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205

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3xi8yoF d^5p-yfF w0,ao X]uxyf? c]t vnoj MD

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206

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-;j p.odko7;[7,5 vo5 str,6 0v’Ikj ’dkpvudf;h pD

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@D 3r-tokdko

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207

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208

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209

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210

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!D vkskomuj.shrt]a’’ko

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211

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212

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213

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214

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215

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7;k,faog]nvf l6’D
{ lq,,5f1g6j Invor;dohv’,uma’oE,ao\6 c]t oE,aornfD oadIPo9’qj gvqkoE,aoma’lv’
-tofy oU gd[a w;.h o8gh6 1oa F ;oa 8+,k 9’jq l’a gdf;kj c8d8kj ’doa co;.fL r;dovh ’7fy ;kj
9t.-hoE,ao-toyf.ffud;kj L grktgsf.fL
xt3spf0v’w0,ao8+Ijk’dkp
{ w0,aogxaomkfvkskomuj.shrt]a’’kol6’dj;kxtgrfvnjoMS w0,ao ! dik,9t.sh
rt]a’’ko _ dy3]dk]=]uD ovd9kdoU pa’.shdqfw0,aomu9j egxao c]t ;y8k,yo[k’

216

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ-toyf g-aoj G oE,ao8a[xk .shdqfw0,aomu9j egxaoF ;y8k,yo A c]t D g-y’j -;j p.odko
9tg]ou g8[u 380v’gfda D
{ w0,ao-;j p.sh7;k,vq[vo5j cdIj kj ’dkp govnj ’9kd;kj w0,aol;j o1w6j 8hzy;|a’9t-;j p
xvh ’doa [.+ s7h ;k,Ivh oczvj vd9kdIkj ’dkpD -;j p[oa gmkq 7;k,|k;g1oa rkpovdD
{ w0,oa -;j pxvh ’doa dkodtm[q dtgmnvo0v’vtw;pt;trkp.oIkj ’dkpD
{ w0,ao]t]kp;y8k,yo A, D, E c]t K gIaf.shIkj ’dkplk,kff6f-b,;y8k,yogs^qkj oU
wf’h kj p0BoD
{ w0,aogxaol;j oxtdv[mulj e7ao0v’vtw;pt;t[k’1kj ’0v’Ikj ’dkpg-aoj G lt\v’
c]t glAoxtlkfD
{ w0,oa gxoa rt]’a ’koleIv’0v’Ikj ’dkpF 3fpIkj ’dkp9tgd[a w0,oa mgju svn^ .-lh tl,q
w;h8k,cr95]a’8kj ’MF g,nvj .fIkj ’dkp0kfrt]a’’ko9kdmkfd^5p-yf w0,aol;j ooU
9t4ndoewx.-hD
7;k,8hv’dkow0,ao0v’Ijk’dkpw;]5ho.o;ao|bj’ xt,ko ! dik,8+oE|ad0v’
Ikj ’dkp ! dy3]dik, s^n xt,ko !&{@W l;j oIhvp0v’rt]a’’koma’\qfmuwj fh9kdvksko
.o ! ;oa D

zqoglpskp9kddkowfhIa[w0,ao.oxt]y,ko[+g\ktlq,D

{ 4hkIkj ’dkp0kfw0,ao9trk.sh0kfcs^’j rt]a’’kocI c]t 7;k,vq[vo5j D
{ 4kh Ikj ’dkpskdwfIh [a w0,oa sk^ pgdou wx9trk.swh xvf5 8oa sv^ fg]vn fF gIfa .s,h 7u ;k,

faog]nvfl6’ c]t vkfgxaortpkfsq;.9wfhD ovd9kdoUpa’gIaf.shgxaortpkfvh;o
g-’yj rk.slh 05 trk[vvj ocv]’q wfDh
faj’oAoF gIqk9egxaomujl5f9bj’9t8hv’wfhIa[xtmkovkskomuj,urt]a’’ko.oxt]y,komuj
g\ktl,q d[a 7;k,8vh ’dko0v’Ikj ’dkp grkt.oc8]j t;oa 7oq c8]j t7oq wfxh t8[y fa dfy 9tdesk^ p
1kj ’ g-’yj |da g[kq c8d8kj ’doa D
grnjvmqfcmort]a’’komujglpwx gIqk9bj’8hv’dyovkskomuj,urt]a’’kog0QkvudD lts^5[
dPj ;d[a xt3spf0v’mkfvkskom.uj srh t]’a ’ko8+Ikj ’dkpwffh ’ja oUG
{ 3xi8oy gxoa mkfvkskomIju kj ’dkp8vh ’dkogrvjn dko9tg]ou g8[u 38 c]t lvh ,c-,
l;j o8kj ’M0v’Ikj ’dkpF lkh ’r,6 7,h5 doa c]t lkh ’gxoa v’q xtdv[Ivd3,osk^ p-tofy D
{ d^p5 -yfgxoa mkfvkskole7oa mu.j srh t]’a ’kocdIj kj ’dkpD
{ w0,ao.shrt]a’’ko c]t pa’-;j pf6f-b,;y8k,yo[k’-toyfvudfh;pD
ovd9kdvkskoxtgrf.shrt]a’’komudj kj ;,kc]h;F ,uvkskoxtgrfvnoj Mvud vksko

217

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ9er;doU 9t[.+ srh t]’a ’kocdIj kj ’dkp c8,j oa gl,u lkh ’Ikj ’dkp gIfa .sIh kj ’dkp9tg]ou g8[u 38
c]t 7;[75,dkogIaf;Pd0v’vtw;pt;t8kj ’M .oIkj ’dkp.shxqddt8yD

l’yj m7uj ;o9Gnj
d^5p-yf ! dik, .shrt]a’’ko $ dy3]dk]=]u
3xi8yo ! dik, .shrt]a’’ko $ dy3]dk]=]u
w0,ao ! dik, .shrt]a’’ko _ dy3]dk]=]u

@D vkskomuj[+.shrt]a’’ko

!? ;y8k,yo
;y8k,yo gxaomkfvkskomu[j +.shrt]a’’koc8dj =,u7;k,9egxao g-y’j Ikj ’dkp0kf[+wfhF
;y8k,yogxaomkfmuj -;j pxhv’dao c]t 8hkortpkfS ;y8k,yo-;j plhv,c-,dko9tg]uog8u[.spj
0v’Ikj ’dkp -;j p[e]5’zy;|a’F gsnvdF zq,F lkp8k c]t vnoj MD rhv,daooAopa’,u|hkmuj-j;p
0t[;odko8kj ’M.oIkj ’dkpg7nvj ows;1kj ’gxaoxqddt8yD 4hkIkj ’dkpskd0kf;y8k,yoc]h;F
9trk.sIh kj ’dkpgdufg9[a x;j pwfDh
;y8k,yo,us^kp-toyfF oadIPoI6h9ad;y8k,yo-toyf.fcfLj c]t I6h;kj ;y8k,yo,u1.6j ovksko
-toyf.fcfFj gIqk9tmqflv[;y8k,yowfh7nco;.fL
dyf9tdeG
dkoxP[mP[xt]y,ko;y8k,yo g- XC? .o\kdw,h-toyf8jk’MD
!D gvqkoEcxh’l5d.l.j os^vfmqf]v’0t|kfdk’ * s^vfF s^vf]t @ ml.
@D 1vfmkf]t]kpvvu fq ]’q .osv^ fm’a * s^vfF s^vf]t ! 1vfl’a gdfg[’yj dkoxPj ocx’

c]t [oa mdb zoq D
#D 1vfmkf]t]kp;y8k,yo C WFW!: .l.j os^vfmu ! 9qodtmA’mkf]t]kpoEcxh’[+,u

218

$&D* s^vf1vfmkfvuvqf

lu2hkF 9kdoAo 9’bj oa[9eo;o1vfm1uj vf.l;j kj ,ugmkqj .f c]h;[aombdzqoD
$D mfq ]v’70n mh= ju # vdu c8xj Pj o9kd;8y k,oy C 3fpgvkq oE\kdok;F oE\kdofa F oE\kd

g]aoj c]t oE\kds5’j .l]j q’.os^vfmu @F #F $F & c]t * 8k,]efa[la’gdf c]t
[oa mdb zoq D

8k8k]k’[aombdzqo

mkf]t]kp 9eo;o1vf0v’mkf]t]kp
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
;y8k,yog- WFW!:

oE\kdok;

oE\kddPh ’
oE\kdofa
oE\kdg]oja
oE\kds’j5

g,vjn 1vfmkf]t]kpvvu fq ]’q .ooEcx’h 9tgxoa 7cn o;.fL c]t g,vjn 1vfmkf]t]kp ;8y k,oy
g- C WFW! : .lj oadIPola’gdfgsaoxtdqfdkoco;.fD

{ 9kdzqodkomqf]v’ oE\kdw,h-toyf.f,uxt]y,ko;y8k,yog- s^kp s^n |hvpd;kj
WFW!:D

{ .sh9af]efa[\kdw,hmu,j u;y8k,yo C 9kds^kpwxsk|hvpD
.odkomfq ]v’oUoda IPo9t8vh ’7;[7,5 l’yj .f.s7h ndoa \fq S grktgsf.f9’jb gIfa 7nco;ooA L
zkj odkomqf]v’grnvj mqflv[sk;y8k,yo C F oadIPolk,kfoegvqk;ymuoUwxmqflv[sk

219

xt]y,ko;y8k,yo C .ovksko-toyfvnjo;jk,us^kp s^n |hvpxko.f 3fp.-hdkoxP[mP[
d[a mkf]t]kp ;y8k,yo C mguj Ikq I7h6 ;k,g0,A c];h D 4kh 9eo;o1vf0v’mkf]t]kpm8uj vh ’dko
mqflv[ s^kpd;kj 9eo;o1vf0v’;y8k,yo C mu.j -h gxaogdoF ltcf’;kj mkf]t]kp mu.j -hmqf
lv[oAo,uxt]y,ko;y8k,yo C |hvpd;j kmkf]t]kp;y8k,yo C mu.j -hgxaogdoF c84j hk 9eo;o
1vf0v’mkf]t]kpmmju fq lv[|vh pd;kj ltcf’;kj mkf]t]kpooA ,xu t],y ko;8y k,oy C sk^ p
d;kj mkf]t]kp;y8k,yo C mugj xaogdoD

8k8t]k’;y8k,yo-toyf8jk’MF cs^j’vkskomuj.sh;y8k,yoF xt3spf c]t vksko
muj0kf;y8k,yoc8j]t-toyfD

;y8k,yo cs’^j vksko xt3spf vkskom0uj kf;y8k,yo

]t]kp.o 8a[F w0cj f’F oq,F -;j p[e]’5 lkp8k [+lk,kfg[’yj gsoa .o
w0,oa zad c]t \kdw,h Iadlkl50trk[0v’zy; [vj o,q;F .p8kcsh’ s^n

A 8kvda gl[,udkoxPj ocx’
0v’goNv8k0k;F8kfeF
zy;|a’csh’D
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
D oq,F w0cj f’F 8a[F -;j p.shdtf6df6f-b,mkf gxoa rtpkfdtfd6 vvj oF

oE,aoxkF cl’ dko-uvv, c]t 2qflt2= g8u[38-kh F 7;k,8kh omko

cff-;j pla’g7kt grvnj lkh ’dtfd6 D rtpkfs^f5 ]’q D

37g]lg83io 1.j6 8h

z;y |’a D

E zadlu0P; c]t w0 gIfa .sgh ,fa g]nvfcf’ rk.shs^5]6dwfhF gduf

,oa 9kdrfn g-oja G c0’cI’F [+gxao\ao rtpkf g]vn f9k’ l;j osk^ p

lk]uF 4q;j fyoF \kd c,oj gfda ovh pz-h6 kpvkp]5 t

rkh ;D s;kj ’ * gfvn o sk @ xFu 4kh

skd0kffoq vkf9tgxoa

gxaove,trkfwfh

K zad c]t 8a[ -;j p.shg]nvfdhk, g]nvfdhk,-hkF 4hk,ucz

g]nvf9tws^[+15f

220

;y8k,yo cs^’j vksko xt3spf vkskom0ju kf;y8k,yo
;y8k,yo]t
w0Fj oq,F -UoF xkF ]kp.ooE 3]dxkdgxvjn pF z;y |’a cs’h
B.1,B.2 4;qj -;j p.odkog8[u .spj c]t c8dF ]Uovadgl[
wfgh xoa xdq dt8ygIaf.sh
B. 6 8a[F oq,F 4q;j gs^nv’F zy;|a’F ]UoF 8k,ul50t ,uvkdko[;,F 7ao8k,zy;
d;h p rk[c0’cI’fDu |a’D zq,]qoj F x;f8k,,nF
-;j p.odkogzkq w\mh kf 8k,8uoF xtlkfglnvj ,
vksko0v’Ikj ’dkpF
-;j p[e]’5 zy;|’a
-;j p.odkogIfa |kh mju
0v’9]5 ’a xtlkf

B.12 8a[F w0Fj -UoxkF 9egxoa lkh ’g,fa g]nvf g]nvf9k’F g9[a ]UoFສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
g7vjn ’.ovojn M0v’ cf’F -;j p.shgfad,uvk g9a[xkdF glAoxtlkfF
lfa dko9tg]ou g8[u 38wf1h kj ’ w0loa s^’a g-vnj ,ltrk[D
xdq dt8yF-;j pla’g7kt ,u7k[w0,ao1|6j a’8k
dfq [k’-toyf.oIkj ’dkp
-;j p[+.sgh xoa rtpkf
g]vn f9k’7;[7,5 dko
gIfa ;Pd0v’]t[[q mk’
gfou vkskoD

C { \kdw,hlqfg-oaj G -;j p[e]5’gsnvdF [+.sh g]vn fvvd8k,g2oa c0;h

\kd0hk,xhv,F gsvn dvda gl[’kj pc]t gloA g]nvfzvj pF gxaos;afwfh
\kdok;F \kd xvh ’doa grvjn [+.sgh ]vn f ’kj pD
dhP’F lufkF \kd vvd8k,g2oa c0;h F
oaf -;j p.shs^vfg]nvfc0’
{ l;j o0v’pvfrnf cdoj [+c8d’kj p.og;]k
sn^ g,afmudj e]a’’vd 4nddtmq[dtgmnvoF ,u
g-aoj G pvfdt4yoD 7;k,8kh omko8+rtpkfD

221

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດoadIPo7yf;jkG

{ vkskoxtgrf.f,u;y8k,yos^kp-toyfd;kj \L6j
{ ;8y k,oy -tofy .fm-ju ;j pxvh ’doa rtpkfdtfd6 vvj oF rtpkf8kvda gl[F rtpkfg]vn 9k’L
{ fh;pgsf.fdvj oxt8y[afdkozkj 8afcrf9’bj lad1k;y8k,yoL .l7j qog9a[L
{ 4hk,uvksko8kj ’MdyorP’r=c]h;9egxao s^n [+m9uj t8hv’wx-N1k;y8k,yo,kdyo8,nj vudD
@? gdnvcIj9jko c]t oED

gdnvcI9j kj o gxaomkfvkskoxtgrf|b’j mu9j egxao8+Ikj ’dkpF g4y’;kj gdnvcI[j +c,oj mkf
vkskom.uj srh t]’a ’kod=8k, c8,j oa gxoa l;j oxtdv[mluj e7oa 0v’Ikj ’dkpD

dD xt3spf0v’gdnvcIj9jkoD

!D -;j pglu,lhk’ c]t lhv,c-,37’lhk’0v’Ikj ’dkpg-aoj G dtf6dF c0h;F g]nvfD
@D gdnvcIj9jko-j;p7;[75,dkogIaf|hkmuj0v’vtw;pt;t8jk’M.oIjk’dkp.shgxao

xdq dt8Dy
0D -toyf8jk’M0v’gdnvcIj9jkoD

gdvn cI9j kj o,1u sj6 k^ p-tofy [k’-tofy Ikj ’dkp,7u ;k,8vh ’dkosk^ pF [k’-tofy Ikj ’dkp
,7u ;k,8vh ’dko|vh pF c8gj dvn cI9j kj o mlju e7oa l;j osk^ pmxju t-k-oq gIkq 8vh ’dkosk^ pwfch ddj ko
-uvv,F 2qflt2=F gs^ad c]t vuvqf gxao8QoD

dko-uvv, XCa?

dko-uvv, gxaogdnvcI9j kj omIuj kj ’dkp,us^kpd;kj gdnvcI9j kj o-toyfvonj D m1uj .6j oIkj ’dkp
xqddt8y ,udko-uvv,xt,ko __: 18j6 k,dtfd6 c]t c0;h vdu xt,ko !: 1.6j og]vn fS dko-vu v,
lj;os^kprq[16j.ooq,F zt]yf8trao9kdoq, c]t ,u16joedtf6dvjvoMF ,uoelaf8q;ohvpM
mujdyowfhma’8q; g-ajoG xkohvpF xkcdh;F d5h’DDD ovd9kdoU pa’,u16joew0jcf’F g,af4qj;csh’F
zad.[0P;8kj ’M g-aoj G zad[Q’F .[p=F zadsq,F zad8eoyoF pvf0k;F zaddtgfqk gxao8QoD

7D xt3spf0v’dko-uvv,muj,u8+Ijk’dkpD

!D gxaol;j oxtdv[le7ao0v’dtf6d c]t c0h;D
@D dko-uvv,-;j p7;[75,dkogIaf;Pd0v’sq;.9F dhk,-UoF lhk’oEoq, c]t ]t[q[

xtlkfD
#D dko-uvv,-;j p.shg]nvfdhk, c]t -;j p.shg]nvf15fws^wfhg,nvj gduf,u[kfczD

222

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດzoq glpskp9kddko0kfdko-vu v, 4kh Ikj ’dkp0kfmkfdko-vu v,9trk.sIh kj ’dkp
g8u[.sp[j +g8a,l;j o c]t gxaortpkfdtf6dvvj oD

oda IPo7yf;kj G zph6 y’4nrk[+wfIh [a vkskom,uj udko-uvv,rP’r=9t,uzoq 8+l05 trk[co;.fL
vksko9er;dd’h5 cs’h F dtxFy xkcfdF xkdtxvJ ’,mu kfdko-vu v, sn^ [L+

2qflt2= XP?
2qflt2= ,u1o6j edtf6dF c0h; c]t 0v’cs^;.oIkj ’dkpg-oaj G g]nvf c]t 0v’cs^; Xg]nvf
c]t 0v’cs^;rkp.o95]a’8kj ’M?D
2qflt2= l;j os^kprq[1.6j ocs^’j vksko7nda[dko-uvv, mulj e7aowfhcdoj q,F w0Fj zad8kj ’MD
xt3spf0v’2fq lt2=8+Ikj ’dkp
!D 2qflt2=gIaf;PdI;j ,daoda[dko-uvv,.odkolhk’dtf6d c]t c0h;D
@D -;j p7;[75,dkoxvj prt]a’’ko9kddkogzqkw\h0v’d^5p-yfF w0,ao c]t 3xi8yoD
#D 2fq lt2=-;j p7;[7,5 7;k,foj5 fPj ’0v’rk;tgxoa [kg-u.og]nvfD
$D 2qflt2=gxaol;j oxtdv[0v’lt\v’ c]t w0laos^a’D
zoq glpskp9kddko0kf2fq lt2= XP?
4kh Ikj ’dkp0kf2fq lt2= Ikj ’dkp9t,uvkdko8kj ’M7kh pd[a dko0kfdko-uvv,D
gs^ad XFe?

I6[ $&D( vkskomu[j ao95mkfgs^ad

oadIPo7yf;kj vkskoxtgrf.fcf[j ao95mkfgs^ads^kpL
mkfgsd^a l;j os^kpr[q 1oj6 e8[a F s;q .9F g]vn fF -oU ’;q F w0cj f’ c]t g,fa 4;jq cs’h c]t zda .[
0P; g-aoj G zad[q;]trkF zaddkfok c]t zaddt4yoDDD
xt3spf0v’mkfgsd^a m,uj u8+Ikj ’dkp

223

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດxt3spf0v’mkfgsd^a m,uj u8+Ikj ’dkp
mkfgsda^ gxoa l;j oxtdv[le7oa 0v’g,fa g]vn fcf’D I;j ,d[a g,fa g]vn fcf’ gIfa |kh m0ju oq l’jq
mkfvkp 1.6j o0t[;odkoskp.9D
zoq glpskp9kddko0kfmkfgsda^
g,nvj 0kfmkfgs^ad 9trk.shgxaortpkfg]nvf9k’F sq;.9.spFj Ikj ’dkps^kj gs^nv’F vvj o
grpF g,vnj p’kj pDDD
vuvqf XI?
{ oadIPo7yf;kj vkskoxtgrf.fm[uj ao95mkfvuvqfs^kpL
{ 4hkIkj ’dkp0kfmkfvuvqf 9tgdufgxaortpkfspa’L

$&D) 7qomugj xaortpkf7=|P’

l;j os^kpgryoj rq[vuvqf 16.j ovkskomtg]m5d-toyf g-aoj G xkF d5h’F svpF x6 c]t gdnvmtg]
gxoa 8oQ D

xt3spf0v’vuvfq 8+Ikj ’dkp
vvu fq gxoa l;j oxtdv[mlju e7oa 0v’Ivd3,o mzju t]fy 9kd8vj ,[,+ mu + g-oja G 8vj ,7s= vp X8vj ,wm
ivp?F Ivd3,o ,u|kh mguj Ifa .sIh kj ’dkp9tg]uog8u[38gxoa xdq dt8yD

224

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດzoq glp9kddko0kfvvu fq

g,vnj Ikj ’dkp0kfmkfvuvqf9tgIaf.sh8vj ,7=svp.sp0j Bo g-’yj gvUo;kj rtpkf7=|P’D
ok8iuvv, XNa?

ok8ivu v, ,su k^ p1.j6 ogdvn c]t vksko8kj ’Mm,ju lu ;j oxtl,q 0v’gdvn g-oja G oExkF xkcfdF
dtxyF w0gj 7a,gxao8QoS ovd9kdoUd=pa’,u1.6j ooq,F goupDDD

xt3spf0v’ok8iuvv,8+Ikj ’dkp

!D -;j pIda lkxt]y,kooE.o9]5 ’a .s7h ’q mDuj
@D -;j p.sh95]a’I6hlbd8+]yf1k c]t Iadlk7;k,fao zkj o-b,0v’95]a’.sh7q’mDuj
#D gxoa ;fa 4f5 y[.odkolkh ’vk-yf0v’gdnv.odtgrktvkskoD
$D -;j p.sh]t[q[8kj ’M.oIkj ’dkpgIaf;Pdwfhgxaoxqddt8y 3fpltgrktdko0a[4kj pl’yj

glfgs^nvmk’\kdw0sj ^a’ c]t mk’zy;|a’D
zoq glp9kddko0kfok8ivu v,

g,nvj Ikj ’dkpskd0kfmkfok8iuvv,c]h;F Ikj ’dkp9tvvj ogrpF 7;k,faog]nvf8OF
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232

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234

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235

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236

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237

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238

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ [qfmu $)
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239

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I6[ $)D! cxh’oq;

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I6[ $)D@ ]6d-Uomu,j ul;j oxtlq,/5jo[=ciad

#? mkfdao[6f I6[ $)D# vkskomu,j ul;j oxtlq,mkfdao[6f

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vojn MD

240

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&? luxtlq,vksko

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I6[ $)D$ vkskomuxj tlq,lu ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

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241

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242