195 fifl(fffi ( 2-3 &" fl(( / fl,!(fl . $ , B( ,- " ( &(( ' fl !- ( '& * / ff/ "ffl # + /fl , 2ffl( fi ( ff fl,(( / fl,. ffifl fl( &( # , *& '/ )(fl( &(!(fl( # . ( fi ( fl& ff " fl,(( / fl , " & fl3 'fl" * / " !(fl( &()" ff , # ) (36 2/ fl( &(, , fl ( (fl % )(fl. $ , B( /fl ,- '/ )(fl # ( &(! 24 " ( &( ( "* / " ff )" 6 2/ fl ,( " : " + (Nucleus)') (,) &$(,( (( " + fl " . / *) $, B(2ffl " " + , % fl 15 14 10 10 m , 2!( &( , % fl 10 10 m . ,1fl" '/ )(fl( &(!(fl$ # , B( 2 fl " , /fl ') "2ffl ,! 2/ffifl fl( &(* , 6 fl . '& & ',ffl + * : , (( ,) &$(, fl * / ,ff ( " ,) fl/'% ' ,ffl + * (( , 2fflfi) flfl , , (!(fl( ,) &$(fflff +)fl, ( ,) &$(,( ",! *)" " , + fl 'fl2 25.6, 4 " " ( &( # 1 )fi , fl& "/ fl( &(4 fl ff. fl $, B(# ( * # , fflfl( ,) &$(/fl , ( "( ( " " * + ffi # , fi) flfl , ( &( (,) &$(/ "ffl # + ,( (( " " / + / )fl& " '"2? (ffl fl* / " ff /fl)" 6 fi 2 " " * + . fl& fl3,ffl + , /ff # !(fl'/ # )(fl( &(!(fl $, B(, , 2ffl " ( 3 ,- '"" " '/ )(fl( &(! # 24 . 5. " ') , % : fi / ) / : - " 2/ ') & fl2/ fl ( !(fl. ') " "2!" !(fl 2ffl (fl. - " ,! 2/ 'fl(( 2 &( 1 ') " 2 # ( & fl3. ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
196 - " 1 & (fl2 &( 1 ') ' # ,B ffl 2ffl, " !(fl . #&( ') ' #" ' ,B ffl 1. &(: ; fl" 1 ( ff "( &(, fl, ffl"- " ( ') ff # /'fl' & # **( . & fl (1) ffi$ & ( " fl" 1 '&ff ) / ("( &( , ( '& !- , fl ') / )fl& "& fl . 'fl!(fl fl" 1 , ff / 'fl) / )fl& "!(fl( &(. (2) )&: " ( "( &( " , & fl ( "( &(& fl . ( &(!(fl '& ) / fl ') -# ,fi . ( &( - fl/ *, ( &( ( # *. ( &(!(fl 2 - fl( /)" ( &(!(fl ( 2( & " fl . 2. 2 # qv v B m BR q R m #&(: 3 B 16,77 10 T . 3. 2 # mg q E #&(: 17 q 1,64 10 C . - 6( # 6 ff fl6 2 fl* 'fl" " 'fl/ fl* fl " 'flfl '& fl (fl" 'fl fl ! . , " 'fl* ') !(flfl* " '& ) ff! , fl ') 6( # * / " . ff 4. 2 # mg q E #&(: 16 q 16 10 C . 6( # 6 ff fl 'fl" * " , fl !- 19 e 1,6 10 C , 'fl" 6( # , ( ,) &$(/ " # 10000 &". 5. 2 # V E d ') mg q E #&(: ) E 2000 N/ C ') !) 15 q 32 10 C .
197 26 ( &(*ffi$,/ ') )fl ,( 5 ,") 4 "ffifl 1. /ff fl 2ffl : - ,! 2/ffifl fl( fl ( ') , , &$ !(fl( &(*ffi$,/, # " *) / " ), # ') fl $, , ffifi " " 1 ff ') '% # ) fl !(fl" 1 ff . # - ') ,! 2/ ( &(!(fl # , " *) ) 4 "flffi/( ') fi)flfl ( ,) &$(2 & fl3, " *) , , &$ / # # "& fl3. - )fl ,( , ff) ') 2 # ) fl ,( 5 . 2 # ,fi ( ' ,B ffl. 2. ,(2& & # , , &$ !(fl( &(*ffi$,/, # "1 ff # ') '%) fl !(fl" 1 ff . # ( &(!(fl # , ) 4 "flffi/(!(fl( ,) &$(2( &(ffi$,/ ') fi)flfl !(fl( &(*ffi$,/. ) fl ,( 5 , fi ') 2 # )fl ,( 5 . 3. ( - flfi : ' 7 , " ( &(*ffi$,/ ') )fl ,( ') 5 " ( 3 "! (fl. - , (ff (: '& , " 1 / ff & ') ffi$' / )(fl' # " ( &(*ffi$,/. ,!,fl (*! " : http://www.chemicool.com/ 4. / ') ( # 4.1. , , &$ ( &(*ffi$,/ # : &fl 1 : # '/ )(fl( &(!(fl$ # , B(/ff # 2' ') ,fi * ' *! '"2? ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
198 - 2ffl , ff, & fl- 1-2 &( : fflff + #&(: . . 1885 ), (Ballmer) , , " , ') ( ffl *) / "" " # !(fl , &$ , # ffl" fl!(fl*ffi$,/2 "fl ,fl,ffl "& , * fl4 4 , , fl ", *& % (26.1) 2 2 (26.1) 4 n k n ( ffl ff fi ! " 2k , fl , 364,56nm ') n , ,) / ",& # , ,(' n 3, 4, 5 ')6 )fl2 26.1 /* " " !(fl , &$ # , ffl" fl ,fl,ffl *, 656,2nm; 486,1nm; 434,0nm ') 410,1nm & ) # , fl2 26.1. ,(fl/ ), , % (# fi (26.1) /fl,( " : / " # ),. 2 . . 1890 $ , (Rydberg) " , *! !(fl ), 24 * fl2 (26.2). 2 2 1 11 (26.2) 2 RH ( n ffl ff fi ! " ffi 7 RH 1,10 10 /m ,(" :, fl $, ') n 3, 4, 5 ') 6 $, " # , , &$ !(fl*ffi$,/ # 6 flffl +"flffl+ '& # ,fl,ffl *, & # fi" , &$ # ff(3!(fl*ffi$,/( ') " " !(fl ff ff*) * / (26.2). " / fl " fl* " , fflfl" " !(fl , &$ *ffi$,// # fl, *& fl " ') ( ,ffl(2" " / fl "! (fl ,) / ",& # n , fl # 2%&( 1 # fl " * . . 1913 # , % (# ( ') &( 1 # fl "! fl, fl* .
199 4.2. '%) fl !(fl" 1ff # : &fl 1 : # - "1 ff ' # ffl fl, & fl " 1 ff ( '"2? - 2ffl , ff, & fl- 1-2 &( : fflff + &(: # "1 ff '%) fl ') ) fl * ff ,(" : " 1 ff # (Black body), fi)flfl ) fl '%(( / " 1 ff !# ( fflfi ff !(fl" 1 ff ,# . 2 fl & " fl" 1 ff ffi2 # " 1 ffi!ff fl (Cavity) ') ,/ (, ,(' fl% ,! *2(/, ( * ff ' fl fl "1 - ! fl 2!(fl" 1 ffi!ff fl / 4 . . 1900 'fi +fl (Planck) ,6) * & fl! # ff fl fi) flfl "1 ff # ,! * ffl+ ((( * ,fi fl , fl fl "/, / "1 # ", hf , ) hf ,( " : " & !(flfi) # flfl . / ! # !(fl'fi ff +fl!, * fl : E hf (26.3) 2 E , fi)flfl , h , &" fl ,( " : & " fl 'fi +fl, , 34 6.63 10 Js f , " 1!(fl ' ,ffl + * . & '"!(fl'fi +fl, fi) flfl "1 ff # ffl + ((( : hf hf ,2 , 3 ,..., hf nhf ,( n , ,) / "1 # "" . ! # !(fl'fi ff +fl ( '%) fl !(fl" 1 ff * # , '& 'fi +fl ') 2 ff fl #' 2/2" 1 & (fl!(fl'"" " " & !(flfi) # flfl , (fl/ ! ' fl " 2 ', (" fi) flfl / '% ) fl & # ,(fl. . 1905 *( & (Einstein) * % ,)# 2 ,(# " & !(flfi) # flfl *( ffiffi& ( ,) &$ (Photo electric), /fl( " fi) flfl ((( / "1 ff # # &# ,(fl& '"" !(fl'fi+fl. ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
200 4.3. ( &(!(fl# (Bohr) : & fl #1 : - '/ )(fl( &( # / ? '& ) " & fl '"2? - 2ffl , ff, & fl- 1-2 &(& " ,! 2/. : fflff + #&(: # (Bohr) * ,- # '/ )(fl( &(*ffi$,/! # ffi ,(# '"" " " & !(fl'fi # +fl !ffl '"" " '/ # )(fl( &(!(fl $ , B( fi( fl ,- !# !ff 2 !# fl : 1). (,) &$(/,( , "fl ( ( " ffi + "flffi/( fl" fl (,) &$(# '% ' ,ffl + * (( . 2"flffi/( fl "( ,) &$(/,( (( " ffi + ) ,, ( (Angular Momentum) L fl ') , / "1 # ", , ffi 2 h . )# ( ,) &$( " m ,( (( " 2" + flffi/() 4 r "" *" v , & !ff # !, * : L mvr n (26.4) 2 n , ,) / "1 # "" : n 1, 2, 3,... ,(" : ,) " & # 2). (,) &$(/ ffl + (fi)flfl (( , ( "flffi/( fl "2! # 1), fi)flfl (,) &$( ffl + ((( /6 2 !(fl ' ,ffl + * . fi)flfl (,) &$(,! ffl+ ((( / , *& ff !(fl 'fi+fl ') !, * : (26.5) i f EE E n n 2 i En , fi)flfl !(fl( ,) &$(2"flffi/( ( 'fl ') f En , fi)flfl !(fl( ,) &$(2"flffi/(ffl +fl 'fl. (,) &$(/ (fi)flfl (( 1 E , " ') /fi) flfl 2 ) # E , ). )# " 1 !(fl ' ,ffl + * ,! ffl+ ((( *) * / & # *:
201 (26.6) i f n n hf E E E ,1fl" ! # ff # &fl! /! ' fl ' ,ffl + * !(fl' '"" (Maxwell) & , '& # '/ )(fl( &(!(fl # # ( # ffl '/ # )(fl( &(!(fl $, B( # ( * , fflfl( ,) &$( , fl ,( (( " + "" ,) fl/fl # '% ' ,ffl + * (( ')",! *)" " 2 + ff. ( / , !(fl # fl ( , , &$ !(fl*ffi$,/* # . 1) ) 4 "flffi/(!(fl( ,) &$(2( &(*ffi$,/ / ( &(!(fl # *) ) 4 "flffi/( ') fi) flfl !(fl(,) &$(2"flffi/(& fl3* . ( ,) &$( " m ffi/((( " , + " fl ) 4 r "" *" v ffi" 'fl,! Fc , fl, *& : 2 c mv F r " 'fl,! fl " ' " 'fl fl )ffl" fl* / " !(fl ff " + * / ff)!(fl( ,) &$(, ( - fl " 'flfl * FE & , !(fl )fl : 1 2 E 2 q q F k r 2 1 2 q q, * / !(fl ff " ') * + / ff!(fl(,) &$(& ) # . )# ( &(*ffi$,/, !- * / !(fl ff " ') !- * + / ff!(fl(,) &$( , e , , : 2 22 2 2 (26.7) E e e mv Fk k r rr fl ,( fl (fl! fl!(fl (26.7) " 3 mr fl (fl! fl/* 2 2 mke r mvr , ' mvr " n / (26.4) /* 2 22 mke r n , / ( ffl ) 4 "flffi/( nr & fl3 ! n *& : 2 2 2 (26.8) nr n mke ffl ff fi ! " ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
202 ,(' fl , : 34 1,05 10 Js; 31 m 9,1 10 kg; 9 22 k 9,1 10 Nm /C ; 19 e 1,6 10 C ') n 1 )fl2 (28.6) / *) ) 4 "fl/(6 2 ff 1 r !(fl( &(*ffi$,/* fl : 2 34 2 11 1 2 31 9 2 2 19 1,05 10 Js 1 5,3 10 m 9,1 10 kg 9 10 Nm /C 1,6 10 C r / (26.8) /,ffl" nr /ffl+ ffl+ (! !(fl n , ,( n 1 ) 4 "flffi/(/ ( ff 11 1 r 5.3 10 m , ,(" : ) 4 # ) " 0 a , '&1 ' n 2 2 1 r r 4 ') ' n 3 3 1 r r 9 fl 'fl2 26.2. fl , (26.8) /fl!24 * ( '- fl: 2 0 (26.9) nr an 2) fi)flfl !(fl( &(*ffi$,/ 2 fi / ) # 1" " + # ,( , fi)flfl )"!(fl( &( fi) flfl )"!(fl( ,) &$(2"flffi/(( ( " . fi) + flfl )"!(fl (,) &$(,(6 2" flffi/() 4 & fl3 *) * fl : fi)flfl )"!(fl(,) &$( = fi)flfl &fl* + fi)flfl ,,( ffl+ EE E P C (26.10) ,(fl/ ) * 6& '-# fl nr / " + , n ke r . fi)fl fl & fl* !(fl(,) &$(2fl* !(fl" 6 + & '-# fl fl "/ , 2 (26.11) p n n ke e ke E r r ,(fl4 ) " 4 " fi) flfl & fl* , fi)flfl 6 (,) &$(*" " 2( &( , + 2ffl( ,) &$(fflff +(( / ( &( /&(fl2 fi)flfl ( &( ") 2- flffl+ fi# ". / % (26.7) 1 fl (fl! fl " 1 2 /* 2 1 1 2 (26.12) 2 2 n ke mv r
203 ) 1 2 2 mv # fi) flfl , , (!(fl( ,) &$(, 1 'fi) flfl & fl* ') fi)flfl , , (!(fl( ,) &$(, / (26.11) ') (26.12) 2 (26.10) /*fi) flfl )"!(fl( ,) &$(. 22 2 1 1 (26.13) 2 2 n nn n ke ke ke E rr r ,(' nr / (26.8) )fl2 (26.13) /*fi) flfl )"!(fl (,) &$(2"flffi/(& fl3& 2 4 2 2 1 1 (26.14) 2 n mk e E n ffl ff fi ! " fi)flfl ( &(*ffi$,/6 ) & fl3 *) ffi 2 # (26.14) fl 'fl2 (26.3). / (26.14) /,ffl" fi) flfl !(fl( &(*ffi$,/6 ) fi) fl fl & fl3 , (& " 2 n . ,(( ,) &$(6" flffi/(2 ff ( n 1) fi)flfl !(fl( &(/ & # ff 19 1 E 21.76 10 J . ( &( (,) &$(6 )fi) flfl & # ,( ff " : 1 fi (Ground state) , fl, fi " ( &( 1)fi fl ff. ,(( ,) &$(6) fi) flfl fl " 1 fi , &fl '& n 2 !*,( " : 1 & ff (Excited state). ( &( 62 1 &fiff ( / 1 fi &ffl+(,") ffi (' ,ffl + * (( . 1 ( ,) &$(6" flffi/(( ff :n ; , fi)flfl ( &(/, , (,) &$(/# 1 6 *" " . + ( / /"' fi) flfl "ffl "- "6 J ')" ,fi fl " ' "ffl "- "( ,) &$(ffi" eV , ffi -19 1eV = 1,6 10 J . 1eV : fi )flfl , 'flfl 2 2 , ( ( fi ff * / ff e % %) ) * 1 ffi". ,( *) fi) flfl !(fl( &(*ffi$,/2) & fl3 # *( , , &$ !(fl( &(*ffi$,/" # : , &$ , # ffl" fl, / ( ,) &$( "flffi/(, / " flffi/( ) fi ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
204 )flfl fl " * fl" flffi/( fi) flfl & " # ') (fi)flfl (( 2 ' ,ffl + * , fl" 1 *) / (26.6). ,(' i En ') f En / (26.14) )fl2 (26.6) ffi !(fl i n ') f n # n !(fl"fl/( ( ') ffl +fl & ) # , ' f " c ( , ' h " 2 (26.6) !24* , : 2 4 32 2 1 11 (26.15) 4 f i mk e ( c nn ffl ff fi ! " ,(' fl & fl32 (26.15) fi" 2 4 7 3 1.10 10 /m 4 mk e c , , fl &" fl $ , RH ,(fl. fl , (26.15) !24* fl 2 2 1 11 (26.16) H f i R ( n n ffl ff fi ! " (26.16) ,(" : $ , , fl$ , fi . . 1890. ,(' !(fl 2 f n ') ' !(fl 3, 4, 5, 6,... i n )fl2 (26.16), " " & fl3 *) * # / " , # &$ !(fl ), # fl *) & (26.2). , &$ 2 / # " # fl ", , ffl" fl & fl3/ " # 4 , , '&) , , / ( ,) &$( )fi) flfl / n 3 *fl n 2 , / n 4 *fl n 2 , / n5 *fl n 2 ') / n6 *fl n 2 & ) # . (26.16) fl 'fl2ffl ,ffl " ( / / " # 2 f n ')" fl / / ", # , &$ (# 3, : 1, 3, 4, 5,... f n ') i n , ,) / # "1"" & fl3 2ffl " f n . / ", # , &$ # fi ( # *& fl ( &( / " ), # ') / "fi ' # (Paschen). ( &(!(fl # , 2ffl %fi ffl / ", # , &$ (# 3 : fi / "*) # (Layman) 2 "fl" 1 !(fl' fl,- ( "fl (Ultraviolet), / "' # + , (Brackett)') / " # ff 5 (Pfund series) 2 "fl" 1 !(fl' fl) ff'fl (Infrared). fflff +')", , &$ # fl 4!(fl*ffi$,/ fi 5 / " # fl :
205 1) / " *) : # 2 2 1 11 1 H i R ( n ffl ff fi ! " ,( 1 f n , 2, 3, 4, ... , i n ; 2) / " ), # : 2 2 1 11 2 H i R ( n ffl ff fi ! " ,( 2 f n , 3, 4, 5, ... , i n ; 3) / " fi , : # 2 2 1 11 3 H i R ( n ffl ff fi ! " ,( 3 f n , 4, 5, 6, ... , i n ; 4) / " ' # + , : 2 2 1 11 4 H i R ( n ffl ff fi ! " ,( 4 f n , 5, 6, 7, ... , i n ; 5) / " # ff 5 : 2 2 1 11 5 H i R ( n ffl ff fi ! " ,( 5 f n , 6, 7, 8, ... , i n ; ff fi # ' ,) & "6 fl 1. 4.4 )fl ,( 5 (X-ray) : &fl 1 : # - & / 2 .. ) ", ) fl ,( 5 6 2 ' ') 2 *" ,fi (, fflfl? - 2ffl , ff, & fl- 1-2 )ff !&( & " ,! 2/ : fflff + &(: # . . 1895 ,$ ' (Roentgen) ,6) * fi) fl ,( ffi 5 fl,( 2! , )(fl " ) fl ffi&. ! # )fl, )(fl2ffl (fl , ,$ ' fl, ,ffl " (' '$ ( Be ) " fl6ffl fl* / ffl +()fl ffi&, , (fl' fl! , , fl' /, (fl ' fl* &# # ,(* ) fl ,- ("fl (Ultraviolet) , . 2ffl (fl )(fl! # 'ffl +fl ,# ) fl ,- ("fl, ") fl ffi& # # (( / ffl+( ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
206 *ffl (' '$* ,fi " ffi & ) fl ffi& , ( % ( *fifl 2 3cm , . ,$ ' 1 " fl , 2ffl (' , (fl ' fl&(fl )fl fl6 fl # 2% (, ) fl fl " /& (fl, ! / ffl +()fl ffi& ') " ) %ff fl/ fl,( " : ) fl ,( 5 (X-rays). % fi " ) fl ,( ) 5 %ff " 1 fl ff " - '- & , # : '% ,/, * , / )ff fl!(fl fl " '& , (, ( % " 1 ff " - '- fl, : fi)& # Pt , Pb , , " ) %ff /ffl ff +)fl. ) fl ,( 5 # fl,2 fl* , 'fl" ) fl ,( ,5 ' ,ffl + * " " 6 )ffl" fl 11 1,3 10 m ffl 11 4,8 10 m ,(fl%) )fl ,( 5 " ( # , : ffl+()fl ,( 5 , * ffl +(, !" * " ( Anode) ') !"* ) (Cathode) fl 'fl2 26.5. ffiffl+ , " : , (! "* ) 1 ,% 2ffl ( " ' * % )) * V , (,) &$( /ffl # ff +(( / !") ') "1 ,) fl2ffl " *" fl " fl* / %) ) * V0 fl2ffl *& # , ffi)ffl2 , !"* " 2ffl# , ) fl ,( !5 . / , &$ fi# " ) fl ,( 5 , ! "" , , & &# # ,(fl, 'fl" fi) flfl , ! & # ,(fl/ fl,( " : ) fl ,( &5 # ,(fl. fi) flfl fl !(fl) ff fl ,( &5 # ,(fl ( * fl : , (( ,) &$(& # ( &(!(flffi)ffl 2 , , , &" & ') # " , fi )flfl , 2ffl" *"ffl ff +)fl / fl (fi) flfl (( 2 ' ,ffl + * . ,(fl/ " ( ,) &$( & # ffi)ffl, / "ffl # +"flffl+ , '&)& "/ , fi)flfl & fl . fl , ) fl ,( 5 '%(( / , &$ &# # ,(fl, "( &(!(fl, /fi) flfl fl ",! * , 2ffl, , (, % # ffi)ffl, (! . ( ,) &$( fl&"( /& # ( &(!(flffi)ffl, ffi fl') "6 , 2 ff ) # fi) flfl , , ( fl4 !(fl( ,) &$(/ , fi)flfl ' ,ffl + * , fl6 2 !(fl) fl ,( 5 " 1 fl ( ff max f ). / , fi) flfl ,ffl " ) fl ,( 5 " 1 fl ff fi) flfl fl ff
207 , fi) flfl , , ( fl !(fl( ff ,) &$(. fi)flfl , , ( fl !(fl( ff ,) &$(*/ ,) fl"% ) ) * V0 !*: max 0 hf eV , fl2 max min c f ( ,( c '" *"!(fl' fl ') (min '" " & # !(fl) ff fl ,( /* 5 0 min min 0 (26.17) hc hc eV eV ( ( fl )fl ,( ( / / 5 " " ffl + , fl! fi) flfl , , ( !(fl(,) &$(, fl " " & # ff , fl *) * / (26.17). 1 2 %) ) * !- 12,4kV " "& # , ff 10 10 m , fl ((fl % )(fl, " , (2 % ) ) * !- fl "/ # "fi) fl ,( 5 " " " *) * / (26.17). ( / fl )fl ,( 5 2ffl , &$ ', # , , fl, / ( ,) &$( 1 ,) fl2ffl fi) flfl flfi #,fi (*& # ( ,) &$(2"flffi/( 2!(fl( &( ffi)ffl, , , 2ffl( ,) &$(fl "ffl ff +(( *, (,) &$(6" flffi/(1 (( * ) fi) flfl fl " /,! *' fi( fl (fi)flfl ", (( 2!(fl) fl ,( 5 . 'fl2( &(', *2) " , , , &$ 2 / # " ), # ffl + / " *) 2( &( # *ffi$' . )fl ,( 5 , ! ) , , ') " " , ,fi , fl/'& & fl *& !(flffi)ffl 2 , , ,(" : ) fl ,( 5 ,fi (Characteristic x-rays). )fl ,( ,fi 5 fi) flfl , % ) ) fi) flfl (,) &$( "flffi/(, : i f EEE n n ffl+ i f n n hf E E (26.18) 2 E , fi)flfl !(fl) fl ,( ,fi , 5 i En , fi)flfl 6 ) (# ') f En , fi)flfl 6 ) ff . ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
208 #2 ) fl ,( 5 fi ffl+fl )ff & fl3!(fl) fl ,( ')5 " ,fi * )# fl ,( *2 5 2ffl, ffiffl2 & fl36 fl " fl!" fl, : 2 fl 'fi*2 ) fl ,( 5 "", , (fi , (*""2 fl , 2 1 "& fl3 !(fl,/ . 2 fl( ffl ff , 2 # ) fl ,( " (('& 'fflfl!(flffifl 5 fl & fl3. " (*fi, 2 ) fl ,( " 5 ffl ( " , " ff 1 ), ff ') " 1 ff &(flffl , ffi)ffl ffl+ ' & fl3. , (fl/ " ) fl ,( 5 ) / # )ff fl 2 fl * ff , 2 2 ) fl ,( /5 fl", ,/ - , fl* ,B B ') ", , ( / ) fl ,( 5 fl "2ffl / ffifl fl!(fl" 1 . ff 5. " ') ,% : fi / ) / : - " 2/ ') & fl2/ fl ( !(fl, / ') " "2!" !(fl 2ffl (fl. - " ,! 2/ 'fl(( 2 &( 1 ') " ( # & fl3. - " 1 & (fl2 &( 1 ') ' # ,B ffl 2ffl, " !(fl . #&( ') ' #' ,B ffl 1. &(: )fl ,( ) 5 %ff " 1 fl ') ff " - '- & , # : '% ,/, * , / )ff fl!(fl fl "* '& , (, ( % " 1 ff " - '- fl , : fi) & # Pt , Pb , , " ) %ff /ffl ff +)fl. 2. 2 # 2 20 2 2 , n r an v mr ') 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 v v f f r r #&(: 11 5 2 2 r v 21,2 10 m , 5,4 10 m/ s ') 20 f 2,2 10 Hz 3. ' 2 # : 41 42 4 3 12 3 , ,, EE EE E E ff f hhh 31 32 2 1 45 6 , , EE EE E E ff f hh h
209 &(: # 15 15 15 1 23 15 15 15 456 3,08 10 Hz , 0,61 10 Hz, 0,16 10 Hz 2,92 10 Hz , 0, 45 10 Hz , 2, 46 10 Hz f ff fff ') 20 f 2, 2 10 Hz 4. ' 2 # : min hc eV ( &( # : 13 min ( 0,12 10 m . 5. ' 2 # : 1 4 1 E E f h ') ((( 6 3 2 E E f h &( # : ) # 15 1f 3,08 10 Hz , ) # ((( 15 2f 0, 27 10 Hz 6. ' 2 # : 41 21 31 32 1 2 34 , ,, E E EE EE E E ffff h h hh &(: # 15 15 15 1 23 f ff 2,92 10 Hz , 0,45 10 Hz, 2,46 10 Hz 7. ' 2 # : E eV max &(: # max E 16 keV . 8. ' 2 # hf eV hf V e &(: # 5 V 10,36 10 V . 9. ' 2 # : hc E ( ffi 19 1eV 1,6 10 J &(: # 17 17 E E blue 0,04 10 J 2,5eV; 0,03 10 J 1,9eV red 10. ' 2 # : E E hf f h ') hc hc E E ( ( &(: # 18 f 3 10 Hz , 10nm ( . ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
210 27 ) " & # ,") 3 "ffifl 1. /ff fl 2ffl : - ') ,! 2/)ff " , ,!(fl , ffiffi&( ,) &$ , % ) ) * 66ff fl, ffi&( ') )ff !(fl , (&. " *) " " , , +, ffl + " # '(!(fl , ' , ffifl fl( &(& " & . # - 2 # '& fl& fl3,! 2 ' ,B ffl 2. ,( 2&&# ffiffi&( ,) &$ , (& , " " , , +, ffl + " # '( ') ffifl fl!(fl( &(& " & . # 3. ( - flfi : ' 7 2" " ) " & , # ') " ( 3 " ) " & . # - , (ff (: '& , " 1 / ff & ') ffi$' / )(fl' # " ffiffi&(,) &$ . 4. / # ') ( 4.1. ffiffi&,(,) &$ : & fl #1 : - ffiffi&( ,) &$ 2 ,fi (( )ff " , ffl + " , (fi !(fl' fl? ff - , ff, 2ffl & fl- 1-2 &(& " ,! 2/.
211 : fflff + &(: # . . 1887 , 5 (Hertz) * fl, " , (' fl, fl " " ffl + " 1 fl 2 - ( ffi)ffl/, 2ffl( fi ff * / fffflff + (( / ffi)ffl*, (, "! (fl ' fl ') * /fl,( " ffiffi&( ,) &$ (Photo Electric Effect). . . 1898 ( "' ( & ")ffl" fl* / ff " !(fl (fi ff fflff +(( / ffi)fflfi" " ( ,) &$(fflff +(( / !" ffi&, /fl, (" ( fi ff fl ", (,) &$( ') ,(" : ffiffi&( ,) &$(. / ff* " " 1 ffff , fl( , "1 '!fl, " ff 1 ff'ffl+" ffl+ , 9 1 6 2 fi " ,4 )# "'& 2ffl ffi ffi&(,) &$(. ff)(fl ffiffi&(,) &$ fl 27.1, ("ffl +( !" ffi& (C) ') !"( ffi (A) , "'% ffi)ffl. , ( ' fl 2 '% ffi)ffl C / (,) &$(fflff +(( ')", ( *ffl '%ffi)ffl A , ' * 2"fl/(, ,(" : ' ffiffi&( ,) &$(. 1 # # / "ffiffi&( # ,) &$(fflff +(( / - ( '% ffi)ffl ') fi)flfl , , (!(fl( ,) &$(,ffl + ! " ,! ') " 1 !(fl' fl '"2?. " "' / "ffiffi&( # ,) &$(, ! , * " &# %) ) * V ,fi 2"fl/(, ,fi (2ffl! " A fl ,( (,) &$(, ! fl4 . , (,fi " ,! ' fl '% ffi)ffl, ' ffiffi&( ,) &$( /,fi !. ffiffi&( ,) &$(/,fi !, (" ,! !(fl' fl,fi fl! . " "' fi) flfl , , (!(flffiffi&( ,) &$(, * " & # 'ffl+fl # ,* * fl2 27.2, ,fi (2ffl ) * 6! " A , ) ,( ! " C , !! " A , - ( ,) &$(. ,(fl/ 6 # ),") ffl" fl! " A ') C fl* , /fl, " 'fl 2 ( ,) &$(& '& A ffl C . 1 fl* fl " flfi #, (,) &$(/,( ( /*,1fl A . ,(, ( ( ,) &$(/,1fl! " C ffl+ # ! " *" (# ffl + fi)flfl , , (&(,) &. ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
212 / , fi) flfl , , (fi) flfl , , (!(fl( ,) &$( (( / C fl " % ) fi) flfl & fl* !(fl(,) &$(6 A ') 6 C , (,) &$( /*,1 # fl C *, '& 1 ( " ( ,) &$(/,( ( /* ,1fl A . "" , "' fi) flfl , , ( fl !(fl( ff ,) &$(, ffi,fi %) ) * !*/ ' ffiffi&( ,) &$(6. ff 4 " " ! ' '& ( ,) &$( fi) flfl , , ( fl ff # # *,1fl A *. fi) fl fl ,, ( fl !(fl( ff ,) &$(/, % ) )ffl" flfi) flfl & fl* fi#, k s max E eV (27.1) 2 e , * / !(fl( ff ,) &$(, Vs ,(" : % ) ) * 66ff fl (Stopping potential), , %) ) * )ffl" fl A ') C , 2ffl ' ffiffi&(,) &$( (( / C 6* ff fi #.%) ) * 66ff fl, 'fl ,1flfi) flfl , , ( fl !(flffiffi&( ff ,) &$(. ,( ' fl " 1 - fl '& " ,! ffl + 2 ! " C , %) ) * 66ff fl/ fl . ,( ' fl " 1 fl! , % ) ) * 66ff fl/,fi fl! . 'fl" # fi) fl fl ,, (!(flffiffi&( ,) &$(# ! " ,! ' fl '&! " 1 !(fl ' fl. fi"fi )ffl" fl% ) ) * 66ff fl " ,! !(fl' fl2 27.3 / , 'fl fflff +*" ,(" ,! ' fl # 'fl, fi)flfl , , ( fl !(flffiffi&( ff ,) &$(/,fi !, (2 ' fl " 1 ,fi !. '& " 1 !(fl ' fl2 /& (fl fl " 0f /fl/, 2ffl( ,) &$(fflff +(( / ffi)ffl*. 2ffl ! # & &) fl 1 'fl&"6 fl% " ' % ) ) * 6 ff 6fl, (2 ' fl & fl3 ') , 'fl2 27.2 , 'fl fi"fi )ffl" fl %) ) * 66ff fl " 1 !(fl' fl. % )(fl2ffl " 0f / , ,fi )# ffi)ffl'& ) . % ffiffi&( ,) &$ ffl ff +* fl :
213 1) ffiffi&(,) &$(/, ! / ffi)ffl , (' fl " 1 6 fl ( , " 1 ,) & ') ffiffi&( ,) &$(/, ! ' fl - ( !(flffi)ffl. 2) / "ffiffi&( # ,) &$(/,fi ! 1 " ,! !(fl' fl,fi fl! . 3) fi)flfl , , ( fl !(fl( ff ,) &$(# ! " ,! '& /! " 1!(fl' fl. *( & (Einstein) ,(" & !(flfi) # flfl " ffi&( (Photon). 4 " " ' fl # ff ffi&(, )# ' fl " 1 f ffi&('&)& "/ fi) fl fl , hf , ,(ffi&( 2 - ffi)ffl/1 ffi(fi) flfl 2ffl ( ,) &$(2( &(!(flffi)ffl, (,) &$(!(flffi)ffl'&)& "/* fi) fl fl , hf . (,) &$(/fflff +(( / - ffi)ffl* /& (fl2 fi) flfl / # "- fl, fl, fi) flfl ffi)ffl6 (,) &$(*", fi) flfl fl " ,( " : & ) fl # (Work function) ) " W . & ) fl / # & fl ! !(flffi)ffl. fl , fi) flfl , , ( fl !(fl( ff ,) &$(/fl, *& max (27.2) E hf W K / (27.1) /* (27.3) s hf W eV 1 ffi&('& )ffi& - ffi)ffl fi) flfl ( " W /# ffiffi& (,) &$(fflff +(( / - ffi)ffl* , 1 ffi&( fi) flfl , W /,) (,) &$(fflff +(( / - ffi)ffl '& ( ,) &$(fl "/ # fi) fl fl ,, ( ffl + max 0 Ek . 1 2ffl 0f , " 1& # ff ,) , ffiffi&( ,) &$(, ,(' f 2 (27.2) " 0f /* 0 0 hf W ffl+ 0 W hf (27.4) 2ffl ! # & &) fl 2 'fl & ) fl ( # W ) !(flffi)ffl fl ) # ' flffl " 1 fl " " 1 ,) &, 1 ' fl ffl " ,! fl / # / "ffi&(ffl # + , , fl, 2ffl / "ffiffi&( # ,) &$((( ffl+ , ffi ffi&('&)& "/1 ffi(fi) flfl 2ffl ( ,) &$(*1 &". ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
214 1 " 1 !(fl' fl,fi !, fi) flfl , , ( fl !(fl( ff ,) &$( / # fl! fl2 (27.2), / (27.3) /!*, s hf W eV ffl+ (27.5) s h W V f e e ffl ff fi ! " ,('& , 'fl fi"fi )ffl" fl% ) ) * 66ff fl Vs " 1 f !(fl' fl, ffi2fflVs 6' , &fl ') f 6' , (/*, 'fl " , h e ') , 'flfl " /& , , &fl6 W e . / , 'fl / ( # h ') W *. '"" " ' fl " 1 f , (fi) flfl ') fi) flfl , hf , (fi , ff fl! ' fl '" " ' fl, . 6 fl2 # & , 1 # " ' fl, (fi ff / # # ( ffiffi&( ,) &$ *. fl , / fl ( " ' fl( )ff !(fl ') ( fi * ff . ffiffi&( ,) &$ , ! ' fl , fl " 1 0 f < f 2 - ffi) ffl ') ' ffiffi&(,) &$ /,fi !, (' fl " ,! fl! . fl , ffi)ffl fl / fl 2 # , ( ( fl' fl, ff : ffl+(ffiffi&(,) &$ , / )ff fl (Cell) * (,) &$ ,fi ( 2 # ,! 2"fl/(* ,-(&ffi . #fi ' ,) &"6 fl 1 ') 2. 4.2. (& : & fl #1 : - (& ' ffl fl? 2 ,fi (( )ff ( 2!(fl' fl? - , ff, 2ffl 1-2 &(& " ,! 2/. : fflff + #&(: . 1923 (& (Compton) ') (Debye) * )(fl )fl ,( 5 " " 2- fl* ( ,) &$(2'fl $ *, " (,) &$( ') )fl ,( 5 ( / (( , fl 'fl2 27.4. ,( "" " " !(fl) fl ,( 5 ( / (( & & fl3 fi" " " ( / , (& fi "fi fl ( / .
215 )fl ,( 5 fl(( / fl, flffl + " " # fl fl ') " " 'fl*# ! " ,! !(fl) fl ,( 5 . fl " ,( " : (& (Compton Effect). % )(fl fl " # ( * " ' ,ffl + * !(fl' '"" ,fi ) fl ,( 5 , ' ,ffl + * , " "!(fl) fl ,( 5 ( / ! " ,! ') *),") )fl ,( 5 . (& * ,- '" " ) fl ,( 5 " 1 f , ffi&( fi) flfl hf ') ) ,, ( hf c , (fi . ff & # )ffl" flffi&(!(fl) fl ,( 5 ( ,) &$(2'fl $ *, & # !(fl( fi . ff , / fl, *& , fi) flfl ') , ) ,, (. '" fl " ( (fl % "" " " !(fl) fl ,( 5 ( / * . )(fl!(fl(& , - -'"" !(fl*( & " ' ,ffl + * 'fl&", (ff fi *. " fl ", 2ffl, , + ,- '"" 2 fl fl ! ( ff fi 'flff # ) " , * , , fl" fl (fl &( 1 # " ( &(!(fl # " ( ,) &$(,( (( " , + "flffi/( " fl 2 fl" fl/ # '% ' ,ffl + * * fl! . 4.3. !# ff!(fl, , + : &fl 1 : # - ,(2! # !(fl, ff , +'"2? ( . - , ff, 2ffl 1-2 &(& " ,! 2/. : fflff + &(: # . . 1924 , , + (Broglie) "B$ fl, * ,- fi"fi )ffl" fl" " ') ) ,, (!(flffi&(, ffi( * fi# fi !(fl*( & 2 E mc (27.6) ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
216 2 ) # ( fi , ff ( "" *" v /) ,, ( P mv . ,(' m . / (27.6) /* 2 Ev P c . 1 ( fi , ff ffi&(, " *"!(flffi&(, " *"!(fl' fl c , fl 2 (27.7) Ev E P c c '&fi) flfl !(flffi&( " 1 f E hf ') " *"!(fl' fl c f ( . ,(' E ') c 2 (27.7) /* (27.8) h P ( ,, + * ,- " 24 " 1 ' ,ffl + * 'fl)ff !(fl (fi * ff , ( fi ff 'fl # )ff !(fl * , " ,( " : ! # ff !(fl ,, + (de Broglie’s hypothesis). )# ( fi ffl ff + fl" 1 ff " m ,( "" *" v /) ,, (, mv . fl , " " !(fl (fi !* ff , : h mv ( (27.9) " "!(fl( fi ffl ff + " "!(fl fl" 1 ff *) / (27.9) ,(" : " " !(fl, , + (de Broglie wavelength). ,, + 2 !(fl& ,(fl( ( &(!(fl # " ( ,) &$( ,( (( " ffi + # '% * ',ffl + ,fi (,) &$() ,, ( & mvr n . ,, + ( " (,) &$(2( &(# '% ' ,ffl + * ,# (fl/ " ( ,) &$(,( (( " 'fl + )ff , / fl , fl( /, ! * , ()"fl(!(fl, ffi/(" fl , / " # 1", !(fl" "!(fl( ,) &$(, " : 2 (27.10) ( r n fl 2 h r n mv ffl+ 2 h mvr n n & ff ,, + ,- # " ( fi / ff " , 2 & # # 'fl)ff !(fl * 1 ( fi ff ffl , ( . #fi ' ,) &"6 fl 3.
217 4.4. ffl+ " # '( : &fl 1 : # - ,(2!(flffl + " # '( '"2? - , ff, 2ffl 2-3 &(& " ,! 2/. : fflff + &(: # fi ffl+fl ,, + * ,- !# "ff ( fi 'fl ff )ff !(fl* , ffl + * fi 2 ! # ff fl " fl ,fi (( & fl3 2) ( &(2ffl !ff . . . 1925 * fi " ) " & # (Quantum Mechanics) , fl, " 2 # 2)( &(* 6 fl1 & (fl. 2 fi " ) " & , # ffi$fl,/ (Schrödinger) "( ( ,& * + ", " & ! # !(fl ff ,, + ( ,) &$(, fl, (fi '& ff fi &", * . fl , % ,( !(fl(,) &$("/ % . ffi$ fl,/ / fl fl % !(fl(,) &$(!, ffi'( ,) &$(" ff (Wave packet) , fl, ( "" *" ff (Group velocity) , " *"( fi . ff ) " & # fi1 / ) -, !(fl' fl, " : ( 'fl)ff , (fi ') ( ff fi ff ( 'fl # )ff , * , " . '& , # ( /( *" ( ,) &$( 'fl)ff " , ') , (fi * ff fi (3 . 1 ( ,) &$(, (fi , ff ,1 fl2) !- ' ('& !- (ffl + , '&1 " ( ,) &$(, , !- ') &fl ffl + & '-# fl!(fl /& (fl / 6 2!(,! 2- fl, 2ffl ( * /'/ fl" ( ,) &$(6 (2. . . 1927 *, , (Heisenberg) *& flffl + " , # &fl ') " *"!(fl( fi 2,") " ff * 6 fl' 6 ,( # " : ffl + " # '( (Uncertainty principle). & ffl+ !(fl*, , , " # '(ffi # 2 "' / ! ,4 , fl( / " # '( , ! / % ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
218 "' , , (fl "' ') " "' . " # '( fl &fl ') " # '( ) , , ( fi "fi & (27.11) x < x p 2 x '" # '( fl &fl, Px '" # '( fl ) ,, (. ffl+ " # '( " # 2 fi " ) " & ') # "2ffl ,! 2/ & " 4 fl 1 # & " - /, (Probability) ffl+ ffi( /, **!(fl,ffl ( . # ( fi # ' ,) & "6 fl 4) 4.5. ffifl fl( &(& ) " & # : & fl #1 : - ffifl fl( &(& !(fl # ') ) " & &# fl '"2? - , ff, 2ffl 2-3 &(& " ,! 2/. : fflff + #&(: & ffl+ " # '( , /# " ( ,) &$( , fl, ( (( " + !(fl( &(6 (2 ffl + ,( 2) 2. , /( *'& fifl" ffi( /fi( ,) &$(6 & fl3, , 2# . fi & &# fl3!(fl( ,) &$( 2( &(/*) * / ' % !(fl ffi$ fl,/ . ffi( fi ( ,) &$(((( &( ff, ffl ff " , 1 + ffi( /fi( ,) &$(6 ( 2ffl+ 6 ( / # , - '- . )# ( &(*ffi$,/, ) # (,) &$( ) fi) flfl & # , ff ff, /, - " , ffi( /fi( ,) &$( 2 flffl fl/ " *) fl, + ' , . ) # (,) &$() fi)flfl fl! , ff, /'& & # fl/ - " . ) " & 2ffl# ,) " & # n 1, 2, 3,... ') )fi) flfl !(fl( ,) &$( fl ( &( !(fl # & : 2 4 2 2 1 1 2 n mk e E n ffl ff fi ! "
219 ( , &$ !(fl( &(*ffi$,// # fl( , " ( &(!(fl # , '& ) " & # fl ( ' , , &$ , # - fl(( , ffl+ , ,(( &(6 2 # )," fl' ,ffl + *( , )# ( &( (,) &$(ffl+ " 1 &". ) " & # fl ( )ff * # !(fl&" , !(fl , # fl * # ') # * # 2"1 '!fl ff *( , , %2ffl ,& ffiffi) *ffi$( ,) ffi&$ fi 6 fl" (fl*". 5. " ') , % : fi / ) / : 1) " 2/ ') ,( 2/2 fl ( !(fl. ') " "2!" !(fl 2ffl (fl. 2) 'fl(( 2 &( 1 ') " 2 ( # & fl3. 3) " 1 & (fl2 &( 1 ') ' # ,B ffl 2ffl, " !(fl . &( ') ' # "# ' ,B ffl 1. &(: ,(" ,! !(fl' fl,fi ! ' ffiffi&( ,) &$( ,fi# !, fi) fl fl ,, ( fl !(flffiffi&( ff ,) &$(/fflff +)fl , (" 1 !(fl' flffl ff +)fl. 2. ' #: '&, 'fl fi"fi )ffl" fl f ') Vs , 2ffl f 62' , ( ') Vs 6' , &fl, / &ff )ffl" fl, 'fl ' , ( " 1 ,) & 0 ( ) f , ') ' , &fl W e , fl W & ) fl # ') 19 e 1,6 10 C * / !(fl( ff ,) &$(. 3. 2 # x x x xp x p m v < < &(: # 31 x 2,1 10 m < . ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
220 fi X " ,+ 28 fi #&)fl ,") 4 "ffifl 1. /ff fl 2ffl : - ') ,! 2/ " # &) fl , )ff ) fl ( , ) fl , & ') )fl ' . - ') ,! 2/(fl ( " ') " + fi "&$(. - ,! 2/ , ffl + !(fl" + # &) fl ') *(ffi ffi. - 2 # & fl3' ,B ffl. 2. ,( 2&&# # &) fl ; ) fl ( , ) fl ,& ') ) fl ' . ( fl (!(fl " ') + fi "&$(. ffl + !(fl" + # &) fl , , ffl+ ') *(ffi ffi. 3. ( - flfi : ' 7 " fi # &) fl , ') " & fl3 " ", . + - , (ff (: '& , " 1 / ff & ') ffi$' / )(fl'ffifl # fl " . + 4. / # ') ( 4.1. #&)fl : & fl #1 : - )fl ' ffl fl? )fl / 2' ? '& ) )ff '"2? - , 2ffl & fl- 2-3 &(& " ,! 2/.
221 : fflff + &( # : . 1896 , ,,$) (Becquerel), B$ fl, * , )(fl ' & fl3 , , (fl' fl " " fl' ,ffl + *" fl' ') " " (,fl" ()fl ,( (( 2! 5 , (fl' fl ffl + # ffi2 1 *" 2 (fl,/ # ' fl'# )ff% ,! ** ') ",( *" fl *" fl (fl' " fl& '*". , ( )(fl 6 ,$, , ,,$) fi" ( # ! 2'% fl ,( *", , ,,$) ffl ff +*fifl'& " )fl - fl(( / 6,$ ') ) ff% ,/ * # , 2ffl, ( 2 # . , )(fl # fl,( , "fl # ' fl ', , ,,$) * ,(# ' ') (fl,/ / ff*, 2) , ,") ffl+ ", , ()(fl,( fl "*) fl " ( 2'% # , fl ,! " ( # */ )(fl ' fl'. , ,,$) ffl ff +" 6 ,$ ()fl - fl(( &ffl+(,") ffi# / ,# &(fl ( * ' fl', )fl fl " ) ff% " 1 ff ' fl, )ff% " 1 ff& fl3, , 2ffl( , '& & ", *((( ') '%(( * ,(fl&ffl +(,") , 2! '%) fl ,( /, 5 ! ,(fl # *. fi fl " , 2ffl " , " fl* " 2 ' '% ) fl 6 ,$. '%) fl * ,(fl6 fl& # ,(fl ,( " : # &) fl ') )ff 2 '%) fl ,( " : # &) fl . % )ff !(fl) fl '%(( / # &) fl fi " " ) ff% '% ,/ '& # )ff% '% ffi)ffl- fl, '% . ) fl '%(( / # &) fl 3 : ) fl ( (alpha ray; ffi), )fl ,& (beta ray; 1) ') )fl ' (gamma ray; .), , fl) fl '& ) 'fl2ffl ,ffl ,1fl" '& & fl 6 fl/'/ fl , (, ( % fl' ,ffl + , fl 'fl2 28.1. / " " , ( !(fl(fi ff * / 2 ff # )," fl* , 2ffl * " ) fl ( & (fl * / " , ) ff fl ,& & (fl * / ff ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
222 ) ') ) fl ' & (fl # * / . ff / % " ) fl fl 3 , 2ffl )ff & fl3!(fl )fl ,ffl + ! fl : 1) )fl ( )fl ( , " !(fl( &( + ) 4 2 ( ) He " 4u ') * / ff 2e . )fl ( fi) flfl 4 10MeV . )fl ( , 2ffl( ffl + 6 9 # )," , ( % , '& & ", *((( * , / fl, 2ffl , fi) flfl 6 fl*"" . fl , ) fl ( ) ff % fl !" fl& ffl# + ') ,( % ( * fifl 3 5cm , . , (fl / )fl ( " ') * / , fl ff fl/ fl,( " ( fi ( . ff 2) )fl ,& )fl ,& , (fi ff * / ff e ') " , " !(fl (,) &$(. )fl ,& fi) flfl fl 0,025 3,5MeV . )fl ,& ,( % ( * 1 3m . , ( fi ,& ff " )%ff fl !" fl* fl " ) fl ( . 3) )fl ' )fl ' , )fl # " , # * / , ff )ff )fl ,( 5 . / fi " ) fl ' # ' ,ffl + * fi) flfl 0,04 3,2 MeV , )%ff '% ( ) - . )fl ' , )fl )%ff fl !" fl* ffl + 2 ff ) fl fl 3 . 4.2. fi !(fl"+ : & fl #1 : - 'fl fi !(fl" + # &) fl , ! 2 ) # 2? - , 2ffl & fl- 2-3 &(. : fflff + #&(: 2!" ()fl ( ffl + )fl ,& / 24 , ! 6 ,4 , # &) fl # $ ((fi ( ') ff "/ , ,$,
223 , fl" ( &(!(fl,$ ( " " ( &(!(fl # $ , " !(fl(fi ( , * ff / ff!(fl" ,$ + # ( " * / ff!(fl" + # $ 2e . fl , 'fl!(fl" ( &(/fl, % / 'fl" !(fl" . fi) + flfl , , (!(fl( ,) &$( ffl+ (fi ,& ff ((( flffl + ,( fi) flfl , , (!(fl (,) &$( , fl, ( (( " . 'fl" + ( fi ,& ff # '( ,) &$(, fl, ( 6( ( " '& + , (fi ff * / % !(fl 'fl fi " . + 2 ) # '% ) fl ' , fi) flfl !(fl)fl ' fl " fi) flfl */ )fi) flfl !(fl( &(. / )ff fl " ! fl, fl fflff +*" ) fl fl 3 , ! / 'fl fi !(fl" . + 1) (fl (!(fl " + # &) fl fl ((fi ,& ffl ff + (,) &$((( * , 2ffl fl* " ( ,) &$( ( , # (fl (!(fl " !(fl fl . + /fl & fl! # ffi$&(-( ff ,) &$(!, 4 " " 2 " ( + "ffi$&( ') ( ,) &$(, : ) Li , fl " ( &( 7 , !(fl" ffi$&( ') (,) &$( 3 &". fl , " !(fl) + "/ ("ffi$&( 7 &" ') ( ,) &$( 4 &"6 fi 2 " , + 2ffl " !(fl + * / ff 3e . !# ffi$&(-( ff ,) &$( ( '%) fl ((fi ff ( , " ( fi ( , ff / )" !(flffi$&( 4 &" ') (,) &$( 2 &" ') "ffl ff +(( / " , + " '% ) fl 2ffl( fi ff ,& , / (( ,) &$(2" . / ffl + + " # '(!(fl* , , 2ffl ,ffl " ( ,) &$(/62 " + # *. ( / fl fl6 fl!(fl " + # ( * "! # ff fl " , / fl, 2ffl! # ff fl "& (fl1 ,) *. ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
224 2) fi"&$( . 1920 $, B( * ,- " ,ffl " ( fl (!(fl " " + 2" ( / + (,) &$( ') ffi$&( )" , (fi ff / " * ,(" : "&$(. / % )(fl!(fl$ , B( fl( fi ( *& ff # " *ffi&$,/ ') + "* ffi$&((( 'fl" fi " + # *, ! ,(fl& & # ' ,,$) fi . " / fl " 2/ ') fi fi " 2) + 6 fl " fl !" fl. ,( fl( fi ( *& ff # " !(fl '$ + ) fi " ()fl - fl(( , ,(fl& ,! 2/" ' ) fl ' ,fi # * / ') ff " ) %ff '% ffi)ffl- * , / " , fi " fi)flfl !(fl) fl fl " 10 MeV , flffl + " fi) flfl ) fl ' . ,(2ffl ) fl fl "*& # fi $ , fl, ("( &(!(fl* ffi$,/ fi" * ffi$&( fi) flfl 5MeV fflff +(( . / *)ffi( fl2 , ) ,, ( ') , fi) flfl , 1 ) fl & # fi $ , )fl ' /& (fl fi) flfl 50MeV *ffi$&( fi)flfl 5MeV . fl , ) fl (( / fl( fi ( *& ff # " '$ + ) # ') fl ' . ' " 5 (Chadwick) "( fl * & # )ffl" fl (fi ff " , "&$( fi $ ')"" ' " *"!(flffi$&( fflff +(( 2 (fl" # 2ffl# ( fi ff fl "*& # *ffi&$,/ ') "" ' " *"!(fl*ffi&$,/ 1 & , ffi # 2ffl ff & ,# 'ffl6 ')" # 2 , ) ,, ( ') fi) flfl ,fi (*) " !(fl( ff fi fl " ') fi " " 2 fl" !(flffi$&(. ' " 5 fflff +" ( fi ff */ & # )ffl" fl( fi ( ') '$ ff ) # "&$(, , fl, - - " !(fl$ , B( " ( fi ff "&$( 62 " . ' + " /5 fl& fl! # ff " ffifl fl!(fl " ! + 24 : 2 " ( + "( fi ffi$&( ') ff "&$(.
225 2" !(fl + X 2- fl/ "ffi$&( ') # "&$()" , A ,(" : ,) " ') / "ffi$&( ffl # + ,) ( &(, Z , fl ) " A Z X , " !(fl6 + ,$ 238 92U ffi$&( 92 &" ffl + * / ff 92e , %" / "ffi$&( ') # "&$(, 238, " : "&$(/ " # 146 &". fl fl,fi ! ) 'ffl # , X A , : U 238. (fi ( ffl ff + " !(fl + ) : 4 2 He , (fi ,& ff 0 1e 4 " " ( ,) &$(* / ff 1e ') " (ffl + ,( " !(fl & fl3/ fl1 " , . ( fi ff "&$( ') ffi$&( : 1 0 n ') 1 1H & ) # . )# fl ' # * / ff ') # " / fl !, . , . ,( " !(fl 2- + fl ((fi ( (( /, ff fi " , , + fl,) " ffl ff +)fl 4 ') ,) ( &(fflff +)fl 2. ,( " + ,) ( &( ffl + / "ffi$&( # 'fl / , # " !(fl 24 + , 4 " " " !(fl , + / ffl + (Decay) * ')", , " + !(fl 24fi ( ((fi ( (( . , ff (6 ,$ -238 ffl+ / , , # $-234 fi( ((fi ( (( , ffl ff + fl " !, % * fl : 238 decay 234 4 92U T90 2 === h He ffl+ ((fi ,& / ff # 'fl,) " '&,) ( &(,fi ! 1 , 2ffl, " !(fl ! + , , ffl+ !(fl -214 , , -214 fi( ((fi ,& (( , ffl ff + fl " ! , % * fl : 214 decay 214 0 82Pb 83Bi e1 . === 2 ffl+ ((fffi ( ') ,& / )fl ' (( ,4 # ,fi " fi ffl +fl ffl + & (fl' " + 'fl )fi) flfl ) fl ) & " # fi ( (fi)flfl ,ffl+ ( , fl6 2 ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
226 !(fl)fl ' (( , ,) " ') ,) ( &(!(fl " / + fl # . 4.3 ffl+ !(fl"+ #&)fl : & fl #1 : - !# ff ( ffl+ !(fl # &) fl !(fl$ , B( ') ( 9 '"2? - , 2ffl & fl- 2-3 &( 1 . # : fflff + #&(: 1) ( ff ffl+ ffl+ !(fl" 6 + ,$ -238, ( / /2ffl # $-234 ') ( (fi ( (( ') ff " # $fl ffl + &# * ') , , ffifi+' -234 fi( fl ((fi ,& ') ) ff fl ' (( . ffifi # +' -234 / ffl+ &# *( , fl !) # ffl + !(fl6,$ -238 *, (ff fl2& &) fl 1. 2& &) fl ) ffi, 1, . ) ( 4 ,1 fl( fi ffl ff + )fl *(( / ffl + . )# -206 , fl, ff 2( ff , 4 fl / fl # ffl + &# *. ( / ( ff ffl + !(fl6,$ -238 " ! fl, fl')" flfi " ( 2 ( ff , fl, ffl+ !(fl # &) fl 2 * # ' ( ff ,) & "6 ,$ -235 ffi -207 , ff 2( ff ') ( ff ,) " # $-232 ffi - 208 , ff 2( ff . 2) , ffl+ !(fl #&)fl . . 1902 $, B( ') ( 9 * & fl! # ,fi ff (( ffl+ !(fl # &) fl , , fl , (2 fl : - # &) fl / ffl + , 24 " ((fi ( ff ffl+ (fi ,& , 24 ff */ ffl + / )ff fl, & fl/ , ') 24 ( /, # &) fl *# .
227 - ffl+ # &) fl # ! fi '") (fi ( " + , : (fflfi ff , " '& /, *& ffl+ fl 1 & " ffi( ') !" ' ff , : 1 # &) fl / "- # fl, # ( *" " 22 + / ffl + ( ffl + ffl+fl, ( * fifl'& " ff " + ffi( , / ffl+ 2 "fl,") - fl ') ffi( '# ! fi '")( ') ,") . 1 2ffl N , / " # " !(fl + # &) fl 6 2!,") t ; N , / " # " + ffl+ *2 "fl,") ( 3 t / ,") t . fl , N t '4 ,1 fl/ " # " + ffl+ *2- flffl"- ",") , ) fi "fi ffi fl / " # " + 6 2! , ! % * fl N N t 0 ') N N t ( (28.1) 2 ( , &" fl ! !(fl " + # &) fl ,( " : & " fl ffl + (Decay Constant), ,(fl4 ) 'fl,1 fl ffl ff +)fl!(fl/ " # " + # &) fl . 1 2 "fl,") ffl + ( t 0 ), 2 # " , % (28.1) !, 0 limt N dN N t dt ( ffl ff fi ! " (28.2) ) dN dt , ) fl( ,1 fl( & ffl ff +)fl!(fl/ " # " !(fl + # &) fl ') ,( " : # &fi (Activity) !(fl # &)fl ) " A , 2) SI # &fi ffl"- ", ' ,,$) Bq . 2 "' # &) fl 2 ffl "- " $ Ci , 10 1Ci 3,7 10 Bq . ( fl2 (ff !(fl $: 7 1mCi 3,7 10 Bq ') 4 1mCi 3,7 10 Bq . fi"fi )ffl" fl N ') t !62 0 t N Ne ( (28.3) ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
228 2 N0 , / " # " !(fl + # &) fl &( ,) &fi / ) t 0 ; N , / " # " !(fl + # &) fl ,ffl+ (6, (,") % * t ') e , &" fl , fl , 2,7182818 . 2 28.2 'fl2ffl,ffl " / " # " + # &) fl / ffl + /4 /&(fl2 ,") . "fl,") !(fl ffl + / " # " ffl + ff +)fl,ffl + (,fl- fl !(fl/ ",) # &,( " : , fl " (Haft Life), ) " 1 2 T , fl 'fl 2& &) fl 2. ,(fi / ) , 'fl 28.2, &(,) & / " # " + # & )fl 6 N0 , ,(,") , , fl "% *, / " # " + # &) fl /ffl ff + )fl,ffl + (fifl 0 2 N ') 1 2ffl ,") % & # *( , 1 2 T " ,") % * 1 2 2T / ,) &, / " # " + # &) fl /ffl # ff +)fl( , fl- fl!(fl/ " # fl,ffl + ( fifl 0 4 N . 2 (fl" # 1 ,") % *, 1 1 2 2 3 ,4 T T / &(,)& / # / " # " + # &) fl ,ffl + (, 0 0 , 8 16 N N & ) # . 1 ,") % * 1 2 nT / &(,) & / " # " !(fl + # &) fl /,ffl + (6, 0 2n N " . 1 + fi / ) ,(,") 1 2 t T , fl! / " # " + # &fi ) fl N 0 2 N ,('2 % (28.3) /* 1 2 1 2 T e ( ffl+ 1 2 2 T e ( ,( ffi) ) fl (fl! fl/* 1 2 (T ln 2 0,693 1 2 0,693 T ( (28.4) 2" , /fl "" / " # " ffi + fl& * . fl , ,( ffl + !(fl # &) fl / % (28.3) ffi fl/ fl # " , 1 ' % fl ") fl2 % (28.2) fl :
229 0 dN t N e dt ( ( 1 2ffl A0 , # &fi !,) & t 0 ; A , # &fi ,(,") t 2- fl / ,) &, /* A N 0 0 ( ') dN A dt " 0 t A Ae ( (28.5) % (28.3) ') (28.4) ( ,1fl 'fl) !(fl # & )fl 2!,") 2- fl*, ( - fl/ " # " fi + "fi fl " !(fl # &) fl . fl , 1 2ffl m0 , " !(fl # &) fl ! ,) &fi / ) , fl!,") / " # " , + N0 ') 2ffl m , " !(fl # &) fl !,") t 2- fl/ ,) & , fl!,") / " # " , + N , /* 0 t m me ( (28.6) ( fi # ' ,) & "6 fl 1) 3) ffl+ '&# ,(fl!(fl # &) fl 2 ffl+ !(fl # &) fl , ! 6 fl& # ,(fl/ " " + # &) fl , " + 4 fl, " , ( " + # &) fl A ffl+ , " + B , 1 B fl, " + # &) fl / # & # ffl+ *, " + C ')" , D '&# 3*. # 2ffl N0 , / " # " + # &) fl &(,) &!(fl A 2- fl, N1 ') N2 , / " # " !(fl + A ') B 2!,") t 2 - fl. (1 ') (2 , fl ffl+ !(fl A ') B & ) # . (& ffl + !(fl # &) fl A , B ' 1 1 1 dN N dt ( (& ffl + !(fl B , C ' (2 2 N fl , ) 'fl!(fl" + # &) fl B 2 11 2 2 dN N N dt ( ( (28.7) ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
230 / (28.3), / " # " !(fl + A fl,ffl + (2!,") 2- fl 1 1 0 t N Ne ( . ,(' 1 1 0 t N Ne ( 2 (28.7) /* 2 1 10 22 dN t Ne N dt ( ( ( % fl (fl " 2t e ( ')"/ 24 2 2 21 2 ( ) 22 10 tt t dN e Ne Ne dt ( ( (( ( ( ffl+ 2 21 ( ) 2 10 d t t Ne Ne dt ( (( ( ,( fl fl (fl /* : 2 21 1 ( ) 2 0 2 1 t t Ne Ne c ( (( ( ( ( (28.8) ,( t 0 / " # " + B ') C , . , 10 10 21 21 0 N N c c ( ( (( (( '2 (28.8) /*: 2 21 1 ( ) 1 0 2 0 21 21 t t N Ne Ne ( (( ( ( (( (( 0 1 1 2 2 2 1 N t t N ee ( ( ( ( ( (28.9) 4) *(ffi ffi ,(fi / ) ( ff ffl + !(fl # &) fl fi" ff!(fl " + ,) ( &(, '& ,) " & fl , : ff!(fl6 ,$ -234 , 6,$ -235 ') 6,$ -238 , fl ,) ( &(, 92 '& / " # " &$(2" & + fl . ,( " + / "ffi$&(, # '& / " # " &$(& fl " , *(ffi ffi!(fl " . *(ffi ffi!(fl - fl( /fl #4 fl,( " : * (ffi ffi #&)fl ') # ffl + &# *,(" : * (ffi ffi4fl , : *(ffi ffi!(fl 5 , fl2 2 , *(ffi ffi4 fl* ' -210 ') -214 ') 3 , *(ffi ffi # &) fl : -206, -207 ') -208.
231 5. " ') , % : fi / ) / : - " 2/ ') & fl2/ fl ( !(fl. ') " " ( ,ffl# . - " ,! 2/2 &( 1 ') " 2 ( # & fl3. - " 1 & (fl2 &( 1 ') ' # ,B ffl 2ffl, " !(fl . &( ') ' # "# ' ,B ffl 1. &(: ' ,,$) " ) fl ((( / (6,$ # ' )fl ,( ,fi " 5 '% ) fl fl ", ! ,(fl* &ffl +(,") , 2! '%) fl ,( /, 5 ! ,(fl # *. 2. &(: (fl2 " " , ( !(fl(fi ff * / 2 ff # )," fl* ') / , )(fl2ffl ) fl ( , ) fl ,& ') ) fl ' ,( % fl* . 3. &(: )ff !(fl) fl ( , ) fl ,& ') ) fl ' . . " ) ff% fl , )ff !(fl' . !. " 2 , 2ffl '& & 9 ", *(((* , )ff !(fl)fl ( . . &(fl2 " 1 ff " - '- fl2 ) fl ' . fl. ,(, ( % # ),"fl' ,ffl + )fl ' # 'fl fl /. ,(, ( % # )," fl' ,ffl + , )fl ( ') ) fl ,& /,( , , ffifl. . (& ")ffl" fl* / ff&# " ffl + ff ') fl ,& . ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
232 4. &(: 24/ ,) " # 'fl, ,) ( &(fflff +)fl 1 ) # ffl+ 2ffl) fl ,& " ') ,) ( &(,fi ! 1 ) # ffl + 2ffl) fl ,& ) , fl % ) ff 0 1 1 ( ) A A Z Z X Ye 1 ') 0 1 1 ( ) A A Z Z X Ye 1 5. &(: ,( " !(fl + A Z X 2- fl ffl+ ffi ()fl ' , " + fl "/ # 'fl. 6. ' #: / ) A Z X 2 Z '/ "ffi$&(, # A '/ " # ") (( ') N AZ '/ " # "&$(. 7. &(: (fi ( . ff ' # 14 14 0 6 71 C Ne 8. &(: )fl ' . ' # 226 222 4 88 86 2 Ra Rn He 9. &(: , " !(fl ). ' + # 210 206 4 83 81 2 Bi Tl He 10. #&(: 21 N 2,58 10 atoms . ' 2 # 0 t N Ne ( , 1 2 0,693 T ( ') NN N 0
233 29 & ) ", + ,") 4 "ffifl 1. /ff fl 2ffl : - ') ,! 2/" 'fl", + (Nuclear) ') ff) !(fl'fl ", , " + *) fi) flfl % fi 2 " + (Nucleus). ') ,! 2/& ) ", , & + ) 'fl& ", & ) )"&" ') , " & ) ", . + - 2 # '& fl& fl3' ,B ffl. 2. ,(2& & # 1)fi ffl+ " 4 fl!(fl " ; " 'fl + ", , fi) + flfl % fi. & ) ", ; & + ) ''fl& " ') & ) ')"&". 3. ( - flfi : ' 7 " & ) ", , + " & fl3 " ", . + - , (ff (: '& ') " 1 / ff & . 4. / ') ( # 4.1. 1)fi !(fl" + : &fl 1 # : - " 'fl", , + / 2 , ff ) & fl " 'fl ( '"2? - 2ffl , & fl- 2-3 &(& " ,! 2/. : fflff + &( # : 1) " 'fl", + 2 ( / !(fl( fi ( !(fl$ ff , B( , 2ffl " " + * / " . ( / ff flfi " ( fffi ( ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
234 % ,! *2 " * + ffl + ff 14 3 10 m ') ,! *2 " # * ,fi " 'fl* *" . fl , # *) !- !(fl " * + . ,fi (2ffl (fi , ff ( ,! *,1fl " * + , ( fi ff 2 fl,! *ffl " & + (fl # * / . / ff )(fl!(fl " "ffl + " fflff +" " , + - " ') !- ! / " # " ((2 + " + fl : 1 2ffl R , ) 4 !(fl" + ,) " A /* 1 3 R 0 A ') 1 3 R 0 r A 2 0r 6 )ffl" fl 15 1, 2 10 m ,1fl 15 1,5 10 m / !# fl ", 2ffl, " : *ffi$,/ , fl " , 1 ) 4 !(fl", + 15 1, 2 10 m . )# , # fl " 197 /) 4 !(fl" + 15 7,0 10 m , /,ffl*" ) 4 !(fl" + 15 10 m , 1" (ffl + ,( ) 4 !(fl( &("* 10 10 m . ,(fl/ " " + !- ( / fl, 2ffl" 'fl )ffl" fl* / ff !(flffi$&( ffi$&(2 " + flffl + ,, fl fl " " 'fl fl ) ffl" fl (fl" 1 fflff + , . fl , " ((6 + , 6 2 " * + & (fl " 'fl( ,fi- fl 2 " ((,ffl + + , , fl'fl fl " & (fl, 'fl ') !- ffl + " " 'fl fl* )ffl" fl* / , " 'fl ff fl " ,( " : " 'fl",+ (Nuclear Force). ,(fl/ " + ) 4 15 10 m ffl+ # ) 45 3 10 m ') " 27 10 kg .fl , " - '-!(fl " / + 8 3 10 kg / m . " - '- fl " , ( " - '- fl !(fl , ff fl 4 3 2 10 kg / m /,ffl" " '& & fl ffl + , , fl 'fl2ffl ,ffl " " ((2 + " /& + (fl( 6 6 fl'- ffl + , /, , * " 'fl ", /& + (fl fl6 flffl . " ffifl fl!(fl( &(* , ') "" (,) &$(# fflff +(( / "flffi/(( (( " * + , (fl / " 'fl fl ) ffl" fl* / !(fl ff " ') ( + ,) &$(. ( / fl ( " 2 ) #
235 !(fl( &(*ffi$,/, 1 2ffl fi) flfl !- 13,6eV ' ( ,) &$(, / , 2ffl( ,) &$(fflff +(( / ( &(* ') fi) flfl "! (flffi fl " 'fl 6 /(fl( ,) &$(*" " . + fl , ,fi (,! 2/ # !(fl" 'fl", + # 2ffl fi) flfl ' " ,fi + (, 2ffl " (( + ' (( / . fi) flfl fi#, 2ffl " ((' (( / + * ,( " : fi)flfl % fi (Binding Energy). 2) fi)flfl % fi (fi ff ", $( ffl+ " !(fl + ", $ , (fi ff ( "ffi$&( ') "&$(6 fl)- fl&". fi) flfl % fi !(fl ", $( ffl * " ) fl ' 2 ", $( , fl* fi " fi) flfl !(fl) fl ' & (fl2ffl " ffl + , 2,22MeV /fl, 2fflffi$&( ') "&$( !(fl", $(' (( / * . 4 " " fi)flfl % fi !(fl ", $( fl,1 fl 2,22MeV . 2& &) fl 1 ( ffl " !(fl", $(* " ) " !(fl(,) &$((( 1 &" / " !(fl ", $fl : " !(fl", $ 2,014102 u " (,) &$( 1 &" 0,000549u " !(fl", $( 2,013553u %" " !(flffi$&( ') "&$(2 ", $(*) * fl " !(flffi$&( 1 &" 1,007276 u " !(fl"&$( 1 &" 1,008665u %" " !(fl 2 (fi ff 2,015941u ,ffl" , (ffi$&( ') "&$()" , ", $(" / # " 0,002388u ffl *. " ffl *,( " : " fflff +(. 1 fi"fi )ffl" fl" ') fi) flfl !(fl*( & 2 E mc , fl c , " *"!(fl' fl2 , " m ffl * fi) flfl E * fl : ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
236 2 E mc 0,0023388 931MeV/u 2,22MeV 2 "!(flfi) flfl 0,002388u ffl */ )" !(flffi$&( ') "&$(, fi) flfl 2,22MeV , fl, fi) flfl !(fl) fl ' 2 ,fi (, 2ffl ", $('& &", ffi$&( ') "&$(. % fl " 2ffl ,ffl " *) fi) flfl % fi * / " ffl ff +(. 4 ,ffl: )# " 1u , fl, 27 1,6605 10 kg , fi)flfl , " fl " *) / 2 E mc . fi)flfl , " 1u : 2 -27 8 10 1u = 1,6605 10 kg 2,9979 10 m/s 1,4923 10 J -10 -13 1,4923 10 J = 931, 44MeV 1,6022 10 J/MeV () )(2ffl 2 '&( ) 4.2. & ) ",+ : & fl #1 : - & ) ", ' + '"2, & ) / '? - 2ffl , & fl- 1-2 &(& " ,! 2/. : fflff + #&(: 'fl fi " % + ,ffl *" fl ffl + !(fl" *, + " 24 + ') '& & "!(fl " (( , + " ((, + : '& &"!(fl ", $((( , ffi$&( ') "&$( , (* fi) flfl 2, 22MeV . fl( fi ( *& ff # " !(fl*ffi&$,/ ') + ", 2ffl* " !(fl( + ,/ ') ffi$&(. ffl+ !(fl6,$ -238 *, # $-234 ') (fi ( ff fl , &. !" " , + 'fl(fl ( ffl+ )fi) flfl ,( " : & ) ",+ (Nuclear Reaction). & ) " !, + * fl : 2 11 1 10 H . H n , )fl . fi) flfl 2,22MeV 14 4 17 1 7 2 81 N He O H
237 238 234 4 92U Th He 90 2 2 % & ) ", % + " !(fl,) ( &( ( ') ffl +fl& ) &(fl, , 'fl" * / fffl ') % " !(fl,) " ( ') ffl+fl& ) &# (fl, , , fl 'fl" / " # " (( + fl . )# & # )ffl" fl " + " ffl + + " + ( fi ! ff , % & ) ", * + : X a Yb ffl+ !ffl# , X abY , 2 X '2ffl " + (& ) ffl+ " , + (Target Nucleus), a '2ffl( fi ff ((fi ff ff), b '2ffl( fi ff , ! fi ffl +fl& ) . Y '2ffl " + , ! 24 fi ffl +fl& ) . & ) fl " ,( " : & ) a b, !(fl" + X , : 14 4 17 1 72 81 N He O H ffl+ 14 17 7 8 N pO ffi , ,(" : & ) ffi , p !(fl 14 7 N & ) ", + fl ffl + , ! ,(fl!(fl # &) fl ') '& &"!(fl 4 fl , (1 ( fi , ff ( *& . & # ) ,fi " # & # " ( fl (!(fl " , ( / , + 2ffl / ffi$ &( ') "&$(, (fl (!(fl " ') + " fl, 2ffl %) *(ffi ffi # &) fl # 2 ! # * , : %) 197 78Pt ffifl " &$(*& # 'fi +& #-196 fl % & # * 196 1 197 78Pt n Pt 0 78 . , fl 197 78Pt / ffl + &# *, 197 78 Au ffi ()fl ,& (( ') ,fl "!(fl 197 78Pt , 20 "ffifl. / ff* %) *(ffi ffi2) ! * 1200 *(ffi ffi')". ( / 2 # %) *(ffi ffi # &) fl ') ", & ) ", ( 2 + 2 2ffl# , " !(fl + 24 , : 2ffl# , , # fl& ) & * # : 199 2 197 4 80 H 1 79 2 g H Au He 196 2 197 1 78P 1 79 0 t H Au n ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
238 198 1 197 2 80 0 79 1 Hg n Au H 198 197 1 80 79 1 Hg Au H . & ) ,ffl + , ! * & (fl2 ( fi ff fi) flfl fl, ( ,! *& # " , + ') ,)fl(fi 2ffl ff fi) flfl flfiflfi # /, & ) fl " & (fl, 2 / fl, , ( 2 / 2 %) !(fl # %) *') " ,ffl " # ff ) fl %) ,fi (/ -# . '& ,1 fl6 fl2 & , # & ) fl 4 2ffl ,ffl " " B !(fl ffl +' 2 *4 * , /fl! . " %) + */ & ) , ( / /, ') # " fl " ( + 3 - 2/ " !(fl + ,) ( &(ffl + " 92 , fl " ,fi + # 2 , # : %) " !(fl + ,) ( &( 93 , * " fl( fi ff "&$(*& # 6 ,$, fl& ) &# *: 238 1 239 92 0 92 Un U . 239 239 0 92 93 1 U Np e 2/ ff " %) + * "" : " + ,) ( &(& fl'& 93 ,1fl 109 ') " # fl & # %) ,) ( &( fl! & # 3*( . 2 ", " fi) flfl 2& ) ", + fi " 2 fl& ) &(fl2 fi) flfl ,fi ( 2ffl# , & ) !. () )(2ffl 2 '&( ) 3) & ) 'fl &" 1 , 2ffl " !(fl6 + ,$ -235 '& (( , 2 " !- 2 fl /* " 24 + , fl fi) flfl % fi & # " ((,fi + !. & ) " + - '& & "2) fl ",( " : & ) 'fl &" (Fission). () )(2ffl 2 '&( )
239 4) & ) )"&" 1 , , 2ffl " !- + ( 2 " )" + , " + !- 2ffl! , fi) flfl % fi / fl! . & ) , / ffl +(,! !(fl " , + 2 , " 24 + - ! " , fi ( (fi)fl fl ", (( ,( + " : & ) )"&" (Fusion), fl 'fl2 29.4. () )(2ffl 2 '&( ) 5. " ') , % : fi / ) / : - " 2/ ') & fl2/ fl ( !(fl, ') " "2!" !(fl 2ffl (fl. - " ,! 2/ 'fl(( 2 &( 1 ') " ( # & fl3. - " 1 & (fl2 &( 1 ') ' # ,B ffl 2ffl, " !(fl . &( ') ' # "# ' ,B ffl 1. &(: fi) flfl % fi !(fl 24 7 12 3 H , , He Li ') 12 6C ,(,) " ,fi !fi) flfl % fi / 'fl. ' 2ffl# fl, / 2 E mc 2. &(: " + fi) flfl % fi fl/ " 4 fl ( 1)fi ) " " + fi) flfl % fi & " # ,fi " fi) flfl % fi , fi)flfl &(fl ,fi (fl " ((2 + " *" + . 3. &( # : E 214,1MeV . ' # 2 E mc 2 mmm i f (%" " ( - % " " ffl +fl) 2 ffl + 235 141 94 92U Ba Kr 56 36 ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
240 4. #&(: . 10 4 13 1 5 2 61 B He C H !. 23 4 26 1 11 2 12 1 Na He Mg H . 32 4 35 1 16 2 17 1 S He Cl H fl. 37 4 40 1 19 2 20 1 K He Ca H /. 9 1 46 4 1 23 Be H He Li . 9 1 82 4 1 41 Be H Be H 5. 1 " ( &(!(fl 40 20Ca , 39,9751u . /fl *) . fi)flfl % fi !(fl 40 20Ca !. fi)flfl % fi & # " ((!(fl + 40 20Ca #&(: . E 320 MeV !. 8MeV / E nucleon A 6. &(: x '( fi ff "&$( 4 9 12 2 46 He Be C x 7. &(: (fi ff "&$(/ " # 3 &". ,( fl "&$(*& ( &(!(fl # 235 92U , 2ffl 235 92U '& &", 139 54 Xe / " # 1 ( &( ') 94 38 Sr / " # 1 ( &(. , 2ffl( fi ff , / & ) ' ( fi ff "&$(/ " # 3 &".
241 8. &(: # E 8,6MeV 14 215 1 7 1 71 N H NH 14 7 N 14,003074u 15 7 N 15,000108u 2 1H 2,014102u 1 1H 1,007825u )": 16,017176u )": 16,007933u %" " (& ) ffl + " " ffl +fl& ) 0,009243u ') fi)flfl , " " '& & fl , 0,009243u 931, 44 MeV/u 8,6MeV . fi)flfl */ & ) ", + E 8,6MeV 9. &(: # E 301,12MeV 10. ,( " + 235 92U , ' fl& "2ffl fi) flfl 200MeV . 1 " & (fl , ' fl& "/ ", # 2&# " /fl, 2ffl* )# fl 10MGW. ' #: / 6 1W =1J/s , 10MGW =10 10 W ') 19 6 1eV =1,6 10 J, 1MeV =10 eV 11. ' 2 # 2 E m c &(: # 10 m 0,43 10 kg . (& ) ffl +fl& ) ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
242 30 #2 ') " (fl #&fi )fl ,") 3 "ffifl 1. /ff fl 2ffl : ') ,! 2/ 2 # # &) fl 2!'-fl & fl3. ') ,! 2/ " % ffiffl, " ( &) ') " (fl ) fl . 2. ,( 2&&# 2 # # &fi ) fl ,! 2!'-fl , # 'fi, ( ff ffl , # *) ( !(fl" ff 1 ff , fi)flfl ", , ( + &) / # &fi )fl ') " (fl . 3. ( ' 7 " # & fi ) fl ') 2 # , ') " ( 3 " ) fl ') 2 # . fi , '& ') " 1 / ff & . 1 ,fl (*! " ,! ," * . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_physics https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievert 4. / # ') ( 4.1. #2 #&fi )fl 2 & fl3 : & fl #1 : - # &fi ) fl 1 2 # 2!'-fl & fl3 '"2? - 2ffl , & fl- 2-3 &(& " ,! 2/. : fflff + #&(: " # &) fl , 2ffl )ff !(fl # & )fl & fl3, : !(fl) fl */ ffl + , ,fl " ') ( & '%) fl . )ff ,ffl + ffiffl2ffl + fl /* ,- # &# *:
243 1) 2 # # &fi ) fl 2 # " ( * " " # &) fl ffl + 6&ffl +( ,") ffi# ! ,fl (*!fi ( ffl + fi '")( ') ( * "" && # &) fl ,fi (ffiffl2 " , * , 6 fl , fl, "*/ " ( & ff C !(fl&* . 1 2 ff C # &) fl 6 , : # $ -32 )fl*2 # ),"2 & * , !(fl& */ # &) fl ') " fl& # *fl) &# ') *6 2 ,fi ()# fl ff ( ffl . / "") '%) fl !(fl ff C 62 , 2ffl ,1 fl) ffC 6 2* ') *) ( & !(fl& * * , fl 30.1 " fi " ) fl / # &) fl , 2ffl fifi fl * , " )fl '%(( / # &) fl /, 2fflffi$ffi ffi 2,fi !(flfi 'fl*, ,( ,(# ,fi fl "* /* # fi fi24 . " fi " ffi( /*fi fi24 ' - (. 6 fl2 & , 2 # / ff # fi ffl+ flfi * 2ffl ( ') fi * 2ffl 4 , / " . () )(2ffl 2 '&( ) 2) 2 # # &fi ) fl 'fi )fl / # &) fl "2 " ') "fi * ffl+ , : 2 ) fl ' / ffi() -60 5 ,fi ( , fl, ffi )fl ' 2ffl ,! * ) / # ff)fl, fl. () )(2ffl 2 '&( ) 3) 2 # # &fi ) fl (ff ffl # 2 # # &fi ) fl 2 ( ffl ff # fl : 2 ,! 2 " ff " - !(fl'%ffi)ffl2ffl 4 ,4 # . & & , " - !(flffi)ffl "* ff "2 " 6ff,(fl) '%ffi)ffl, *)3, /fl, ,ffl, 2ffl( & %) & . 2 # ) fl / # &) fl / "2ffl " (* ffi # &(fl6 , ff (fl) '%ffi)ffl, fl 'fl2 30.4. () )(2ffl 2 '&( ) ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
244 4) #2 #&fi )fl 2 *)( !ff (fl"1ff *) ffl ( !(fl" ff 1 ff " # ffl + 2 " " ') # )" . *) ffl ( !(fl" ff 1 ff ' ( fl2 ! # " ( fl ( # !(fl fl " flffl + ' (, "ffl + /62 ( -12 , fl, 4 fl ') ( -14 , fl, # &) fl 2) ,) (. , ( ()" ( ' , C ffi , fi / # ,( *2 2 fl, ff ( ffl . ( * fi , ( ffl /fl * ( / fi ( & #- fl, (-14 2 fl "/ ffl + * ", fl " 5,568 30 , fl " ffl + . fl , 2! "6 ( & " !(fl (-14 ( -12 2 fl !(fl ') 2fi / fl , fl! 6 !(fl ffl + fi 3. () )(2ffl 2 '&( ) 5) #2 fi )flfl ",+ / ff 'ffl +fl ,# fi) flfl ", + 2 ,fi: */ ), ", + , fl, fi)flfl " 2 ) # fl6 flffl , ), * # 2 ,fi ( !,/ ! ff , ), ff fi ffl 2 (fl ') ( ,fi- fl*/ ' fl &" (Fission) ,fi ( 2 # %) ' * 2ffifl* fi)flfl ", . + ffl+ 2 # fi) flfl ", ,fi + (%) ' * 2ffifl* fi)flfl ", + ffifl* ( # "3*, '& " '& & fl 6 (" fi) flfl 2 %) ( ,# fi)flfl ", . ffifl + fl ffl + " ( ') ffl + , " !(flffifl* fi)flfl ", 'fl + fl 30.5. () )(2ffl 2 '&( ) 4.2. (&) / #&fi )fl ') " (fl : & fl #1 : - # &fi ) fl , (&) & # fl !(fl fl " '"2 ') " (fl '"2?