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Published by Kayeng Vang, 2023-08-08 01:57:53

ປື້ມຄູ່ມືຄູ ຟີຊິກສາດ ມ7

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ຟີຊິກສາດ

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45 fi III / 6 / ,") 3 "ffifl 1. /fffl 2ffl : 1) ') ,! 2/" : ffifi !(fl / , '% ) !(fl - 2, # , ( ') ) # # . 2) )(fl: 2, (, 2) # # ') 21 , # 3) / ' ') " # , & ) !(fl'ffl +fl ,# !(fl, - , - - " , - fifl, (!(fl , ffl!(fl , (ffl+ , ( ') fl. 4) ( '%) !(fl 2'") (& fl3, !" fl, " ') (fl(!(fl . 5) 2 # " ( ,! 2 "/ "# ') ' ,) & fl3* . 2. ,(2& & # , ,/ ) "'ffl +fl ,# ') " ) " '% / / / -ff fl*fl/ (ff 3( , % / ) " ,( " : , ,( *. (fi ff fi * "' fi) flfl , flfi) flfl 1 ffi(* ( *'")( ffl + # ( *'")( *# ,( ( *'")( ,( " : / ffl + ffl 6 . ,") (fi - ff fl*"fi) flfl !(fl *"* 1 fl& # *fl( fi ff 62 fl ') , 2fflfi" *"& ') " & # fl2ffl ( fi ( ff 6 *" 2'") (& # 3*. *"!(fl ( fi & ff # ,(fl ' ,( " : '% ) !(fl . ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

46 *"!(fl ( fi & ff fl '%) !(fl , fl,, ( ,(" : !" fl. *"!(fl ( fi ,& ff fl ffl+ !- '%) !(fl,( " : " ffl + . *"!(fl ( fi !(fl ff # # *, ( *& , ,( !(fl'&)( fi !(fl ff &# fl ,( !(fl . # fl , , ( !(fl- ,# ,( '!" fl. 1 - 1# , /-ff fl ,! / # , " fl * ff fl ,(" : " fl ; ) # 1 "" 1 " ') ff ,( !(fl , ! ,# ')" " ,( " : , . , / - fifl # 1 fl,( " : ", , / - ffl# + fl& # ,(fl ,( " : & # ,(fl. (fl(!(fl : , (fl , *) ffl+ *),( ( A ), " " ( ( ), ,") (" (T ) ') " 1 ( f ) fi"fi )ffl" fl,") (" T 1" 1 f : 1 f T " *"!(fl " *"!(fl2'") (" fl 1 fi / ) , ( *1 ) fi #/* v f ( % *), ( !(fl sin 2 ( ) x t y A T ( 2) # '% ) *& x ') fi , fl/* % : sin 2 ( ) x t y A T ( A A o ( ( ( ) & *),( (fl . " ", ( A A o T T T ) & *),( (fl !. ,") ("!(fl ,( P P) t t

47 3. ( ,, (, ) # # , , * # , * , (ffl , 1 )(fl . # 1 ,fl (*!",! ," * : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_wave 4. / ') ( # / # 1. 1) fi # " ,fi ,ffl 2 " / "# . 2ffl ( ,fi ,ffl ') ) ,( !(fl. , / 2? ( *'") ( ') # ( *'")(2 , ( 2' ? 2) 2ffl , (2 " ffifi fi !(fl / ') '% ) !(fl 2'") (ffl 6 . - 2ffl ) fl % 3-5 . - " fi ( ffl ff +,(2. / # 2. fi # , )(fl , !" fl ') "2 / # 1 ') 2 2'. ' "# )(fl. & )(fl, ff (& " ,4 . fl,, ') ( %* / )(fl. " fi ( ffl ff +,(2. / # 3. fi # )(fl , - : # " fl , , , " ') & # ,(fl. ' "# )(fl ') 2 (ff (. ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

48 & )(fl, ff (& " ,4 . fl,, ') ( %* / )(fl. " fi ( ffl ff +,(2. / # 4. 1) fi # '& , 'fl 6.6 2'. 2ffl ( fl(& fl3!(fl fl,, " , ') ( (fl(!(fl . 2ffl ! fi "fi )ffl" fl,") (" " 1 ') " *"!(fl ,( . 2) 2ffl ( ' ,)& "6 fl 1 2'6 , " % (3& & ') 2ffl " ,ffl &# ' ,fi (2ffl1 & (fl. 3) fi # '& , 'fl 6.8 2'. 2ffl % *), ( !(fl . ') " fi % *), ( !(fl . 2ffl ( ' ,)& "6 fl 2 2'6 , " % (3& & ') 2ffl " ,ffl &# ' ,fi (2ffl1 & (fl. " fi ( ffl ff +,(2 fl4 . 5. " ') ,% fi / ) / : 1) fl," 2/ ') " ,( 2/2!(fl '& ) . 2) ," , !(fl / &( 1 " # . 3) " ,! 2// fflff +,( " ffl +fl / - (. # 4) ," ') 2 # / ( , ", ffi/ ') 2 # *) ' ,B ffl.

49 &( 1 ') ' # ,B ffl 1. &(: , ,/ ) "'ffl +fl ,# ') " ) " '%/ / / -ff fl*fl/ (ff 3( , % / ) " ,( " : , , ( *. (fl : !" fl ') . 2. &(: ( ) fl ffiffl fffffi! fl " ffff#$%ff! &fflff!&' ffiffl ffff flff&*ffl* ' ffi & + * "*& , ffff". 3. &(: ,( *ffi( *'") (,( " : / ffl + ffl 6 . ,fi : - , # 2, , ( ') fl. ,ffl + , ( * *, (fl/ ) ffl 6 !(fl'")( ,(fl. " ffl 6 ') " (fl &fl!(fl'") (/, &" # " *" , ( . 4. &(: !# fl. fi) flfl ( : ,( , ( / /2- ff fl*ffl /(ff 3 fi" ! flfi) flfl , flfi) flfl 1 ffi(* ( *'") ( ffl+ # ( *'")( *# . 5. &(: !# !. " " ( : " " (Wavelength: ( ) '" "!(fl 1 ) ffl+ , *)ffl fl)ffl" fl(fl, fl 6 1 )ffl" fl(fl . 6. &(: !# 3) ! ') ( : ( *'")((& " fl)2 , ( ,(" : / ( 2, , (, - , # fl). " #( *'")( (& " fl) 2 , ( ,(" : ' ,ffl +* (" , ff 'fl, *ffi$," , )fl ( &$ *"ffi(,), )fl ,( , )fl ' ). 7. &(: !# fl. fl(fl : ,- ( ') 2&. ( : !" fl1 ffi(fi) flfl / fi & "((*& ," &. ( fi !(fl'") ff ( /,( *fl(fl : ,-( ') 2& 'flfl ! fl. ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

50 8. &(: fl. C ffl G. ( : ,( !(fl2 "fl,") 2- fl" ",& fi#' "fl,") C ffl G. 9. ': fl : t 10s,( 0,2m / " # 20 ) . *) : f v ?, ? - *) f : (" " 1 , / " # ,! 2- flffl"- ",") . fl . f t 9eo; o7 No 20 -1 2s 2Hz 10s f - *) v : 2 # v f ( ' 2 * v 2 0,2 0,4m/s 10. ': *fifl-%: f = 150 -ff/&fifl ; ( = 10 cm ; S = 180 m ": t = ? !ffl*% v f T ( ( v 10 150 1500 15 cm/s m/s !ffl* % 180 12 15 S S v t t v s 11. ': fl : f 10Hz, S 10cm , (5 4( ) . 2,") 10 " , ( % / 2- ff fl, fl&" fl * / ) . (" " 1 , / " # ,! 2- flffl"- ",") . fl . f t 9eo; o7 No / " # t f - 'ffl+fl ,# f 10Hz 2,") 1 " , ( % / 2- ff fl* 10 ) - 2,") 10 " , ( % / 2- ff fl, fl&" fl* 10 10 100 ) !. ,") ("!(fl(fi - ff fl, fl&" fl ! ) fl - fl( 2? - ,") ("!(fl, ,") !(fl !(fl& " fl 1 1 0,1s 10 T f

51 fl , ,") ( fi - ff fl, fl- % "&" fl 1 ( 0,1" . " *",( !(fl , 2? 2 # : S v t 10 10cm/s 1 cm v 12. ': fl : t s 0,5 ; S cm 6 ": v = ? 2 # : S v t 6 12 / 0,5 v cm s 13. ': fl : S t 10m; = 5s; T = ,") (",") , ( *2 1 ) = 5,5 - 5 ffl+ 6 - 5,5 = 0,5 s *) : ( ? 2 # : 10 2m/s 5 S v t ') v T ( ( v T 2 0,5 1 m fl , * " " - # 1 '. 14. ': fl : y 12cos(0,005 628 ) x t *) : A = ? ; f = ? ; ( = ? / % !(fl 2 2 yA x t cos T ( ffl ff fi ! " & ffi/ y 12cos(0,005 628 ) x t # & fl32 2 % , * : 1) *) !(fl *" A 12cm 2) " 1 *" 2 1 628 628 314 2 t t T T fl 1 f 314 Hz T 3) " " 2 2 0,005 400 0,005 x x ( ( cm 15. ': fl : 05 2 0 01 2 t x y( t ) , sin , ffl ff fi ! " ": A = ? ; ( = ? ; T = ? ; v = ? *%* sin 2 t x y A T ( ffl ff fi ! " ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

52 ff 0,1sin 2 0,01 2 t x y ffl ff fi ! " *fiff*! *0,ffl 2 * , -": 1) " A 0,5 m 2) &-ff& 0,01 0,01 t t T T s 3) &2fl 1 1 100 0,01 f T Hz 4) && 2 2 x x ( ( m 5) &"& v f 2 100 200 T ( ( m/s 16. ': fl : y 2sin(5 10 ) x t cm. . *) *), ( 2ffl ff & % y xt 2sin (5 10 ) ') 2 # 2 2 y A xt sin( ) T ( )ffl" fl(fl % /* : 1) *),( 2ffl !(fl ff *"!(fl ' A = 2 cm 2) " "' 2 x 5 x ( ( 0,4 cm 3) ,") ("' 2 t t 10 T T 0,2 s 4) " *"!(fl' 0,4 2 0,2 v T ( cm/s !. *) " *"2ffl ff *"!(fl 2 # max max 2 2 2 6,28 0,2 v Av A T cm/s

53 7 ff)& fl3!(fl ,") 3 "ffifl 1. /fffl 2ffl : 1) ') ,! 2/" : ( !(fl , (!(fl ') ffl!(fl . 2) )(fl: ( , ( ') ffl !(fl 2 ) # & fl3. 3) ( )ff !(fl , : ( , ( ') ffl!(fl . 4) 2 # " ( ,! 2 "/ "# ') ' ,) & fl3* . 2. ,(2& & # ,( / (fl *), ( & )"fl" , ( % '" )(2- fl,! ffl ') fi 6 /ff 2- fl, ,ffl + )",! ')", )"6 /ff,( " : ( !(fl . ( !(fl ( * "ffl + ( : , ( (fl , ( % '") ( fi *) ,( !(fl )" , % "!(fl*), ( !(fl fl(fl fi ffl +fl/ fl(fl, ( % fi ') " '& ) / fl ') fl,. ,(fi / ) ') (fi ff ff !(fl 2 ) # , ! : 1) fi)flfl !(fl 2 , ( "- fl* ( fl, ffi ,fl ! ,( " : (!(fl . 2 ,( * , ffl+ fl! !" fl,( " : . " / fl ,( " : (. 2) fi)flfl !(fl "- fl fl* 2 # , , ( & , 2ffl , , (, . ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

54 fflff +, , (!(fl * " , ( , ( , ( ') fl(fl 62 - fifl". ( !(fl - # 1" ) (ffl+ ( ,# 'fl. 1 ( 2 ffl!(fl # fl 7.12: ,( , ( / '")( - fl,! *ffl ( '")(- fl '&& fl , ,") , ( % # ),"(&# )ffl" fl'") ( fl(fl; , ffl ( , (fl / " *"!(fl , ( !(fl2'") ( - fl# , " *"!(fl 2'") ( (fl ') " "!(fl , ( '&& # fl '& " " 1 !(fl # 'fl. 'fl" *" ') " " , 2ffl fl!(fl 'fl* ,( " : ffl!(fl . 1 2ffl , ( &2 (& # )ffl" fl(fl'") (& fl , 1 , &fl - (& # !(fl(fl'")( ,( " : . # ),"- (&# , * ffl * ') ( , &fl - (& # , 2 ,(" : ffl. 2ffl 1 v , " *"!(fl2'") ( - fl, 2 v , " *"!(fl 2'")( (fl. ,fi * fi "fi )ffl" fl , " *", " 1 ') " " fl : 1 11 2 22 sin sin v v ( ( 3. ( )# # , ,, (, , )(fl, , '% # '& fl3, '% ' ", 1 ffl+ 'ffl+fl ,# ') * ' . 4. / # ') ( 4.1 )(fl')" " ( !(fl 1) fi # , )(fl " " fl)") # # , flfiffl(fl ffl + ffi& / )") # #fl(fl fl(( 3 ' ') " )") # # * fl" fi( 1 fl / 2ffl 2 fl ! fi ( 1 fl. fl,) !(fl ,! fl(fl ) # .

55 1 ,/ / # : - 1 (fl , fi , ffl fl, ! ? ((fl , , ( fi , 2ffl fl! ffl + 'fl!, 2ffl" , ) - 1 (fl ,& fl fi , ffl fl, ! ? ((fl ,& fl , ( fi , 2ffl ffl ) fl ffl + () fl) 2) " ( % )(fl - '& fi( fl( % )(fl. 3) 2ffl ( 4 ' ,)& "6 fl 1 2'6 , " % (3& & ') 2ffl " ,ffl &# ' ,fi (2ffl1 & (fl. 4.2 )(fl') " " (!(fl 2, , ( 1) fi # )(fl ( ) # ( fl ) ffi 2 , ( " 5 ' - fl& , *" fl ; 2 / , ( ') " 2ffl , " ,( ,! ffl & , fl 7.4. fl, , ( !(fl, '"2? - fl, fl!(fl , ( 2 , )(fl, '"2? 2) fi # )(fl2 ) # - fl!(fl, ( , ( ! -) fl *,) " 2 "fl fi #, )(fl. / 2 , (2ffl , ", ( ,! ffl 2 "fl fl 7.5. fl, , ( !(fl, '"2? 3) " ( %* / )(fl. - '& fi( fl( % )(fl. 4) 2ffl ( 4 ' ,)& "6 fl 2 ') 3 2'6 , " % (3& & ') 2ffl " ,ffl &# ' ,fi (2ffl1 & (fl. ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

56 4.3 " ( !(fl - # 2)# & fl3 1) fi # )(fl" fl- fifl " ( 1 2- fl. / 2 - # ,fi (, 'ffl+fl ,# !- , ( * 2 - fifl fl 7.10. fl, , ( !(fl. 2) 2ffl, )(flffl + fl " & fl3)ffl" fl'% ( ')" ,# . 3) 1 '% , ,ffifl ( ,! fl, *& , ( ffl+ #? 4) " ( %* / )(fl. 4.4 " ffl!(fl - # 1) fi # )(fl" fl'% ' "2 '/ 21 ffi2ffl !(, fl!(fl'%' "6 ) ff- # 1 2mm , 2ffl, # )," # &, fl'%' " ') " fl!(, fl'%' "!- - !(fl 'ffl+fl ,# . 2) , 2ffl ,# - / # # )," ,)# ,( *ffl # )," &# . fl, , ( !(fl. 3) , )(flffl + fl ffi '%' "!(, fl!(fl( - , & fl3 fl 7.12. fl, , ( !(fl. 4) " ( %* / )(fl. 5) 2ffl ( 4 ' ,)& "6 fl 4 2'6 , " % (3& & ') 2ffl " ,ffl &# ' ,fi (2ffl1 & (fl. 5. " ') ,% fi / ) / : 1) fl," 2/ ') " ,( 2/2!(fl '& ) . 2) ," , !(fl / &( 1 " # . 3) " ,! 2/!(fl ( ') ffl +fl& / - (. #

57 4) ," ') 2 # / ( , ", ffi/ ') 2 # *) ' ,B ffl. &( 1 ') ' # ,B ffl 1. ff)!(fl (2' ? &(: 4 ff) : (, ffl , ( ') )"" . - ( ') ffl , ))"!(fl ') ( fi . ff - ( ') ) "" , )ff ,fi !(fl ( fi . ff 2. ( (!(fl ') " fl !(fl - ,# ( *2 - fifl . &(: 'ffl+fl ,# !- , ( *2 - fifl ') 'ffl +fl # ,, " fl & # ,(fl - fifl , 2ffl , (! , fl- '% ( *" , ( , ( , ( ') fl(fl 6 2- fifl" . (!(fl - 1 # " ) (ffl + ( , # 'fl. 1 ( 2 3. , , ( fl ') ,) ,( ( ,, '"2? &(: - , , ( (fl ) ( , fl ! , ( . - , , ( , ( , # 'fl,( . 4. !# 2& # *1 & (fl , ( - ,# ( / # )," ,)# ,! # )," &# . . " *"!(fl2 ,)# (" " *" 2 &# . !. " *"!(fl2 ,)# 2ffl" " *" 2 &# . . " 12 ,)# 2ffl" " 1 2 &# . fl. " 12 ,)# (" " 1 2 &# . ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

58 ", ffi/: 2 ,)# v; ( 2ffl " 2 &# '& f , ,( , ( / # )," ,)# ,! # )," &# " *" ') " " ffl ff +)fl '& " 1 , . & (: !# !. 5. ,( - ,# ( / '")( - fl*ffl '")( (fl ffi" *"!(fl ,fi !. ! # 2) ff 1 & (fl )# 2'") ( (fl. . " 1,fi ! !. " 1fflff +)fl . " "2ffl ! fl. " " () fl ", ffi/: ,( , ( / '")( - fl*ffl '")( (flffi " *"!(fl,fi ! 'fl" '") ( (fl ,)# " '") ( - fl, " "/2ffl (,fi ) ! '& " 1 / , , . & (: !# . 6. 2 ffl !(fl - , # ( - ,# ( / # )," ,)# * ffl # )," &# . 1 " " " ( , " *" v ') " 1 f !(fl - / # 'fl'"2? . ( () fl, v () fl '& f fl . . ( 2ffl! , v 2ffl! '& f fl . !. ( () fl, f 2ffl! '& v fl . fl. ( () fl, f () fl '& v fl . ", ffi/: ,( - ,# ( / # )," ,)# *ffl &# * ( () fl, v () fl '& f fl . & (: !# .

59 7. /fl fl, ) ff ') " &( 1 ! # # 7.1 ') 7.2. 7.1 " "2 , fl' A (!, &"( () 7.2 *),( !(fl ' D (!, &"( () 8. &(: !# fl. ,( !- (& # ffl+ ,( !(fl& fl (& # ffl / # fl ,( & ffl+ ffl , , ( / ,)# *ffl &# v;( fflff +)fl '& f fl ') fl# 'fl. 9. ': fl : v 20cm/s; f 5Hz *) : ( ? 2 # : v f ( 20 2 4cm =4.10 m 5 v f ( / !(, (/ fl ff ,( , ( * 3 1 1,03m 4 S ( 2 # : S v t 1,03 5,15s 0,2 S t v 10. ': fl : 1 ( 2cm; f 3Hz *) : 2 v ? / 1 53 ') 2 53 16 37 16 53 ( '")( 1 '")( 2 ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

60 - *) " " 2'") ( (fl 2 # : 1 1 2 2 sin sin ( ( 1 2 sin 53 sin 37 ( ( ' 2 * : 2 4/5 2 3/5 ( 2 ( 1,5m - *) " *" 2'") ( (fl 2 # : v f ( 2 2 v f . 3 1,5 4,5m/s ( 11. ': fl : f 20Hz ;( 5cm *) : v ? - " 1!(fl - ,# " 1 !(fl'ffl +fl ,# 20Hz - & & # ffl fl , " " ( / ,) 4 20cm ( , * ( 5cm 2 # : v f ( v 5 20 100cm/s v 1m/s

61 8 (ffl+!(fl ,") 3 "ffifl 1. /fffl 2ffl : 1) ') ,! 2/" (ffl +!(fl , ) "" !(fl , , / fl ') ) & fl!(fl . 2) ( (ffl+ ') ) "" . 3) 2 # " ( ,! 2 "/ "# ') ' ,) & fl3* . 2. ,(2& & # & # ,(fl/ (fl'ffl +fl ,# " fi , ( & # ,(fl ,(" : ( ffl+ . (ffl+6 /ff fi / fl" , ') / ff (fl fi / (fl ,) " , ,( " : (ffl+' ,fi . (ffl+ !(fl fi (fl , & " # , ffl + (fl & " , ,( " : (ffl+'ffl ) fl. fl)" ,! 24 2ffl,ffl 6/ff - fl ffi!(fl , 6 &ffl +(,") ,(" : / fl ffl + fl. ,( % (fl'') "'% ) (( , " fl '%((/ 'ffl +fl ,# " fl ( ffi2 ffl + !(fl ff' (Huygens’s principle) , fl , (2" : ff3/ff& - , 'ffl+fl ,# 24 , fl, " fl ," ') , ( *2 " ,( !(fl , . % (ffl +!(fl / fl 2 2 sin cos 2 x y A ft ( , fl y , & ) # ! x 2,") t 2- fl. / 2 f ') 1 # 2ffl 2 k ( /* % 2 24 fl : y 2 sin .cos A kx t ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

62 6'& )/ ff *"& & ) # '& *) & fl : A' 2Asin kx + *) / 2ffl ff &# # ,( sin 1 kx , 4 " " . 3 5 , , ,... 22 2 kx fl : 3 5 , , ,... 44 4 x ((( 6/ ff 1 2 2 x n ffl ff ( fi ! " ffi" n 0; 1; 2; 3;... / *" "*) 2ffl . ff + *) / ( (, ff ) &# # ,( sin 0 kx , 4 " " . kx 0, , 2 , 3 ,... fl : 3 0, , , , 2 ,... 2 2 x ( ( ( ( 6/ ff 2 x n ( ffi" n 0; 1; 2; 3;... # *" , (fl/ " *) !(fl *", . " " : ) # "*1 , n ) , fl,, ( ffl + ,)" ! *) fl : 2 n ( ; n 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; ... " 1!(fl : 2) # , / fl " 1 !(fl *"& (fl( (fl " 1 ,fi !(fl 2, , ( ffl + ,)" /fl, 2ffl, ( fl)"* ; " 1 fl " *) & : 2 n v nv f ( 1 n 1, " 1 ( ,( ff " : " 1 1 ffl+ "!- fl, 1 n 2 ') &# 3* , fl" 1 ( (fl '& ) " ' 1f ; 2 ;... ; n f f ') v , " *"!(fl2, , (; 2ffl ( " 1 " *"!(fl ,! & , , ( # " v T / * . , ! 24/* : 2 n T f * 2T '" 'fl, fl!(fl,, ( ffl + )" ffl"- ", ",& (N), * '" / ,fi !(fl, # ( ffl"- ", ffi)$ & # ' (kg/m).

63 3. ( 1 , 'ffl +fl ,# , 'ffl +fl ,# (flffl ", '% , , )", ,(fl, ,") , % ') * . 4. / ') ( # 4.1 )(fl') " " (ffl +!(fl 1) fi # , )(fl " 2 # , (fl ,# 2 ffl" 2- 21 # ,fi (, 2ffl, " fl & # ,(fl ; - fl(fl! " 6ff fl 4 " " 'ffl +fl ,# " 1 , ') , fl ( ") , ( ((*21 . fl,,fl - fl(fl, (, ( fi , fl% . 2) " ( % )(fl ') 'flfi (ffl + !(fl- # ,/ 'ffl +fl ,# " 1 S ') 2 S / fl, ! . 3) / 8.2 ( 2ffl ,! 2/" !( ( Nodes) ') &!( ffl + (fl (Antinodes)!(fl. 4) 2ffl ( 4 ' ,)& "6 fl 2 '6 , " % (3& & ') 2ffl " ,ffl &# ' ,fi (2ffl1 & (fl. 4.2 )(fl') " " ) "" !(fl fi # )(fl fl : 1) )(fl 1: " fl'% fifl 1 '% 6 # )," fl1 2ffl - !(fl '% !- ,# . ffl +fl/ , 2ffl / # , - 21 # , /flffl" ') ", &# ,(fl ,( *2 '% . 2) )(fl 2: 2 '% fifl 2 '% " fl2ffl , (fl " " fl2ffl " " " . ffl +fl/ # ,# 2ffl , ( *2 '% fl(fl. ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

64 3) )(fl 3: 2 '% fifl 2 '% " fl2ffl , (fl " " fl ( " " " . ffl +fl/ # ,# 2ffl , ( *2 '% fl(fl. 4) " ( %* / )(fl. 4.3 " , /fl2,)" fi # )(fl fl : 1) 2 , , ( ffl + )" " 1,5 ' 2 !(fl, (fl , ,") ') ( - fl2 , , 2ffl, (, fl)2- fl. 2) &# * 2, (fl, ') ", fl& *; , (fl/ , 2ffl, & # ,(fl 2,, (, ( *,1fl & , . 3) 2!,(fl, "2ffl " 1 !(fl, (fl2ffl ,4 ,fi (, 2ffl, (fl *), ( 2ffl ffl ff + , !( ') & !(2, , (. fl, , / fl, / ") # ') " 1 . 4) " ( %* / )(fl. 5) 'fl% (ffl +!(fl / fl2 ' ') ffi 5. " ') ,% fi / ) / : 1) fl," 2/ ') " ,( 2/2!(fl '& ) . 2) ," , !(fl / &( 1 " # . 3) " ,! 2/!(fl ( ') ffl +fl& / - (. # 4) ," ') 2 # / ( , ", ffi/ ') 2 # *) ' ,B ffl. &( #1 ') ' ,B ffl 1. ffl+ 2 ff ( 2' " ? &(: ffl+ 2 ff ( ) "" !(fl 2 ) # , ( * 2 fl! !" fl ') , ( % (fl'3. ffl + !(fl ' ff

65 , (2 fl : '& )/ ff& - 1 * " , 'ffl+fl ,# 24 fl ((*ff "" *", " *"!(fl , ”. ff3/& - ff , 'ffl+fl ,# 24 , fl, " fl ," ') ,( *2 " ,( !(fl, . 2. (ffl+ ') ) "" !(fl /, fi ( # ? (ffl fl? &(: (ffl+ ') ) "" !(fl /, fi ( #fi( . &"6 fl 1 fl !" fl 2 (fl'3, (fl fl(fl, (fl'ffl+fl ,# " fl , 2ffl, (ffl +!(fl ,/ ) "" !(fl . 3. + +? fl* fi fl * 2 &ffl? &(: / fl' , (ffl +!(fl ,! / (sine) 2 ff *)ffl fl fl (*), ff ( ) '))"fl " , fi 2ffl , )" 6 , # , ( '& ! ) fl, . % *"!(fl / fl : 2 2 sin cos 2 x y A ft ( % *"!(fl / fl ffi : 2 2 cos cos 2 x y A ft ( 4. ': . fl,/ ff P ,ffl" 6 ( 6 !(fl 1 S ') 6 (fl ( 5 !(fl 2 S . fl , 6 /ff P , (ffl +'ffl ) fl ffl + /ff fi (fl (!(). !. & 1 S P 6( 2 S P 4,5( fl , 1 2 SP SP 6 4,5 1,5 ((( . & ffl" 1 S P 9cm 2 S P 7cm fl , 1 2 SP SP fl 1,5 9 7 1,5 ( ( 2 = 1,33cm 1,5 ( ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

66 5. ': - (( (ffl & '-# fl!(fl M ') 2 S , !( ffl+ &!( &ff '-# fl M , &!( (ffl n 2 # 1 2 SM SM n ( (1 1ff & (fl n /, / "1 # ") 12 8 (1) n n 4 ( n /, / "1 # " 1ff & (fl) fl , & '-# fl M 6, fl,&!( A4 - &ff '-# fl 2 S , &!(. (ffl !(fl n ffi2 % d n ( (1 1ff & (fl n /, / "1 # ") 6 (1) n n 6 ( n /, / "1 # " 1ff & (fl) fl , & '-# fl 2 S 6, fl,&!( 6 ( A6 ) 6. ': fl : ( 3cm; 1 S P 18cm ; 2 S P 21cm (ffl : (ffl+ , !( ffl+ &!( ? - &ff '-# fl P , &!( (ffl n 2 # 1 2 SP SP n ( 18 21 (3) n n 1 ( n /, / "1 # "" 1 1ff & (fl) fl , & '-# fl P 6, fl,&!( A1 7. ': - 1 , &!( 1 2 SP SP n ( 121 75 (4) n n 11,5 fl , & '-# fl P 6, fl,&!( A11 12cm 8cm d 6cm M A0 1 S 2 S

67 - 1 , !( 1 2 1 ( ) 2 SP SP n ( 1 121 75 ( )4 2 n 1 50 ( )5 2 n n 12 fl , & '-# fl P 6, fl,&!( N12 8. ' 2 # : v f T ( ( ') 2 n ( 2 26 260 390m/s 8 v f n 9. ': 2 # : v f ms 0,3 200 60 / T ( ( 2 # : ; Tm T v v m * * fl 2 2 1,5 5 2,08 60 T m g v 10. : --%& " &#fifl + (node) 0 (antinode) fi +ff (+4. * +, " 4 4 ( ( 4 4 16 cm = 0,16 m *%&"& (fv ": 10 62,5 0,16 v f ( -ff/&fifl ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

68 11. : fl&2fl0!*# * & + fl+7 1 % (1 loop). *% 2 n ( fflfl n 1 ": 2 2 1 ( ( 4 m ++, &"&0*+& v f ( 4 500 2000 m/s 12. : *%* 2 2 yA x t cos T ( ffl ff fi ! " 8!ffl: y xt 5cos(0,05 628 ) *fiff*! *0,ffl 2 * , -": - " A 5cm - &2fl 2 1 628 628 314 2 t t T T fl 1 f 314Hz T - && 2 2 0,05 400cm 0,05 x x ( ( 13. : *%* sin 2 t x y A T ( ffl ff fi ! " 8! ffl: 1,5sin 2 0,01 2 t x y ffl ff fi ! " *fiff*! *0,ffl 2 * , -": - " A 1,5cm - &-ff& 0,01 0,01 t t T s T - &2fl 1 f 100Hz T - && &"& 2 2 x x ( cm ( , *% v f 2 100 200cm/s 2m/s T ( (

69 fi IV fl 9 fl ,") 3 "ffifl 1. /fffl ,fi (2ffl : - ') ,! 2/" 'ffl +fl ,# fl, ' !(flfl, " *"!(flfl % '") (& fl3. - () # flfl!(fl" 1 ff& fl3. - )(fl , fl. - 2 # ' ,)& fl3. 2. ,(2& & # - ffifi " fl: fl, / !(fl" 1 . ff - 'ffl+fl ,# fl: , (" 1 ff*" , 2ffl fl'% / ((" 1 ff fl ",( " : 'ffl +fl ,# fl. - '!(flfl: fi) flfl , 2ffl" 1 ff*"/ fl& # 2fflffi,) !(fl'" )( 6( ((" 1 ff ') # "/1 ffi(fi) flfl 2ffl ffi,) ( 3 61 *& # *,)(3, , 2ffl fl, ( ((/ 'ffl+fl ,# fl ,1 flffl !(fl, /fl fi 2ffl, * fl ') / 'fl& # fl3* . - ,( !(flfl2( ffi,)!(fl( , &" fl2 1 ffi(fi) flfl !(fl fl, , ( 'ffl+fl ,# fl fi 2ffl flfl% ( , fi)flfl !(fl * 11 ffi(2ffl ' ffi,) ( 6( (! fl ') " fl& # *ffi & # )ffl" flffi,) " . " *"!(flfl2( fi "fi ( fflfi ff ') *) & fl : 331 0,6 t v t ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

70 2 t v '" *"!(flfl2( ffl"- ", '& # " (m/s) t '( fflfi ff !(fl( ffl"- ", (fl ' ( ff ( C) , fl, - fl) ( 3 , fl *) fl, (& "fi "fi fl *),") 2 , ( ( ) S vt . , " *"!(flfl, ( **2'") (2- fl ' S v t fl , v f T ( ( 2 f '" 1 Hz ( '" " m T ',") (" s - " *"!(flfl,( 2"1 'fflff +" *) & : B v - 2 - '" - '- !(fl" 1 'fflff +" B 'ffi (!(fl ffl 6 - " *"!(flfl,( 2"1 '!fl ff *) & : Y v - 2 - '" - '- !(fl" 1 '!fl ff / / F S n Y L L 'ffi !(fl6 fl!(fl ffl 6 (Young’s modulus) - " *"!(flfl2 ' 9 P v . - , B . P 2 P '" !(fl ') 9 P V C C . '( & ")ffl" fl" (/ ,fi !(fl # 9 ,(" fl " (/ ,fi !(fl # , 9 ( # ) fl .

71 3. ( - fi , ,ffl +%fl, , (fl & , : & , # , (fl,... - ' 7. 4. / ') ( # 4.1 )" " ffifi !(flfl 1) (2ffl fl ') ffl +& ') " & 'fl3 ffl + /, " ( # *, : (fl,fifl, & (fl, , " , ,( ff , ffi&,... / , &fl 1 # ,fi (2ffl * . - ffl!(flfi" (fl '"2? - / ff fi" (fl * fl2' ? - 2'&)" fi"(fl * fl2' ? - , * 2 # fl2ffl , ffiffl'"2' ? 2) 2ffl ( 4 ffl + &( 1 ! # fl, fl& ) # . 3) 2ffl ,( & fl3 , &' &# & , fi", ffl + & &2 . / , 2ffl " " , (6 2 &# & , 62 - ffl + 62 ffl +& / '"2? 4) " ffl ff +: 2 "/ "# , ff * fl& fl36 fl ffl+"flffl+ , : fl ," , (fl, *ffl# +, )fi , B & , & , ) , , ,(fl / ') ( 3. fl ( fi ') , ffiffl&# , ff ffl+ ff ,fi fl fi 2ffl, fi ," fl, &"&ff 2ffl ffl " * , 2 ff fl, ,(fl 2 1 (" , " , , " ') ( ). ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

72 4.2 " '! (flfl 1) " fl,ffl +%fl*" , flffi& - ffl(fl ') "2ffl ( 4 2 , ')"/ fl,( /,ffl +%fl . 2) & fl 1 ,fi # (2ffl * ') &( 1 . # - 2 , ,ffl +%fl') " fi" (fl * ffl fl # ? - ,(/ ,ffl +%fl') " !(fl% / '"2? ') ffl !(fl% (3 '"2? - , fflfl / fl, '"? - 2fflfi" (fl & "6 fl " 1 ff ') "fi 2ffl , fl fl? 3) " ffl ff +: / )(fl/ & ! fl, fl 2ffl " ( / fl, fl fl, 1 ( fl / # fl ( fl ! 1 'flfl/ # fl'fl, , ( # / # # fl fl. fl , / fl," *" fl, / !(fl" 1 . ff 4.3 ,( 2 " ,( !(fl fl 1) 2ffl , (2 , ( !(flfl2( . 2) & fl 1 ,/ / # ,fi (2ffl * . - , fflfl fl/ fl, ( *2( *? - ,") fl, ( % ffi,) !(fl( , (,- fl'"2? - fl, 2? - " *"!(flfl2( ! ffl fl' ? *) '"2? 3) 2ffl ( 4 ffl + ( %!(fl ffl + &( # 1 ,/ /! fl, fl. ,ffl+%fl

73 4) " ffl ff +: - fl, ( 2( * (" ( , '")( ffiffi,) # !(fl( , &" fl2 1 ffi(fi) flfl !(fl fl. , ( flfl% ( , ffi,)( 61 / 'ffl +fl ,# / ( ( &fl ff fl ( # ,( * # fl) ') 1 ffi(fi) flfl 2ffl ffi,) ( & # *. )"fl 1 ffi(fi)flfl !(fl fl ' )"fl" )"fl 1 ffi(fi) flfl !(flffi,) ( . - fl, . " *"!(flfl '*) fl fl, ( **2 - flffl"- ",") , *) & : S v t ffl+ 331 0,6 t v t - " *"!(flfl! ) !(fl'") ( fl,( *% , : " - '-, ( fflfi ff ') " ffl 6 !(fl'")(. - *) " *"!(flfl2" 1 ff'ffl+": B v - - *) " *"!(flfl2" 1 '!fl: ff Y v - - *) " *"!(flfl2 : 9 P v . - 4.4 ' ,B ffl& "6 fl 1) 2ffl ( ,B ffl& "6 fl ,fi ( ') *) "! (fl. 2) ' fi # "fi & fl3 "! (fl ') " ' ,B ffl& "6 fl. 3) 2ffl ( 4 ! ' ,B ffl& "6 fl6 ') 2ffl % (3 fl,, ( ,ffl# , flff 'ffl 2ffl 1 & (fl. 5. " ') , % fi / ) / : - " 2/!(fl ffi 1 -&( 1 . # ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

74 - ( 42 , )(fl/ & . - " ,( 2/2!(fl 2 "& / . # - " "2 . - ( # ,ffl !(fl. - " 1& (fl!(fl ' ,B ffl& "6 fl ') ,B ffl" . ' ,B ffl !# 1 ,1fl 5 ', fl2 '. 6. ': 2ffl 2 # 331 0,6 t v t / ' t 20 C, , /* 331 0,6 331 (0,6 20) m/s 343m/s t v t / ' t 35 C, , /* 331 0,6 331 (0,6 35) m/s 352 m/s t v t ,ffl" " *"!(flfl2( 6 ( fflfi ff 35 C, ffl+ " . 7. ': t 27 C; , 3 28,8 10 kg/mol ; . 1, 40 ; o R 8,31J/mol k *) : v ? 2 # RT v M . 8. ': 0t 0 C, ; 0 331m/s t v ; f 450 Hz; t 25 C, *) : ( ? - / 331 0,6 t v t /*) " *"!(flfl2( 6 ( fflfi ff t 25 C, fl : 331 0,6 331 (0,6 25) m/s 346m/s t v t - , v f ( /* v f ( 346 0,768m 450 v f ( 9. ': 1, 2s; t 35 C, ; v 331,5m/s *) : d ? '*)ffl fl'& - % ffl - / 331 0,6 t v t /*) " *"!(flfl2( 6 ( fflfi ff t 35 C, fl : 331 0,6 331,5 (0,6 35) m/s 352,5m/s t v t

75 - ,(fl/ " fl* , ( * ') , *),") /fl, ,") fl 2 , ( * ') * *) fl 2d / *) fl S vt !* 2d v 2 352,5 1, 2 423m d 423 211,5m 2 d &(: - % 6 ffl fl/ % *) 211,5m 10. ': 3s ; t 25 C, ; " *"!(flfl2( 6 ff (ff fflfi 0 C, ' v 331,5m/s *) : d ? '*)ffl fl'& ( ,ffl+(ffl - / 331 0,6 t v t /*) " *"!(flfl2( 6 (ff fflfi t 25 C, fl : 331 0,6 331 (0,6 25) m/s 346m/s t v t - / S vt 346 3 1038m &(: ( , ',ffl+(6ffl fl/ *) 1038m 11. ': ( 0, 4 m *) : ? x y / ,fl(*!!(fl (ffl +'ffl ) fl 1 2 x y n ( ffl ff fi ! " " fl2ffl n 1 /* 1 1 1 0, 4 0, 2m 2 2 x y n ( ffl ffffl ff fi fi ! "! " &(: # x "" #y ' 0, 2 m ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

76 10 ff )!(fl fl ,") 3 "ffifl 1. /ff fl ,fi (2ffl : - ') ,! 2/" )ff !(fl fl - ( : (fl, ffl fl, ) "" ') (ffl+fl. - fl 2. ,( 2&&# - (!(fl fl: , ( fl , ( *& 2 # fl !" fl ffl + - !! )ffl" fl(fl'") (& fl "- fl!(flfl/1 ( '" )(, . (!(fl fl' 'fl ,( ,(fl, ( * 2 fl !" fl2- fl. , (!(fl fl: / ,( !(flfl ( fl& ) ') !(flfl ( (2- fifl" . / & , (. - ffl!(fl fl: , ( fl, ( / '")(- fl,! *ffl '")( (, "- fl!(flfl1 ffl ,! *2'")( . ffl!(fl fl' 'fl ,( 6 fl ffl !(fl fl 2 ,(fl, ( % ,! *2'")( '&& fl ffl + ,( % '") ( " '& ( fflfi ff & fl . - (ffl+!(fl fl ' - fl,! , ( fl(( / 2 'ffl+fl ,# " " 1 " , ( fi , 2ffl ( * fl fl'fl ' ( fl, 2ffl ') ( * fl ( ' ( flffl ) fl .

77 - )"" fl ' - fl,! , (fl, ( *% fl !" fl2- fl ')" fl ,( * fl ffl +fl!(fl fl !" fl . - , fl' - fl!(fl (ffl+ fl& (fl / # ,# fl) fl ( / '") ( ffl + fl !" fl ') ", 2ffl , (fl fl'fl (& !( Anti node) ') (fl fl ( (!( node) ffl+ *. *)ffl fl)ffl" fl (fl 6& , *)ffl fl)ffl" fl!( 6& , 2 ( . *)ffl fl)ffl" fl (fl ffl !( 6 1 , 4 ( . " "!(fl fl(fl) (2 loop) 6& , ( . 3. ( - fi , , (fl ,# fl, ) ffififl # - ' 7 4. / - ( # 4.1 )(fl ,fi ( (!(fl fl 1) && fl, (fl ,# fl ffi& # 2 ) ffififl ') " fl*" # - ffi&, ff ,) (" fl2ffl * flfi #". 2) 2ffl ( 4 ffl + 2 '% * ( ') # ,/'!fl ,fi ( fl flfl/ ) ffififl ffi& # !( ') / " fl( ( ff fl "& 10.1 3) &fl 1 ,fi # (2ffl * . - ,( '%* (* 2ffl 6 &fl'&& fl fi" (fl * fl fl/ ) ffififl '"2? # - ( ,ffl( 2 / fl* '" ? 4) 2ffl ( 4 * & )(fl&( 1 . # 5) " ffl ff +%!(fl )(fl: , ( '%* ( * 2ffl6 &fl'&& fl 10.1 )(fl'fl (fl # ,/ ) ffififl # ສ '%* .ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

78 " )# &fl '(- fl!(fl'%* ( /* fl/ ) # ffififl ,/ . ff (fl, ( / ) ffififl*& # 2 # '% * (') " ( 2 ) # * fl fl ,/ ff ' (!(fl fl,& fl !(fl# ,/'!fl. 4.2 )(fl ,fi ( ffl!(fl fl 1) & & fl, (fl ,# fl2 ) ffififl*" # 2ffl (fl fl 10.2, ff ,) ( " 1 ,fi (,) (" fl2ffl * flfi #". 2) 2ffl ( 4 ffl + , ( * 6 & &fl'&& fl ,fi (flfl2,") ) ffififl/ fl. # 3) & fl 1 ,fi # (2ffl * . - 6 &fl'&& fl fi" (fl * fl fl / ) ffififl'"2? # - fl* " fl, ffl + # ? ( ,ffl2? 4) " ffl ff +%!(fl )(fl: , (6 &fl'&& fl /* fl " fl # , , (fl/ " ffl !(fl fl. , ( fl ,( / '")(- fl ,! *ffl '")(( , "- fl!(flfl/1 ffl,! *2'")( . 4.3 )(fl ,fi ( (ffl+!(fl fl 1) & & fl, (fl ,# fl ffi& # 2 ) ffififl # 2 -", ff ,) ( " 12ffl * 3kHz ') ,) (" fl2ffl * flfi #". " fl) ffififl*" # !(ffi& ffi - ) ffififl(((ffi& # fl 10.3 / , & fl 1 ,fi # (2ffl * . - ,( flfl6 fl - ) ffififl # fl(fl & &fl& fl fi" (fl /* " fl!(flfl, '"2? 10.2 10.3 && fl, (fl ,# fl 2 ) ffififl # 2 -"

79 - ( ,ffl( 2 / fl* '" ? 2) 2ffl ( 4 ffl + *6 fl. 3) 2ffl % *6 flfl &( 1 ') # ( ( ,ffl# . 4) & 'fl!(ffl +!(fl fl2 . 5) ( ') fflff + % )(fl: , (6 6 &fl& fl " fl (* fl fl'fl '& fl (* fl fl (. fl # )ff , " ; # ( * fl fl'fl ' ( fl,fi 2ffl ') ( * fl (, ( flffl ) fl . , fl )(ffl +. 4.4 )(fl ,fi ( ) "" !(fl fl 1) && fl, (fl ,# fl ffi& # 2 ) ffififl # 1 -", ff ,) ( " 12ffl * 1kHz ') ,) (" fl!(fl) ffififl2ffl # * fi #". ,( ) # ffififl*" fl*"2 ffl +fl& ffl(fl ,6 ') "((* flfl6 ( - fl!(fl &ffl(fl fl) ffififl*" # 6 &fl& fl3 fl 10.5 / , &fl 1 ,fi # (2ffl * . - 6 &fl A, B ') C * fl fl '&& fl ffl + # ? * '"2? - 1 fl, ( & fl / 'ffl +fl # ,fl ffi # 'fl fl6 &fl A ') B /* fl ffl + # ? 6) 2ffl ( 4 ffl + *6 fl6 &fl A, B ') C. 10.4 (ffl+!(fl 2 'ffl+fl . (ffl+ # !. (ffl+ fl 10.5 && fl( ( ') ff &fl flfl ffl +fl & ffl(fl A B C & ) ffififl # ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

80 7) 2ffl % *6 flfl&( 1 ') # ( ( ,ffl# . 8) ( ') fflff +% )(fl: 6 / ff A , fl6 , (flffl +fl!(fl fl !" fl* fl fl (" 6 / ff B ') C, 'fl" fl , ( (( fl !" fl* , " . ffl # ff +')" fl )) "" . 5. " ') ,% fi / ) / : - " 2/!(fl ffi 1 -&( 1 . # - ( 42 , )(fl. - " ,( 2/2!(fl 2 "& / . # - " "2 ') ( # ,ffl !(fl. - " 1& (fl!(fl ' ,B ffl& "6 fl ') ,B ffl" . &( #1 ') ' ,B ffl 1. )ff !(fl fl ffl fl' ? / fl( '&) )ff . &(: )ff !(fl fl : (fl, ffl fl, ( ffl+fl, ) "" fl. - (fl ' 'fl ,( 2,(fl, ( *2 fl !" fl2- fl ffi, *& , : ,( !(flfl ( fl & ) ') !(flfl ( (2- fifl" ') & , (. - fflfl ' 'fl ,( 6 fl ffl !(fl fl 2, (fl ,( % ,! *2'")( '&& fl ffl + ,( % '") ( " '& ( fflfi ff & fl ( ,ffl" *"!(flfl2(fl'") ( fl " '&& fl ( # , ). - (ffl+fl ' - fl,! , ( fl/ 2 'ffl+fl # , " " 1 " , ( fi , 2ffl ( * fl fl'fl , fl' ( fl, 2ffl ') ( * fl ( , fl, ( flffl ) fl .

81 - )"" fl ' - fl,! , (fl, ( *% fl !" fl2- fl ')" fl ,( * fl ffl +fl!(fl fl !" fl . 2. ,(, (fl2ffl (fl / fl ( ffl + # ? (ffl fl? &(: ,(, (fl2ffl (fl / fl ( 2ffl , * ( . ( " fl (fl!(fl, ,( *& 2 # B ffl + ,fi ffl(fl ') "/ fl ( ,1 flffl !(fl, / ) !(flffl / & fl , 2ffl, * fl ( . 3. (ffl fl , /fl # 'fl( fl," ffl+ fl (fl((*? &(: , # 'fl( fl," ffl+ fl (fl((** (" *),") fl( ffl + ,fi *)ffl fl)ffl" fl" 1 ff (flffl , 2ffl + . 4. , fflfl6 # ),"% ') ' , /fl* fl (fl '& # * fl (fl 6 ( fifl " fl!" fl? &(: (" 6 ( fifl " fl!" fl # "1 ff (fl, "6 # ) ,"fi ') ' fi ') & * , "1 ff (fl. 5. " fl) ffififl*" # 2 'fifl ,") ) # ffififl # flfl((6 fl4 ,4 # ') &# ,(fl, 6 &fl)ffl" fl) ffififl # 'fifl/* # fl " fl # 4 # ,4. ( ,ffl2 / fl, ? &(: (" fl (/ 'fifl , # 2ffl, (ffl + fl6)ffl" fl) ffififl # 'fifl , # fl fl (* fl fl'fl '& fl ( * fl fl (. 6. ,") , / fl!(flfl*)ffl fl)ffl" fl!(!(fl fl - fl 61 , 2 " "!(fl fl? &(: *)ffl fl)ffl" fl!(!(fl fl - fl 61 , , flfl !(fl" "fl 2 ffl ff ( fi ! ". ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

82 7. ,(, ( ( fi ! , flffl"!(fl, " fl!(fl, ( # * fl(( / ,( , '& fl((/ / 2- ff fl2( fl ffl +fl, ( "*)* ". / fl( fl ". &(: ( ,( , ( % ffl + /ff , " fl fl(( 6 */ , ffl+ . , fl fl/ , ( & (fl2 ,") 2- fl,fi (,( (, , fl2!" , ( ,# ( ****)- fl')". fl , , /fl * fl fl((/ / -ff fl2( ffl +fl, ( . 8. ': fl : 2s; 3s; t 40 C; , v 331m/s; v 0,6m/s *) : 1 2 dSS ? - / 331 0,6 t v t *) " *"!(flfl2( 6 ( fflfi ff t 40 C, * : 331 0,6 331 (0,6 40) m/s 355m/s t v t 1 2 dSS ? - 1 2 dSS ') S vt , 1 2 1 2 1 2 ( ) 355(2 3) 1775m/s dSS dv v d v d d &(: *)ffl fl)ffl" fl- % fl(fl, 1775m/s

83 11 !(flfl ,") 4 "ffifl 1. /fffl ,fi (2ffl : - ') ,! 2/ !(flfl, * , ) fl, " ,! !(fl fl, fi fl. ff - (ffiffl ') ff fi "!(flfl. - ( ,fl . - ( , +. 2. ,(2& & # - !(flfl, / ( !(fl fl/ 'ffl +fl ,# fl(fl'ffl +fl " 1# , . - ) fi)flfl fl((/ 'ffl +fl ,# fl 2- flffl"- ",") ,( " : )# flfl. - ) fi)flfl fl/ 'ffl +fl ,# fl fl((*& #- flffl"- ", ( !(fl - ,( " : " ,! fl. 1 # " )# flfl/ 'ffl +fl ,# fl, / # "fl , fi "fi )ffl" fl )# flfl ') " ,! fl *) & : 2 4 WP P I AtA R 2 I '" ,! fl6 &flflffl"- ", "& # & ' W/m2 P ' )# flfl/ 'ffl +fl ,# fl ffl"- ", " W R '*)ffl fl)ffl" fl'ffl +fl ,# fl &fl # " ,! fl ffl"- ", ' m 'ffl+fl ,# fl )# flfl P , / " # fl , " ,! fl I /fl, ( & "fi "fi )# fl(fl!(fl*)ffl fl 2 R . 2 1 I R 0 fl , 6 &flffl fl*/ 'ffl +fl ,# flffl + , 2" ,! !(flflffl ff +)fl. ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

84 / )(fl ,fi fi" fl ( ff ffl & * " ,! 12 2 10 W/m ') flfl ff ffl & fl* ') # , (&) &# ,/ffl " ,! 2 1W/m . - " fi# )ffl" fl" ,! fl I ) " ,! fl 1 fl) ff : 0 10log I I 1 ffl ff fi ! " 2 0 I '" ,! fl * 12 2 10 W/m I '" ,! fl2- fl &(fl ' ffl"- ", 2 (W/m ) 1 ') " ,! fl ffl"- ", , ') dB - fi fl ') ff fi "fl ) fi)flfl fl/ 'ffl +fl ,# fl fl((*& #- flffl"- ", ( !(fl - ,( " : " ,! fl. 1 # " )# flfl/ 'ffl +fl ,# fl, / # "fl , fi "fi )ffl" fl )# flfl ') " ,! fl 2 4 P I R fl ) " ,! fl ') fl fl" ) 2ffl # ' % fl ,( " : fi "!(flfl. - , +: % fl* fl " 1 'fl& fl*/ " 1/fl!(fl'ffl +fl ,# fl (% fl, ( ffl+ 'ffl+fl ,# fl, ( ,(" : , +. - ffiffl!(flfl2 & fl3 )(2ffl 2 ', : 1 & ; # fl; 'fi; # )" ; " " ') ( # ffl ff # 3. ( fi , , (fl ,# fl, ) ffififl, ( # fl' ", ' 7. (( ,fl (*!: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound)

85 4. / - ( # 4.1 )(fl ,fi ( , fl 1) && fl, (fl ,# fl ffi&# 2) ffififl 2ffl # , 2 ff fl ff ,) (" 12ffl * 1kHz fi( fl ,) (" fl2ffl * fi #". 2) ( ff" 1 )(!(fl, (fl ,# fl &# 2) ffififl2- # fl 2ffl " 1 & fl, ,) -(. 3) 2ffl ( 4 ffl + * flfl6 /ff 2- fl fl - !(fl) # ffififlfl(fl. ffl +fl/ () ffififl2- # fl ')" flfl/ ) ffififl # ,ffl+ (. 4) &fl 1 ,fi # (2ffl * . - ,( flfl/ ) ffififl # fl(fl ffi2 flfl/ ) ffififl # -"" fi" (fl * fl fl'"2? 5) 2ffl ( 4 *& )(fl &( 1 . # 6) " ffl ff +%!(fl )(fl: % !(fl )(fl fl * / 'ffl +fl ,# fl'ffl +fl", flfl4 ,4 # &# ,(fl "fl * / 'ffl+fl ,# fl(fl'ffl +fl " 1 & fl ,) -(, fl fl'fl ') (ffl + , /flffl" fl& " , fl,( " : !(flfl. fl , !(flfl, / ( !(fl fl/ 'ffl +fl ,# fl(fl'ffl +fl " 1 # , . 1 " 1!(flfl/ 'ffl +fl ,# fl fl(fl'ffl +fl& fl ,) -( fl * / , /flffl" 3, '& 1 " 1 !(flfl/ 'ffl +fl ,# fl fl(fl'ffl +fl& fl ffl + fl * /, /flffl"*". ffi & ffl , / 'fl # * , /flffl" " 1 # , 7 Hz . fl/ 'ffl +fl ,# fl(fl'ffl +fl " 1 1f ') 2f , fl& fl # , 7 Hz ,( ( /, 2ffl, fl fl'fl ') (ffl + , /fl ffl"fl& ". " 1 f /, / " # fl!(flfl * 2- fl" , fl (* / % ) !(fl" 1 !(fl fl fl(fl. ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

86 2 1 f f f 4.2 " ,! fl ') )" ,! !(flfl 1) 2ffl , (2" ,! fl ') ) " ,! !(flfl ') " &fl 1 ,fi # (2ffl * fl : - " ,! !(flfl ' ffl fl? - 2ffl! *) " ,! !(flfl ') (ffl "- "!(fl'& )) . - )" ,! !(flfl' ffl fl? - 2ffl! *) ) " ,! !(flfl ') (ffl "- "!(fl'& ) ) . 2) 2ffl ( 4 &( 1 . # 3) " ffl ff +,(2 . 4.3 ff fi fl ') fi "fl 1) 2ffl , (2 fi fl ') ff fi "fl ') "& fl 1 # ,fi (2ffl * fl : - fi fl ff '"2? - fi !(flfl ff "2ffl , ffl fl? - fi "fl '"2? - /fl fi "fl 3-4 &"6 fl ') ( . - ,fi (ffl+ ," fi "fl/, '"2? 2) 2ffl ( 4 &( 1 . # 3) & "6 fl ffl + & 'fl,1fl fi "fl2 ') " ( fi( " fflff +%( fi "fl. 4) " ffl ff +,(2 . 'fl,1fl fi "fl

87 4.4 )(fl ,fi ( , + 1) 2ffl 1( 2 # ( fl' " ') (2ffl- 2( # fl6 ff fl. 2) 2ffl ( 4 2 # '&- 2( # fl, /flffl"6 &fl, , fl,,ffl '% / (( ') " . 3) 2ffl ( 4 2 # '&- ,# /flffl" , '& , ( # * fl!" "" *" fl , fl,,ffl - '% / (( ') " . 4) &fl 1 ,fi # (2ffl * " : , (2 # '&- ,# /fl ffl"6 &fl, ') , ( # * fl!" "" *" fl fi" (fl ,ffl- # '%/ (('&& fl '"2? (ffl fl? 5) 2ffl ( 4 &( 1 . # 6) 2ffl , (2 " , +. 7) " ffl ff +,(2 : % fl* fl " 1 'fl& fl*/ " 1 /fl!(fl'ffl +fl ,# fl (% fl, ( ffl+ 'ffl+fl # ,fl, ( ,(" : , +. 1 2ffl 'ffl +fl ,# fl " 1 0f ,( * fl!" "" *" s v fi 2*),") t / 0f t ( , ( ***) fl s vvt 2 v '" *"!(fl fl2( . s S vvt " "!(flfl2( *) / : , *) " " !(flfl2( 6 fl- !(fl'ffl +fl ,# fl fl : 1 0 s vvt f t ( 1 0 s v v f ( ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

88 *) " " !(flfl2( 6 flffl +fl!(fl'ffl +fl ,# fl fl : 2 0 s v v f ( fl , % fl 6 - ( 'ffl+fl ,# , ( ,! ffl ) /* fl " 1: 0 1 s v v f f ( v v )# % fl 6 ffl +fl ( 'ffl+fl ,# , ( ((ffl fl) /* fl " 1: 0 2 2 s v v f f ( v v ,ffl" 1 2 f 2 f fflff +*" % fl6 - * fl " 1 fl! "% fl6 ffl +fl* fl " 1 & )# fl. 4.5 , (2 ffiffl!(flfl ff 1) 2ffl , (2 ffiffl!(flfl ') ff "& fl 1 ,fi # (2ffl * fl : - ffiffl!(flfl ff '"2? - /fl ffiffl!(flfl ff 3-4 &"6 fl ') ( . 2) 2ffl ( 4 &( 1 . # 3) " ffl ff +,(2 . 4.6 ' ,)&"6 fl 1) 2ffl ' ,)& "6 fl. 2) & fl 1 ,fi # (2ffl * fl : &"6 fl 1 - fl2 ,") 1, 2s ,fi (,( * ') ( /** *) fl , 2? - ,),) , 2 *) fl fl,( **2 1, 2s

89 &"6 fl 2 - "1 ff (fl ffl + fl !" fl % & # (fl '"2? - "1 ff (fl ffl + fl !" fl !- 2 / fl (fl* ? 3) ' 2ffl# ( 4 &( 1 , # &( ffl # + '& 'fl6 . 4) " (ffl fi "fi ffl + 1& (fl ,fi ( 2 # ,! 2 ' ,)& "6 fl ffi2ffl ( 4 ! ' 6 . 5) ( ') fflff +" ' ,). 5. " ') , % fi / ) / : - " 2/!(fl ffi 1 -&( 1 . # - ( 42 , )(fl/ & . - " ,( 2/2!(fl 2 "& / . # - " "2 . - ( # ,ffl !(fl. - " 1& (fl!(fl ' ,)& "6 fl ') ,B ffl" . &( 1 ') ' # ,B ffl 1. , !(flfl ' '"2? " 1 2ffl * *) '"2? &(: !(flfl' - fl,! , ( ( !(fl fl / 'ffl+fl ,# fl(fl'ffl +fl " 1 # , . " 1 f , / " # fl!(flfl * 2- fl" , fl *) * / %) !(fl" 1 !(fl fl fl(fl 2 1 f f f 2. " ,! !(flfl' ffl fl? &(: ) fi) flfl fl/ 'ffl +fl ,# fl fl((*& #- flffl"- " ,( !(fl- ,( " : " ,! fl. ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

90 *) " ,! !(flfl ' 2 4 P I R 2 I '" ,! fl6 &flfl ffl"- ", "& # & ' W/m2 P ' )# flfl/ 'ffl +fl ,# fl ffl"- ", " W R '*)ffl fl)ffl" fl'ffl +fl ,# fl &fl # " ,! fl ffl"- ", ' m 3. )" ,! !(flfl' ffl fl? *) '"2? &(: )" ,! fl' ) (" fl!(flfl , fl2 ' " ,! fl. *) ) " ,! !(flfl' 0 10 log I I 1 ffl ff fi ! " 2 0 I '" ,! fl * , 12 2 10 W/m I '" ,! fl2- fl &(fl ' ffl"- ", "& # & ' W/m2 1 ') " ,! fl ffl"- ", , ') dB 4. ffl!(fl & flfl* 2 "fl" 1 , 2? &(: ffl!(fl & * fl2 " 1 20-20 000 Hz. 5. flffiffl ') % '"2? &(: - ffiffl: )ff !(fl fl,fi * 2 # fl,fi ( fl% ffiffl fl 1 & , # fl, 'fi, # )" , " " ') ( # ffl ff , # &' 2 , (flffi " 1 ) ffl" fl 20-100 kHz 2 ffl &fl!(flB fl , 2 ,- (fl2 " (() " (('&) ffl + " % & 2ffi)ffl ')( 3. - % : 1 ffl flfl ) " ,! fl & & # , ,") /, 2fflfi ffl ') fi / 2/!(fl% fl% & * , &' fl ,( , ffifl/ ffiflfl ') ( 3.

91 6. ( ,ffl2 % fl/ fl* fl ,! ffl+ "(( ,('ffl +fl ,# fl, ( ,! ffl ffl+ ffl fl((/ % fl 6 fl ? &(: (, , + 4 " " % fl* fl " 1 'fl& fl*/ " 1 /fl!(fl'ffl +fl ,# fl (% fl, ( ffl+ 'ffl+fl ,# fl, ( ,(" : , +. 7. ,fi 2 , (flffi fl " 1 fl((* ,fi (, fflfl? &(: ,fi (ffl fl !" fl ffl + "1 ff (fl. 8. flfl ffffl fl* ffi # , (&) & #ffl ) " ,! !(flfl, 2? &(: fl( ffffl & * " ,! 12 2 10 W/m ') flfl ffffl & fl* ') # , (&) & # ,/ffl " ,! 2 1W/m . 9. )" ,! ffl + ff # "fl& & # , 8 "ffifl& ffl + /dB? &(: 80dB 10. ': fl : 1 ( 6,86cm; 2 ( 6,87cm ; v=350 m/s *) : f ? (fl& 2 1 f f f 1 2 350 350 5102,05 5094,6 7,4Hz 0,0686 0,0687 v v f ( ( &(: " 1, 7,4Hz 11. ': fl : 5s ; v 1450 m/s *) : h ? fl2 ,") 5s ,fi (,( * ') ( /** *) flfl , (fl, !(fl),) ,). , 2h v 2 1450 m/s 5s=7 250m h=3 625m h &(: ,),) 3 625m ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

92 fi V ', ffl +* 12 fl', ffl + ,") 3 "ffifl 1. /ff fl 2ffl ') ,! 2/" : 1) fl' ,ffl +, !"' ,ffl +, " 'fl2 * / ,ff ( 2fl' ,ffl +. 2) ," 'fl',ffl +, +' ,ffl +, ) +' ,ffl +. 2. ,( 2&&# % )(fl!(fl ,( ,& , (" fl,! !- * # '* *ffl+% , 2ffl,! fl */ ,/ fl2ffl " , fl' ,ffl +6 ((! fl * # . fl' ,ffl + 2 !" : ! ",- ( (N) ') !"2& (S). ,(* / -ff fl,( 2fl' ,ffl +/1 "" 'fl/ fl ',ffl +, !(fl" 'flfi"fi !(fl" *" ') !(fl* / , 'fl ff fl " !, * . F qv B !- !(fl" 'fl',ffl +!* F qvB sin 2F '" 'fl ffl"- ", ",& (N) v '" *" ffl"- ", '/" (m/s) q '* / ff ffl"- ", ) fl (C) B ' fl' ,ffl + ffl"- ", ",& -" /() fl-' )(N.s/C.m) ffl+ ffi)$ /" -) fl (kg/s.C)ffl+ ,) (Tesla, T). fl' ,ffl +( 'fl", " 'fl',ffl + 2 fl,)! !(fl fl ',ffl +, ,',ffl +, ,,&fl, &!(fl," ,&fl' ,ffl + , fl, " 'fl ',ffl +((!",- ( ffl !"2& . ", " 'fl,/ '* %

93 ,# ,"fl ( (( * # ffi2/ fl!(fl, " 'fl6 # * . ,( , " 'fl',ffl +2- fl'& (fl'fl!- !(fl, " 'fl& #ffl"- ", ( ; , fl/ ", # " 'fl% *, ) " , fl *) & % BA 1 fl' ,ffl +# &fl - fifl ," 'fl*ffl+% (, ffi BAcosffi ffl"- ", ,",(Weber, Wb) ,fi 2 ffifi " - '- +' ,ffl + , # fi "fi ! - " ,! fl' ,ffl +, , fl" - '- fl' ,ffl +( /& fl , (6 fi '")( , &" fl& fl , : 62'") (. B H * )# & " fl , , : B *0H 2 * , fl )# & " fl ,( " : fi * fl' ,ffl + (Magnetic Permeability) !(fl&" fl ') *0 ,(" : fi * fl' ,ffl + (Magnetic Permeability) !(fl 7 0 * 4 10 A/m. 3. ( flfi : ' 7, " ') (3 "! (fl. , (ff(: ,! , *, 1 * , B ff,ffl +, ',ffl +. (Media): CD ') (,& , . 4. / ') ( # 4.1 fl' ,ffl + 'fl ((, ff & " ,4 . - 2ffl , (2 " fl' ,ffl +2'. - 2ffl & flff! ) fl % . ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

94 - ') % (3 fl ) fl ') & fl 1 ,/ / # & # %) fl !(fl'& ) ff - ( -fflff +fl : fl' ,ffl +2 # fl' ,ffl +!(fl-" ffi) , 10 5 Wb/m2 ') fl' ,ffl +,/ '* % * # !- ! !- !(fl'* , fl/,- 2& # *. fl' ,ffl +2 !" : ! ",- ( ') !"2& , ! " 2 / ') !"& fl 2 / . 4.2 " 'fl2* /,ff(2fl', ffl + - 2ffl , (22 '. - 2ffl & flff! ) fl % . - ') % (3 fl ) fl ') & fl 1 ,/ / # & # %) fl !(fl'& ) ff . - ( -fflff +: !- !(fl" 'flfl' ,ffl +2 * / ff ,( 2fl' ,ffl + 'fl& !- !(fl" *"!(fl* / ') ff !- !(flfl' ,ffl +& % fl : F qv B ffi!- !(fl" 'fl',ffl +: F qvB sin 1 * / ff % # )," fl fl* ') fl' ,ffl + " 'flfl4 /, %"!(fl" 'fl 2 * / ffi ff fl* ') fl' ,ffl + F qE qv B !- fl : F qE qvB " 'fl,( " : " 'fl$ # ,$ (5 Lorentz force) 4.3 ," 'fl', ffl + - 2ffl , (22 '. - 2ffl & flff! ) fl % .

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