गोष्ट एका गावाची

ehmOhmZÀ`m _ZmMr H$m` AdñWm Pmbr Agob? Ë`mZo Ad¿`m AmR> dfm©À`m
Ama¡ J§ O~o d MmX¡ m dfmÀ© `m XmameHw $mÀo `m _ZmMr V`mar H$er H$o br Agbo ? AmOm~o mÀ§ `m
A§JmIm§Úmda BVa _wbo IoiV AgVm§Zm Amnbo AmOmo~mM eÌy Pmbobo `m XmoKm _wbm§Zr
AZw^db§ hmoV§. _wbm§Zm Ohm§Jra d {deofV… _hÎdmH$m§jr ZyaOhm±À`m Vmã`mV {Xë`mda
Vo Ë`m§M§ H$m` H$aUma `mMr emídVr ZgVmZm ehmOhmZ d _w_VmOZo Amnbr XmoÝhr
_wbo Ohm§JraÀ`m {enm`m§À`m Vmã`mV {Xbr. `mdoir Ë`m§Zm H$m` dmQ>bo Agob?
ehmOhmZ, _w_VmO_hb, XmamewH$mo d Am¡a§JOo~mM§ H$éU éXZ g§J_ZoaÀ`m `mM JT>rZo
~{KVb§ Amho. Á`m{Xder Ohm§JraÀ`m {enm`m§Zr Am¡a§JOo~ d XmamewH$mobm g§J_ZoahÿZ
{Xëbrbm Zob§ Vmo {Xdg hmoVm 2 _mM© 1626.

OJmVrb AmR> AmíM`mªn¡H$s EH$ Agbobm VmO_hmb {OÀ`m ñ_aUmW©
~m§Ybm Vr _w_VmO_hb g§J_ZoamV dmñVì`mbm hmoVr. Á`mZo _hmamï´>mVrb _amR>r
_wbyI H$m~rO H$aÊ`mgmR>r N>ÌnVr {edam`m§er _moR>m bT>m {Xbm Vmo Am¡a§JOo~
g§J_ZoamV dmñVì`mbm hmoVm. AmO {OWo {Oëhm à{ejU g§ñWm (emgH$s`
S>r.ES>.H$m°boO) Amho Ë`m JT>rZo ho gd© jU ~{KVbo nU H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV JT>r
CX²ÜdñV hmoV Jobr. AmO Ho$di JT>rMo H$mhr ^½Zmdeof {eëbH$ AmhoV. Á`m JT>rZo
ehmOhmZ d _w_VmOMr Amnë`m bmS>Š`m _wbm§er hmoUmar VmQ>mVyQ> ~{KVbr Ë`mM
JT>rÀ`m nm`Ï`mer àdam d åhmi§wJrMm g§J_ hmoVmo. åhmiw§JrM§ ApñVÎd `mM JT>rÀ`m
nm`Ï`mer g§nyZ Vr àdaoer EH$ê$n hmoVo d àdam JT>rÀ`m ZXrnmÌmV Cä`m Agboë`m
VQ>~§Xrbm AdIinUo ñne© H$ê$Z nwT>o dmhV OmVo. àdaoÀ`m `mM nmÌmH$S>o ~KV
ehmOhmZ d _w_VmOZo {H$VrXm Aly T>mibo AgVrb ho H$mimbmM R>mD$H$...

Amnë`m _wbm§Zm Ohm§JraÀ`m {enm`m§À`m Vmã`mV {Xë`mda ehmOhmZbm
_wbm§{edm` g§J_ZoaÀ`m JT>rV amhUo eŠ` Pmbo Zgmdo åhUyZ Vmo Ë`mM {Xder (2
_mM©, 1626 amoOr) Zm{eH$bm Ambm. VoWo Vmo 18 OyZ, 1626 n`ªV hmoVm. Ë`mZ§Va
Vmo qgYH$S>o admZm Pmbm. 21 Am°ŠQ>mo~a, 1626 amoOr Vmo nwÝhm Zm{eH$bm Ambm.
`m Xaå`mZ `mMdfu _{bH$ A§~aMm _¥Ë`y Pmbm. 21 Am°ŠQ>mo~a nmgyZ Vo 21 _mM©,
1627 n`ªV ehmOhmZ Zm{eH$bm am{hbm, VoWyZ Vmo OwÞabm Jobm. Xaå`mZ Ohm§JraMm
_Ë¥ `y Pmë`mMo g_OVmM ehmOhmZ {Xëbrbm Jbo m d {X„rÀ`m V»VmMm g_m« Q> ~Zbm.

100 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

N>ÌnVr {edmOr_hmamO

gZ 1646 _Ü`o N>ÌnVr {edam`m§Zr ñdamÁ`mMr _whÿV©_oT> amodë`mZ§Va
gmVË`mZo amÁ`{dñVma H$aÊ`mMo YmoaU R>odbo hmoVo. `mV `e-An`e `oVM hmoVo.
_mÌ _hmamO `mgmR>r AIoan`ªV à`ËZ H$arV hmoVo. ñdamÁ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm gwaVoMr byQ>
H$o ë`mMo gdk© mV AmhMo . AZHo $ {R>H$mUr ñdmè`m H$ê$Z {VWbm _bw Iy d Y{ZH$mH§ $S>rb
g§nÎmr Vmã`mV KoÊ`mMo H$m_ gwê$M hmoVo. gZ 1679 _Ü`o _hmamOm§Zr H$Zm©Q>H$mMr
_mohr_ AmIbr. hr _mohr_ `eñdr H$ê$Z Vo _hmamï´>mH$S>o {ZKmbo. ^r_m ZXr
Amobm§S>ë`mda Ë`m§Zr 4 Zmoìh|~a, 1679 amoOr Amnë`m g¡Ý`mMo XmoZ ^mJ Ho$bo.
_hmamOmH§ $S>o 18 hOma KmSo >Xi hmVo o Ë`mMo ñdV… _hmamO d AmZX§ amdmÀ§ `m ZVo Ë¥ dmImbr
XmoZ g_mZ ^mJ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. Zmoìh|~aÀ`m Xþgè`m AmR>dS>çmV Ë`m§Zr OmbZmnyaMr
(gÜ`mMo OmbZm eha) byQ> Ho$br. OmbZm ho Ë`mdoir A{Ve` g_¥Õ eha Agë`mZo
VoWo _hmamOm§Zm Iyn _moR>çm à_mUmda gmoZo, Mm§Xr, OS>Odm{ha, H$mnS>, KmoS>o, hÎmr,
C§Q> Aer byQ> {_imbr. bwQ>rV {_imbobr g§nÎmr KoD$Z _hmamO am`JS>mH$S>o naVrÀ`m
àdmgmbm {ZKmbo. Voìhm aU_ñV ImZ ZmdmÀ`m _wKb gaXmamZo Ë`m§Mm nmR>bmJ gwê$
Ho$bm.

g§J_ZoaOdi aU_ñVImZ d _hmamOm§À`m g¡Ý`mMr JmR> nS>br. VrZ {Xdg
XmÝo hr gÝ¡ `mV V~§w i `Õw gêw $ hmVo .o {gYmOo r qZ~miH$a d gV§ mOr Kmao nS>o `m _hmamOmÀ§ `m
gaXmam§Zr _moR>çm em¡`m©Zo aU_ñV ImZbm Vm|S> {Xbo na§Vw _wKbm§À`m \$m¡OonwT>o Ë`m§Mm
{Q>H$md bmJy eH$bm Zmhr. {gYmoOr d _hmamOm§Mo hOmamo _mdio `m bT>mB©V _mabo

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 101

Jobo. hr bT>mB© gwê$ AgVmZm Am¡a§Jm~mXhÿZ Ho$gaqgJ (Ho$earqgJ) `m gaXmamÀ`m
ZoV¥ËdmImbr gw_mao 20 hOma _wKbm§À`m \$m¡OoMr Xþgar VwH$S>r g§J_ZoaH$S>o {ZKmbr,
Voìhm _hmamOm§Mm JwßVhoa ~{hOu ZmB©H$ `mZo _hmamOm§Zm nÅ>m {H$ëë`mH$S>o admZm Ho$bo.
bT>mB©V _hmamOm§À`m g¡Ý`mMr _moR>r hmZr Pmbr.

`m bT>mB©Z§Va _hmamO 22 Zmoìh|~a Xaå`mZ nÅ>m {H$ëë`mda nmohmoMbo. Ë`m§Zr
nÅ>m {H$ëë`mda H$mhr {Xdg {dlmV§ r KVo br d ZV§ a am`JS>mH$S>o àñWmZ H$o b.o _hmamOmZ§ r
nÅ>m {H$ëë`mda H$mhr {Xdg {dlm§Vr KoVbr VoìhmnmgyZ `m JS>mbm {dlm_JS> Ago
åhQ>bo OmVo. `mZ§Va bJoMM _mM© _{hÝ`mÀ`m AIoarg _hmamO AmOmar nS>bo d
E{àb _{hÝ`mV Ë`mM§ r àmUÁ`mVo _mdibr. Ad¿`m _hmamï>´mbm Á`mM§ m gmW© A{^_mZ
dmQ>Vmo Aem N>ÌnVr {edam`m§Mm nXñne© g§J_Zoa n[agambm Pmbm.
(g§X^© … 1) g§J_Zoa ZJan[afXoMm eVgm§dËg[aH$ J«§W, 2) B§{S>`m A§S>a Am¡a§JOo~,
bIo H$ OXZþ mW gaH$ma, nð¥ > 236, 3) àdamH$mR>Mr gñ§ H$¥ Vr, nð¥ > … 68, Chhatrapati
Shivaji - Bhavan Singh Rana)

102 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

_méVr aWmMr {_adUyH$

g§J_ZoamV \$ma nydunmgyZ hZw_mZ O`§VrÀ`m {Xder _méVr aWmMr {_adUyH$
H$mT>Ê`mV `oVo. g§J_ZoamV Á`m doir {~«{Q>em§{déÕ dmVmdaU Vmnbobo hmoVo Voìhm
1927 gmbr {~«{Q>em§Zr gd©àW_ `m {_adUwH$sbm ~§Xr KmVbr. 17 E{àb 1927
amoOr _moR>çm CËgmhmV bmoH$m§Zr ~§Xr AmXoe _moSy>Z aWmMr {_adUyH$ H$mT>br. JmdmVrb
gmo_oída _§{Xamn`ªV aW ZoÊ`mV Ambm. na§Vw VoWo {_adUyH$ AS>{dÊ`mV Ambr. aW
VoWyZ OdiM Agboë`m ^S>§J~wdm _{eXrnmgyZ Z ZoVm Xþgè`m _mJm©Zo Zobm Va
{_adUwH$sbm nadmZJr {_iob Ago nmo{bgm§Zr \$_m©dbo. na§Vw aW Xþgè`m _mJm©Zo
ZoÊ`mgmR>r nwÝhm _mJo AmUmdm bmJob d ho H$aUo `mo½` Zmhr, aW _mJo ¿`m`Mm Zmhr
Ag§ R>adyZ bmoH$hr Amnë`m ^y{_Ho$da ASy>Z ~gbo. Ë`m {Xder {_adUyH$ aÔ Pmbr.
AIoa nmM {Xdgm§Zr 22 E{àb 1927 amoOr aW ^S>§J~wdm _{eXrg_moê$Z dmOV-
JmOV ZoÊ`mV Ambm d nwÝhm _méVr _§{XamOdi AmUÊ`mV Ambm.

nwT>rb dfu nmo{bgm§Zr nwÝhm EH$Xm aW ^S>§J~wdm _{eXrnmgyZ Ý`m`Mm Zmhr
Ago \$_m©Z H$mT>bo. 5 E{àb 1928 `m {Xder hZw_mZ O`§Vr CËgd hmoVm. bmoH$m§Zr
namonarZo {dZ§Vr H$ê$Zhr nmo{bg Amnë`m ^y{_Ho$er R>m_ hmoVo. AIoa bmoH$hr hÅ>mbm
noQ>bo. Ë`m§Zr Zoh_rà_mUo aWmMr {_adUyH$ gwê$ Ho$br. a§JmaJ„rVrb gmo_oída _§{XamnwT>o
`oVmM nmo{bgm§Zr aW AS>dbm. aW nwT>o ZoVm `oUma Zmhr Ago nmo{bgm§Zr R>m_nUo
gm§{JVë`mZo {_adUyH$ {VWoM Wm§~{dÊ`mV Ambr. Ë`mZ§Va Vã~b XmoZ _{hZo _méVrMm
aW aJ§ maJ„rVM C^m hmVo m. amOo bmHo $ `m`Mo d aWmMr nOy m H$am`M.o AIao rg bmHo $mÀ§ `m

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 103

hZw_mZ O`§Vr {_adUyH$ (1960 nyduMo N>m`m{MÌ)
104 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

amofmbm ~ir nSy> Z`o `mgmR>r gaH$maZo nmo{bg ~§Xmo~ñVmV aWmMr {_adUyH$ Zoh_rÀ`m
_mJm©Zo ^S>§J~wdm _{eXrdê$Z H$mT>Ê`mg nadmZJr {Xbr.

gbJ XmoZ df} Pmboë`m dmXm_wio {Vgè`m dfu H$m` hmoUma `mMr gdmªZmM
CËgwH$Vm hmoVr. 1929 _Ü`o 23 E{àbbm hZw_mZ O`§VrMm CËgd hmoVm. Ë`m dfu
I~aXmar åhUyZ {Oëhm{YH$mè`m§Zr hZw_mZ O`§Vrnydu Mma {Xdg AJmoXa g§J_ZoamV
~¡R>H$ Am`mo{OV Ho$br. {_adUwH$sV ZoV¥Îd H$aUmè`m _§S>itZm ~mOybm R>odyZ JmdmVrb
H$moUË`mhr CËgdmV gh^mJ Z KoUmè`m _moOŠ`m bmoH$m§Zm `m ~¡R>H$sbm {Z_§{ÌV
H$aÊ`mV Ambo. gaH$mar A{YH$mar Oo gm§JVrb Vo EoH$Umar _mUgo ~mOybm Ho$ë`mda
A{YH$mè`m§Zr {_adUwH$sV gh^mJr hmoUmè`m Zoh_rÀ`m H$m`©H$Ë`mªZm gm§{JVbo, Vwåhr
H$embm `m {_adUwH$sÀ`m ^mZJS>rV nS>Vm, H$mhr _moOŠ`m bmoH$m§Zr H$mT>boë`m `m
{_adUwH$sÀ`m \§$XmV nS>mb Va Vw_Mo ZwH$gmZ hmoB©b, A_yH$ añË`mZo {_adUyH$ ZoÊ`mV
H$mhrM AW© Zmhr. Aem nÕVrZo Amnbr ~mOy A{YH$mè`m§Zr _m§S>ë`mda hr _§S>ir
BVam§Mm {dMma KoD$Z Amåhr Am_Mm {ZU©` Vwåhmbm gm§JVmo åhUyZ ~¡R>H$sVyZ {ZKyZ
Jobr.

22 E{àbbm gmo_dma hmoVm. Xþgè`m {Xder hZw_mZ O`§Vr hmoVr. AmVm
H$m` hmoUma `mMr qMVm gdmªZm bmJbr hmoVr. gaH$ma EoZdoir H$mhrVar {d¿Z
AmUUma `mMr gdmªZm ImÌr hmoVr. gmo_dmar g§Ü`mH$mir g~ {S>pìhOZb _°{OñQ´>oQ>
amdgmho~ Vm§~o `m§Zr {_adUwH$sbm ~§Xr KmbÊ`mV Amë`mMo Omhra Ho$bo. bmoH$m§_Ü`o
àM§S> ZmamOr ngabr. EìhmZm g§J_Zoabm EImÚm N>mdUrMo ñdê$n Ambo hmoVo.
M§ÐeoIa Mm¡H$, a§JmaJ„r d BVa ^mJmV 500 geñÌ nmo{bgm§Mm ~§Xmo~ñV R>odÊ`mV
Ambm hmoVm. JmdmVrb 14 bmoH$m§da ZmoQ>rgm ~OmdÊ`mV Amë`m hmoË`m. amÌ^a
JmdmV bmoH$ JQ>mJQ>mZo CÚm H$m` hmoUma `mMr MMm© H$arV hmoVo. nhmQ>oM _méVr
_§{Xam^modVr nmo{bgm§Mm JamS>m nS>bm. nhmQ>oMm _§{XamVrb hZw_mZ OÝ_moËgdmMm
H$m`©H«$_ CËgmhmV nma nS>bm. Ë`m {Xder JmdmVrb Odinmg àË`oH$ ñÌr-nwéf
_méVrÀ`m Xe©Zmbm Ambo hmoVo. àË`oH$OU AmngmV AmO {_adUyH$ {ZKmbrM
nm{hOo Ag§ åhUV hmoVm.

gH$miMo ZD$ dmObo hmoVo. EdT>çmV XmoZ bhmZ _wbo EH$m ~mOyZo AMmZH$
niV Ambr, Ë`m§À`m hmVmV hZw_mZmMr N>moQ>r _yVu hmoVr. Vr _yVu aWmV R>odÊ`mgmR>r
_wbo aWmda MT>Uma EdT>çmV nmo{bg Ymdbo, _yVu Vmã`mV KoD$Z aWmOdi ImbrM

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 105

R>odbr. aWmOdi Pmboë`m JS>~S>rMr _m{hVr {_iVmM nmo{bg A{YH$mar VmVS>rZo
KQ>ZmñWir Ymdb.o _bw mÀ§ `mM hmVmZo _Vy u nÝw hm _{§ XamV ZDo $Z R>do Ê`mV Ambr. nm{o bg
~§Xmo~ñV dmT>{dÊ`mV Ambm. BH$S>o D$Z dmT>V hmoVo. nmo{bg EoH$V ZmhrV åhUyZ ZoVo
_§S>ir Kar Jobr hmoVr. EdT>çmV AMmZH$ gw_mao XmoZeo-gìdmXmoZeo pñÌ`m§Zr EH$Ì
`oD$Z aW Vmã`mV KoVbm. hr ~mV_r g_OVmM g§nyU© Jmd _méVr _§{XamH$S>o Ymdbm.
pñÌ`mM§ r g»§ `m XmZo edo ê$Z nmMedo a Jbo r. nm{o bg A{YH$mè`mZ§ r ~m`H$m~§ am~o a AZHo $
`wŠVrdmX Ho$bo, AQ>H$ H$aÊ`mMr-IQ>bo ^aÊ`mMr Y_H$s {Xbr. X~md dmT>mdm åhUyZ
CnpñWV pñÌ`m§Mr Zmdo {bhÿZ ¿`m`bm gwédmV Ho$br. _°{OñQ´>oQ> amdgmho~ Vm§~o ñdV…
Ambo, Ë`m§Zr ~m`H$m§Zm g_OmdyZ gm§JyZ nm{hbo, Vwåhr Jar~ KaÀ`m ~m`H$m AmhmV,
{VH$S>o _moR>çm KaÀ`m ~m`H$m Kar ~gë`m AmhoV, Vwåhr Amnbm Ord H$m YmoŠ`mV
KmbVm? Ag§ gmJ§ Zy ~{KVb.§ pñÌ`mZ§ rhr R>UH$mhZÿ gm{§ JVb§ H$s, _méVr H$w Um {d{eï>
bmoH$m§Mm Zmhr Vmo Am_Mm gdmªMm Amho.

EìhmZm JmdmVrb gd©M ^mJm§Vrb ~m`H$m aWmOdi O_ë`m hmoË`m. nwéf
_§S>ir ídmg amoIyZ nwT>o H$m` hmoUma ho ~KV hmoVo. BVŠ`mV nmo{bgm§Zr JXuVrb EH$m
VéUmbm nH$Sy>Z ~oS>çm Kmbm`bm gwédmV Ho$br. `m_wio JS>~S> dmT>br åhUyZ gd©
nmo{bg A{YH$mar Ë`m {XeoZo Ymdbo. `mM g§YrMm \$m`Xm KoD$Z P§w~a~mB© qenr hr
_{hbm _méVrMr Vg~ra KoD$Z PQ>H$Z aWmda MT>br. {VÀ`mgmo~V ~§H$m~mB© naXoer,
brbm qnJio hr _wbJr d BVa Mm¡KrOUr aWmda MT>ë`m. _yVuÀ`m Zoh_rÀ`m OmJoda
_méVrMr Vg~ra R>do br. "~b^r_ hZ_w mZ H$s O`' Aer XUX{UV bbH$mar R>mHo $br.
Hw$Umbm H$mhr H$iÊ`mÀ`m AmVM CnpñWV pñÌ`m§Zr aWmMm Xmoa AmoT>Ê`mg gwédmV
Ho$br. Ad¿`m EH$-XrS> {_{ZQ>mV Pmboë`m `m àH$mamZo nmo{bghr ^m§~mdbo. nmo{bg
H$mhr H$aon`ªV àM§S> Omof g§Mmaboë`m _{hbm§Zr hm aW a§JmaJ„rVrb g§V dmS>çmn`ªV
AmUbm.

nmo{bgm§Mr Ymdni CS>mbr. ~Oa§J~br H$s O`À`m KmofUm§À`m AmdmOmV
nmo{bg A{YH$mè`m§Mo AmXoe EoHy$ OmUo H$R>rU Pmbo hmoVo. H$mhr nmo{bg A{YH$mè`m§Zr
aWmÀ`m nTw >o niV OmD$Z aJ§ maJ„rVZy OmUmè`m ~b¡ JmS>çm, ~b¡ gmSo >yZ XDo $Z ^S>J§ ~dw m
_{eXrnwT>o AmS>ì`m bmdë`m. A{YH$mè`m§À`m _moQ>marhr AmS>ì`m bmdÊ`mV Amë`m.
eñÌYmar nmo{bgm§Mr EH$ VwH$S>r AmS>dr C^r H$aÊ`mV Ambr. BH$S>o pñÌ`mhr
EoH$Ê`mÀ`m _ZpñWVrV ZìhË`m. Ë`m§Zr AmS>ì`m KmVboë`m JmS>çm§Mr _moS>VmoS> H$arV

106 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

aW nwT>o ZoÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br. {_adUyH$ nwT>o gaH$V hmoVr. nmo{bg _{hbm§Zm H$mR>çm§Zr
_mJo bmoQ>Ê`mMm A`eñdr à`ËZ H$arV hmoVo. {_adUwH$sgmR>r AmUboë`m Jwbmbm§À`m
_wR>r nmo{bgm§À`m S>moù`mV \o$H$V, Vm|S>mMr _wbyI _¡XmZ Vmo\$ JmOdrV, àgmXmÀ`m
~Îmmem§Mm _mam H$arV {_adUyH$ doJmV nwT>o {ZKmbr. añË`mVrb AmS>ì`m ~¡bJmS>çm§Mm
Ho$ìhmM IwXm© CS>mbm hmoVm. EH$m A{YH$mè`mÀ`m _moQ>marbmhr aWmÀ`m YS>Ho$Zo _moR>o
^JXmS> nS>bo. _°{OñQ´>oQ> gmho~, àm§Vgmho~ {MS>boë`m _{hbm§À`m JwbmbmÀ`m _mè`mV
S>moio MmoirV Hw$R>o Jobo Hw$UmbmM H$ibo Zmhr. EìhmZm aWmZo ^S>§J~wdmMr _erX nma
Ho$br. nwT>o AmS>dr KmVbobr gmho~m§Mr _moQ>ma JXuVyZ ~mhoa H$mT>Ê`mMm MmbH$mMm
à`ËZ gwê$ hmoVm. AmVm aWmZo doJ KoVbm hmoVm, _moQ>ma nwT>o Am{U _mJo OUy H$mhr
nmR>bmJ gwê$ Amho, Aem nÕVrZo aWmZo doJ KoVbm hmoVm. aWmZo ^S>§J~wdm§Mr _erX
Amobm§S>ë`mda _mÌ nmo{bgm§Mm {damoY _moSy>Z nS>bm. {_adUyH$ {Z{d©¿ZnUo nma nS>br.
Oo H$m_ nwéfm§Zm eŠ` Pmbo Zmhr, Vo g§J_ZoamVë`m _{hbm§Zr H$ê$Z XmIdbo.

VoìhmnmgyZ AmOn`ªV g§J_Zoa ehamV _méVrÀ`m aWmÀ`m {_adUwH$sMr
gwédmV nmo{bg A{YH$mè`m§À`m hñVo nyOm H$ê$Z H$aÊ`mV `oVo d aW AmoT>Ê`mMm
n{hbm _mZhr pñÌ`m§ZmM {Xbm OmVmo. Á`m doir ñÌr hr A~bm Amho Ag§ åhQ>b§
Om`M§, Á`m H$mir pñÌ`m ZwH$Ë`mM emioV OmD$ bmJë`m hmoË`m. Aem H$mimV
Pw§~a~mB©gma»`m _{hboZo d Ë`m§Zm gmW XoUmè`m _{hbm§Zr g§J_ZoamV Omo namH«$_
H$ê$Z XmI{dbm Vmo B{VhmgmV AOmoS> AgmM Amho.

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 107

B§{Xam Jm§YtMr g§J_ZoaMr g^m (15 Am°ŠQ>mo~a, 1959)
108 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

B§{Xam Jm§YtMr g§J_Zoa ^oQ>

Xoembm ñdmV§Í` {_imë`mda gd©Ì gwYmaUm§Mo dmao dmhÿ bmJbo. g§J_ZoamVhr
ZJanm{bHo$À`m dVrZo {d{dY {dH$mgH$m_m§Zm doJ Ambm. BVa _moR>çm eham§à_mUo
g§J_Zoa_Ü`o ZmJ[aH$m§Zm ZimÛmao nmUrnwadR>m H$aÊ`mMr `moOZm AmIÊ`mV Ambr.
Ë`mZwgma JmdmVrb H$Moar_mJo EH$ _moR>r nmÊ`mMr Q>mH$s ~m§YÊ`mV Ambr. Ë`m doir
Zi åhUOo _moR>r ZdbmB©Mr Jmoï> hmoVr. Vmon`ªV JmdmVrb pñÌ`m ZXr qH$dm gmd©O{ZH$
nmUdR>çmdê$Z nmUr ^am`À`m. H$mhr _moR>çm bmoH$m§À`m dmS>çmV ñdV:Mo AmS>
Agm`Mo. Ë`m_wio ZimÛmao WoQ> KamV nmUr `oUma, hr Jmoï> JmdmVrb gdmªgmR>rM
CËgwH$VoMr hmoVr. EdT>çm _moR>çm `moOZoMo CX²KmQ>Z H$am`bm VodT>çmM Vmobm_mobmMr
ì`ŠVr Agmdr, åhUZy B{§ Xam JmY§ r `mZ§ m Zi`mOo ZMo o CXK² mQ>Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~mbo mdÊ`mMo
R>abo.

15 Am°ŠQ>mo~a, 1959 hr VmarI {ZpíMV Pmbr. Ë`m{Xder g§nyU© JmdmV
_moR>o CËgmhmMo dmVmdaU hmoVo. gH$mir nmdUoAH$amÀ`m gw_mamg nwUo _mJm©Zo B§{Xam
Jm§YtMo ehamV AmJ_Z Pmbo. Ë`m§À`mgmo~V _hmamï´> àXoe H$m±Jo«g H${_Q>rMo AÜ`j
lr.ZmB©H$ qZ~miH$a d H$_bm~mB© gmR>o `m hmoË`m. nwUo ZmŠ`mda Ë`m§Mr _moQ>ma `oVmM
ZJamÜ`j dg§Vamd gam\$ d g§J_Zoa eha H$m±J«ogMo AÜ`j {edmOramd ZmJao `m§Zr
Ë`m§Mo nwînhma KmbyZ ñdmJV Ho$bo. Ë`m {R>H$mUmnmgyZ JmdH$è`m§À`m dVrZo Ë`m§À`m
{_adUwH$sMo Am`moOZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. EH$m CKS>çm _moQ>marVyZ nwUo ZmŠ`mnmgyZ
Ë`mÀ§ `m {_adUHw $sbm géw dmV Pmbr. Q>´qo ZJ H$mb° Oo , Xdo rJëbr, ~mOmanRo >, AH$mbo Zo mH$m,

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 109

H$Moar_mJ} hr {_adUyH$ Zì`m ObHw§$^mn`ªV Ambr. ehamVrb ZmJ[aH$m§Zr XwV\$m© C^o
amhÿZ Ë`m§Mo ñdmJV Ho$bo, Ë`m§À`m O`O`H$mamÀ`m KmofUm {Xë`m. AZoH$ {R>H$mUr
bmoH$m§Zr Amnmnë`m n[agamV H$_mZr C^maë`m hmoË`m, nVmH$m bmdë`m hmoË`m.

{_adUHy $ ObH$§w ^mOdirb H$m`H© $« _mÀ`m {R>H$mUr Amë`mda g^bo m géw dmV
Pmbr. ehamMo _mOr H$m±J«og AÜ`j Z§Xbmb Omoer `m§Zr ZJanm{bHo$À`m CnH«$_m§Mr
_m{hVr {Xbr VgoM nm{bHo$À`m gd© ZJagodH$m§Mm n[aM` H$ê$Z {Xbm. `mM~amo~a
CnpñWV ZmJ[aH$m§Zm Ë`m§Zr B§{Xam Jm§YtMmhr n[aM` H$ê$Z {Xbm. JmdmVrb AZoH$
ZmJ[aH$m§Zm d g§ñWm§Zm B§{Xam Jm§YtMm gËH$ma H$am`Mm hmoVm. `m gdmªMr Zmdo
lr.Omoer `m§Zr dmMyZ XmI{dbr. g§J_Zoa eha d VmbwH$m H$m±J«ogÀ`m dVrZo B§{Xam
Jm§Yr `m§Zm 2501 én`m§Mr W¡br An©U H$aÊ`mV Ambr. ZJanm{bHo$À`m dVrZo
Ë`m§Zm _mZnÌhr XoÊ`mV Ambo. ehamVrb Ë`m doiMo hahþÞar VéU H$bmH$ma
lr.S>r.~r.amR>r `m§Zr hmVmZo H$mT>bobo B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Mo {MÌ Ë`m§Zm ^oQ> åhUyZ XoÊ`mV
Ambo.

B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Zr g§J_ZoaH$a ZmJ[aH$m§Zr ì`ŠV Ho$boë`m ñZohm~Ôb Amnë`m
^mfUmVyZ AmXa ì`ŠV Ho$bm. Ë`m doir XoemV Am¡Úmo{JH$ àJVrbm ZwH$VrM gwédmV
Pmbr hmoVr. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zr bmoH$m§Zm CÚmoJY§Úm§Mo _hÎd {dfX H$ê$Z gm§{JVbo. `m
doir Ë`m§Zr bmoH$m§Zm Xwgè`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoMr _m{hVr {Xbr. H$m`©H«$_mÀ`m AIoarg
g§J_Zoa VmbwH$m H$m±J«og H${_Q>rMo AÜ`j ^æ`mgmho~ Hw$bH$Uu `m§Zr B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Mo
d g^obm CnpñWV ZmJ[aH$m§Mo Am^ma _mZbo.

110 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmr

ZJanm{bHo$À`m ñWmnZoZ§Va ZmJar gw{dYm§À`m H$m_mbm Mm§Jbm doJ Ambm
AgVmZmM 1872 gmbr _moR>m XþîH$mi nS>bm hmoVm. `mZ§Va 1972 gmbr `m
eVH$mVbm _moR>m XþîH$mi nS>bm hmoVm. ~amo~a 100 dfmªZr _moR>m XþîH$mi nS>ë`mMm
hm {dbjU `moJm`moJ åhUVm `oB©b. 1872 gmbr nm{bH$m ApñVËdmV Agë`m_wio
nm{bHo$Zo XþîH$mi {ZdmaUmgmR>r AZoH$ Cnm` A§_bmV AmUbo. bmoH$m§Zm XþîH$mir
H$m_o XoÊ`mV Ambr. gaH$maH$Sy>Zhr g§J_Zoadm{g`m§gmR>r YmÝ` dmQ>nmMr ì`dñWm
Ho$br Jobr hmoVr. `mZ§Va 1896 _Ü`o nwÝhm EH$Xm _moR>m XþîH$mi nS>bm. Ë`m doiMo
Cn{Oëhm{YH$mar lr.Kmogi `m§Zr gaH$mar IMm©Zo bmoH$m§Zm AÞ dmQ>nmMr gmo` Ho$br
hmoVr. na§Vw XþîH$mimMr Vrd«Vm EdT>r hmoVr H$s, AZoH$ bmoH$ Jmd gmoSy>Z Jobo. Ë`mV
àm_w»`mZo {dUH$a bmoH$ _moR>çm à_mUmda hmoVo. 1936 _Ü`o nmD$g Z nS>ë`mZo
XþîH$mimMr pñWVr {Z_m©U Pmbr hmoVr. Ë`m doir nm{bHo$Zo gw_mao 1 hOma bmoH$m§Zm
YmÝ` dmQ>bo hmoVo. JmdmV Ë`m doir XþîH$mi {ZdmaU g{_Vr ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambr
hmoVr. `m g{_VrZo 8 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1936 amoOr gaH$maH$S>o {dZ§Vr AO© H$ê$Z emgH$s`
_XV _m{JVbr. `m AOm©Z§Va emgZmH$Sy>Z Jar~ _wbm§Zm H$nS>o d pñÌ`m§Zm bwJS>r
dmQ>Ê`mV Ambr hmoVr. Ë`mnydu 1846 gmbr nS>boë`m XþîH$mimV M§XZmnwarMm KmQ>
V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm Va 1868 _Ü`o bmoH$m§Zm H$m_ {_iyZ amoOJma CnbãY
ìhmdm, `mgmR>r àdam ZXrdarb bmIoMm ~§Ymam ~m§YÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm. {d{dY dfu
Amboë`m XþîH$mimbm H§$Q>miyZ AZoH$ bmoH$ Ë`m doir Jmd gmoSy>Z Jobo. `mVrb ~aoM

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 111

åhmiw§Jr ZXrMm nya (2006)
112 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

bmoH$ Ë`m doir amoOJmamÀ`m emoYmV _w§~B©V OmD$Z VoWoM ñWm{`H$ Pmbo.
EH$sH$S>o doJdoJù`m dfuÀ`m XþîH$mimbm Vm|S> XoUmè`m g§J_ZoaH$am§Zr

A_¥Vdm{hZr àdaoMo _hmnyahr AZw^dbo AmhoV. CnbãY VnerbmZwgma 18 Zmoìh|~a
1946 amoOr nhmQ>onmgyZ àdam d åhmiw§Jr ZÚm§Zm nya `oÊ`mg gwédmV Pmbr hmoVr.
àË`oH$ VmgmJ{UH$ XmoÝhr ZÚm§Mo nmUr dmT>VM hmoVo. nm{bHo$À`m dVrZo ZmJ[aH$m§Zm
gmdY{JarMm Bemam XoD$Z gwa{jV {R>H$mUr hbdbo. `mnydu ZXrbm OodT>o nya Ambo,
Ë`m doionojm `m doir 5 \y$Q> A{YH$ C§Mmda nmÊ`mMr nmVir dmT>br hmoVr. ehamVrb
naXoenwam, MìhmUnwam `m X{jUoH$S>rb ^mJmV {OH$S>o-{VH$S>o nmUr ngabo hmoVo.
gw_mao 500 Vo 600 Kao `m nwamÀ`m nmÊ`mV gmnS>br hmoVr. `m _hmnwamÀ`m doir
nm{bHo$Mo gd© gXñ` d H$_©Mmè`m§Zr AhmoamÌ à`ËZ H$ê$Z bmoH$m§Zm _XV Ho$br d
Or{dVhmZr Q>ibr. JmdmVrb gd© nQ>mJ§ Uo d emim_§ Ü`o nay Jñ« VmM§ r amhÊ`mMr ì`dñWm
H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr.

`mZ§Va 1956 gmbr nydunojm A{YH$ _moR>m nya g§J_ZoaH$am§Zr AZw^dbm.
Ë`m dfuÀ`m Am°JñQ> _{hÝ`mV gwédmVrbmM JmdmV nmdgmZo Omoa Yabm hmoVm. 3
Am°JñQ> 1956 bm gH$minmgyZ nmD$g dmT>V hmoVm d VgVgo nwamMo nmUr dmT>V
hmoVo. `mnydu Amboë`m gd© nwam§À`m nmÊ`mÀ`m _`m©Xm Amobm§Sy>Z nmUr JmdmV KwgV
hmoVo. Ë`m doir g§J_Zoa eha AmOÀ`m Zm{eH$-nwUo _hm_mJm©À`m A{bH$S>À`m
^mJmVM dgbobo hmoVo. Zohê$ CÚmZmMo àdoeÛma, X{jUobm a§JmaJ„r, MìhmUnwam,
M§ÐeoIa Mm¡H$, naXoenwam, Kmg~mOma, H$g~m Xodr _§{Xa `m g§nyU© ^mJmV nwamMo
nmUr {eabo hmoVo. JmdmMm _Ü`^mJ d CÎmaoH$S>Mm H$mhr ^mJM `m nwamÀ`m VS>m»`mVyZ
dmMy eH$bm hmoVm. {Xdg^a nmD$g dmT>VM hmoVm. EH$ doi Aer Ambr H$s
àdaodarb _moR>m nyb AmVm nmÊ`mImbr OmVmo H$s H$m` Aer n[apñWVr {Z_m©U Pmbr
hmoVr. gm`§H$mir VËH$mbrZ àWoà_mUo ZJamÜ`j A_¥V nmamOr T>mobo `m§Zr àdaoMr
IUm-ZmaimZo AmoQ>r ^abr. `moJm`moJmZo Ë`mZ§Va nwamMo nmUr AmogaÊ`mg gwédmV
Pmbr. ZmJ[aH$m§Zm YmoŠ`mMo Bemao XoD$Z gwa{jV ñWir hb{dÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo.
MìhmUnwam ^mJmV _moR>çm à_mUmda {dUH$a bmoH$ amhm`Mo, nwamV Ë`m§À`m KamVrb
_mJ, gyV BË`mXtMo ZwH$gmZ hmoD$Z AZoH$m§Mr Kaohr nS>br. Zm{eH$amoS> `oWrb
lr.O`Zmam`U aKwZmW H$b§Ìr `m§Zr nya {ZdmaU g{_VrÀ`m dVrZo bmoH$m§Zm H$nS>o
dmQ>n Ho$bo. nm{bHo$Zo bmoH$m§À`m AÞmMr ì`dñWm H$ê$Z H$Moar _mJrb nQ>m§JUmV

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 113

MQ>`m d ~m§~yÀ`m amhþQ>çm C^mê$Z VoWo nwaJ«ñVm§Mr ì`dñWm Ho$br hmoVr. `m {R>H$mUrM
{dUH$am§Mm _mJ Mmb{dÊ`mMr ì`dñWm H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr na§Vw Hw$UmÀ`m _mJmMo
ZwH$gmZ Pmbo Va Hw$UmH$S>o gyV Zmhr, ^m§S>db Zmhr Aem n[apñWVrV {dUH$a
_§S>itMo A{Ve` hmb Pmbo hmoVo. hr n[apñWVr ~KyZ no{Q>Q> {dÚmb`mMo VËH$mbrZ
àmMm`© Ama.Eg.H$mH$VH$a d {dUH$amM§ o à{V{ZYr lr.Zm.b.PO§w ay `mZ§ r X{¡ ZH$ gH$miMo
g§nmXH$ lr.ZmZmgmho~ néioH$a `m§Zm n[apñWVrMr nmhUr H$ê$Z _XV H$aÊ`mMr
{dZV§ r H$o br. lr.néiHo $a `mZ§ r n[apñWVrMr _m{hVr KDo $Z {dUH$amZ§ m 2400 én`mM§ r
_XV Ho$br hmoVr. `m doir emgZmH$Sy>Zhr H$O© énmZo AZoH$ bmoH$m§Zm _XV {_imbr
hmoVr. `mZ§Va AJXr A{bH$S>À`m H$mimV 1976 Z§Va àË`oH$ AmR>-Xhm dfmªZ§Va
g§J_ZoaH$am§Zr _moR>o nya AZw^dbo.

114 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

ej¡ {UH$
g§J_Zoa

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 115

CËH¥$ï> {ZH$mbm_wio amÁ`mV gd©Xya n[a{MV Agbobo 1896 gmbr ñWmnZ
Pmbobo g§J_ZoaMo A±½bmo CXy© hm`ñHy$b. (1960 Mo N>m`m{MÌ)

116 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

{ejUmMr gwédmV

ñdmVͧ `ndy © H$mimV gn§ Uy © Xeo mV ~hOþ Z g_mOmV {ejUm~Ôb _mRo >r AZmñWm
hmoVr. {eH$U§ ho Amnb§ H$m_M Zmhr Aer ^mdZm Ë`m doir AZoH$ bmoH$m§_Ü`o _moR>çm
à_mUmda hmoVr. ~hþVoH$ {R>H$mUr ImgJr emim Mmbdë`m Om`À`m. `mV J{UV,
ì`mH$aU, g§ñH¥$V Am{X {df` {eH$dbo Om`Mo. 1818 Z§Va g§nyU© XoemV {~«{Q>em§Mm
A§_b àñWm{nV Pmë`mda VËH$mbrZ JìhZ©a Eb{\$ñQ>Z `m§Zr qhXþñWmZmV {ejUmMm
àgma H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo nmdbo CMbÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br. _w§~B©V Ë`m doir OJÞmW
e§H$aeoR> `m§Zr 1822 gmbr ~m°å~o Zo{Q>ìh EÁ`wHo$eZ gmogm`Q>r ñWmnZ Ho$br. `m
{ejU g§ñWoÀ`m {Z`§ÌUmImbr _§w~B©gh _hmamï´>mV AZoH$ {R>H$mUr emim gwê$ Pmë`m.
bmoH$m§Zm {ejUmM§ _hÎd nQ>m`bm gwédmV Pmbr.

g§J_ZoamV 1 OmZodmar 1834 amoOr n{hbr emim gwê$ Pmbr, Vr _amR>r
emim Z§.1 åhUyZ AmoiIbr OmD$ bmJbr. JmdmV ZJanm{bHo$Mr ñWmnZm Pmbr
Ë`m doir JmdmV doXnR>U d g§ñH¥$V {eH$dUmè`m emimhr hmoË`m. `m emim§_YyZ
gñ§ H$¥ V, Ý`m`, ì`mH$aU, Á`m{o VfemñÌ, dÚ¡ H$s, A_aH$meo nR>U Ago {df` {eH$dbo
Om`M.o 1 E{àb 1865 amOo r emim Z.§ 3 Mr ñWmnZm Pmbr. 1886 À`m AmŠ° Q>m~o a_Ü`o
ZJanm{bHo$V ñHy$b ~moS>m©Mr ñWmnZm Pmbr. `mZ§Va àmW{_H$ {ejU gaH$maH$Sy>Z
ZJanm{bHo$À`m ñHy$b ~moS>m©À`m Vmã`mV XoÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`m dfu ZriH§$R> ^Jd§Vamd
_wio ho ZJamÜ`j hmoVo Va ñHy$b ~moS>©Mo AÜ`j Ho$ed ~mnwOr naeam_r ho hmoVo.
g§J_Zoa ho nydunmgyZ g§{_l OmVr-Y_m©À`m bmoH$m§Mo dmñVì` Agbobo Jmd Amho.

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 117

JmdmV _moR>çm à_mUmda _wñbr_ g_mOmMr dñVr Agë`mZo 1896 _Ü`o CXÿ© emimhr
gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. JmdmV Ë`m Xaå`mZ BVa JmdMo {dÚmWu {eH$Ê`mgmR>r `m`bm
bmJbo na§Vw Ë`m§Mr BWo amhÊ`mMr ì`dñWm ZìhVr. 1 Am°JñQ> 1920 amoOr lr.Xm_moXa
Ho$ed naeam_r `m§Zr gmo_d§er` ~mo{S>ªJ gwê$ Ho$bo. `m_wio AZoH$ {dÚmÏ`mªMr gmo`
Pmbr. `mM~amo~a ehamVrb ~«m÷U ~mo{S>ªJ, Kmg~mOmamVrb A§^moaH$admS>m
`m{R>H$mUrhr ~mhoa JmdmhÿZ {ejUmgmR>r Ambobo {dÚmWu ahm`Mo.

1933 n`ªV JmdmVrb _amR>r d CXy© emim ZJanm{bHo$À`m {Z`§ÌUmImbr
Mmbm`À`m naV§ w 13 Obw ¡ 1932 amOo r EH$ R>amd g_§ V hmDo $Z `m emim Ah_XZJaÀ`m
{S>pñQ´>ŠQ> ñHy$b ~moS>m©À`m Vmã`mV XoÊ`mMo R>abo. `mZ§Va 1 \o$~«wdmar 1933 amoOr
VËH$mbrZ ñHy$b ~moS>m©Mo AÜ`j JUnVqgJ gaXmaqgJ naXoer `m§Zr emim§Mm H$m`©^ma
{Oëhm ñHy$b ~moS>m©Mo AÜ`j amd~hmÔÿa EZ.B©.Zdbo `m§À`mH$S>o gwnyX© Ho$bm. 1936
gmbr JmdmV ZdrZ _amR>r emioMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. _wbm§Zm XO}Xma {ejU
XoÊ`mÀ`m CXmÎm hoVyZo emim ñWmnZ Ho$br, na§Vw emiobm emgH$s` _mÝ`Vm
{_idÊ`mgmR>r Iyn AS>MUr Amë`m hmoË`m. AZoH$ AS>MUtVyZ _mJ© H$mT>rV emiobm
gaH$mar J«±Q> {_im`bm bmJbr. 1954 nmgyZ emioMo ì`dñWmnZ ~KÊ`mgmR>r
H$m`©H$mar _§S>i {ZdS>Ê`mMr gwédmV Pmbr. 1960 À`m gw_mamg `m g§ñWoÀ`m
AÜ`jnXr lr.{XJ§~a JUoe gam\$ hmoVo Va g{MdnXr lr.e§H$a dmgwXod {Zgmi ho
hmoVo. g§ñWoMm IM© ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r g§ñWoÀ`m ZmdmZo gaH$ma_mÝ` ñdñV YmÝ` XþH$mZ
gwê$ H$aÊ`mMm AZmoIm CnH«$_ `m nXm{YH$mè`m§Zr gwê$ Ho$bm. emioMm IM©
^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r gaH$ma_mÝ` YmÝ` XHþ $mZ Mmb{dÊ`mMm à`mJo gn§ Uy © _hmamï>´mV AmJim-
doJim AgmM hmoVm, AgoM åhUmdo bmJob.

118 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

ga S>r.E_.no{Q>Q> hm`ñHy$b

{~{« Q>emM§ r gÎmm gn§ Uy © Xeo mda àñWm{nV Pmbr. Ë`m dio r emgH$s` H$m_H$mO
~KÊ`mgmR>r B§J«OrM§ {ejU KoVboë`m ñWm{ZH$ ZmoH$aXmam§Mr JaO {Z_m©U Pmbr.
Amnë`mbm amÁ`H$ma^ma Mmb{dÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Vmo ZmoH$adJ© {_imdm åhUyZ
bm°S>© _oH$m°bo `m§À`m AhdmbmZwgma {~«{Q>e gaH$maZo g§nyU© Xoe^a B§J«Or {ejU
XoUmè`m emim gwê$ H$aÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoVbm. Ë`m doir WmoS>o\$ma B§J«Or `oUmè`mbmhr
_moR>m _mZ {_im`Mm. g§J_ZoamVXoIrb B§J«Or {ejUmMr gwédmV Pmbr. Vo df© hmoVo
1872-73. _amR>r Mm¡WrV {eH$Umè`m gaH$mar emim§_Yrb {dÚmÏ`mªZm B§J«OrMo
{ejU Úm`Mr gmo` hmoVr. nwT>rb B§J«Or {ejUmMr gmo` Zgë`mZo B§J«Or {eHy$
BpÀN>Umè`m AZoH$ {dÚmÏ`mªMr J¡agmo` ìhm`Mr. `m JmdmV Ë`m doir lr.R>H$ma `m
ZmdmÀ`mM ì`ŠVrMo ImOJr[aË`m B§J«Or Mm¡WrMm dJ© Mmb{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm
na§Vw Z§Va hr emim ~§X nS>br.

g§J_ZoamV 1892 n`ªV ZJanm{bH$m ñdV…À`m IMm©Zo n{hbr Vo {Vgar
n`ªVMo dJ© Mmbdm`Mr Va Mm¡Wr d nmMdrMo dJ© ImOJr [aVrZo Mmbm`Mo. 1892
nmgyZ ho ImOJr dJ© Vmã`mV KoÊ`mMm R>amd nm{bHo$À`m g^oV g§_V H$aÊ`mV Ambm.
1892 _Ü`o Mm¡Wr d nmMdrMo dJ© nm{bHo$Zo Vmã`mV KoVbo Voìhm emioV EHy$U 73
{dÚmWu {ejU KoV hmoVo. `m dJmªMm dm{f©H$ IM© 620 én`o hmoVm. `m emioV
{eH$dUmao EH$ {ejH$ lr.JmoIbo ho ñdV… Ho$di {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m ^ë`mgmR>r B§J«OrMo
dJ© gŠVrZo Mmbdm`Mo.

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 119

ga S>r. E_. no{Q>Q> {dÚmb`mMm {H$H«o$Q> g§K (1912)
120 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

1895 gmbr nm{bHo$À`m emioV EHy$U 76 _wbo hmoVr. Ë`m doir g§J_ZoamV
amKd|Ð ^r_amd _wVm{bH$ - XogmB© ho _m_boXma hmoVo. Vo nm{bHo$À`m emioMo CnmÜ`j
Agë`mZo Ë`m§Zr JmdmVrb ZmJ[aH$m§Mr EH$ g{_Vr ñWmnZ Ho$br. `m g{_VrÀ`m
à`ËZm§VyZ JmdmVrb ZmJ[aH$m§H$Sy>Z B§J«Or emiogmR>r ñdV§Ì dJ© ~m§YÊ`mMo R>adbo.
dJ© Zo_Ho$ Hw$R>o ~m§Ym`Mo `mgmR>r OmJmhr {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Ý`m`_yVu _hmXod
JmoqdX amZS>o ho ñnoeb A°{J«H$ëMab OO åhUyZ Zoh_r g§J_ZoamV `m`Mo.

EH$Xm Ý`m`_yVu amZS>o g§J_Zoabm Ambo hmoVo. Ë`m§Mm _wŠH$m_ Xoe_wIm§À`m
dmS>çmV hmVo m. Ý`m`_Vy u amZS>o `mM§ r ^Qo > KÊo `mgmR>r naeam_r Am{X _S§ >ir Xeo _Iw mÀ§ `m
dmS>çmda Jbo r. Ý`m.amZS>Z| m JmdmVrb BJ§ O« r emiÀo `m dJmMª r JaO g_OmdZy gm{§ JVbr
d `mgmR>r eŠ` Vr _XV H$aÊ`mMr {dZ§Vr `m _§S>itZr Ho$br. Ý`m.amZS>o `m§Zr gd©
_m{hVr g_OmdyZ KoVbr d _XV H$aÊ`mMo AmídmgZ XoD$Z _w§~B©bm `oD$Z ^oQ>Ê`m~Ôb
gm§{JVbo.

Ý`m.amZS>|À`m AmídmgZmZ§Va gdmª_Ü`o CËgmh g§Mmabm. JmdmVrb
ZmJ[aH$m§À`m EH$m g{_VrZo _w§~B©bm OmD$Z Ë`m§Mr ^oQ> KoVbr. Ë`m§Zr `m _§S>itH$S>o
ga {XZem _mUoH$Or no{Q>Q> `m§À`mgmR>r EH$ nÌ {Xbo. lr.no{Q>Q> ho Xadfu {d{dY
gm_m{OH$ H$m_m§Zm _XV H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr {d{eï> aŠH$_ ~mOybm H$mTy>Z R>odm`Mo.
gJ§ _Zao mVrb _S§ >ir lr.n{o Q>Q> `mZ§ m ^Qo >br Vìo hm Ë`mÀ§ `mH$S>rb Ë`mdfuÀ`m XUo JrgmR>rMr
Am{W©H$ VaVyX g§nbr hmoVr. na§Vw Ý`m.amZS>|Mo nÌ KoD$Z Amboë`m _§S>itZm Am{W©H$
_XV Z H$aVm naV H$go nmR>dm`Mo åhUyZ lr.no{Q>Q> `m§Zr 5000 én`m§Mr XoUJr `m
_§S>itH$S>o {Xbr. `mZ§Va lr.no{Q>Q> `m§Mr ^mdO` lr_Vr XrZm~mB© no{Q>Q> `m§Zr AmUIr
1500 én`m§Mr XoUJr {Xbr.

_w§~B©VyZ {_imbobr gmS>oghm hOmam§Mr XoUJr d JmdmVrb ZmJ[aH$m§H$Sy>Z
H$mT>boë`m dJ©UrMo 2000 én`o Ago gmS>oAmR> hOma én`o EH$Ì Pmë`mda emioÀ`m
~m§YH$m_mbm gwédmV H$aÊ`mMo R>abo. emioMr dmñVy XoIUr Agmdr `mgmR>r _yiMo
g§J_ZoaMo Agbobo na§Vw _w§~B©V ñWm{`H$ Pmboë`m _hmXod JmoqdX Xoenm§S>o `m§À`mH$Sy>Z
B_maVrMm AmamIS>m V`ma H$ê$Z KoÊ`mV Ambm. lr.Xoenm§S>o ho _wimVM hþema
Agë`mZo Ë`m§Mr 1851 gmbr _w§~B©Mm ^{dî`mVrb dmT>Vm {dñVma bjmV KoD$Z
g_wÐ hQ>{dÊ`mÀ`m H$m_mda gìh}Aa åhUyZ {Z`wŠVr Pmbr hmoVr. Ad¿`m df©^amV
emioMr B_maV AmH$ma KoD$ bmJbr. ñdV… lr.Xoenm§S>o ~m§YH$m_mda bj R>odyZ hmoVo.

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 121

no{Q>Q> {dÚmb`mMo hm`ñHy$b JUoemoËgd _§S>i (1926)
122 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

gJ§ _Zao À`m H$mQo >mV© Ë`m dio r {dîUnw V§ H$mUo ho ZmHo $ar H$am`M.o JmdmV emiMo o ~mY§ H$m_
gwê$ Amho, `mVyZ Amnë`mM JmdmVrb _wbo {ejU KoD$Z _moR>r hmoUma AmhoV Agm
{dMma H$ê$Z lr.H$mUo `mZ§ r H$mUo Ë`mhr Am{WH© $ _m~o Xë`mMr Anjo m Z R>do Vm emiÀo `m
~m§YH$m_mda XoIaoI H$am`bm gwédmV Ho$br. emioMo ~m§YH$m_ Mmby AgVmZm VoWo
EH$ XodrMo _§{Xa hmoVo Vo hbdyZ WmoS>o ~mOybm ~m§YÊ`mV Ambo. 1897 gmbr B_maVrMo
~mY§ H$m_ nUy © Pmb.o hr B_maV åhUOMo AmOÀ`m n{o Q>Q> {dÚmb`mMr B_maV. gJ§ _Zao Mo
AmOMo no{Q>Q> {dÚmb` åhUOo Ad¿`m _hmamï´>mV hmVmÀ`m ~moQ>mda _moOVm `oVrb
Aem g_¥Õ dmagm bm^boë`m {dÚmb`m§n¡H$s EH$ Amho.

1885 gmbr a§JmaJ„rV JmoqdXam_ ~mi{H$gZ `m§À`m OmJoV N>moQ>rer
emim gwê$ Pmbr. Z§Va JmdmVrb _ZmobrH$a dmS>m d Z§Va EH$~moQ>o dmS>çmV emim
^ê$ bmJbr. hm EH$~moQ>o dmS>m Z§Va ~«m÷U ~mo{S>ªJ åhUyZ n[a{MV Pmbm. gw_mao 12
dfmªÀ`m YS>nS>rZ§Va ga {XZem _mUoH$Or no{Q>Q> `m§À`m CXma XoUJrVyZ emioMr
B_maV 1897 gmbr C^r am{hbr. hrM AmOMr no{Q>Q> emim.

1897 gmbr ZdrZ B_maVrV no{Q>Q> {dÚmb`mMo dJ© ^ê$ bmJbo.
{dO`mXe_rÀ`m _whÿVm©da emioMo H$m_H$mO gwê$ Pmbo. 113 {dÚmWu, 6 {ejH$ d
lr.am._.amOh§g ho _w»`mÜ`mnH$ Aer n{hë`m dfm©Mr n[apñWVr hmoVr. lr.{XZem
_mUoH$Or no{Q>Q> `m§À`m _w»` Am{W©H$ _XVrZo no{Q>Q> {dÚmb` gwê$ Pmbo Agbo Var
emioMm Am{W©H$ ^ma _moR>m hmoVm. n{hë`m dfu emioMm EHy$U IM© 2 hOma 66 én`o
hmoVm Va gaH$mar AZwXmZ 551 én`o d ZJanm{bHo$Mr _XV 342 én`o BVH$s hmoVr,
Cd©[aV IM© {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m \$s _YyZ dgyb H$aÊ`mV Ambm.

1900 gmbr lr.~r.Or.C\©$ H$mH$mgmho~ JmoIbo ho _w»`mÜ`mnH$ hmoVo.
df©^a H$m_ Ho$ë`mda Ë`m§Zr ho nX gmoS>bo. Ë`mZ§Va 1901 gmbr lr.e§H$a ~mßnmOr
g§V `m§Zrhr df©^aM _w»`mÜ`mnH$ åhUyZ H$m_ Ho$bo. 1902 Vo 1905 n`ªV
lr.Ama.ìhr.Xm_bo `m§Zr _w»`mÜ`mnH$ åhUyZ H$m_ ~{KVbo. `m Xaå`mZ JmdmV
ßboJÀ`m gmWrZo Yw_mHy$i KmVbm hmoVm. AZoH$ bmoH$ Jmd gmoSy>Z Jobo. n`m©`mZo
{dÚmWu g§»`mgwÕm nÞmgda Ambr. Aem n[apñWVrV emioMo AZwXmZ H$_r H$aÊ`mMm
YmH$ {ejUm{YH$mè`m§Zr XmIdbm. 1905 _Ü`o _wiMo dH$sb Agboë`m
lr.Zm.b.amZS>o `m§Zr _w»`mÜ`mnH$ nXmMr O~m~Xmar ñdrH$mabr. Ë`m§À`mM H$mimV
no{Q>Q> {dÚmb`mÀ`m AmOr-_mOr {dÚmÏ`mªMo n{hbo ñZohg§_obZ Am`mo{OV H$aÊ`mV

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 123

Ambo hmoVo. `m g§_obZmV Jar~ {dÚmÏ`mªZm {ejU KoVm `mdo åhUyZ _mOr {dÚmWu
g§KmZo EH$ {ZYr C^mabm d Ë`mVyZ JaOy§Zm naV\o$S>rÀ`m AQ>rda _XV XoÊ`mg
gwédmV Pmbr. AdKo XmoZM df© H$m_ H$ê$Z _w»`mÜ`mnH$ lr.amZS>o ho d{H$br
H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ah_XZJabm Jobo.

Ë`m§À`mZ§Va dm_Z _ëhma g§V `m§Zr df©^a _w»`mÜ`mnH$ åhUyZ H$m_ Ho$bo.
EHy$UM no{Q>Q> {dÚmb`mV _w»`mÜ`mnH$ df©-XmoZ dfmªnojm OmñV H$mi {Q>H$V ZìhVo.
Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmt_wio {dÚmWu g§»`mhr {Xdg|{Xdg KQ>V hmoVr. _moR>çm à`ËZm§Zr
g§J_ZoamV C^maboë`m n{hë`mM _moR>çm emioMo ^{dVì` YmoŠ`mV Ambo hmoVo. `m
H$R>rU H$mimV lr.XodrXmg ^mñH$a bobo ho no{Q>Q>Mo _w»`mÜ`mnH$ åhUyZ éOy Pmbo d
Ë`m§Zr Ë`mZ§Va Vã~b 24 df} ho nX gm§^mibo. AmO no{Q>Q> {dÚmb`mMm Omo H$mhr
Zmdbm¡{H$H$ Amho `mMm nm`m aMÊ`mMo d _O~yV H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ lr.bobo `m§Zr Ho$bo.
H$moUVohr Mm§Jbo H$m_ Ho$bo Var lr.bobo Ë`mMo lo` Z KoVm _r Ho$di {Z{_Îm_mÌ Amho
Ago åhUm`Mo.

Ë`m§À`m H$mimV g§nyU© Xoe^a {~«{Q>em§{déÕMo dmVmdaU Vrd« Pmbobo hmoVo.
1906 _Ü`o no{Q>Q>À`m _mOr {dÚmÏ`mªZr lr.bobo `m§À`m _mJ©Xe©ZmImbr EH$ _mo\$V
dmMZmb` gwê$ Ho$bo. dmMZmb`mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ amï´>r` d¥ÎmnÌm_Yrb KS>m_moS>r
{dÚmÏ`mªn`ªV nmohM{dë`m Om`À`m. {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü`o amï´>^mdZm OmJ¥V H$aÊ`mÀ`m
H$m_r lr.bobo d `m dmMZmb`mMm _moR>m dmQ>m hmoVm. {dÚmÏ`mªZm emioÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ
Xoer-{dXoer Ioim§~amo~aM bmR>r-H$mR>r, nÅ>m AmqXMo S>md {eH$dbo Om`Mo. no{Q>Q>
{dÚmb`mV gwê$ AgUmè`m `m àH$mam§Zm Ë`m doir emgZ_mÝ`Vm ZìhVr. VËH$mbrZ
nmo{bg A{YH$mè`m§Zr ho IoimMo dJ© ~§X H$aÊ`mMo \$_m©Z H$mT>bo hmoVo.

1909 nmgyZ no{Q>Q> {dÚmb`mV S´>m°BªJÀ`m 1 d 2 J«oS>Mo narjm H|$Ð gwê$
Pmbo. 1910 nmgyZ no{Q>Q> {dÚmb`mVrb {dÚmWu g§»`mhr dmTy> bmJbr. Ë`mnydu
gd©Ì emioV Añn¥í` {dÚmÏ`mªZm doJio ~gdbo Om`Mo, na§Vw no{Q>Q> {dÚmb`mV gd©
{dÚmÏ`mªZm EH$Ì ~gdm`bm gwédmV Pmbr. JmdmV Ë`m doir AZoH$ H$_©R> _§S>ir
hmoVr. na§Vw lr.bob|Zr Aem _§S>itÀ`m {damoYmbm Z Ow_mZVm Añn¥í`Vm {ZdmaUmgmR>r
d e¡j{UH$ XOm© dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r Amnë`m narZo à`ËZ gwê$ R>odbo. `mM doir no{Q>Q>
{dÚmb`mV B§J«Or 4 Wr Vo 6 drÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r AmR>dS>çmVyZ XmoZXm qhXr ^mfoMo
dJ© gwê$ Pmbo. CnbãY _m{hVrZwgma g§nyU© _hmamï´>mV Ë`m doir Hw$R>ohr _amR>r

124 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

_mÜ`_mÀ`m emioV amï´>^mfoMo dJ© KoÊ`mV `oV ZìhVo. g§nyU© amÁ`mV AmXe© R>amì`m
Aem _mo\$V dmMZmb`, ñn¥í`-Añn¥í` {dÚmÏ`mªZm EH$Ì dJm©V ~gdyZ amï´>^mfoMo
dJ© KoUo Aem EH$ Zm AZoH$ `moOZm no{Q>Q> {dÚmb`mV àW_ am~{dë`m Joë`m.
g§J_Zoa ~amo~aM AmgnmgÀ`m VmbwŠ`mVrb {dÚmWu hiyhiy no{Q>Q> {dÚmb`mV
{eH$Ê`mgmR>r `oD$ bmJbo.

AmVm emiobm doY bmJbo hmoVo Vo no{Q>Q> emioV _°{Q´>H$Mo dJ© gwê$ H$aÊ`mMo.
1913 nmgyZ g§J_ZoamVrb dH$sb AÊUmgmho~ naeam_r `m§Zr `mgmR>r à`ËZ gwê$
Ho$bo. {Oëhm{YH$mè`m§À`m {d{dY {Z{_ÎmmZo emiobm ^oQ>r KS>dyZ, Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z
{e\$magnÌ KoD$Z {ejUm{YH$mè`m§Zm nmR>dÊ`mMo H$m_ Ë`m§Zr A{Ve` {MH$mQ>rZo
Ho$bo. AIoarg `m à`ËZm§Zm `e `oD$Z 19 E{àb 1916 nmgyZ no{Q>Q> {dÚmb`mV
_°{Q´>H$À`m dJm©bm gaH$ma_mÝ`Vm {_imbr. 15 _o 1916 amoOr {Oëhm{YH$mè`m§À`m
CnpñWVrV _moR>m g_ma§^ Pmbm. g§nyU© JmdmV AmZ§XmoËgd gmOam H$aÊ`mV Ambm.

{dÚmWu g§»`m dmT>ë`m_wio emioMr OmJm Anwar nS>V hmoVr. emioMm
{dñVma H$am`Mm Va gÜ`mÀ`m B_maVrÀ`m bJVMr OmJmM {_iUo Amdí`H$ hmoVo.
Ë`mgmR>r 1944 nmgyZM à`ËZ gwê$ Pmbo. emioÀ`m B_maVrÀ`m ~mOybm ~mimam_
Jwbm~M§X bmhmoQ>r `m§Mr OmJm nSy>Z hmoVr. Vr OmJm {_imdr åhUyZ g§ñWoMo nXm{YH$mar
_wabreoR> bmhmoQ>r `m§Zm ^oQ>bo d Amnbm àñVmd _m§S>bm. _wabrYa eoR> bmhmoQ>r `m§Zr
VmËH$mi àñVmd _mÝ` Ho$bm d Amnbr 2402 Mm¡.\y$Q> OmJm no{Q>Q> {dÚmb`mbm
XoUJr åhUyZ {Xbr. AmVm emioÀ`m {dñVmarH$aUmbm Odinmg AmUIr WmoS>çmM
OmJoMr Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr. bmhmoQ>tÀ`m eoOmarM ZmJoe `ed§V åhmig `m§Mr 1200
Mm¡.\y$Q> OmJm hmoVr. åhmig ho emioMo _mOr {dÚmWu hmoVo. Ë`m§Zrhr _moR>çm AmZ§XmZo
Amnbr OmJm emiobm {Xbr.

åhmig `m§À`m eoOmaMr lr.JmoqdX d Jmonmi åhmig `m§Mr OmJm IaoXr
H$ê$Z `m gd© OmJoda ZdrZ B_maV H$aÊ`mMo {ZpíMV Pmbo. 11 Zmoìh|~a 1948 bm
_w§~B© amÁ`mMo A~H$mar d nwZa©MZm _§Ìr b._m. nmQ>rb ho g§J_Zoabm `oUma hmoVo. Vo
no{Q>Q>Mo _mOr {dÚmWu hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m hñVo ZdrZ B_maVrMm H$moZ{ebm g_ma§^ H$aÊ`mV
Ambm. B_maVrÀ`m H$m_mda XoIaoI H$aÊ`mgmR>r ZJanm{bHo$Zo EH$ g{_Vr Zo_br
hmoVr. Ë`mV ZmZmgmho~ JmS>o, JmoqdXamd _w§Jr, nr.Ho$.AmT>md, _mohZqgJ naXoer,
~m~weoR> H$adm, am_X`mi _w§XS>m `m§Zr H$m_ nm{hbo. nm{bHo$Mo _w»`m{YH$mar OmOy

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 125

`m§Zrhr `m H$m_mV bj {Xbo. 1955 n`ªV Zmam`U Ho$ed CnmgZr `m§Zr _w»`mÜ`mnH$
åhUyZ H$m_ nm{hbo. 1956 nmgyZ H$mH$VH$a `m§Zr _w»`mÜ`mnH$ nXmMr O~m~Xmar
ñdrH$mabr. Ë`m§À`m H$mimV emioZo H«$sS>m joÌmV Mm§Jbo Z¡nwÊ` {_idbo. embmÝV
narjÀo `m {ZH$mbmVhr dmT> Pmbr. emibo m {eñV bmJbr. emiÀo `m _»w ` B_maVrÀ`m
da Xþgam _Obm ~m§YÊ`mMo H$m_hr `m§À`mM H$maH$sXuV nyU© Pmbo. 1961 n`ªV
H$mH$VH$amZ§ r hr O~m~Xmar gm^§ mibr. Ë`mÀ§ `mZV§ a H$¥ îUmOr lrYa _amR>,o {d._.\$Ug,o
am.{Z.nmQ>rb, _m.X.Hw$bH$Uu, X.{d.AmIdo, {d.lr._amiH$a `m§Zr _w»`mÜ`mnH$
nXmMr O~m~Xmar `eñdrnUo gm§^mibr. `m Xaå`mZ _amiH$a gam§Zr AZoH$ ZdrZ
e¡j{UH$ à`moJ Ho$bo. J{UVmVrb AZoH$ ZdrZ g§H$ënZm Ë`m§Zr {ejH$m§Zm n[a{MV
H$ê$Z {Xë`m. XþîH$mimgmR>r {ZYr O_{dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr {deof nwT>mH$ma KoVbm.
Ë`m§À`m H$mimV emioMm A_¥V _hmoËgd gmOam H$aÊ`mV Ambm. `m H$m`©H«$_mMo
AÜ`jñWmZ emioMo _mOr {dÚmWu d CÚmoOH$ Am|H$maZmWOr _mbnmUr `m§Zr ^yf{dbo
hmoVo.

1975 gmbr _w»`mÜ`mnH$ åhUyZ Z.lr.H$mH$VH$a `mZ§ r nX^ma ñdrH$mabm.
`mM dfm©nmgyZ Xhmdrbm _°{Q´>H$Mm XOm© XoÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm. 27 Owb¡ 1975 amoOr
no{Q>Q>À`m hm`a goH§$S>ar {d^mJmMo CX²KmQ>Z Zm_Xma ~r.Oo.IVmi nmQ>rb `m§À`m hñVo
H$aÊ`mV Ambo. H$mH$VH$a gam§À`m H$mimV g§J_ZoaMm B{Vhmg ZmJ[aH$m§Zm _mhrV
ìhmdm `mgmR>r g§J_Zoa Xe©Z ho àXe©Z ^a{dÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. emioMo {MÌH$bm
{ejH$ S>r.~r.amR>r ga `m§Zr AWH$ à`ËZ H$ê$Z g§nyU© JmdmVyZ A{Ve` Xþ{_©i dñVy
O_{dë`m hmoË`m. `m àXe©ZmMo AZoH$ _mÝ`dam§Zr H$m¡VwH$ Ho$bo. g§J_ZoaMm B{Vhmg
{OdV§ H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ Odo T>çm AmË_r`VZo o amR>rgamZ§ r H$o bo Vdo T>r _ho ZV Ë`mZV§ a H$w Urhr
KoVë`mMo Eo{H$dmV Zmhr. AmOhr g§J_ZoaÀ`m e¡j{UH$ pñWË`§VamMr MMm© H$aVmZm
gd©àW_ no{Q>Q> {dÚmb`mMoM Zmd nwT>o `oVo.

126 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

kmZ_mVm {dÚmb`

g§J_ZoamV no{Q>Q> hm`ñHy$b EoZ ^a^amQ>rV AgVmZm J«m_rU ^mJmVrb AZoH$
_wbo g§J_ZoamV {ejUmgmR>r `oV hmoVr. Aem doir g§J_ZoamV AmUIr EH$ hm`ñHy$b
Agmdo Aer n[apñWVr {Z_m©U Pmbr. g§J_ZoaMo à{gÕ dH$sb amd~hmÔÿa Jmonmb
_mYd naeam_r `m§Zr JmdmVrb H$mhr _§S>itZm gmo~V KoD$Z OoPwB©Q> `m {_eZar
_§S>imbm g§J_ZoamV hm`ñHy$b ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMr {dZ§Vr Ho$br. ^maVmbm ZwH$VoM
ñdmV§Í` {_imbobo hmoVo. Ah_XZJa {OëømV AZoH$ {R>H$mUr {_eZar _§S>itZr
A{Ve` {eñV~Õ arVrZo Jar~ _wbm§Zm {ejU XoUmè`m emim Mmb{dë`m Joë`m.
OoPwB©Q> _§S>imMo {ejUm~m~VMo YmoaU gdmªJrU CÞVr H$aUo d Ë`m§Zm Ho$di nwñVH$s
kmZM Z XoVm EH$ n[anyU© ZmJ[aH$ KS>{dUo ho hmoVo.

1948 _Ü`o Oo PwB©Q> _§S>imZo g§J_ZoamVrb ZmQ>H$s ZXrÀ`m n{bH$S>À`m
{dñVrU© OmJoV hm`ñHy$b gwê$ Ho$bo. hoM AmOMo kmZ_mVm {dÚmb`. {dÚmÏ`mªMr
AmdS>, H$b bjmV KoD$Z Ë`m§Mm _mZ{gH$ {dH$mg H$aÊ`mda `m emioV ^a {Xbm
OmV Agë`mZo eham~amo~aM J«m_rU ^mJmVrb AZoH$ {dÚmWu `oWo {ejU KoD$
bmJbo. g§J_Zoa ~amo~aM g§nyU© {OëømVrb Jar~ Kam§Vrb gd© OmVr-Y_mªÀ`m
{dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m Ñï>rZo kmZ_mVm {dÚmb` hr hŠH$mMr emim ~Zbr. `m emioV
{dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m {ejUmV {eñV, n[al_mMo _hÎd, ñdÀN>Vm, {Z`{_VnUm,
àm_m{UH$nUm, ì`mdhm[aH$ {eï>mMma, Xoeào_ `m Jmoï>t~amo~aM na_oídam{df`r {ZîR>m
d ñdOZm§Mr {ZñdmW©nUo godm H$aÊ`mMr d¥Îmr dmT>{dÊ`mda àm_w»`mZo ^a {Xbm OmVmo.

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 127

kmZ_mVm {dÚmb` (1960)
128 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

OyZ 1948 _Ü`o emim gwê$ Pmbr Voìhm `m emioV Ho$di 43 _wbo XmIb
Pmbr. Ë`mZ§Va {dÚmWu g§»`m PnmQ>çmZo dmT>V Jobr. emioV àmMm`© åhUyZ AmOda
AZoH$ godm^mdr d¥ÎmrÀ`m ì`ŠVtZr H$m_ Ho$bo Amho. H¡$.\$mXa Wrb, \$mXa ~Q>u,
\$mXa amO|Ð, \$mXa gmido, \$mXa \$ZmªS>rg, \$mXa am°~Q>© S>mg `m§Zr Amnë`m narZo
EH$ n[anyU© {nT>r KS>{dÊ`mMo H$m_ Ho$bo. Ho$di {dÚmWu g§»`m dmT>{dÊ`mda emioMm
H$Yrhr ^a ZìhVm. {dÚmÏ`mªH$S>o ì`pŠVJV bj {Xbo VaM Ë`m§Mr àJVr hmoD$ eH$Vo
Ago YmoaU R>odë`mZo emioMr àJVr A{Ve` PnmQ>çmZo hmoV Jobr. 1958 _Ü`o
kmZ_mVm emioMo ñdê$n A{YH$ g_mOm{^_wI H$aÊ`mV Ambo. Amnbm Xoe H¥${fàYmZ
Amho. XoemVrb 80 Q>ŠHo$ OZVm eoVrda Adb§~yZ Agë`mZo {dÚmÏ`mªZm eoVr{df`r
_m{hVr emioVM XoUo Amdí`H$ Amho Agm {dMma H$ê$Z kmZ_mVm {dÚmb`mZo eoVr
{df`mbm emioV àmYmÝ` {Xbo. kmZ_mVm {dÚmb`mÀ`m {dñVrU© OmJoV _wbo eoVrMr
H$m_o H$ê$ bmJbr. eVo rVrb ZdZdrZ à`mJo kmZ_mVÀo `m eVo r {d^mJmÀ`m {ejH$mH§ $S>yZ
AmË_gmV H$ê$ bmJbr. gaH$maÀ`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoV AmYw{ZH$ nÕVrZo eoVr
H$aÊ`mbm {deof _hÎd XoÊ`mV `oV Agë`mZo kmZ_mVm emioV n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoVrb
C{Ôï>m§Zwgma eoVrVrb {d{dY à`moJ H$aÊ`mV `oD$ bmJbo. eoVH$ar dJ© Ho$di eoVrdaM
Adb§~yZ Z amhVm newnmbZ d Xþ½Yì`dgm` hm eoVrbm nyaH$ Agbobm ì`dgm`
H$arV Agë`mZo kmZ_mVm {dÚmb`mZo `mH$S>ohr bj {Xbo. kmZ_mVm emioV Amnë`m
{Oìhmù`mMo {df` {eH$dbo OmVmV `mH$S>o J«m_rU ^mJmVrb eoVH$ar dJm©Mo bj
doYbo Jobo hmoVo. kmZ_mVm hm g§nyU© eoVH$ar dJm©Mm Hw$VyhbmMm {df` ~Zbm hmoVm.
AmOda _wbmbm emioV {eH$dyZ H$m` H$aUma nwT>o Vmo eoVrM H$aUma Amho, Ag§
åhUUmè`m§ZmXoIrb kmZ_mVm {dÚmb`mZo _wbm§Zm emioV KmbÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>bo.

kmZ_mVoMr eoVrMr _emJV H$aUmao Q´>°ŠQ>g©, {d{harMo nmUr IoMÊ`mgmR>r
_moQ>oEodOr drOoÀ`m B§{OZmMm dmna `m Jmoï>r gd©gm_mÝ` eoVH$è`m§gmR>r Hw$VwhbmMm
{df` hmVo m. Jm`r-åhetMo ñdÀN> d AmY{w ZH$ JmRo >,o X½þ Ymb`mVrb AmY{w ZH$ `̧ gm_Jr«
ho gd© ~KÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$OU _wÔm_hÿZ emioV Om`Mo. eoVr {df`mV nma§JV Agbobm
{ejH$dJ© `m gd© JmoîQ>tda XoIaoI R>odyZ _wbm§Zm ZdZdrZ Jmoï>tMo kmZ AmOhr XoV
AmhoV. {ejH$m§Zm amhÊ`mgmR>r Qw>_Xma Kao, A{Ve` XoIUr B_maV, AmYw{ZH$ eoVr
`m gd© Jmoï>tMm {dMma Ho$bm Va AmO {OëømV d amÁ`mV Aem emim A{Ve`
_moOŠ`m Agmì`mV.

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 129

emioV eoVr {df` {eH$dVmV ho g_Oë`mda J«m_rU ^mJmVrb {dÚmWu
emioH$S>o AmH${f©V ìhm`Mo, `m _wbm§Mr amhÊ`mMr ì`dñWm åhUyZ emioZo
dg{VJ¥hXoIrb Mmb{dbo. _wbm§Mr H$miOr KoÊ`mgmR>r, Ë`m§À`mda g§ñH$ma
KS>{dÊ`mgmR>r EH$ Y_©Jwê$ Ë`m§À`mH$S>o {Z`{_V bj XoVmV. emim åhQ>br H$s hmVmV
N>S>r KoD$Z _wbm§H$Sy>Z KmoH§$nÅ>r H$ê$Z KoUmao {ejH$ `m g§H$ënZobm gd©àW_ N>oX
XoÊ`mM§ H$m_ kmZ_mVm {dÚmb`mZo Ho$bo Amho. _wbm§Zm Aä`mgm~amo~aM eoVrM§
ì`mdhm[aH$ kmZ XoD$Z CÚmMo n[anyU© ZmJ[aH$ KS>{dÊ`mMo H$m_ EImÚm _mVoà_mUo
kmZ_mVm AmOhr H$arV Amho.

130 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

g§J_Zoa _hm{dÚmb`

ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV g§J_ZoamV e¡j{UH$ àJVrbm doJ Ambm _mÌ
_hm{dÚmb`rZ {ejUmMr gmo` CnbãY Zgë`mZo {dÚmÏ`mªZm nwT>rb {ejUmgmR>r
ZJa, Zm{eH$ qH$dm nwÊ`mbm Omdo bmJm`Mo. Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr ~oVmMr AgUmè`m
{dÚmÏ`mªZm BÀN>m AgyZhr nwT>rb {ejU KoVm `oV ZìhVo. Oo {dÚmWu ~mhoaJmdr
{ejUmgmR>r OmD$ eH$V hmoVo, na§Vw Ë`m§Zmhr Ë`m-Ë`m _hm{dÚmb`mVrb Anwè`m
OmJm§_wio VoWo àdoe {_iUo _wpíH$b ìhm`Mo. {dÚmÏ`mªMr gJirH$Sy>Z hmoUmar hr
H$w M~§ Um ~KZy `Wo rb lr.e.§ J.§ Omeo r `mZ§ m dmBQ© > dmQ>m`M.o gJ§ _Zao -AH$mbo o VmbŠw `mV
_moR>çm à_mUmda {dÚmWu g§»`m hmoVr, `m gdmªZm Cƒ {ejU KoVm `mdo `mgmR>r H$_r
IMm©V d Odinmg EImXo _hm{dÚmb` Agmdo Ago lr.Omoer `m§Zm Zoh_r dmQ>m`Mo.
_hm{dÚmb` ìhmdo åhUZy Omeo tZr Ë`m dio r bmHo $gÎmm d JmdH$ar dÎ¥ mnÌmV§ Zy gJ§ _Zao mV
_hm{dÚmb`mMr H$er JaO Amho, `oWo _hm{dÚmb` Pmë`mZo H$er àJVr hmoD$ eH$Vo
Aem Ame`mMo boI à{gÕ H$ê$Z OZOmJ¥Vr H$aÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br.

1960 gmbr g§J_Zoa ZJanm{bHo$Mm eVmãXr _hmoËgd gmOam hmoUma hmoVm,
Voìhm nm{bHo$À`m eVmãXrM§ Am¡{MË` gmYyZ g§J_ZoamV {Ma§VZ AmR>dU amhrb Ago
H$mhrVar H$amdo Ago nm{bH$m gXñ`m§Zm dmQ>V hmoVo. AIoarg nm{bHo$À`m e§^a
dfmªÀ`m H$m_mMo àVrH$ åhUyZ g§J_ZoamV EH$ _hm{dÚmb` H$mT>mdo Agm R>amd _§Oya
H$aÊ`mV Ambm. _hm{dÚmb` gwê$ hmoUma `m ~mV_rZo JmdmV CËgmhmMo dmVmdaU
{Z_m©U Pmbo. _hm{dÚmb`mgmR>r bmJUmè`m gd© H$mJXnÌm§Mr nyV©Vm H$ê$Z

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 131

g§J_Zoa _hm{dÚmb` (2011)
132 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

{dÚmnrR>mH$S>o àñVmd nmR>{dÊ`mV Ambm. {dÚm{nR>mZo H$i{dë`mZwgma Ad¿`m VrZ
_{hÝ`m§V ~±Ho$V n¡go ^aÊ`mV Ambo. {dÚm{nR>mH$S>o g§nyU© aŠH$_ ^aÊ`mVhr bJoMM
`e Ambo Zmhr. _hm{dÚmb` Hw$R>o gwê$ H$aUma, Ë`mMr B_maV H$moUVr `m àíZm§da
gJio H$m_M Imio ~§ b.o n{o Q>Q> hm`ñH$y bÀ`m B_maVrVrb H$mhr ^mJ H$mb° Oo gmR>r {_imdm
åhUZy Iny à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo naV§ w JmIo bo EÁ`Hw $o eZ gmgo m`Q>rH$S>yZ ZH$ma Amë`mZo
H$m°boOÀ`m C^maUrda g§H$Q> {Z_m©U Pmbo. AIoarg VËH$mbrZ ZJanm{bHo$À`m
nXm{YH$mè`m§Zr nwT>mH$ma KoVbm d nm{bHo$À`m dVrZo 25 hOma én`o IMy©Z emim
Z§~a XmoZÀ`m B_maVrda H$m°boOgmR>r XmoZ hm°b ~m§YyZ {Xbo. {dÚm{nR>mÀ`m {Z`_mZwgma
gd© nyV©Vm Pmë`mZo H$m°boObm nadmZJr {_imbr. 20 OyZ 1961 amoOr AmQ>©g²
Am{U H$m°_g© H$m°boO gwê$ Pmbo. 19 OyZbm ZdrZ B_maVrV Ym{_©H$ {dYr H$aÊ`mV
Ambo. Xaå`mZ 1960 _Ü`o {ejU àgmaH$ g§ñWm `m ZmdmZo g§ñWm ñWmnZ H$ê$Z
Ë`m_m\©$V XoU½`m {_idÊ`mg gwédmV Pmbr.

n{hë`m dfu AmQ>©g² d H$m°_g© Aem XmoÝhr {d^mJm§V {_iyZ 75 {dÚmÏ`mªZr
àdoe KoVbm. dm{f©H$ narjoZ§Va AmQ>©g² {d^mJmMm 67 Q>ŠHo$ Va H$m°_g©Mm 75 Q>ŠHo$
{ZH$mb bmJbm. `mZ§Va _hm{dÚmb`mbm ñdV:Mr OmJm Agmdr `mgmR>r à`ËZ gwê$
Pmbo. `oWrb {dS>r H$maImZXma lr.àëhmXgm bhmZwgm j{Ì` `m§Zr nwUo-Zm{eH$
_hm_mJm©darb Amnbr 18 EH$a O_rZ Amnë`m d{S>bm§À`m ñ_aUmW© XmZ XoD$Z
OmJoMr AS>MU Xya Ho$br. `m XoUJrZ§Va `oWrb bmoho Q´>ñQ>Zo J«§Wmb`mgmR>r 10 hOma
én`m§Mr XoUJr {Xbr, Va _hmamï´>mMo VËH$mbrZ _w»`_§Ìr `ed§VamdOr MìhmU `m§Zr
_»w `_̧ r {ZYrVZy 10 hOmamM§ r XUo Jr {Xbr. `mM~am~o a gJ§ _Zao -AH$mbo o VmbŠw `mVrb
{dS>r H$m_Jmam§Zr Amnë`m EH$ {XdgmÀ`m H$_mB©Mo 10 hOma én`o {Xbo. EdT>oM Zìho
Va _w§~B© g|Q´>b ñQ>oeZda h_mbr H$m_ H$aUmè`m `m ^mJmVrb h_mb _§S>itZr, ImU
H$m_Jmam§Zr, Á`m§Zr Amnë`m Am`wî`mV emioMo Vm|S>hr nm{hbo Zmhr Aem AZoH$
A{e{jV-{e{jV eoVH$è`m§Zr Amnë`m narZo ImarMm dmQ>m CMbyZ `WmeŠVr _XV
Ho$br. `mVyZ H$bm {d^mJmMr B_maV C^r am{hbr. Z§Va 1966 _Ü`o H¡$.~ñVram_
gmaS>m `m§Mo gwnwÌ lr.Xod{H$gZOr d {H$gZbmbOr `m§À`m XoUJrVyZ {dkmZ {d^mJmMr
B_maV doJ KoD$ bmJbr. 1970 _Ü`o lr.Xm_moXaOr _mbnmUr `m§Mo gwnwÌ gd©lr
{dídZmWOr, Am|H$maZmWOr, H$m{bXmgOr d _mYdbmbOr `m§À`m XoUJrVyZ dm{UÁ`
{d^mJmÀ`m {dH$mgmbm _moR>r _XV Pmbr. àmMm`© _.{d.H$m¢{S>Ê` `m§À`m H$S>H$

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 133

{eñVrV AZoH$ {dÚmÏ`mªZr ^{dî`mV _moR>o `e {_idbo. `mM _hm{dÚmb`mVrb
àmÜ`mnH$ Á`oîR> {dMmad§V d boIH$ àm.amdgmho~ H$g~o, Vm_«nQ>H$ma àm.a§JZmW
nR>mao, S>m°.A{b_ dH$sb, àm.{d_b bobo, àm._m.am.bm_IS>o, àm.nmonQ> gmVnwVo
AmXtMr Zmdo AmO gd©Ì gwn[a{MV AmhoV.

{ejU àgmaH$ g§ñWoMo _mOr H$m`m©Ü`j {hå_VbmbOr ehm, Xod{H$gZOr
gmaS>m, Am|H$maZmWOr _mbnmUr `m§À`m H$m`©H$mimV _hm{dÚmb`mZo {d{dY joÌm§V
_moR>r ^amar _mabr. Ë`mZ§VaÀ`m H$mimV Ë`m§Mo {Ma§Ord S>m°.g§O` _mbnmUr `m§Zr
H$m`m©Ü`j åhUyZ H$m_ ~Km`bm gwédmV Ho$ë`mZ§Va _hm{dÚmb`mbm AmYw{ZH$ Moham
{Xbm. Ë`m§À`mM ZoV¥ÎdmImbr gÜ`m {ejU àgmaH$ g§ñWoMr A{Ve` {X_mIXmanUo
dmQ>Mmb gwê$ Amho. Z°H$ H${_Q>rÀ`m dVrZo _hm{dÚmb`mbm ZwH$VrM "E loUr' XoD$Z
Jm¡a{dÊ`mV Ambo Amho. J«m_rU ^mJmVrb gdm}Îm_ _hm{dÚmb`mMm nwañH$ma XoD$Z
nwUo {dÚmnrR>mZoXoIrb `m _hm{dÚmb`mMm {deof Jm¡ad Ho$bm Amho. AmO AmYw{ZH$
V§ÌkmZmMm dmna H$ê$Z _hm{dÚmb`mZo AZoH$ ZdZdrZ e¡j{UH$ à`moJ gwê$ Ho$bo
AmhVo . {ejU àgmaH$ gñ§ WÀo `m dVrZo gÜ`m AmH| $maZmW _mbnmUr {dYr _hm{dÚmb`
VgoM gmho~amd Zdbo d Ë`m§À`m n[admamÀ`m XoUJrVyZ C^r am{hbobr l{_H$ Á`w{ZAa
_hm{dÚmb`mMr {X_mIXma B_maV, {ZgJmn} Mma H$| Ð, gñ§ H$¥ V ge§ mYo Z H$| Ð, gJ§ UH$sH$¥ V
J«§Wmb`, gwg‚m à`moJemim, AË`mYw{ZH$ gw{dYm§Zr`wŠV g^mJ¥h hr _hm{dÚmb`mMr
d¡{eîQ²>`o R>abr AmhoV.

134 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

~mb{ejU _§S>i

1952 _Ü`o Xgè`mÀ`m _whÿVm©da g§J_ZoamV ~mbH$ _§{XamMr ñWmnZm
Pmbr. gÜ`mÀ`m Vm§Xÿi ~mOmamOdirb g§V dmS>çmV ~mbH$ _§{XamMo dJ© ^aÊ`mg
gwédmV Pmbr. {e{jH$m åhUyZ nwînmVmB© JUnwbo d gwbmoMZm g§^yg `m§Zr O~m~Xmar
ñdrH$mabr. ^mD$gmho~ g§V `m§À`m OmJobm ^mS>o ZìhVo Va XmoÝhr {e{jH$m§Zmhr nJma
ZìhVm. Aem n[apñWVrV dJ© gwê$ Pmbo.

Mma-nmM dfmªÀ`m _wbm§Zm emioV nmR>dm`Mo hr g§H$ënZm nmbH$m§À`mhr
nMZr nS>V ZìhVr. KamoKa OmD$Z nmbH$m§Mr g_OyV H$mTy>Z _wbm§Mr Zmdo ~mbH$
_§{XamV KmVbr Jobr. _mÌ bhmZ _wbm§Zm emioV H$moU ZoD$Z KmbUma Agm àíZ C^m
am{hbm. _J ~mbH$ _§{XamÀ`m dVrZoM _wbm§Zm emioV AmUUo d nwÝhm Kar ZoD$Z
gmoS>Uo, hr O~m~Xmar a_m~mB© _wio `m§Zr ñdrH$mabr. a_m~mB© _wio `m gÜ`mMo
g§J_ZoamVrb j-{H$aUVÁk S>m°.am_ _wio `m§À`m _mVmolr. EH$mM doir JmdmVrb gd©
Jëë`m§_Ü`o KamoKa Om`Mo d EH$-EH$ _yb gmo~V KoD$Z drg-n§Mdrg _wbm§Mm OÏWm
gJù`m JmdmV {\$ê$Z emioV AmUbm Om`Mm. _wbm§Mr g§»`m dmT>ë`mda a_m~mB©
H$mhr _wbm§Zm Jmoim H$ê$Z AmUë`mda emio~mhoa C^o H$am`À`m d nwÝhm naV OmD$Z
~mH$sÀ`m _wbm§Zm emioV KoD$Z `m`À`m.

a_m~mBªMr {eñV EdT>r nŠH$s hmoVr H$s, Ë`m§Zr gwédmVrbm C^r Ho$bobr
_wbo Ë`m naV `oB©n`ªV Amnë`m OmJr em§VnUo C^r Agm`Mr. gwédmVrbm Xa_hm
Mma AmUo \$s åhUZy nmbH$mH§ $S>yZ KVo bo Om`M.o emiMo o ñdê$n KaJVw r amhÿ Z`o `mgmR>r

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 135

~mb{ejU _§S>i Aer Zm|XUrhr H$aÊ`mV Ambr. _§S>imMo n{hbo AÜ`j åhUyZ
amd~hmÔaÿ Jm.o _.naeam_r `mZ§ r Va {MQ>Urg åhUZy B{§ Xam~mB© JUnbw o `mZ§ r H$m_ nm{hb.o

nwT>o _wbm§Mr g§»`m dmTy> bmJë`mZo g§V dmS>çmVrb OmJm Anwar nSy> bmJbr.
ZV§ a kmZoída _§{XamOdirb ~m« ÷U ~mo{S>Jª À`m OmJoV dJ© ^ê$ bmJb.o hr OmJmXoIrb
Anwar nS>V hmoVr. IMm©Mr Vm|S>{_idUr hmoV ZìhVr. Aem n[apñWVrV g§J_ZoaÀ`m
A{^Zd ZmQ>ç _§S>imZo Img ~mb {ejU _§S>imÀ`m _XVrgmR>r CÚmMm g§gma, gw§Xa
_r hmoUma `m ZmQ>H$mMo à`moJ gmXa H$ê$Z {ZYr O_dbm. `m {ZYrVyZ nwT>o _wbm§gmR>r
IoiUr d OmJm IaoXr H$aÊ`mV Ambr.

1952 gmbr _§S>imMr ñWmnZm H$aVmZm lr_Vr H$_bm~mB© JmS>Jri,
B§{Xam~mB©, gwerbm~mB© am_M§Ð Xwñgb, ½bmo[a`m nmQ>rb, gwYmVmB© XÎmmÌ` qnJio `m§Zr
~{KVbobo ~mbH$ _§{XamMo ñdßZ Iè`m AWm©Zo 1954 _Ü`o _§S>imZo ñdV:Mr OmJm
IaoXr Ho$ë`mZ§Va nyU©ÎdmH$S>o OmD$ bmJbo. 1966 À`m OyZ _{hÝ`mV AmXe© {dÚm
_§{XamMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. H$m`m©Ü`j åhUyZ _amR>o ga `m§Zr H$m_ ~KÊ`mg
gwédmV Ho$br.

n{hë`m dfu \$ŠV n{hbrMm dJ© d Xwgè`m dfu n{hbrgmo~V XwgarMm dJ©
Aem nÕVrZo Xadfu EH$-EH$ dJ© dmT>drV AZoH$ AS>MUtZm Vm|S> XoV emim
gmVdrn`ªV dmT>br. Am{W©H$ VaVyX \$maer Zgë`mZo g§ñWoMo H$m`m©Ü`j d g{Mdm§Zr
ñdV: _wbm§Zm {eH$dÊ`mMohr H$m_ H$mhr df} Ho$bo. Zmdmà_mUo A{Ve` AmXe©
nÕVrZo _wbm§Zm {eH$dÊ`mÀ`m {ejH$m§À`m à`ËZm§_wio emioMm {ZH$mbhr A{Ve`
CÎm_ bmJm`Mm. 1979 _Ü`o _§S>imZo H$mhrgm C{eamM g§ñWoMm am¡ß`_hmoËgd gmOam
Ho$bm. ~mbH$ _§{XamÀ`m C^maUrV _hÎdmMm dmQ>m Agboë`m B§{Xam~mB© JUnwbo `m§À`m
ñ_aUmW© XmXmgmho~ JUnwbo `m§Zr Amnë`m OmJoMo XmZnÌ Ho$bo. hiyhiy emioMo dJ©
dmT>V Jobo. emioMm _mÜ`{_H$ {d^mJhr gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambm. gam\$ n[admamÀ`m
XoUJrVyZ {XJ§~a JUoe gam\$ {dÚmb` `m ZmdmZo gwê$ Pmboë`m `m emioV gÜ`m
H${Zð> _hm{dÚmb`mn`ªVMo {ejU {Xbo OmVo. AmXe© {dÚm _§{XamMo Zm_H$aU emh
n[admamÀ`m XoUJrZ§Va nX²>_a{gH$ emh {dÚm _§{Xa Ago H$aÊ`mV Ambo.

136 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

e¡j{UH$ àJVr

1960 À`m gw_mamg ehamV _hm{dÚmb`mMr ñWmnZm Pmë`mZ§Va e¡j{UH$
àJVrbm Iè`m AWm©Zo doJ Ambm. g§J_Zoa Jmdhr PnmQ>çmZo dmT>V Jobo. ehamÀ`m
{dñVmam~amo~a {dÚmÏ`mªMr g§»`mhr dmT>br. H$mimÀ`m JaOoZwgma JmdmV
ZJanm{bHo$À`m emim d no{Q>Q> {dÚmb`m~amo~aM BVa AZoH$ emim gwê$ Pmë`m.

JmdmV _wpñb_Y_u` Hw$Qw>§~m§Mr g§»`m _moR>r Agë`mZo CXy© emioMr JaO
hmoVr. 1896 _Ü`o JmdmV CXy© emim gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `mZ§Va JmdmMr bmoH$g§»`m
OgOer dmT>V Jobr, VgVer emim§Mr g§»`mhr dmT>V Jobr. gømÐr ~hþOZ {dÚm
àgmaH$ g§ñWoZo gømÐr {dÚmb`mMr gwédmV Ho$br. `m g§ñWoMr ñWmnZm ghH$ma _h{f©
^mD$gmho~ WmoamV `m§À`m g§H$ënZoVyZ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. gÜ`m `m g§ñWoMr EHy$U 32
emim d _hm{dÚmb`o AmhoV. VmbwŠ`mV `m gd© emim-_hm{dÚmb`m§_Ü`o {_iyZ
gw_mao 30 hOma {dÚmWu {ejU KoV AmhoV. Jw§Omi n[admamÀ`m ~hþ_mob _XVr_wio `m
emibo m ^mD$gmh~o JO§w mi nmQ>rb gømÐr {dÚmb` `m ZmdmZo Amio Ibo OmV.o gJ§ _Zao
eham~am~o aM AmO~y mOÀy `m Jmdm_§ YZy AZHo $ {dÚmWu `m {dÚmb`mV {eH$m`bm `Vo mV.
gw_mao VrZ hOmam§hÿZ A{YH$ {dÚmWu g§»`m Agboë`m `m emioV {d{dY e¡j{UH$
à`moJ am~{dbo OmVmV. `mM g§ñWoMo H${ZîR> _hm{dÚmb` d d[að> _hm{dÚmb`XoIrb
gÜ`m H$m`©aV Amho. ehamV S>r.ES²>. d ~r.ES²>.À`m à{ejUmMrhr gw{dYm CnbãY
Amho. Ë`m_wio VmbwŠ`mVyZ AZoH$ {ejH$ KS>Ê`mg _XV Pmbr.

emaXm {ejU g§ñWoMo _mVmolr é.Xm._mbnmUr {dÚmb` hoXoIrb {d{dY

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 137

CnH«$_m§_wio gd©Xÿa AmoiIbo OmVo. `mIoarO nr.Oo.Am§~ao nmQ>rb H$Ý`m {dÚmb` hr
CnZJamVrb emimXoIrb d¡{eîQ>çnyU© Amho. Ho$di _wbtgmR>r Agbobo JmdmVrb ho
EH$_do _mÜ`{_H$ {dÚmb` Amh.o ~r.Q>r._ho ao {dÚmb` `m _mÜ`{_H$ {dÚmb`m~§ am~o aM
JmdmV B§J«Or _mÜ`_mÀ`mhr AZoH$ emim gwê$ Pmë`m AmhoV.

gJ§ _Zao H$amg§ mR>r gdà© W_ BJ§ O« r _mÜ`_mMr emim gêw $ Pmbr Vr A_V¥ dm{hZr
_m°S>ob ñHy$b. ghH$ma _h{f© ^mD$gmho~ WmoamV `m§Zr H$mimMr JaO AmoiIyZ `m
emiMo r géw dmV H$o br. _mbnmUr n[admamÀ`m dVrZo gêw $ H$aÊ`mV Ambbo r Ydw« AH$° S>{o _
hr AË`mYw{ZH$ emim Ho$di g§J_ZoamVM Zìho Va {OëømV Amnë`m doJionUm_wio
AmoiIbr OmVo. S>m°.g§O` _mbnmUr `m§À`m g§H$ënZoVyZ gwê$ Pmboë`m `m emioV
H|${Ð` ~moS>m©Mm Aä`mgH«$_ {eH$dbm OmVmo. emioÀ`m d¡{dÜ`nyU© e¡j{UH$ g§H$ënZm,
{dÚmÏ`mÀª `m AmdS>r-{ZdS>r bjmV KDo $Z H$o bbo r emiMo r, dJmMª r aMZm hm ej¡ {UH$
joÌmV MM}Mm {df` R>abm.

S>m°.^mZwXmg S>oao `m§Zr gwê$ Ho$bobr ~r.Or.S>oao B§p½be {_{S>`_ ñHy$b hr
emim ehar {dÚmÏ`mª~amo~aM J«m_rU ^mJmVrb {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü`o {deof {à` Amho.
ñQ´>m°~oar B§p½be {_{S>`_ ñHy$b hr g§Á`moV d¡Ú `m§Zr N>moQ>çm ñdénmV gwê$ Ho$bobr
emim gÜ`m A{Ve` doJmZo àJVr H$arV Amho. {ejU joÌmV {d{dY à`moJ H$arV
d¡Ú `m§Zr emim AënmdYrVM Zmdménmg AmUbr Amho. emioMr Zdr B_maV ZwH$VrM
C^r am{hbr Amh.o `mIao rO JmdmV BVa AZHo $ N>mQo >çm_mRo >çm BJ§ O« r _mÜ`_mÀ`m _mQ± >go ar
Vo àmW{_H$ {ejUmn`ªVÀ`m emim gÜ`m gwê$ AmhoV.

`m~amo~aM A_¥Vdm{hZr A{^`m§{ÌH$s _hm{dÚmb`, ì`dñWmnZemñÌ
_hm{dÚmb`, Am¡fY {Z_m©U emñÌ _hm{dÚmb`, X§V _hm{dÚmb` hr _hm{dÚmb`o
g§J_Zoa eha, VmbwŠ`m~amo~aM amÁ`mVrb {ejU joÌmV {deof H$m_{Jar H$aUmar
R>abr Amho. em{iJ«m_ hmoS>Ja `m§Zr gwê$ Ho$bobo ApídZ éab Am`wd}X _hm{dÚmb`,
S>m°.S>oao `m§Mo g§OrdZr Am`wd}X _hm{dÚmb`, S>m°.gam\$ `m§Mo {gÕH$bm Am`wd}X
_hm{dÚmb`, S>m°.amYoí`m_ Jw§Omi `m§Mo hmo{_Amon°WrH$ _hm{dÚmb`, S>m°.AemoH$
BWmno `mM§ o hm{o _Amno W° r _hm{dÚmb` `mVZy AZHo $ {dÚmWu dÚ¡ H$s` {ejU KVo AmhVo .
`m~amo~aM VmbwŠ`mV a`V {ejU g§ñWm d BVa e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm§À`m AZoH$ emim§_wio
XO}Xma {ejUmMr gmo` CnbãY Pmbr Amho.

138 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

ì`mnma

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 139

g§J_Zoa _m|T>m (1960)

a§JmaJ„rV ^aUmè`m ^mOr ~mOmamMo Ñí` (1960)
140 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

ì`mnmamMr gwédmV

AmO gn§ Uy © Ah_XZJa {OëømV Iè`m AWmZ© o Jm« hH$m{^_Iw ~mOmanRo > åhUZy
ZJaÀ`m ~am~o arZo gJ§ _Zao À`m ~mOmanRo >Mo m C„Io H$o bm OmVm.o gJ§ _Zao À`m ~mOmanRo >bo m
gmS>oVrZeohÿZ A{YH$ dfmªMm B{Vhmg Amho. N>ÌnVr {edmOr_hmamOm§À`m nydunmgyZ
gJ§ _Zao Mr ~mOmanRo > AmgnmgÀ`m Bbm»`mV à{gÕ hmVo r. CnbãY _m{hVrZgw ma 1650
À`m gw_mamg gwaVMr H$mhr ì`mnmar _§S>ir ì`dgm`mÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo g§J_ZoamV Ambr.
lrM§Ð H$ñVwaM§X JwOamWr d IwembM§X XmXm `m XmoZ KamÊ`mVrb nyd©O g§J_ZoamV
gd©àW_ ñWm{`H$ Pmbo. `oWo ì`mnmambm ^{dVì` Amho Aer ImÌr nQ>ë`mda BVa
_§S>irhr `m`bm gwédmV Pmbr. 1660 À`m gw_mamg _madmS>r g_mOmVrb H$mhr
_§S>ir Ambr. Ë`mZ§Va doJdoJù`m {R>H$mUm§hÿZ {d{dY _mbmÀ`m ì`mnmamgmR>r ì`mnmar
_§S>ir Ambr.

1850 À`m gw_mambm VmbwŠ`mVrb {Z_moU `oWo hþ§S>rdmbo `m§Mr noT>r `m
^mJmV à{gÕ hmoVr. `mM~amo~a habmb naeam_ `m§Mr noT>r {Z_JmdOmirV à{gÕ
hmoVr. Z§Va hr noT>r g§J_ZoamV Ambr. ~mimam_ Jwbm~M§X, JmoqdXamd ~mb{H$gZ,
\$ÎmoM§X JmonmiXmg, am_ZmW OoR>oam_ AH$mobH$a Am{X _§S>itMm gmdH$mar d H$mnS>
ì`dgm`mV n[agamV Zmdbm¡{H$H$ hmoVm. Ë`m doir AmgnmgÀ`m ^mJmVyZ YmÝ`,
gwnmar, _gmë`mMo nXmW©, bmHy$S>, _m§OanmQ> H$mnS>, gyV, aoer_ hm _mb `m`Mm Va
g§J_ZoamVyZ gwVr d aoe_r nmJmoQ>r, bwJS>r, IU, Vm§ã`m-{nVioMr ^m§S>r ~mhoa
{dH«$sgmR>r BVa Jmdm§_Ü`o Om`Mr. Ë`m doir g§J_ZoaMo AS>{H$Îmo gd©Ì à{gÕ hmoVo.

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 141

~mOmanoR>, g§J_Zoa (1960)

~mOmanoR>, g§J_Zoa (2011)
142 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

g§J_Zoa ho Jmd {dUH$m_mgmR>r \$ma nydunmgyZ à{gÕ Amho. `oWo gmir,
nÙgmir, H$moï>r d IÌr g_mOmMr _§S>ir {dUH$m_ H$am`Mr. 20 Z§~aÀ`m gwVmMr
bwJS>r, aoe_r bwJS>r d IU hm _mb AZoH$ Jmdm§V Om`Mm. 1923-24 À`m gw_mamg
{dUH$am§Mm ì`dgm` `emÀ`m {eIamda hmoVm. Ë`m doir EH$Q>çm g§J_Zoa JmdmV 3
hOma hmV_mJ Mmbm`Mo. 10 hOma bmoH$g§»`oÀ`m JmdmV 3 hOma hmV_mJ Mmbm`Mo
`mdê$Z `m ì`dgm`mÀ`m ì`márMr H$ënZm `oVo. Z§Va _mÌ gVVMo XþîH$mi, ßboJ, Xodr
Ago gmWrMo amoJ `m_wio AZoH$ {dUH$a bmoH$ Jmd gmoSy>Z Jobo. `mM gw_mamg _w§~B©Vrb
H$mnS>{JaÊ`m§_Yrb _mb gJirH$S>o nmohMy bmJbm hmoVm. XiUdimÀ`m gmo`r dmT>V
hmËo `m. `m gd© Jmïo >t_wio `m ì`dgm`mbm AdH$im `oD$ bmJbr. 1936 À`m g_w mambm
AZHo $ _mJ ~X§ nS>b.o 1950-51 À`m g_w mambm gJ§ _Zao mV AdKo 300 _mJ {eëbH$
am{hbo. Z§Va {dUH$a gmogm`Q>çm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amë`m_wio H$mhr H$mi hm ì`dgm`
VJ Yê$ eH$bm. JmdmV drO Amë`mda hmV_mJm~amo~a ñd`§M{bV _mJ d `§Ì_mJhr
Ambo. na§Vw E|erÀ`m XeH$mÀ`m gwédmVrg hm ì`dgm` nyU©V… g§nbm.

AmO Vm§ã`m-{nVioMr ^m§S>r åhQ>ë`mda MQ>H$Z Zm{eH$Mo Zmd S>moù`mnwT>o
`oVo. _mÌ Zm{eH$À`m ~amo~arZo hm ì`dgm` g§J_ZoamVhr OmoamV Mmbm`Mm. JmdmVë`m
a§JmaJ„rÀ`m ~mOybm AZoH$ Vm§~Q> _§S>ir Vm§ã`m-{nVioMr AmH$f©H$ ^m§S>r ~Zdm`Mr.
H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV hm ì`dgm`hr _mJo nS>bm. AmO VrZ-Mma KamVM hm ì`dgm`
gwê$ Amho. Vm§ã`m-{nVioÀ`m ^m§S>çm~amo~aM A{Ve` gw~H$ AS>{H$Îmo V`ma ìhm`Mo
d Vo g§nyU© Xoe^a {dH$bo Om`Mo. g§J_Zoar AS>{H$Îmm åhUyZ BWë`m AS>{H$Î`m§Mr
ñdV§Ì AmoiI hmoVr. {nVi, ê$no, O_©Z, {gëìha d Mm§Xr Aem YmVy§nmgyZ njr,
àmUr, \w$bo AmqXMr Zjr Agbobo AS>{H$Îmo BWbo H$g~r H$mamJra V`ma H$am`Mo.
1883 _Ü`o H$bH$Îmm `oWo A{Ve` ^ì` Aem Am¡Úmo{JH$ àXe©ZmV g§J_ZoaÀ`m
AS>{H$Î`mZo ~jrg {_idbo hmoVo. nwT>o `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmZ§Va hm ì`dgm` ~§X hmoV AmO
nyU©V… Zm_eof Pmbm Amho.

g§J_ZoamV VobmMm ì`dgm` \$ma nydunmgyZ à{gÕ Amho. bmH$S>r KmÊ`mda
Vob H$mTy>Z AZoH$ Vobr _§S>ir nydu Vob {dH$m`Mr. Z§Va `m§{ÌH$sH$aU Pmë`mda
VobmMm ì`dgm` IynM {dñVmabm. na§Vw Vobr g_mO `m ì`dgm`mVyZ ~mOybm
\o$H$bm Jobm. nÞmg dfmªnydu g§J_ZoamV nmaI Am°B©b {_b, _mbnmUr Am°B©b {_b,
^§S>mar Am°B©b {_b, nS>VmZr Am°B©b {_b d Zmd§Xa Am°B©b {_b hr Zmdo à{gÕ hmoVr.

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 143

Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV ^§S>mar, nS>VmZr d nmaI `m§À`m~amo~a _mbnmUr CÚmoJ g_yhmÀ`m
"CËgd' ZmdmZo ~mOmamV Amboë`m VobmZo g§nyU© _hmamï´>mV bmoH${à`Vm {_idbr.

g§J_Zoa d AmgnmgÀ`m n[agamV Hw$R>ohr _moR>m H$m`©H«$_ Agbm Va gd©àW_
MMm© hmoVo Vr IaoXrMr. g§J_ZoamV EH$-EH$ ì`dgm` Am{U Ë`mVrb _moOŠ`m _waã~r
_§S>itMr Zmdo `m§Mo g_rH$aU nŠHo$ O_bobo Amho. b¾mMm ~ñVm ~m§Ym`Mm Va gÜ`m
g§J_ZoamVrb amO|Ð, H$Q>m[a`m, {OV|Ð, amOnmb hr H$nS>çm§À`m XwH$mZm§Mr Zmdo MQ>H$Z
g_moa `oVmV. b½ZmÀ`m H$Ý`mXmZmgmR>r H$nmQ>, nb§J, emoHo$g ¿`m`Mr åhQ>bo H$s
AmOhr AmgnmgÀ`m V_m_ dYy{nË`m§Mr d _m_m _§S>itMr nmdbo _oZamoS>darb J½JS>
`m§Mo lÕm \${Z©Ma, Mm¡Yar n[admamMo Mm¡Yar \${Z©Ma, kmZoída H$n} `m§À`m _mCbr
\${ZM© aH$S>o diVmV. AgMo H$mhrgo _J§ b H$m`mb© `, ~S± >, ^mS§ >r, {H$amUm _mb, AmMmar
`m§À`m ~m~VrVhr bmJy hmoVo. g§J_ZoaMo {d{dY ì`dgm` d Ë`m§Mm àmMrZ B{Vhmg hm
IamoIaM a§OH$ Amho.

BWbr ~mOmanoR> OgOer {dñVmaV hmoVr VgVer ì`mdgm{`H$ ñnYm©hr
dmT>V hmoVr. Aem ñnY}VyZ J«mhH$m§Zm CËH¥$ï> XOm©Mm _mb dmOdr qH$_VrV Úm`Mm
Aer YmaUm BWë`m gd©M ì`mdgm{`H$m§Mr Pmbr. `m_wio J«mhH$m§Mm \$m`Xm hmoD$Z
~mOmanRo >Mo r àJVr ìhm`bmM _XV Pmbr. 11 _o 1943 amOo r n[agamVrb ì`mnmè`mZ§ r
EH$Ì `oD$Z g§J_Zoa ì`mnmar Agmo{gEeZ `m g§ñWoMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. {H$amUm,
^wgma, H$mnS>, Vob, Am¡fYo, _{eZar, V§~mIy, ñQ>oeZar, H$mnS> Aem gd© àH$maMo
ì`mnmar g§ñWoMo g^mgX AmhoV. hr g§ñWm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m doir nÞmbmbOr
bmhmoQ>r, am_ZmWOr gmo_mUr, nÞmbmbOr bmoho, _wabrYaOr _mbnmUr, {edXmgOr
P§da, Ho$eaM§XOr J½JS>, ~mb_wHw§$XOr ~y~ Am{X _§S>itZr {deof à`ËZ Ho$bo.

g§J_Zoa ì`mnmar Agmo{gEeZ AmO ì`mnmè`m§À`m {hVmgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUmar
g§ñWm Amho. g§ñWoMr Aer à{V_m {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r nyduÀ`m H$mimVrb g§ñWoÀ`m
AÜ`jmZ§ r {defo à`ËZ H$o bbo o AmhVo . `mV àm_»w `mZo nÞmbmbOr bmhmQo >r, JUnVamd
H$moH$Uo, ~ÝgrbmbOr nmaI, {edZmWOr nS>VmZr, am_oídaOr P§da, {edXmgOr
Mm§S>H$, Am|H$maZmWOr _mbnmUr Vo AmOdaÀ`m gd©M AÜ`jm§Zr {deof à`ËZ Ho$bo
AmhoV. ì`mnmar Agmo{gEeZMo H$m_ Ho$di ì`mnmè`m§À`m d¡`pŠVH$ {hVmMo g§ajU
H$aUo EdT>oM _`m©{XV Z R>odVm Ë`mV ì`mnH$Vm AmUÊ`mMo H$m_hr Pmbobo Amho.
g§J_ZoamV _mH}$Q> H${_Q>rMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV ì`mnmar Agmo{gEeZMm _moR>m dmQ>m

144 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

hmoVm. `m_wio eoVH$è`m§Zm Amnë`m _mbmbm Mm§Jbm ^md {_iy bmJbm. g§J_ZoamV
Q>o{b\$moZMr gmo` gwê$ H$aÊ`mVhr g§ñWoMm dmQ>m Amho. Eg.Q>r.ñQ>±S>darb nmUnmoB©Mm
CnH«$_ Joë`m nÞmghÿZ A{YH$ dfmªnmgyZ gwê$ Amho.

ì`mdgm{`H$ joÌmMm AmT>mdm KoVmZm BWë`m {dS>r CÚmoJmMm g§J_ZoaÀ`m
AW©ì`dñWoda _moR>m à^md Amho. g§J_ZoamV \$ma nydunmgyZ {dS>r ì`dgm` gwê$
Amho. `mV R>mHy$a gmdXoH$a Am{U H§$nZr, ~ñVram_ Zmam`UXmg hÎmr N>mn {dS>r,
Jbw m~nmUr {dS>r, MmS§ >H$ {dS>r H$maImZm, {^H$w gm `_mgm j{Ì`, S>mJ| ao {dS>r H$maImZm
Am{X CÚmoJm§Mm g_mdoe Amho. `mIoarO _mb dmhVwH$sMm ì`dgm`, boW H$m_,
bmHy$S> H$mnÊ`mÀ`m {JaÊ`m Ago ì`dgm`hr \$ma nydunmgyZ gwê$ Amho. gÜ`mÀ`m
H$mimMm {dMma Ho$bm Va gd© N>moQ>çm d _Ü`_ ì`dgm`m~amo~a _mbnmUr CÚmoJ
g_yhmMm V§~mIy ì`dgm` g§nyU© _hmamï´>mgh BVa Xhm amÁ`m§_Ü`ohr ñWmZ {_idyZ
Amho. g§J_Zoa d AmgnmgÀ`m JmdmVrb AZoH$m§Zm amoOJma CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUmè`m
`m ì`dgm`mMr _whÿV©_oT> ñd.Xm_moXaOr _mbnmUr `m§Zr amodbr. 16 Am°JñQ> 1948
nmgZy Ë`mZ§ r Jm` N>mn OXm© hm V~§ mIMy m ~S±« > gêw $ H$o bm. Ë`mM§ o {MaO§ rd ñd.AmH| $maZmWOr
d ñd._mYdbmbOr _mbnmUr `m§Zr `m ì`dgm`mMm _moR>m {dñVma Ho$bm.

V§~mIy ì`dgm`mIoarO gÜ`m XÿY ì`dgm` hmhr BWë`m ~mOmanoR>oda _moR>m
n[aUm_ H$aUmam KQ>H$ R>abm Amho. VmbwŠ`mV g§J_Zoa VmbwH$m ghH$mar XÿY g§K,
Eg.Ama.WmoamV XÿY CÚmoJ g_yh, {H$ëbo JJZJS> XÿY Ago à_wI Xþ½Y ì`mdgm{`H$
AmhoV. `m gdmªMo {_iyZ gÜ`m amoO gamgar gw_mao nmM bmI {bQ>g© XÿY g§H$bZ Ho$bo
OmVo. g§J_Zoa ^mJ ghH$mar gmIa H$maImZm hmhr g§J_ZoaÀ`m ~mOmanoR>oda n[aUm_
H$aUmam _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amh.o ghH$ma _h{f© ñd.^mD$gmh~o Wmao mV `mÀ§ `m ZVo Ë¥ dmImbr
`m H$maImÝ`mZo _moR>çm à{VHy$b n[apñWVrVhr Mm§Jbr H$m_{Jar Ho$br. Ë`m§Zr KmbyZ
{Xboë`m {eñVrÀ`m VËdmZwgma AmO `m H$maImÝ`mMr dmQ>Mmb gwê$ Amho. g§J_Zoa
VmbwH$m ghH$mar XyY g§KmZo C^mabobm ewÕ {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMm amÁ`mVbm ghH$mar
VÎdmdarb EH$_od àH$ën `oWo H$m`©aV Amho. ho nmUr "amOh§g' `m ZmdmZo gd©Ì
{dH$bo OmVo. g§J_ZoaMr Am¡Úmo{JH$ dgmhV hmhr g§J_ZoaÀ`m ~mOmanoR>oÀ`m `emV
^y{_H$m ~OmdUmam _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho. AmO `m gd© g§ñWm, H$maImZo, ì`mdgm{`H$
à{Vð>mZo `m§À`m_wio g§J_ZoaÀ`m ~mOmanoR>oMo ñWmZ {OëømV IynM daMo Amho.

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 145

g§J_ZoaMm ghH$ma

_hmamï´>mZo Xoembm AmXe©dV dmQ>mì`m Aem Á`m H$mhr g§H$ënZm {Xë`m,
Ë`mV "ghH$ma' hr \$ma _moR>r XoUJr Amho. gÜ`m ghH$mam~Ôb ~a§-dmB©Q> ~mobb§
OmV§. ghH$mamVyZ gd©gm_mÝ`m§À`m OrdZmV {H$Vr g_¥Õr Ambr, `mMrhr MMm© hmoVo.
na§Vw ~maH$mB©Zo {dMma Ho$bm Va _mJrb nmM XeH$m§V _hmamï´>mVrb J«m_rU ^mJmV Or
gn§ ÞVm Ambr Ë`mV ghH$mamMmM _mRo >m dmQ>m Amh,o ho H$w Urhr _mÝ` H$arb. gJ§ _Zao À`m
~m~VrV Va hr Jmoï> _mÝ`M H$amdr bmJob.

AmO ghH$ma Aem C§~aR>çmda C^m Amho H$s, H$mhr {R>H$mUr Vmo A`mo½`
hmVmiUr_wio jrU Pmbm Amho Va H$mhr {R>H$mUr Vmo `mo½` ZoV¥Ëdm§_wio CÎm_ [aVrZo nwT>o
OmV Amho. g§J_ZoaMm ghH$ma gÜ`m darbn¡H$s Xwgè`m àH$mamV _moS>Vmo. ghH$mamVyZ
Amboë`m g_¥Õr_wio Ë`mMr \$io eoVH$è`m§Zm {_imbr AmhoV, Ë`mM~amo~a g§J_Zoa
ehambmhr Ë`mMm _moR>m bm^ Pmbm Amho. ghH$mam_wioM BWbr ~mOmanoR> \w$bbr,
BWë`m ZmJ[aH$m§Mo OrdZ_mZ C§Mmdbo, {ejUmÀ`m gmo`r-gw{dYm CnbãY Pmë`m,
amoOJmamÀ`m AZoH$ g§Yr CnbãY Pmë`m. `m_mJo gdmªV _mobmMo `moJXmZ Amho Vo
ghH$ma_h{f© ^mD$gmho~ WmoamV `m§Mo. BWbm ghH$ma éOdVmZm nÙlr {dIo nmQ>rb,
~r.Oo.IVmi nmQ>rb, AÊUmgmho~ qeXo, XÎmm Xoe_wI, ^mñH$aamd Xwd}, nr.Oo.Am§~ao
AmXr ZoË`m§Zr _mobmMo `moJXmZ {Xbo Amho. _mÌ nwT>À`m H$mimV Amnë`m H$R>moa
{eñVrVyZ, eoVH$è`m§~ÔbÀ`m AmË_r`VoVyZ ghH$mambm {Xem XoÊ`mMo H$m_ ghH$ma
_h{f© ^mD$gmho~ WmoamV `m§Zr g§nyU© _hmamï´>mbm AmXe© KmbyZ Úmdm BVŠ`m CÎm_
[aVrZo H$o b.o gJ§ _Zao Mm ghH$ma AmO amÁ`mgmR>r "ambo _mS° >bo ' R>aVmo Amh,o ho {ZpíMV!

146 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

hmV_mJ ì`dgm`

H$g~r hmV d CÎm_ ì`mdgm{`H$ H$m¡eë` hr g§J_Zoabm bm^bobr XoUJr
Amh.o BWë`m H$g~r hmVmZ§ r ~Zdbbo r ^mS§ >r, AS>{H$Îmo `mM~am~o a hmV_mJmMo H$mnS>,
bwJS>r, IU hoXoIrb nydunmgyZ gd©Ì à{gÕ AmhoV. g§J_ZoamV hmV_mJmda H$mnS>
{dUÊ`mMr Zo_H$s gwédmV H$Yr Pmbr, `mMr AMyH$ _m{hVr CnbãY Zmhr. _mÌ
1857 gmbr g§J_Zoabm ZJan[afX ñWmnZ ìhmdr åhUyZ gaH$maH$S>o Omo AO© XoÊ`mV
Ambm hmoVm, Ë`mV g§J_ZoamV gyV d aoer_ Am`mV H$aÊ`mV `oV Agë`mMr Zm|X
H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. `mdê$Z 1857 nydunmgyZ hm ì`dgm` g§J_ZoamV àM{bV
Agë`mMo bjmV `oVo. 1857 À`m Zm|XrZwgma g§J_ZoamV 500 JmR>r gyV d 25 noQ>çm
aoer_ Am`mV ìhm`Mo. Ë`mM H$mimV gw_mao AS>rM hOma nmJmoQ>r, ~mam hOma IU
Am{U XmoZ hOma gwVr d aoe_r bwJS>r {Z`m©V Ho$br Om`Mr.

~m§S>mÀ`m bwJS>çmgmR>r g§J_ZoaMr _hmamï´>mV {deof AmoiI hmoVr.
OmS>çm^aS>çm d KÅ> nmVo mÀ`m ZD$dmar bJw S>çmbm ~mS§ > åhQ>bo Om`M.o BVa bJw S>çmÀ§ `m
VwbZoV hr bwJS>r {Q>H$mD$ Agë`mZo `mbm A{YH$ _mJUr Agm`Mr. ~m§S> {dUVmZm
C^mamgmR>r (C^o YmJo) 30 Z§~aMo gyV dmnabo Om`Mo Va AmS>dmZmgmR>r (AmS>do
YmJ)o 40 Z~§ aMo gVy dmnabo Om`M.o gdg© m_mÝ` {dUH$a-H$mamJra 30 Vo 60 Z~§ aÀ`m
gwVmMo H$mnS> {dUm`Mo Va H$g~r H$mamJra 100 Z§~aÀ`m gwVmMo A{Ve` Vb_ Ago
H$mnS> {dUm`Mo. 10 Z§~anmgyZ Vo 120 Z§~an`ªV gyV CnbãY Agm`Mo. gwVmMm
Z§~a {OVH$m _moR>m, {VVHo$ Vo ~marH$ hmoV Om`Mo. Ë`m doir gd©gmYmaUnUo {haì`m,

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 147

Mm°H$boQ>r, Vm§~S>çm d H$mù`m a§JmVM OmñVrV OmñV H$mnS> V`ma Ho$bo Om`Mo. bwJS>r
{dUVmZm _mÌ Ë`m§Mo H$mR> {deof H$m¡eë`mZo Ho$bo Om`Mo. g§J_Zoabm H$adVr H$mR>
Am{U ~wJS>r _wR>dS>m `m XmoZ H$mR>m§Mr {deof H$ê$Z {Z{_©Vr ìhm`Mr.

{dUH$m_mMm ì`dgm` hm Vgm H$R>rU Agm`Mm. `mgmR>r KaMoM _Zwî`~i
_mRo >çm à_mUmda bmJm`M.o gVy CH$iU,o H$mS§ >çm ^aUo `mgmR>r KaMo _Zîw `~i dmnabo
Om`Mo. gVw mÀ`m noQ>çm AmUë`mda Ë`m àW_ a§Jdë`m Om`À`m. gJ§ _Zao mV _h§_X^mB©
`m aJ§ mè`mMm gVy aJ§ dÊ`mMm ì`dgm` hmVo m. nTw >o ì`H§ $ßnm PO§w ay `mZ§ rhr gVy aJ§ dÊ`mMm
ì`dgm` gwê$ Ho$bm. gyV a§JdÊ`mgmR>r doJdoJù`m a§JmMo ñdV§Ì hm¡X Agm`Mo. Á`m
a§JmMo gyV hdo Ë`m a§JmÀ`m hm¡XmV gyV ~wS>dyZ Vo dmidbo Om`Mo. dmibobo gyV EH$m
~m°~rZda Jw§S>miyZ Z§Va Vo _moR>çm ahmQ>mda MT>dbo Om`Mo. `m ahmQ>mMm ì`mg Vrg
\y$Q>m§n`ªV Agm`Mm. JmdmV Ë`m doir Ago Xhm-~mam ahmQ>dmbo hmoVo.

ahmQ>dmbo a§JrV gwVmMo Amio V`ma H$am`Mo. ho Amio nwT>o nm§OUrgmR>r {Xbo
Om`Mo. nm§OUr åhUOo gwVmbm qMMmoŠ`mMr Ii bmdyZ Vo H$S>H$ H$aUo. gwVmMo Amio
nm§OUmV amÌ^a {^OV R>odbo Om`Mo. Xwgè`m {Xder {d{eîQ> A§Vamda XmoZ bmH$S>r
ñQ>±S> bmdyZ Ë`mda ho gyV gai aofoV ~m§Ybo Om`Mo. `m gwVmda EH$ _moR>m ~«e {\$adbm
Om`Mm. IirV {^Obobo YmJo EH$_oH$m§Zm {MH$Qy> Z`oV, åhUyZ Vo dmion`ªV Ë`mda
gmaIm ~«e {\$adbm Om`Mm. `mVyZ gwVmMm EHo$H$ YmJm ñdV§Ì ìhm`Mm. nm§OUr
Ho$bobo gyV nwÝhm EH$Xm Jw§S>miyZ Ë`mMo Amio Ho$bo Om`Mo. ho H$m_ ~hþVm§er pñÌ`mM
H$am`À`m. nm§OUrgmR>r gmYmaUV: ghm \y$Q> é§X d Mmirg-nÞmg \y$Q> bm§~ OmJm
bmJm`Mr. Ë`m H$mir g§J_ZoamV Aem _moH$ù`m OmJm ghO CnbãY Agm`À`m.
Zm{eH$-nwUo _hm_mJm©Mr H$S>oMr ~mOy, ñdmV§Í` Mm¡H$mVrb gÜ`mMm ZJanm{bH$m
_§JbH$m`m©b` Vo gmdaH$a nwVù`mn`ªVMm n[aga, Zohê$ CÚmZ, Jd§S>rnwam _ñOrX,
amOñWmZ Q>m°H$sO, MmdS>r g_moarb n[aga, gmirdmS>m, bI_rnwam _ñOrX `m ^mJmV
nm§OUrMo H$m_ _moR>çm à_mUmda Mmbm`Mo. JmdmVrb eoH$S>mo pñÌ`m§Zm `mVyZ amoOJma
{_im`Mm. _mÌ nm§OUrÀ`m H$m_mgmR>r _moR>o H$g~ bmJm`Mo. nm§OUr H$aVmZm gwVmbm
{d{eï> à_mUmVM Ii bmJbr nm{hOo, hr Ii `mo½` à_mUmV {eObr nm{hOo,
nm§OUrZ§Va gwVmMm àË`oH$ YmJm ñdV§Ì Pmbm nm{hOo `mbm _hÎd Agm`Mo.

`mnwT>Mm Q>ßnm åhUOo gwVmbm dB© Am{U \$Ur H$aUo. ~m§~yÀ`m nmVi
H$mS>çm§nmgyZ \$Ur V`ma Ho$br Om`Mr. hr \$Ur OmirXma Agm`Mr. Ë`mVyZ gyVmMo

148 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

YmJo Amodbo Om`Mo. nmM \y$Q> bm§~rÀ`m d AYm© B§M OmS>rÀ`m ~m§~yÀ`m H$m_Q>çm
`mgmR>r dmnaë`m Om`À`m. `mbm AmR>Ê`m åhQ>bo Om`Mo. _moR>çm nQ>m§JUmV gw_mao
XrS>-XmoZeo \y$Q> bm§~ d Xhm-n§Yam \y$Q> é§X OmJoV bmH$S>r ñQ>±S> R>odyZ Ë`mda gyV
ngadbo Om`Mo. ~m§~yÀ`m dB©-\$UrV gyV AmodyZ hr \$Ur hiyhiy nwT>o gaH$drV Zobr
Om`Mr. ho H$m_ JmdmVrb amD$i g_mOmMo bmoH$ H$am`Mo.

dB©-\$UrZ§Va gyV hmV_mJmda H$mnS> {dUÊ`mgmR>r KoVbo Om`Mo. EH$m
hmV_mJmbm Xhm ~m` n§Yam \w$Q>mMr OmJm bmJm`Mr. g§J_ZoamV Ë`m doir XmoZ-VrZ
_mJ AgUmè`m {dUH$am§nmgyZ Vo e§^a-XmoZeo _mJ AgUmao AZoH$ {dUH$a hmoVo.
hmV_mJmda EH$ ZD$dmar bwJS>o {dUUmè`mbm VrZ Vo Mma én`o {_im`Mo. hoM bwJS>o
~mOmamV ì`mnmè`m§Zm n§Yam-gmoim én`m§Zm {dH$bo Om`Mo. bwJS>çmbm Oa ^mar gyV
dmnabo Agob Va Vo n§Mdrg-Vrg én`m§Zmhr {dH$bo Om`Mo. Ë`mÀ`m H$mR>mbm aoer_
dmnabo Va Ë`mMr qH$_V XmoZ-VrZ én`m§Zr dmT>m`Mr. EH$ {dUH$a Ë`m H$mir
_{hÝ`mH$mR>r gÎma-E|er én`o _Owar {_idm`Mm. EdT>çm n¡emV Ë`mMo nmM-ghm
_mUgm§Mo Hw$Qw>§~ ì`dpñWV JwOamU H$am`Mo. åhUyZM Ë`m H$mimV g§J_ZoamV EH$
dmŠàMma àM{bV hmoVm - "hmV^a {dUbo H$s nmoQ>^a {_iVo!'

JmdmVë`m ZdKaJ„r, H$mïo >rJ„r, nY§ maJo „r, gmirdmS>m `m ^mJmV gdm{© YH$
hmV_mJ hmoVo. 1923 À`m gw_mamg JmdmV gw_mao VrZ hOma _mJ Mmbm`Mo. {d{dY
g_mOmMo {_iyZ gw_mao VrZ hOma Hw$Qw>§~ `m ì`dgm`mda Adb§~yZ hmoVo. JmdmVbrM
gmo_mUr, ~y~, bmhmoQ>r, ^wVS>m, P§da, AÅ>b Am{X _mhoídar ì`mnmar _§S>ir gwVmMr d
bwJS>çm§Mr IaoXr-{dH«$s H$am`Mr. {dUH$a bmoH$ g§Ü`mH$miÀ`m doir Amnbm _mb
KoD$Z Jm§Yr Mm¡H$ Vo a§JmaJ„r Xaå`mZÀ`m añË`mda {dH«$sgmR>r ~gm`Mr. `mbmM
JwOar ~mOma åhQ>bo Om`Mo. gmir, nÙgmir, H$moï>r, {Zèhmir, amD$i, gmo_d§er`
j{Ì` (IÌr), _mo_rZ g_mOmMo bmoH$ `m ì`dgm`mV _moR>çm à_mUmda hmoVo. EHy$UM
Ë`m H$mir g§nyU© g§J_Zoa Jmd hmV_mJ_` Pmbobo hmoVo. bmoH$m§À`m Kamg_moa gwVmÀ`m
JmR>r {Xgm`À`m Va JmdmV {OH$S>o-{VH$S>o hmV_mJmMm IS>IS>mQ> EoHy$ `m`Mm.

1960 Z§Va drOoda MmbUmao nm°daby_ gwê$ Pmbo. H¥${Ì_ Ym½`m§Mm O_mZm
gwê$ Pmbm. gwVmMo Xahr Iyn dmT>bo. qgWo{Q>H$ H$mnS> ñdñV d {Xgm`bm AmH$f©H$
Agë`mZo bmoH$ Ë`mH$S>o AmH${f©V hmoD$ bmJbo. JmdmVrb EHo$H$ _mJ ~§X nSy> bmJbm.
a§Jmè`m§À`m a§JmMo hm¡X AmQy> bmJbo, nm§OUrÀ`m OmJm gwÝ`m nSy> bmJë`m, EHo$H$m

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 149