble, having good leadership skills and being rational. This has made the true meaning of public figures to go sideways ever since. 　　One of the most important characteristics that a public figure should possess is being humble. There are times when public figures, being famous, look down on other people. As public figures are symbols of hope to some, the needies would seek help from them in a way or another. Arrogant public figures will just push them aside while indulging in the temporary fame thinking he is superior to everyone. Humble public figures, on the other hand, would put their fame aside while fulfilling his tasks and duties. This is a real example of what public figures are really for. Humble public figures will be applauded and their fame will rise for the better good. 　　Besides, having good leadership skill is also a must for public figures. Public figures are people who stand out for the community for the community, and voice for those in difficulties. If done well, their influence on the society will be inseparable. With such a big group of people worshipping a public figure, leadership skills will come in handy. An amazing public figure should lead the community to make plans for the better. However, when things go wrong he will not back out but put more confidence in his worshippers, fight alongside with them to cope with all the problems they face. Meanwhile, failed public figures will just order their worshippers to complete tasks like slaves while he rests at home enjoying the beautiful sunset. ‘A true leader follows his team into the unknown and help them open a path to victory’, someone once said. Thus, having good leadership skill is a crucial characteristic all public figures should possess. 　　Furthermore, public figures must possess the characteristic of being rational. ‘All talk and no work’ has been a cliché in this day and age but surprisingly suitable to describe most public figures today. Setting goals impossible to achieve, giving workloads that are overwhelming, presenting speeches that sound like fantasy stories more than reality. These are the common phenomena that are happening in this trying time. ‘A journey of a thousand miles begin with a single step’, public figures should start their journey to success a bit by a bit. They should be rational and plan according to current circumstances. An unrealistic length of a marathon would make people back out without even starting. Same goes to the big talks that make people lose trust in a public figure. Hence, a rational public figure is utmost essential to gain trust and achieve more in the future. What are the most important characteristics a public figure should possess 383

Jayden-F3P Category B: 1st Prize 　　In this modern era, we use an enormous amount of plastics. Plastics have been an integral part of our lives for the past 30 years, from plastic bottles to plastic containers. However, it has always been quintessential for us to be irresponsible with our waste. Thus, millions upon millions of plastics are dumped into rivers and oceans like some dumping grounds, killing millions of marine animals yearly. And it’s not just plastics: Most of our waste, ranging from metal cans to bottles, is thrown into the sea. However, there is a simple solution to all this: recycling, as it reduces ocean pollution, unnecessary expenses to produce plastic and global warming. 　　First of all, what is recycling? Well, it’s simply just reusing our waste! For example, if you throw a metal can into a recycling bin, that metal can be melted down to be molded into another object, say a metal spoon. However, while recycling materials such as metal and paper is easy, it’s a different story for plastics. But do we have an option when your only “reliable” alternative is dumping it all into the ocean and waiting hundreds of years for it to biodegrade? 　　With the definition out of the way, it’s not surprising that there are many benefits. The most obvious is that it reduces waste in the oceans. More recycling equals less waste and less ocean pollution, allowing more marine animals to thrive comfortably. We can now enjoy walking along the beach without any filthy plastics or other waste sullying our sight. 　　Another benefit is that governments do not have to waste their annual revenue on making new plastics. For years, governments could have spent more on improving healthcare, education, security, etc., but if we recycle, these governments will no longer be bound by the chains that are making plastics. Now unfettered, thanks to us, these governments can use their annual revenue on more important matters. 　　Still, need some convincing? Well, how about by recycling, we can reduce global warming? You see, besides just dumping our waste into the ocean, humans have also been burning our waste. The problem is that it emits C02(a greenhouse gas), thus increasing global warming. However, if we recycle, we don’t have to incinerate our waste to make room for more. 　　Throughout human history, fate has thrown countless problems at us, yet we have 　　All in all, being humble, having good leadership skills and being rational are important characteristics a public figure should possess. Public figures are representatives of the community, thus instilling these characteristics in them would surely bring a brighter future to the society, if not, the world. However, there are also some public figures that do not obey rules and with horrible attitudes and moral values. Therefore, the public should use their mindpower and think twice before worshipping a public figure so as to build a more harmonious society. Recycling of used materials is becoming increasingly popular. What is recycling and what are its benefits? 384

persevered. Despite our constant bickering at each other, I wholeheartedly believe that we could tackle and solve this problem if we unite and work together. We have always done that; who says we can’t do it now? Goh Yi Xuan-F3M Category B: 2nd Prize 　　As time passes, humans continue to use resources from the Earth. We take and take, and when the population rises, we take even more. Only in recent years have we realised that resources aren’t infinite. One day, things like the fuels we use in our cars will be depleted. Resources have started to dwindle. We cannot keep going on like we have. 　　This is where recycling comes into play. By recycling, we’ll reuse old resources instead of searching for more. This is done via machines in factories. Many countries have multiple factories built and support recycling programmes. Campaigns are being held worldwide, encouraging us to send paper, glass or plastic items to the nearby recycling centres. 　　You may be wondering why recycling is so supported. That will be because it’s the best solution to our finite resources. If we keep reusing old resources, we won’t need to dig up new ones. This way, our resources won’t be completely depleted. At the same time, we’ll be able to get the items we need. It is a win-win situation for humans and our loving Mother Earth. 　　Another benefit of recycling is that it can prevent overproduction. For decades, plastic has been used so much all over the globe. It can be used in almost anything – bottles, plates, pens, food containers and furniture. To meet these demands, tons of plastic are being produced. Now, plastic is everywhere: in the city, deep in the oceans, on the forest floor… However, plastic can take up to centuries to biodegrade. It cannot disappear as fast as it is being produced. This leads to overproduction and severely harms the environment. This can be prevented by recycling. By recycling used plastic, we won’t need to keep producing new plastic. 　　We must all take a moment to think: do we want our descendants to live in a world where plastic has filled the entire ocean, and they have no access to resources we had used up? Surely not? We can stop this terrifying future from happening if we take our time to bring used items to the recycling centre. Help the Earth by recycling, and the Earth will help you too. Recycling of used materials is becoming increasingly popular. What is recycling and what are its benefits? 385

Chew Shang Zhe-J3F Category B: 3rd Prize 　　The environment is getting worse day after day. Problems ranging from turtles taking plastic bags as food to rats found in modern cities can be seen frequently. It all started with human behavior, and it has brought a variety of harmfulness to us. 　　Recycling of used materials is practised all across the globe. When we have used an item, for example, a tin can, instead of throwing it into a usual bin, we can throw it into a recycle bin. Some used items can be recycled and made into new products to reduce material wastage. 　　This small act brings way more benefits than we could imagine. First and foremost, it can reduce the use of raw materials. When you have finished drinking a tin of carbohydrate drink and throw it into a recycle bin, it goes into a cycle. It is sent to a recycling factory and compressed. Then, it is made into another item, or back to a new tin of carbohydrate drink. Other than that, recycling reduces the amount of garbage thrown. This can effectively solve some environmental problems, such as deforestation, and animals will have their home back. Moreover, global warming wouldn't worsen anymore, and people wouldn't have to worry about extreme weather. 　　In a nutshell, recycling should be practised in every aspect of our lives due to its benefits that help save the Earth. Recycling of used materials is becoming increasingly popular. What is recycling and what are its benefits? Saw Yong Phen-J3K Category B: Consolation Prize 　　As challenges like global warming and pollution become increasingly prevalent, it has also increased awareness amongst the general public that these problems need to be confronted as soon as possible. Amongst all solutions, recycling was determined to be the most accessible and efficient method that could also kill two birds with are store, explaining it's increasing popularity 　　Recycling is characterized by having to sort out waste into categories of glass, steel, plastic and food waste. The goal is to not waste the raw materials harvested to create these used items by sending the waste into factories that harvest and repurpose the materials to produce flashy new products. 　　One of the major impacts recycling causes is that it ensures non biodegradable waste like plastics from being thrown into natural environments. This is beneficial as it prevents animals from consuming these indigestible items, saving their lives and also ensures utopian homars such as "plastic forests" from ever happening. － Recycling of used materials is becoming increasingly popular. What is recycling and what are its benefits? 386

　　Recycling also cuts down on new raw materials needed to create more products, reducing emission of toxic gasses such as sulfur dioxide from destroying the ozone layer as harvesting materials require large amounts of fuel. For example, by recycling a water bottle, you prevent a new water bottle from being made, and there will be less plastic extracted from oil. 　　In a nutshell, the act of recycling is impactful as it creates a long-term solution for problems such as global warming and pollution that endanger the earth, which is achieved by removing the root of the cause. It is undeniably the next step forwards humanity's path evolution and the saving grace of the modern era. Teoh Wen Yao-J3K Category B: Consolation Prize 　　Humanity has come a long way since the primordial ages. As eons passed, humans went from using simple stone tools to complex machines. However, as innovation grew, so did our wastes. Fortunately, this is where recycling, an act of reusing waste enters the play. 　　First and foremost, recycling addresses one of our most prominent problems, sea pollution. Sea pollution is caused by mankind’s irresponsible act of dumping rubbish into the once clean ocean. Recycling turns that rubbish into something usable ant it becomes a win-win situation for both us, and our beloved ocean. 　　Furthermore, recycling breaks our inefficient and harmful routine of casting aside our trash and introduces a new cycle of reusing our items. This benevolent act grants the byproducts of our daily lives a brand-new purpose. Should you ever lack use for something, you can always donate it to a recycling centre instead of throwing it away willy-nilly, one man’s trash is another man’s treasure after all. 　　The brilliance of recycling is far from over however, as recycling conserves our natural resources. Resources such as petroleum, which is used to produce plastic has become scarce in recent years. Recycling allows used plastic to be reborn into new usable items, thus reducing the need to harvest. 　　In a nutshell, while recycling is a splendid way of relieving the torment which we have inflicted upon our mother earth, there are far too few practising the act of recycling. We, as residents of our earth should all bear responsibility and practise recycling to make a significant change, as a lone wolf is nothing compared to a pack. Recycling of used materials is becoming increasingly popular. What is recycling and what are its benefits? 387

Chin Qin Shuo-F2M Category B: 1st Prize 　　Following the evolution of industrialization, the majority of modern-day humans live much better lives than in the past while our natural environment slowly deteriorates. As pollution has become a major global issue, people all throughout the world have started recycling, especially as of late. Which leads to the question-what is recycling and what are its benefits? 　　Every year, millions and thousands of waste is produced in each country. Plastic takes up to a few centuries to decompose, and producing more plastic waste would be adding fuel to the fire. By recycling the items we have instead of throwing them away, less waste would be produced, hence resulting in less pollution. Furthermore, a large number of these are often dumped in rivers and oceans where underwater creatures coexist, destroying and polluting their natural habitat. By recyling, we can prevent more major issues of waste dumping and further damage to oceans and rivers. 　　Moreover, financial burdens can be eased with the help of recycling. There are cases of people recreating simple things such as plastic bottles and boxes into useful household products. With a bit of creativity and some of the items that are usually seen as rubbish ready to be thrown out, we can turn these recycled items into handy tools to use. With that, not only will we be able to reduce the fees spent on domestic products, we can use these tools to aid our daily lives. 　　The earth is dying; soon, all the living creatures will also cease to be. And so, we must do everything in our power to save our planet--- our home. The Benefits of Recycling 388

Khor Yi Fei-F2M Category B: 2rd Prize 　　The topic of recycling has been quite popular in our society recently. So, what defines the term ‘recycle’? Recycling is the process of giving used materials a “second life” by turning them into reusable objects or materials. Is recycling a meaningless hassle, or is it something that everyone should take part in? 　　I strongly believe that recycling brings many benefits. Firstly, recycling plays a significant role in the conservation of resources. When an object is not in a good condition to be used, we should consider recycling it, instead of discarding it. By doing so, the waste materials in the object could be extracted, and after factory processing, turned into a usable material for a new object. This process reduces the need for already limited raw material, and thus achieves conservation. 　　Moving on, recycling used materials can reduce pollution. When we take part in recycling, it can reduce the amount of waste discarded. This will indirectly cut down on the amount of non-biodegradable trash that is deposited into wastelands and oceans, taking hundreds of thousands of years to degrade. These actions can cause pollutions such as water pollution, soil pollution, etc., which can be reduced by the simple act of recycling. 　　Lastly, recycling can also bring economical benefits. For instance, we can collect recyclable items such as newspapers, tin cans, plastic bottles, etc. and bring these to the nearest recycle centre in return for some side income. Recycled materials can also be turned into artificial body parts for the disabled to be sold at a more affordable price. 　　In conclusion, recycling has been proven to bring innumerable advantages. The society’s should take part in recycling activities to create a more sustainable life associated with better quality. Benefits of Recycling 389

Ong Yun Xin-J2F Category B: 3rd Prize 　　Recycling is the act of turning used and unwanted materials into something we can use such as daily necessities. Most people don't recycle as they find it difficult and problematic. However, it is the total opposite. Recycling is actually really easy, all you need to do is sort out your rubbish into three categories, which is plastic, paper and glass. Recycling may seem like a waste of time but it can actually make a huge difference. 　　Firstly, recycling used materials can help reduce waste. Industrial waste is a current global issue and recycling can aid in reducing waste. By recycling, we are reusing unwanted waste and turning them into reusable items. For example, recycled plastic can be turned into clothes with the help of the advanced technology. This way, less waste will be produced. Furthermore, another benefit of recycling is that we can save limited resources. Resources such as petroleum and mines are not unlimited and will be gone if we don’t use it rationally. Recycled items can take the place of limited resources. Therefore, limited resources will be preserved. 　　Lastly, recycling can result in less killings of the animals. Poaching of animals is a serious problem. Skins and furs of some animals can be used in making bags or shoes. But, recycled materials can be used instead of animal skins and fur. Recycled materials can replace skins and furs of animals in the process of making clothes and bags. As a result, less animals our selfish needs. 　　In conclusion, we should make recycling a habit of ours. Let us all recycle to make the Earth a greener and better place for the next generation. Recycling of used materials is becoming increasingly popular. What is recycling and what are its benefits? 390

Ooi Wen Yi-F2M Category B: Consolation Prize 　　Recycling of used materials has become increasingly popular and well known for its benefits. 　　What is recycling? Recycling involves taking all your used items such as plastic bottles and even this sheet of paper, before depositing them into their respective trash bins. But wait, it does not end there. The items you discard will be sent to factories where they are squished and squashed before moulding them into new items. 　　One of the notable benefits of recycling is the reduction of resources needed for production. Everyone knows that to produce materials, we have to use resources from our natural environment. However, by recycling, we get to reduce or even eliminate the need for using the resources. For example, fossil fuels are needed to produce plastic, which will be used for bottles and containers. However, with recycling, the need for fossil fuels will be reduced. 　　Furthermore, recycling is able to reduce waste on Earth. Waste here refers to the used materials. Without recycling, our streets would be clogged with unwanted items, ranging from tin cans to televisions. However, with recycling, there will be a significant reduction in these waste products, since the materials will be recycled instead of being thrown away on the streets. 　　To summarise everything, recycling is the process of remaking items with the same and used materials. It is a popular habit that benefits the environment and ourselves. Therefore, we should practise recycling in our daily lives. Recycling of used materials is becoming increasingly popular. What is recycling and what are its benefits? 391

Tan Jie Shuen-F2M Category B: Consolation Prize 　　Recycling it's the process in which materials are made new. Recycling starts with people throwing their waist into categorized bins, which are then sent to recycling centres. The concept of recycling is becoming increasingly popular due to its many benefits. What are the benefits of recycling? 　　Recycling reduces the waste of raw materials. Due to the mass exploitation of minerals on Earth, the supply is declining every day as demand continues to increase rapidly. By recycling, it reduces the demand for new materials such as plastic and paper. With a significantly lower demand for these materials, the extraction processes will slow down, leaving more resources and materials for future use. 　　Moreover, the recycled materials can be made into new products. For example, recycled paper can be made into newspapers or as new sheets of paper. Recycled textiles could also be used to make fabric. Consequently, this will result in less materials being wasted and factories can cut down costs for materials. 　　Furthermore, recycling can reduce wasted space in landfills. Every year, landfills are nearing their capacity as millions of tons of rubbish are dumped into it, with a large amount of the waste still recyclable. If the landfills aren't managed properly, they might even pollute underground water that is then supplied to residential homes, causing illnesses. By recycling our water, we can significantly reduce the amount of rubbish thrown into landfills, saving valuable space and resources, simultaneously reducing pollution. 　　In conclusion, recycling reaps many benefits. Therefore, let's recycle for a better Earth. The Benefits of Recycling 392

Ariel Tan Yi En-F1M Category B: 1st Prize 　　An expected humid day after school. I carnivorously devoured my freshly made sandwich, laced with crispy lettuce as if they were just harvested yesterday, along with chicken that was just grilled-to-perfection. A subtle breeze brushed my face, allowing me to feel a teeny-tiny bit of cold after a daunting, messy day. A bird, vibrant blue in colour, flew across my head and landed on my school’s very own oak tree. I smiled sweetly, because a blue bird is a good omen they say, guess today is my lucky day! 　　My mother, on the opposite side of the road, waved aggressively to acquire my attention. She kept waving harder and harder, but instead she…… Got crashed? I shrieked, my mother, on the ground bleeding? I took a step back in absolute shock. A bead of sweat rushed down my pale face. My legs on the other hand, trembled as I fell onto the stone pavement. 　　I couldn’t believe my eyes. Nearby pedestrians started videotaping the awful sight. Some drivers exited their vehicles to contact the police. 　　As I got back to my consciousness, I dashed to my mother’s crucially injured body. Her crimson red blood spread like wildfire, her face loaded with deep cuts and wounds. I picked her head up and mourned. A tear full of sorrow dropped to her face, and it kept on multiplying. 　　Soon after, an ambulance arrived. The paramedics drove my mother to the hospital at the speed of light. An Accident 393

Marilyn Phuah-F1M Category B: 2nd Prize 　　It was a stormy night. Rain poured from the clouds and thunder roared from aboe Surrounding Clover was nothing but void black. The only light source was her long-lasting candle, slowly flickering in the black night. Walking out from under a tree, she could finally see something. The faint moonlight showed her a path of fear and confusion. She was in her house a minute ago. 　　Looking at her watch, she was shocked to find it spinning rapidly. A minute later, it stopped. There wrote 'February 30th, 25:07 a.m.' Looking at the symbols labelled on her watch, she was filled with nothing but horror. There was no February 30th, let alone 25 hours a day. 　　Right at that moment, she heard rusting sounds coming from behind. She started running, hoping it was just the wind. After what seemed like hours, of someone, or should I say, something chasing her, the faint growling and thundering footsteps stopped. She was breathless, with only willpower as fuel. Looking back, she spotted a pair of glowing blue orbs known as eyes. 　　She didn't run. She accepted her fate. She was going to die here. A candle in one hand, she picked up a branch and ignited it. Even though she couldn't see it clearly, it had ocean eyes and the whitest fur she has ever seen. It pounced on her, and the last thing she saw was the same blue eyes she adored so much... 　　She was reported missing and people hosted search parties to find her. They found her dead. She was, missing a leg and an arm, her torso was gone, her head was squashed with pieces of her brain everywhere. Oh,you might think she had a look of horror on what's left of her face, yet she had a face of calmness and delight. This accident was titled 'The Accident' later on. She would forever have that look on her face, and that snow white fur would forever be stained crimson. An Accident 394

Lim Wan Xin-F1M Category B: 3rd Prize 　　Engines whirred as the highway had more and more cars arriving. Although the highway was big, the traffic kept getting worse. Jade was frustrated. She was so late to meet her friend that her friend would be asleep by the time she arrived. 　　Just a few days ago, Jade had had a study session with her friend Andrea. They helped each other boost up their strengths and improve their weaknesses. Andrea and Jade had promised to meet that day for another study session at Andrea's place. However, because Andrea's house is kilometers away from Jade's house, and because of the heavy traffic, Jade was 2 hours late to the appointment. 　　Jade finally had it! She cut every car she could, driving smoothly and fastly just like a cartoon character. When she was almost at the end of the highway, she triumphed. BANG! Jade suddenly fell unconcious. When Jade finally regained her conciousness, she found her vision so blurry that she thought she was blind. When she regained her sight, she found herself in a hospital with Andrea, looking worried. 　　Jade had forgotten all about how she sped in the streets and bumped into a truck when driving in the opposite direction out of haste! Andrea roughly clarified everything and told Jade to not be hasty despite being hours late for their study session. This story let Jade realize that rushing isn't the right way to solve a problem. Being slow and steady makes better results than being fast and hasty. An Accident 395

Ng Jing Tong-F1P Category B: Consolation Prize 　　John is an animal-lover with a heart of gold. One ill-fated day, John was strolling leisurely from home as he was making his way towards the library. On the way, he felt thirsty so he decided to take a short break and enjoy his drink. 　　John sat on a bench alongside the road while he enjoyed his drink. Suddenly, he heard a soft meow and he saw a cat with a kitten trying to cross the road from the corner of his eye. 　　As the cats were crossing the road, the playful kitten fell from its mother’s grasp as it kept moving around. Out of the blue, a lorry rushed towards them at lighting speed. Without hesitation, John jolted forward to save them but instead tripped himself and fell flat on his face. 　　When John looked up, he saw that the lorry had hit the mother cat, as her lifeless body laid on the ground. John burst into tears flooding the earth as if he would just wither away. 　　In reality, the lorry had swerved to avoid hitting John and instead hit the mother cat, John felt bad and blamed himself for the cat’s death. All in all, John finally let go the incident and decided I adopt the little kitten. An Accident 396

Han Yue Joy-J1F Category B: Consolation Prize 　　Last week, my father decided to take us to The Rock Hotel. My sister and I were happy and excited as we can finally rest and have a whale of a time there. We then proceeded to pack our bags. 　　After that, my father began to drive. However, I smelt the scent of danger but I thought that it was just a strange thought. On our way, we played games and we sang just to pass the time. Suddenly, my father spotted a lorry coming from the opposite side of the road which was charging at our direction. My father quickly turned his steering to avoid the lorry. My sister and I were deeply afraid and confused. 　　Luckily, the lorry did not ram into us because the lorry collided with a tree. However, my sister injured her leg and I fractured my arm when our father avoided the lorry. The driver of the lorry died after colliding with the tree. My father called the ambulance and police right away. The ambulance came first, then only the police. The paramedics moved the driver to a black car and brought him away. The police then asked us to go to the police station and asked us to cooperate with their investigation. Later on, the police stated that the driver actually didn't die from the car accident but from heart attack. We then only were allowed to continue our trip. 　　It took us some time to accept the fact that a man died right in front of us. So, my father decided to cancel this trip and we headed home. From this incident, I realize that we humans are so tiny, weak that we can just die that easily. It also taught me to appreciate my family members even more by spending more time with them and treating them better with more patience. An Accident 397

㷖 欰⢕⡲끩勻俒⡲俒 Soon Yi Liang-S3SF Kategori A - Johan 　　Umumnya, golongan warga tua yang juga diertikan sebagai golongan warga emas merujuk kepada lapisan masyarakat yang berusia lebih daripada 60 tahun. Lazimnya, mereka sudah bersara dan sebenarnya mengecap kebahagiaan dan kemanisan hidup. Hal ini dikatakan demikian kerana mereka telah banyak berjasa dan berbakti selama sekurang-kurangnya empat dekad kepada negara kita yang tercinta. Mereka membanting tulang empat kerat semata-mata untuk menjamin masa depan yang cerah generasi muda dan tanah air mereka. Oleh sebab itu, pengorbanan masa dan tenaga mereka tidak boleh dipandang enteng atau diperleceh oleh masyarakat sejenak. Akan tetapi, yang kita kesali ialah sebahagian besar warga emas ini telah diketepikan dan diabaikan oleh anak-anak mereka. Perbuatan anak-anak ini yang bagai kacang lupakan kulit perlu dikutuk dan dikritis kerana kurang menghormati orang tua. Misalnya, sekiranya seseorang anak sibuk diburu waktu untuk bekerja demi mengejar kebendaan dan kemewahan hidup, nescaya dia tidak berkemampuan menjaga kedua-dua orang tuanya. Dalam hal ini, ibu bapa yang uzur akan dihantar ke pusat kebajikan atau rumah orang tua. Mereka akan berasa sepi dan pilu kerana tidak ditemani oleh anak mereka. 　　Setelah menyedari hakikat itu, tidak mustahil kalau saya mengatakan bahawa perubahan diri kita perlu dilaksanakan dengan secepat mungkin. Fenomena ini semakin meruncing semenjak kita melangkah ke zaman globalisasi yang mendewa-dewakan atau berkiblatkan kebendaan ini. Sebelum kudis menjadi tokak, tanggapan lapuk kita perlu ditangkis. Ibu bapa kita yang semakin uzur memerlukan bantuan kita baik dari segi fizikal mahupun dari segi mental. Selepas mencecah umur 70 tahun, orang-orang tua rata-ratanya ketandusan keupayaan untuk menjaga sendiri. Mereka tidak mampu bergerak dengan senang dan mungkin dijangkiti penyakit kronik yang menderitakan hidup mereka. Merekalah yang memesrai kita dan memberikan belaian kasih saying kepada kita dari kecil sehingga dewasa. Merekalah yang memberikan tunjuk dan perlindungan kepada kita. Lantaran itu, kita tidak boleh lupa akan jasa mereka yang tidak terbatas. Kita mestilah menjaga orang-orang tua dengan penuh keprihatinan dan bertoleransi dengan mereka. Pada masa yang sama, kita mesti bersopan dan tidak biadap terhadap warga tua. Kita sepatutnya memenuhi keperluan dan kehendak mereka kerana sudah sampai masa mereka menikmati kebahagiaan hidup. 　　Pihak sekolah juga mendukung peranan yang tidak kurang pentingnya dalam usaha ini. Hal ini dikatakan demikian kerana pelajar-pelajar sama ada murid sekolah rendah ataupun pelajar sekolah menengah perlu dididik dan diasuh melalui pendidikan moral serta pendidikan agama. Dengan demikian, mereka akan berpegang pada nilai-nilai murni seperti menghargai jasa warga tua dan menghulurkan bantuan kepada golongan warga tua. Ceramah-ceramah yang berkenaan juga perlu diadakan untuk membudayakan sikap menghormati ibu bapa atau warga emas di sekolah. Kempen atau kegiatan yang melibatkan ibu bapa dan anak-anak juga seharusnya dianjurkan dari masa ke masa untuk menjalinkan Yang tua dihormati, yang muda disayangi”. Slogan ini menunjukkan bahawa warga tua merupakan golongan yang perlu dihormati dan disanjungi kerana mereka diibaratkan golongan yang telah banyak berjasa kepada keluarga, masyarakat mahupun negara.Huraikan cara-cara yang boleh diambil oleh semua pihak untuk menghargai jasa warga tua. 398