ແບບຮຽນວິທະຍາສາດທຳມະຊາດ ມ1

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xyjo9adIv[d=8k, g;]k,ao15foY’ lQo0v’,ao9t-Uwx
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95

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co;.fcfjL xt8y[af-Evud9ad @{# 7A’D I6[ @#D( oe.-hc,jgs^ad]vpoE
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9kdxkdqfdkomuj0Q;g|nv c]t 0Q;.8h 0v’mvj oc,gj s^admujc0;ow;h c]t 16.j o-k,-Uwxsk

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ltg\Du

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96

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I6[ @#D_ mq’j c,gj s^ad0v’mvj oc,gj s^ad

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97

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98

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ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
I6[ @$D!G fyo

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99

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ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

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8da gvkq foy lfu e,kgzkq w29oq w\h gIkq 9twfdh ojy 7kh pM7n
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100

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I6muj16]j ts;kj ’dhvosuo c]t vto5rkd0v’fyo ,u16j @&: 7yfw]gj xao[=]y,kfD oE gxao;af45fy[
m9uj egxoa .o0t[;odkol’a g7ktcl’F gxoa 8;q ]t]kp c]t ]e]P’mkfvksko gIfa .s9h ]5 ’a 0v’
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1vfoE ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

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101

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wx8v’f;h pg9ph 8v’D s’a^ 9kdooA gvkq oEm8uj v’.looA wx8,Q .sch s’h 9tl’a gdfgsoa ;kj p’a ,u mkf-
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pvj plts^kp-kdrnf c]t -kdlaf.shz5ra’]q’dkpgxaoIu;,af c]h;dkpgxaofyo.omujl5fD [adg8iu
8k,Ikdrnf8td5o4jq;d=,uxt3spf 7n,aoxjPocx’mkf ou38ic-o.ovkdkf.shdkpgxaoxJ5p
g-’yj gxoa vksko0v’rfn .o0oA 8+wxD

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dkozr5 ’a 0v’sou c]t cImj kfvonj MF mkfv’q 7tmkf g-’yj wfch d9j er;dI;u ,fa F oE c]t vkdkfD
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sk|vh pD

102

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&D fyo 16j[vj o8kj ’dao ,u7;k,7ndao s^n c8d8kj ’daoco;.fL

103

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oda IPo9’qj ldb lkI[6 rk[0v’fyo],5j oU gsoa ;kj ,u]da ltot7ndoa s^n ;kj c8d8kj ’doa co;.fL

fyo.oxkj xPj o.[-qj;7k; fyo.oxkj lqo ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
fyo.omqj’sphk

fyo.oxkj fy[g0fIhvo fyo.og0fmtg]-kp

I6[ @&D! ]adltot8kj ’M0v’fyo .o[=]yg;o8kj ’dao

104

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feF [k’[vj ogxoa fyo|P;F [k’[vj o,ufyo-kpxoq F [k’[vj ogxoa fyocs’h c0’F [k’[vj ogxoa fyo
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fu c8j[k’[jvox6drnf.lj[+wfhzqog]up grktgxaofyomju0kfvkskornf s^n csh’c]h’D fyomju1j6.o
xkj f’q ,da 9tgxoa lfu e c]t -,5j grkt,Iu ;u ,fa sk^ pD l;j ofoy m1uj .6j dmh tg]lk[ sn^ /’ja mtg] gxoa foy xoq
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Xoad;ymtpklkfmujlbdlkdPj ;da[fyo? dkj ;w;h;kj lu0v’fyo9t[qj’[vdg4y’]adltot c]t l;j o
xtdv[mluj e7oa 0v’foy wfh grktl0u v’foy ,da 0oB d[a l0u v’sou mguj xoa 8oQ degofu foy c]t xt],y ko
0v’Iu;,fa mugj xoa l;j oxtdv[0v’fyoooA D

@D -toyf0v’fyo

vu’.ldj koxtdv[lhk’F dkof6f-a[oEF -vj ’s;kj ’.ofyo c]t dkogda[IadlkoE0v’fyoD
oad;ymtpklkf wfhc[’j fyovvdgxao # -toyf7nG fyo-kpF fyo|P; c]t fyoI;j o Xfyo8tdvo?D

oda IPo9’qj l’a gdfI[6 dkomfq ]v’ mouj e.-fh yom’a lk,-toyf8v’oED

.shoe.-hfyo|P;,5joF fyoI;j oF fyo-kp,5jomucj sh’F oE c]t .loj E .oxt]y,kogmqjkdaoD
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

oE oE oE
fyo|P; fyoI;j o fyo-kp

oE oE

9vdmu ! 9vdmu @ 9vdmu #

I6[ @&D@ dko8v’oEfh;pfyo ma’ # -toyf

105

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ!? fyo-kp
foy -kp gxoa foy m,uj -u kpsk^ pd;j kl’yj vojn M m,uj 1u .6j ofoy ooA c]t gxoa foy mouj E c]t vkdkf
ws^zkj owfhltf;dF w4wfh’kj p c8vj ksko0v’rnf,u|hvpgrkt;kj 4nd]t]kpwxda[oE g-yj’goNv
foy [l+ k,kfgd[a Ida lkw;wh fDh foy -kpogU \ktl,q le][a dkoxd6 rfn m,uj su ;q grktlk,kf0tspkp
8q;wfhfuD
@? fyo|P;
foy |P; gxoa foy m,uj fu oy |P;sk^ pd;j kl’yj vojn M m1uj o6j efoy D foy |P;gxoa foy mouj E c]t vkdkf
ws^zkj owfhpkdc8gj da[IadlkoEwfhfuF w4pkdF ,uvksko.ofyos^kpD goNvfyog\ktlq,cddj ko
gIfa okF xd6 zda D foy |P;[k’[vj ogxoa lcu f’ g\ktcddj koxd6 rfn 9er;d\kdgzfa c]t 8oQ 1k’D
#? fyoIj;o
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fyo-kp sn^ fyo|P;s^kpd;j kD fyoI;j ogxoa fyomuoj E c]t vkdkfws^zkj owffh uD .ofyo,uvkskornf
r=lq,7;oF gxaofyomugj \ktlq, .odkox6d/a’8kj ’MD
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8fa loy .9;kj gxoa foy -tofy .fooA groyj v’u .lsj da^ gdo7n 4kh govN foy ,fu oy xtgrf.fxtl,q 1s6j k^ pd;kj d9= fa
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cxMfa’j I6[D @&D#D 4hk[u[fyooAo.shpk;.shwfh # cm, 4n;kj gxaofyo|P;S c84j hk[u[[+wfh
pk;g4’y # cm, c8pj k;d;j k ! cm 4;n kj gxoa foy I;j oS c84j kh pk;[g+ 4’y ! cm 4;n kj gxoa
foy -kpD

106

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດdyf9tde !G 9ecodfyo
0Ao8voxt8y[afG

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I6[ @&D# 0Ao8voxt8y[afdko9ecod-toyf0v’fyo

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@? gvqkoE,kxtlq,.lj c]h;7qo.shg0Qkdaofu
#? xt8A’w;h 9qod;j kfyo9t9q,]q’rNo9vdcdh;\qfD
$? la’gdf c]t ]kp’kozqo

oE
fyo|P;
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,ao9afgxaos^kp-Ao c8]j t-Ao gxao-toyf8kj ’dao fa’j I6[ @&D$D

107

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ#D -Ao0v’fyo

fyo-Aogmy’
fyo-Ao]5j,

-Aosuo

I6[ @&D& -Ao0v’fyo c8|j hkfyo]q’]5j,9qog4y’-Aosuo

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!? fyo-Ao]5j,
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lu7Ed;kj S ovd9kdoAo pa’,uvkdkf c]t oEc-d-b,16Dj faj’oAo fyo-AooU 9bj’g\ktlq,cddj ko
9tg]uo’vd’k,0v’rnf g-y’j \kp7;k,;kj g\ktcddj koxd6 /’a D

108

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ$D [aoskmujgduf0Boda[fyo

.o-u;yfxt9e;aooadIPo g7upgsao[aoskmguj dufda[fyo[+L 4hkgsao 9’jq pqd8q;1kj ’D
[oa skmgju dfu 0oB d[a foy ,7u Gn gdfu 9kdme,t-kf c]t dko.-xh t3spf0v’7oq D [oa skmguj dfu
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7e4k,G
!D foy ,9u da -tofy L -tofy .fcfLj c8]j t-tofy c8d8kj ’doa co;.fL c]t g\ktl,q cddj ko

x6drnf-toyf.fL
@D fyo,u9ad-AoL c8]j t-Aoc8d8kj ’daoco;.fL

109

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ [qfmu @*

7;k,le7ao c]t ;ymudkovto5]adfyo

!D 7;k,le7ao0v’fyo

oda IPo7yfg[y’j ;kj fyo,u7;k,le7oa co;.f8+,tof5 r;dgIkq L
9q’j pqd8q;1kj ’,kvtmy[kpL
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c]t d=dyornfgxaovkskoD ovd9kdoU d=pa’,u1k8hkortpkfF g7vnj ’o’5j s,qj F g7nvj ’gvh c]t g7nvj ’
.-lh vpvonj MD

@D dkoxjPocx’0v’|hkfyo

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zoq dtm[q mk’me,t-kf c]t 9kddkodtme0v’,tof5 D l’yj le7oa 8kj ’M mguj Ifa .s|h kh foy ,du ko
xPj ocx’ s^n l6oglpltrk[7;k,lq,[6o,u7nG

!? dtcloE

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]’q ls6j ;h poE]eg- gIfa .s|h kh fyoglp7;k,vf5 ,q l,q [o6 wxD [k’gmnvj /oq 8dq s^kpd=gIfa .soh E4;h ,
g-y’j oe7;k,glpskp,kl-j6 k;dtlydvo grkt;kj dtcloErfa rkgvkq fyo-oA gmy’ g-’yj ,ucImj kf

110

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ8jk’M c]t Iu;,af gxao9eo;os^;’s^kp]q’l6jc,joE]e7v’F mtg] c]t ,tsklt\5f
gIaf.sh|hkfyo0kfcIjmkf c]t Iu;,afwxD s^a’9kdoE4h;,xt,ko @{# xu 9tla’gdfgsao
7;k,xPj ocx’ 7nlu0v’fyo 9t9k’]q’ grktfyo-Aogmy’4ndoErafrkwx9qogdnv[\qf gsn^vc8fj yo
-oA ],5j roQ vvd,k.sgh soa D

I6[ @*D!D |hkfyoglpltrk[lq,[6ophvozqodtmq[0v’dtcloE

@? dtcl]q,
dtcl],q dl= k,kfrfa rkgvkq foy 9kd|kh foy voa vf5 ,q l,q [o6 wxwfgh -oaj doa d[a oE 4kh skd;kj
fyoooA gxoa [vj ogxkqj s;kj ’[+,urnfxdq 7,5 1D6j

I6[ @*D@D zqodtmq[9kddtcl]q,

111

#? dkodtme0v’,to5f

,to5fd=,ulj;ogIaf.shfyoglp7;k,v5fq,

lq,[6owxwfhg-ajofP;dao g-ajoG dkogIafwIFj gIaf

l;oF 05fdqoj F gzqkxkj grnvj gIafdkox6d/a’ 8kj ’MD

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csh’c]h’0kfIu;,afS rnf [+lk,kf gduf0Bowfh

g-yj’gxaolkgsfgIaf.sh]q, c]t oEdafg-ktraf dko05f7QofyogrnjvgIafdkox6d/a’

rkgvkq |kh foy wxwf3h fp’kj pD ovd9kdoU dkow4foy sk^ pgdou wxgIfa .s3h 7’lkh ’0v’ foy xPj ocx’

c]t 0kf7;k,v5fq,lq,[6oD

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
dkod+lhk’mk’ dko4k’ c]t xkj gIafwIj

I6[ @*D#D dyf9tde8kj ’M0v’,to5fmudj tmq[.l|j hkfyo

#D dkovto5]adfyo

!? xa[x5’fyo.sh,u7;k,v5fq,lq,[6oD
@? x6drnfxqd75,|hkfyo grnjvxhv’daodko dafg-kt c]t dkora’mt]kp0v’fyoD
#? dl+ kh ’doa 8k/’ja g9vjn o

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xhko76w;hgxao0AoM
112

x6drnfxqd75,|hkfyo

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

xhko76gxao0Ao7n0Aowf .-h8kokj ’x6Ivj ’oE

I6[ @*D$D ;ymudkovto5]adfyofh;p;ymudko8kj ’M

oda IPo7yf;kj ,u;ymudkovnoj Mvud s^n [+ grvnj xvh ’doa c]t vto]5 da fyo .s7h ’q 8;q 1.6j oltrk[muj
v5fq,lq,[6oL

7e4k,G

!D gxoa sp’a gIkq 9’jb 8vh ’,du kovto]5 da foy L
@D dkolo6 glpltrk[mvju f6 ,q l,q [o6 0v’foy gdfu 9kdlkgsf.fcfLj ,;u my xu vh ’doa co;.fL

113

rkdmu VI oE

[qfmu @(
xt3spf c]t zqoglpskp0v’oE

!D xt3spf0v’oE

dD dkooe.-hoE0v’7qo c]t laf .o-u;yf
7qo c]t laf wfh.-hoE grnvj spa’cfLj

dD fn,j ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

0D -adg7nvj ’ 7D x5’c8j’vksko
I6[ @(D! xt3spf0v’oE

7qogIqk8hv’dkooE.-hgrnvj fn,j F vk[F -ad]hk’ly’j lqddtxqdF x5’c8’j vksko c]t vnoj MS
l;j olaf d=8hv’dkooEgrnvj fn,j c]t lafl;j os^kppa’.-hoEgrnvj vk[D

114

0D oEgxaocs^j’vksko
vkskomuwj fh9kdcs^j’oE ,uspa’cfLj

dD dkoskxk I6[ @(D@ oE.shcsj^’vksko 0D dkolhvodh5’

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c]t rnf.ooE
7D dko7q,,tok7q,mk’oE

c,oj E.shxt3spfmk’fhko7q,,tok7q, spa’cfLj
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[ @(D# dko7q,,tok7q,mk’oE

7qogIqkwfhoe.-hc,oj E8kj ’MgxaoglAomk’7q,,tok7q, grnvj wx,kskl6dj aoF dko7hk0kp
3fp.-hgInvF crF dexoaj gxaorkstot0qol’qj lyo7hkF 3fplkomvj ’mPj ;DDD

115

’D dkooe.-hoE.odkodtlyde
.odkodtlyde gIqkoe.-hoEgrnvj spa’cfLj

I6[ @(D$ dkogIafok i6[ @(D& dko]hP’xk

gIqkoe.-hoEg0Qk.odkox6d/a’ c]t ]hP’lafg-oja G dkogIafokF ]hP’xkF x6drnf zad8kj ’M
9D dko.-hoE.ov5flkstdeD

gIqkoe.-hoE grnvj spa’cfgj 0Qk.odkov5flkstdeL
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[ @(D* g0nvj ow22hk I6[ @(D( ]t[q[dko8v’oExtxk

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c]t ]kh ’rNo3I’’koDDDD

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lk,kfg;Qkwfh;jk 7qoF laf c]t rnfskd0kfoE 9t[+lk,kf,u-u;yf16jwfhD

116

@D zqoglpskp9kdoE

oda IPo9’jq l’a gdfI[6 c];h [vd;kj zoq glpskpmugj duf9kdoE,usp’a cfLj

dD oE4h;,[hkogInvo zqoglpskp9kdoE 0D 8k/a’j 4ndg-ktg9nvj o

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

7D 7qo0kfmu1j 6vj k.l ’D oErafgvqkg7njv’.-hwx

I6[mu @(D) zqoglpskp9kdoE

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/oq 8dq cI’gdfu dko g-ktg9vjn o|kh foy F oE4;h ,F oEv’ja 0’a gxoa [;dF |v’D ovdooA oEp’a oel’jy
lqddtxqdmujxvj pvvd9kd[hkogInvoF 3I’9adF 3I’’koF dkodtlyde ]q’l6cj ,oj E c]h;rk.sh
cs’^j oE8kj ’MgxygxNvoF gxaoryf gxaocs’^j grktrao0v’g-Nvrtpkf8kj ’MD

7e4k,G

!D oadIPo7yf;kj gIqk9tgIafco;.f grnvj .-hoE.shdh5,7kj mulj 5fL
@D grvnj s^udg;Aozqoglpskpmguj duf9kdoE r;dgIqk7;o,u;ymuxhv’dao c]t cdhw0co;.fL

117

[qfmu @)
cs^j’oE

!D cs^j’oEme,t-kf

dD oE16j|hkfyo
.omvh ’4oyj 0v’oda IPo,ucs’^j oE1|j6 kh fyo.fcfLj

oE16|j hkfyo ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
dD c,oj E 0D oE ,tsklt,5f

7D oE8qd8kf I6[ @)D! oE16j|hkfyo ’D oEsh;p

oE16|j hkfyogxaocs^’j oEmugj Iqkrq[gsaos^kpmulj 5fg-aoj G oE|v’F [b’F sh;pF c,oj E]eg-D
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dkj ;,koAo ]h;oc8gj vUo;kj G oE1|6j hkfyoD

118

0D oE.ofyo
oadIPo]v’7yfg[y’j ;kj G 4hkgIqk05f05,g]ydM]q’wx gIqk9trq[gsao;kj ,uoE16.j ofyo[+L c]t
I6h[+;kj oEoAo,kc8.j lLj c]t ]q’wx16.j ofyowfhco;.fL

oE lhk’
oE|v’

oE.ofyo

-AosuomujoEzkj o[+wfh

I6[ @)D @ oE.ofyo ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

dyf9tde !G oE.ofyogduf0Bowfhco;.fL

!? gvqkm+1k’.l s^n m+cdh;.l0t|kfglAozkj .9dk’

@F& cm pk;xt,ko !& cm 8A’.l9j vdcdh;.l

0t|kf glAozkj .9dk’ !W cm l6’xt,ko !&

cm 3fp0hk’ovd0v’m+1k’.l8yfda[ 0hk’.o

0v’9vdcd;h .lD

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#? 4vdoE.l9j vdf;h p7;k,]t,fa ]t;’a .s]h tf[a oE

.o9vd8jed;jk ]tfa[|hk0v’suocIj xt,ko #

cmD s^a’9kdoAola’gdfdkoxjPocx’0v’]tfa[

oE1.6j om+ c]h;\kpw;hD

$? 4vdoE.lj9vd8nj, .sh]tfa[oE16j.o9vd8jed;jk

|kh 0v’sou cIj xt,ko ! cmD l’a gdfdkoxPj ocx’

I6[ @)D# dkomqf]v’dPj ;da[oE.ofyo 0v’]tf[a oE.om.+ og;]kde]’a 4vd c]t s’a^ 9kd
4vdoE8n,j .lj 9vdcdh;D

119

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ&? .-mh +1k’ovh p m8ju +d[a sv^ flda 1k c];h ff6 oE.om+vvdF l’a gdfdkoxPj ocx’0v’]tf[a
oE1.6j o9vdcdh;L

9kdzoq dkomfq ]v’0kh ’gmy’ dvh osuocI.j o9vdxP[g\nvofyo c]t m+m8uj ’A .l.j o9vdooA
xP[g\nvooElkh ’m0uj f5 ]’q wx.ofyoF oEmguj Ikq 4vd.lxj P[g\nvooE/oq m8uj dq .lfj yoD

9kdzqodkomqf]v’.shgIqkI6hc]h;;kj G g;]k/qo8qd fyo9tf6f-a[gvqkoE/qow;hF g,vnj v,uj 8q;
c]h;9t-b,wxg4y’-AosuoF -Aosuo9tdAooEw;h[+.sh-b,zjko8+wxvudF gIaf.sh-Aofyomuj16jgmy’-Aosuo
g8a,wxfh;poE groyj gvUooEm-uj b,1.6j o-AofyooAo;kj G oE.ofyo c]t gvUo]tfa[oE186j vogmy’ l5f;kj
]tfa[oE.ofyoD

]tf[a oE.ofyo 0Bod[a ]da ltotrNom|uj kh fyoF ]da ltotff6 -,b oE0v’fyo c]t xt]y,kooE
/qo16.j o[=]yg;ooAog-aoj G 4hk[=]yg;ofyo-,5j ]tfa[oE.ofyo9tl6’ c84j hk[=]yg;ofyocsh’c]h’]tfa[
oE.ofyo9t8ej D

7D oE.8hfyo
la’gdfg[y’j I6[ oE.8hfyo 16lj ;j o.f0v’-AosuoL

I6[ @)D& oE.8hfyo

oEmujgs^nv9kdfyof6f-a[w;h 9tws^-b,]q’wx.o-Aosuomuj16j.8h-Aofyo]q’wxc]h;0a’16j.o-jv’
s;kj ’0v’-Aosuo groyj gvUooEmu0j a’1.6j o-AosyuooAo;kj G oE.8hfyo XoE[kfko? c]t gvUo]tfa[oE
8vogmy’l5f0v’-AooU;jkG ]tfa[oE.8hfyoD

120

]tfa[oE.8hfyo,udkoxPj ocx’8k,]tf6dko c]t xt]y,kodkogr,uj s^n dkol6oglpoEF
c8dj koxPj ocx’0v’]tfa[oE.8hfyo[+w;7nda[oE.oc,oj E]eg- grktoE.8hfyogxaooE0a’16.j o
-oA suo-’jb ,oa 9t-,b pkdD

@D cs^j’oEmuj,to5flhk’0Bo

cs^’j oEmu,j to5flhk’0Bo,uvao.fcfLj

dD vkj ’gda[oE csj^’oEmu,j to5flhk’0Bo ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ0D oElhk’

7D oE[kfko I6[ @)D* cs^’j oEmu,j to5flhk’0Bo ’D -qo]txtmko

.o-;u fy xt9e;oa gIkq g7pu gsoa oElkh ’F oE[kfkoF vkj ’gd[a oEF |v’]Ph ’xkF -oq ]txtmkoDDD
l’jy gskjq^ ooA gxoa cs’j^ oEm,ju tof5 lkh ’0oB grvjn .swh foh E.-8h k,9f5 xtl’q g-oja G dkodtldy eF dkozt]fy
dtclw22hk c]t [=]y3rd.o-u;yfxt9e;aoD

121

dD oElhk’ c]t oE[kfko
oElhk’ c]t oE[kfkoc8d8kj ’daoco;.fL

l6[

oElhk’ oE[kfko ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

-Aosuo mk’oE.8hfyo

I6[ @)D( oElhk’ c]t oE[kfko

oadIPoI6hc]h;;kj G oE.ofyo c]t oE.8hfyoc,oj oEm1uj .6j o-Aofyo c]t -Aosuo.8hfyoD ltoAoF
4kh 8vh ’dkogvkq oE.ofyo c]t oE.8fh yo0Bo,k.-h gIkq 9t8vh ’0f5 g9kt]’q wxS 4kh 0f5 Ivf[=]yg;o
cs^j’oE.o-AofyogvUo;jkG oElhk’ c8j4hk05fg9ktg]yd]q’wxIvf[=]yg;ocs^j’oE.o-Ao
suo.8hfyogvUo;kj G oE[kfkoD 4hkoE16jg]yds^kpgryjo.-hg7njv’l6[gvqkoE0Bo,k.-hD

122

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c84j kh oElkh ’ c]t oE[kfkom,ju ou EgxvN o9kd[kh ogIvn o c]t 7vdlfa ws^-,b ]’q s^n gxoa g0fm,ju u
cImj kf9t[+.lltvkf s^n ,udyoj F 4hk8adgvqk,kfn,j g]up 3fp[+8v’F 8Q, c]t 0hkg-Nvrtpkfdvj o
9tgxoa voa 8t]kp8+l05 trk[D

dko0f5 lkh ’ sn^ g9ktoE[kfko0oB ,k.-h g4’y ;kj ,xu t3spfcd7j oq gIkq wfsh k^ p1kj ’F c84j kh
gIkq gvkq 0oB ,k.-.h oxt],y kos;^ ’sk^ p9tgIfa .sgh dfu dkolo6 glpoE.oroN foy c]t oEroN foy gIfa
.sh]tfa[oE.o-Aofyo s^n oE-Aosuo.8hfyos^5f]q’ c]h;\qfwx zqo8k,,kgIaf.shfyop5[]q’D

0D vjk’gda[oE
dkolhk’vkj ’gda[oEgrvnj spa’ c]t ,uzqodtmq[8+l’yj c;f]hv,co;.fL

I6[ @)D) vkj ’gda[oE

dkolhk’g0vnj o groyj lhk’7ao768aooE grvnj dadgda[oEgIaf.shoE1|6j hkg0vnj o,u]tfa[l6’ c]t
gxao[=]yg;od;hk’d;j kgfu, s^n g;Qk;kj gxaovkj ’gda[oE0t|kf.spj D 16mj u7j ao768aooEgryoj lhk’I6 s^n
Ivj ’grnvj xjvpoEvvd9kdvjk’gda[oEwx.-hxt3spf8kj ’Mg-ajoG dkozt]yfdtclw22hk c]t
-qo]txtmkoF dkolhk’g0nvj o g4y’;kj ,ao9t.shxt3spfs^kp1kj ’d=8k,F c8,j aod=,uzqodtmq[8+
ly’j c;f]hv, .ooAo8Qo8=c,oj me]kpxkj w,h c]t mu1j 6vj kwl0v’lafxkj DDD

123

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ7e4k,G

!D 9q’j \kp X9? .lsj hv’mugj sao;kj 4nd8hv’D

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! oE/oq
@ oE[kfko
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!$ c,oj E]eg-
!& [+oEIvh o
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!( /oq /vp

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#D .omhv’4yoj 0v’oadIPo ,udko05foElhk’ c]t g9ktoE[kfko0Bo,k.-h s^n [+L 4hk,u

7yf;kj ,uzqodtmq[8+ltrk[c;f]hv,co;.fL c]t 9t,u;ymucdhw0co;.fL
$D dkolhk’g0njvogda[oE,uzqoxt3spf8+-k;dtlyde c]t dkozt]yfdtclw22hk

co;.fL
&D dkolhk’vkj ’gda[oE s^n g0vnj o,uzqodtmq[8+ltrk[c;f]hv,co;.fL
*D 4kh 9tlkh ’vkj ’gd[a oE s^n g0vnj o 7;o7eo’b g4y’[oa sk.fcfj grvnj s^f5 zvj ozoq glpskpL
(D r;dgIqk7;o,u;ymudkoco;.fcfj gda[dadIadlkoEw;h grvnj .-h.o]tf6c]h’L

124

[qfmu @_
oEgxNvo c]t zqoltmhvo

!D lkgsfmjurk.shgduf,uoEgxNvo

oEgxNvogduf0Bowfhco;.f c]t ,k9kd.lL

dD xvj poEgxNvo ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
0D 7;kp26,oE

lkgsfrk.shoEgxNvo

7D 7k[oE,ao16gj my’|hkoE ’D zad8q[16.j o|v’

I6[ @_D! lkgsfmurj k.shoE gxNvo

125

oEgxNvol;j o.spj ,k9kd7qogIqk g-aoj G 4Y,0UgspNvF 4Y,laf8kpF ]hk'mkfg7,uF xvj poE
gxgy xvN ovvd9kd[kh ogIvn oF 3I''kovf5 lkstdeDDD]'q lcj6 ,oj EF s;h pIvj 'F |v'F ['b DDD rk.soh E
gxNvo c]t gxaoryfD ovdoU pa',ulaf]hP'wx]vp26,oEF 4kj pgm.loj E gIaf.shoE[+ltvkfr=mu9j t
gvqk,kv5xt3rd c]t [=]y3rdD

3fpmq;j wxc]h; oEgxNvogduf9kd # lkgsf.spMj 7nG oEgxNvo9kd[hkogInvoF 9kdv5flk
stde c]t dtlydeD

dD oEgxNvo9kd[hkogInvo

oEgxNvo9kd[kh ogInvogduf0Bowfch o;.fL

dD -adg7nvj ’ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
oEgxNvo 0D 4Y,0UgspNv
9kd[hkogInvo

7D vk[oE I6[ @_D@ oEgxNvo9kd[hkogInvo ’D ]hk’9ko

126

oEgxgy xvN o9kd[kh ogIvn o l;j osk^ p,k9kddko.-oh Em7ju oq gIkq .-]h kh 'l'jy gxgy xvN ogrvjn me
7;k,ltvkf8kj 'Mg-aoj G oE1k]hk'9koF -adg7nvj 'F 1kltzq, c]t vnoj MD ovd9kdoU pa'4Y,
0UgspNv-t-kp]q'lcj6 s'^j oE8kj 'M gIaf.shoEgxaoryfD

0D oEgxNvo9kdv5flkstde

oEgxNvo9kd3I''kovf5 lkstdegduf0Bowfch o;.fL

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
dD dkoxvj poEgxNvo9kd3I’’ko oEgxNvo 0D xPj ooE,aog7nvj ’9ad]qf
9kdv5flkstde

7D dko]hk’rNo3I’’ko ’D [+oE,aogrra’

I6[ @_D# oEgxNvo9kdv5flkstde

127

3I’’kov5flkde c8]j tcs’j oe.-hoEs^kp s^n |hvp8kj ’dao grnvj .-hg0Qk.o0t[;odko
zt]yfD l;j o|’bj 0v’oEgxNvo9kd3I’’kov5flkstde gxaooEm.uj -h]hk’g7nvj ’9adF rNo3I’’ko
,ao9t,ult[6F mkfg7,u c]t 7k[oE,aoxqo16oj e c]h;xvj p]q’l6cj ,oj ED

7D oEgxNvo9kddtlyde

oEgxNvo9kddtlydegduf0Boco;.fL

dD dko]hP’\6 oEgxNvo ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ0D l;ozad
9kddtlyde

7D 7;kp4kj pgm ’D l;ornf.sh\kd

I6[ @_D$ oEgxNvo9kddkodtlyde

128

.oxaf95[ao grnvj .shwfhzqozt]yfl6’0Bo -k;dtlyde9eo;os^kpwfh.-hmkfg7,us^kp-toyf
g0Qk-;j p.odkozt]yfg-aoj G x5JpF 1k0hkc,’w,hF 1k0hksphk gIaf.sh,umkfryfdt9kp168j k,fyo
g,vnj /qo8qd 9t-t]hk’]q’lc6j ,oj E gIaf.shoEgxaoryfD ovd9kdoAo pa’xvj poEgxNvo]q’lc6j s^’j oE
gIfa .soh Egxty gxvN oD

@D zqoltmhvo0v’oEgxNvo

dD zqoltmhvo0v’oEgxNvo8+ltrk[c;f]hv,
oEgxvN o,zu oq ltmvh oco;.f8l+ trk[c;f]vh ,L

I6[ @_D& rnfgoqjkg\ao ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດoEgxNvo9kd[hkogInvo c]t 9kd
dtlyde lj;o.sjpgxaooEgxNvomuj,umkfg7,u
]t]kp1D6j ltoAo 4hkcs^’j oEmuwj fhIa[oEgxNvo
m,uj umkfg7,u]t]kp1.j6 oxt],y kosk^ pgIfa .sh

rfn mvju kwl1.j6 ooE8kp c];h gIfa .sch s’j^ oEooA

gokqj glpF ,du ojy g\oa F oEgxoa rfy D .o0totfP;

doa lfa mvju kwl1.j6 ooE 0kfdklvdq -cu -o[]= ly f5

zoq 8k,,k 7ln ’jy m,ju -u ;u fy 1.j6 ooEd9= t8kpD

I6[ @_D* xk8kp

129

oEgxNvo9kdv5flkstde8kj 'M 4hk[+
wfh9afdko[e[afdjvoxjvp]q'l6jcs^j'oE9t
gIaf.shc,joE]e7v'.o[=]yg;o.dhoAo05joF ,u
xjP'7k[oE,ao 16jgmy'|hkoEF ,umkfg7,u
g9nvxqo16j.oxt]y,kos^kpF ,udyjog\ao c]t
v5ost r6,vkfl6'0Bo D

I6[ @_D( 7k[oE,ao16|j hkoE

g,nvj oE,ao s^n 7k[oE,aows^]q’l6cj s^’j
oEF 7k[oE,oa 9tdt9kpgxoa czoj xdq 7,5 |kh
oED ovdooA 7k[oE,aopa’wxg7nv[2oa 2n,xk
gIaf.shxkskp.9[+ltf;dF oqdmujskdyo16oj E
7k[oE,ao9tg7nv[0qooqdF oqd[+lk,kf[yo

c]t skdyo8+wxwfh .omlju f5 d9= t8kpD
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[ @_D) xk c]t oqd 4nd7k[oE,aog7nv[

oE,aofy[F oE,ao]+]onj -’bj ,u95f2qfl6’
c]t ]tgsupgxaovkppkd,ao9txqd75,|hk
oEfqoF d+.shgdufw2w\h8k,|hkoEwfh’kj pvud
f;h pD

I6[ @_D_ oE,aow\h16|j hkoE

130

0D zqoltmhvo0v'oEgxNvo8+l50trk[

cs^j’oEmujgxNvo c]t ,umkfryfg9nvxqo16jg-ajoG I6[ @_D!W ve,trkf9kdmkf[k
mkf[kF mkf-noDDD g,njvlafmujvkwl16j.dhcsj^’oEwfIh [a
mkfryfg0Qkwx.ox]y,kos^kpd=9t8kpF c84j hk wfhIa[
xt],y ko|vh p ,oa d9= tltl,q w;Dh 4kh 7oq gIkq gvkq oE,k
.-h c]t gvkq lfa gskjq^ ooA ,kdoy d9= t,mu kfrfy g0kQ wxltl,q
w;h.oIjk’dkpgIqk7ndaoS ,uzqo8k,,kd=9trk.shgduf
rtpkf8kj ’MD

gxaovao8t]kp8+]t[q[xtlkf c]t dhk,-Uo
3fpgIaf.shdhk,-UovjvogrpF xtlkfglnjv, c]t
c0o0k][u c]t gxoa ve,trkfD

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
7e4k,G

!D ly’j gxygxNvo8k,7v’[b’F sh;p c]t c,oj E]eg-8kj ’M gduf0Bophvospa’gxao8Qo8=L
@D 4hkgIqkoe.-hmkfg7,uxk[laf86rnf1jk’[+,u0v[g0f 9tgdufzqoglp8+lyj’c;f]hv,

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#D z6h.f7;o9t,u|hkmuxj hv’daoF cdhw0ly’j c;f]hv,gxaoryfmugj duf9kdoEgxygxNvoL c]t

,u;ymu dkoco;.fL

131

[qfmu #W
dkogIaf.shoEltvkf

!D dko8qdrbd

dyf9tde !G gIafco;.f9bj’9twfhoEmujltvkfD

!? gvkq oEgdnvF oEs;ko XoEvfa ],q ? c]t I6[ #WD@ oEs;ko
oEme,tfk 1kj ’]txt,ko !WW cm3
.lj9vd]t1jk’D la’gdf]adltot0v’ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
oE.oc8]j t9vd c];h [oa mdb zoq D

I6[ #WD! oE]t]kpgdnv

@? gvkq /oj5 sou l,Q .lcj 8]j t9vdF9vd]t !}$
0v’[j;’dkg2 7qo.shsuolQ,]t]kp
\qf c]h;xtw;hxt,ko & okmuF la’gdf
c]t [oa mdb zoq D

I6[ #WD# oEme,tfk I6[ #WD$ suolQ,

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8k8t]k’[aombdzqo

;af45mugj vqk,kmqf]v’ zqodkola’gdf

!D oEgdnv dvj o.lsj uolQ, s^a’.ljsuolQ,
@D oEs;ko
#D oEme,tfk

132

g,nvj .ljsuolQ,]q’wx.ooEc8]j t9vd grnvj -j;p.shlyj’mu[j +]t]kp.ooE];,8q;daogxaorbd
c]h;8qd]q’lr6j No0v’l’yj [ao95 gvUo;kj G dkogIaf.sh8qdrbdD l;j o7;k,g7a,0v’gdnvF 7;k,s;ko
0v’oE8ko c]t lu0v’oEs;kopa’7ngdqkj \kp7;k,;kj G suolQ,[+lk,kf-;j pgIaf.shly’j muj
]t]kp.ooE8dq rdb wfh sn^ g;kQ vdu 1kj ’|’jb ;kj G gIkq [l+ k,kfcpdl’jy 8kj ’Mm]ju t]kp.ooE vvd9kd
oEwf3h fp;umugIfa .s8h dq rdb D

f’ja ooA oEmzuj kj odkogIfa .sgh xoa rdb c];h 4kh oEooA gvkq ,k9kdcs’^j oEgxNvo7nG 9kd[kh o
gIvn oF vf5 lkstdeF dtldy eDDD [7+ ;o.-fh ,jn c]t .-.h odkox’5 c8’j vkskogrkt9tgxoa voa 8t]kpD

@D dko8v’oE

dyf9tde @G dko8v’oE.shltvkf oEmujgvqk,k8v’
fyo-kpg,afohvp
!? gvqkd;foEfnj,0t|kf @F& ]yf c]h;8af fyo-kpg,af.spj
doQ vvd9kdoAowx.l0j k8A’ Xf’aj I6[c8h,?D 4kj o
suocIj
@? oegvqkle]u s^no;o/hkp.lxj t,ko # cmF
{ suoohvpxt,ko # cmF suoohvp
{ suocI.j lxj t,ko # cmF ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
{ 4kj o.lj xt,ko # cmF

{ suo-kpg,af.spj xt,ko # cmF o;o/hkp
{ suo-kpg,afohvp.ljxt,ko # cmD 8k,

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8hv’me7;k,ltvkflkdvj oD
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138

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144