ແບບຮຽນວິທະຍາສາດທຳມະຊາດ ມ1

I6[ !WD( ltcf’]tfa[oE.ovkj ’mu,j u0t|kf8kj ’dao c8,j um+];j ’.ldj ao

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0v’oEgmkjq doa 3fp;fa cmd9kd|kh rP’ovovoa fP;doa D

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#D ;af45mujgxaodkl

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@? l[6 ],q g0kQ 1k’8ou ]fq .s8h ’jn c];h l’a gdf7;k,g7’aj 0v’8ou ]fq c8]j t[vj o c];h [oa mdb zoq D
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[!WD) gxqkj \kdx6,gxQk I6[ !WD_ l6[8uo]qf

#? gvkq d;foEf,jn gxkjq ,k c];h gvkq /kvfa .sch 9[ 9kdooA .sgh vkq ,[n [u g7’jy dk’d;fD l’a gdf
7;k,g7’ja 0v’,oa c];h [oa mdb zoq D

{ zqo0v’dkogIafdyf9tde g,nvj gIqkgxqkj ]q,.l\j kdx6,gxqhk9qo8n’j 9tgsao;kj 16mj 5d95f

45

gmy’|hkovd0v’,aog7aj’ltg\udaoD oAoltcf’;jk]q,skp.90v’gIqkdt9kp16jສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
m;jq md5 9f5 .o|;j px,6 gxkQ D
{ g,vjn l[6 ],q g0kQ 1k’8ou ]fq 9oq 8’jn 9tgsoa ;kj 1mj6 d5 9f5 gm’y |kh ovd0v’,oa g7’ja ltg\du oa D
oAo ltcf’;kj ]q,wfhdt9kp1m6j ;qj m5d95f1k’8uo]qfoAoD
{ g,vnj [u[g7’yj dk’d;foEf,nj gxqkj mvuj af/kc9[gsao;kj ,ao[5h,g0Qk c8gj ,vnj g-qk[u[raf8’nj
7ngdqkj D oAo ltcf’;kj .od;foE ,udkl[ao9516jD

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dt9kp1j6mqj;rk-tot[ao95oAo c]t lk,kf|u[[=]y,kf0v’,ao.shs^5f]q’ s^n fb’.sh[=]y,kf
0v’,oa gru,j 0BowfDh

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$D 9q’j \kp X3? .lsj hv’mugj sao;kj 4nd8hv’

-nj ;af45 ;af45c0’ ;af45cs^; dkl
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46

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ [qfmu !!
;af45mujgxao3]st c]t ;af45mujgxaovt3]st

!D ;af45mujgxao3]st

!? ]adltot0v’3]st
dyf9tde !G lbdlk;af45mjugxao3]st

I6[ !!D! ;af458kj ’M

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@? .shoadIPolbdlkdjP;da[3]st8jk’M mujoe,kzt]yfgxaog7njv’,nF g7njv’.-hoAo

;kj ,u]adltotco;.fL
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9kdgs^adS \=hcd’F \=h|bh’g0Qk gIaffh;pvk]6,uouvv,F lkpw22hkgIaffh;pmv’ sn^ vk]6,uouvv,S
ovd9kdoUc]h; pa’,u 8uo,v’mjugIaffh;p-noF lj;o85h,s6F lkp7=F lkpc0oF cs;o
gIaffh;pg’yo s^n 7eDDDD[aofk;af45mkf8kj ’M g-aoj G gsa^dF mv’F g’yoF 7eF gruoj gvUo;kj G3]st

47

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ3]st,u]adltot8jk’M7nG
{ c0’F |P; lk,kf8ugxaoczoj [k’M c]t lk;gxaoglAowfh
{ oew22hk c]t 7;k,Ihvowfhfu
{ .ovo5 str,6 me,tfk ovd9kd[ksv^ fmguj xoa mkfcs;^ c];h 3]stvojn M gxoa mkfc0’D
{ g,nvj gIqk46 s^n 0af|hkovd,ug’qkgs^Nv, Xltmhvocl’?
{ g,vnj g7kt,ulP’f’a dvh ’
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{ gxoa g7vjn ’.-.h ogIvn o7;q D
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{ .-gh xoa g7vnj ’xtf[a D

@D ;af45mujgxaovt3]st

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4kj oXdkd[vo ?
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vt3]st,u]adltot8jk’M7nG
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@? |kh ovd0v’vt3]st4kh 496 oq dPh ’9t[+gs^vN ,D
#? [+oew22kh

48

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&? 4ndg7kt s^n 8u9t[+,ulP’fa’dhv’
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{ groyj .-/h o5j ,kf0kh c,rj tpkfmmuj e]kprnfD
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@D ;fa 485 w+ xovU oa .fc,oj 3]st c]t voa .f c,oj vt3]stG ,fu 8fa F grfa F 1k’8ou ]fq F 3l]h fq 9da F

xB,F w,hF wlhl=feD

49

[qfmu !@
;af45lq,xqomujgxaogoNvfP; c]t [+gxaogoNvfP;

!D ;af45lq,xqo-toyf8jk’M

dyf9tde !G lbdlklj;oxtdv[0v’;af45lq,xqo
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-n;j af45 l;j oxtdv[.o;af45lq,xqo

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/oj5 c]t [k’[vj o,du ojy 0;y S .-oh Ex’5 c8’j vkskoF oE.oc,oj Eg;]k/oq 8dq .\9j t0oj5 c]t ,gu lf
-kdrnf1sj6 ^kpS .ovkskogpvnj ’|’jb 9txtdv[f;h pgdnvF cx’h o;q c]t vonj MD gvUo;kj G ;af45lq,xqo
sn^ mkflq,xqoD ;af45lq,xqoc,jo;af45mujxtdv[9kd;af45 lv’ s^n s^kp-toyfxqodao16jD
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
vu’.ljlyj’lq,xqo8jk’Mmujdjk;,k0hk’gmy’oAogryjowfhc[j’lyj’lq,xqovvdgxaolv’-toyf7nG
;af45lq,xqomugj xaogoNvfP; XgoNvxtlq,? c]t ;af45lq,xqomu[j +gxaogoNvfP;D

@D ;af45lq,xqomujgxaogoNvfP;

dyf9tde @G la’gdf;af45lq,xqomujgxaogoNvfP;

gdnv

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I6[ !@D! ly’j lq,xqomujgxaogoNvfP;

50

!? 9’jq gvkq oEltvkfxt,kog7y’j 9vd c]t gdnv ! [;j ’dkg2,kc];h l’a gdfc8]j t1kj ’
9kdooA [oa mdb zoq D

@? gvqkgdnv ! [j;’dkg2xqo.ljoE.o9vd c]h;7qo9qo.shgdnv]t]kp\qfD 9kdoAo.sh
la’gdfoEgdnv c]t [aombdzqoD

#? gIafdyf9tde7ndaoda[0=h !? c]t @? c8xj Pj ogdnvgxaooE8kocmoD
zqodyf9tde oE.o9vdgxaogoNv]tvPf.l c]t [+,uluD gdnvgxaog,aflu0k; c]t c0’D
g,njvgIqkgvqkgdnv.ljoEc]h;7qo9qogdnv]t]kp\qf9tgsao;jkgdnv]t]kpgxaogonhv
vaofP;da[oE c]t 4hkgIqkgvqkoE8koxqo.ldj a[oEF oE8kod=]t]kpgxaogoNvfP;
d[a oED

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gvUo;jk G ;af45lq,xqomujgxaogoNvfP;D

;af45lq,xqomujgxaogoNvfP;ovd9kdmujwfhdkj;,koAoc]h;pa’,uvuds^kp1jk’g-ajoG oExqo
cxh’oq;F oElQ, XoExqoda[vk-yfvkg-8yd?F mv’okdF mv’gs^nv’DDD
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
l;j oxtdv[0v’mv’okd

xtdv[fh;p g’yo &:

dD xtdv[fh;p 7e #&:
xtdv[fh;pmv’ *W:
lj;oxtdv[
0v’mv’gsn^v’ xtdv[fh;p la’dtlu $W{#W:

0D xtdv[fh;pmv’ *W{(W :
I6[ !@D@ ;af45lq,xqo0v’mv’okd c]t mv’gsn^v’

51

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dyf9tde #G la’gdfgoNv0v’mkfxqo]ts;jk’ oE,aornfda[oE

mkfxqo]ts;jk’

oE,aornf oEltvkf oE,aornfda[oE

I6[ !@D# mkfxqo]ts;kj ’oE,aornfda[oE

!? gvkq oEltvkf,kg7y’j s^vfcd;h l’a gdfgoNv0v’oEc];h [oa mdb zoq
@? gvqkoE,aornf,kg7y’j s^vfcdh;ohvp la’gdfgoNv0v’oE,aornf c]t [aombdzqo
#? gvkq oE,oa rnf4vd.lsj ^vfm[uj oa 9o5 EF l’a gdfgoNvmkfxoq ooA c];h [oa mdb zoq

9kddyf9tdeG oE,aornf c]t oE,ugoNv7ndaoc8gj ,nvj xqodaoc]h;gsao;kj oE,aornf c]t
oE]t]kpg0kQ doa rP’c8|j vh pfP; c]t oE,oa rfn 216 gj6 m’y |kh oE govjn ’9kd;kj ,;olko9egrkt
0v’oE,oa rnfg[kq d;kj oED
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
#D ;af45lq,xqomuj[+gxaogoNvfP;

dyf9tde $G la’gdfgoNvmkfxqo]tsj;k’ XoEda[g,af-kp? c]t XoEda[cd[?

dD -kp oEltvkf oExqofyo-kp

0D cd[ oEltvkf oExqocd[

I6[ !@D$ dD fyo-kpxqooEltvkfF 0D cd[xqooEltvkf

52

!? gvqk-kp|b’j [;j ’.loj Eltvkfxt,kog7yj’9vd c]t -kp|’bj [;j ’ c]h;la’gdf
govN 0v’-kpxoq oE9kdooA [oa mdb zoq D

@? gvkq cd[ ! [;j ’xoq .loj Ec];h 7oq F l’a gdfgoNv0v’cd[xoq oE9kdooA [oa mdb zoq D

zoq dyf9tdeG oE.o9vdgxoa goNv]tvPf.l c]t [+,uluD c8-j kpgxoa g,fa c0’D g,vnj gIkq gvkq
-kp.loj Ec];h 7oq 9tgsoa ;kj -kpp’a gxoa g,fa 7gn dkjq c]t 9,q 1r6j oN []+ t]kpg0kQ d[a oED 4kh oda IPo
gvqkcd[ ! [;j ’xqo.loj Ec]h;7qo9tla’gdf0Ucd[2616j|hkoE \kp7;k,;kj oE c]t cd[[+]t
]kpg0kQ gxoa govhn fP;doa D

dyf9tde &G la’gdfgoNvmkfxqo]ts;jk’ fyo-kp c]t /5jo,kf

!? gvqk-kp,k ! [;j ’ c]t /5oj ,kf,k ! [;j ’ c]h;la’gdfgoNv c]t lu0v’ c8]j t
1kj ’ rvh ,[oa mdb zoq D

@? g,nvj xqo-kp c]t ,kfg0Qkdao c]h;la’gdfgoNv c]t lu rhv,[aombdzqoD

I6[ !@D* /5jo,kf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
I6[ !@D& -kp I6[ !@D( fyo-kpxqoda[,kf

9kddfy 9tde g,vjn gIkq xoq -kp c]t /oj5 ,kfg0kQ doa gsoa ;kj -kp c]t ,kf[]+ t]kpg0kQ gxoa
govN fP; f’ja ooA 9’jb lts[5^ wf;h kj G ;fa 4m5 xju oq doa c];h [l+ k,kf]t]kpg0kQ doa gxoa govN fP; wfgh voU ;kj G
;af45lq,xqomuj[+gxaogoNvfP;D

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/oj5 ,kfF /oj5 gsd^a d[a oEDDD

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!D .shoadIPopqd8q;1jk’;af45lq,xqomjugxaogoNvfP; c]t ;af45lq,xqomuj [+gxaogoNvfP;
,kxt,ko1kj ’]t # -toyfD

53

@D 9’jq \kp;’q vvh ,.l0j =mh u4j nd8vh ’
dD vkdkfc,oj ;fa 4l5 ,q xoq mguj xoa goNvxtl,q
0D oE8ko]t]kp.ooEgxoa ;fa 4l5 ,q xoq goNvxtl,q D
’D cx[-uc,oj ;fa 4l5 ,q xoq mugj xoa goNvfP;

#D .sh\kp 3.lsj hv’mugj sao;kj 4nd8hv’

;af45lq,xqo ;fa 4l5 ,q xoq mugj xoa goNvfP; ;af45lq,xqomuj[+gxaogoNvfP;
0U8,q 9,q 1rj6 NooE
gdvn xoq oE
0cU d[xoq g0kQ lko
/oj5 gsd^a xoq cd[
0gU ]vjn pxoq oE

$D oE8ko]t]kp.ooE gxaomkfxqogoNvfP; sn^ [+L phvospa’L ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
&D 1kd.shoE8ko c]t gdnvgxaomkflq,xqogoNvfP;gIqk9tgIafco;.fL

54

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ [qfmu !#
;af45muj,uvk-yf c]t [kg-u

!. ;af45muj,u]adltotvk-yf c]t [kg-u

dyf9tde !G mqflv[]adltotvk-yf.o\kdw,h c]t oElQ,
!? oadIPo9’qj -u,]qf-kf0v’\kdw,h c]t oElQ,c]h;[aombdzqo
@? gvqkoE\kdw,hfa’j dkj ;,kmqflv[fh;pg9hp ]yf,af lu2hk c]t [aombdzqo

I6[ !#D! czo;kf;af458kj ’M

zoq dkomfq lv[gsoa ;kj G g,vbjn -,u \kdw,Fh [k’-tofy ,]u fq l,Q F [k’-tofy ,]u fq s;ko/kfDDD
g,njvgvqkoE\kdw,h,kmqflv[fh;pg9hp]yf,aflu2hkF \kdw,hmuj,u]qflQ,gIaf.shg9hp]yf,aflu2hk
xPj ogxaolucf’D f’aj oAo \kdw,hm,uj u]qflQ,,u]adltotvk-yfD

lts^5[G vk-yf-toyf8kj ’M ,u]qflQ,F xPj olug9hp]yf,aflu2hkgxaolucf’D ovd9kdoAo vk-yf
pa’,u]adltotdaf|a’ c]t ;af458kj ’Mg-aoj suox6oF 3]stF x^kl8ydDDD g-y’j 9twfhIPo.o0Ao8+wxD

f’ja ooA F dkooe.-;h fa 4m5 gju xoa vk-fy sn^ dkog]vn d.-;h fa 4,5 k[oa 9v5 k-fy D 8vh ’]t,fa ]t;’a 7Gn
1kj .shvk-yf4ndda[zy;|a’ c]t g7nvj ’o5’j sq,j F vk-yf s^n ly’j mu,j u]adltotvk-yf7;o9t[ao95w;h
fh;prk-totmugj Iaffh;pcdh; s^n fyogzqk c]t 8hv’gda[,hPo.shfuD

55

dyf9tde @G mqflv[]adltot[kg-u9kdlyj’;af458jk’M ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

!? gvkq oElt[6 s^n c2[a .lgj 7’yj 9vd c];h gvkq g9ph ]yf,fa lucf’9,j5 ]’q .lDj l’a gdflu0v’g9ph
c]t [oa mdb zoq D

@? gvkq oExo6 .l .lgj 7’jy 9vd c];h gvkq oE,oa rfn 1vf.lxj t,ko @{# 1vf l’a gdf g[’jy oE,oa
rfn 9kdooA [oa mdb zoq D

#? gvkq zkh crmguj xvnh o 9kdoE,oa wx-da f;h pc2[a c];h l’a gdfzkh crc];h [oa mdb zoq D

9kddyf9tdeg,nvj gIqkgvqkg9hp]yf,aflucf’95,j ]q’.l9j vdoElt[6 s^n oEc2a[ gsao;kj g9hp
]yf,aflucf’xPj ogxaolu2hkD ovd9kdoAo g,nvj gIqk1vfoE,aornf1vf.loj Ex6o.lgsao;kj oE,ao
rnf05oj c]t ,u/vf7nda[gIqkgvqklt[6wx]t]kp.ooED oAo\kp7;k,;kj lt[6F c2a[F oEx6o.lF
]t]kpw0,ao c]t oE,aovudD

faj’oAo lts^5[;jkG [kg-uc,jomkfmujlk,kfgIaf.shg9hp]yf,af lucf’ xjPogxaolu2hkF
,u]adltotdaf|a’F ,noj F ,u]qf/kf c]t ]t]kpw0,aoD

dyf9tde #G ryl6f]adltotvk-yfF ]adltot[kg-u c]t ]adltotgxaodk’D

!? gvqks^vfcdh;[ao95oEx6o.l Xdko-uIufiqd-yf?S 9kdoAo.shgvqks^vff6foEx6o.l
|hvp|’bj ,k1vf.lgj 9hp]yf,af lucf’ Xg9hp1k,lu? c]h;la’gdfdkoxPj oluD

@? gvkq sv^ fff6 gvkq oExo6 .l|vh p|’jb ,k1vf.lgj 9ph ]fy ,fa l2u kh c];h l’a gdfdkoxPj o
l0u v’g9ph c];h [oa mdb zoq D

oEx6o.l g9hp ]yf,aflu2hk g9hp ]yf,aflucf’

I6[ !#D@ dkomqflv[]adltot vk-yf c]t [kg-u

56

#? gIafmqf]v’7ndaoda[ 0=h X!? c8.j -hmkf]t]kpvonj cmog-oaj G oEgdnvF oE\kdok;F
oEc2a[F oE1kltzq,F oE1k]hk’9koD

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-lnj ’yj ;af45 zqodkomqf]v’g9hp ]yf,af da[mkf]t]kp

oEc2a[ g9hp]yf,aflucf’ g9hp]yf,aflu2hk
oE1kltzq,
oE1k]hk’9ko
oE\kdok;
oEgdnv

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

vk-uf g9hp]yf,af lucf’[+xPj olu g9hp]yf,af lu2hkxPj ogxaolucf’
I6[ !#D# mqflv[vk-yf

9kddkomqflv[gsao;jkG lyj’;af458jk’Mmujgvqk,kmqflv[da[g9hp]yf,af ,u[k’1jk’
gIfa .sgh 9ph ]fy ,fa lcu f’xPj ogxoa l2u kh c]t [k’1kj ’gIfa .sgh 9ph ]fy ,fa l2u kh xPj ogxoa lcu f’ c]t
[k’1kj ’d=[+lk,kfgIfa .sgh 9ph ]yf,fa xPj oluwfDh

f’ja ooA F v’u .l7j o5 ]da ltot0v’l’jy ;fa 4w5 fdh tm[q d[a g9ph ]fy ,fa c];h gIkq lk,kf9fa c[’j l’jy
;af45 vvdgxao # xtgrf7nG

57

[kg-u g9hp]yf,aflucf’xjPogxaolu2hk g9hp]yf,aflu2hk[+xPj olu
I6[ !#D$ mqflv[[kg-u

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
mkf]t]kpgdnv g9hp]yf,aflucf’[+xjPolu g9hp]yf,aflu2hk[+xjPolu
I6[ !#D& mqflv[mkf]t]kpgdnv

{ xtgrfmulj k,kfgIaf.shg9hp ]yf,af lu2hkxPj ogxaolucf’ gvUo;kj G vk-yf Xdqf?
{ xtgrfmulj k,kfgIaf.shg9hp]yf,af lucf’ xPj ogxaolu2hk gvUo;kj G [kg-u Xfa’j ?
{ xtgrfmuj[+lk,kfgIaf.shg9hp]yf,af xPj olu gvUo;kj G gdnv X9k;?

@D dkooe.-h;af45mujgxaovk-yf.o-u;yfxt9e;ao

dyf9tde $G lbdlk;af45mujgxaovk-yfoe.-h.o-u;yfxt9e;ao

58

9q’j la’gdfczoj ;kf c]h;[vd;kj ;af45mugj xaovk-yfwfhoe.-h.o-u;yfxt9e;ao,uspa’cfLj

oEcxa[-u oE1k]hk’ oE\kd0k,
shv’oE oEdqf.l\j =hw2
oElQ,x5’
c8j’vksko ;af45muj
gxaovk-yf

oq,lQ,

czo;kf !#D* ;af45mugj xaovk-yf oe.-hg0Qk.o-u;yfxt9e;aoສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

vk-yf,us^kp-toyfF [k’-toyf,u7;k,9egxao.odko[=]y3rdg-aoj G oE\kdw,hF oElQ,
x5’c8’j vkskoS [k’-toyf.-h.odkov5xt3rdg-aoj G oE1k]hk’shv’oEF oEdqf.l\j =hw2F oEdqf
le]a[g-kt]hk’|hk3]stmugj 0Qk\hP’DDDphvovk-yf,uma’75oxt3spf c]t 3mf ltoAo dvj ooe
.-hvk-yfc8]j t7A’8hv’]t,af]t;a’D 4hkgIqkoe.-h[+4nd;ymud=9tgdufvao8t]kpg4y’glp-u;yfwfhD

#D ;af45mujgxao[kg-uoe.-h.o-u;yfxt9e;ao

dyf9tde &G lbdlk;af45,u[kg-umujoe.-h.o-u;yfxt9e;ao

9qj’la’gdfczo;kf c]h;[vd;jk;af45mujgxao[kg-uoe.-h.o-9e;ao,uspa’cfjL

a
czo;kf !#D( ;af45mugj xao[kg-u muoj e.-h.o-u;yfxt9e;ao

59

[kg-mu oju e.-.h o-;u fy xt9e;oa ,su k^ pg-oja G c2[a F lt[F6 oE0gU 4kjq F XoEf’ja ? oExo6 .lF 1kltz,q F
x6ofy[F x5JpF cxh’26DDD

7e4k,

!D 9’qj [vdl’yj ;af45.f8+wxoUm,uj u]adltotgxaovk-yfL ;af45.f,u]adltotgxao[kg-uL
oE\kd0k,F oE\kdok;F oE1kltz,q F oE1k]kh ’svh ’oEF oEdfq .l\j wh= 2F oE0gU 4kjq D

@D g,vjn gvkq g9ph ]fy ,fa lcu f’ c]t g9ph ]fy ,fa l2u kh F 1k,g[’jy l’jy ;fa 485 w+ xo9U t,du koxPj ocx’
7nco;.fL

-lnj ’yj ;af45 zqodkomqf]v’g9hp ]yf,af da[mkf]kp

mkf]t]kpoE8ko g9hp]yf,af lucf’ g9hp]yf,aflu2hk
oE1k]hk’shv’oE
oElt[6 ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
oE\kdok;
oEfnj,[=]yl5f
oE0Ug4qkj

60

[qfmu !$
lyj’;af45muj.-hme7;k,ltvkf

1D ;af45-toyf8jk’M muj.-hme7;k,ltvkf

;af45-toyf.fcfj muj.-hme7;k,ltvkfL
dyf9tde !G lbdlk;af45mujoe.-hme7;k,ltvkfD
9’qj la’gdfI6[;af458+wxoUc]h;\kp 3.lj8k8t]k’ [aombdzqo

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

8k8t]k’[oa mdb zoq I6[ !$D! ;af458kj ’M

-nj;af45 ;af45muj.-hme7;k,ltvkf
oE1k]kh ’svh ’oE
lt[6
oExk
1k4c6 0;h
oE1k]kh ’9ko
oE,aornf

61

lts^5[G ;af458kj ’Mmulj k,kf]hk’ c]t ]t]kply’j mugj xNvogxuvvd9kd;af45vnoj wfhgvUo;kj G
;af45mu.j -hme7;k,ltvkfD

@D xt3spf0v’lyj’;af45muj.-hme7;k,ltvkf

dyf9tde !G mqflv[dkooe.-h c2a[F oE\kdok;F oE1k]hk’9kome
7;k,ltvkfD

;my mu fq lv[ zoq dkomfq lv[

!D gvqkoE,aornf @{# 1vf.ldj a[oEltvkf c]t laoj 9kd ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
oAoxtw;h c]h; la’gdfD

@D gvqkoEdaoj xqoda[oE,aornf 9kdoAogvqkoEc2a[.lcj ]h;
laoj D xtw;h la’gdf c]t [aombdzqo

#D gvqkoEdaoj xqoda[oE,aornf 9kdoAogvqkoE\kdok;.lj
c]h;laoj D xtw;h c]t la’gdfD

$D gvqkoEdoaj xqoda[oE,aornf 9kdoAogvqkoE1k]hk’9ko
.lcj ]h;laoj xtw;h c]t la’gdfD

9kdzqodkomqflv[gIqk9tgsao;kj c2a[F oE\kdok;F oE1k]hk’9kolk,kf.-hme
7;k, ltvkfwf3h fpgIfa .slh ’yj gxygxNvo s^n oE,oa rnf4nd]t]kpF 9’jb gIfa .s[h oa fk;fa 4o5 oA ltvkf
0oB D

ovd9kdoU c]h; .o-u;yfxt9e;ao pa’,uly’j ;af45muj.-hme7;k,ltvkf s^kp-toyfF c8]j t
-toyf,udkooe.-ch 8d8kj ’doa g-oja G

{ .-hIadlk7;k,ltvkfIkj ’dkp,uG lt[6F 1kltzq,F32,]hk’oEDDD
{ .-hIadlk7;k,ltvkfg7nvj ’.-h8jk’M ,uG c2a[F oE1k]hk’9ko c]t g7nvj ’.-h.o

gInvo7q; DDD
{ .-hIadlk7;k,ltvkfshv’oE c]t g7njv’l50trao8jk’M ,uG oE1k]hk’shv’oEF

oE1k46 rNoF oE1kg-afc;oj DDD

62

dkooe.-h;af45me7;k,ltvkfoAo7;o]t,af]t;a’ c]t .-h.sh4ndda[7ecotoe0v’
zt]yf8traooAoMD gonvj ’9kd;kj zt]yf8trao[k’-toyf,u]adltot[kg-ucI’ c]t [k’-toyf
raf,u]adltotvk-yfcI’D f’aj oAoF 4hk.-h[+4nd8k,;ymud=9tgIaf.shgdufvao8t]kpwfhD

7e4k,G

!D oadIPo9’qj [vdly’j ;af45mu.j -hme7;k,ltvkf,k & -toyf
@D 9’qj \kp 3;af45c8]j t-toyf8+wxoU .-hle]a[me7;k,ltvkf.l8j k8t]k’.sh4nd8hv’D

-n;j af45 Ikj ’dkp g7vjn ’l05 troa rk-tot.-.h o g7vjn ’o’j5 s,jq
c]t svh ’oE gIvn o7;q
c2[a
lt[6
oE1k]kh ’9ko
oE1k]kh ’svh ’oE

#D c2a[lk,kf.-hme7;k,ltvkfspa’wfhcfLj pqd8q;1kj ’,k # -toyfສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
$D ;af45me7;k,ltvkf-toyf.f 8+wxoU.-h]hk’4h;pmguj xNvo9kdoE,aoL

dD oE1k]hk’shv’oES 0D oE0Ug4qkj S 7D oEltvkfS ’D oE1k]hk’9ko

63

[qfmu !& ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
;af45mujgxaog-Nvw2

!D ;af45g-Nvw2-toyf8jk’M

dyf9tde !G lbdlk;af45mujgxaog-Nvw2
9’qj la’gdfI6[c]h;[vd;kj ;af45-toyf.fgxaog-Nvw2L

I6[ !&D! ;af45-toyf8kj ’M

64

-;nj af45 ;af45mujgxaog-Nvw2 ;af45muj[+gxaog-Nvw2

gsQ^k _W
oE,aodk-;o
9vdcdh;
dklvdq -cu -o
gs^ad8tx6
w,hcsh’
mPo
dhvosuo

dyf9tde @G la’gdfdko96fw,hcxdF zhkglf c]t dhvosuo

!? 96fw,hcxd s^n dt[v’mudj P,,kD la’gdf c]t [aombdzqoD
@? gvqkzhkglf9,5j oE,aodk-;o|hvp|’bj c]h;gvqkw296fD la’gdf0totm9uj 6fF s^a’dko96fF

[oa mdb zoq D
#? gvqkdhvosuo,k96f rhv,la’gdf0totmu9j 6fF s^a’dko96f c]t [aombdzqoD

9kddkogIfa dfy 9tde gIkq gsoa ;kj w,ch xdF dt[v’F zkh glfm9uj ,j5 oE,oa dk-;o g,vjn 4dn 9f6
c]h;,aolk,kfw\hF .shcl’lts;kj ’ c]t 7;k,IhvoD l;j odhvosuo s^a’dko96f[+,uxkdqf
dkow\gh dfu 0oB D
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

faj’oAoF lk,kflts^5[wfh;jk lyj’;af458jk’Mmujlk,kfw\h c]t 8yfw2wfhoAogvuho;jk
;af45mujgxaog-Nvw2D

;af45mugj xaog-Nvw2c[’j vvdgxao# xtgrf 7nG

{ ;af45g-Nvw2mugj xao0v’c0’,uG w,hcsh’F 4kj ow,hF 4kj osuoDDD
{ ;af45g-Nvw2mujgxao0v’cs^;,uG oE,aocvaf-a’F oE,aodk-;oF oE,aornfm5d-toyfF

gsQ^k_WODDD
{ ;af45g-Nvw2mujgxaodkl,uG dkls5’8Q,F ltgx-toyf8jk’MF muogouF dklIu3fic-o

XH2?F dklvqd-uc-o XO2?DDD

65

@D xt3spf c]t 3mf0v’;af45mujgxaog-Nvw2

!? xt3spf0v’;af45mujgxaog-Nvw2
dyf9tde #G lbdlkxt3spf0v’;af45mujgxaog-Nvw2
la’gdfI6[ c]h;[vd;jk ;af45mujgxaog-Nvw2,uxt3spfspa’cfjL

xt3spf0v’ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
g-Nvw2

cl’lts;jk’

dkos6’8Q,
I6[ !&D! xt3spf0v’g-Nvw2

.o-u;yfxt9e;ao 7qogIqkwfhoe.-h;af45g-Nvw2 g0Qk.odyf9tdes^kpg-aoj G .-h.odkoc8’j
167j q;dyoF .shcl’lts;kj ’F .-h.o3I’’kov5flkstdeF .sh7;k,vq[v5jocdIj kj ’dkpF .-hg0Qk.o
g7vjn ’rkstot9da 8kj ’MDDD

66

@? 3mf0v’;af45mujgxaog-Nvw2
dyf9tde $G lbdlkzqoglpskp 9kd;af45mujgxaog-Nvw2
{ 9’jq l’a gdfI[6 8+wxoU c];h [vdzoq glpskp9kd;fa 4m5 guj xoa g-Nvw2Lj

7;ao]qf

4a’dkl]tg[uf vda 7uwr

w2w\hxkj

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
I6[ !&D@ 3mf0v’;af45mugj xaog-Nvw2

;af45g-nhvw2 ovd9kd9t.shxt3spfc]h; pa’.sh3mfvao.spj s^;’cd7j qoF lafF rnf c]t
ly’j 8kj ’M 4hkgIqkskd [+]t,af]t;a’F [+,ult8y.odkooe.-hg-Nvw2fa’j dkj ;9trk.shgduf[aosk
8kj ’M mguj Iaf.shvkdkfgxaoryfF DDD

7e4k,G

!D 9’qj [vd;af45g-Nvw2muoj adIPoI6h,k1kj ’|hvp & -toyf
@D ;af45xtgrf.f8+wxoUgxaol’yj ;af45g-nhvw2L

dD 4kj ow,h
0D oE
7D mPow0
’D foy -kp
#D 0UgzY’F dt[v’.-hw;hgrvnj spa’L
$D oda IPo9txvh ’doa co;.f grvjn s^udg;oA dkogdufvda 7uwrL

67

[qfmu !*
;af45mujgxaoryf

!D ;af45mujgxaoryf-toyf8jk’M

dyf9tde !G lbdlk;af45gxaoryf
.shoadIPola’gdfI6[8+wxoU c]h;\kp 9.lsj hv’mguj sao;kj g\ktlq,.o8k8t]k’D

-Uo.lj
2vd3,o
gs^Qk oEfnj,

1kl6[ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ1k0hk
c,’w,h

;af45

mguj xoa ryf

dk; 1k[hk

dao-k /yjo
g0Qk

I6[ !*D! ;af458kj ’M

68

;fa 485 kj ’M ;fa 4g5 xoa rfy ;fa 4[5 g+ xoa rfy

-oU .l2j vd3,o
oEfn,j
1k0hkc,’w,h
1k[kh
/ojy
g0kQ
gskQ^
doa -k
dk;
1kl[6

;af45gxaoryfc,jo lyj’8jk’Mg,njvg0Qkl6jIjk’dkp3fpmk’xkdF mk’fa’ c]tສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
mk’zy;|a’c]h;gduf,uzqodtmq[8+Ijk’dkpD

ly’j ;af45gxaoryfc8]j t-toyf,udkovvd]yf-hkF w; 8kj ’daoS [k’-toyf[+IhkpcI’ 9t4nd
ltlq,.oIkj ’dkpw;hfqowx9y’j vvd]yfF c8[j k’-toyf,u]yfIhkpcI’ g,nvj Ikj ’dkpwfhIa[g0Qkwx
c];h gdufdkovvd]yfmoa muD

.o-u;yfxt9e;ao,ul’yj ;af45gxaoryfs^kp-toyfF groyj lk,kf9afc[’j vvdgxaoxtgrff’aj oUG

{ ly’j gl[8yfg-oaj G /yoj F 1kl6[F -kF 1k[hkF dk;Xmyogou?DDD
{ vkskom.uj llj u x5’c8’j doyj F mkfdao[6fDDD
{ zt]yf8traog7vnj ’.-h8kj ’Mg-oaj G 1klufp6’F oE,aog-Nvw2F 1k0hkc,’w,hDDD

@D zqoglpskp9kd;af45gxaoryf

!? zqoglpskp9kdlyj’gl[8yf
9’jq ldb lkI[6 8+wxoU c];h [vdg4y’zoq dtm[q 9kddko8yfl’yj gl[8yfD

69

gxaovao8t]kp8+8qogv’z6h16.j dh7P’ Ikj ’dkp9jvpzv,9kddkol6[/yoj
,tgIa’xvf
4nd9a[phvo
dyo1k[hk

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[ !*D! zqoglpskpmujgduf9kdly’j gl[8yf

ly’j gl[8yf,uzqoglpskpvao.spj s^;’8+8qogv’F 7v[7q;F la’7q, c]t xtgmf-kf 7nG

{ 88+ oq gv’G gIfa .szh g6h l[l’jy gl[8fy ,Iu kj ’dkp9vj pzv,F skj^ gsvn^ ’F z;y |’a dej -EF lt\v’
glvnj ,F gdufgxoa ,tgI’a mk’]t[[q skp.9DDD

{ 8+7v[7q;G lYogxnv’]kp9kj p3fp[+,uxt3spfF gdufdko4qd4P’daoF vk]t;kfda[
lt,k-yd.o7v[7;q oewxg4y’dkoc8dcpdDDD

{ 8+la’7q,G gduf7;k,;5ho;kpF ,udkox5ho9UF 0U]adF vk]t;kf8udaoF IhkpcI’wxd;j koAo
p’a d+.sgh dfu dkoglpskpg4’y -;u fy DDD

70

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ{ 8+xtgmf-kfG 4hklj;os^kpz6h8yflyj’gl[8yfskdgxaogpqk;t-qo 9tgIaf.shvtok7qf
0v’xtgmf-kfglp[d5 7t]tdvom,uj 7u o5 trk[F ]fa 4t[koloY gxvn ’]kp9kj pgrvjn ,k
xhv’dao7;k,lts’q[ c]t dkoxyoj xq;DDD

@? zqoIhkp9kdlyj’mujgxaoryf.ovksko c]t g7njv’.-h8jk’M
4kh dyovkskomugj xoa ryf9t,uzoq glpskpco;.fL
vkskogxoa rfy c,oj vkskom,ju lu ’jy gxgu xvN o sn^ mkfg7,mu gju xoa voa 8t]kpxtl,q 1j6 g,vjn wfIh [a
g0QklI6j kj ’dkp9tltcf’vkdkovvd g-oaj G ;yosq;F x;fIkdF 4vdmhv’F mhv’[yfD 4hkIhkpcI’
d;kj ooA vkfgxoa voa 8t]kpg4y’-u;yfwfDh
[aofkzt]yf8traog7njv’.-h8jk’M.oxaf95[ao [k’-toyf,umkfg7,umujgxaovao8t]kp8+
l50trk[ g-y’j ,uzqodtmq[mk’dq’ c]t mk’vhv,D 8q;1kj ’G 1k0hkc,’w,hF 1klufp6’ g,nvj wfhIa[
g0QklI6j kj ’dkp9t,uvkdkoltcf’vvdg-oaj G ;yosq;F x;fIkd s^n IhkpcI’g4y’0Aoglp-u;yf DDD
7e4k,G
!D .shoadIPopqd8q;1kj ’ly’j gl[8yf,k $ -toyfL
@D l’yj gl[8yf,uzoq dtm[q 8+zgh6 l[co;.fL
#D grvnj su^d]Ph ’9kddkodyovkskogxoa ryf 7;ogIfa co;.fL

71

[qfmu !(
s^addkooe.-h;af453fpmqj;wx

!D dkooe.-h;af45.o-u;yfxt9e;ao

dyf9tde !G lbdlkdkooe.-h;af45
9q’j 0Poxt3spf c]t 3mf.odkooe.-hly’j ;af458+wxoU .l8j k8t]k’

;af458jk’M xt3spf.odkooe.-h 3mf.odkooe.-h
1klfu p’6
oE1k]kh ’svh ’oE ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
w2

]fq
1kxq;rtpkf

g7njv’dyoF fn,j

leg]fa I[6

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{ .-h.odko[=]y3rdg-ajoG xkdtxJv’F 1kxq;rtpkfDDD
{ .-hv5xt3rdg-ajoG xJ5pF 1k0hksphkF 1k0hkc,’w,h DDD

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vao8t]kp8+z6h.-h c]t z6hvnoj 3fpdtmq[mk’dq’ c]t mk’vhv,D ltoAodvj o9toe.-hly’j ;af45
8kj ’M8hv’lbdlk7Qo7;hk g4y’zqoxt3spfF zqodtmq[F c]t ;ymuoe.-h1kj ’4nd8hv’8k,s^addkoD

I6[ !(D! vkdkocrh9kd
dko.-h1k]hk’shv’oE

72

@D s^addkooe.-h;af458jk’M3fpmqj;wx

dyf9tde @G lbdlks^addkodkooe.-h;af45

oE1k]hk’ xpJ5 1k0hkc,’w,h
shv’oE 1kfus;af
g7njv’dyofn,j
1klufp6’ leg]afI6[

ly’j ;af45gs^qkj oU 9toe.-h
co;.fs;JkL
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[ !(D@ czo;kfleobddkooe.-h;af45

73

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດdkooe.-hlyj’;af458jk’M muj4nd8hv’ 7;oxt8y[af8k,s^addkofaj’oUG
!? lbdlk]adltot0v’ly’j ;af45oAog-aoj G ]adltotvk-yfF [kg-uF 7;k,gxaoryfF 7;k,9e

gxoa m9uj t8vh ’.-.h sDh
@? vkj o7ecotoe s^n ;ymudkooe.-h 16j .olts^kddeda[ c]t xt8y[af1kj ’4nd8hv’D
#? la’gdfg[y’j zt]yf8trao;kj wfhzkj o dkoIa[Iv’ c]t vto5pkf.shoe.-h9kdvq’dko

mudPj ;0hv’ s^n [+F ;aomuzt]yf c]t ;ao\qfvkp5dkooe.-hDDD
$? lbdlkg4y’ zqodtmq[8+z6h.-hF z6hvnoj M c]t l’yj c;f]hv,D 4hklk,kf.-hly’j vonj s^n ;ymuvonj muj

xvfwrd;j k d=7;ooe.-hcmoD
7e4k,G
!D dkooe.-hly’j ;af45.sh4nd8hv’ gIqk7;oxt8y[afco;.fL
@D 4hk.lxj 5Jpzad.oxt]y,kos^kp9t,uzqodtmq[mk’dq’ s^n mk’vhv,8+7qogIqkco;.fL
#D g,vnj oadIPog9a[ 4hk9egxao8hv’.-h1k 7;ogIafco;.fL
$D gxoa sp’a groyj 9’jb skh ,.-3h m]tl[a g;]k1.j6 dxh EoE,oa L
&D dvj o[=]y3rdvkskoleg]fa I[6 7;ol’a gdfsp’a cfLj

74

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ rkdmu IV dkog7njvomuj
[qfmu !)

dkog7jnvomjudqo9ad

!D dkog7jnvomjudqo9ad

dyf9tde !G

I6[ !)D!

!? oda IPoz|6h ’bj 0oB wx|kh dtfko c];h 9[a gvkq \kd[ko 0oB -.nj o]tf[a l’6 .f|’jb D 9kdooA
xvj p\kd[koooA ]’q lrj6 oN svh ’ rvh ,fP;doa ooA .szh vh6 ojn l’a gdfg[’yj m8uj ’A 0v’\kd[ko
mP[.ldj a[rNoshv’IPo c]t grfkoD

@? xt8y[af7hkp7n0=h !? c8xj Pj ocd;’j wxmk’0;k’D
{ dkol’a gdfc8]j t7’A gxoa co;.fL
{ oda IPo9tlts^[5 dPj ;d[a dkog7nvj omu0j v’;fa 485 kj ’M;kj co;.fL
1.6j ol’yj c;f]vh ,vvh ,38gIkq F ,;u fa 4s5 k^ p1kj ’g7vnj omguj -oja G .[w,sh ojq^ 8dq ]’q F 7oq pkj ’F odq [oy F
]qfc]oj DDD lyj’8kj ’Mfa’j dkj ;F 4hkgIqkla’gdfg[yj’dt38;af459t[+gsao;kj muj8A’0v’,aoxPj ocx’S
c84j kh gIkq mP[m8uj ’A 0v’,oa .ldj [a ;fa 4v5 onj m1uj 76j ’q muj g-oja G gIvn oF 8oQ w,Fh 3’oj sou DDD 9tgsoa ;kj m8uj ’A 0v’
;af45mugj Iqkla’gdfoAospa[g0Qk s^n skj ’wdvvd9kd;af45167j q’muoj AoD
dkoxjPocx’mju8A’0v’;af45|jb’ mP[.ljmju8A’0v’;af45vjnomju4n;jk [+g7jnvomju gvUo;jk
dkog7vnj omduj oq 9da D
;af45mu1j 67j q’muj mu4j ngvqkgxaosa^d0v’dkoxP[mP[mu8j A’ gvUo;kj ;af45sa^d\kpD

75

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ@D ]adltotmP[4ko0v’dkog7jnvomjudqo9ad

I6[ !)D@

g;]ko’ja 1g6j my’]fq 8c6h ]oj 8k,mk’]P[F gInv3fplkoF gInv[yoD 4kh gIkq mP[38gIkq d[a 8]h6 fq
3fplkoF 9tIlh6 db ;kj gIkq [w+ fgh 7vnj omFuj c84j kh gIkq sP^ ;vvdwxovd]fq mk’0kh ’ gIkq gsoa ;kj 8oQ w,1h 6j
c7,mk’F gInvoDDD c]oj dkpgIqkwxmk’s^a’0v’]qfD 4hkgIqkco,wxmk’|hkg[yj’8Qow,h 8Qo|bj’
muj16jwdlq,7;ogsao;kj ]qfspa[g0Qk.dh8Qow,hoAog]NvpM c]h;d=wxg4y’ c]t dkp,aowxD fa’j oAo
4hkmP[.llj y’j 8kj ’M16oj vd]fq c,oj gIkq de]’a 1.6j ork;tg7nvj omuDj

oadIPowfhIPoIh6,kc]h;;kj |;j p3]dxyjovhv,cdo,aogv’8ts^vfg;]k 3fpIv[|bj’.-h
g;]k @$ -q;j 3,’ c]t rhv,fP;daooAo,aod=xyjovhv,f;’vkmyf8ts^vf 3fpIv[|bj’.-hg;]k
#*& ;aoda[ * -q’j 3,’D

ltooA F g;]kgIkq ovo’P[lts’[q 1g6j m’y 8P’.osvh ’ovoF gsoa ;kj gIkq 1f5 1[6j vj ogdkjq X[g+ 7vnj o
m?uj c8.j o8;q 9’y c,oj gIkq de]’a g7vnj omvuj vh ,cdo|;j p3]df;h p7;k,w; 11,12 km} -;jq 3,’ c]t
g7njvomujvhv,f;’vkmyffh;p7;k,w; 108 000 km} -q;j 3,’D

9kdxkdqfdkomjudkj ;,kgmy’oAo gryjo9bj’lts^5[;kj m5dM;af45]h;oc81j 6j.ork;tg7njvomujS
l;j ork;t[+g7nvj omu0j v’;fa 485 kj ’MrP’c8,j u]da ltotmP[4koD

7e4k,G
!? 9’jq [vd7;k,\kp0v’dkog7vnj omduj oq 9da L
@? g;]kco,g[yj’]qf16j8k,mk’16jwdM gIafco;.f9bj’9tIh6;kj ]qfoAo15f16j s^n de]a’

c]oj 16Lj

76

[qfmu !_
I6[c[[0v’dkog7jnvomuj

!D dkog7jnvomju-jn

dyf9tde !G lbdlkdkog7jnvomju-jn
9’qj la’gdfI6[]5,j oU c]h;[vd;kj G

I6[ !_D! I6[ !_D@ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

{ gloha mk’dko8dq 0v’;fa 4c5 8]j t1kj ’gxoa co;.fL
{ g-nvdc0;o75 mucj 0;ow;hoAogxaoco;.fL
9kdI[6 gsoa ;kj g-vn dc0;o;fa 4|5 da gxoa gloA -Sjn gloA mk’dko8dq 0v’;fa 485 kj ’Mdg= xoa gloA
-nDj gryoj gvUodkog7nvj omu0j v’;fa 485 kj ’M g-y’j gloA mk’g7nvj omu0j v’,oa gxoa gloA -n;j kj dkog7nvj omu-j nDj

@D dkog7jnvomjuphkp0t|ko

dyf9tde @G lbdlkdkog7jnvomju0t|ko

I6[ !_D#

77

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ!? 9q’j ;k’xbB,c[[IPosq;|bj’ gmy’|hk38t.sh0v[g[Nv’|bj’0v’xB,co[ ]P[wx8k,
0v[38tmk’pk;c]h;.-hl=fe0ufglAo]P[0v[xB,mju8A’lkdda[0v[38tg[Nv’|jb’D
9kdoAoph6xB,g7nvj omuwj x8k,|hk38t3fpIadlk0v[xB,co[8k,0v[38toAo .shco[
8k,0v[38t8+wxS g,njvph6xB,wxwfhxt,ko @W -a’8uc,af .sh0ufglAo]P[8k,0v[xB,
8A’lkdda[0v[38tglAo|b’j c]t gIafco;oAo8+wx9qol5f38tD

@? 9’jq gxfu xt8s6 vh ’IPo rvh ,fP;doa ooA .soh da IPol’a gdfg[’yj 0v[xt8m6 P[d[a sP^j ,;’q
dq[ m[uj koxt86oAo9a[.lDj

gloA 0fu gm’y |kh 38tc8]j tgloA mP[.ldj oa gxoa co;.fL
16cj 8]j tmu8j A’0v’xt86gxufvvdF 0v[xt86mP[.ldj a[sP^j ,;q’xt86gxaoco;.fL
.odkoxt8y[fa dyf9tdeoUgsoa ;kj gloha 0uf8k,0v[xB,md5 gloA 0t|kodoa c]t 0v[xt86
1j6m5dmju8A’mjugxufvvd0t|koda[s^jP,0v[xt86D grjyogvUo dkog7jnvomju0v’;af458jk’M g-jy’1j6
m5dMmuj8A’gmy’glAomk’g7njvomuj0v’,aoF glAo-nj|bj’0ufgmy’|hk;af45oAo0t|kodao;kj dkog7njvo
mpuj kh p0t|koD

#D dkog7jnvomju37h’

dyf9tde #G lbdlkdkog7jnvomju37h’

I6[ !_D$

!? 9qj’3po\kd[ko wxmk’0hk’8k,.9 c]h;la’gdfglAomk’dkog7jnvmju0v’\kd
[koooA D

@? 9qj’gvqk\kd[ko;k’w;hlQo|jb’0v’38t c]h;gvqk,n8u\kd[kooAo .shg7jnvomjuwx
mk’lQo38tg[Nv’dq’dao0hk,D la’gdfdkog7njvomu0j v’\kd[kooa[c8,j aos;yflQo
38twxD

oda IPol’a gdfgsoa gloA mk’dkog7nvj omu0j v’\kd[ko.o @ d=]touooA 8kj ’doa co;.fL
zoq dfy 9tdeoFU gloA mk’g7vnj om0uj v’\kd[kom’a lv’d]= to]u ;h oc8gj xoa gloA 37’h D groyj gvoU

78

dkog7vnj om0uj v’;fa 485 kj ’Mg-’yj gloA mk’g7vnj om0uj v’,oa gxoa gloA 37’h ;kj dkog7vnj om3uj 7’h

I6[ !_D&

$D dkog7jnvomju,qo

dyf9tde $G lbdlkdkog7jnvomju,qoD

9q’j .-hlQo|bj’0v’g-nvd,af;af45|bj’ c]h;9a[lQo0v’g-nvdmujpa’gsn^v 9kdoAo cd;’j g-nvd
.sh;af45g7nvj omuDj la’gdfglAomk’g7nvj omu0j v’;af45mu,j af16lj Qog-nvdD
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
gloA mk’g7nvj omu0j v’;fa 4g5 xoa co;.fL

g,njvcd;’j g-nvdF ;af45g7njvogxao;q’muj,uglAo]aflt\u
9edfa X7;k,pk;0v’g-vn d?D ltooA F gloA mk’g7vnj om0uj v’
;fa 4f5 ’ja dkj ;gxoa ;’q ,oq m,uj gu loA ]fa lt\gu mkjq d[a 7;k,pk;0v’
g-nvdoAoD grjyogvUo dkog7jnvomju0v’;af458jk’Mg-jy’glAo
mk’g7nvj omu0j v’,oa gxoa gloA ,oq ;kj dkog7nvj mu,j oq D

I6[ !_D*

7e4k,G

9’jq pdq 8;q 1kj ’dkog7vnj omcuj 8]j tc[[ X-Fjn 37’h F ,oq c]t pkh p0t|ko? .swh f1h kj ’|vh p
c8]j tc[[ # 8q;1kj ’D

79

[qfmu @W
dkog7njvomujlt\jeltg\u

!D dkog7jnvomju-njlt\Oltg\u

dyf9tde !G

9’jq l’a gdfI[6 7oq z|6h ’bj 0]ju fq 4[u wx8k,mk’8vo|’bj .oI[6 ],5j oU 3fp-;j ’g;]k]ts;kj ’lv’
muj8A’8+dao0v’]qfc,oj ! okmu gmqkj daoD

200 m 200 m 200 m 200 m 200 m

I6[ @WD! ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

dko0]uj fq 4[u 0v’7oq z|6h ’bj 1g6j m’y mk’8vo|’bj f’ja I[6 0kh ’gm’y o.U sIh s6h p’a L
w]ptmk’g7nvj omumj u7j oq 0u]j fq 4u[zo6h Uwxwfgh xoa f’ja .o8k8t]k’],5j oUG

okmu ! @ # $

w]ptmk’mujwxwfh @WW @WW @WW @WW

dkog7vnj om0uj v’;fa 485 kj ’M g-’yj rkp.ow]ptg;]kgmkjq doa r;d,oa wxwfwh ]ptmk’gmkjq doa
groyj gvUo;kj dkog7nvj mu-j lnj t\ej ltg\uD

@D 7;k,w;0v’dkog7jnvomjult\jeltg\u

dyf9tde @G

9q’j lbdlk0=h,6odPj ;da[zqodkoc0’j 0aoc]oj w;.ow]ptmk’pk; *W c,af .o8k8t]k’
],j5 oGU

80

]}f -nj c]t ok,ltd5o w]ptmk’ g;]kc]oj w]ptc]oj .o ]}f mu

c];mk’ Xm? Xs? ! ;yokmu

! mD [q;]u *W !W DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD

@ mD lvograf *W _F& DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD

# mD ;ucvaf *W !! DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD

$ mD lumv’ *W _ DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD

& mD [5o,k *W !WD& DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD

{ .zc]oj g4y’glAow-]efa[mu !S @S #S $ c]t mu &L 0Po]efa[mu0v’c8]j t7qo.lj
8k8t]k’.oglqk ]efa[muD

{ w]ptmk’mjuc8j]t7qoc]jowfh.oc8j]t;yokmuc,jogmqjk.fL 7yfw]jc]h;0Pozqo.lj
8k8t]k’.oglqkl5fmhkp Xw]ptmk’c]oj .o ! ;yokmu?

dko7yfw]j7jkw]ptmk’mjuc8j]t7qoc]jowxwfh.o ! ;yokmu c,jogvqkw]ptmk’ma’\qf
X*W c,af? sko.sh w]ptg;]kmujc8]j t7qo.-hc]oj .ow]ptmk’fa’j dkj ;D

w]ptmk’m;uj fa 485 kj ’M g7vnj omwuj xwfh rkp.o w]ptg;]k ! s;q |;j pg;]k gvoU ;kj 7;k,w;D
4hkcmow]ptmk’ma’\qffh;p s F 7;k,w; fh;p v c]t g;]kfh;p t 9tlk,kf0Pol6f
7yfw]7j ;k,w;wfhf’aj oUG
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
v=s
t X@W D !?

8k,l6f X@W D !? gonjv’9kd;kj sq;|;j p;afcmdw]ptmk’ s c,oj c,af Xm? c]t

sq;|;j p;afcmdw]ptg;]k t c,oj ;yokmu Xs?D fa’j oAoF sq;|;j p;afcmd7;k,w;c,oj c,af

8+;yokmu Xc,af};yokmu? s^n m/s D

s;q |;j p7;k,w;F ovd9kdc,fa 8+ ;oy kmu c];h S groyj p’a .-h c,fa 8o+ kmu Xm/mn?F d3y ]c,fa

8+ okmu Xkm/mn? c]t dy3]c,af 8+ -q;j 3,’ Xkm/h?

#D 7;k,w;0v’dkog7njvomuj,qo

dyf9tde !G

.od=]toudkog7njvomuj,qolt\ej ltg\uF l6f7yfw]7j ;k,w;c,oj G

ω= N X@WD @?
t

81

.ol6f X @WD@ ? G N c,oj 9eo;oIv[xyjoma’\qfF
t c,oj w]ptg;]k oypq,.-hgxaookmu Xmn?
ω c,oj 7;k,w; muoj ypq,.-hgxaoIv[}okmu

[qfg]d8q;1jk’G

!? oaddy]kc]oj w;zh6|bj’F .ow]ptg;]k & s c]oj wfh $W mD 4k,;kj oaddy]kzh6oAoc]oj

fh;p7;k,w;gmqkj .f L

.shIh6G cdGh S
t
S = 40 m oe.-hG v=

t= 5s 7;k,w;0v’oaddy]kzh6oAoc,oj G

-vd G v = ?

8v[ ) m/s ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

@? 9ko0v’dq’g8uw22hk|;j p|bj’F rkp.og;]k & okmu xyoj wfh !(& Iv[D 9q’j 7yfw]j
7;k,w;0v’d’q g8uw22kh |;j pooA
.shIh6G cdhG

N = 1(& Iv[ oe.-hG
t=&s 7;k,w;0v’9kodq’g8uw22hkoAoc,oj G

-vd G = ?

8v[ G 35 Iv[}mn

7e4k,G

!D 9q’j xPj o7;k,w;0v’;af45G 25 m/s gxao km/h; 7,5 km/h gxao m/s.
@D gInv]e|bj’]vj ’8k,dtcloEws^1kj ’lt\Oltg\u.ow]ptmk’ _WW c,af .-hg;]k

@W okmuD 9q’j 7yfw]7j ;k,w;0v’gInvgxao dy3]c,af 8+ -q;j 3,’D
#D ]fq 9da 7oa |’bj c]oj f;h p7;k,w;lt\Oltg\Su .ow]ptg;]k #W okmFu ]fq 7oa f’ja dkj ;

c]oj wxwfhw]ptmk’ @& dy3]c,afD 9q’j 7yfw]7j ;k,w;0v’]qfoAo gxao dy3]c,af 8+
-;qj 3,’D

82

[qfmu @!
dkog7jnvomju[+lt\Oltg\u

!D dkog7jnvomju[+lt\Oltg\u

dkog7nvj omucj o;.f gvUo;kj dkog7nvj omu[j +lt\Oltg\uL
dyf9tdeG la’gdfdkog7jnvomju0Bo]q’0v’\kd[komju4nd3po0Bo

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
dD 3po\kd[ko0Bo8A’-nj 0D 3po0Bo8k,myf8k,.9

I6[ @!D!

!? 9[a gvkq \kd[ko 3po0oB 8k,];’8’A l’a gdfdkog7vnj om0uj v’\kd[koD
@? 9’jq 3po\kd[ko0oB 8k,.9 l’a gdfdkog7vjn om0ju v’\kd[koD
gloA mk’g7nvj omu0j v’\kd[ko .oc8]j td=]tougxoa co;.fL
g;]k3po\kd[ko0oB 8’A -nj sn^ 3po0oB 8k,.9 gsoa ;kj \kd[kog7vnj om0uj oB lf5 -;j ’0v’,oa
c]h;8qd]q’D oAoltcf’;kj g;]kg7njvomuj0Bo7;k,w;0v’,aos^5f]q’g4y’ W c]h;,ao8qd]q’fh;p
7;k,w;gru,j 0BoD
1.6j o-;u fy xt9e;oa c]t .og8da ody dkog7vnj om0uj v’;fa 485 kj ’M ];h oc8xj Pj ocx’7;k,w;
g]NvpMD 8q;1jk’G .og;]kgIqk0ju]qf9ad sn^ ]qf.spjF 4hk8yf8k,g[jy’g0a,dq’g8u-U[vd7;k,
w;0v’]fq 1.6j oc8]j t9f5 g;]k sn^ g;kQ vdu 1kj ’|’bj c,oj 7;k,w;.oc8]j tm8uj ’A gm’y gloA mk’g7vnj omuj
9tgsao;jk ,aog|a’8u’1j6g]NvpMD oAoltcf’;jk 7;k,w;0v’]qfmjugIqkde]a’0ujoAoxjPocx’
X-hk]q’ sn^ w;0Bo? 16jg]NvpMD

83

dkog7njvomuj0v’;af45g-yj’7;k,w;0v’,ao s^n w]ptmk’g7njvomujwxwfh.oc8]j tsq;|;j p
g;]k[+gmkjq doa gvUo;kj dkog7nvj omu[j +lt\Oltg\uD

.odkog7nvj omu[j +lt\Oltg\uF 7;k,w;.oc8]j t95fg;]kmugj Iqkde]a’la’gdf gryjogvUo;kj
7;k,w;maomuD 8q;1kj ’g,njvgIqkvvd]qfwxwfhw]ptg;]k # ;yokmuF g0a,dq’g8u]qf-U16j-nj0uf $WS
oAo\kp7;k,;kj 16j95fg;]k # ;yokmuF 7;k,w;maomu0v’]qfc,oj $W dy3]c,af 8+-q;j 3,’ s^n
;kj 16j95f g;]k # ;yokmu ]qfde]a’c]oj fh;p7;k,w; $W dy3]c,af 8+ -q;j 3,’D

@D 7;k,w;0v’ dkog7jnvomju[+lt\Oltg\u

gonjv’9kd;kj 7;k,w;0v’dkog7nvj omu[j +lt\Oltg\u xPj ocx’g]NvpMD 8q;1kj ’dko
g7njvomuj0v’]qf7ao|bj’ g;]kg]uj,vvdgfuomk’ 7;k,w;0v’,ao8ej c]h;gruj,0BoS 8+9kdoAo.o
]ts;kj ’mk’7;k,w;0v’,oa [k’-;j ’-kh ]’q F [k’-;j ’w;0oB S lf5 mkh pg,vnj g4’y 9f5 \kp7;k,w;
0v’,aos^5f]q’ c]h;15fD fa’j oAoF grnjv.shltf;d.odko7yfw]Fj gryjo9b’j .-h 7;k,w;xkodk’ s^n
7;k,w;ltg]pj D dko7yfw]7j ;k,w;ltg]pj c,oj 7yfw]8j k,l6f]5,j oUG

S1 + S 2 + S 3 + ...Sn .ooAoG S1 ; S2 ; S3 ;…Sn c,oj w]ptmk’muj
t1 + t 2 + t3 + ... + tn ;af45g7njvmujwxwfhrkp.oc8]j tw]ptg;]k

t1 ; t2 ; t3 … tn
Vl] = ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

gonjv’9kd G S1 + S2 + S3 +…Sn = w]ptmk’ S muj;af45g7njvomujwxwfhma’\qf
c]t t + t + t +…t = w]ptg;]k t muj;af45.-hg7njvomujwxwfhw]pt
123 n
mk’ma’\qfD fa’j oAoF dko7yfw]7j ;k,

w;ltg]pj lk,kf7yfw]8j k,l6fG

Vl] = s
t

[qfg]d8q;1jk’G

!? ]qf7ao|bj’c]oj 8k,mk’8vo|bj’fa’j oUG -q;j 3,’mevyf wxwfh $W km S @ -q;j 3,’4af

wxwfhw]ptmk’ !WW kmS 9kdoAo15frad ! -qj;3,’ c]h;c]jowx8+ ! -qj;3,’

c]t wxwfhw]ptmk’ #& kmD 9q’j 7yfw]7j ;k,w;ltg]pj 0v’]qf7aofaj’dkj ;D

cdh G oe.-hl6f S1 + S 2 + S 3 + ...Sn
t1 + t 2 + t 3 + ... + t n

84

7;k,w;ltg]pj 0v’]qf7aof’aj dkj ;c,oj G

Vl] = 40 + 100 + 0 + 35
1+ 2+1+1

= 175 = 35km
5

@? oaddy]kc]oj mqozh6|bj’ c]oj fh;p7;kw;ltg]pj & c,af 8+ ;yokmuD 4k,;kj

4hkoaddy]kzh6oAoc]oj .ow]ptg;]k # -;qj 3,’F 9twxwfhw]ptmk’9addy3]c,afL

.shIh6G cdhG

Vl] = 5 m/s oe.-hl6fG Vl] = S
t

t = 3h = 10 800s ⇒ S = V l] × t

w]ptmk’mujoaddy]kzh6oAowxwfhc,oj G

S= 5 m/s × 10 800s

= 5 4000m = 54km

8v[G 54 km
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
7e4k,G

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g\uL dkog7nvj omu0j v’;fa 4.5 fgxoa dkog7nvj omu[j +lt\ej ltg\uL
d? dkog7njvomuj0v’.[rafraf]q,mujde]a’xyjoxqddt8yD
0? dkog7njvomuj0v’]qfg]uj,vvdgfuomk’
7? dkog7njvomuj0v’]qf4u[xvj p]q’7hvp
’? dkog7njvomuj0v’]qfg,g0Qkv6]j qf

@D oadIPo-kp7qo|bj’0uj]qf4u[wx8k,mk’ @ w]ptfa’j oUG w]ptmuj|bj’]q’7hvppk; !@W
c,fa .-gh ;]k #W ;yokmuS 9kdooA wx8k,mk’rP’ pk; *W c,fa .-gh ;]k @$ ;yokmuD
9q’j 7yfw]7j ;k,w;ltg]pj muj oadIPozh6oAo0uj]qfwx.oc8]j tw]ptmk’ c]t 7;k,w;
ltg]pj ];,m’a lv’w]ptmk’ooA D

#D 7;k,w;ltg]pj 0v’gInv[yo]e|bj’gmqkj da[ (&W km/h. 4hkgInv[yo]eoAo.-hg;]k[yo
! h #W mn, gInv[yo]eoAo9t[yowxwfhwdgmqkj .f kmL

$D 7qozh6|bj’0a[]qf9adwx8k,mk’ g-yj’c8]j tw]ptg;]k # okmu ]k;wxwfhw]ptmk’
8kj ’dao f’aj .o8k8t]k’],5j oUG

85

w]ptmk’ d0 07 7’ ’9 9l
7;k,pk;0v’w]ptmk’ ( km)
w]ptg;c]oj ]qf Xmn? 0,5 0,15 0,25 0,3 0,3

33 333

1j6.ow]ptmk’.f7qozh6oAoc]jo]qffh;p7;k,w;lt\jeltg\uL w]ptmk’.fc]jofh;p
7;k,w;[+lt\ej ltg\uL

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

86

[qfmu @@
7;k,vB’8B’ c]t ,;olko0v’;af45

!D 7;k,vB’8B’0v’;af45

dyf9tde !G

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;af45vjno.fc8t8hv’,aoD la’gdfg[jy’;jk
,ao9t,udkog7njvog|a’ s^n [+D

@? 9q’j la’gdfdkog8t[ko mugj 8twx8k,|hk
fyo c]t |hkfyo-kpD

#? 9’jq l’a gdf c]t xP[mP[dko-d5 38t c]t ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
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;af458jk’M mujdjk;,kgmy’oUgxaoco;.fL
pvh osp’a L

.o-u;yfxt9e;ao gIqkgsao;jkG I6[ @@D!

{ ;af458kj ’Mmuj[+lk,kfg7njvog|a’3fp380v’,aogv’wfhg-aoj G dhvosuoF 38tF 8a’j F 86hF DDD
4hk[+,uspa’c8t8hv’,aoF ,ao9t15foY’16jmuj8A’0v’,aooAo8ts^vfwxD g;Qkvud1kj ’|bj’F
;af458kj ’Mmuj15foY’16j 4hk[+,u7;k,cI’mk’ovd s^n [+,u;af45vnjodtmq[.lFj ,ao9t15f
oY’16mj u8j A’gfu,0v’,ao8ts^vfwxD

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wx8+S g,nvj .-oh Y;,nfuf\kd[u|;j p|’bj f;h pcI’gmkjq doa F 4kh fuf.s,h oa dY’wx8k,|kh fyo
cdoj c]t dhP’,aowxwfhwdd;kj fuf.sh,aodY’wx8k,|hkfyo-kpDDD g;Qkvud1kj ’|bj’
;af458kj ’Mmujde]a’g7njvomuj16j 4hk[+,u7;k,cI’ s^n ;af45vnjodtmq[.l,j ao ,ao9tg7njvomuj
8ts^vfwxD

87

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{ g;]kgIkq 0]uj fq 4[u F g,vnj c]oj f;h p7;k,w;gmkjq doa 4kh 0zuj f6h P;gsoa ;kj skh ,.s,h oa 1f5 wfwh ;
d;kj g;]k,zu v6h onj -vh omkh pD

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45muj|add;kj s^n ;af45muj,u,;olkos^kpd;kj ,u7;k,vB’8B’.spdj ;kj ;af45mujg[qk s^n ;af45muj,u,;o
lko|vh pd;kj D f’ja ooA F groyj 9’bj g;kQ ;kj ,;olko0v’;fa 4|5 ’bj c,oj xt],y komduj eofq 7;k,v’B 8’B
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|;j pmu # gvqkfyo-kp.lgj 8a,

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I6[ @@D@

88

@? gvqk9vdmuj[ao95;af45c8]j t-toyfoAowx-’aj 3fp-’aj gmnjv]t9vdD [aombd,;olko0v’
c8]j t9vdmu-j ’aj wfhD
,;olko0v’c8]j t9vdmu-j ’ja wfmh P[doa gxoa co;.fL

zoq mwju f9h kddfy 9tdeo.U sIh ;6h kj ;fa 485 k’-tofy doa m,uj [u ]= ,y kf gmkjq doa F r;d,oa ,,u ;olko

8kj ’daoD f’ja oAoF ;af458kj ’M mu,j u[=]y,kfgmkqj da[sq;|;j p[=]y,kffP;dao 9t,u,;olko8kj ’daoD

grjyogvUo,;olko0v’;af45-toyf|jb’mju,u[=]y,kfgmjqkda[|jb’sq;|j;p[=]y,kf;jk ,;olko

9egrkt0v’;af45-toyfoAoD

,;olko9egrkt0v’;af45-toyf|b’j gryoj 7yfw]8j k,l6fG

D= M .ooAo M c,oj ,;olko0v’;af45 ,usq;|;j pgxao kg
V

V c,oj [=]y,kf0v’;af45 ,usq;|;j pgxao m3

D c,oj ,;olko9egrtkt0v’;af45 ,usq;|;j pgxao kg/m3

[qfg]d8q;1jk’G ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

gsa^dmvj o|bj’ ,u,;olko @#$ c]t ,u[=]y,kf #W cm3 D 9q’j 7yfw]j ,;olko9egrkt0v’

gsda^ mvj ooDU

.shI6hG cdhG

M = 234g oe.-hl6fG D = M

V = 30 cm3 V

-vdG D = ? ,;olko9egrkt0v’gs^da c,oj G

D= 234g = 7,8 g / cm3
30cm3

= 7800 kg / m3

8v[G D = 7800kg/m3

89

8k8t]k’,;olko9egrkt0v’mkf9eo;o|bj’

-mjn kf ,;olko9egrkt (kg/m3) -mjn kf ,;olko9egrkt (kg/m3)

7e 19 300 [k 13 600

-on 11 300 oEmtg] 1 030

g'yo 10 500 oE 4 C= 1 000

mv' 8 900 oEdhvo 0 =C 900

gsd^a 7 800 oE,oa dkf 800

l'a dtlu 7 100 gskQ^ 800

vk]6,ou vu v, 2 700 oE,oa cvfa -'a 700

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
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#D grnjvgIafgInvo0v’gInv[yo 3fp,u 3]st # 1kj ’.shg]nvd.-h g-aoj G vk]6,uouvv,F gsa^d

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(D oE,oa cvfa -’a 1.6j o4’a |;j p|’bj ,,u ;olko *W kg D 4k,;kj []= ,y kf0v’,oa ,gu mkjq .fL

90

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ rkdmu V 3]d c]t fyo
[qfmu @#

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I6[ @#D! |;j p3]d

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zl6h da lyfgxoa zlh6 kh ’0Bo c]t g-nvj ;kj 3]d,u]da ltotc[ogxoa czoj rP’D xfa 9[5 oa oU 7;k,dkh ;|kh
mk’;ymtpklkf wfh-j;p.sh,to5fgIqkIh67;k,9y’djP;da[3]ds^kp0BoD zqodko7Qo7;hk

91

0v’oad;ymtpklkf.shIh6;jk |j;p3]dgxao|jb’.o[aofklt,k-yd0v’]t[q[l5]ypt 3fp,u
f;’vkmyfgxoa 9f5 .9dk’0v’]t[[q D

[aoskdkodegouf]t[q[l5]ypt ,us^kpmyfltfyumju1A’1no g-jaoG
]ts;kj ’ 7DlD !)W* mkj o7ko XKant) c]t mkj o

]kx^kl XPiere Simon Laplace? wfhltg|umyfltfu

dPj ;da[dkodegouf ]t[q[l5]ypt;kj f;’vkmyfF fk; c]t

l’yj 8kj ’M .o]t[[q l]5 py t degofu ,k9kdd,j5 dklF /oj5 F \vd

7;ao g-y’j ,u0t|kf.spj muj,u7;k,Ihvol6’,k];,d5j,dao

c]h;\6oIv[8q;gv’1jk’-hkMS cI’fb’f6f]ts;jk’ljy’

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gIaf.shd5j,dklgs^qjkoUsqf8q; gxaodj5,dkl|kc|ho0BoD I6[ @#D@ mkj o7ko XKant)
g,njvcI’\6o sn^ cI’xjyogrju,0Bo gIaf.sh[k’lj;o7jvpM

s^5fvvd.o]adltotgxao;q’cs;os^kp;q’0Bog]nhvpM g-yj’

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];,,u|;j p3]d mugj Iqkvkwl1o6j eD

{ xu 7DlD !($& mjko [62q’ (Georges-Louis I6[ @#D# mkj o ]kx^kl
Leclerc Buffon) wfhltg|umyfltfudjP;da[95f XPierre Simon Laplace?

degouf]t[q[l5]ypt;kj G ,ufk;.spfj ;’|b’j g7nvj omugj 0Qk,k.dhf;’vkmyfF cI’fb’f6f
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;fa 4v5 noj M.o]t[[q l]5 yptD
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myfltfu0v’ mkj o ]kx^kl c]t s^ad4ko9kddkolbdlkgru,j g8u, wfhltg|umyflt
fdy Pj ;d[a dkodegofu ]t[[q l]5 py t;kj G ,fu ;’vkmfy gdfu 0oB 9kddko];,d,5j 0v’dkl
c]t /o5j ]tvv’dvj oF 8+,kf;’vkmfy mguj dfu 0oB .\gj ],uj ,cu l’lts;kj ’ rvh ,m’a ,du ,5j
dkl c]t /5jo]tvv’sh5,]hv,1j6 c]t xjyovhv,f;’vkmyfoAoS dj5,dkl c]t /j5o

92

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ly’j ;fa 4m5 u|j da 9,q ]’q mk’rNo c]t ly’j ;fa 4m5 ugj [kq d;kj

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s^kprao]hkoxu gxnvd3]dg1ao]q’g]NvpM 9qogxaogsf.shgxnvd3]dsqfg0QkF sp=hg0Qk,uIvpc8d
cpdvvdF ,u[vj ol6’[vj o8ej 7ndaoda[gIqkgvqk\kdg0nvwxgzqkw2 c]h;xvj p.sh,aog1ao]q’D .ooAo
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cv’j .spMj g]ydM lk,kf0a’oEwfh1kj ’s^;’s^kpoAoc,oj mtg] c]t ,tsklt\5fgxao8QoD

@D 37’xtdv[lhk’0v’|j;p3]d

9’qj l’a gdfI[6 rk[0v’37’xtdv[lkh ’0v’|;j p3]dF c];h [vd;kj |;j p3]d xtdv[,9u da
-AoL 9qj’lq,mP[I6[ d c]t 0 c]h;9ecod-Ao8kj ’M.oI6[ dL

93

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ I6[ @#D& 37’xtdv[lhk’0v’|;j p3]d

|j;p3]dxtdv[fh;p # rkdlj;o7nG
{ rkdl;j omguj xoa 0v’c0’
{ rkdl;j omguj xoa oE
{ rkdl;j ovkdkf
|j;p3]d ,u]adltot|j;p,qo mk’.o8ao,u7;k,|kxt,ko *$W dy3]c,afF !}$
0v’|hk|;j p3]d gxaoznofyoF #}$ gxaooE c]t -Ao[aopkdkf musj h5,s+3]d ,u7;k,|kxt,ko
!!@W d3y ]c,fa D oda m]= to;u my tpkwfch [’j 3]drkdl;j omguj xoa 0v’c0’vvdgxoa # -oA 7Gn gxvn d3]dF
,vd3]d c]t cdo3]dD

dD gxnvd3]d

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3]dxtdv[fh;prkdl;j omugj xaoczoj fyoF oEmugj Iqklk,kfg[y’j gsaoD ovdoAopa’,ul;j omuj gxaosuo
c0’g-y’j /a’g]yd]q’wx.8hfyo c]t .8hoED

0D ,vd3]d

,vd3]d c,oj l;j om1uj 46j fa 9kdgxvn d3]dg0kQ wx c]t s,h5 sc+ do3]dD ,vd3]d,7u ;k,|k
xt,ko #WWW dy3]c,afD -AooU xtdv[fh;psuo c]t cImj kf8kj ’MD 0hk’]5,j 0v’-Ao,vd3]d
muj16j.dhda[cdo3]d ,umkfgs^ad c]t oydcdaogxao9eo;os^;’s^kpF c80j hk’gmy’l;j os^;’s^kp
c,oj suoD -oA ,vd3]doU Ivh os^kp9oq ]t]kpgxoa 0v’cs^; |P;7kh pd[a 1k’cs^; g-’yj ,u7;k,
|kc|hoxt,ko @{# gmnjv0v’oED

94