गोष्ट एका गावाची

d Xnþ mar VrZ dmOVm gJ§ _Zao , Aer Zho ê$§ À`m H$m`H© $« _mMr AmIUr Pmbr. 15 \$o ~dw« mar,
1937 amoOr Zohê§$Mo ZJabm AmJ_Z Pmbo.

ZJa Am{U ~obmnyaÀ`m g^m AmQ>monë`mda n§{S>VOr Xþnmar g§J_Zoabm
Ambo. g§J_ZoaÀ`m OwZm _moQ>maAÈ>m n[agamV Ë`m§À`m g^oMo Am`moOZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo
hmoVo. g§J_ZoaÀ`m ñdmV§Í`g§J«m_mV _mobmMo `moJXmZ XoUmao lr.am_H¥$îUXmg _hmamO,
lr.~mnygmho~ nmaoJm§dH$a, lr.am_^mD$ Xoenm§S>o, lr.~§Sy>qgh dñVmX, lr.qnJio,
lr.bmhmoQ>reoR> AmXtZr g^oMr MmoI ì`dñWm Ho$br hmoVr. n§{S>VOr `oUma Ë`m dmQ>oda
bmoH$m§Zr _moR>r JXu Ho$br hmoVr, AmOw~mOyÀ`m IoS>çmVyZ eoVH$è`m§Zrhr g^ogmR>r JXu
Ho$br hmoVr, Va AH$mobo ^mJmVyZ AZoH$ Am{Xdmgr Amnë`m nma§n[aH$ nmoemImV
g^ogmR>r CnpñWV hmoVo.

n§{S>VOtMo g§J_ZoamV AmJ_Z Pmbo. bmoH$m§Zr _hmË_m Jm§Yr H$s O`, n§{S>V
Odmhabmb Zohê$ H$s O` Agm O`Kmof gwê$ Ho$bm. n§{S>VOr ì`mgnrR>mda OmVmM
hOmamo bmoH$m§Mo H$mZ Ë`m§Mo eãX H$mZmV gmR>dÊ`mgmR>r AmVya Pmbo hmoVo. n§{S>VOtZr
^mfU gwê$ Ho$bo, "Á`m H$m±Jo«gÀ`m ào_mZo Am{U ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m AmeoZo AmOda AmnU
{~«{Q>e gÎmoer gm_Zm {Xbm. AZoH$ àH$maMo AË`mMma, Owb_ ghZ Ho$bo Am{U
Xoem~ÔbMo ào_ ì`ŠV Ho$bo Ë`mà_mUoM `m {ZdS>UwH$sV AmnU H$m±J«ogbm _V XoD$Z
H$m±J«ogÀ`m C_oXdmam§Zm {dO`r H$am. AmnU N>ÌnVr {edam`m§Mo {eboXma AmhmV.
Amnë`m nyd©Om§Zr Á`m _Xþ©_H$rZo naH$s` gÎmo{dê$Õ bTy>Z _hmamï´> ñdV§Ì Ho$bm, Ë`mM
arVrZo Amnë`m ^maV_mVobm ñdV§Ì H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$m±J«ogbm {dO`r H$am...'

n§{S>VOtMo ^mfU g§nbo. bmoH$m§À`m Q>mù`m§Mm àM§S> H$S>H$S>mQ> Pmbm, nwÝhm
EH$Xm KmofUm§Zr gd© n[aga Xþ_Xþ_yZ Jobm. n§{S>VOr H$mhr {ZdS>H$ H$m`©H$Ë`mªgh
Zm{eH$H$S>o admZm Pmbo. `m g^oZ§Va g§J_ZoaÀ`m `m OwÝ`m _moQ>ma AÈ>m n[agambm
Zohê$ Mm¡H$ Ago Zmd {_imbo. AmOÀ`m Zohê$ Mm¡H$mVrb CnmgZr `m§À`m dmS>çmg_moa
n§{S>VOtMr hr g^m gmo_dma {X.15 \o$~«wdmar, 1937 amoOr Pmbr.

50 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

ñdmV§Í` Midi

g§J_Zoa_Yrb AZoH$ bmoH$m§Zr ñdmV§Í` MidirV `moJXmZ {Xbo. g§J_ZoamV
{Q>iH$ `oD$Z Joë`mZ§Va JmdmVrb VéUm§Mr _moR>r \$ir ñdmV§Í`bT>çmV CVabr. `m
VéUmZ§ m Iè`m AWmZ© o àao Um XÊo `mMo H$m_ am_H$¥ îUXmg _hmamO, ~mngw mh~o nmaJo mdH$a,
^¡æ`mgmho~ Hw$bH$Uu, am_^mD$ Xoenm§S>o, nÞmbmb bmoho, nÞmbmb bmhmoQ>r `m§Zr
Ho$bo. am_H¥$îU _hmamOm§À`m eãXmbm Ë`m doir _moR>m _mZ hmoVm. g§J_ZoaÀ`m amOH$s`,
e¡j{UH$ joÌmV Ë`m§Zr _moR>o `moJXmZ {Xbo Amho. Ë`m§Mo _yi Jmd H$èhmS>. 1917 À`m
Xaå`mZ Vo g§J_Zoabm Ambo. Ë`m§Mo _yi Zmd bú_U har damS>H$a Ago hmoVo na§Vw Vo
ñdV: am_H¥$îU na_h§g `m§Mo {eî` Agë`mZo Ë`m§Zmhr bmoH$ am_H¥$îU _hmamO åhUyZ
AmoiIm`Mo. Vo ñdV: {^jm _mJyZ ñdV:Mm M[aVmW© Mmbdm`Mo. Ë`m§Mo g§ñH¥$Vda
à^wËd hmoVo. Vo ñdV: CÎm_ nmodmS>o, H$dZo aMyZ bmoH$m§nwT>o gmXa H$am`Mo. am_H¥$îU
_hmamO CÎm_ dŠVo Agë`mZo `oWrb VéUdJ© Ë`m§À`mH$So AmH${f©V Pmbm. hiyhiy
BVa nwT>mar _§S>irhr AmnmoAmn AmH${f©V Pmbr d am_H¥$îU _hmamO BWë`m amOH$s`
MidirMo ZoV¥Îd H$ê$ bmJbo.

1933 _Ü`o ZmJnyaÀ`m P|S>m gË`mJ«hmÀ`m doir am_H¥$îU _hmamOm§Zr
g§J_ZoahÿZ S>r.~r.Hw$bH$Uu, H$m{eZmW Hw$bH$Uu, _.Jmo.{dÛm§g, {XJ§~a EH$ZmW
^mboamd, {dîUy JUoe Xodb Am{X VéUm§Zm nmR>dbo hmoVo. {dXoer H$mnS>m§da ~{hîH$ma,
Xmé~§XrMm àMma, ImXrMm àMma, gaH$maer AghH$ma Aem Jmoï>tZm Ë`m§Zr g§nyU©
{Oëhm^a MmbZm {Xbr. OiJmdbm Pmboë`m H$m±J«ogÀ`m n[afXoV VËH$mbrZ H$m±J«ogMo

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 51

nwT>mar e§H$aamd Xod, H$Zm©Q>H$Mo ZoVo J§JmYaamd Xoenm§S>o, ImZXoeMo ZoVo XodH$sZ§XZ d
BVa ZoË`m§Zr ImXrÀ`m Midir{df`r AmdmhZ Ho$bo. `m n[afXoÀ`m doir OiJmdmV
ImXr {dH«$sMr H|$Ðohr gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr, na§Vw EdT>çm _moR>çm ZoË`m§Zr AmdmhZ
H$ê$Zhr VWo rb ImXr ^mS§ >mamVrb {dH$« sV dmT> Pmbr Zmhr. Ë`m dio r am_H$¥ îU _hmamO
VoWo hOa hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr àH¥$Vr R>rH$ ZgVmZmhr g^oV gw_mao XmoZ Vmg A{Ve` à^mdrnUo
^mfU Ho$bo d ImXrÀ`m MidirMr _m{hVr {Xbr. `m ^mfUmMm EdT>m _moR>m n[aUm_
Pmbm H$s Xgw è`m {XdgmnmgZy VWo rb ImXrMm In àMS§ > dmT>bm. A{Ydeo Z H$mimVM
15 hOma én`m§Mr ImXr {dH$br Jobr. g§J_ZoamV hZw_mZ O`§VrÀ`m {Xder aWmMr
{_adUyH$ H$mT>Uo, ZdamÌmV XodrMr _mi JmdmVyZ {_adrV ZoUo, JUoemoËgdmV amï´>r`
_oio ^adUo `m àWm Ë`m§Zr gwê$ Ho$ë`m. 1932 gmbr ZJanm{bHo$da amï´>r` {ZemU
\$S>H${dÊ`mMr H$m_{Jarhr Ë`m§Zr Ho$br hmoVr. `mZ§Va df©^amVM Ë`m§Zr g§J_Zoa gmoSy>Z
Am¡a§Jm~mXbm ñWm{`H$ hmoÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoVbm. Ë`m§À`m ñ_aUmW© ZJanm{bHo$À`m [anZ
hm°bMo am_H¥$îU hm°b Ago Zm_H$aU H$aÊ`mV Ambo.

1946 _Ü`o gJ§ _Zao bm H$mJ± go« À`m {dMmame§ r ~m{§ YbH$s Agbëo `m `dw H$mM§ r
EH$ n[afX ^abr hmoVr. gmZo JwéOtÀ`m à_wI CnpñWVrV g§nyU© {OëømV EHy$U AmR>
{R>H$mUr Ë`mÀ§ `m g^mM§ o Am`mOo Z H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmVo .o gJ§ _Zao mV EH$y U XmZo {XdgmÀ§ `m
H$m`©H«$_mMo Am`moOZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. 2 d 3 \o$~«wdmar amoOr àdam d åhmiw§Jr
ZÚm§À`m g§J_mÀ`m _Ymo_Y Agboë`m C§M ~oQ>mda hr n[afX ^a{dÊ`mV Ambr
hmoVr. n[afXoMo à_wI A{VWr åhUyZ CnpñWV Agboë`m gmZo JwéOtMr JmdmVyZ 51
~¡bOmoS>çm bmdboë`m ~¡bJmS>rVyZ {_adyUH$ H$mT>Ê`mV Ambr hmoVr. H$m`©H«$_mMo
CX²>KmQ>H$ åhUyZ Á`oð> ZoVo ^mB© _mYdamd ~mJb ho CnpñWV hmoVo. ^mñH$aamd Xwd}
ZmZm ho H$m`©H«$_mMo ñdmJVmÜ`j hmoVo. ^¡æ`mgmho~ Hw$bH$Uu ho n[afXoMo H$m`m©Ü`j
Va am_{~bmg OmOy ho g{Md åhUyZ H$m`©aV hmoVo. n[afXobm AmR> hOma bmoH$
CnpñWV hmoVo. n[afXoV gmZo JwéOtMo A{Ve` à^mdr ^mfU Pmbo. n[afXoÀ`m doir
AÀ`wVamd nQ>dY©Z ho {OëømVrb _moR>o ZoVo ^y{_JV hmoVo, Ë`m_wio n[afX ^aboë`m
OmJobm AÀ`wVZJa Ago Zmd XoÊ`mV Ambo. AmOhr `m OmJobm AÀ`wVZJa `m
ZmdmZoM AmoiIbo OmVo. `m n[afXoV EHy$U 16 R>amd nmg H$aÊ`mV Ambo. n[afXoÀ`m
AIoarg gmZo JwéOtZr CnpñWVm§Zm AmdmhZ Ho$bo H$s, àË`oH$ IoS>çmVyZ {H$_mZ 10
gH«$s` H$m±J«og H$m`©H$V} V`ma Pmbo nm{hOoV.

52 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

`m XmoZ {Xdgm§À`m n[afXo Xaå`mZ g§J_Zoa JmdmVhr {d{dY H$m`©H«$_m§Mo
Am`moOZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. gmZo JwéOtZm ZJanm{bHo$Zo EH$ _mZnÌ An©U Ho$bo.
ZJanm{bHo$À`m ~¡R>H$m Á`m g^mJ¥hmV ìhm`À`m, Ë`mMo Zmd [anZ hm°b Ago hmoVo. Vo
~XbZy am_H$¥ îUXmg g^mJh¥ Ago `mM dio r H$aÊ`mV Amb.o JmdmVrb n{o Q>Q> {dÚmb`mV
gmZo JwéOtÀ`m CnpñWVrV EH$m {deof H$m`©H«$_mMo Am`moOZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo.
emioÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªg_moa gmZo JwéOtMo Omhra ì`m»`mZhr Pmbo.

gmZo JwéOtgma»`m _moR>çm ZoË`m§À`m ^oQ>r~amo~aM JmdmVrb H$mhr KQ>Zm§_wio
`oWo ñdmV§Í` Midirbm _moR>r ~iH$Q>r {_imbr. g§J_ZoaÀ`m VËH$mbrZ ZoVo
_§S>it~amo~aM AZoH$ `wdH$ Amnë`m narZo ñdmV§Í` MidirV `moJXmZ XoV hmoVo.
_hmË_m Jm§YtÀ`m AmdmhZmZwgma Xm§S>rbm Joboë`m g§J_ZoaÀ`m am_^mD$ CnmgZr d
YmaUH$a `m VéUm§Zr Vwé§Jdmg ^moJbm. g§J_Zoa d AH$mobo VmbwŠ`mVrb MidirMo
ZVo Î¥ d géw dmVrbm ~dw mgmh~o Zdbo d ZmZmgmh~o qnJio ho H$am`M.o Ë`mÀ§ `m ZVo Ë¥ dmImbr
1942 Z§Va Iè`m AWm©Zo J«m_rU ^mJmbm ZoV¥Îd {_imbo. `mVyZM ^mñH$aamd Xwd},
AÊUmgmho~ qeXo, am_^mD$ ZmJao, ^mD$gmho~ WmoamV, nr.~r.H$Sy> nmQ>rb `m§Mo ZoV¥Îd
CX`mbm Ambo. hr _§S>ir J«m_rU ^mJmVyZ ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m Midirbm ~i XoÊ`mMo
H$m_ H$arV hmoVr. no{Q>Q> hm`ñHy$b_Ü`o {eH$V Agë`mnmgyZ ^mD$gmho~ WmoamV ho
amï´>godmXbmMo EH${Zð> g¡{ZH$ Pmbo hmoVo. ñdmV§Í` àmßVrgmR>r geñÌ H«$m§Vr hmM
`mo½` _mJ© Amho, Aer Ë`m§Mr YmaUm hmoVr. Q>o{b\$moZÀ`m Vmam VmoS>Uo, gaH$mar
_mb_ÎmoMr ZmgYyg H$aUo, Xè`m-Imoè`m§VyZ nm`r {\$ê$Z gd©gm_mÝ`m§_Ü`o OZOmJ¥Vr
H$aUo Aer H$m_o Vo H$am`Mo. 1942 À`m MboOmdÀ`m Am§XmobZmV ^mD$gmho~m§Zr
^mñH$aamd Xwd} `m§À`m~amo~a ^mJ KoVbm. `m_wio Ë`m§Zm Vwé§Jdmghr ^moJmdm bmJbm
hmoVm. `m H$mimVM _mYdamd e§H$a ^moa, XÎmmÌ` _méVr qnJio, ~Ýgrbmb Mm`b,
VwH$mam_ YmaUH$a, _mYd IQ>moS>, I§Sy> H$moW{_ao, aodOr a^mOr {XKo, N>~wbmb Hw$Xi,
{M_Ubmb JwOamWr, {XZH$a gmoZma, {H$gZ dmbPmS>o, _m¡bdr hgZ Aem Ag§»`
Xoe^ŠVm§Zr ñdmV§Í` g§J«m_mV ~hþ_mob `moJXmZ {Xbo.

^mJmoOr ZmB©H$ Vo gÜ`m h`mV Agboë`m ñdmV§Í` g¡{ZH$m§n`ªVÀ`m H$mimMm
{dMma Ho$bm Va `m àË`oH$mZo H$emMrhr ndm© Z H$aVm, KaÀ`m {damoYmbm Z Ow_mZVm,
H$moUË`mhr _mohmV Z nS>Vm ho ñdmV§Í` {_idbo Amho. g§gma, gd© _moh gmoSy>Z
H$èhmS>hÿZ Ambobo am_H¥$îU _hmamO, _mOr gaH$mar A{YH$mè`mMm _wbJm Agbobo

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 53

15 Am°JñQ>, 1947 amoOr ehamVrb Zohê$ Mm¡H$mV Pmbobo ÜdOmamohU
54 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

à^mH$a ~S>,} _iy Mo A~§ Oo mJo mBM© o Agbbo o n{o Q>Q>Mo _mOr _»w `mÜ`mnH$ Jéw d`© X.o ^m.bbo o
hr gd© _§S>ir _yiMr g§J_ZoaMr ZgVmZmhr Ë`m§Zr BWë`m ñdmV§Í` MidirV
`moJXmZ XoD$Z BVam§Mo ñ\w$q„J MoV{dÊ`mMo H$m_ Ho$bo.

1929 gmbr ZmJnwamV gaXma d„^^mB© nQ>obm§Zr P|S>m gË`mJ«h Ho$bm, Ë`m
doir g§J_ZoamV 26 OmZodmar 1929 amoOr am_H¥$îU _hmamOm§Zr Jmdm~mhoa àdaoÀ`m
Vramda ^mfU H$ê$Z ñdamÁ` g§nmXZmMr enW CnpñWVm§Zm {Xbr. Ë`m doir AdKo
gVam df} d` Agboë`m bú_U AZ§Vamd Xoenm§S>o `m `wdH$mZo no{Q>Q> emioda P|S>m
bmdm`Mm Agm {ZíM` H$o bm. VËH$mbrZ {~{« Q>e A{YH$mè`mZ§ m `mMr H$w UH$w U bmJVmM
Ë`m§Zr emio^modVr nmo{bgm§Mm nhmam bmdbm. Aem n[apñWVrV nhmQ>oÀ`m doir
nmo{bgm§Mm S>moim MwH$dyZ bú_U Xoenm§S>o `m§Zr no{Q>Q> emioÀ`m H$m¡bmê$ N>Vmda MTy>Z
OmD$Z P|S>m \$S>H$mdbm.

1937 gmbr gÜ`mÀ`m Zohê$ Mm¡H$mV CnmgZr§À`m dmS>çmg_moa n§{S>V
Zohê§$Mr g^m Pmbr hmoVr. `m doir Zohê§$Zm g§J_Zoa VmbwH$m H$m±J«og H${_Q>rÀ`m dVrZo
OZmX©Z bú_U C\©$ ^æ`mgmho~ Hw$bH$Uu `m§Zr _mZnÌ {Xbo hmoVo. {deof åhUOo `m
_mZnÌmV Zohê§$Zm g§J_ZoaH$am§À`m dVrZo ^maV_mVoMo gwnwÌ, ñdmV§Í`dra `m
g§~moYZm~amo~aM amï´>mÜ`j n§{S>V Odmhabmb Zohê$ Ago åhQ>bo hmoVo. nwT>o Zohê$
1947 _Ü`o n§VàYmZ Pmbo. g§J_ZoaH$am§Zr Ë`m§Zm 1937 gmbrM XoemMo à_wI åhUyZ
g§~moYbo hmoVo. Zohê§$IoarO g§J_Zoabm S>m°.amO|Ð àgmX, 1946 _Ü`o gmZoJwê$Or Aer
AZoH$ Wmoa _§S>ir `oD$Z Jobr. `m gdmªÀ`m àoaUoVyZ, à`ËZm§VyZ g§J_Zoa d n[agamVrb
_S§ >ir ñdmVͧ ` MidirV AmTo >br Jbo r. `mVZy ^maVmÀ`m ñdmVͧ `mMr nhmQ> CJdm`bm
_XV Pmbr.

15 AmJ° ñQ> 1947 bm ^maVmbm ñdmVͧ ` {_iUma ho g_OVmM gJ§ _Zao mVrb
ñdmV§Í` MidirV ^mJ KoVboë`m§gh gd©M ZmJ[aH$m§_Ü`o CËgmhmMr bmQ> ngabr.
hr ~mV_r gJù`m JmdmV ngabr. 14 Am°JñQ> 1947 bm g§Ü`mH$mir JmdmVrb
à_wI _mJmªdê$Z AmZ§XmoËgd åhUyZ {_adUyH$ H$mT>Ê`mV Ambr. ^maV _mVm H$s O`,
_hmË_m Jm§Yr H$s O`, O`qhX Aem KmofUm XoV g§nyU© JmdmVyZ hr {_adUyH$ Jobr.
14 Am°JñQ>À`m _Ü`amÌr H$Moarg_moa àW_M ^maVmMm {Va§Jm ÜdO \$S>H$dÊ`mV
Ambm. Xgw è`m {Xder JmdmVrb gdM© emim_§ Ü`o PS| >mdX§ Z H$aÊ`mV Amb.o {dÚmÏ`mZª m
bmSy>Mo dmQ>n H$aÊ`mV Ambo. Zohê$ Mm¡H$mV gH$mirM H$m±J«ogÀ`mdVrZo P|S>md§XZmÀ`m

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 55

H$m`©H«$_mMo Am`moOZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. g§nyU© JmdmV añVo ñdÀN> PmSy>Z Kamg_moa,
añË`m§da am§Jmoù`m H$mT>Ê`mV Amë`m hmoË`m. gH$mir ghm dmOonmgyZM bmoH$ Zohê$
Mm¡H$mV O_m`bm gwédmV Pmbr. Zohê$ Mm¡H$mV ÜdOñV§^ C^mê$Z Ë`m^modVr gw§Xa
am§Jmoir aoImQ>Ê`mV Ambr hmoVr. g§nyU© g§J_Zoa Jmd `m gmohù`mgmR>r O_m Pmbo hmoVo.
AIao rg VmbHw $m H$mJ± go« Mo AÜ`j ^æ¡ `mgmh~o H$w bH$Uu `mÀ§ `m hñVo {VaJ§ m \$S>H$dÊ`mV
Ambm. OZ JU _Z ho amï´>JrVmMo gya g§nyU© Zohê$ Mm¡H$mV Kw_bo, ^maV _mVm H$s O`
`m O`KmofmZo AdKo Amg_§V XUmUyZ Jobo. `m gwdU©jUr Hw$Ur AmZ§XmZo ~o^mZ Pmbo
hmoVo Va hm gmoÝ`mMm {Xdg ~KÊ`mgmR>r Am`wî` nUmbm bmdboë`m§Mo S>moio ZH$iV
nmUmdbo hmoVo.

56 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

ZJanm{bH$m

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 57

g§J_Zoa ZJanm{bHo$Mr OwZr B_maV (1960)
58 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

AmYw{ZH$ g§J_Zoa

g§J_Zoa Jmd nydunmgyZ {d{dY H$maUm§Zr à{gÕ Amho. JmdmÀ`m gd©M
~mOy§Zr H$_r-A{YH$ A§Vamda ZmH$m, S>m|Jaam§Jm AmhoV. CÎmaobm H$èho KmQ>mMm S>m|Ja,
X{jUobm M§XZmnwar KmQ>mMm S>m|Ja, Odi ~mioídaMm S>m|Ja, nyd}bm XwYoídamMm S>m|Ja
Va npíM_obm H$m|{Pam S>m|Ja. `m~amo~aM JmdmOdiyZ dmhUmè`m àdam, åhmiw§Jr,
ZmQ>H$s d åhmZwQ>r `m ZÚm, `m_wio g§J_Zoa nydunmgyZ _hÎdmMo Jmd Amho. àdam d
åhmiw§JrÀ`m g§J_m_wio g§J_ZoaMo XmoZ ^mJ nS>bo AmhoV. X{jUobm g§J_Zoa IwX© Va
CÎmaobm g§J_Zoa ~wÐþH$ Ago Zmd nS>bo. g§J_ZoaMo nydu VrZ ^mJ hmoVo. gÜ`mÀ`m
ZdrZ ZJa añË`mÀ`m ^mJmV nydu A{Ve` H$_r bmoH$dñVr hmoVr, `mbm nmd~mH$s
Ago åhQ>bo Om`Mo. g§J_ZoaÀ`m nyd©-npíM_ Aem _Ü` ^mJmV H$_r bmoH$dñVr
hmoVr, `m ^mJmbm Im§Omnya Ago Zmd hmoVo Va X{jUobm àdam åhmiw§Jr g§J_mH$S>o
OmUmè`m ^mJmV XmQ> bmoH$dñVr hmoVr. `m ^mJmbm H$g~o g§J_Zoa Ag§ Zmd hmoV§.
JmdmÀ`m Mmahr ~mOybm nydu doer hmoË`m. nyd}bm {X„rdog (AmÎmmMm {X„rZmH$m),
npíM_obm AH$mobm dog, X{jUobm a§Jmadog (eZrdog) d CÎmaobm {Z_moU dog. `m
doern¡H$s gÜ`m \$ŠV a§Jmadog ApñVËdmV Amho.

g§J_Zoa OdiyZ Ë`m doir Mma ZÚm dmhV Agë`m Var g§J_ZoaÀ`m
JmdH$è`m§Zm dma§dma XwîH$mimbm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJm`Mo. 1790 Vo 1794 `m nmM
dfmªV g§J_ZoaÀ`m JmdH$è`m§Zm _moR>çm XwîH$mimbm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJbo hmoVo. `mZ§Va
H$mhr df© XwîH$mi H$_r Pmbm na§Vw 1802 _Ü`o nwÝhm EH$Xm _moR>m XwîH$mi nS>bm.

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 59

VËH$mbrZ amÁ`H$V} `ed§Vamd hmoiH$a, qeXo gaH$ma d nwÊ`mMo noedo `m§À`mVrb
A§VJ©V H$bh dmT>bm hmoVm. `m {VKm§À`m g¡Ý`mÀ`m AmngmVrb `mXdr_wio g§J_ZoaMm
n[aga CX²ÜdñV Pmbm hmoVm. AemVM n|T>mar bmoH$m§À`m Q>moù`m§Zr `m ^mJmV Yw_mHy$i
KmVbm hmoVm. `m gd© Jmoï>t_wio bmoH$m§Zm eoVmVrb C^r {nHo$ CX²ÜdñV hmoVmZm ~Kmdr
bmJbr hmoVr.

nwT>o `m ^mJmV {~«{Q>em§Mr nH$S> A{YH$ KÅ> Pmë`mda XwîH$mimV AZoH$
H$m_o bmoH$m§H$Sy>Z H$ê$Z KoÊ`mV Ambr. g§J_ZoahÿZ nwÊ`mbm OmÊ`mgmR>r nydu Mm§Jbm
añVm ZìhVm. 1846 À`m XwîH$mimV gÜ`mÀ`m M§XZmnwar KmQ>mMm añVm V`ma H$aÊ`mV
Ambm. 1868 _Ü`o àdam ZXrda bmIoMm ~§Ymam ~m§YÊ`mV Ambm. 1876 _Ü`o
Xm¢S>-_Z_mS> `m aoëdo_mJm©À`m H$m_mdahr g§J_Zoa ^mJmVrb AZoH$ _Oya H$m_mbm
hmoVo. nmdgmù`mV àdam, åhmiw§Jr, AmT>im `m gd©M ZÚm§Zm nya `m`Mm. ZÚm àM§S>
dmhm`À`m na§Vw nmUr AS>{dÊ`mMr gmo` CnbãY Zgë`mZo {XdmirZ§Va gmV-AmR>
_{hZo bmoH$m§Zm nmÊ`mgmR>r MmohrH$S>o {\$amdo bmJm`Mo. Aem {d{dY Z¡g{J©H$,
_mZd{Z{_©V AmnÎmtZm Vm|S> XoUmè`m g§J_Zoabm AmYw{ZH$ ñdén Úmd§, g§J_ZoaMm
Moham-_moham ~XbyZ Q>mH$mdm, `m ehamMr doJir AmoiI {Z_m©U ìhmdr Aer
_ZmnmgyZMr Vi_i AgUmar H$mhr _§S>irhr `m JmdmV hmoVr. H$mimÀ`m nwT>o OmD$Z
{dMma H$aUmar _mUgMo B{Vhmg KS>dy eH$VmV d Agm {dMma H$aUmao ~m~mOr AmßnmOr
a|Jo, am_M§Ð ~mnwOr Omoer, {YamOr gwH$am_ _madmS>r, ~mohmoÔrZgmho~ H$mOr, am_gwH$
Zdbam_ _madmS>r, Ho$ed aKwnVr Ho$nwaH$a Am{X _§S>itZr EH$Ì `oD$Z EH$ ñdßZ
~Km`bm gwédmV Ho$br.

^maVmV {~«{Q>em§Mr amOdQ> gwê$ Pmë`mda AZoH$ {R>H$mUr {~«{Q>em§Zm
^maVr`m§À`m Ag§Vmofmbm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJV hmoVo. bmoH$m§Zm hiyhiy ñdmV§Í`mMm AW© d
_hÎd g_Om`bm bmJbo hmoVo. ^maVr`m§Mm amof em§V H$aÊ`mgmR>r {~«{Q>em§Zr 1850
À`m gw_mamg _`m©{XV bmoH$emhr am~{dÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoVbm. `m {ZU©`mZwgma ñWm{ZH$
bmoH$m§Zm _`m©{XV A{YH$ma XoD$Z Ë`m§Zm H$mhr à_mUmV gÎmoV gh^mJr H$ê$Z KoÊ`mMo
{ZpíMV Pmbo. bmoH$m§Mo Amamo½`, añVo, ñdÀN>Vm, nmUr ho _hÎdmMo àíZ hmoVo, ho àíZ
ñWm{ZH$ nmVirda gmSo >{dÊ`mgmR>r ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` gñ§ Wm ñWmnÊ`mMm {ZU`© {~{« Q>emZ§ r
KoVbm. 1850 gmbr Jìh_]Q> Am°\$ B§{S>`m A°ŠQ> 26 hm H$m`Xm nmg H$aÊ`mV Ambm.
hm H$m`Xm bmHo $mZ§ m _mhrV ìhmdm d Ë`mMr A_§ b~OmdUr ìhmdr `mgmR>r BJ§ O« gaH$maZo

60 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

EH$ Om{haZm_m à{gÕ Ho$bm. `m Om{haZmå`mZwgma Á`m JmdmVrb bmoH$m§Zm Amnë`m
JmdmV å`w{Z{gnm{bQ>r (ZJanm{bH$m) ñWmnZ H$am`Mr Agob Ë`m§Zr Ë`mgmR>r
gaH$maH$S>o AO© H$amdm, Ago gaH$mar J°PoQ>_Ü`o à{gÕ H$aÊ`mV Ambo.

hm H$m`Xm bmJy H$ê$Z g§J_Zoa JmdmV å`w{Z{gnm{bQ>r ñWmnZ H$ê$Z Ë`mÛmao
JmdmMm {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUmdm `mgmR>r JmdmVrb H$mhr à_wI ZmJ[aH$m§Zr EH$ ~¡R>H$
KoVbr. `m ~¡R>H$sbm ~m~mOr AmßnmOr a|Jo, am_M§Ð ~mnwOr Omoer, {YamOr gwH$am_
_madmS>r, ~mohmoÔrZgmho~ H$mOr, am_gwH$ Zdbam_ _madmS>r, Ho$ed aKwnVr Ho$nwaH$a
Am{X _§S>ir hOa hmoVr. gdmªZr g§J_Zoa JmdmV å`w{Z{gnm{bQ>r ñWmnZ H$am`Mr `m
{ZU©`mda EH$_V Ho$bo d Ë`m Ñï>rZo à`ËZ gwê$ Ho$bo.

VËH$mbrZ {Oëhm _°{OñQ´>oQ> B©.B©.\«$mga {Q>Q>ba `m§Zm Ah_XZJabm AO©
nmR>{dÊ`mV Ambm. `m AOm©da 1 hOma 844 bmoH$m§À`m gøm KoÊ`mV Amë`m
hmoË`m. {Q>Q>ba gmho~m§Zr OmdH$ H«$_m§H$ 378 Zo hm AO© 15 OyZ 1857 amoOr
_§OwargmR>r JìhZ©aH$S>o nmR>dbm. `m AOm©V VËH$mbrZ g§J_Zoa JmdmMr _m{hVr XoÊ`mV
Ambr hmoVr. Ë`mZwgma g§J_ZoaMr bmoH$g§»`m 7 hOma 495, JmdmVrb Kam§Mr g§»`m
1400, JmdmV Am`mV hmoUmam eoV_mb, {H$amUm _mb, H$mnS>, bmHy$S>, gyV, bmoI§S>,
Vm§~o `m§Mr Vnerbdma _m{hVr XoÊ`mV Ambr. `m _m{hVr~amo~a JmdmV EH$ Xmê$Mo
XwH$mZ Agë`mMr _m{hVrhr AOm©V XoÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr.

g§_ZoaH$am§Mm AO© {_imë`mZ§Va Ad¿`m VrZ AmR>dS>çm§V amB©Q> Am°Zao~b
Xr JìhZ©a BZ H$m¡pÝgb, _w§~B© `m§Zr å`w{Z{gnb A°ŠQ> 26 g§J_ZoamV bmJy H$aÊ`m~Ôb
8 Owb¡ 1857 amoOr Om{haZm_m H$mT>bm. 9 Owb¡ 1857 amoOr hm Om{haZm_m gaH$mar
J°PoQ>_Ü`o à{gÕ H$aÊ`mV Ambm. `m J°PoQ>_Ü`o Ago åhQ>bo hmoVo, H$s g§J_Zoa_Yrb
a{hdmem§À`m BÀN>o~Ôb Mm¡H$er H$ê$Z Ë`mMr ImÌr H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r Zo_boë`m
g{_VrÀ`m Ahdmbmdê$Z Ago {XgyZ Ambo H$s, eha gwYmaUoÀ`m H$m_mgmR>r H$a
XoÊ`mMr ZmJ[aH$m§Mr V`mar Amho åhUyZ amB©Q> Am°Zao~b JìhZ©a BZ H$m¡pÝgb ho
g§J_Zoa_Ü`o 1 _mho {S>g|~a 1857 nmgyZ A°ŠQ> 26 A§_bmV `oB©b Ago Omhra
H$arV AmhoV.

`m AŠ° Q>Mr A_§ b~OmdUr ì`dpñWV ìhmdr `mgmR>r _.o _{° OñQ>´Qo >, Ah_XZJa
`m§Mr AÜ`j åhUyZ Va _o.A{gñQ>§Q> _°{OñQ´>oQ> Ah_XZJa `m§Mr CnmÜ`j åhUyZ
Zo_UyH$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. gXñ` åhUyZ 1) _o._m_boXma g§J_Zoa, 2) ~mohmoÔrZ

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 61

H$mOr, 3) {YamOr gwH$am_ _madmS>r, 4) am_gwH$ Zdbam_ _madmS>r, 5) Ho$ed
aKwnVr Ho$nwaH$a, 6) ~m~mOr AmßnmOr a|Jo, 7) am_M§Ð ~mnwOr Omoer `m§Mr {Z`wŠVr
H$aÊ`mV Ambr. 25 Zmìo h~| a 1857 amOo r `m {Z`Šw Vr AmXeo mda gaH$maÀ`m g{MdmZ§ r
ghr Ho$br.

gJ§ _Zao bm dJo io ñdê$n Úm`Mo `m CXmÎm hVo Zy o _ZmnmgZy à`ËZ H$ê$Z _mÝ`Vm
{_idyZ KoÊ`mV hr _§S>ir `eñdr Pmbr. na§Vw 1857 _Ü`o g§nyU© ^maV^a B§J«Om§da
CR>md gwê$ Pmbm. gd©Ì Aem§VVoM§ dmVmdaU {Z_m©U Pmb§. 1857 _Yrb OmJmoOmJr
Pmbbo r ~S§ > _mSo >yZ H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r {~{« Q>emZ§ r gJirH$S>Mo àmYmÝ` {Xb.o gJ§ _Zao n[agamV
^mJmoOr ZmB©H$ d Ë`mÀ`m ghH$mè`m§Mm _moR>m CR>md gwê$ hmoVm. `m_wio g§J_ZoaÀ`m
ZJanm{bHo$Mo H$m_H$mO nwT>rb XmoZ dfmªV gwê$ hmoD$ eH$bo Zmhr. AIoa 1860 _Ü`o
Vmo gw{XZ CJdbm d g§J_Zoa ZJanm{bHo$Mo H$m_H$mO àË`jmV gwê$ Pmbo.

62 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

ZJanm{bHo$Mr ñWmnZm

g§J_ZoamV ZJanm{bHo$Mr ñWmnZm Pmë`mZ§Va {d{dY g_mOmon`moJr H$m_m§Zm
doJ Ambm hmoVm. 1 E{àb 1865 bm JmdmV _amR>r emim gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
AmOMr ZJanm{bH$m emim Z§.3 hrM Vr emim. Ë`mnydu JmdmV OrdZ {ejU _§{Xa
`m ZmdmZo 1 OmZodmar 1834 amoOr _amR>r emim gwê$ Pmbobr hmoVr. hr emim Z§Va
emim Z§.1 åhUyZ AmoiIbr Om`Mr. gÜ`mÀ`m ^maV Mm¡H$mV hr emim ^am`Mr,
gÜ`m VoWo emioÀ`m ApñVËdmMr H$moUVrhr IyU {eëbH$ am{hbobr Zmhr. nm{bHo$À`m
emim§_YyZ Ë`m doir _amR>r dmMZ, boIZ, J{UV d ì`mnmar O_mIM© {eH$dbo
Om`M.o `m Iao rO Yiw nmQ>rÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo {ejU XUo mè`m emimhr Ë`m dio r Agm`À`m.
`m emim ImgJr hmoË`m. emioV Ë`m doir _moS>r boIZ, dmMZ, Vm|S>r {heo~ `m
Jmoï>rhr {eH$dë`m Om`À`m.

1861 _Ü`o g§J_ZoamV EH$ doXnR>U {eH$dUmar emimhr hmoVr. g§ñH¥$V
nR>U d doXmÜ``Z {eH$Ê`mbm Ë`m H$mir _hÎd Agë`mZo AZoH$ {dÚmWu `m emioV
{ejU ¿`m`Mo. `oWo g§ñH¥$V, Ý`m`ì`mH$aUemñÌ, Á`mo{VfemñÌ, d¡ÚH$s Am{X {df`
{eH$dbo Om`Mo. d¡OZmWemñÌr amZS>o `m§Zr Mmbdboë`m emioVyZ AZoH$ g§ñH¥$V n§{S>V
nwT>o Zm_d§V ì`ŠVr ~Zbo. amZS>o ñdV… dH$sb hmoVo na§Vw hm¡goImVa Vo hr emim
Mmbdm`Mo.

1870 Z§Va JmdmV Jmonmiamd ^Xo d JUnV g`mOr `m§À`m ImgJr
emimhr gwê$ Pmë`m. e¡j{UH$ joÌmV g§J_ZoaMr àJVr hmoV AgVmZm nm{bHo$À`m

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 63

_mÜ`_mVyZhr {d{dY H$m_o gwê$ Pmbr hmoVr. 7 Zmoìh|~a 1874 bm EH$ gaH$mar
Om{haZm_m à{gÕ Pmbm, Ë`mZwgma g§J_Zoa ZJanm{bHo$bm 1873 Mm å`w{Z{gnb
A°ŠQ> 6 _Yrb H$b_ 4 bmJy H$aÊ`mV Ambo. `mZwgma g§J_ZoaMr ZJanm{bH$m
Q>mD$Z å`{w Z{gnm{bQ>r åhUZy Amio Ibr OmD$ bmJbr. `m ZdrZ H$m`ÚmZgw ma nm{bH$o bm
H$a ^aUmè`m H$aXmË`m§Zm Amnbo g^mgX {ZdSy>Z XoÊ`mMm hŠH$ XoÊ`mV Ambm. Ë`m
doir nm{bHo$V EHy$U ~mam g^mgX Agm`Mo, Ë`mn¡H$s ghm g^mgX JmdmVrb H$a
XoUmè`m ZmJ[aH$m§Zr {ZdSy>Z {Xbo. g§J_ZoaÀ`m AmOdaÀ`m B{VhmgmVrb hr n{hbr
{ZdS>UyH$ hmoVr. 18 gßQ>|~a 1885 amoOr ghm g^mgX {ZdSy>Z Ambo. Ë`mdoiMm
dmS>© H«$_m§H$ -1 (e{Zdma ~mOma) `oWyZ JmonmiXmg \$ÎmoM§X _madmS>r, dmS>© H«$_m§H$
- 2 (JwOar ~mOma) `oWyZ {dRy>am_ X`mam_, dmS>© H«$_m§H$ - 3 (H$g~m noR>) `oWyZ
Ho$ê$Or {~ZhaOr nmQ>rb, dmS>© H«$_m§H$ - 4 (ZdKa Amir, _mo_rZnwam, _mirdmS>m)
`oWyZ gwaO_b {dRy>am_ _madmS>r, dmS>© H«$_m§H$ - 5 (a§JmaAmir, gmirdmS>m) `oWyZ
Ho$ed ~mnwOr naeam_r, dmS>© H«$_m§H$ - 6 (~«m÷UAmir, naXoenwam, Xoe_wIJ„r)
`oWyZ JmoqdX e§H$a qnniIao dH$sb hr _§S>ir {ZdS>br Jobr. `m {ZdS>UwH$sZ§Va
àW_M nm{bH$o Mm H$ma^ma ì`dpñWV Mmb{dÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY H${_Q>çm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV
Amë`m.

`mV emim H${_Q>rÀ`m AÜ`jnXr Ho$ed ~mnwOr naeam_r `m§Mr {ZdS>
H$aÊ`mV Ambr. XdmImZm H${_Q>rÀ`m AÜ`jnXr JmoqdX e§H$a qnniIao `m§Mr Va
ì`dñWmnH$s` H${_Q>rÀ`m AÜ`jnXr aKwZmW JmoqdX {OZgrdmbo `m§Mr {Z`wŠVr
H$aÊ`mV Ambr. JmdmVrb añVo ì`dpñWV H$aÊ`mgmR>r 1878-79 gmbr nm{bHo$Zo
VËH$mbrZ gaH$maH$Sy>Z H$O© ¿`m`Mo R>adbo. gd© H$mJXnÌm§Mr nyV©Vm Pmë`mda
nm{bHo$bm 40 dfmªÀ`m naV\o$S>rÀ`m _wXVrMo 6 hOma én`o H$O© {_imbo. `m H$Om©VyZ
JmdmVrb gd© añË`m§Mo ZyVZrH$aU H$aÊ`mV Ambo. añVo gwYmaÊ`m~amo~aM nm{bHo$Zo
añË`m§Mr ñdÀN>Vm d gmd©O{ZH$ em¡Mmb`mVrb _¡bm dmhÿZ ZoÊ`mgmR>r Mma H$_©Mmar
{Z`wŠV Ho$bo. `m H$_©Mmè`m§Mm IM© ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r nm{bHo$Zo hbmbImoa Q>°Šg bmJy
Ho$bm hmoVm. 1871 gmbr bmJy H$aÊ`mV Amboë`m `m H$am_wio nm{bHo$bm Xadfu
243 én`o CËnÞ {_im`Mo. 1890 nmgyZ hm H$a ~§X H$aÊ`mV Ambm d ZdrZ g°{ZQ>ar
gog H$a ~g{dÊ`mV Ambm. hm H$a à{Vì`ŠVr Xadfm©gmR>r 3 n¡go BVH$m hmoVm. _mÌ
Á`mM§ o CËnÞ 25 én`mn§ jo m H$_r Amho AemZ§ m hm H$a bmJy ZìhVm. VgMo EH$m H$w Q>w~§ mV

64 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

å`w{Z{gnb H$m°Q>oO hm°pñnQ>b-àdoeÛma (1960)

g§J_Zoa ZJanm{bH$m àdoeÛma (2011)
S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 65

{H$Vrhr _mUgo Agbr Var OmñVrV OmñV XmoZ AmÊ`mnojm OmñV H$a KoVbm OmV
ZìhVm. g§J_Zoa ZJanm{bHo$Zo {d{dY H$am§Mr AmH$maUr H$aVmZm Ë`m doir _mZdVoÀ`m
Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZhr H$mhr {ZU©` KoVbo hmoVo. `m {ZU©`mMm EH$ ^mJ åhUyZ g_mOmVrb
Jar~ g_Oë`m OmUmè`m _hma, _mJ§ , Mm^§ ma, bmho ma d am_meo r `m g_mOmVrb bmHo $mZ§ m
g°ZoQ>ar gog hm H$a bmJy ZìhVm.

1901 gmbr Pmboë`m OZJUZoZwgma g§J_ZoaMr bmoH$g§»`m 11 hOma
15 BVH$s hmoVr. JmdmMr CÎma {Xem dJibr Va gd© ~mOy§Zr Jmd ZÚm§Zr doT>bobo
hmoVo. Ë`m_wio JmdmMm {dñVma `m ZÚm§À`m AbrH$S>oM hmoV hmoVm. JmdmV Ë`m H$mir
OmVr{Zhm` JQ> H$ê$Z ~hþVm§er bmoH$ ahm`Mo, Ë`m_wio AZoH$ Jëë`m§Zm Ë`m-Ë`m
OmVrMr Zmdo AmnmoAmn nS>V Jobr. Á`m dñVrV Á`m g_mOmMr dñVr OmñV Ë`m
g_mOmM§ Zmd Ë`m Jëbrbm nS>m`M§. JmdmV OmVr` gbmoIm Iyn Mm§Jë`màH$mao
hmoVm. JmdmV qhXÿ-_wñbr_ bmoH$ EH$_oH$m§À`m gU-CËgdm§V CËgmhmZo gh^mJr
ìhm`Mo.

1901, 1905, 1911 `m dfu g§J_ZoaH$am§Zr _moR>o XþîH$mi AZw^dbo.
AZHo $ bmHo $ Xîþ H$mir H$m_mgmR>r ~mhao Jmdr Jbo .o AZHo $mZ§ r Ka-Xma gmSo >yZ _~§w B© JmR>br.
JmdmV Ë`m doir ZmoH$arÀ`m \$maem g§Yr CnbãY ZìhË`m. JmdmVrb {d{dY XþH$mZm§V
H$m_ H$aUo, ~bwVoXmarVrb {d{dY H$m_o H$aUo, hmV_mJmda H$m_ H$aUo AWdm _Owar
H$aUo `mM gdg© m_mÝ`mg§ mR>r CËnÞmÀ`m gY§ r hmËo `m. gaH$mar ZmHo $ar, {ejH$mMr ZmHo $ar
`m§Zm _`m©Xm hmoË`m. JmdmVrb AZoH$ bmoH$ Ë`m doir ñdV§Ì ì`dgm`m~amo~a eoVrhr
H$am`Mo.

g§J_ZoaÀ`m dmT>Ë`m bmoH$g§»`oMm {dMma H$ê$Z nm{bHo$Zo 1873 _Ü`oM
H$moQ>m©Odi XdmImZm gwê$ Ho$bm hmoVm. 1881 nmgyZ hm XdmImZm Q´>oqZJ H$m°boOOdi
(gÜ`mÀ`m S>r.ES>.H$m°boOOdi) hbdbm. Ë`m doir XdmImÝ`mV nwéfm§gmR>r VrZ Va
pñÌ`mg§ mR>r XmZo ImQ>mM§ r ì`dñWm hmVo r. Vmno `Vª EH$M S>mŠ° Q>a gn§ Uy © H$m_H$mO ~Km`M.o
_mÌ 1886 nmgyZ Xa_hm 10 én`o nJmamda EH$m H§$nmD§$S>aMr Zo_UyH$ H$aÊ`mV
Ambr. 1892-93 gmbr XdmImÝ`mV EH$m {enm`mMrhr Zo_UyH$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
Ë`m doir nm{bHo$À`m XdmImÝ`mMr g§nyU© n[agamV »`mVr hmoVr. XdmImÝ`mM§ H$m_
Mm§Jë`m àH$mao H$amd§ `mgmR>r hm°pñnQ>b A{gñQ>§Q> `m§Zm Xa_hm 15 én`o {deof ^Îmm
XoÊ`mV `m`Mm. 1937-38 _Ü`o nm{bHo$Zo dmT>Vr é½Um§Mr g§»`m bjmV KoVm EH$

66 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

gw{VH$mJ¥h d Ë`meoOmar XdmImÝ`mMr B_maV ~m§Ybr. Anwè`m emgH$s` {ZYr_wio `m
XmoÝhr B_maVr ~m§YÊ`mgmR>r n¡em§Mr Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr. ehamVrb gm_m{OH$ OmUrd
Agbëo `m XmZeay _{hbm épŠ_Ur~mB© {edbmb bmhmQo >r `mZ§ r 3 hOma én`o d amYm~mB©
naeam_ H$d} `m§Zr gmS>oVrZ hOmam§Mr XoUJr {Xë`mZo `m XmoÝhr B_maVr§Mo H$m_ nyU©
hmoD$ eH$bo.

`mM H$mimV g§J_Zoa ì`mnmamVhr àJVr H$arV hmoVo. AmgnmgÀ`m JmdmVyZ
bmoH$ IaoXrgmR>r g§J_Zoabm `m`Mo. Vob, Vyn d BVa ImÚnXmWm©V ^ogi hmoD$ Z`o
`mgmR>r JmdmV 1925 nmgyZ ^ogi à{V~§YH$ H$m`Xm bmJy H$aÊ`mV Ambm. JmdmV
_moR>çm à_mUmda OZmdao Agë`mZo AZoH$ bmoH$ Vo _moH$mQ> gmoS>m`Mo, `mgmR>r 1915-
16 nmgZy nm{bH$o Zo JmdmV H$mS| >dmS>m gêw $ H$o bm. Ë`m dio r `m H$mS| >dmS>çmV Q>mH$bëo `m
OZmdam§Zm gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r nm{bH$m nwT>rbà_mUo X§S> AmH$mam`Mr - Jm`, ~¡b, KmoS>m
`m§Zm XmoZ én`o, åhergmR>r nmM én`o, dmgao, JmT>do d Sw>H$am§gmR>r EH$ én`m Va
eoir, _|T>r, ~moH$S>m§gmR>r 50 n¡go X§S> AmH$mabm Om`Mm.

g§J_Zoa `m N>moQ>çmem JmdmMm Moham_moham ~XbÊ`mMo H$m_ nm{bHo$Zo gwê$
H$o bo hmVo .o AmVm nm{bH$o bm dYo bmJbo hmVo ,o ehamV drOMo o {Xdo d ZimÀ`m VmQo >çmÛ§ mao
nmUr nwadR>m H$aÊ`mMo. JmdmV 1912 À`m gw_mamg _moQ>maJmS>çmhr `oD$ bmJë`m
hmoË`m. nwamVZ g§J_Zoa AmVm AmYw{ZH$VoH$S>o diV hmoVo. JmdmVrb gd©gm_mÝ`
ZmJ[aH$m§nmgyZ Vo nm{bHo$Mo nXm{YH$mar `mgmR>r _ZmnmgyZ à`ËZ H$arV hmoVo.

1860 gmbr àË`jmV ZJanm{bHo$À`m H$m_H$mOmbm gwédmV Pmbr.
nm{bHo$À`m ñWmnZoÀ`m Om{haZmå`mV C„oI Ho$ë`mZwgma JmdmV añVo V`ma H$aUo, añVo
XþéñV H$aUo, añVo gm\$ H$aUo, JmdmVrb H$Mam Jmoim H$ê$Z Ë`mMr {dëhodmQ> bmdUo,
em¡Mmb`o ~m§YUo, gm§S>nmUr dmhÿZ OmÊ`mgmR>r _moè`m ~m§YUo, J«m_gwYmaUm H$aUo,
H$mUo Ë`mhr amJo amBn© mgZy _Šw VVgo mR>r Cnm``mOo Zm H$aUo d JmdmV {Xdo bmdUo `m H$m_mM§ o
{Z`moOZ gwê$ Pmbo. `m H$m_mgmR>r n¡em§Mr VaVyX H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m doir nm{bHo$Zo
OH$mV, KanÅ>r, nmUrnÅ>r `mÛmao d emgH$s` AZwXmZ `mVyZ {ZYr C^m H$am`Mo R>adbo.
Ë`m doir IMm©À`m ~m~r \$maem ZìhË`m. ZmoH$am§Mm nJma, gmd©O{ZH$ gwa{jVVm,
gmdO© {ZH$ Amam½o `, gmdO© {ZH$ H$m_o d Xadfu H$amd`mMr ZdrZ H$m_o `mgmR>r _»w `Ëdo
n¡go IM© ìhm`Mo. nm{bHo$Zo n{hë`m dfu Ho$di KanÅ>rMrM dgwbr Ho$br. 1860-
61 `m Am{W©H$ dfm©V nm{bHo$bm KanÅ>rÛmao 552 én`o 50 n¡go d H$mhr gm_mZ

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 67

{dH«$sVyZ Xhm én`o Ago EHy$U 562 én`o 50 n¡go CËnÞ {_imbo. Ë`mdfu gd© IM©
dOm OmVm 135 én`o 3 AmUo BVH$s aŠH$_ {eëbH$ am{hbr.

gwédmVrÀ`m H$mimV nm{bHo$bm KanÅ>r IoarO CËnÞmMr BVa gmYZo ZìhVr.
JmdmVyZ Jmoim Ho$bobm H$Mam {dHy$Zhr n¡gm C^mabm Om`Mm. Ë`m doir KanÅ>r
AmH$maUrMr nÕVhr H$mhrer doJir hmoVr. nm{bHo$Mo H$_©Mmar àW_ KamMr ~m§YUr
H$er ho Amho ho g_j ~Km`Mo Z§Va Ka_mbH$mMr Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr H$er Amho ho
~{KVbo Om`M.o `mZV§ a `m XmÝo hr {ZH$fmZ§ gw ma dJd© mar H$ê$Z KanÅ>r AmH$mabr Om`Mr.
1861 gmbr g§J_Zoa_Ü`o gd© àH$maMr {_iyZ EHy$U 1536 Kao hmoVr. `m Kam§Mr 4
àH$mam§V dJ©dmar H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. `m Kam§Zm dm{f©H$ KanÅ>r AZwH«$_o XmoZ én`o,
EH$ én`m, AmR> AmUo d Mma AmUo EdT>r AmH$mabr Om`Mr. JmdmV Ë`m doir XmoZ
én`o KanÅ>r XoUmao 97 gYZ Hw$Qw>§~o hmoVr, EH$ én`m KanÅ>r XoUmao 382 Kao hmoVr, AmR>
AmUo KanÅ>r XoUmao 679 Kao hmoVr Va A{Ve` Jar~ Aer 378 Hw$Qw>§~o Mma AmUo
KanÅ>r Úm`Mr. `mVhr bmoH$m§Zm EH$X_ n¡em§Mm ~moOm nSy> Z`o åhUyZ dfm©VyZ XmoZXm
dgwbr _mohr_ am~dyZ AYu-AYu aŠH$_ dgyb Ho$br Om`Mr.

nm{bHo$V n{hë`m dfu EH$ _w»` H$maHy$Z d XmoZ {enmB© EdT>mM ZmoH$adJ©
hmoVm. H$maHw$Zmbm Ë`m doir Xa_hm 15 én`o Va {enm`m§Zm àË`oH$s Xa_hm 6 én`o
nJma {Xbm Om`Mm. g§J_Zoa JmdMr bmoH$g§»`m AmOÀ`m Ñï>rZo Ë`m doir H$_r dmQ>V
Agbr Var ì`mnmamÀ`m Ñï>rZo g§J_Zoa hr _moR>r ~mOmanoR> åhUyZ Voìhmhr AmoiIbr
Om`Mr. ehamV ì`mnmamgmR>r 1650 À`m gw_mambm gwaV ^mJmVyZ H$mhr JwOamWr
_§S>ir Ambr hmoVr. BWë`m ì`mnmamVrb àJVr ~KyZ Z§Va 1660 À`m gw_mamg
amOñWmZmVyZ _mhoídar, O¡Z g_mOmMr _§S>ir g§J_ZoamV Ambr hmoVr. g§J_Zoa_Ü`o
nm{bHo$Mr ñWmnZm Pmbr Voìhm habmb naeam_ `m§Mr gdmªV _moR>r noT>r hmoVr.
1860 Z§Va JmdmVrb ì`mnmahr dmTy> bmJbm hmoVm. `m gw_mambm JmdmV ~mimam_
Jwbm~M§X, JmoqdXam_ ~mb{H$gZ, \$ÎmoM§X JmonmiXmg, am_ZmW OoR>ram_ hr _§S>ir
gmdH$mar, H$mnS> Am{X ì`dgm`mV AJ«oga hmoVr. JmdmV `oÊ`m-OmÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m
doir ~¡bJmS>r d Q>m§Jo dmnabo Om`Mo. YmÝ` {H$amUm `m gm_mZm~amo~aM bmHy$S>,
_m§OanmQ> H$mnS>, gyV, aoer_, d aoe_r nmJmoQ>r, aoe_r bwJS>r, nmJmoQ>r, Vm§ã`m-
{nVimMr ^m§S>r d A{Ve` H$bmË_H$ AS>{H$Îmo `m§Mm ì`mnma OmoamV Mmbm`Mm.

68 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

Amamo½`_² YZg§nXm

gJ§ _Zao ZJanm{bH$o À`m H$m_H$mOmbm géw dmV Pmë`mda ehamVrb gmdO© {ZH$
{R>H$mUm§À`m ñdÀN>Vobm {deof _hÎd Úm`bm gwédmV Pmbr. gwédmVrbm nm{bHo$Zo
ehamVrb gmd©O{ZH$ ñdÀN>VogmR>r AmR> nwéf d ghm ñÌr g\$mB© H$_©Mmar Zo_bo
hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm Xa_hm AZwH«$_o 7 én`o d 4 én`o doVZ {Xbo Om`Mo. Ë`m doir nm{bH$m
H$o di gmdO© {ZH$ {R>H$mUmÀ§ `m ñdÀN>VHo $S>o bj Úm`Mr. JmdmVrb ImOJr emM¡ mb`mM§ r
ñdÀN>Vm bmoH$ ImOJr[aË`m H$ê$Z Úm`Mo na§Vw ho H$m_ g_mYmZH$maH$ Zgë`mZo
1870 nmgyZ nm{bHo$Zo ñdV…À`m AIË`m[aV KoVbo.

1889-90 À`m CnbãY _m{hVrZwgma Ë`m doir nm{bHo$H$S>o 10 nwéf
g\$mB© H$m_Jma Xa_hm 8 én`o nJmamda H$m_mda hmoVo. _¡bm dmhÿZ ZoÊ`mgmR>r EH$
_¡bmJmS>r hmoVr. Ë`mdfu JmdmV gw_mao 100 ñdÀN>VmJ¥ho hmoVr. gw_mao EH$ eVH$^a
ho H$m_ AemM nÕVrZo gwê$ hmoVo. 1957 _Ü`o nm{bHo$Zo _¡bm dmhÿZ ZoÊ`mgmR>r EH$
Q´>°ŠQ>a d XmoZ Q´>oba IaoXr Ho$bo. 1985 n`ªV g§J_ZoamV OwÝ`m nÕVrMr em¡Mmb`o
ApñVËdmV hmoVr.

ehamVrb H$Mè`mMr {dëhodmQ> bmdÊ`mgmR>r nm{bHo$Zo 1915-16 gmbr
ñdV§Ì OmJm IaoXr Ho$br. `m {R>H$mUr JmdmVrb gd© H$Mam d _¡bm ZoD$Z Q>mH$bm
Om`Mm d `mnmgyZ IV V`ma Ho$bo Om`Mo. gwédmVrÀ`m H$mimVrb IV V`ma
H$aÊ`mMr nÕV A`mo½` Agë`mZo 1949 nmgyZ emgH$s` AmXoemZwgma O{_ZrV 3
\y$Q> Imob Ago EHy$U 5 EH$a O{_ZrV 137 IÈ>o ImoXÿZ Ë`mV H§$nmoñQ> IV V`ma

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 69

H$am`bm gwédmV Ho$br. Aem nÕVrZo IV V`ma Ho$ë`m_wio nm{bHo$À`m H$Mè`mMr
{dëhodmQ> bmdÊ`mMm _moR>m àíZ gwQ>bm. ho H§$nmoñQ> IV eoVH$ar {bbmdmV {dH$V
¿`m`Mo.

1945 nydu ehamVrb gd© H$Mam ~¡bJmS>rVyZ dmhÿZ Zobm Om`Mm. na§Vw
`m_wio H$m_mbm \$maer JVr Zgm`Mr. JmdmMr dmT>Vr bmoH$g§»`m d Ë`m VwbZoV
dmT>Umam H$Mam `mMm {dMma H$ê$Z nm{bHo$Zo ~¡bJmS>çm§EodOr ñd`§M{bV dmhZm§VyZ
H$Mam dmhVyH$ H$aÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoVbm. 1945 _Ü`o nm{bHo$Zo ~r.dm`.nr.2177
H«$_m§H$mMr _moQ>ma bm°ar IaoXr Ho$br. nm{bHo$Zo IaoXr Ho$bobr hr n{hbrM _moQ>ma
hmoVr. `mZ§Va 1949 _Ü`o ~r.dm`.nr.3974 Z§~aMr bm°ar IaoXr H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
1957 _Ü`o hr JmS>r {dHy$Z EH$ Q´>°ŠQ>a-Q´>m°br IaoXr H$aÊ`mV Ambr.

g§J_ZoamV gmd©O{ZH$ Amamo½` gw{dYm CÎm_ Agmì`mV `mgmR>r nm{bHo$À`m
ñWmnZonmgyZ doimodoir à`ËZ Ho$bo Jobo. Ë`m doir \$maem d¡ÚH$s` gw{dYm CnbãY
ZìhË`m. Ë`m_wio gmWrÀ`m amoJmV AZoH$ é½U Anwè`m d¡ÚH$s` gw{dYo_wio XJmdm`Mo.
nm{bHo$H$S>o CnbãY _m{hVrZwgma g§J_ZoamV H$m°bamÀ`m gmWrZo 1897 _Ü`o 29,
1906 _Ü`o 59, 1913 _Ü`o 47, 1919 _Ü`o 39, 1934 _Ü`o 29, 1948
_Ü`o 23 OU XJmdbo Va ßboJÀ`m gmWrV 1899 _Ü`o 15, 1905 _Ü`o 50,
1906 _Ü`o 465, 1945 _Ü`o 161, 1946 _Ü`o 5, 1947 _¿`o 48, 1948
_Ü`o 31 OU XJmdbo.

Ë`m doir H$m°bam d ßboJ ho A{Ve` _hm^`§H$a gmWrMo AmOma g_Obo
Om`Mo. `m gmWrÀ`m AmOmamÀ`m H$mimV AZoH$ bmoH$ Jmd gmoSy>Z Om`Mo. `mM~amo~a
Joë`m XmoZ XeH$m§n`ªV H$_r-OmñV à_mUmV ApñVËdmV Agboë`m XodrÀ`m gmWrZohr
g§J_ZoamV AZoH$Xm Yw_mHy$i KmVbm hmoVm. g§J_ZoamV ßboJ, H$m°bam d Xodrgma»`m
gmWrÀ`m amoJm§Mm àmXþ^m©d doimodoir Pmbm Agbm Var BVa Jmdm§À`m VwbZoV BVa
AmOmam§Mo à_mU nydunmgyZ H$_r hmoVo. `mMo _w»` H$maU åhUOo àdaoMo ewÕ nmUr,
JmdmÀ`m gd© ~mOy§Zr ZÚm, Zmbo Agë`mZo JmdmV nmUr gmRy>Z Z amhVm Vo AmnmoAmn
Z¡g{J©H$ CVmam_wio Jmdm~mhoa Om`Mo.

JmdmVrb KaJwVr gm§S>nmÊ`mMm {ZMam ìhmdm `mgmR>r 1892-93 _Ü`o
nm{bHo$Zo XmoZ _w»` _moè`m d Ë`mbm {_iUmè`m BVa Xhm _moè`m ~m§Yë`m. A{Ve`
{Z`moOZnyd©H$ ~m§Yboë`m `m _moè`m é§X d Imob AmhoV. `mgmR>r CÎm_ àH$maMm XJS> d

70 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

MZw m dmnabm hmVo m. ñWm{ZH$ H$mam{JamZ§ r ~mY§ bëo `m `m _mèo `m {~{« Q>e ~mY§ H$m_ A{^`V§ m
S>m°ŠQ>a ñQ´>rQ> `m§Zr ~{KVë`m Voìhm Ë`m§Zr `m H$m_mMo _ZmnmgyZ H$m¡VwH$ Ho$bo hmoVo.
1892-93 _Ü`o nm{bHo$Zo AmUIr ZdrZ _moè`m ~m§YÊ`mMo R>adbo. `mgmR>r 10
hOma én`m§Mm IM© Ano{jV hmoVm. `mn¡H$s {Zå_r aŠH$_ bmoH$dJ©UrVyZ O_m Ho$br
Jobr d `m _moè`m ~m§Yë`m. `mZ§Va 1912-13, 1922-23, 1926-27, 1934-
35, 1941-42, 1943-44, 1953-54, 1960-61 _Ü`ohr _moè`m§Mo ~m§YH$m_
Pmbo.

H$m°Q>oO hm°pñnQ>b
1873 À`m gw_mamg g§J_Zoa ho N>moQ>ogo IoS>o hmoVo. Ë`m H$mir H$mhr _moOH$s

ehao gmoS>br Va AmYw{ZH$, d¡ÚH$s` CnMmamMr gmo` Hw$R>ohr CnbãY Zgm`Mr. Hw$Ur
AmOmar nS>bo Va {eH$bbo r _S§ >ir dÚ¡ amOmH§ $S>o Om`Mr Va AS>mUr _mUgo Xdo F$ftH$S>,o
J§S>o-Xmoao-VmB©V XoUmè`m§Zm JmR>m`Mr. Aem H$mimV 1873 bm g§J_Zoabm XdmImZm
gêw $ H$aÊ`mV Ambm. S>m.° H$¥ îUamd OmZy ho gJ§ _Zao Mo n{hbo S>mŠ° Q>a. gÜ`mÀ`m H$mQo >mO© di
hm XdmImZm Mmbm`Mm. 1881 gmbr hm XdmImZm gÜ`mÀ`m S>r.ES>. H$m°boOÀ`m
OmJr hbdbm. Voìhm VoWo EHy$U XmoZ dmS>mªV nwéfm§gmR>r d pñÌ`m§gmR>r àË`oH$s VrZ
Aem EHy$U ghm ImQ>m§Mr ì`dñWm hmoVr.

1886 gmbr bmoH$ _moR>çm à_mUmda XdmImÝ`mV CnMmamgmR>r `oD$ bmJbo
Voìhm àW_M Xa_hm Xhm én`o nJmamda EH$m H§$nmD§$S>aMr Zo_UyH$ nm{bHo$Zo Ho$br.
Ë`m dfuÀ`m CnbãY AmH$S>odmarZwgma 15 hOma 210 bmoH$m§Zr `m XdmImÝ`mMm
bm^ KoVbm. A{Ve` gmYonUmZo Ë`m doir XdmImÝ`mMo H$m_ Mmbm`Mo. 1887
gmbr nm{bHo$Zo XdmImÝ`mgmR>r 15 én`m§Mo KS>çmi IaoXr Ho$bo. Ë`m doir q^Vrdarb
KS>çmimMo bmoH$m§Zm _moR>o Aàwn dmQ>m`Mo. 1937-38 gmbr XdmImÝ`mMm ì`mn
àM§S> dmT>bm. Amgnmg é½Umb`mMr gmo` Zgë`mZo bmoH$ nm{bHo$À`m XdmImÝ`mMmM
Aml` ¿`m`Mo. XdmImÝ`mMr OmJm Anwar nSy> bmJë`mZo AZoH$ é½Um§Mr J¡agmo`
hmoD$ bmJbr. Ë`m_wio épŠ_Ur~mB© {edbmb bmhmoQ>r `m§Zr {Xbobm 3 hOma én`m§À`m
XoUJrVyZ gw{VH$mJ¥h ~m§YÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`m eoOmarM XdmImÝ`mgmR>r EH$ B_maV
~m§YÊ`mV Ambr. `mgmR>r amYm~mB© naeam_ H$d} `m§Zr 3500 én`o XoUJr {Xbr.

ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimV gd© {Oëøm§À`m Jmdr {gpìhb hm°pñnQ>ëg² hmoVr. g§nyU©

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 71

å`w{Z{gnb H$m°Q>oO hm°pñnQ>bMr B_maV (1960)
72 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

{OëømVrb é½U `m é½Umb`mV `m`Mr, naV§ w VWo rb é½Ug»§ `m dmT>y bmJë`mZo gaH$maZo
1943 gmbr VmbwŠ`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr H$m°Q>oO hm°pñnQ>b gwê$ H$aÊ`mMr `moOZm AmIbr.
gwédmVrbm VËH$mbrZ _w§~B© amÁ`mV `mgmR>r Ho$di nmM VmbwŠ`m§Mr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mV
Ambr hmoVr. `mV g§J_ZoaMmhr g_mdoe hmoVm. 21 E{àb 1943 À`m emgH$s` R>amd
H«$_m§H$ 4661-36 Zwgma g§J_Zoa ZJanm{bHo$À`m é½Umb`mbm H$m°Q>oO hm°pñnQ>bMm
XOm© XoÊ`mV Ambm.

12 OyZ 1943 nmgyZ gd© H$m`Xoera Jmoï>tMr nyV©Vm hmoD$Z g§J_ZoamV
H$m°Q>oO hm°pñnQ>b `m ZmdmZo é½Umb` gwê$ Pmbo. S>m°.~r.Eb.H$mQ>o ho g§J_ZoaÀ`m
H$m°Q>oO hm°pñnQ>bMo n{hbo _o{S>H$b Am°{\$ga hmoVo. Ë`mnydu `oWo gmYm XdmImZm
Agm`Mm, nU H$m°Q>oO hm°pñnQ>b åhUyZ _mÝ`Vm {_imë`mda _o{S>H$b Am°{\$gagh
EH$ ñÌr S>m°ŠQ>a, EH$ H§$nmD§$S>a, XmoZ Zg}g, àË`oH$s XmoZ-XmoZ ñÌr, nwéf dm°S>© ZmoH$a,
EH$ g\$mB© H$m_Jma d ñd`§nmH$shr Zo_Ê`mV Ambm. 1951 _Ü`o `oWo Am°naoeZ {WEQ>a
gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. 1951 nmgyZ j-{H$aU gm{hË` d ñdV§Ì Imobr. 1952 nmgyZ
ñnoeb _°Q>{Z©Q>r dm°S>©, 1953 nmgyZ ed{dÀN>oXZ é_, 1954 nmgyZ é½Um§À`m
ZmVdo mBH© $mg§ mR>r Imbo r Aem g{w dYm gêw $ H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. 1958-59 gmbr é½UmÀ§ `m
ZmVdo mBH© $mg§ mR>r dmnaÊ`mV `Uo mè`m Imbo rMo énmV§ a _{o S>H$b Am{° \$ga `mZ§ m amhÊ`mgmR>r
H$aÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`m_wio é½Um§Zm 24 Vmg S>m°ŠQ>am§À`m godoMm JaOoà_mUo bm^ hmoD$
bmJbm. `mM~amo~a 1956-57 _Ü`o JmdmVrb H$mhr XmZeya ì`ŠVtÀ`m _XVrZo
Jar~ é½Um§Zm Am¡fYmgmR>r _XV H$aÊ`mgmR>r "nwAa \§$S>' ZmdmMm \§$S> C^maÊ`mV
Ambm. gaH$maH$Sy>Z {_iUmar J±«Q> H$_r nS>V Agë`mZo nm{bHo$Zo Ë`m doir ñdV:À`m
CËnÞmn¡H$s 12 Q>ŠHo$ aŠH$_ XdmImÝ`mgmR>r IM© H$aÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br. Ë`m_wio
1959 _Ü`o "hm°pñnQ>b \§$S>' ZmdmMm {ZYr C^maÊ`mV Ambm. `m {ZYrgmR>r JmdmVrb
{VénVr Šb~, A{^Zd ZmQ>ç _§S>i, ZJanm{bH$m H$_©Mmar g§KQ>Zm d ehamVrb
XmZeya _§S>itZr _XV Ho$br.

H$m°Q>oO hm°pñnQ>bbm AË`mYw{ZH$ H$aÊ`mMr Iar _whÿV©_oT> _o{S>H$b
lr.nr.S>r.nmQ>rb `m§À`m 1950 Vo 1954 `m H$mbI§S>mV Pmbr. Ë`m§À`m H$mimV
hm°pñnQ>b B_maVrMr gwYmaUm, eñÌ{H«$`oMr AË`mYw{ZH$ gmYZo, j-{H$aU `§Ì Am{X
gwYmaUm Pmë`m. Ë`mZ§Va Amboë`m S>m°.Eg.Eb.dmbmdbH$a d S>m°.Eg.Ho$.{H$Zao
`m§À`m H$mimV hm°pñnQ>bMr _moR>r àJVr Pmbr. 1873 gmbr g§J_ZoamV gd©àW_

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 73

é½Umb` géw H$aUmao VËH$mbrZ ZJamÜ`j, H$mQ° >Oo hmp° ñnQ>bMo n{hbo _{o S>H$b Am{° \$ga
S>m°.H¥$îUamd OmZw, S>m°.XagZqgJ, S>m°.har H$mH$mOr AmXtMo F$U AmOÀ`m {nT>rZo
_mÝ` Ho$boM nm{hOo. H$mimÀ`m nwT>o OmD$Z {dMma Ho$ë`mZo Ë`m doir Aem gwYmaUm§Mm
nm`m `m ehamV KmVbm Jobm.

131 dfmªMr AmYw{ZH$ é½UgodoMr na§nam Agboë`m g§J_ZoamV AmOhr
AZoH$ Jmdm§VyZ é½U CnMmamgmR>r `oV AgVmV. S>m°.H¥$îUamd OmZw `m§À`mnmgyZ gwê$
Pmbbo r hr é½U gdo Mo r nan§ am AZHo $ S>mŠ° Q>amZ§ r nTw >rb H$mimV Mmbdbr. S>m.° XagZqgJ,
S>m°.Jwbm~ ImZ, S>m°.~r.Eb.H$mQ>o, S>m°.nr.S>r.nmQ>rb, S>m°.Eg.E.dmbmdbH$a Vo AJXr
_mJÀ`m {nT>rVrb S>m.° EZ.Ama.R>mH$y a, S>m.° E_.E_.JUw ,o S>m.° BX§ _w Vr Omeo r, S>m.° H$w gm_mdVr
Omoer, S>m°.b.H$m.Xoenm§S>o, S>m°.gwaoe gam\$, S>m°.H$_bmH$a nmR>H$ `m§Zr g§J_ZoamV
EImÚm godmd«Vrà_mUo é½Ugodm Ho$br. S>m°.hf©b Vm§~|Mo Vm§~o hm°pñnQ>b, S>m°.^mZwXmg
S>oa|Mo g§OrdZr hm°pñnQ>b, S>m°.AemoH$ BWmn|Mo BWmno hm°pñnQ>b `m _moR>çm
hm°pñnQ>b~amo~aM gÜ`m g§J_ZoamV gw_mao e§^ahÿZ A{YH$ ImOJr hm°pñnQ>b d
XdmImZo AmhoV. earamÀ`m àË`oH$ ^mJmgmR>r ñnoem{bñQ> S>m°ŠQ>g© CnbãY AmhoV.
gd© {_iyZ gw_mao 400 À`m Xaå`mZ S>m°ŠQ>g© g§J_ZoamV gÜ`m H$m`©aV AmhoV.

g§J_Zoa, AH$mobo, {gÞa, H$monaJmd VmbwŠ`mVyZ hOmamo é½U amoO g§J_Zoabm
`oVmV. d¡ÚH$s` joÌmVrb Anàd¥Îmt~Ôbhr gÜ`m gd©Ì _moR>r MMm© hmoV Amho. _mÌ
Mm§Jë`m-dmB©Q>mÀ`m MM}À`m nbrH$S>o OmD$Z {dMma Ho$bm Va {OëømVrb BVa
H$moUË`mhr VmbwŠ`mnojm A{YH$ CÎm_ d¡ÚH$s` gw{dYm g§J_Zoabm CnbãY AmhoV,
ho _mÝ` H$amdoM bmJob.

ImgJr é½Umb`m§À`m VwbZoV gaH$mar é½Umb`o _mJo nSy> bmJbr. bmoH$m§Mm
gaH$mar é½Umb`mVrb S>m°ŠQ>am§nojm ImgJr é½Umb`m§H$S>o AmoT>m dmT>bm. bmoH$m§Mm
H$b nwÝhm EH$Xm gaH$mar é½Umb`mH$S>o ìhmdm, `mgmR>r lr.{dídmg _wV©S>H$ ho
ZJamÜ`j AgVmZm gZ 2001 Vo 2006 `m Ë`m§À`m H$m`©H$mimV ZJanm{bHo$À`m
é½Umb`mMm EHy$UM Moham-_moham ~XbÊ`mV Ambm. nm{bHo$À`m é½Umb`mÀ`m gd©M
B_maVtMo AmYw{ZH$sH$aU H$aÊ`mV Ambo. é½Um§Zm `m n[agamV dmdaVmZm AmZ§XmMr
AZw^yVr {_iÊ`mg `m ZwVZrH$aUmMm _moR>m Cn`moJ Pmbm.

74 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

{Xdm~Îmr Vo hm`_mñQ>

gmYmaUV… {XS>eo dfmªnydu gmd©O{ZH$ {R>H$mUr {Xdm~Îmr H$aÊ`mMr àWm
\$maer àM{bV ZìhVr. H$mhr _moOŠ`m Jmdm§V Y{ZH$ _§S>ir ñdV…À`m Kam~mhoa
{Xdm~ÎmrMr ì`dñWm H$am`Mo. Ë`m doir amÌr {Xdm~Îmr H$aÊ`mMm _w»` hoVy añË`mda,
Jëë`m§_Ü`o COoS> H$ê$Z Mmoam§nmgyZ, gmn, qdMy d BVa CnÐd XoUmè`m àmÊ`m§nmgyZ
amÌrÀ`m doir g§ajU H$aUo hm hmoVm.

g§J_ZoamV 1860 gmbr nm{bHo$Mr ñWmnZm Pmbr Voìhm JmdmMm {dñVma
\$magm _moR>m ZìhVm. gÜ`mÀ`m Zm{eH$-nwUo _hm_mJm©À`m X{jU-npíM_ {Xeobm
bmoH$ amhm`Mo. `mM dfu g§J_ZoamV ZJanm{bHo$À`m dVrZo gd©àW_ gmd©O{ZH$
{R>H$mUr {Xdm~ÎmrMr ì`dñWm H$am`bm gwédmV H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Ë`mdoir g§nyU©
JmdmV gmd©O{ZH$ {R>H$mUr AdKo AmR> VobmMo H§$Xrb bmdbo Om`Mo. gwédmVrbm
nm{bH$o Zo ho H$m_ H$mÝ° Q>´Š° Q> nÕVrZo {Xbo hmVo .o nm{bH$o À`m ñWmnZZo V§ a hihy iy JmdmVrb
bmoH$dñVr XmQ> hmoD$ bmJbr. dmT>Ë`m bmoH$dñVr_wio nm{bHo$Zo gmd©O{ZH$ {R>H$mUÀ`m
H§${Xbm§À`m g§»`oV hiyhiy dmT> H$aÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br.

1870 gmbr JmdmV 10 H§$Xrb hmoVo Va 1880 _Ü`o 14, 1890 _Ü`o
40 Va 1900 _Ü`o 72 H§$Xrb JmdmVrb gmd©O{ZH$ {R>H$mUr àH$me XoÊ`mMo H$m_
H$am`Mo. amoO H§$Xrb Im§~mdê$Z CVadyZ Ë`mMr H$mM ñdÀN> H$aUo, Ë`mV Vob ^aUo
d Vo noQ>{dÊ`mMo H$m_ H$m°ÝQ´>°ŠQ> nÕVrZo {Xbo Om`Mo. `mV H$mQ>H$ga ìhmdr åhUyZ
nm¡{U©_oÀ`m AJmoXa d Z§VaMo H$mhr {Xdg H§$Xrb Z bmdVm M§ÐàH$memdaM H$m_

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 75

{X g§J_Zoa BbopŠQ´>H$ gßbm` H§$.{b. Mo gZ 1940 Mo drO {~b

g§J_ZoaMo {dÚwVJ¥h - 1960
76 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

^mJdbo Om`Mo. 1930 n`ªV JmdmV H§${XbmMo {Xdo bmdbo Om`Mo. Vmon`ªV JmdmVrb
H§${Xbm§Mr g§»`m 210 n`ªV nmohMbr hmoVr.

1930 À`m gw_mamg AZoH$ eham§V drOoMo {Xdo Ambo hmoVo. g§J_ZoamVhr
drOoMo {Xdo ~gdmdo åhUyZ Ë`mM dfu JmdmV EH$m BbopŠQ´>H$ H§$nZr_m\©$V H$m_ gwê$
H$aÊ`mV Ambo. OoWo nydu am°Ho$bMo H§$Xrb bmdbo Om`Mo Ë`mM OmJoda drOoMo C§M
Im§~ C^o amhÿ bmJbo. bmoH$m§Zm hm gd© àH$ma ZdrZM hmoVm. JmdmV drO `oUma `mMr
gdmªZmM CËgwH$Vm bmJbr hmoVr. JmdmV EHy$U 102 {R>H$mUr drOoMo Im§~ C^maÊ`mV
Ambo. 1935 gmbr gd©àW_ JmdmV drOoMo {Xdo bmJbo. g§nyU© JmdmVrb Am~mbd¥Õ
hm Z`Z_Zmoha XrnmoËgd ~KÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m amÌr añË`mdê$Z {\$aV hmoVo.

ZJanm{bHo$Zo BbopŠQ´>H$ H§$nZrer drO nwadR>çmgmR>r H$ama Ho$bm hmoVm.
e§H$abmbOr nmo\$io d Ë`m§À`mZ§Va Amboë`m VwH$mam_ ~mimOr {Zèhmir `m
ZJamÜ`jm§À`m XÿaÑï>rVyZ g§J_Zoa_Ü`o drOoMo {Xdo Ambo. 1935 _Ü`o JmdmV drOoMo
{Xdo àË`jmV gwê$ Pmbo Voìhm JUnVqgJ naXoer ho ZJamÜ`j hmoVo. drOoÀ`m
{Xì`m§Mr g§H$ënZm Ë`m doir AJXrM ZdrZ Agë`mZo Ë`mgmR>r Hw$eb H$_©Mmè`m§Mr
dmZdm hmoVr. AZoH$Xm amÌrÀ`m doir AZoH$ {R>H$mUMo {Xdo ~§X nS>m`Mo. Aem
KQ>Zm§Mr Zm|X R>odyZ nm{bH$m Ë`m doir BbpŠQ´>H$ H§$nZrÀ`m _oÝQ>oZÝg {~bmVyZ n¡go
H$mnyZ ¿`m`Mr. 1956 gmbr JmdmVrb à_wI 24 {R>H$mUr _Š`w©ar ìhonaMo {Xdo
bmdÊ`mV Ambo. g§J_ZoamV drOoMo {Xdo ~g{dë`mnmgyZ Vo 1960 n`ªV gw_mao 25 df}
drOoÀ`m XamV H$moUVrhr dmT> Pmbr ZìhVr.

añË`mdarb {Xì`m§Zm à{V `w{ZQ> 7 AmUo Va nm{bHo$À`m hÔrVrb Kam§_Ü`o
drO dmnamgR>r à{V `w{ZQ> 8 AmUo 6 n¡go Agm Xa AmH$maÊ`mV `m`Mm. `mIoarO
_oÝQ>ZÝg MmO© åhUyZ àË`oH$ {Xì`mgmR>r 12 én`o 8 AmUo H§$nZrbm Úmdo bmJm`Mo.
1960 n`ªV JmdmV BbopŠQ´>H$ H§$nZr S>r.gr.H$a§Q>Mr drO nwadm`Mr. 28 Owb¡ 1960
ZV§ a S>r.gr.Edo Or E.gr. H$aQ§ >À`m drOMo m naw dR>m ìhm`bm géw dmV Pmbr. gJ§ _Zao _Ü`o
nma§n[aH$ nÕVrZo MmbUmao JmdmVrb `§Ì_mJ 1935 _Ü`o drO Amë`mZ§Va drOoda
Mmby bmJbo. n{hë`mM dfu JmdmVrb 45 `§Ì_mJ drOoda Mmby bmJbo.

gÜ`m gd©M bhmZ-_moR>çm añË`m§da nW{Xdo ~g{dÊ`mV Ambobo AmhoV.
ZdrZ ZJa añVm, AH$mobo ZmH$m Vo Eg.Q>r. ñQ>±S>n`ªVMm añVm, Zm{eH$-nwUo _hm_mJ©
Aem _hÎdmÀ`m _mJm©da nm{bHo$Zo AmH$f©H$ ñQ´>rQ> bmB©Q> ~g{dbo AmhoV. Va

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 77

Eg.Q>r.ñQ>±S> H$m°Z©a d VrZ~Îmr Mm¡H$mV AË`mYw{ZH$ hm`_mñQ>Mo {Xdo ~g{dÊ`mV Ambo
AmhoV. A{Ve` C§MM-C§M Im§~ d Ë`mda JmobmH$ma nÕVrZo ~g{dboë`m drOoÀ`m
{Xì`m§Mm àIa PmoV, Á`m doir añË`mda nS>Vmo Voìhm AmgnmgMm g§nyU© n[aga ew^«
àH$memV ÝhmD$Z {ZKVmo. Ad¿`m AmR> gmd©O{ZH$ H§${Xbm§nmgyZ Vo AmOÀ`m
hm`_mñQ>À`m ñQ´>rQ> bmB©Q>n`ªV 150 dfmªMm hm àH$memMm àdmg g§J_ZoaÀ`m
B{VhmgmVrb _hÎdmM§ nmZ Amho ho {ZpíMV!

78 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

ZmJar gw{dYm§H$[aVm C^mabobr H$O}

nyduÀ`m H$mir H$O© KoUo ho H$_rnUmMo bjU _mZbo Om`Mo. na§Vw H$moUVohr
_moR>o {dYm`H$ H$m_ Ho$di {Z`{_VnUo O_m hmoUmè`m H$am§_YyZ hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr ho
g§J_Zoa ZJanm{bHo$À`m nXm{YH$mè`m§Zr gìdmeo dfmªnyduM AmoiIbo hmoVo. g§J_ZoaMm
gdmªJrU {dH$mg doJmZo H$am`Mm Agob Va H$O© C^maUo Amdí`H$ Amho åhUyZ
1878-79 gmbr ZJanm{bHo$Zo gaH$maH$Sy>Z añË`m§Mr gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mgmR>r 6
hOma én`o H$Om©D$ KoVbo hmoVo. 40 df} EdT>çm XrK© _wXVrMo ho H$O© nm{bHo$Zo
H$mQ>oH$moanUo añË`m§À`m H$m_mbm dmnê$Z _wXVrnydu `m H$Om©Mr naV\o$S> Ho$br.

Ë`mZ§Va nm{bHo$bm ñdV…Mr H$m`m©b`rZ B_maV Agmdr åhUyZ gaH$maH$Sy>Z
H$O© ¿`m`Mm R>amd nm{bHo$V _§Oya H$aÊ`mV Ambm. Ë`mZwgma nm{bHo$bm 10 _mM©
1909 amoOr gaH$maH$Sy>Z 4 Q>ŠHo$ ì`mOmZo 3 hOma én`m§Mo H$O© {_imbo. ho H$O©
nm{bHo$Zo gmV dfmªV \o$S>bo. ehamVrb añVo, JQ>mar, gmd©O{ZH$ ñdÀN>VmJ¥ho `m
JmoîQ>t_Ü`o gwYmaUm hmoV AgVmZm e¡j{UH$ joÌmVhr gwYmaUm ìhmì`mV `mgmR>r
nm{bH$m à`ËZerb hmoVr. Ë`m doir JmdmV no{Q>Q> hm`ñHy$bMr B_maV Anwar nS>V
hmoVr. hr B_maV ^ì` ñdénmV ~m§Ymdr `mgmR>r 1926 gmbr nm{bHo$Zo _mÜ`{_H$
{ejH$m§À`m ^{dî` {Zdm©h {ZYrÀ`m aŠH$_oVyZ 6 Q>ŠHo$ ì`mOXamZo 5 hOma én`m§Mo
H$O© H$mT>bo. `m H$Om©Mr naV\o$S>hr nm{bHo$Zo gmV dfmªV Ho$br.

ñdmV§Í`àmßVrZ§Va g§nyU© XoemV ZdrZ H$ënZm, ZdrZ ZmJar gwYmaUm§Zm doJ
Ambm hmoVm. g§J_ZoamVhr doJdoJù`m ZmJar gw{dYm XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ ZJanm{bHo$À`m

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 79

dVrZo hmoV hmoVm. AZoH$ Jmdm§_Ü`o ZimÛmao nmUr nwadR>m H$aÊ`mÀ`m `moOZm H$m`m©pÝdV
hmoV hmoË`m, g§J_ZoamV _mÌ bmoH$ gmd©O{ZH$ d ImOJr nmUdR>çm§da nmUr ^am`Mo.
JmdmV Zi AgmdoV Aer _ZmnmgyZMr BÀN>m VËH$mbrZ ZJamÜ`j A_¥V nmamOr
T>mobo, ^mD$gmho~ OmOy, JUnVamd H$moH$Uo, _mohZqgJ naXoer Am{X _§S>itMr hmoVr.
nm{bHo$V Vem àH$maMm R>amd _§Oya H$ê$Z KoD$Z Ë`mgmR>r 8 bmI 81 hOma 500
én`m§À`m IMm©Mo A§XmOnÌH$ V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambo. EdT>r _moR>r aŠH$_ nm{bHo$H$S>o
ZìhVr Ë`m_wio nwÝhm EH$Xm emgZmH$S>o {ZYrMr d Iwë`m ~mOmamVyZ H$O© C^maÊ`mMr
nadmZJr _mJÊ`mV Ambr. 26 _o 1955 amoOr emgZmH$Sy>Z EHy$U IMm©À`m {Zå_r
åhUOo 4 bmI 40 hOma 750 én`m§Mr aŠH$_ gaH$mar J«±Q> åhUyZ _§Oya H$aÊ`mV
Ambr Va Cd©[aV {Zå_r aŠH$_ gaH$mar h_rda Iwë`m ~mOmamVyZ H$O© énmZo Jmoim
H$aÊ`mMr nadmZJr {_imbr. Aer nadmZJr {_iVmM gd©M VËH$mbrZ nm{bH$m
nXm{YH$mè`m§Zr Omo_mZo H$m_mbm gwédmV Ho$br.

JmdmV ZimZo nmUr `oUma åhUyZ JmdmVrb gdmªZmM Hw$Vyhb dmQ>V hmoVo.
_w§~B©À`m Ama.Ama.Zm~a Am{U H§$nZrZo H$Om©Mr Cd©[aV aŠH$_ Jmoim H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMr
O~m~Xmar ñdrH$mabr, na§Vw Amnë`m JmdmVrb Zi `moOZobm AmnU hmV^ma Z
bmdUo MwH$sMo {Xgob åhUyZ JmdmVrb Y{ZH$m§H$Sy>Z 22 hOma 400 én`o Jmoim
H$aÊ`mV Ambo. ZJa A~©Z ~±H$ d YmadmS> ~±H$ `m§Zr 2 bmIm§Mo H$O© {Xbo. Cd©[aV
aŠH$_ Zm~a Am{U H§$nZr d {d_m H§$nZrZo {Xbr. `m gd© H$m_m~Ôb Ama.Ama.Zm~a
Am{U H§$nZrbm H${_eZ åhUyZ 1 hOma 652 én`o Am{U 10 AmUo XoÊ`mV Ambo.
30 gßQ>|~a 1955 bm gm`§H$min`ªV hr aŠH$_ Jmoim Pmbr. `m gd© nyV©VoZ§Va
JmdmV nmB©nbmB©Z Q>mH$Ê`mMo H$m_ gaH$maH$S>oM XoÊ`mV Ambo. O_m Pmbobr aŠH$_
_mJUrZgw ma Zm{eH$À`m nr.S>ãë`.y S>r.À`m ImË`mV gJ§ _Zao g~Q>´Po arVZy ^abr Om`Mr.
nm{bHo$M§ H$m_ ho Amnb§ ñdV…M§ H$m_ Amho Aer ^mdZm Ë`mdoiÀ`m gd©M
nXm{YH$mè`m_§ Ü`o Agë`mZo Ë`mZ§ r gd© aŠH$_ EH$X_ g~Q>´Po arV Z ^aVm ng¡ o ^aÊ`mMm
H$mbmdYr _mhrV H$ê$Z KoD$Z H$mhr aŠH$_ ~±Ho$À`m Aën _wXVrÀ`m R>odrV R>odbr.
`mVyZ nm{bHo$bm 26 hOma 332 én`o ì`mO {_imbo. `m KQ>ZoVyZ Ë`m doiÀ`m
nXm{YH$mè`m§Mm ì`dhmarnUm bjmV `oVmo.

JmdmVrb Á`m _§S>itZr nm{bHo$bm H$Om©D$ n¡go {Xbo Vo nwT>rbà_mUo-
å`w{Z{gnb ZmoH$a àm°pìhS>§S> \§$S> 5 hOma én`o, _ogg© amOñWmZ _§S>i 1 hOma én`o,

80 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

gwerbm~mB© Xþñgb, épŠ_Ur~mB© Xodr, EZ.Ama.R>mHy$a d n{ÙZr R>mHy$a,
S>m°.~r.Eb.H$mQ>o, Zmam`U gImam_ noQ>H$a, à^mH$a e§H$a Omoer, _méVramd H¥$îUmOr
Xñþ gb, lr_Vr H$_bm~mB© ^m.JmS>Jri, ~H§ $Q>bmbOr e.§ AÅ>b, am_ío daXmg {e.Pd§ a
`m gdmªZr àË`oH$s 1 hOma én`o {Xbo hmoVo. lr_Vr JrVm~mB© Zm.H$adm `m§Zr 3 hOma
én`o {Xbo hmoVo. nmMeo én`o XoUmè`m§_Ü`o lr_Vr B§{Xam~mB© X.JUnwbo, lr_Vr B§Xþ_Vr
Zm.Omoer, ZmZmgmho~ H¥$.JmS>o, Ho$XmaZmW nw.M§S>H$, XÎmmÌ` kmZmo~m Ho$gaH$a, am_oída
nw.M§S>H$, {edXmg nw.M§S>H$ hr _§S>ir hmoVr. 300 én`o XoUmè`m§_Ü`o lrYa kmZmo~m
Ho$goH$a, O`Zmam`U H$m._mbnmUr, Zmam`UXmg ^wVS>m hr _§S>ir hmoVr. 200 én`o
XoUmè`m§_Ü`o gd©lr O`§Vrbmb JwOamWr, e§H$abmb _mbmUr, amdgmho~ a§.Jw§Omi,
Ym|{S>am_ ^mD$ JoQ>_, ÛmaH$m~mB© b.bmoho hr _§S>ir hmoVr Va 100 én`o XoUmè`m§_Ü`o
gd©lr.~miH¥$îU S>m§Jao, ~m~wamd nmQ>UH$a, aVZ ~m.nmQ>UH$a, {dídZmW bm.H$mgQ>,
{edXmg am.bmhmQo >r, ÛmaH$mZmW am.bmhmQo >r, gm_o ZmW _.w bmhmQo >r, {dídZmW am.bmhmQo >r,
_moVrbmb ~m.bmhmoQ>r, Ho$XmaZmW bm.bmhmoQ>r, am_oída ~m.bmhmoQ>r, _wabrYa
~m.bmhmQo >r, ~Ýgrbmb Ý`m.nmaI, ZZo gIw Ý`m.nmaI, _aw brYa O._mbnmUr, MX§ Z_b
Ý`m.nmaI, {edZmW ~m.nS>VmZr, am_ZmW ~m.nS>VmZr, a_{UH$bmb.nr._ohVm,
{M_Ubmb nr._ohVm, bú_rZmam`U ^wVS>m, H$m{eZmW {d.P§da, {^H$M§X a.^§S>mar,
gw_Vrbmb X{bM§X, am_ZmW Jmo.gmo_mUr, Ho$.E.^Q>, ÛmaH$mZmW ~.amR>r d ñdV…
ZJamÜ`j nmamOr T>mobo `m§Zrhr e§^a én`o {Xbo hmoVo.

Aem nÕVrZo g§J_ZoaMr nmUr `moOZm hr `eñdrnUo nyU© Pmbr. EHy$UM
g§J_ZoaÀ`m {dH$mgmV Ë`m doir C^maboë`m bhmZ-_moR>çm H$Om©Mm d ho H$O©
CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUmè`m g§ñWm, ~±H$m d JmdmVrb ZmJ[aH$m§Mm _moR>m dmQ>m hmoVm. hr
nmB©nbmB©Z gZ 2010-11 n`ªV H$m`©aV hmoVr. gÜ`m ehamVrb ~hþVm§er ^mJm§Vrb
hr OwZr nmB©nbmB©Z ~XbyZ VoWo ZdrZ nmB©n Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambo AmhoV. `mM~amo~a
^{dî`mV Zì`mZo Pmboë`m {Zid§S>o YaUmVyZ g§J_ZoaH$am§Zm WoQ> nmB©nbmB©ZÛmao nmUr
nwadR>m H$aÊ`mMr `moOZm AmIÊ`mV Ambr Amho. `m `moOZoMohr ~aoM H$m_ nyU©ËdmH$S>o
Jobobo Amho.

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 81

AH$mobo ZmH$m (1960)

{Z_moU ZmH$m (1960)
82 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

H$a ì`dñWm

g§J_Zoa_Ü`o ZJanm{bH$m ñWmnZ Pmbr hmoVr na§Vw nm{bHo$H$S>o ñdV…Mm
H$moUVmhr {ZYr ZìhVm. {~«{Q>e gaH$ma ñWm{ZH$ nmVirda H$a ~gdyZ Ë`mVyZ IM©
H$aÊ`mgmR>r ZdrZ {Z`_ H$ê$Z XoV hmoVo. gwédmVrbm g§J_Zoa nm{bHo$Zo KanÅ>r ~gdyZ
d gmd©O{ZH$ {R>H$mUMm H$Mam {dH«$s H$ê$Z {ZYr C^mabm na§Vw `mVyZ IM© ^mJoZm
Voìhm 1870 gmbr JmdmV `oUmè`m _mbmda Am`mV H$a AmH$maÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br.
Ë`m doir H$a AmH$maUr H$aVmZm AmOÀ`mà_mUo _mbmMo dOZ, EHy$U S>mJ qH$dm
_mbmMr qH$_V `m§Mm {dMma Ho$bm OmV ZìhVm. ñd`§M{bV dmhZo Zgë`mZo bmoH$
OZmdam§À`m nmR>rdê$Z qH$dm ~¡bJmS>rVyZ _mb AmUm`Mo. XmoZ ~¡bm§À`m JmS>r~amo~aM
Mma d ghm ~¡bm§À`m JmS>çmhr Agm`À`m.

g§J_Zoa ZJanm{bHo$Zo Amnbo Am`mV H$amMo Xa {ZpíMV H$aVmZm gwédmVrbm
Am`mV hmoUmè`m _mbmMo YmÝ`, H$mnS> d BVa _mb Ago VrZ JQ> Ho$bo hmoVo. XmoZ
~¡bm§À`m JmS>rVyZ AmUboë`m YmÝ`mgmR>r XmoZ AmUo, H$mnS>mgmR>r EH$ én`m d BVa
_mbmgmR>r AmR> AmUo Am`mV H$a hmVo m. Mma ~b¡ mÀ§ `m JmS>rVZy AmUbëo `m YmÝ`mgmR>r
Mma AmUo, H$mnS>mgmR>r XrS> én`m Va BVa _mbmbm EH$ én`m Am`mV H$a hmoVm.
~¡b, VÅz> qH$dm JmT>dmÀ`m nmR>rdê$Zhr JmdmV _mb AmUbm Om`Mm. Ë`mV YmÝ`mbm
ghm n¡go, H$mnS>mbm Mma AmUo Va BVa _mbmbm XmoZ AmUo Am`mV H$a hmoVm.
g§J_Zoa ^mJmV Ë`m H$mir C§Q>mgma»`m àmÊ`m§Mm \$magm dmna Zgbm Varhr nm{bHo$Zo
Amnbo Am`mV H$amMo Xa {ZpíMV H$aVmZm C§Q>mÀ`m nmR>rdê$Z AmUboë`m H$mnS>mbm

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 83

{X„r ZmH$m (1960)

nwUo ZmH$m (1960)
84 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

~mam AmUo d BVa _mbmbm ghm AmUo Am`mV H$a {ZpíMV Ho$bm hmoVm. H$mhr _mbmbm
_mÌ OH$mVrÀ`m {Z`_mVyZ dJiÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. OimD$ ganU, OZmdam§Mm Mmam,
H$m¡bo, _S>H$s, {dQ>m, Q>monë`m, XJS>, MwZm, MwZIS>r, \$io, [aH$må`m ~mQ>ë`m, [aH$m_o
~maXmZ d S>moŠ`mdê$Z AmUboë`m gd© _mbmbm OH$mV _m\$ hmoVr.

1874 _Ü`o g§J_ZoaÀ`m Mmahr à_wI _mJmªda OH$mVZmHo$ CKS>Ê`mV
Ambo. {Z_moUZmH$m, {X„rZmH$m, JT>rZmH$m, BXJmhZmH$m, a§JmadogZmH$m ho nmoQ>ZmHo$
CKS>Ê`mV Ambo. `mM dfm©nmgyZ OH$mV-dgwbr nm{bHo$À`m ñdV…À`m `§ÌUo_m\©$V
hmoD$ bmJbr. Ë`mnydu OH$mV dgwbrMm {bbmd Ho$bm Om`Mm. ~miH¥$îU am_Or
^wS>_§Or `m§Zr dm{f©H$ EH$ hOma én`mbm Ë`mnyduMm OH$mV dgwbrMm R>oH$m KoVbm
hmoVm. nm{bHo$Zo ñdV… OH$mV dgwbr gwê$ H$aVmM 1874 gmbr OH$mV dgwbr 1
hOma 667 én`o BVH$s Pmbr. `mZ§Va OH$mVrÀ`m dgwbrMr aŠH$_ dmT>VM Jobr.

ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimV g§J_ZoamV gwVmMm _moR>m ì`mnma hmoVm. 1942 gmbr
nm{bHo$Zo gyV qH$dm gwVmnmgyZ V`ma Ho$boë`m H$mnS>mda Xa eoH$S>m 1 én`m 9 AmUo
OH$mV H$a bmJy Ho$bm. `mZ§Va nm{bHo$bm _moR>çm à_mUmda CËnÞ {_iy bmJbo.
ñdmVͧ `àmßVrZV§ a _mRo >çm à_mUmda `m{§ ÌH$sH$aUmbm dJo Ambm, gJ§ _Zao mVrb hmV_mJ
CÚmoJ g§H$Q>mV gmnS>bm. Aem doir `m ì`dgm`mbm g§ajU XoÊ`mgmR>r 1954-55
Z§Va hr OH$mV _m\$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. 1927 n`ªV g§J_ZoamV _mbmÀ`m qH$_Vrda
OH$mV AmH$maUr Z H$aVm Vr àË`oH$ ~¡bJmS>rg, àË`oH$ KmoS>m, ~¡b qH$dm JmT>dmÀ`m
nmR>rdê$Z AmUboë`m _mbmgmR>r doJdoJù`m XamZo AmH$mabr Om`Mr. 1928 Z§Va
_mÌ OH$mV dOZmda AmH$mabr OmD$ bmJbr. _hmamï´> emgZmZo amÁ`mV 1 E{àb,
1999 nmgyZ OH$mV _m\$s bmJy H$aon`ªV g§J_Zoa ZJanm{bHo$À`m CËnÞmMo _w»`
gmYZ OH$mV hoM hmoVo. Á`m {Xder OH$mV _m\$ Pmbr, Ë`mÀ`m AJmoXaÀ`m {Xder
amÌr 11 dmOVm ehamVrb AZoH$ ì`mnmar EH$Ì Pmbo d amÌr ~amo~a 12 dmOVm
{d{dY _mbmZo ^aboë`m {~Ja OH$mVrÀ`m _mbmÀ`m _mb_moQ>matMr ~±S> bmdyZ JmdmV
dmOV-JmOV {_adUyH$ AmUbr.

1861-62 gmbr nm{bH$m ñWmnZ Pmbr, Ë`mdfu JmdmV 1536 Kao hmoVr
d KanÅ>r dgwbr 1010 én`o BVH$s Pmbr hmoVr. Ë`mZ§Va ~amo~a 100 dfmªZr 1960
gmbr JmdmVrb Kam§Mr g§»`m 2688 BVH$s hmoVr Va KanÅ>r dgwbr 43 hOma 183
én`o BVH$s hmoVr. KanÅ>rIoarO nm{bHo$Zo 1871 nmgyZ JmdmVrb añË`m§Mr ñdÀN>Vm

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 85

d gmd©O{ZH$ em¡Mmb`mVrb _¡bm dmhÿZ ZoÊ`mMm IM© ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r hbmbImoa
Q>Š° g bmJy H$o bm hmVo m. 1870 _Ü`o Á`mÀ§ `mH$S>o ImOJr emM¡ mb`o AmhVo Ë`mÀ§ `mH$S>yZ
nm`ImZm nÅ>r `m ZmdmZo H$a dgwbr H$aÊ`mV `oD$ bmJbm. Ë`m dfu g§nyU© JmdmV
Ho$di 39 ImOJr em¡Mmb`o hmoVr. Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z dm{f©H$ 3 Vo 9 én`o BVH$m hm H$a
dgyb H$aÊ`mV `m`Mm.

`m H$am§IoarO JmdmV {dH«$sgmR>r `oUmar OZmdao d BVa eoV_mbmgmR>r
_mH}$Q> \$s AmH$mabr Om`Mr. _mH}$Q> \$s AmH$maUr nÕV gÜ`mhr ehamV gwê$ Amho.
1890-91 nmgyZ nm{bHo$Zo JmdmV ìhrb Q>°Šg bmJy Ho$bm hmoVm. nm{bHo$À`m
añË`mdê$Z OmUmè`m gd© àH$maÀ`m JmS>çmZ§ m hm H$a Úmdm bmJm`Mm. JmdmV ñd`M§ {bV
_moQ>mar Amë`mda _moQ>ma MmbH$m§À`m g§KQ>ZoZo hm H$a ~oH$m`Xoera Amho, Aer `m{MH$m
Ý`m`mb`mV XmIb Ho$br hmoVr. na§Vw Ý`m`mb`mZo nm{bHo$Mr ~mOy J«mø Yê$Z _moQ>ma
MmbH$m§Zr hm H$a Úmdm Agm AmXoe 1945-46 gmbr {Xbm hmoVm. Ë`m doir bm°ar,
_moQ>ma `m§Zm dm{f©H$ 36 én`o, Qw>atJ JmS>rbm 18 én`o Agm Xa hmoVm. JmdmV Ë`m doir
gm`H$bMr g§»`mhr dmT>V hmoVr, åhUyZ gm`H$b MmbH$m§H$Sy>Z dm{f©H$ 1 én`m
gm`H$b Q>°Šg dgyb Ho$bm Om`Mm.

g§J_ZoamV ì`dgm`mdarb H$ambm 1945-46 gmbr EH$m R>amdmÛmao _§Owar
XoÊ`mV Ambr. 1948 nmgyZ nm{bH$m hm H$a dgyb H$ê$ bmJbr. Ë`m doir nmZnÅ>rbm
dm{f©H$ 5 én`o, ImUmdi, hbdmB©, {nR>mMr {JaUr `m§Zm dm{f©H$ 10 én`o, _moR>o
hmQ° >bo , gmSo >mb_o Z \$° ŠQ>ar `mZ§ m 15 én`o Va AmB° b© {_bbm dm{fH© $ 20 én`o ì`dgm`
H$a AmH$mabm Om`Mm.

{gZo_mJ¥hm§H$Sy>Z H$a_UyH$ H$a dgwbrbm 1948-49 bm gwédmV Pmbr.
1952-53 _Ü`o amOñWmZ {MÌ _§{XaZo nm{bHo${déÕ H$a_UyH$ H$a ~oH$m`Xoera
Agë`mMm Xmdm XmIb Ho$bm hmoVm. Ë`m doir àË`oH$ IoimgmR>r 4 én`o BVH$m H$a
hmoVm. H$moQ>m©V H$amMm Xa OmñV Agë`mMo _mÝ` H$aÊ`mV Ambo d 1955-56 _Ü`o
hm Xa àË`oH$ IoimgmR>r 3 én`o BVH$m H$aÊ`mV Ambm. `mIoarO nm{bH$m gH©$g,
V_mem, ZmQ>H$ Am{X H$a_UwH$sÀ`m H$m`©H«$_m§gmR>rhr H$a dgyb H$am`Mr. nmUrnÅ>r,
g§H${bV H$a, _m§S>d \$s, {d{dY CÚmoJm§gmR>r bm`goÝg \$s, H$ÎmbImÝ`m§H$Sy>Z ñbm°Q>a
\$s Ago {d{dY H$a dgyb H$am`Mr.

86 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

dmMZmb`

ZJanm{bHo$Mr ñWmnZm Pmbr Voìhm _hmamï´>mV dV©_mZnÌo Mm§JbrM àM{bV
hmoV hmoVr; _wÐUH$bmhr doJmZo dmT>V hmoVr. nmoÏ`m-nwamUm§~amo~aM BVahr nwñVHo$
à{gÕ hmoD$ bmJbr hmoVr. _hmamï´>mÀ`m J«m_rU ^mJmV _mÌ Vmon`ªV {àQ>tJ _erZda
N>mnbobo nwñVH$ åhUOo Hw$VyhbmMm {df` hmoVm. g§J_ZoamV 1834 gmbr _amR>r
emim Z§. 1 d 1865 gmbr Xþgar emim gwê$ Pmbr hmoVr, na§Vw `m gmo~VM JmdmV
ImOJr nmR>emim hmoË`m. Ë`mV doXnR>U, _moR>r{bnr, {heo~ Ago {df` {eH$dbo
Om`Mo. Aem n[apñWVrV Adm§Va dmMZ g§ñH¥$Vr éOUo H$R>rU H$m_ hmoVo. VËH$mbrZ
g§J_ZoaM§ dU©Z H$am`M§ Pmb§ Va AdKr 1400 Kao, bmoH$g§»`m 9 hOma JmdmV
gmd©O{ZH$ {R>H$mUr 10 VobmMo {Xdo Ag§ H$aVm `oB©b.

Aem n[apñWVrV 1867 gmbr åhUOo 141 dfmªnydu JmdmV g§J_Zoa
"Zo{Q>ìh OZab bm`~«ar' `m ZmdmZo n{hbo dmMZmb` gwê$ Pmbo. lr. am_^mD$ g§^yg
ho dmMZmb`mMo gd© H$m_H$mO ~Km`Mo. `m dmMZmb`mV d¥ÎmnÌo H$mhr {Z`VH$m{bHo$
d H$mhr nwñVHo$ CnbãY Agm`Mr. JmdmÀ`m MmdS>rda åhUOoM gÜ`m MmdS>r
Mm¡H$mV {OWo VbmR>r Am°{\$g Amho Ë`m OmJr ho dmMZmb` Mmbm`Mo. dmMZ hr
Amnbr _hÎdmMr JaO Amho Aer \$maer Hw$UmMr ^mdZmM ZìhVr Ë`m_wio JmdmVrb
gaH$mar A{YH$mar d H$mhr nwT>mabobr _§S>ir `m dmMZmb`mMm bm^ ¿`m`Mr. `m
gdmªH$Sy>Z _m{gH$ dJ©Ur AmH$mabr Om`Mr. `mVyZM VoWo H$m_ H$aUmè`m H$_©Mmè`m§Mm
nJma ^mJdbm Om`Mm.

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 87

nwT>o dmMZmb`mMr OmJm Anyar nSy> bmJbr. am_^mD$ g§^ygm§À`m à`ËZmVyZ
bmoH$ dmMZmb`mH$S>o AmH${f©V hmoD$ bmJbo. bmoH$m§À`m gmo`rgmR>r dmMZmb`mMr
OmJm ~XbyZ Vo ZJanm{bHo$À`m AmdmamV gÜ`mÀ`m dgwbr H$m`m©b`mÀ`m OmJoV gwê$
Pmb.o ^maV ñdV̧ Pmbm hmVo m. {ejUmMo à_mU dmT>bo hmVo .o dmMZ gñ§ H$¥ Vr MmJ§ brM
éObr hmoVr. nwÝhm EH$Xm dmMZmb`mgmR>r OmJm H$_r nSy> bmJbr. ehamVrb H$adm
n[admamÀ`m CXma XoUJrVyZ gÜ`m ZJanm{bHo$À`m A{¾e_ZXbmÀ`m H$m`m©b`mdarb
dmMZmb`mMr B_maV ~m§YÊ`mV Ambr. 1 Zmoìh|~a 1959 amoOr `m ZdrZ OmJoV H¡$.
aKwZmW {edam_ H$adm dmMZmb` gwê$ Pmbo. dmMZmb`mÀ`m H$m_mV A{YH$ gwgyÌVm
AmUÊ`mgmR>r dmMZmb` H${_Q>r ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m H${_Q>rMo g^mgX nwT>rb
à_mUo hmoVo. lr_Vr ^m{JaWr~mB© _mYdamd dmìhi (MoAa_Z), lr_Vr Hw$gw_mdVr
dg§Vamd gam\$, lr. O`{H$gZ ZaqgJXmg _{U`ma, lr. ~mimgmho~ {gVmam_
S>m§Jao, lr. ZaqgJXmg {hambmb H$b§Ìr, lr. Xm¡bVam_ aKwZmW H$adm qH$dm
Ë`m§À`m n[admamVrb gXñ`,

`m àH$mao Á`mdoir dmMZmb`mMr aMZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr VoìhmnmgyZMr gd©
_m{hVr gÜ`m dmMZmb`mV CnbãY Amho. `m _m{hVrZwgma dmMZmb`mV XmIb
Pmbobo n{hbo nwñVH$ lr. VwH$mam_ ~m~m§À`m A^§JmMr JmWm gÜ`m dmMZmb`mVrb
Zm|XrZwgma H«$_m§H$ EH$ Vo VrZMr nwñVHo$ CnbãY ZmhrV. `mIoarO _Ü``wJrZ ^maV ho
1923 gmbr àH$m{eV Pmbobo nwñVH$, Zm_Xma JmonmiH¥$îU JmoIbo ho 1933 gmbr
àH$m{eV Pmbobo Ad¿`m 75 n¡go {H$_VrMo nwñVH$ Agm Xþ{_©i I{OZmhr ~Km`bm
{_iVmo.

gÜ`m dmMZmb`mMo gw_mao 950 gXñ` AmhoV. EHy$U 27 hOma 965
Zì`m-OwÝ`m nwñVH$m§Mm I{OZm `oWo CnbãY Amho. dmMZmb`mV 24 X¡{ZHo$, 12
gmßVm{hHo$, 4 nm{jHo$, 18 _m{gHo$ `oVmV. gÜ`m dmMZmb`mV {XS>eohÿZ A{YH$
{Xdmir A§H$ `oVmV. gZ 2009 _Yo dmMZmb` ZdrZ dmñVyV ñWbm§V[aV Pmbo Amho.

88 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

ZJamÜ`j

g§J_Zoa ZJan[afXoÀ`m ñWmnZonmgyZ Vo 1909 n`ªV _°{OñQ´>oQ>, H$boŠQ>a,
A{gñQ>§Q> S>oß`wQ>r H$boŠQ>a qH$dm _m_boXma `m§Zm ZJamÜ`j åhUyZ emgZmÀ`mdVrZo
{Z`wŠV Ho$bo Om`Mo. gZ 1860 Vo AmOn`ªVMo g§J_Zoa ZJan[afXoMo ZJamÜ`j
nwT>rbà_mUo -

1860-85 _m{hVr CnbãY Zmhr.
1885-86 gr.EM.Om°Z (A{g.H$boŠQ>a)
1886-89 ZriH§$R> ^Jd§V amd~hmXya _wio (A{g.S>o.H$boŠQ>a)
1889-91 Ama.Or.ñQ>wAQ>© (A{g.H$boŠQ>a)
1891-93 Eg.nX_Or (A{g.S>o.H$boŠQ>a)
1893-98 Zmdo CnbãY ZmhrV.
1898-99 Oo.EM.A±S>agZ (A{g.S>o.H$boŠQ>a)
1899-1901 nr.B©.no[a{gìhb (A{g.S>o.H$boŠQ>a)
1901-03 Zmdo CnbãY ZmhrV.
1903-05 Oo.gr.Ho$g (A{g.S>o.H$boŠQ>a)
1905-08 Zmdo CnbãY ZmhrV.
1908-09 Ama.~r.\$UgmiH$a (_m_boXma)
1909-13 e§H$a aKwZmW Xoenm§S>o (n{hbo bmoH${Z`wŠV ZJamÜ`j)
1913-28 e§H$a ~mßnmOr g§V dH$sb (gbJ 16 df} ZJamÜ`j)

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 89

1928-30 e§H$abmb MÌ^wO nmo\$io
1930-31 Jmonmi _mYd naeam_r dH$sb
1931-34 VwH$mam_ ~mimOr {Zèhmir
1934-38 JUnVqgJ gaXmaqgJ naXoer
1938-39 qh_Vbmb _JZbmb emh
1939-43 `m H$mimV H$ma^ma àemgH$m§H$S>o hmoVm.
1943-46 M§Xybmb _wiM§X P§da dH$sb
1946-50 ZmZmgmho~ H¥$îUmOr JmS>o
1950-53 Í`§~H$qgJ ^JwqgJ naXoer
1953-58 A_¥V nmamOr T>mobo
1958-59 dg§Vamd JUoe gam\$
1959-61 hgZImZ gmho~ImZ nR>mU
1961-62 ~m~wamd JmonrZmW T>mobo
1962 {MÞnm ì`§H$nm Pw§Oya
1962-65 Am|H$maZmW Xm_moXa _mbnmUr
1965-66 dg§Vamd ~miH¥$îU gam\$
1966-67 dg§Vamd JUoe gam\$
1967-68 _méVamd amdOr S>mHo$
1968-69 Am`w~ImZ gaXmaImZ nR>mU
1969-70 _wabrYa {H$gZ S>m|Jao
1970-71 gmo_ZmW ~mb_wHw$Z _madmS>r
1971-72 ZdrZM§Ð nwZ_M§Ð ehm
1972-74 am_{H$gZ H$Ýh¡`mbmb I§S>obdmb
1974-81 Zwa_h§_X ea\w$ÔrZ eoI
1981-85 Zmd CnbãY Zmhr.
1985-87 am_{H$gZ H$Ýh¡`mbmb I§S>obdmb
1987-89 amYmd„^ bú_rZmam`U H$mgQ>
1989-90 am_{H$gZ H$Ýh¡`mbmb I§S>obdmb
1991 AmZ§Xm am_^mD$ nmZgao

90 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

1991-96 S>m°.gwYra ^mñH$aamd Vm§~o
1996-97 {Xbrn ghXod nw§S>
1997-98 H¡$bmg JmoqdXamd bmoUmar
1998 gmo_ZmW JmoS>mOr A^§J (à^mar ZJamÜ`j)
1998-2001 AéU H$ma^mar dmH$Mm¡ao
2001-06 {dídmg aVZ _wV©S>H$
2006-11 gm¡.A§Obr gwYra Vm§~o (n{hë`m _{hbm ZJamÜ`jm)

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 91

92 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a g§J_Zoa ZJan[afX eVH$moÎma gwdU©_hmoËgd (1860-2011)
g§J_Zoa ZJan[afX - H$m`©H$m[aUr (2006-2011)

g§J_Zoa ZJan[afX - H$m`©H$m[aUr
2011

gm¡.XwJm© Vm§~o lr.YZ§O` S>mHo$ S>m°.{dO`Hw$_ma Ûmgo

ZJamÜ`jm CnZJamÜ`j _w»`m{YH$mar

lr.{ddoH$ H$mgma lr.[a`mO eoI lr._mYdamd ^arVH$a

g^mnVr, ~m§YH$m_ g{_Vr g^mnVr, Amamo½` g{_Vr g^mnVr, nmUrnwadR>m g{_Vr

gm¡.gm¡Xm{_Zr H$mÝhmoao gm¡.aËZ_mbm bhm_Jo

g^mnVr, _{hbm d ~mbH$ë`mU g{_Vr g^mnVr, {ejU g{_Vr

- gÝ_mZZr` gXñ` -

lr.nw§S> {Xbrn ghXod gm¡.H$mH$S>o M§ÐboIm Ym|S>ram_

gm¡.nw§S> emo^m {Xbrn lr._§S>{bH$ g§O` EH$ZmW

lr.eoI _h§_X ear\$ A.bVr\$ lr.eoI h~r~ ~m~w

lr.WmoamV A{dZme {XZH$a lr.A^§J JOmZZ ~Om~m

lr.ndma Amßnm ~id§V lr.~mJdmZ A{Zg hþgoZ

lr.OmOy {Zboe AemoH$ lr.OoYo KZ:em_ a_oe

lr.Q>moH$go {H$emoa ~ÐrZmam`U gm¡.ndma `mo{JVm {H$emoa

lr._wio {earf {XZH$a lr.gæ`X OmdoX g_eoaAbr

lr_Vr naXoer emo^m Hw§$XZqgJ lr_Vr eoI ~o~r hmOr

lr_Vr Vm§~moir ZwaOhm± eã~ra lr.~onmar bmbm Ah_X^mB©

lr.eoI B_«mZ JUr lr.amR>r àH$me gwaoe

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 93

CnZJamÜ`j

g§J_Zoa ZJan[afXoÀ`m ñWmnZonmgyZ Vo 1909 n`ªV A{gñQ>§Q> S>oß`wQ>r
H$boŠQ>a qH$dm _m_boXma `m§Zm CnZJamÜ`j åhUyZ emgZmÀ`mdVrZo {Z`wŠV Ho$bo
Om`Mo. gZ 1860 Vo AmOn`ªVMo g§J_Zoa ZJan[afXoMo CnZJamÜ`j nwT>rbà_mUo -

1860-79 Zmdo CnbãY ZmhrV.
1879-80 Q>r.h°{_ëQ>Z (A{g.S>o.H$boŠQ>a)
1880-82 Zmdo CnbãY ZmhrV.
1882-84 Oo.gr.ES>tJ (A{g.S>o.H$boŠQ>a)
1884-86 Zmdo CnbãY ZmhrV.
1886-89 Zmam`U H¥$îUm n|S>go (_m_boXma)
1889-90 OZmX©Z EH$ZmW ghò~wÕo (_m_boXma)
1890-91 am_M§Ð AmßnmOr _mT>oH$a (_m_boXma)
1891-93 bú_U _moaoída Xoenm§S>o (_m_boXma)
1893-95 Zmdo CnbãY ZmhrV.
1895-96 ì`§H$Q>oe Xm_moXa nwUVm§~oH$a (_m_boXma)
1896-98 amKd|Ð {^_amd XogmB© (_m_boXma)
1898-99 bú_U Zaqgh aUqgJ (_m_boXma)
1899-1901 JUoe d„^ _wioH$a (_m_boXma)
1901-03 Zmam`U Am~mOr nmaZmB©H$ (_m_boXma)

94 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

1903-05 H¥$îUmOr dmgwXod Omoer (_m_boXma)
1906-07 {dZm`H$ AmßnmOr JwßVo (_m_boXma)
1907-08 Zmd CnbãY Zmhr.
1908-10 e§H$aamd ~mßnmOr g§V dH$sb

1910-11 (n{hbo bmoH${Z`wŠV CnZJamÜ`j)
1912-14
1914-15 Or.Or.nmÜ`o (_m_boXma)
1915-18 bú_U I§S>oamd Hw$bH$Uu (_m_boXma)
1918-22 Zmd CnbãY Zmhr.
1923 AmßnmOr H¥$îUmOr Xoenm§S>o (_m_boXma)
Xm_moXa Ho$ed naeam_r dH$sb
1923-28 bmb_h§_X hmOr_h§_X
1928-30
1931-34 (`m§Mm Zo_H$m H$m`©H$mi CnbãY Zmhr.)
1934-38
1938-39 Zmdo CnbãY ZmhrV.
Jmonmi _mYd naeam_r dH$sb
1939-43 ~mnwamd VmË`m~m Jw§Omi
1943-46 ^mD$ har A^§J
1946-50 gm¡.em§Vm~mB© XodrXmg bobo
1950-53
1953-58 (n{hë`m _{hbm gXñ` d CnZJamÜ`jm)
1958-59
1960-61 àemgH$
1961 {_`m±ImZ gmho~ImZ nR>mU
1961-75 XÎmmÌ` Xm_moXa H$mio
1975-80 eoI ~m~w eoI Abr
OJÞmW Zmam`U XwYo
ZaqgJXmg {hambmb H$b§Ìr
aI_mOr XJSw> A^§J
O`{H$gZ ZaqgJXmg _{U`ma
Zmdo CnbãY ZmhrV.
Xaå`mZMo CnZJamÜ`j
gmo_ZmW JmonrZmW T>mobo

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 95

S>m°.bú_rH$m§V H$merZmW Xoenm§S>o
S>m°.{XbrnHw$_ma ~m~wbmb emh
1985-86 ~oJ C_a dOra
1986-87 JUnV {H$gZ JmoS>go
1987-89 héU P§Jw eoI
1989-90 Zwa_h§_X OmZ_h§_X eoI
1990-91 AmZ§Xm am_^mD$ nmZgao
_o-OyZ 1991 {dbmg Jmo{Q>am_ _|Ðo
OyZ-Am°JñQ> 91 XeaW am_Xmg nS>di
1991-96 {_Pm© C_a~oJ dOra~oJ
1996-97 BghmH$ImZ gaXmaImZ nR>mU
1997-98 gmo_ZmW JmoS>mOr A^§J
1998-99 bmbm Ah_X ~onmar
1999-2001 gæ`X OmdoX g_eoaAbr
2001-02 {H$emoa amYm{H$gZ H$mbS>m
2002-03 amO|Ð am_H¥$îU A^§J
2003-04 BghmH$ImZ gaXmaImZ nR>mU
2004-05 amO|Ð _YwH$a Xoe_wI
2005-06 e\$s hgZ Vm§~moir
2006-08 {Zboe AemoH$ OmOy
2008-09 eoI [a`mO _hå_X hþgoZ
2009-10 gm¡.emo^m {Xbrn nw§S>
2010-11 gæ`X OmdoX g_eoaAbr
2011 {H$emoa ~ÐrZmam`U Q>moH$go
2011 YZ§O` (^mD$) AemoH$ S>mHo$

96 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

KQ>Zm
KS>m_moS>r

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 97

98 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

ehmOhmZ - _w_VmO

{XëbrMm ~mXehm Ohm§Jra {déÕ Ë`mMmM _wbJm ehmOhmZZo ~§S> nwH$mabo
hmoVo. hm H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ H$bh BVH$m {dH$monmbm Jobm H$s, ehmOhmZbm Amnë`m {nË`mÀ`m
gm_«mÁ`mVyZ Aml`mgmR>r X{jUoV `mdo bmJbo. ehmOhmZ Aml`mgmR>r Ah_XZJaMm
amÁ`H$Vm© _{bH$ A§~aH$S>o Ambm. Ë`mÀ`mgmo~V nËZr _w_VmO _hb, AmR> dfmªMm
Am¡a§JOo~, Mm¡Xm dfmªMm XmamewH$mo hr _wbohr hmoVr. _{bH$ A§~aZo ehmOhmZbm
Aml` XoÊ`mMo _mÝ` Ho$bo Am{U g§J_ZoaÀ`m JT>rV Ë`mMr amhÊ`mMr ì`dñWm Ho$br.
`m JT>rbm JT>r{H$„m Agohr åhQ>bo Om`Mo. (`m JT>r{H$ëë`mV gÜ`m emgH$s`
S>r.ES²>.H$m°boO Amho.) Amnbr nËZr d _wbm§gh A{Ve` H$RrU H$mimV ehmOhmZ
g§J_Zoabm dmñVì`mg hmoVm.

hr ~mV_r Ohm§Jrabm g_Obr. Ohm§JraMr nËZr ZyaOhm± hr A{Ve`
_hÎdmH$m§jr ñÌr hmoVr. (ZyaOhm± hr ehmOhmZMr gmdÌ AmB© hmoVr.) {Vbm Amnë`m
Omd`mbm Ohm§JranmR>monmR> ~mXemhr {_idyZ Úm`Mr hmoVr. {VZo Ohm§Jrabm {MWmdUr
{Xbr d ehmOhmZH$S>o Ë`mÀ`m XmoZ _wbm§Zm Amobrg åhUyZ nmR>dÊ`mMr _mJUr
H$am`bm Ohm§Jrabm ^mJ nmS>bo. Ohm§JraZo ehmOhmZbm AmkmnÌ nmR>dbo. A{Ve`
H$R>rU n[apñWVrV Agboë`m ehmOhmZbm ho AmkmnÌ _mÝ` H$aÊ`m{edm` n`m©`M
ZìhVm. Ë`mbm Amnbr XmoZ _wbo Amobrg åhUyZ Ohm§JraH$S>o nmR>dÊ`mMm {ZU©`
_moR>çm Xþ…Ir A§V…H$aUmZo ¿`mdm bmJbm.

Ohm§JraÀ`m VmdS>rVyZ Ord dmMdyZ g§J_Zoabm Aml`mbm Amboë`m

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 99