ແບບຮຽນວິທະຍາສາດທຳມະຊາດ ມ1

c[[IPo

;ymtpklkf me,t-kf

-Ao,afmtpq,lbdlk xumu !

IP[IP’3fp G mkj o rvo9ao 7e[5orao
IlD ok’ ,tou9ao w-pt;q’
ok’ 7e,kp my[[5ffk
mkj o 0aow- cl’l5ou
mkj o ;ycvaf 1DdD[
mkj o mk lvograf

d;fcdh3fp G mkj o IlD fiD 7er5f rq,,tlvo
ok’ ;P’l5;ao rtw-lq,[af

[oa okmdy ko3fp G mkj o mv’cdh; vklk

g0kQ |kh 3fp G ok’ 9aomtw] gdufs^hk

dt-;’ldb lkmdy ko
lt4k[ao7Qo7;hk ;ymtpklkf dkolbdlk

;P’9aoF @W!W



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lt4k[oa 7oQ 7;kh ;ymtpklkfdkoldb lk wfIh [a dko,v[\kp9kddt-;’ldb lkmdy ko
.shrafmtoks^adl6fF c[[IPoF 76j,n76 c]t lnjdkoIPodkolvovnjoM3fpltgrktc,oj lnjlyj’ry,
m.uj -xh tdv[dkoIPo{dkolvo le][a dkoldb lklk,oa grvnj l’jq gl,u dkoIPo{dkolvo .sgh xoa wx
8k,s^adl6f c]t [ao]5wfh8k,95fxtlq’0v’sa^dl6fD

x,B cc[IPo;-y k ;my tpklkfme,t-kf -oha ,fa mtp,q ldb lkxmu |u ’bj X,D!? s;q oU wfIh [a dko
IP[IP’0Bo8k,sa^dl6f;ymtpklkfme,t-kf-Ao,afmtpq,lbdlkxumu|jb’0v’sa^dl6f-Ao
,afmtpq,lbdlk8vo8Qolt[a[xu @WW_D goNv.omuj[ao95.l.j o xB,sq; oUxtdv[fh;p _ rkd g-yj’
s;q g]vnj ’c8]j trkdwf9h fa 8k,]ef[a f’ja oGU ;my tpklkf c]t ;my du ko;my tpklkfF dko ;fa cmdF
l’jy ;fa 415 vj6 vh ,8;q gIkq F dkog7vjn omFju 3]d c]t foy F oEF vkdkfF rfn c]tvkskomju gIkq doy md5 ;oa D

dkoIP[IP’xB,sq;oUF 7totzh6IP[IP’wfhfegouodkoIP[IP’fh;p7;k,Iu[Ihvo c]t
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gxaozh6mju[+mao,uxtlq[dkodjP;da[dkoIP[IP’xB,c[[IPole]a[-Ao,afmtpq,lbdlk,kdvj oD
9kd[aoskfaj’mjudjk;,koAo cojovo;jk9t,u0=h0kf8qd[qdrjv’1j6s^kp1jk’D faj’oAoF lt4k[ao
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s^n wfhvjkoxB,sq;oUF 4hkgsaogoNv.o[+cmfg\kts^nzyfrkfxtdko.f 9qj’dt]5ok lqj’7e8y-q,
wxpa’lt4k[ao7Qo7;hk;ymtpklkfdkolbdlkD r;dgIqkpyofuIa[gvqk c]t 4n;kj m5d7egsao
0v’mkj ogxoa xt3spfvoa ]E7kj le][a dkoffa cdxh B,s;q oU.sfh u0Bo.ovtok7fq D

lt4k[ao7Qo7;hk;ymtpklkfdkolbdlk 0=ltcf’7;k,I6h[5o75ovaog]ydg-yj’,kpa’
z6hmuj,ul;j oI;j ,.odkoIP[IP’ c]t 0=0v[.98+zh6mujoegvqkxB,sq;oUwx.-h.shgdufxt3spfl6’ l5f
.odkorfa mtok7o5 otrk[0v’dkoldb lk]k;D

lt4k[oa 7oQ 7;kh ;ymtpklkfdkoldb lk

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ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ lk]t[ko

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rkdmu I G ;ymtpklkf c]t ;ymudko;ymtpklkf ..................................... 1
[qfmu ! G ,t3ork[;ymtpklkf ................................................................... 1
[fq mu @ G 7o5 l,q [fa 0v’oda ;ymtpklkf.......................................................... 7
[fq mu # G ;ymudkomk’;ymtpklkf .............................................................. 13
rkdmu IIG dko;afcmd .............................................................................. 17
[fq mu $ G 7;k,9egxoa 8vh ’.-gh 7nvj ’;fa cmd ................................................. 17
[fq mu & G dko;fa cmd7;k,pk; ................................................................ 21
[fq mu * G dko;fa cmd[=]y,kf..................................................................... 25
[fq mu ( G dko;fa cmd,;olko .................................................................. 29
[fq mu ) G dko;fa cmdvo5 str,6 .................................................................. 32
rkdmu IIIG lyj’;af4516jvhv,8q;gIqk ................................................................ 37
[qfmu _ G ;af45 ............................................................................................ 37
[qfmu !W G ;af45mugj xao0v’c0’F 0v’cs^; c]t dkl ...................................... 41
[qfmu !! G ;af45mugj xao3]st c]t ;af45mugj xaovt3]st....................................... 47
[qfmu !@ G ;af45lq,xqomugj xaogoNvfP; c]t [+gxaogoNvfP;................................. 50
[qfmu !# G ;af45mu,j uvk-yf c]t [kg-u............................................................. 55
[qfmu !$ G ;af45mu.j -hgrnvj me7;k,ltvkf....................................................... 61
[fq mu !& G ;fa 4m5 guj xoa g-Nvw2 .......................................................................... 64
[qfmu !* G ;af45mgju xoa ryf ............................................................................... 68
[qfmu !( G s^addkooe.-h;af453fpm;qj wx.......................................................... 72

rkdmu IVG dkog7njvomuj ............................................................................... 75 ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
[fq mu !) G dkog7vnj omduj oq 9da ........................................................................ 75
[fq mu !_ G I[6 c[[0v’dkog7vnj omuj ............................................................... 77
[fq mu @W G dkog7vnj omluj t\Oltg\u ............................................................... 80
[fq mu @! G dkog7vnj om[uj +lt\Oltg\u............................................................. 83
[qfmu @@ G 7;k,vB’8B’ c]t ,;olko0v’;af45 ............................................ 87
rkdmu VG 3]d c]t fyo ............................................................................ 91
[fq mu @# G |;j p3]d c]t c,gj s^ad0v’|;j p3]d ............................................ 91
[fq mu @$ G fyo .............................................................................................. 99
[fq mu @&G foy -tofy 8kj ’M ........................................................................... 104
[qfmu @* G 7;k,le7ao c]t ;ymudkovto5]adfyo .......................................... 110
rkdmu VIG o E ............................................................................................ 114
[qfmu @( G xt3spf c]t zqoglpskp0v’oE .............................................. 114
[fq mu @) G cs’j^ oE ..................................................................................... 118
[qfmu @_ G oEgxNvo c]t zqoltmhvo ........................................................... 125
[qfmu #WG dkogIaf.shoEltvkf................................................................. 132
[qfmu #! G dkoxqdxadIadlk c]t rafmtokcs^’j oE ..................................... 139
rkdmu VIIG vkdkf ................................................................................... 143
[qfmu #@ G vkdkf c]t [aopkdkf ............................................................ 143
[qfmu ## G lkgsf c]t zqoltmhvo9kdvkdkf ........................................... 152
[fq mu #$ G dkoxdq xda Ida lkltrk[c;f]vh ,mk’vkdkf ............................ 160
rkdmu VIIIG rnf ......................................................................................... 166
[fq mu #&G 9]5 ’a rfn ..................................................................................... 166
[fq mu #* G dkolkh ’vksko0v’rfn ............................................................ 170

[qfmu #( G dko]e]P’oEF gdnvcI9j kj o c]t vksko0v’rnf ....................... 175
[fq mu #) G dkog8[u .sp0j v’rfn .................................................................. 185
[fq mu #_ G dkol[n roa 0v’rfn ..................................................................... 190
[qfmu $WG ;ymudko0tspkp c]t xa[x5’co;raornf ..................................... 194
[fq mu $! G dko9fa c[’j rnf.......................................................................... 196
[qfmu $@ G rtpkfmu,j adgduf0Boda[rnf c]t dkoxhv’dao ............................... 200
[fq mu $# G dkovto]5 da xkj w,h ...................................................................... 204
rkdmu IXG vksko ..................................................................................... 206
[fq mu $$G vksko c]t dkofe]q’-u;yf ..................................................... 206
[qfmu $& G vkskomu.j shrt]a’’ko c]t [+.shrt]a’’ko................................ 211
[fq mu $* G dkodyovksko.s4h ndvfa 8kl;j o.................................................. 227
[fq mu $( G rtpkfmguj duf9kddko0kfmkfvksko ...................................... 233
[qfmu $) G l’yj mguj xoa ryf1.j6 ovksko.............................................................. 239
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

rkdmu I ;ymtpklkf c]t ;ymudko;ymtpklkf

[qfmu !
,t3ork[;ymtpklkf

!D ;ymtpklkf c,jospa’L

xaf95[aooU dkofe]q’-u;yf0v’,to5fgIqk xkdqf;jk,udkoxjPocx’wxs^kpmjul5f ma’oU
d=gonvj ’9kd7;k,dkh ;|kh mk’;ymtpklkfD

;ymtpklkf XScience? \kpg4y’ 7;k,I6hmjuwfh9kddkola’gdf c]t 7Qo7;hkxtlq[
dkomk’me,t-kf wfhs^ad4ko c]t gsfzqo c]h;9afg0Qkgxao]t[P[D

dkocrf
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

la’7q, ;ymtpklkf ;ymtpklkf
c]t vnoj M me,t-kf

ly’j c;f
]hv,

I6[ !D! dko7Qo7;hk c]t 0tc|’8kj ’M0v’;ymtpklkf

1

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ7;k,,’j5 \kp0v’;my tpklkf 7dn koltcs;’sk7;k,9’y g-’yj \kp7;k,;kj gxoa dko
I;[I;,07=h ;k,gxoa 9’y ,kxtdv[g0kQ doa gxoa govN .o7;k,ID6h govN .o7;k,Imh6 wuj f,h k9kd c’,j ,5
8jk’M0v’dkoIPoIh6mk’;ymtpklkf d=9tgIaf.shgduf7;k,g0Qk.9.ogsfzqo0v’dkogduf
xkdqfdko8kj ’Mmk’me,t-kf16.j o3]d g-ajoG gxaospa’ oE9bj’,u7;k,le7ao8+ ly’j mu,j u-u;yfL
gxoa sp’a 9’bj gdfu 2kh c,[gsvhn^ ,L lf5 mkh pd7= dn koI9h6 da .-7h ;k,I.h6 sgh dfu xt3spf c]t ,7u o5 otrk[
l6’0BoD oadIPo7h5og7upda[lyj’xtfyflhk’]5j,oU s^n [+L ,vu oa .fcfj mouj da IPog7pu wflh ezfa c]t -,q .-Lh

I6[ !D@D lyj’xtfyflhk’mk’;ymtpklkf

ovd9kdoU oadIPo pa’I6h9adlyj’xtfyflhk’mk’;ymtpklkfvunoj Mvud[+L ]v’pqd8q;1kj ’
0Bo,k]v’g[y’j L c]t 9q’j [vd;kj gIqkwfhxt3spfspa’9kdlyj’oAoL

2

lyj’xtfyflhk’gs^qkj oU ltcf’g4y’7;k,dhk;|hkmuj[+15f1A’0v’;ymtpklkf.op5doU c]t
wfdh kpgxoa l’yj 9egxoa le][a dkofe]’q -;u fy 0v’,tof5 D xfa 9[5 oa oU dkofe]’q -;u fy 0v’,tof5 gIkq
oa[,Noa[,udkorq;raoda[lyj’xtfyflhk’ c]t g]njv’]k;8kj ’M0v’;ymtpklkfs^kp0BoD ltoAo
gIqk7;olbdlksk7;k,I6h c]t 7;k,g0Qk.9dPj ;da[;ymtpklkf mugj xao7;k,I6hrNo4ko.op5d
csj’;ymtpklkf c]t oe.-h7;k,Ih6gs^jqkoU.odkofe]q’-u;yf.sh,u7;k,ltf;d0Bog]NvpMF
lk,kfsf^5 roQ sn^ sdu^ g;oA 9kdv[5 fa gsf c]t wrvoa 8t]kpm’a x;’ ];,m’a wrr[y fa mguj dfu 0oB mk’
me,t-kfD

;ymtpklkf [+wfh\kpg4y’ltgrktljy’mjuI6hlbd c]t lezafwfhc8jrP’1jk’fP;gmqjkoAo
grkt[k’lyj’[k’1kj ’mk’;ymtpklkf[+lk,kfg[yj’gsao c]t 9a[8hv’[+wfh g-ajoG ]a’lu8kj ’MF
7NolP’ c]t 7Nocl’S c8,j tof5 d=I9h6 da .-gh 7nvj ’,nmuxj tfyf0Bo,kgrnvj .-.h odkoldb lk c]t ,ul;j o
-;j p.o7;k,Ilh6 db 0v’gIkq wfh g-oaj G dvh ’3m]trk[F ;my tpF5 g7vnj ’;fa cmdxt],y kodkocrj ]’a lFu
g7jnv’;afcl’ 8ts^vfg4y’g7jnv’7v,ry;g8u mjuoypq,.-hdao1jk’crjs^kp.oxaf95[aoD g7jnv’,n
mmuj oa ltw\gskqj^ oU -;j pltcs;’sk7;k,Im6h k’;my tpklkfwf1h kj ’s;^ ’sk^ p c]t gxoa xt3spf
8+dkofe]q’ -u;yf0v’,to5f1kj ’s^;’s^kpD
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[ !D#D g7njv’;afcmdcl’vyo2ikgif I6[ !D$D g7njv’8v’gvqkcl’8kg;ao,k.-h
gxaort]a’’ko

3

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ@D zqoxt3spf0v’;ymtpklkf

!D -;j pg/dy 9fy .9voa ,7u kj .szh m6h Iuj Po;my tpklkf grvnj .sgh xoa oda l’a gdf1kj ’Iv[7v[F ]kp
’kozoq muwj f1h kj ’4nd8vh ’ c]t -fa g9oF g0kQ .97;k,le7oa 0v’[oa sk m’a ry9k]tok
gsfdkodvj o9tlts[5^ zoq c]t I9h6 da 7o5 7kj 0v’dkomfq ]v’ sn^ dkomfq lv[sk7;k,
9y’0v’gsfdko s^n xtdqfdkoD

@D gxaog7njv’-;j p.shgdufdkoxa[x5’.ofhkodkodtlydeF l50t;ymtpkF [hkogInvo c]t
l05 kr[y koD ovdooA p’a -;j p.sgh xoa zIh6 v[I.h6 o= dkoxt8[y fa |kh mduj ko’ko [;+ kj 9tgxoa
;Pd’ko16j.o[hko s^n .omqj’wIj mqj’ok s^n .oc;f;q’m5]tdyfD

#D -;j p.shzh6IPowfhIa[7;k,I6hdPj ;da[lyj’c;f]hv,F I6h9adoe.-h c]t vto5]addt8h5o.sh
Ih69addkomqf]v’ c]t 7Qorq[fh;p8q;0v’g0qkgv’D

$D -;j pg/yd7qo.shgxao7qofu 7n .shgxao7qomuIj 6h9ad7;[75,9yf.9wfhfuD
&D -;j pde9fa dkog-vnj ’,q ’;kp c]t 7;k,1kh od;q 3fp0kfgsfzoq grkt;my tpklkf

8vh ’rylf6 .sgh soa 7;k,9y’D
*D -;j p.s7h oq ,7u ;k,lk,kf.ol’a 7,q G md5 7oq 8kj ’d=gxoa l;j o|’bj 0v’l’a 7,q m,uj cu ;f]vh ,

dPj ;0vh ’d[a ;my tpklkfD ltooA F [d5 7oq pvj ,gxoa v’q xtdv[le7oa m9uj tgIfa .slh ’a 7,q fu
0Bo s^n fhvp]q’D [5d7qomuj,u7;k,Ih6mk’;ymtpklkfpvj ,,ugsfzqomujfu c]t cdhw0[ao
skwfhfud;j kD
(D -;j p.shgduf7;k,9tg]uomk’Ikj ’dkp c]t 9yf.9G [aoskoUdPj ;0hv’da[l50trk[
rk]tokw,F vkskodkodoy c]t dko1D6j 3fpltgrktgfda 7;owfIh [a dkol’qj gl,u .sh
gduf7;k,g7up-yoda[s^addkomju4nd8hv’ grjnv.shIjk’dkp9tg]uog8u[38gxaoxqddt8yD
g,vnj Ikj ’dkpc0'cI’lq,[6o c]h;9yf.9d=9tg0A,c0’8k,wxfh;pD
)D -j;p.shgxaozh6[=]y3rdmju,u7;k,lk,kf g-jy’\kpg4y’z6h[=]y3rdmjulk,kf8aflyo.9
3fpvkwlsd^a ;-y k7;k,I6h g-oaj ;kj gIkq 7;o9t.-= lh oy 7kh -tofy .f9’bj 9tfFu moq mkoF d,5h
7kj ma’75ootrk[ c]t ]k7kD
_D -;j p.sgh xoa zzh6 t]fy m,uj 7u ;k,lk,kfG .oxfa 9[5 fa oU gIkq 9tgsoa xtgmf8kj ’M m,uj 7u ;k,
9tg]uomk’;ymtpklkf zt]yflyo7hkwfhma’9eo;o c]t 7o5 otrk[D ltooA F xtgmf
gskqj^ oU 9’bj gxoa xtgmfm,uj 4u kotglf4tdfy fdu ;kj xtgmf mfuj vh p7;k,9tg]ou mk’;my tpk
lkfD

4

!WD -;j p.shI6h9ad.-hg;]ks;kj ’G dko.-hg;]ks;kj ’.ofhko;ymtpklkfd=gxao;ymumugj xao
xt3spf;my |u ’bj d7= .n -gh ;]ks;kj ’grvnj dkoldb lk sn^ 7oQ 7;kh .o;Pd’kofkh o;my tpk
lkf s^n 7yfxtfyflyj’0v’g7njv’.-h8kj ’M0BowfhD

!!D -;j p.sIh 96h da .--h [a rtpkdvome,t-kf.sgh xoa xt3spfG -[a rtpkdvome,t-kfooA
oa[;kj gxao05,-a[vao,tsklko0v’,to5f g-y’j ,u16cj ]h;8k,me,t-kfD ltoAoF gIqk
9bj’7;o8hv’I6h9ad;ymumuj9toe,k.-h.shgdufxt3spf g-ajoG ,to5fIh69adoegvqk4kj osuoF
oE,aoF dkl c]t oE,ao16.j 8hfyo];,ma’cImj kf8kj ’M muj,u16jvud1kj ’s^;’s^kp,k
.-hgxaoxt3spf D

!@D -;j p.sgh dfu 7;k,r.= 9.omfy ltfu c]t dkoxt8[y fa rvh ,m’a gdfu 7;k,lt|d5 lt|ko
wxoeD 7;k,r.= 99tgxoa [g+ dfu 0v’cI’9’6 .9.slh db lk c]t 7oQ 7;kh g-’yj gxoa mk’m9uj t
-;j p.shgduf7;k,dhk;|hk.odyf9tde c]t ;Pd’koD

!#D -j;p.shcdhw0[aosk8jk’Mwfhs^kp g-jao;jkG -j;p.sh;Pd’kolkmk]totl5dF
dkolnlj koF dko7q,,tok7q,F dkodtlydeF dkov5flkstde c]t dkoxhv’dao
xtgmffu0Bod;kj ltw\dvj os^kpD

#D zqoglpskp9kddkooe.-h;ymtpklkf mju[+4nd8hv’

oda IPo]v’ldb lkI[6 rk[],j5 oU c];h [vdg4’y 7;k,Ikh pcI’0v’voa 8t]kp mluj ’jy ,-u ;u fy
c]t lyj’c;f]hv,9twfhIa[D
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[ !D& v5[afgsf I6[ !D* 7;ao9kd3I’’ko I6[ !D( ]tg[ufoy;g7^p

g4’y c,oj ;kj ;my tpklkf,xu t3spf1kj ’,tsklko c8dj kooe.-mh [uj 4+ dn 8vh ’ ,oa dd= [a dkp
gxaowrry[afvao,tsklkowfh 8q;1kj ’G dkooe.-hrkstot s^n g7njv’,nmujmaoltw\ vkfd=.shgduf
v[5 fa gsf sn^ gxoa voa 8t]kpwfh 4kh 0kf7;k,]t,fa ]t;’a sn^ xvh ’doa mfuj Su dkoxvj p7;oa 9kd]fq poq
c]t 3I’’kogIfa .svh kdkfgxoa rfy S dkoxvj poEgxvN o9kd3I’’koF 9kddko dtldy e]’q lcj6 s’j^
oErk.shgduf[aoskoEgxNvo c]t gxaoryfS dkoIqj;ws^9kddkozt]yf c]t oe.-hoy;g7^p.o

5

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດfkh ovonj M gIfa .slh trk[c;f]vh ,gxoa rfy 3fpltgrkt[]= gy ;omwuj fIh [a xt],y ko ]’a lsu k^ p9tgxoa
vao8t]kp8+ly’j mu,j u-u;yfm5d-toyfD

ovd9kdoU oda IPop’a r[q r[=h oa sk.fcfj mguj Ifa .s,h zu oq glpskp9kddkooe.-;h my tpklkfL
c]t oadIPo7yf;kj ,uco;mk’r=muj9tcdhw0 s^n s^udg;Ao[aoskfaj’dkj ;wfh s^n [+L

7e4k,G
!D ;ymtpklkf \kpg4y’spa’L
@D oadIPo7yf1kdzt]yfg7njv’xtfyflhk’muj,u]adltotmaoltw\ s^n [+L lyj’oAo7nspa’L

grktgsf.f9y’j 1kdzt]yfly’j fa’j dkj ;L
#D zoq xt3spf0v’dkoIPoI;h6 ymtpklkf,usp’a cfLj
$D zqoglpskp9kddkooe.-h;ymtpklkf mu[j +4nd8hv’,uco;.fcfLj

6

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ [qfmu @
75olq,[af0v’oad;ymtpklkf

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I6[ $D@ 0D lv’I6[ lujc9 gmqkj dao s^n [+L
I6[ $D@ 7D c8]j t0hk’0v’I6[lk,c9gxaomvj o-nj s^n [+L
I6[ $D@ ’D mvj o-nj a c]t b pk;gmqjkdao s^n [+L

dyf9tde @G 7;k,Ih6lbdlk,kfg-jnvwfh[+L

!? .-,h pn dq ;fa 4.5 f|’bj c];h [vd;kj ;fa 4o5 oA |da 9da ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

dy3]dik,S [aombd7;k,|ad0v’;af458k,

7;k,Ih6lbdw;hD 9kdoAo.-h-y’-aj’;af45faj’djk;

c];h [oa mdb 7kj 7;k,|da mu-j ’ja wfDh

@? gvqk,n95,j ]q’.o34.loj Ev5oj c]h;[vd;kj v5ost

r6,0v’oEoAo,u9advq’lkS [aombd7kj v5ostr6, I6[ $D# -y’
8k,7;k,Ih6lbdw;hD 9kdoAoF 95j,g7jnv’cmd

v5ostr6,]q’.ooEv5jofa’j dkj ; g,njvglqk[ks^vf16j.og7njv’cmdv5ostr6,15foY’c]h;

vkj o7kj c]t [aombdw;hD

.odyf9tde !F dkola’gdffh;p8kgxqkj da[dko.-h[aomafd;f c8]j tI6[wfh7e8v[

8kj ’daoco;.fL

0

d
I6[ $D$

18

.odfy 9tde @F dkol’a gdff;h p7;k,Il6h db d[a dko.-gh 7vnj ’;fa cmd wf7h kj 8kj ’doa co;.fL
oa[8A’c8j ,to5fI6h9adzt]yfg7njv’0v’;af458kj ’M grnjv.-h c]t c]dxPj og-yj’dao c]t dao
gxoa 8oQ ,kF ,tof5 wf.h -sh ;q |;j p;fa cmd grvjn ;fa cmd7;k,pk;F []= ,y kfF 7;k,|da F 7;k,Ivh o
g-aoj G oY;F 7n[F lvdF ;kF -q;j [kfcd;’j F -q;j gvUoF wIDj

I6[ $D& zh6py’ de]a’;kzhkF I6[ $D* dt[5’F dt8kj F 0hv’F 9vd

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
sq;|j;p8jk’Mmjudjk;,kgmy’oAoF gxaosq;|j;pmju.-hcmdxt]y,ko;af45vaofP;daowfh
7kj 8kj ’doa 8;q 1kj ’G ! ;k0v’7oq c0oloA wf7h ;k,pk;loA d;kj ! ;k0v’7oq c0opk;S ! dv[
,n.sp0j v’7qo wfhs^kpd;kj ! dv[0v’7qo,nohvpS ! .Ioj k16jg0fr6fvpF ohvpd;kj ! .Ioj kg0f
mq’j rP’DDD le]a[8kj ’xtgmfF g0qkd=,usq;|;j pmuj[+gxao,kf8k4ko7nda[-k;[hkogIqkD sq;|;j p
gskjq^ ooA [l+ k,kf.-.h omk’g8da ody c]t dko7kh 0kp]ts;kj ’xtgmfwfDh grvnj .s,h su ;q |;j pmguj xoa
,kf8k4kogvdtrk[dao.-h.ofhkog8adoyd c]t dko7hk0kpm;jq 3]d 9b’j ,udv’xt-5,]ts;kj ’
-kf 8qd]q’.-h]t[q[sq;|;j p;afcmdxt]y,ko8kj ’Mmujgxao]t[q[,kf8k4ko]ts;kj ’-kf s^n
]t[q[ SI 3fpwfhrafmtok,k9kd ]t[q[g,8iyd X metric ?D

.o]t[q[ SI -njc8]j tsq;|;j p c]t laopt]ad0v’,ao wfhdeoqffa’j .o8k8t]k’]5,j oUG

xt]y,ko -nsj q;|;j p loa pt]da
7;k,pk; c,af
,;olko d3y ]dik, m
g;]k ;oy kmu kg
v5ostr6, cdo;oy s
K

19

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດle]a[sq;|;j pcmdv5ostr6,F .o]t[q[ SI c,oj cdo;yo X K ?S c8pj hvogxaosq;|;j p
mju[+wfh4ndoe.-h1jk’czjs^kp grktlj;os^kpoypq,.-h c]t -yog7upda[dko.-hsq;|j;pvq’lk
c-o-uv5f XoC? 0v’]t[q[g,8iydD fa’j oAoF .oxaf95[ao 9bj’pa’oe.-h sq;|;j pvq’lkc-o-uv5f
1kj ’d;kh ’0;k’D

7e4k,G
!D pvh osp’a dkol’a gdf3fp.-xh tlkflezfa 0v’Ikj ’dkp9’bj [+lk,kfg-nvj 4nwfLh
@D .o[hko0v’oadIPoF -k;[hko,ad.-hsq;|j;pspa’cfjcmdxt]y,ko0v’;af45

8kj ’ML dko.-sh ;q |;j p8kj ’Mm-uj k;[kh oopy ,q .-oh oA F zfy fPj ’9kddko.-sh ;q |;j p,kf
8k4kos^kpxko.fL phvospa’L

20

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ [qfmu &
dko;afcmd7;k,pk;

!D dko;afcmd7;k,pk;c,jospa’L

dyf9tde G g-nvd.zpk;d;jk
!? gvqkg-nvdpk; @ c,af gmqkj dao.shc8]j t95
@? c8]j t95.sh # 7qocmdg-nvd0v’958qo 3fp.shcmd gxao7n[F gxaolvd c]h;cmdfh;p

[oa mfa mu,j u0uf\kpovh plf5 gxoa ,u]uc,fa F [oa mdb zoq D
8k8t]k’[aombdzqo
9m5 u zoq dkocmd0v’c8]j t7oq gxoa 7[n gxoa lvd gxao-a’8uc,af

zh6mu !

! zh6mu @

zh6mu #
zh6mu !
@ zh6mu @
zh6mu #
zh6mu !
# zh6mu @
zh6mu #

9kd0h=,6o.o8k8t]k’F -U.shoadIPo gsao;kj G
{ dko;afcmd7;k,pk;c,oj spa’L
{ sq;|;j p7;k,pk; X7n[F lvdDDD ? 0v’c8]j t7qomu.j -hoAo lk,kf.-hgxao,kf8k4ko

wfh[+L phvospa’L
;afcmd7;k,pk;0v’;af45|b’j F c,oj xP[mP[7;k,pk;0v’;af45oAo.ldj a[7;k,pk;
0v’;fa 4v5 noj mugj ]nvdgvkq gxoa s;q |;j pD

21

@D sq;|j;p;afcmd7;k,pk;

.omkh plt8t;fa mu !)F 7tot,oq 8ou da xkflkdoq wfxh t-,5 doa c]t 8dq ]’q g]vn dgvkq 7;k,
pk;gmqkj da[ |bj’l;j oly[]hko X!}!W WWW WWW? 0v’g7yj’|bj’7;k,pk;glAoc;’ Xw]ptc8gj lAo
l6ol6fIvf0Q;3]dg|nv? gxaosq;|;j p;afcmd7;k,pk; gvUo;kj c,af laopt]adfh;p m c]t
wfh[aombd7;k,pk;oAogxaow]ptsjk’]ts;jk’lv’0ufgmy’mjvo3]stxtlq,ryglf Iadlk
w;h.os=;ymtpk7ko;afcmdlkdqo16mj uj g,nv’ c-;g;^uF xtgmf/i’aj glfD

I6[ &D!D c,af8Qoc[[

mt;u76o c]t v5xt76o0v’c,afmuj,adwfh.-hs^kp,uG

! dy3]c,af Xd, sn^ km? = ! WWW c,af X, sn^ m?

! c,af X, sn^ m? = !WW -a’8uc,af X-, sn^ cm?
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
! -a’8uc,af X-, sn^ cm? = !W ,u]uc,af X,, sn^ mm?

! ,u]uc,af X,, sn^ mm? = ! WWW ,u3dic,af X,d, sn^ μm?

,u3dic,af 0Posph=fh;p ,d, s^n μm

# D g7jnv’;afcmd7;k,pk;-toyf8jk’M

[aomaf Xd@=h? X!? [aomaf
X#? [aomaf ra[
[aomaf 7u[
XcmdglAozjkdk’?

X$?

I6[ &D@ g7vjn ’;afcmd7;k,pk;[k’-toyf

$D ;ymu;afcmd7;k,pk;

g,njvcmd7;k,pk;0v’;af45.f|b’j .shxt8y[affa’j oUG
{ ;k’0uf W 0v’[aomaf s^n lkpc,af -njda[95fg]uj,8Qo0v’dkocmd c]t ;k’c7,

[aomaf s^n lkpc,afmu.j -hcmdcxtwx8k,glAomu8j hv’dkocmdD
{ ;k’lkp8kvkj o7kj -nj X8A’lkd? da[[aomaf160j ufmuj8hv’vkj o7kj

22

{ dkocmd7;k,pk;0v’;fa 4F5 4kh 1kd.swh f7h kj -fa g9og4y’s;q |;j p.fS 8vh ’.-gh 7nvj ’
cmdmuj,u0uf\kpohvpl5fg4y’sq;|;j poAo 8q;1kj ’ 1kdcmd0t|kf0v’xB,.sh-af
g9og4y’]tfa[,u]uc,afd=8hv’.-h [aomafmu,j u0uf\kpohvpl5fgxao,u]uc,afD vudfhko|b’j
grjnv.shwfh7jk;afcmdmju.dh7P’da[7;k,pk;8q;9y’0v’;af45mjucmdoAo 8hv’cmd
s^kpgmnvj c]h;7yfw]sj k7kj ltg]pj D

dko7yfw]sj k7kj ltg]pj .shxt8y[af8k,l6f7yfw]fj ’aj oUG

7kj ltg]pj = zoq [;d7kj mcuj mdwfch 8]j tgmvnj
9eo;ogmvjn cmd

&D lkgsfmjugIaf.shgduf7jkzyffjP’ c]t ;ymus^5fzjvo7jkzyffjP’

lkgsfmurj k.sgh duf7kj zyffPj ’ ;ymus^5fzvj o7kj zyffPj ’
[oa mfa [+-nj g]vn d[oa mfa -nj

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
dkoc[’j 0uf[+lt\Oltg\u [+lk,kfs^f5 zvj owfgh rktpvh odkozt]yf

;k’[oa mfa [+0t|kod[a ;fa 45 ;k’[oa mfa cxt8k,;fa 485 vh ’dkocmd

;k’lkp8k[+-nj ;k’lkp8k8k,gloA 8’A lkdd[a [oa mfa

;k’0uf W 0v’g7njv’cmd [+-njda[95f ;k’0uf W 0v’g7njv’cmd .sh-ndj a[
g]uj,8Qocmd 95fg]uj,8Qocmd

23

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ7e4k,G
!D I[6 106j kh ’oFU I[6 .fltcf’dkocmd

7;k,pk; 0v’l=wfh4nd8hv’L

@D I6[160j hk’oUF I6[.f;k’8kgrnjvvkj ozqo
dkocmdl4= dn 8vh ’L

#D 9qj’.-hlkpc,af c]t [aomafF cmd0t|kf0v’shv’IPo c]t dtfkofe.oshv’
0v’oda IPogv’D

24

[qfmu *
dko;afcmd[=]y,kf

!D dko;afcmd[=]y,kfc,jospa’L

dyf9tde !G 34|j;poU9t[ao95oEwfh9ad9vdL

!? gvqk9vd|;j pmu ! zv’oE.l3j 4.shg8a,D [aombd I6[ *D !
9eo;o9vdoEmu4j vd.l3j 4D

@? 4vdoE1.6j o34vvd.s\h fq D
#? .-h9vd|;j pmu @ zv’oE.l3j 4.shg8a,D

[aombd9eo;o9vdoEmuj4vd.l3j 4D

{ 9eo;o9vdoEmuj.-h9vd|;j pmu ! zv’.lgj 8a,34 ,u9ad9vdL
{ 9eo;o9vdoEmuj.-h9vd|;j pmu @ zv’.lgj 8a,34 ,u9ad9vdL
;fa cmd[=]y,kf0v’;fa 4|5 ’bj c,oj xP[mP[[=]y,kf0v’;fa 4o5 oA d[a [=]y,kf0v’;fa 4v5 noj
mguj ]vn dgvkq gxoa s;q |;j pD

@D sq;|j;p;afcmd[=]y,kf
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
.o]t[[q SI s;q |;j p;fa cmd[]= ,y kf c,oj dvh oc,fa 0Pospf=h ;h p ,# sn^ m3S ! dvh oc,fa

gmkqj da[[=]y,kf0v’I6[dhvomu,j u7;k,pk;c8]j t0hk’gmkqj da[ ! c,afD

v5xt76o0v’dhvoc,af,uG gf-udhvoc,afF -a’8udhvoc,af c]t ,u]udhvoc,afD

! dhvoc,af X,# sn^ m3 ? = ! WWW gf-udhvoc,af Xf,# sn^ dm3?

! gf-udhvoc,af Xf,# sn^ dm3 ? = ! WWW -a’8udhvoc,af X-,# sn^ cm3?

! -a’8udhvoc,af X-,# sn^ cm3 ? = ! WWW ,u]udhvoc,af X,,# sn^ mm3?

le]a[0v’cs^; c]t [=]y,kf[ao950v’rk-tot[ao958kj ’M gryjooypq,.-hsq;|;j pgxao]yf

0Posph=fh;p ] sn^ c]t ,u]u]yf ,] sn^ m

! = 1 f,# sn^ dm3

1 m = 1/1 000 = 1 -,# sn^ cm3

#D ;ymu;afcmd

dyf9tde @G I6[ *D @
!? c9ddvh ofoy |P;gxoa I[6 d[a lkd.sch 8]j td,5j

25

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ@? .-h[aomfa cmd0t|kfdvh ofyo|P; c]h;[oa mbd7kj mucj mdwfhgvkq w;hD
#? 7yfw][j =]y,kf0v’dhvofyo8k,7kj mucj mdwfh c]h;[aombd7kj mu7j yfw]wj fhgvqkw;hD
$? gvkq oE.l3j 4cd;h m,uj 0u fu \kp[]= ,y kf[oa 95 3fpxt,ko;kj g,vnj xvj odvh ofoy |P;]’q .sh

r=fu4h;, c]t [+]QovvdD [aombd7kj [=]y,kf0v’oEgvqkw;h XV1?D
&? .-hfhkp,afdhvofyo|P; c]h;1jvo]q’oE.o34cdh;D [aombd7jk[=]y,kfoE.o34cdh;

XV2?D
*? gvqk7kj V2– V1 wfh7kj [=]y,kfdhvofyo|P;S [aombd7kj zqo]q[gvqkw;hD
(? xP[mP[7kj [=]y,kf0v’dhvofyo|P;mujwfh9kddko7yfw]8j k,l6f c]t wfh9kddko

.sch mo[vj o0v’oED

V1 V2

I6[ *D#

dyf9tde #G cmd[=]y,kf;af45.spjd;jkg7njv’cmdwfhco;.fL
!? 8A’34 .l.j o-k, c]h;gvqkoE.l3j 4.shr=fug8a,D
@? gvkq ;fa 4m5 u8j vh ’dkocmd[=]y,kfxvj o]’q .o34oED
#? gvkq oEm]uj oQ vvd9kd34wxzv’f;h pcd;h zv’D

! @#
.odko;fa cmd[]= ,y kf0v’;fa 4F5 4kh gxoa 0v’cs;^ gIkq .-gh 7vnj ’cmd[]= ,y kfcmd3fpd’q S

26

4kh gxoa ;fa 4c5 0’m,uj Iu [6 Ikj ’[g+ xoa I[6 g]0k7tofy mluj k,kf7fy w]8j k,lf6 wfFh gIkq .-;h my .u s,h oa cmo
[vj o0v’oED

$D lkgsfmjurk.shgduf7jkzyffjP’ c]t ;ymus^5fzjvo.odko.-hcdh;c[j’0uf
cmd[=]y,kf0v’;af45

lkgsf ;my su f^5 zvj o
0kh ’0v’cd;h |k[+ltg\u [+lk,kfs^5fzvj owfh phvodkozt]yf

dkoc[’j 0fu [+ltg\u [+lk,kfs^5fzvj owfh phvodkozt]yf

8’A cd;h [+mPj ’ 8’A cd;h .smh Pj ’ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

|kh 0v’cs^;d’jq vkj o7kj 16]j tfa[l6’ b

;k’lkp8k[+-ndj a[]tfa[0v’cs^; ;k’lkp8k.sh-ndj a[]tfa[0v’cs^;

27

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ7e4k,G
!D I6[.f 9tlk,kfvkj o7kj [=]y,kf0v’

oE1g6j 7nvj ’zv’wf4h nd8vh ’D
@D ;ymu;k’lkp8kc[[.flk,kfvjko
7jk[=]y,kf0v’cs^;1j6.og7jnv’zv’
wf4h nd8vh ’D

#D 9qj’vjko7jk[=]y,kf0v’cs^;1j6g7jnv’zv’
c8]j tvoa .s4h nd8vh ’D

28

[qfmu (
dko;afcmd,;olko

!D dko;afcmd,;olkoc,jospa’L

.o-u;yfxt9e;ao oadIPog7upwfhpyo s^n wfhg;Qkg-aoj 38t|;j p|bj’ |adgmqkj da[ 8a’j & |;j pF
\kdr5d ! |;j p |adgmqkj da[ \kddhP’ $ |;j pDDD g;Qkco;oAo \kp7;k,;kj gIqkxP[mP[
7;k,|ad s^n gvUo;kj ,;olko 0v’38t.l7j ;k,|ad0v’8a’j c]t xP[mP[7;k,|ad0v’
\kdrd5 .l7j ;k,|da 0v’\kddPh ’DDD

dko;afcmd,;olko0v’;af45|jb’c,jo dkoxP[mP[ ,;olko0v’;af45oAo.ljda[
,;olko0v’;fa 4v5 onj mugj ]nvdgvkq gxoa s;q |;j pD

@D sq;|j;p;afcmd,;olko

.o]t[q[sq;|j;p;afcmdlkdqo s^n SI grjyodeoqfgvqk,;olko0v’dhvo3]stxtlq,
Xx]k8yoxtlq,vuiufuvv,? I6[m+dq,muj,u7;k,l6’gmqjkda[7;k,pk;0v’glAozkj .9dk’0v’rNo
g-jy’gmqkj da[ #_ mm c]t gvUo-njsq;|;j p,;olko;kj dy3]dik, 0Posph=fh;p dd s^n kgD

mt;u76o c]t v5xt76o0v’ dy3]dik,mu,j ad.-h,uG 38o 0Posph=fh;p T; dik, 0Posp=hfh;p
g c]t ,u]udik, 0Posp=hfh;p mg g-yj’G
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
! 38o XT? = 1000 kg

! dik, (g) = 1 kg = 0, 001 kg
! ,u]udik, (mg) 1000

= 1 kg = 0, 000001 kg
1000000

dy3]dik,8Qoc[[;k’w;h16js=;ymtpk7ko;ymtpklkflkdqo
mujg,nv’ c-;g;^uF xtgmf/ia’j glf

29

#D dko.-h-y’-aj’,;olko

v5xtdvomuj.-h.odkocmd,;olkoc,oj -y’S -y’,us^kp-toyf c]t s^kp0t|kf faj’I6[
],j5 oGU

I6[ (D! -y’ -toyf8kj ’M

g,jnv.-h-y’-aj’grjnv-vdsk,;olko0v’;af45.f|jb’ 8hv’g]nvd.-h-y’mujg\ktlq,S -y’
mju’jkpfkpd;jk\j6c,jo -y’zk’D -y’zk’xtdv[fh;p7kovao|jb’gIaffh;p3]stgvUo;jk
7ko-’y D 7ko-’y lk,kfxojy vvh ,cdo;k’8k,];’ovo196j f5 g7’yj dk’0v’7ko-’y wf1h kj ’’kj p
fkpS 16cj 8]j tlQo0v’7koshvpzk’-y’.lDj
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

d? 0? 7?
I6[ (D@ -y’zk’ -toyf8kj ’M

dko.-h-y’zk’-aj’,;olko0v’;af45|jb’F c,jodkof5ofjP’,;olko0v’;af45oAo da[

,;olko0v’\kd38oh -’y

mvj ogs^admu8j hv’ 20+5604+570408=570g
dko-’aj

I6[ (D# 20 50 500

30

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ3fp;my xu P[mP[d[a ,;olko0v’ d3y ]dik,8oQ c[[F groyj lk,kfzt]fy 38oh -’y mguj Ifa f;h p
3]stg-aoj G 0k’F mv’DDD muj,u,;olkos^kpF |hvp 8kj ’dao

I6[ (D$ \kd38ho-y’

;ymu-’aj fh;p-y’zk’G ;k’;af45mu8j vh ’dko-’ja .lzj k’-y’g[Nv’|’bj c];h gvkq 38oh -y’.lzj k’
-y’vudg[Nv’|jb’9qo.sh-y’,u7;k,f5ofjP’ X7ko-y’1Pf8k,];’ovo?D g,jnv-y’f5ofjP’c,jo
,;olko0v’;fa 4m5 u8j vh ’dko-’ja gmkjq d[a ,;olko0v’38o-y’m’a \fq mu.j l.j ozk’-’y ooA D

I6[ (D& ,;olko0v’;af45 gmqkj da[,;olko0v’38ho-y’

.od]= to-u ’y [4+ dn X-’y gxkjq [1+ .6j ork;tfo5 fPj ’?F 4kh 8vh ’dko.--h ’y ooA -’ja ,;olko0v’;fa 45
.f|’bj F dvj ovonj 8vh ’.-;h fa 4l5 eIv’.lzj k’-’y g[vN ’mguj [kq d;kj .s-h ’y fo5 fPj ’dvj o c];h 9’bj xt8[y fa
dko-’ja f’aj ;ymumudj kj ;,k0kh ’gmy’ooA D

7e4k,G
!D 1-6j v’[oa 9l5 t[/6 oj5 groyj 0Po <oE|da []= ly f5 !WWW dik,< 8;q g]df’ja dkj ;[vd7;k,|da

0v’-v’ s^n lt[6/5jomuj[ao9516j.o-v’L
@D |;j p,qo @ |;j p 0t|kfgmqkj daoD 4k,;kj |;j p,qo @ |;j p oAo9t|adgmqkj dao s^n [+L

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31

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! D v5ostr6,c,jospa’L

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!D oE me,tfk I6[ )D! @D oE Ihvo ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

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9kddkomqf]v’0hk’gmy’F oadIPo7yf;kj v5ostr6,,u7;k,\kp;kj co;.fL
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.[mu # rhv,dao c]h;c-wj ;hxt,kog7yj’okmuD

32

#? pqd,nma’lv’g[Nv’0Borhv,dao c]h;95j,]q’.ooEv5jo1j6.o.[mu @ rhv,daoD la’gdf
7;k,Il6h db 0v’,nc8]j tg[Nv’D

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33

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gmkjq doa L

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#D g7jnv’;afcmd c]t sq;|j;p;afcmdv5ostr6,
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;kj [ks^vf phvo;kj g7njv’cmdv5ostr6,mujg7upgsaogxao
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;afcmdv5ostr6,c]h; grkt,aogxaovao8t]kps^kpD

34

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dyf9tde # G
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[oa mdb zoq D

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grjyopa’c[j’ gxao !W 0ufohvpvud g-jy’ ! 0uf,u7jkgmqjkda[ !}!W o C D faj’oAoF

35

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{ ]ts;kj ’s^vfcdh; c]t g[QkgryjogIafgxaom+I6ovh pM7fq 3’g’ grvnj g;]kgvkq g7vnj ’cmd

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gIfa co;ooA grvnj sp’a L
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@) D 4k,;kj .og;]kfP;doa d[a g;]kf’ja dkj ;ooA F g7vnj ’cmdvo5 str,6 m[uj vd7kj gxoa
v’q lk 2kgioIkp X F? c]t vq’lkcdo;yo XK? 9t-U[vdgmqkj .fL

36

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[qfmu _
;af45

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;af45c,jo lyj’8jk’Mmuj,uI6[Ijk’F ,u0t|kf c]t ,u,;olkoD

37

@D ;af45mujgxaomkf

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;af45.oI6[]5,j oU zt]yf0Bo9kdspa’L

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ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
#D ;af45muj,u-u;yf c]t ;af45muj[+,u-u;yf

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I6[ _D# ly’j mu,j u-u;yf c]t ly’j mu[j +,u-u;yf

38

ly’j mu,j u-u;yf ly’j m[uj +,u-u;yf

! !
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# #
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@? 7;k,c8d8jk’]ts;jk’lyj’muj,u-u;yf c]t lyj’muj[+,u-u;yf

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7;k,c8d8jk’]ts;jk’ lyj’muj,u-u;yf c]t lyj’muj[+,u-u;yf

ly’j mu,j u-u;yf ly’j m[uj +,u-u;yf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

!D 8vh ’dkodoy vksko !D [+8hv’dkodyovksko
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&D g7vnj omfuj ;h p8oq gv’wfh &D g7nvj omufj h;p8qogv’[+wfh

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&D 9q’j la’j gdfly’j 8kj ’M8+wxoUvao.fc,oj ;af45 c]t vao.fc,oj mkfL

39

X.sh\kp 9 .lsj hv’mugj sao;kj 4nd8hv’?

l’jy 8kj ’M ;af45 mkf

7e ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

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8’ja
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40

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;af45mujgxao0v’c0’F 0v’cs^; c]t dkl

!D ;af45mujgxao0v’c0’

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8kj ’daoL ;af45 mugj xao0v’c0’,us^kpxtgrfg-y’j lk,kf9ecodwfhf’aj ],5j oUG

41

!? ;af45mujgxao0v’c0’mujlk,kfsqf1nfwfh
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muj,u]adltotc[[oU;jk lyj’;af45c0’|P;D

42

];fmv’ -no dq;j
I6[ !WD# dkom5[;af45c0’|P;fh;p7hvo8u

#? ;af45mujgxao0v’c0’zjvp

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@? l’a gdf9komgju Ifa f;h pfoy gzkq g,vjn 8dq ]’q roN c];h c8dF I[6 Ikj ’0v’,oa gxoa co;.fL

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44