गोष्ट एका गावाची

_mJmMm IS>IS>mQ> hiyhiy em§V hmoD$ bmJbm, JwOar ~mOmamVrb g§Ü`mH$miMr dX©i
H$_r hmoD$ bmJbr. A§{V_V: EH$_oH$m§da Adb§~yZ Agboë`m nmM-ghm g_mOmVrb
bmoH$m§Mr Am{W©H$ \$a\$Q> gwê$ Pmbr. \$mago {ejU Zmhr, BVa H$m_m§Mo H$m¡eë` Zmhr,
H$moUË`mM ~±Ho$V O_mnw§Or Zmhr... `m g_mOm§MrM Zmhr Va EHy$UM g§J_ZoaMrM a`m
Joë`mgmaIo dmVmdaU {Z_m©U Pmbo. AmO JmdmV gmir, H$moï>r, nÙgmir g_mO
AmhoV na§Vw `m _§S>itH$S>o Zo_H§$ H$moUV§ H$g~ hmoV§ ho AmOÀ`m {nT>rbm _mhrV Zmhr.
`m àË`Ho $ g_mOmÀ`m Xdo r-Xdo VmM§ r Ë`m-Ë`m g_mOmÀ`m ZmdmZo Agbbo r _{§ Xao AmO
Amnë`m àmMrZ d¡^dmÀ`m IwUm OnV AmhoV. ~m§S>, bwJS>r, YmoQ>o, nm§OUr, \$Ur hr
Zmdo Va H$w UmbmM _mhrV ZmhrV. g_w mao 80 À`m XeH$mn`Vª {e„H$ AgUmè`m _mJmÀ`m
bmH$S>mMm Adeofhr AmVm ~Km`bm CnbãY Zmhr. EHo$H$ ZmOyH$ YmJm VwQ>V Omdm
Vgm hm ì`dgm` g§nyZ Jobm Amho, AmVm Caë`m Ho$di AmR>dUr!

150 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

dmS>m
g§ñH¥$Vr

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 151

152 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

A§^moaH$admS>m

Ka Agmdo KamgmaIo, ZH$moV ZwgË`m q^Vr, Ag§ AmnU Zoh_r åhUVmo.
gÜ`mÀ`m H$mimV Ka KoU§ åhUOo Amnë`m {H$_mZ JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm H$aUmar dmñVy
IaoXr H$aU§. nydu Ooìhm OmJm§Mo ^md "O{_ZrdaM' hmoVo Aem H$mimV g§J_ZoamV \$ma
_moR>çm à_mUmda dmS>m g§ñH¥$Vr ApñVÎdmV hmoVr. EH$ dmS>m åhUOo H$_rV-H$_r
Vrg-nñVrg _mUgm§Mo IQ>bo. `m dmS>çmV H$moUVmhr H$m`©H«$_ Agbm Va bhmZ
_wbm§nmgyZ Vo d¥Õm§n`ªV gdmªZm H$m` hd§-ZH$mo Vo nm{hb§ Om`M§. EH$_oH$m§À`m gwI-
Xþ…ImV _mUg§ YmdyZ Om`Mr. nydu dmS>çmVhr AZoH$ àH$ma hmoVo. JmdMm nmQ>rb,
dVZXma `m§Mo dmS>o H$mhrgo ^ì`-{Xì` Agm`Mo. AJXr Vrg-Mmirg J§wR>çm§Mo dmS>ohr
hmoVo.

g§J_ZoamVhr AmO Oo dmS>o ApñVËdmV AmhoV, Ë`mV gdmªV ^ì`,
H$bmHw$garÀ`m Ñï>rZo CËH¥$ï> d gwa{jVVoMr gdm©{YH$ H$miOr KoVbr Jobobm dmS>m
åhUOo A^§ mao H$amM§ m dmS>m. A^§ mao H$amM§ o _iy Zmd åhñH$o -Xeo _Iw . gJ§ _Zao n[agamVrb
_moR>o àñW åhUyZ `m Hw$Qw>§~mMr Joë`m H$mhr eVH$m§nmgyZ »`mVr Amho. g§J_Zoa
VmbwŠ`mVrb A§^moao ho Ë`m§Mo Jmd Agë`mZo Ë`m§Zm A§^moaH$a-Xoe_wI åhUyZM
AmoiIbo OmVo. A§^moaH$am§Mm hm dmS>m Kmg~mOmamV AmOhr {H$_mZ VrZ eVH$mhÿZ
OmñV CÝhmio, nmdgmio PobyZ {X_mImV C^m Amho. hm dmS>m Zo_H$m H$Yr ~m§Ybm
Jobm `m{df`r AmO Var ZŠH$s Hw$Urhr gm§Jy eH$V Zmhr. _mÌ `m dmS>çmV _hmXOr
qeXo `m§À`m nËZr ^dmZr~mB© `m§Mo ~amM H$mi dmñVì` hmoVo. ^dmZr~mB© `m A§^moaH$a

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 153

A§^moaH$admS>m (1960)

A§^moaH$admS>m (2011)
154 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

n[admamÀ`m H$Ý`m. `m dmS>çmV ^dmZr~mBªÀ`m nyduÀ`m H$mimV AZoH$ _moR>r _mUgo
dmñVì`mg am{hbr hmoVr, Ago åhUVmV.

dmS>çmV àdoe H$aVmZm ^bm_moR>m XadmOm Amho. XadmOmVyZ AmV Joë`mda
^ì` Agm Mm¡H$, Mm¡H$mV Ë`m H$mir hmV-nm` YwÊ`mgmR>r ì`dñWm Agmdr `mMm
nwamdm XoUmam A{Ve` gw§Xa Agm, hÎmrMo Vm|S> H$moabobm XJS>r Mm¡a§J Amho. Mm¡H$mV
Ë`m H$mir KmoS>o ~m§YÊ`mMr d Ë`m§Mr nmUr {nÊ`mMr ì`dñWm hmoVr, `mMo Adeof
AmOhr ~Km`bm {_iVmV. dmS>çmV àdeo H$o ë`mda S>mdrH$S>o ndy uMr ~R¡ >H$sMr ì`dñWm
hmVo r. EH$mM dio r XrS>-XmZo eo _mUgo ~gy eH$Vrb Aer hr ì`dñWm Amh.o COdrH$S>o
_wXnmH$ImZm d {deofV… pñÌ`m§Mr Wm§~Ê`mMr ì`dñWm Agmdr. àdoeÛmamÀ`m AJXr
g_moa XmoÝhr _Oë`mda Imoë`m AmhoV. Ë`m {dlm§VrgmR>r Am{U gm_mZ R>odÊ`mgmR>r
Cn`moJmV AmUë`m OmV Agmì`mV. àdoeÛmamÀ`m daÀ`m _Oë`mda _w»` ~¡R>H$sMr
Imobr Amho. `m ~¡R>H$sÀ`m ImobrÀ`m ~mø~mOybm nyU©V… bmH$S>r ZjrH$m_ Amho.
Jobr VrZ-gmS>oVrZ eVHo$ AZoH$ F$Vy§Zm Vm|S> XoV AmOhr ho bmH$S>r ZjrH$m_ {Q>Hy$Z
Amho.

dmS>çmÀ`m daÀ`m _Oë`mda OmÊ`mgmR>r àdoeÛmamÀ`m COì`m ~mOyZo {OZm
Amho. AJXr qMMmoù`m OmJoVrb {OZm VgoM daÀ`m _Oë`mda gd© Imoë`m§g_moarb
J°bè`m A{Ve` Aé§X ~Zdë`m Joë`m AmhoV. `m_mJo àm_w»`mZo gwa{jVVoMmM {dMma
Ho$bm Jobm Agmdm. Hw$Um eÌyZo dmS>çmda Mmb Ho$br Va T>mb, Vbdma, ^mbo Aem
eñÌmñÌmg§ h Ë`mbm dmS>çmVZy dJo mZo Ymdni H$aUo eŠ` hmDo $ Z`o `mgmR>r OmUrdndy H© $
dmS>çmMr aMZm Aer H$o bbo r Agmdr. A^§ mao H$a dmS>çmMo gdmVª _mRo >o AmH$fU© åhUOo
dmS>çmÀ`m àdoeÛmamnmgyZ COdrH$S>rb ~mOybm Agbobm ^w`mar _mJ©. g§J_ZoamV
nydu AZoH$ dmS>çm§Zm ViKao Agm`Mr. hm ^w`mar _mJ© S>mdrH$Sy>Z gÜ`mÀ`m
XodrJ„rVrb _moR>çm XodrÀ`m _§{XamV {ZKVmo Va Xþgam _mJ© WoQ> àdam {Vamdarb ^dmZr
~m~mÀ§ `m _R>mOdi {ZKVm.o ^dmZr~mB© `m XmÝo hr _mJmMª m dmna Xdo XeZ© mbm OmÊ`mgmR>r
H$am`À`m Ag§ åhUVmV. gÜ`m `m ^w`mar _mJm©Mm Cn`moJ Zgë`mZo Ë`mÀ`m XmoÝhr
~mOy§Zm q^V ~m§YyZ Vo ~§{XñV Ho$bobo AmhoV.

A§^moaH$a dmS>çmVrb AmUIr EH$ AmíM`©M{H$V H$aUmar Jmoï> åhUOo `m
dmS>çmVrb AmS>mVyZ nmUr AmoTy>Z Vo AmS>mOdiÀ`mM hm¡XmV Q>mH$ë`mda VoWyZ Vo
g§nyU© dmS>çmVrb doJdoJù`m am§OUmV OwÝ`m Imnar ZimVyZ OmD$Z AmnmoAmn

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 155

nmohmoMm`Mo. 1960 nydu A§^moaH$a dmS>çmV H$mhr H$mi `m n[admamVrb Hw$Urhr amhV
ZìhVo, na§Vw gÜ`m A§^moaH$a n[admamVrb ^mD$gmho~ qÌ~H$amd A§^moaH$a ho Amnë`m
Mmahr _wbm§À`m n[admamgh amhV AmhoV. gdmªV Á`oð> {dO`qgh C\©$ ~mimgmho~,
Xþgao {dH«$_qgh C\©$ ^æ`mgmho~, {Vgao àVmnqgh C\©$ ~m~mgmho~ d CX`qgh C\©$
N>moQ>ogmho~ hr gd© _§S>ir AmOhr dmS>çmMm àmMrZ ~mO {Q>H$dyZ R>odyZ `m AZ_mob
R>oì`mMo OVZ H$arV AmhoV. gÜ`m A§^moaH$a n[admamH$S>o àmMrZ H$mimVrb A{Ve`
OwZr Aer \$maer d _moS>r ^mfoVrb ghmeohÿZ A{YH$ H$mJXnÌo CnbãY AmhoV.
`mVrb AZoH$ H$mJXm§da daÀ`m ~mOybm \$maer d ImbÀ`m ~mOybm _moS>r {bnrV
_OHy$a {bhÿZ VËH$mbrZ amÁ`H$Ë`mªMo {eŠHo$ C_Q>dbobo AmhoV. ho H$mJX dmMyZ
Ë`m§Mo _amR>rV ^mfm§Va Pmbo Va Ho$di A§^moaH$a n[admamMmM Zìho Va g§nyU© g§J_Zoa
gwä`mMm d H$Xm{MV _hmamï´>mMm AmUIr ZdrZ B{Vhmg Amnë`mg_moa `oD$ eHo$b.

156 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

g§VdmS>m

dmS>m åhQ>b§ H$s S>moù`mg_moa `oVo Vr ^ì`{Xì` dmñVy, ^ì` àdoeÛma, AmV
Joë`mda _moR>m XJS>r Mm¡H$, Mm¡H$mV hmVnm` YwÊ`mgmR>r XJS>r Mm¡a§J, ~mOybm ZjrXma
H$_mZr Agbobr OwÝ`m h§S>çm Q>m§Jbobr ~¡R>H$sMr Amogar, Amogarda nJS>r KmVbobr
Pw~Ho$Xma {_em Agbobr EImXr ì`ŠVr AgoM {MÌ MQ>H$Z S>moù`mnwT>o C^o amhVo.
g§J_Zoabm eoH$S>mo dfmªMm Jm¡adembr B{Vhmg Agë`mZo nydu ehamV eo-{XS>eo ^ì`
dmS>o hmoVo. `m àË`oH$ dmS>çmMm ñdV§Ì B{Vhmg Amho. g§J_ZoamVrb hOmamo pñWË`§Vao
VQ>ñWnUo ~KV VmR> _mZoZo C^o Agbobo dmS>o AmOÀ`m âb°Q> g§ñH¥$VrV EHo$H$ H$ê$Z
~ir OmV AmhoV. AmOÀ`m ì`dhmar OJmV dmS>m {Q>H$dU§, Ë`mMr {ZJm amIU§
Hw$UmbmM nadS>V Zmhr. AmVm {eëbH$ am{hbobo dmS>o AmOhr ehamÀ`m àmMrZ
Eoíd`m©Mr OmUrd H$ê$Z XoVmV.

AZoH$ dmS>o Amnë`m d¡{eîQ>çnyU© aMZm§_wio MM}Mm {df` R>abo AmhoV.
Aem H$mhr _hÎdmÀ`m dmS>çm§n¡H$s EH$ dmS>m åhUOo g§VdmS>m. ehamVrb dmS>çm§Mm
{df` {ZKmë`mda R>iH$nUo MQ>H$Z Or Zmdo g_moa `oVmV Ë`mV g§V dmS>çmMo Zmd \$ma
daÀ`m H«$_m§H$mda AgVo. dmS>çmMr ^ì`Vm, XoIUonUm, A§VJ©V aMZm, gw{dYm d
gwa{jVVm `m gJù`m Jmoï>tMm EH${ÌV {dMma Ho$bm Va g§VdmS>m ~m§YUmè`m§À`m
H$ënH$Vobm XmX Úmdrer dmQ>Vo. g§VdmS>m Zo_H$m H$Yr ~m§Ybm `mMr AmO {_Vrbm
_m{hVr CnbãY Zmhr. na§Vw `m dmS>çmbm g§VdmS>m ho Zmd nS>bo Vo 24 _o 1911
nmgyZ. g§J_ZoamV Ë`m doir e§H$a ~mßnmOr g§V C\©$ ^mD$gmho~ g§V ZmdmMo A{Ve`

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 157

à{gÕ dH$sb amhm`Mo. g§V n[adma Vgm AH$mobo `oWrb _yiMm a{hdmgr. d{H$brMr
à°pŠQ>g H$aVmZm ^mD$gmho~ g§V g§J_ZoamV ñWm{`H$ Pmbo. 1911 _Ü`o {bbmdmV hm
dmS>m 1300 én`m§Zm IaoXr H$aÊ`mV Ambm. `m dmS>çmMr VËnyduMr _mbH$s XmoZ
ì`ŠVtH$S>o hmoVr. Ë`mVrb gdm©V _moR>m ^mJ {dÇ>b {dZm`H$ Hw$bH$Uu `m§À`mH$Sy>Z
800 én`m§Zm d Cd©[aV ^mJ lr.XmS>H$a `m§À`mH$Sy>Z 500 én`m§Zm IaoXr H$aÊ`mV
Ambm.

hm dmS>m IaoXr Ho$bm Voìhm Ho$di Vi_Obm Agboë`m dmS>çmÀ`m Xwgè`m
_Oë`mMo ~m§YH$m_ ^mD$gmho~ g§V `m§Zr Ad¿`m EH$m dfm©V H$ê$Z KoVbo. JmdmVrb
a§JmaJ„rVyZ M§ÐeoIa Mm¡H$mH$S>o `oUmè`m-OmUmè`m àË`oH$mbm Vm§Xyi ~mOmamVrb hr
^ì` dmñVy jU^a Wm§~m`bm ^mJ nmS>m`Mr. EHy$U 15 Jw§R>o OmJon¡H$s 6 Jw§R>o OmJoV
dmS>çmMo ~mY§ H$m_ H$aÊ`mV Ambbo o hmVo o Va Cabëo `m 9 JR§w >o OmJVo ~mJ V`ma H$aÊ`mV
Ambr hmoVr. `m dmS>çmV XmoÝhr _Oë`m§da {_iyZ bhmZ _moR>çm 25 Imoë`m hmoË`m.
^mD$gmho~ g§V ho d{H$br H$arV Agë`mZo AZoH$ njH$ma J«m_rU ^mJmVyZ Xwgè`m
{XdgmÀ`m VmaIogmR>r AmXë`m {Xder g§Ü`mH$mirM g§V dmS>çmda `m`Mo. dmS>çmV
àdeo H$aVmM njH$mamM§ o KmSo >o ~mY§ Ê`mgmR>r XJS>r OmËo `mbm bmIo S§ >r H$S>çm ~g{dÊ`mV
Amboë`m hmoË`m. `mÀ`m nbrH$S>oM njH$mam§Zm amÌr {dlm§Vr KoÊ`mgmR>r OmJm hmoVr.
lr.^mD$gmho~ g§Vm§À`m AYmª{JZr gm¡.nmd©Vm~mB© `oUmè`m-OmUmè`m gdmªMm nmhþUMma
H$am`À`m. KamV ^mD$gmho~m§gmo~V Ë`m§Mo dS>rb, _wbJm, MwbV^mD$ d Ë`m§Mo Hw$Qw>§~r`
Ago 50 _mUgm§Mo IQ>bo hmoVo. gdmªMm ñd`§nmH$ EH$ÌM ìhm`Mm.

^mD$gmho~m§Mm amOH$maUmVhr Mm§Jbm dmda hmoVm. ñWm{ZH$ H$m±J«ogMo Vo
nXm{YH$mar hmoVo. AZoH$ {R>H$mUr H$m±J«ogÀ`m A{YdoeZmgmR>r Vo CnpñWV ahm`Mo.
bmHo $_mÝ` {Q>iH$, O_Zmbmb _ho Vm, a½± ba namO§ n,o bú_Uamd AmnQ>o `m gd© _S§ >iter
Ë`m§Mm {deof ñZoh hmoVm. ^mD$gmho~m§H$S>o Ë`m doir ÛmaH$mZmW qnJio ho H$maHy$Z åhUyZ
H$m_ H$am`M.o qnJio Oar H$maH$y Z Agbo Var KamVrb d ~mhao rb gd© ì`dhma H$aÊ`mMo
Ë`m§Zm nyU© A{YH$ma hmoVo. g§V dmS>çmMr {bbmdmVrb IaoXrhr qnJi|Zr ^mD$gmho~m§Zm
Z {dMmaVm nañna Ho$br hmoVr. EdT>m Ë`m§Mm Kamo~m hmoVm. qnJio ho AmÜ`mpË_H$
d¥ÎmrMo Agë`mZo g§V dmS>çmV amï´>g§V VwH$S>moOr _hmamO, nmMboJmdH$a _hmamO hr
_S§ >ir `Do $Z Jbo bo r Amh.o ñdV: ^mD$gmh~o amOH$maU, g_mOH$maU, gm{hË`, gñ§ H$¥ Vr,
gm§ñH¥${VH$ CnH«$_ `m§Mo MmhVo Agë`mZo g§V dmS>çmZo AZoH$ Ym{_©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$

158 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

H$m`H© $« _ AZ^w db.o AZHo $ {X½JO _S§ >ir `m dmS>çmV am{hbbo r Amh.o ñdV: ~mbJY§ d©
g§J_ZoamV Ambo Voìhm Ë`m§À`m gd© gm_mZmMr ì`dñWm Ë`m§Zr g§V dmS>çmVM bmdbr
hmoVr. Ë`m doir _mYd {MÌ_§{XamV ~mbJ§YdmªMr ZmQ>Ho$ ìhm`Mr. amoO XwnmaZ§Va
H$moëhQ>H$a g§J_ZoamVrb EH$_od Agm ^mD$qgJ naXoer `m§Mm Q>m§Jm KoD$Z Ë`mVyZ
~mbJ§YdmªÀ`m g§JrV ZmQ>H$mMr Om{hamV H$am`Mo.

^mD$gmho~ g§V 1913 Vo 1928 Ago gbJ 16 df} g§J_Zoa ZJanm{bHo$Mo
AÜ`j hmoVo. ñdV: A{Ve` J[a~rVyZ àJVr H$aUmè`m ^mD$gmho~m§Zm JmoaJ[a~m§{df`r
A{Ve` AmË_r`Vm hmoVr. Amnë`m g§nyU© h`mVrV ^mD$gmho~m§Zr g§J_ZoaÀ`m
{dH$mgmgmR>r gmd©O{ZH$ d d¡`pŠVH$ nmVirda AZoH$ H$m_o Ho$br. 1901 _Ü`o
^mD$gmho~m§Zr no{Q>Q> {dÚmb`mMo _w»`mÜ`mnH$ AgVmZm AënH$mimV AZoH$ gwYmaUm
H$o ë`m. {dÚmÏ`m_ª Ü`o ì`m`m_mMr d Iio mMr AmdS> {Z_mU© H$o br. Amnë`m gm_m{OH$
Om{Udm§_wio Vo g§J_Zoa_Yrb AOmVeÌy ì`pŠV_Îd åhUyZ AmoiIbo Om`Mo.
JmY§ rOtÀ`m hË`Zo V§ a gn§ Uy © Xeo ^a ~m« ÷UmÀ§ `m {damYo r dmVmdaU {Z_mU© Pmb.o gJ§ _Zao mV
_mRo >m O_md gV§ dmS>m nQo >dZy XÊo `mgmR>r dmS>çmg_mao O_bm hmVo m. Ë`m dio r ^mñH$aamd
Xwd} ñdV: O_mdmbm gm_moao Jobo d Ë`m§Zr O_mdmMr g_OyV KmVbr Voìhm O_md
nm§Jbm. `m AmnÎmrVyZ g§VdmS>m dmMbm Var 1956 À`m _hmnwamV dmS>çmV nwamMo
nmUr {eabo hmoVo, na§Vw _O~yV ~m§YH$m_m_wio dmS>m Ë`m doirhr ghrgbm_V am{hbm.
g§nyU© a§JmaJ„r n[agamV nmÊ`mMo gm_«mÁ` hmoVo. Aem doir g§V dmS>çmÀ`m Jƒrda
OmS> XmoaI§S>mMo EH$ Q>moH$ ~m§YyZ Ë`mMo Xwgao Q>moH$ añË`mÀ`m n{bH$S>À`m EH$m Kamda
~m§YÊ`mV Ambo d `m Xmoambm bmH$S>r ~mO ~m§YyZ EH$m-EH$m ì`ŠVrbm g§V dmS>çmVyZ
gIw ê$n Zbo o Jëo `mMr AmR>dU AmO lr.A^`MЧ gV§ gmJ§ VmV Vìo hm ZH$iV Amnë`mhr
A§Jmda H$mQ>m C^m amhVmo.

g§V n[admamV 1902 Vo 2002 `m e§^a dfmªV Mma {nT>çm d{H$br H$arV
AmhVo . naV§ w BVa H$mhr _S§ >itZr Oo H$mhr dJo io ì`dgm` {ZdS>bo Ë`mV Ë`mZ§ r {X_mIXma
H$m_{Jar H$o br Amh.o gJ§ _Zao mV 1935 ZV§ a drO Ambr naV§ w gV§ H$w Q>w~§ mVrb Zmam`Uamd
g§V `m§Zr 1920 nydu EH$ ñd`§M{bV ~ob V`ma H$ê$Z g§V dmS>çmV bmdbr hmoVr.
~Q>Z Xm~VmM AmnmoAmn dmOUmar hr ~ob Ë`m doir AZoH$m§À`m H$m¡VwH$mMm {df`
hmoVr. Á`m doir g§J_ZoamV bmoH$ _moQ>maJmS>r ~Km`bm JXu H$am`Mo, Aem H$mimV
g§V n[admamVrb pñÌ`m _moQ>mar Hw$ebVoZo Mmbdm`À`m. gÜ`mÀ`m {nT>rVrb

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 159

lr.A^`M§Ð g§V `m§Zr 1962 Vo 64 `m H$mimV bmohJmdbm hdmB©XbmV ao{S>Amo
_H° $o {ZH$ åhUZy H$m_ H$o bo naV§ w ZV§ a ZmHo $ar gmSo >ë`mda Ë`mZ§ r a{o S>Amo {dH$« sMm ì`dgm`
gwê$ Ho$bm. B§½b§S>À`m H|${~«O nm` H§$nZrMo Z§Va {g_oÝg H§$nZrMo d Z§Va 1968 nmgyZ
{\${bßg H§$nZrMo A{YH¥$V {dH«o$Vo åhUyZ Vo H$m_ H$arV AmhoV. g§J_ZoamV nydu ao{S>Amo
åhQ>bo H$s g§V ao{S>Amo hoM Zmd g_moa `m`Mo. `m ì`dgm`mVhr Ë`m§Zr Amnbo doJionU
Onbo. AmO g§V n[admamVrb gdmªV VéU {nT>rVrb gw_oY g§V {d{dY H§$nÝ`m§Mr
BboŠQ´>m°{ZŠg CnH$aUo {dH«$sMm ì`dgm` H$arV Amho. BboŠQ´>m°{ZŠg joÌmVrb Ë`m§Mo
kmZhr AM§{~V H$aUmao Amho.

Jbo r eHo $S>mo df} d AIao Mr 90 df} gV§ dmS>m åhUZy gn§ Uy © gJ§ _Zao VmbŠw `mbm
n[a{MV Agbobr ^ì` dmñVy g§V n[admamZo 2001 gmbr {dH$br. Ë`mZ§Va EH$-EH$
H$arV dmS>çmMm gd© ^mJ nmS>Ê`mV Ambm. `m dmS>çmer ^md{ZH$ ZmVo Agë`mZo g§V
n[admamZo dmS>m nmS>Ê`mnydu Ë`mVrb àË`oH$ ImobrMo {M{ÌH$aU H$ê$Z R>odbo d Vr
Imobr H$emgmR>r Cn`moJmV AmUbr Om`Mr `mMo {ZdoXZhr {M{ÌH$aUmgmo~V H$ê$Z
R>odbo Amho. AmO Eo{Vhm{gH$ g§V dmS>çmÀ`m OmJoda ^ì` ì`mnmar g§Hw$b d âb°Q>
~m§Ybo AmhoV. IwÔ {Q>iH$, ~mbJ§Yd©, JmoidbH$a JwéOr, ~mi H$moëhQ>H$a Aem
AZoH$ Wmoam-_moR>çm§À`m nXñnem©Zo nwZrV Pmboë`m OmJoda amhUmar AmOMr _§S>ir
^m½`dmZM åhUm`bm hdr.

160 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

ì`ŠVr{MÌo

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 161

162 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

H$dr AZ§V \§$Xr

AmO _hmamï´>mMr Im{g`V åhUyZ Á`m-Á`m H$bm§Mm C„oI Ho$bm OmVmo,
Ë`mV bmdUrMm àm_w»`mZo g_mdoe H$amdm bmJob. àmMrZ g§X^© Vnmgbo Va 15 do
eVH$ g§nVmZm _hmamï´>mV bmdUrMm àgma ìhm`bm gwédmV Pmbr. AmO CnbãY
bmdÊ`m§_Ü`o gdm©{YH$ OwÝ`m bmdÊ`m ~meuÀ`m _Ý_W {edqbJ `m§À`mM CnbãY
AmhoV. _Ý_W {edqbJ `m§Mm OÝ_ 1560 gmbr Va _¥Ë`y 1613 gmbr Pmbm.
`mZ§Va Omo{Vam_, e§^wamO, am_m qenr JwUmOr `m§Zr bmdÊ`m {b{hë`m. `m na§naoVrb
gmVdm bmdUrH$ma d V_membm à{gÕr {_idyZ XoUmam H$bmH$ma åhUOo g§J_ZoaMo
H$dr AZ§V \§$Xr. bmdUr d em{har H$boMm {dH$mg noedmB©À`m H$mimV _moR>çm
à_mUmda Pmbm. noedmB©V Oo _moR>o emhra hmoD$Z Jobo Ë`m gdmª_Ü`o d{S>bH$sMm _mZ
AZ§V \§$XtH$S>o OmVmo. AZ§V \§$XtM§ _yi AmS>Zmd Kmobn. Ë`m§Mm OÝ_ 1744 _Ü`o
Pmbm. g§J_ZoaÀ`m gÜ`mÀ`m ~mOma noR>oOdi Kmobnm§Mm dmS>m hmoVm. ~«m÷U Hw$Qw>§~mV
OÝ_boë`m AZ§VmÀ`m d{S>bm§Mm AH$mbr _¥Ë`y Pmë`mZo AmB© amD$~mB© `m§Zr AZ§VmMm
gm^§ mi H$o bm. Ë`mdio r naXeo nèw `mVhr Kmbo nmM§ m AmUIr EH$ dmS>m hmVo m. d{S>bmÀ§ `m
_¥Ë`yZ§Va {nV¥hrZ _wbJm åhUyZ AZ§VmMo OmñV bmS> ìhm`Mo. AemVM JmdmVë`m
Q>dmiImoa _wbm§À`m g§JVrV CZmS>Š`m H$aUo, ImoS>çm H$aUo `mVM AZ§VmMm doi
Om`Mm. ^Hy $ bmJë`mda Am{U Pmno Ê`mnaw Vm AZV§ mMm Kamer g~§ Y§ `m`Mm. gÜ`mÀ`m
Ho$edVrWm©darb EH$m _R>mV ^dmZr~wdm ahm`Mo, Ë`m§À`m eãXmbm gJirH$S>o _mZ
hmoVm. AZ§VmÀ`m dmT>Ë`m ImoS>H$a d¥Îmrbm H§$Q>miyZ amD$~mBªZr Ë`mbm ^dmZr~wdmÀ`m

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 163

_R>mV AmUbo d ~wdm§H$S>o VH«$ma Ho$br. VH«$ma EoHy$Z ^dmZr~wdm§Zr AZ§Vmbm Mm§Jbo
dmJÊ`m~Ôb gwZmdbo. AZ§Vm EoH$V Zmhr åhUë`mda ~wdm EH$ Ym|S>m KoD$Z Ë`mÀ`m
_mJo Ymdbo d hmVmVbm XJS> \o$Hy$Z _mabm. ~wdm§À`m hmVmVrb XJS> S>moŠ`mV
bmJbm Am{U H$m` AmíM`©, VoìhmnmgyZ \§$XtMr H$mì`à{V^m OmJ¥V Pmbr. AZ§V
\§$XtÀ`m CnOV H$mì` à{V^o_mJMo Zo_Ho$ H$maU emoYÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Va Ago
bjmV `Vo o H$s, AZV§ \$§ XtÀ`m (Kmbo n) H$w Q>w~§ mVrb ndy uÀ`m AZHo $ {nT>çmZ§ m H${dËdmMo
daXmZ hmoVo. Ë`m_wio g§JrV d Ë`mVrb MnIb eãX `mMo kmZ AZ§Vmbm \$ma bdH$a
Ambo Ago åhUVm `oB©b. AZ§V Kmobn ho Zmd ~XbyZ AZ§V \§$Xr H$go Pmbo `m~Ôb
Ago gm§{JVbo OmVo, H$s Ë`m doir g§J_ZoamV EH$ _{bH$ \§$Xr ZmdmMm \$H$sa hmoVm.
Vmo g§J_Zoa OdiÀ`m nmoIar `m JmdmhÿZ g§J_Zoabm `m`Mm `m _{bH$ \§$XrMr d
AZV§ Kmbo nmM§ r ^Qo > Pmë`mda Ë`mM§ m AmngmVrb ñZho dmT>bm. nTw >-o nTw >o Va `m XmKo mM§ o
dmñVì`hr {Xdg^a EH$ÌM Agm`Mo, Ë`m_wio bmoH$m§Zr AZ§V Kmobn EodOr AZ§V
\§$Xr Ago Zm_H$aU Ho$bo d nwT>o hoM Zmd gd©Ì à{gÕ Pmbo.

16 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m _Ü`mda V_mem H$bm bmoH${à`VoÀ`m {eIamda hmoVr.
V_memVrb bmdÊ`m, nmdo mS>o A{Ve` bmHo ${à` hmVo .o AZV§ \$§ XtZrhr Ë`m dio r bmdÊ`m
{bhm`bm gwédmV Ho$br. Z§Va ñdV:M H$mhr H$bmH$ma Jmoim H$ê$Z Ë`mVrb EImÚm
gwñdê$n _wbmbm ZV©H$sÀ`m doemV ZmMdyZ AZ§V \§$XtZr V_mem H$am`bm gwédmV
Ho$br. AZ§V \§$Xtgmo~V Ë`m doir Ë`m§Mo Jwê$ d ñZohr _{bH$ \§$Xr ho gmW H$am`Mo,
PrbH$ar åhUyZ amKd \§$Xr H$m_ H$am`Mo Va ZmÀ`m åhUyZ aVZ \§$Xr hm A{Ve` gw§Xa
_wbJm H$m_ H$am`Mm. EH§$X[aV g§J_ZoamVrb d n[agamVrb EH$gma»`m AmdS>r-
{ZdS>r Agbobr N>§Xr-\§$Xr _mUg§ EH$Ì Ambr d gdmªZr Amnë`m ZmdmnwT>o \§$Xr ho
Zmd _moR>çm A{^_mZmZ§ bmdb§. AZ§V \§$XtÀ`m agmi ^mfoVrb H$dZo, àojH$m§Zm Vmb
Yam`bm bmdUmè`m bmdÊ`m, nmodmS>o `m_wio hm V_mem Ë`m H$mir bmoH${à`VoÀ`m
gdm}ƒ {eIamda nmohMbm hmoVm. gÜ`mÀ`m _Ü`àXoemVrb B§Xmoa, ½dmëhoa,
JwOamW_Yrb ~S>moXm, _hmamï´>mVrb nwUo, gmVmam, gm§Jbr Aem {d{dY àm§VmVrb
bmHo $ AZV§ \$§ XtMm V_mem åhQ>bm H$s _mRo >r JXu H$am`M.o amÌ-amÌ MmbUmè`m V_memV
AZ§V \§$Xr Amnë`m gwaob d nhmS>r AmdmOmV Jm`Mo. ~S>moXo g§ñWmZmV Va \§$XtZm
_moR>m _mZ hmoVm. AZ§V \§$Xr Ooìhm ~S>moÚmV àdoe H$am`Mo Voìhm Ë`m§Zm gÝ_mZmZo
ehamV AmUb§ Om`M.§ \$§ XtÀ`m de§ OmZ§ mhr hm _mZ ZV§ a {Xbm Om`Mm. AZV§ \$§ Xtgm~o V

164 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

_{bH$ \§$Xrhr bmdÊ`m H$am`Mo. Y_m©Zo _wñbr_ AgyZhr Vo A{Ve` gw§Xa A^§J
aMm`Mo. AZ§V \§$Xr d _{bH$ \§$Xr `m OmoS>JmoirZo Ë`m doir A_mn bmoH${à`Vm
{_idbr.

EH$Xm EH$m H$m`©H«$_mZ§Va AZ§V \§$Xr Amnë`m gmWrXmam§gh ~¡bJmS>çm§_YyZ
_miì`mVyZ g§J_Zoabm naV `oV hmoVo. amÌrMr doi hmoVr, AMmZH$ XamoS>oImoam§À`m
Q>moirZo Ë`m§Zm AS>dbo. Odi Agbobm gd© _wÔo_mb H$mTy>Z XoÊ`m~Ôb XamoS>oImoam§À`m
åhmoaŠ`mZo \$_m©Z gmoS>bo. AZ§V \§$Xr _wimVM hþema hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr Ëd[aV EH$ eŠH$b
bT>dbr. XamoS>oImoam§À`m à_wImbm gm§{JVbo H$s, Amåhr H$bmH$ma _§S>ir AmhmoV,
AJmoXa Am_Mm V_mem ~Km d Z§Va H$m` dmQ>ob Vo H$am. AmíM`© åhUOo gd©M
XamSo >Io mao mZ§ r `m àñVmdmbm _mÝ`Vm {Xbr. AZV§ \$§ XtÀ`m gmWrXmamZ§ r ^am^a V_memMr
V`mar Ho$br. _embr noQ>dë`m. \§$XtMm V_mem gwê$ Pmbm, ~KVm ~KVm gd© XamoS>oImoa
Ë`mV VëbrZ Pmbo Am{U BVH$m dio AZV§ \$§ XtZm d Ë`mÀ§ `m gmWrXmamZ§ m bQw >Ê`mgmR>r
d _maÊ`mgmR>r gagmdUmao XamoS>oImoa XmX XoD$ bmJbo. AZ§V \§$Xrhr EH$m_mJmo_mJ
EH$ bmdÊ`m§Mr ~agmV H$arV hmoVo. ZmÀ`m nmoaJm _ZmVbr ^rVr _ZmVM R>oD$Z ZmMV
hmVo m. XamSo >Io mao ~ho X Ify Pmb.o Ë`mZ§ r \$§ XtH$S>yZ _Ôw _o mb KÊo `mEdo Or Amnë`mH$S>rb
_wÔo_mb {~XmJr åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm XoD$Z Q>mH$bm. EdT>çmdaM Z Wm§~Vm AZ§V \§$XtZm
_moR>çm gÝ_mZmZo nwT>o gwa{jVnUo gmoS>Ê`mMr ì`dñWm Ho$br.

AZ§V \§$XtZr Á`m H$mhr H$mì`aMZm Ho$ë`m. Ë`mV gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrMo
Iyn CÎm_ Ago {MÌU Ho$bo. Ë`m H$mir Ë`m§Zr Ho$bobo nwT>rb H$dZ AmOÀ`m H$mimVhr
OgoÀ`m Vgo bmJy hmoVo.

CbQ>m O_mZm Ambm ao& godH$ ñdm_tMo _mZrZm&&
{OH$S>o {VH$S>o Q>moi _mObm& Xw{Z`oMo Ho$bo dmQ>moio&&
Aem gm_m{OH$ {df`m§~amo~aM Ë`m§Zr OJÊ`mMo VÎdkmZ gm§JUmè`m H$mhr
aMZmhr Ho$ë`m.

ZaXohm_{Y `oD$Z Za hmo gmYZ Eogo H$am&
OUo ^dgmJa Vê${Z gwIo ìhmdo n¡b{Vam&&
Aem CnXeo na aMZmhr H$o ë`m. AmOdaÀ`m H$mì` B{VhmgmV A{Ve` X{w _i©
Ago ^m½` AZ§V \§$XtZm bm^bo. AZ§V \§$Xtgma»`m em{hamda Ë`m§À`m h`mVrVM
hmoZmOr ~mimgma»`m VodT>çmM Vmobm_mobmÀ`m emhramZo EH$ XrK© bmdUr {b{hbr.

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 165

AZ§V \§$Xr H$dZm§Mm gmJa Aer Cn_m XoD$Z hmoZmOrZo AZ§V \§$XtM§ dU©Z H$aVmZm
åhQ>b§ Amho H$s -

gañdVr {OìhmJ«r Aj`r& ^§J Zgo Á`mÀ`m hanm&
H$dZ ~hþV CXam_Yr ^abo& \$Ug Ogm _moR>m H$mnm&&
erK« H${dËd, JmoS> Jim, CÎm_ gmXarH$aUmMr H$bm `m_wio AZ§V \§$XtÀ`m
V_membm XyaXyadê$Z {Z_§ÌUo `oV hmoVr. Ë`m doir V_membm _moR>çm à_mUmda amOml`
hmVo m. EH$Xm hmio H$amÀ§ `m Xa~mamV nÊw `íbmHo $ A{hë`m~mB© hmio H$amg§ _mao AZV§ \$§ XtMm
V_mem Pmbm. AZV§ \$§ XtMr eÕw dmUr, AmKo dV§ ~mbo U,§ JmSo > Jim EHo $y Z A{hë`m~mBZª r
AZ§V \§$XtZm gm§{JVbo, Vwåhr ~«m÷U Hw$Qw>§~mV OÝ_mbm Ambm AmhmV, Vw_Mm
AÜ`mË_mMm _moR>m Aä`mg Amho, Jim JmoS> Amho, ^mfoda à^wËd Amho gañdVrMr
EdT>r _moR>r H¥$nm AgVmZm AmnU Amnbr dmUr na_mWm©gmR>r H$maUr bmdbr Va
Ë`mMm g_mOmbm Cn`mJo hmBo b© . A{hë`m~mBÀª `m `m ~mbo Ê`mZV§ a AZV§ \$§ XtZr VmËH$mi
`mnwT>o V_mem H$aUma Zmhr, Ho$di {H$V©ZmgmR>r Am`wî` H$maUr bmdrb Aer à{Vkm
Ho$br. `mZ§Va AZ§V \§$Xr JmdmoJmd H$sV©Zo H$ê$ bmJbo. Ë`m§À`m {H$V©Zmbmhr bmoH$m§Mr
_moR>r JXu hmoD$ bmJbr. Vo \§$Xr~wdm åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmD$ bmJbo. EH$Xm g§J_ZoamV
e§H$a _hmamOm§À`m _R>mg_moa J«m_ñWm§Zr AZ§V \§$XtZm V_mem gmXa H$aÊ`mMm AmJ«h
Yabm. AZ§V \§$Xr Amnë`m à{Vkoda R>m_ hmoVo; na§Vw J«m_ñWm§Mm AmJ«h _moS>Uo
H$R>rU hmoVo åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr AIoarg V_mem gmXa H$am`bm hmoH$ma {Xbm. V_mem gwê$
Pmbm, Mm§Jbm a§JmV Ambm VodT>çmV `moJm`moJmZo A{hë`m~mB© hmoiH$a g§J_ZoamV
Amë`m. Ë`m§Zm Hw$UrVar AZ§V \§$Xr V_mem gmXa H$arV Agë`mMr _m{hVr {Xbr.
Amnë`mg_moa Ho$bobr à{Vkm _moS>Umè`m AZ§V \§$XtZm Om~ {dMmaÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m
e§H$a _hmamOm§À`m _R>mH$S>o {ZKmë`m. hr ~mV_r Hw$UrVar YmdV `oD$Z AZ§V \§$XtZm
gm§{JVbr. AZ§V \§$XtZr VmËH$mi Amnbr doe^yfm, ~mobUo `mV ~o_mby_nUo n[adV©Z
H$ê$Z AMmZH$ V_memMo énm§Va {H$V©ZmV Ho$bo. A{hë`m~mB© `oD$Z ~KVmV Va AZ§V
\§$XtM§ H$sV©Z a§JmV Ambo hmoVo. lmoVohr XmX XoV hmoVo. Hw$R>ohr V_memMm _mJ_yg {XgV
ZìhVm. A{hë`m~mBªMm amJ em§V Pmbm d Ë`m§Zr A{Ve` ào_mZo AZ§V \§$XtMm
gËH$ma Ho$bm.
AZ§V \§$XtMm X~X~m noeì`m§À`m Xa~mamVhr hmoVm. Xwgè`m ~mOramdm§Zr
Amnë`mH$S>rb _m{hVr CnbãY H$ê$Z XDo $Z AZV§ \$§ XtZm gdmB© _mYdamd neo ì`m~§ Ôb

166 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

H$mì` {b{hÊ`mg gm§{JVbo. AZ§V \§$XtZr A{Ve` gai ^mfoV "lr _mYd J«§W' hr
aMZm {bhÿZ nyU© Ho$br. AmOhr Eo{Vhm{gH$ nwamdm åhUyZ lr _mYd J«§WmMr gË`Vm
BVa XñVmdoOm§nojm A{YH$ _mZbr OmVo. {H$V©ZmVyZ bmoH$m§Zm gÝ_mJm©bm bmdÊ`mgmR>r
AZ§V \§$Xr A^§J, Amoì`m§~amo~a ñdV:Mo \$Q>Ho$hr gmXa H$am`Mo. Ë`m§Mo EHy$U nmM
\$Q>Ho$ gÜ`m CnbãY AmhoV. g§J_ZoaÀ`mM S>m°._YwH$a _m|T>o `m§Zr _moR>çm à`ËZm§VyZ
H$dr AZ§V \§$XtMo M[aÌ d Ë`m§À`m {d{dY àH$maÀ`m H$mì`m§Mm g§J«h àH$m{eV Ho$bobm
Amho. \§$XtÀ`m EHy$U gd© H$mì`aMZon¡H$s gdm©{YH$ JmObobm nwT>rb \$Q>H$m AmOhr
bmoH${à` Amho.

{~H$Q> dmQ> d{hdmQ> Zgmdr YmonQ> _mJm© gmoSy> ZH$mo&
g§gmam_{Y Eog Amnbm CJmM ^Q>H$V {\$ê$ ZH$mo&
Mb gmbgnU Yê${Z {ZImbg ~mobm ImoQ>çm ~moby ZH$mo&

naYZ naZma nmhþ{Z {MÎm ^«_y ho XoD$ ZH$mo&
A§Jr Z_«Vm gXm Agmdr amJ Hw$Umda Yê$ ZH$mo&
ZmpñVH$nUmMm {eê${Z OZmMm ~mob AmnUm KoD$ ZH$mo&
^br ^bmB© H$a H$mhr nU AY_© _mJu {eê$ ZH$mo&&

_m`~mnmda ê$gy ZH$mo&
Xya EH$bm ~gy ZH$mo&
ì`dhmam_{Y \$gy ZH$mo&
n[a CbmT>mbr ^b^bË`m nmoQ>mgmR>r H$ê$ ZH$mo&
d_© H$mTw>{Z e_m©`mbm CUo Hw$Umbm ~moby ZH$mo&
~wS>dm`m Xwgè`mMm R>odm H$ê${Z hodm PQy> ZH$mo&
_r _moR>m ehmUm YZmT>ç hr Jd©^ma hm dmhÿ ZH$mo&
EH$mhÿZ EH$ MT>r OJm_{Y WmoanUmbm {_adw ZH$mo&
{h_m`VrÀ`m ~io J[a~Jw[a~mbm Vy JwaH$mdy ZH$mo&
Xmo {Xdgm§Mr OmB©b gÎmm Anoe _mWm KoD$ ZH$mo&
~hþV H$O©~mOmar hmoD${Z ~moO Amnbm XdSy> ZH$mo&
ñZohmgmR>r nXa_moS> H$a na§Vw Om_rZ hmoD$ ZH$mo&
{dS>m n¡OoMm CMbw ZH$mo&
CUr VamOw Vmobw ZH$mo&

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 167

JhmU Hw$UmMo Sw>bdw ZH$mo&
Agë`mda ^rH$ _mJy ZH$mo&
Zgë`mda gm§JUo H$embm Jm§d VwPm ^rS> Yê$ ZH$mo&&
CJrM qZXm ñVwVr Hw$UmMr ñd{hVmgmR>r H$ê$ ZH$mo&
~ar Iwem_V ehmÊ`mMr hr _yIm©Mr Vr _¡Ìr ZH$mo&
H$ï>mMr ~ar ^mOr ^mH$ar Vwn gmIaoMr Mmoar ZH$mo&
Amë`m A{VWr _yR>^a Úm`m _mJo nwT>Vr nmhÿ ZH$mo&
{Xbr pñWVr XodmZo VrVM _mZr gwIr H$Yr {dQw> ZH$mo&
Amnë`m Jm§R>r YZg§M` H$a gËH$m`u ì`` hQw> ZH$mo&
AmVm VwO hr JmoîQ> gm§JVmo gËH$_m© Amogê$ ZH$mo&
gËH$sVu S>§H$m JmOo _J e§H$mM ZH$mo&&

gw{dMmam H$mVê§$ ZH$mo&
gËg§Jm A§Vê$ ZH$mo&
Û¡Vmbm AZwgê$ ZH$mo&
h[a^OZm {dñ_ê$ ZH$mo&
Jmd`mg AZ§V \§$XrMo \$Q>Ho$ _mJo gê$ ZH$mo&&
hm \$Q>H$m AmO V_m_ _amR>r OmUUmè`mÀ§ `m AmRo >mda Amh.o `mdê$ZM AZV§
\§$XtÀ`m eãX gm_Ï`m©Mr AmnU H$ënZm H$ê$ eH$Vmo. d`mÀ`m 75 ì`m dfu 3
Zmoìh|~a, 1819 amOr AZ§V \§$Xr `m g§J_ZoaM§ Zmd MmohrH$S>o JmOdUmè`m N>§Xr-
\§$Xr, emhra-H$dr-{H$V©ZH$mamZo OJmMm {Zamon KoVbm.
H$dr AZ§V \§$XtÀ`m ñ_¥Vr OmJ¥V R>odÊ`mgmR>r VËH$mbrZ _§Ìr
lr.~r.Oo.IVmi nmQ>rb `m§À`m à`ËZm§VyZ g§J_ZoamV H$dr AZ§V \§$Xr `m§À`m ZmdmZo
Iwbo ZmQ>çJ¥h C^maÊ`mV Ambo Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a g§J_ZoamV H$dr AZ§V \§$Xr
à{VîR>mZÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ _mJrb VrZ XeH$m§nmgyZ H$dr AZ§V \§$Xr ì`m»`mZ_mboMo
Am`moOZ Ho$bo OmVo. g§J_Zoa B{Vhmg g§emoYZ _§S>imÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ _mJrb nmM
dfmªnmgyZ H$dr AZ§V \§$XtÀ`m ZmdmZo amÁ`ñVar` gm{hË` d H$bm Jm¡ad nwañH$ma
{Xbo OmVmV.

168 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

~mOmanoR>oVrb H$dr AZ§V \§$Xr `m§Mo OÝ_Ka (2011)
S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 169

Kmobn KamUo (\§$Xr KamUo) d§emdi
Wmoabo AZ§V \§$Xr `m§À`m d{S>bm§Mo Zmd kmV Zmhr

(amD$~mB©)

Wmoabo AZ§V \§$Xr

(OÝ_ B.g.1744 - _¥Ë`y B.g.3 Zmoìh|~a 1819)

åhmigm~mB© ~mny \§$Xr
lrnVr \§$Xr C\©$ gdmB© \§$Xr (nyd©d`mV {ZYZ)

(OÝ_ eHo$ 1723, B.g.1801)
(_¥Ë`y H$m{V©H$ ewŠb n§M_r eHo$ 1793, B.g.1871)

J§Jm~mB©

AZ§V \§$Xr C\©$ ~id§V \§$Xr JUoe \§$Xr
(Xwgao AZ§V \§$Xr)

(OÝ_ M¡Ì ewŠb Zd_r eHo$ 1771, _¥Ë`y B.g.1849)

AZ§V JUoe \§$Xr dg§V em§Vm~mB© ZmH$sb~mB©
C\©$
{Vgao AZ§V \§$Xr e§H$a Omoer (dmñVì`-Zm{eH$)
A{ddm{hV
(OÝ_ A§XmOo B.g.1920 h[a^mD$ _XZ a_oe
_¥Ë`y 3 Am°JñQ> 1990)

170 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

_hmXOr qeXo

A{Ve` YmS>gr Hw$eb `moÕm åhUyZ Á`m§Mm B{VhmgmV Jm¡adembr C„oI
Ho$bm OmVmo Vo _hmXOr qeXo `m§Mmhr g§J_Zoaer {ZH$Q>Mm g§~§Y hmoVm. _amR>oemhrda
AT>i {Zð>m AgUmè`m _hmXOtZr Amnë`m H$V©¥ÎdmÀ`m Omoamda CÎmaoV _amR>oemhrMm
PS| >m amdo bm hmVo m. Aem `m _hmZ `mÜo `mMr MmW¡ r nËZr ^dmZr~mB© `m gJ§ _Zao OdiÀ`m
A^§ mao Xè`mÀ`m åhñH$o -Xeo _Iw mÀ§ `m H$Ý`m hmËo `m. åhñH$o -Xeo _Iw mM§ r H$Ý`m ^dmZr~mB©
d _hmXOr qeXo `m§Mm {ddmh gZ 1777 _Ü`o g§J_Zoabm Pmbm hmoVm. _mÌ H$mhr
H$maUmñVd ^dmZr~mB© Amnë`m gmgar åhUOoM ½dmëhoabm OmÊ`mg V`ma ZìhË`m.
Ë`m gJ§ _Zao bmM ahm`À`m. Ë`m_iw o _hmXOtMo gJ§ _Zao bm Zho _rM `Uo -o OmUo Agm`M.o
^dmZr~mB© `m H$g~mnoR>oVrb (gÜ`mÀ`m XodrJ„rVrb) ^dmZrXodrÀ`m {Zpñg_ ^ŠV
hmËo `m. Ë`mM§ m amOo Xdo rÀ`m XeZ© mMm n[anmR> hmVo m. Ë`mM§ o dmñVì` Agbëo `m dmS>çmVZy
WoQ> XodrÀ`m _§{Xamn`ªV ^w`mar _mJ© Amho. Ë`mM dmS>çmVyZ EH$ ^w`mar _mJ© åhmiw§Jr
ZXrÀ`m nmÌmImbyZ WoQ> ^dmZr~mJoV OmVmo. ho XmoÝhr _mJ© AmOhr g§J_Zoa_Yrb
A§^moaH$a dmS>çmV ~Km`bm {_iVmV.

^dmZr~mBZª r ½dmëhao bm `mdo åhUZy _hmXOtMm Ë`mZ§ m Zho _r AmJh« Agm`Mm.
b¾mZ§Va {Vgè`m dfu åhUOo 1780 _Ü`o _hmXOtZr ^dmZr~mBªMr g_OyV KmbyZ
Ë`m§Zm ½dmëhoabm ZoÊ`mMo R>adbo. Ë`m§Mm àdmghr gwê$ Pmbm; _mÌ gÜ`mÀ`m "`odbo'
VmbwŠ`mVrb ZJagyi `oWo `m XmånË`mMm _wŠH$m_ AgVmZm ^dmZr~mBªZr {haH$Ur
{JiyZ Ord {Xbm. ZJagyi `oWo ^dmZr~mBªMr g_mYr Amho Ago åhUVmV.

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 171

amjg^wdZ `oWo noedo d {ZOm_ `m§À`mV OmoaXma bT>mB© Pmbr.
172 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

{dÇ>b gw§Xa

noedmB©À`m H$mimV gmS>oVrZ ehÊ`m§À`m ZmdmMm _moR>m ~mob~mbm hmoVm. ho
gmS>oVrZ ehmUo åhUOo EHy$U MmaOU hmoVo. `m§À`m~Ôb ~è`m-dmB©Q> Aem XmoÝhr
Jmoï>r gm§{JVë`m OmVmV. Amnë`m ^maVr` na§naoV gmS>oVrZ `m eãXmbm EH$ doJio
_hÎd Amho. g§»`memñÌmV gmS>oVrZ _whÿV©, gmS>oVrZ dņ̃ Aem g§H$ënZm AmhoV.
`mVyZM "gmS>oVrZ ehmUo' hr g§H$ënZm nwT>o Ambr Agmdr. ho gmS>oVrZ ehmUo åhUOo
ZmZm \$S>Urg, neo ì`mÀ§ `m Xa~mamVrb gImam_ ~mny ~mHo $sb, ZmJnay À`m ^mgo ë`mH§ $S>rb
{XdmH$a nwéfmoÎm_ MmoaKS>o C\©$ {XdmH$an§V Am{U h¡Ðm~mXÀ`m {ZOm_mÀ`m Xa~mamVrb
{dÇ>b gw§Xa. `m Mm¡Km§n¡H$s {dÇ>b gw§Xa ho _yiMo g§J_ZoaMo amhUmao. Ë`m§Mo AmS>Zmd
naeam_r. Ë`m§Mm OÝ_ AH$mobo VmbwŠ`mVrb H$moVyi JmdMm. noedmB©Vrb gmS>oVrZ
ehmÊ`m§n¡H$s nyU© ehmUo åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm AmoiIbo Om`Mo.

Ë`m doir H$moVyi Am{U g§J_ZoaMm n[aga {ZOm_emhrMm EH$ ^mJ hmoVm.
{dÇ>b gw§XaZo embo` {ejUm~amo~aM \$magr {b{hUo-~mobUo, KmoS>oñdmar, Vbdma
MmbdUo AmXtMo {ejU KoVbo hmoVo. nwT>o Amnë`m CnOV ~w{Õ_Îmo_wio Vo nwÊ`mbm
noeì`m§À`m Xa~mar ZmoH$arg bmJbo. EH$Xm noeì`m§Zr Ë`m§Zm naeam_r `m ZmdmMm
g§X^© {dMmabm, H$mJXmonÌr qH$dm nwamUmVrb H$mhr XmIbm XoVm `oB©b H$m? Agohr
{dMmabo. `m àíZmda {dÇ>b gw§Xa {ZéÎma Pmbo. Xwgè`m EH$m àg§JmV noeì`m§Zr
{dÇ>b gw§Xa `m§Zm {ZéÎma Ho$bo d "_mÜ`§{XZm ~w{ÕhrZ:' Aem eãXm§V Ë`m§Mr hoQ>miUr
Ho$br. {dÇ>b gw§Xa `m§Zm hm An_mZ ghZ Pmbm Zmhr. Ë`m§Zr VmËH$mi ZmoH$ar

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 173

gmoS>br. {dÇ>b gw§Xa `m§Zr `m An_mZmMm ~Xbm KoÊ`mgmR>r {ZOm_emhrV ZmoH$ar
Yabr.

{ZOm_mÀ`m Xa~mamV am_Xmgn§V ZmdmMo EH$ gmdH$ma _moR>çm hþX²>Úmda
hmoVo. Vo {ZOm_mbm, _amR>oemhrVrb Vmam~mB© d neo ì`m§ZmXIo rb Am{W©H$ _XV H$am`M.o
`m am_Xmgn§Vm§Mr d {dÇ>b gw§Xa `m§Mr Mm§Jbr _¡Ìr O_br. Ë`m§À`m_wio {dÇ>b
gw§Xam§Mo {ZOm_mÀ`m Xa~mamV `oUo-OmUo gwê$ Pmbo. `m AmoiIrVyZM {dÇ>b gw§Xa
`m§Zm gwédmVrbm Zm{eH$ `oWo d Z§Va g§J_Zoa `oWo Vh{gbXma åhUyZ Zo_Ê`mV Ambo.
g§J_Zoa ho Ë`m doir _moR>m gw^m hmoVo. Ë`m_wio {dÇ>b gw§Xa `m§Zm Zoh_rM h¡Ðm~mXbm
Omdo bmJm`Mo. gbm~VO§J hm {ZOm_ehm åhUyZ H$m_ ~Km`Mm. {dÇ>b gw§Xa `m§Mo
`Õw H$me¡ ë`, \$magr d Aa~r ^mfdo arb à^Ëy d ~KZy Ë`mZ§ m WQo > {ZOm_mÀ`m Xa~mamVM
ZmoH$ar {_imbr.

{ZOm_ gbm~VO§JmMm EH$ ^mD$ {ZOm_Abr hm A{Ve` Amier d M¡Zr
hmoVm. {dÇ>b gw§Xa `m§Zm ho éMbo Zmhr. Ë`m§Zr {ZOm_Abrer AmoiI dmT>dbr d
Ë`mbm n[apñWVrMr OmUrd H$ê$Z {Xbr. AmnU Oa AgoM M¡Zr Am`wî` OJV
am{hbmV Va EH$ {Xdg Amnë`mda ^mdmMo Jwbm_ hmoÊ`mMr doi `oB©b. na§Vw H$mhr
H$V©~Jmar XmIdbr Va Vwåhmbm amÁ`nX {_iÊ`mg doi bmJUma Zmhr. {dÇ>b gw§Xa
`mÀ§ `m ~mbo Ê`mMm {ZOm_Abrda à^md nS>bm. {ZOm_mÀ`m Xa~mamVhr {ZOm_Abrbm
nmR>t~m XoUmao H$mhr bmoH$ hmoVoM. {ZOm_Abr d {dÇ>b gw§Xa `m§Zr EH$ `moOZm
AmIbr. gbm~VO§Jmg§~§Yr bmoH$m§_Ü`o H$bwerV dmVmdaU {Z_m©U Ho$bo. AIoarg
gbm~VO§Jbm AQ>H$ H$ê$Z Ë`mÀ`m JmXrda {ZOm_Abrbm ~gdbo.

{ZOm_Abr JmXrda ~gVmM {dÇ>b gw§Xa `m§Zm Ë`mZo Amnbm {XdmU åhUyZ
Zo_bo. {dÇ>b gw§Xa `m§Zr {ZOm_Abrbm Amnë`m ñdm_r^ŠVrMm àË`` AZoH$Xm
XmIdyZ {Xbm. nwT>o gbm~VO§JmMm IyZ Pmbm. Ë`mbm _mZUmè`m \«|$M gaXma ~wgr
`mZo IwÝ`mbm AQ>H$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ZOm_mÀ`m N>mdUrda h„m Ho$bm. {dÇ>b gw§Xa
`m§Zr A{Ve` MnimB©Zo hmbMmb H$ê$Z {ZOm_Abr Á`m V§~yV Pmonbm hmoVm,
{VWbr H$ZmV VbdmarZo \$mS>br d {ZOm_Abrbm ~mhoa H$mTy>Z KmoS>çmda ~gdbo d
gwa{jV {R>H$mUr Zobo. Ho$di {dÇ>b gw§XaÀ`m hþemar_wio AmnU AmO {Od§V am{hbmo,
åhUyZ {ZOm_AbrZo {dÇ>b gw§Xabm H$m` hdo Vo _mJ Ago gm§{JVbo. {dÇ>b gw§Xa
`m§Zr `mda ~amM {dMma Ho$bm d {ZOm_mH$S>o \$ŠV Am¡Q> KQ>Ho$nwaVr Ë`mMr amO_wÐm

174 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

({eŠH$m) _m{JVbr. hr _mJUr _mÝ` Pmbr.
{dÇ>b gw§Xa `m§Zr amO_wÐoMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z JmdmoJmdMr _§{Xao, XodñWmZo,

_R>, H$bmd§V, kmZr, ~«m÷U `m§Zm O{_Zr, Ohm{Jè`m, dfm©gZo Omhra H$ê$Z Ë`mÀ`m
gZXm H$ê$Z dmQ>ë`m. gw_mao gmS>oVrZ Vmg ho H$m_ gwê$ hmoVo. _mÌ {dÇ>b gw§Xa `m§Zr
ñdV:gmR>r H$mhrhr KoVbo Zmhr. `mM Jmoï>rMo {ZOm_Abrbm _moR>o H$m¡VwH$ dmQ>bo.
Ë`mZo ñdV:hÿZ {dÇ>b gw§Xa `m§Zm _moR>r Ohm{Jar d amOo~hmÔa hm {IVm~ {Xbm.

1761 _Ü`o nm{ZnVmda _amR>o nam^yV Pmë`mZ§Va noeì`m§À`m amÁ`mV dmX
{Z_m©U Pmbo. Amnë`m An_mZmMm gyS> KoÊ`mMr hrM g§Yr Amho, ho hoê$Z {dÇ>b
gw§Xa `m§Zr noeì`m§da ñdmar Ho$br. noeì`m§À`m AIË`marVrb Zm{eH$, OwÞa àm§V,
nUw o Am{X n[agamV _mRo >r bQy > H$o br. `m AmH$« _Um_iw o neo dho r {MS>b.o amjg^dw ZOdi
noedo d {dÇ>b gw§Xa `m§À`mV OmoaXma bT>mB© Pmbr. {dÇ>b gw§Xa ñdV: hÎmrÀ`m
A§~marV ~gyZ bT>mB©da {Z`§ÌU R>odrV hmoVo. `m Yw_íMH«$sV ~§XyH$sMr EH$ Jmoir
{dÇ>b gw§Xa `m§À`m N>mVrVyZ Amanma Jobr. {dÇ>b gw§Xa Imbr H$mogibo. EH$m àM§S>
~w{Õ_mZ ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm A§V Pmbm. Ho$di An_mZmMm ~Xbm KoÊ`mgmR>r _amR>oemhr
gmoSy>Z {ZOm_mbm gm_rb Pmboë`m g§J_ZoaÀ`m {dÇ>b gw§Xa `m§Zr Amnbr VmH$X
_amR>r amÁ`mgmR>r dmnabr AgVr Va H$mhr H$mi Var B{Vhmgmbm H$bmQ>Ur {_imbr
AgVr ho {ZpíMV!

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 175

MwZmaMm {H$ëbm
176 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

qÌ~H$Or S>|Jio

{~«{Q>em§Mo gm_«mÁ` g§nyU© ^maVmV àñWm{nV Pmbo hmoVo. na§Vw noeì`m§Mo amÁ`
_mÌ H$mhr Ho$ë`m Vmã`mV `oV ZìhVo. Á`m§À`m gm_«mÁ`mV gy`© H$YrM _mdiV ZìhVm,
Aem B§J«Om§Zm Pw§OdV R>odÊ`mMo H$m_ Á`m eyadramZo Ho$bo Vmo eyadra åhUOo g§J_Zoa
VmbwŠ`mVrb {Z_JmdOmirMm qÌ~H$Or S>|Jio. qÌ~H$OtZr YmS>gr d¥Îmr~amo~aM
Amnë`m ñdm_r{Zð>oVyZ noeì`m§Mo amÁ` dmM{dÊ`mMm AQ>moH$mQ> à`ËZ Ho$bm. AIoarg
qÌ~H$OtZm B§J«Om§À`m ñdmYrZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo Am{U Ë`mM doir Iè`m AWm©Zo B§J«Om§Mo
gm_«mÁ` qhXwñWmZda àñWm{nV Pmbo.

g§J_Zoa VmbwŠ`mVrb {Z_JmdOmir ho qÌ~H$OtMo _yi Jmd. Jar~ eoVH$ar
Hw$Qw>§~mVrb qÌ~H$Or bhmZnUmnmgyZM YmS>gr d H$mQ>H$. EH$Xm Vo noeì`m§À`m
ñdmargmo~V WoQ> nwÊ`mn`ªV YmdV Jobo, Ë`m§À`m `m YmS>gmMo H$m¡VwH$ dmQy>Z noeì`m§Zr
Ë`m§Zm Amnë`m Xa~mamV R>oD$Z KoVbo Aer Jmoï> gm§{JVbr OmVo. gwédmVrbm N>moQ>r-
_moR>r H$m_o H$arV qÌ~H$Or Amnë`m hþemarÀ`m Omoamda noeì`m§Mo H$ma^mar ~Zbo.
noedmB©À`m AIoaÀ`m H$mimV gaXmam§_Ü`o Xw\$ir nS>br hmoVr. B§J«O noeì`m§Mo amÁ`
Vmã`mV KoÊ`mgmR>r gm_-Xm_-X§S>-^oX Aem {d{dY {ZVtMm Adb§~ H$arV hmoVo.
noeì`m§Mo ~bñWmZ H$m` Amho, `mMmhr emoY KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ gwê$ hmoVm. AIoarg
B§J«Om§Zm bjmV Ambo H$s, Omon`ªV qÌ~H$Or Amho, Vmon`ªV noeì`m§Mo amÁ` Amnë`m
Vmã`mV `oUo AeŠ` Amho.

~S>moÚmÀ`m Jm`H$dmS> gaH$mam§Mo dH$sb J§JmYaemñÌr nQ>dY©Z ho ~mobUr

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 177

H$aÊ`mgmR>r noeì`m§H$S>o Ambo hmoVo. noeì`m§Mo H$ma^mar åhUyZ qÌ~H$OtH$S>o
J§JmYaemñÌter ~mobUr H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar hmoVr. J§JmYaemñÌr B§J«Om§À`m ~mOyMo
hmoVo. Ë`m_wio qÌ~H$Or d Ë`m§Mr ~mobUr {\$gH$Q>V hmoVr. AemVM J§JmYaemñÌtMm
IyZ Pmbm. hm IyZ Hw$Ur Ho$bm ho Hw$UmbmM H$ibo Zmhr. _mÌ `m IyZmMm Amamon
qÌ~H$Otda R>odÊ`mV Ambm. AmnU Ý`m`mMo amÁ` MmbdVmo Agm Amd AmUUmè`m
B§J«Om§Zr noeì`m§H$S>o qÌ~H$OtZm `m IyZmÀ`m Amamonmdê$Z Vmã`mV XoÊ`mMr _mJUr
H$o br. ~mOramdmZo hr _mJUr dio mdo io r A_mÝ` H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$o bm. AIao rg EH$Va
qÌ~H$Orbm Am_À`m Vmã`mV Úm qH$dm `wÕmbm V`ma ahm, Aer Y_H$s VËH$mbrZ
JìhZ©a Eb{\$ñQ>ZZo {Xbr. Amnë`m EH$Q>çm_wio Oa noeì`m§Mo amÁ` dmMV Agob Va
AmnU B§J«Om§À`m Vmã`mV Om`bm V`ma AmhmoV, Aer ^y{_H$m qÌ~H$OtZr KoVbr.
AIoa ñdm_r{Zð> qÌ~H$Or B§J«Om§À`m ñdmYrZ Pmbo.

qÌ~H$OtZm R>mÊ`mÀ`m Vwé§JmV R>odÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`m§À`mda H$S>H$ nhmam
R>odÊ`mV `oD$ bmJbm. na§Vw YmS>gr qÌ~H$OtZr Vwé§JmMr q^V \$moSy>Z nbm`Z Ho$bo.
Vwé§JmVyZ gwQ>ë`mda qÌ~H$OtZr JwßVnUo _mUgm§Mr O_dmO_d gwê$ Ho$br. WmoS>çmM
AdYrV Ë`m§Zr {^„, am_moer AmXr Am{XdmgtZm EH$Ì H$ê$Z ñdV:Mr \$m¡O C^r
Ho$br. `m \$m¡OoZo B§J«Om§Zm gimo H$s nimo H$ê$Z gmoS>bo. B§J«Om§Zr qÌ~H$OtZm nH$Sy>Z
XoUmè`mgmR>r EH$ Om{haZm_m à{gÕ Ho$bm, Ë`mV åhQ>bo hmoVo H$s, "qÌ~H$Or S>|Jim
B§J«O ~hmXwamMo H¡$XoVyZ niyZ ~§S> H$arV niVmo. Ë`mMm {R>H$mU bmdyZ {Od§V AJa
_obm gaH$mam§V hdmbr H$ê$Z XoB©b Ë`mObm ~{jg XmoZ bmI én`o d EH$ hOma
én`mMm BZm_Jmd {Xbm OmB©b. g_ñV a`V ~«m÷U, _amR>o, dmUr, CX_r, _m§J,
am_moer dJ¡ao Oo H$moUr S>|Jù`mMm nÎmm gaH$mamg XmIdyZ XoB©b Ë`mg nmM hOma én`o
d EH$ Mmhÿa O_rZ BZm_ XoÊ`mV `oB©b. nÎmm R>mdyH$ AgyZ Vmo XmIdyZ Z {Xë`mg
Ë`mMo n[anË` hmoB©b.' noedo eŠ` Ë`m àH$mao qÌ~H$OtZm JwßVnUo _XV H$aÊ`mMm
à`ËZ H$aV hmoVo. B§J«Om§Zr 28 _o, 1818 amoOr noeì`m§H$S>o VhmMm _gwXm nmR>dyZ
{Xbm. AIoarg noeì`m§Zr 2 OyZ, 1818 amoOr B§J«Om§g_moa eaUmJVr nËH$abr. `m
VhmZwgma noeì`m§À`m Vmã`mVrb _hmamï´>mVrb d _hmamï´>m~mhoarb 14 bmI én`o
dgwbmMm gd© àXoe B§J«Om§Zr Amnë`m Vmã`mV KoVbm.

qÌ~H$OtMr gd© ~mOy§Zr ZmHo$~§Xr H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. Ë`m§Mr EH$mH$s Pw§O
Anwar nSy> bmJbr. AIoarg Ë`m§Zr Zm{eH$ {OëømVrb Am{hadmS>r (Am{haJmd) `m

178 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

Amnë`m gmgwadmS>rÀ`m Jmdr Aml` KoVbm. qÌ~H$OtMm emoY KoÊ`mgmR>r B§J«Om§Zr
Ë`m§Mr \§$X{\$VwarMr {ZVr Adb§~br. Am{hadmS>rMm nmQ>rb O`mOr `mZo 28 OyZ,
1818 amoOr _mboJmdbm OmD$Z qÌ~H$OtMr I~a {Xbr. H°$ßQ>Z ñd°ZñQ>ZÀ`m
ZoV¥ËdmImbr 800 KmoS>XimMr VwH$S>r Am{hadmS>rÀ`m {XeoZo {ZKmbr. Jmdmbm doT>m
{Xbm Jobm. qÌ~H$Or nH$S>bo Jobo. Ë`m§À`m gmgwadmS>rÀ`m KamVyZ YZ, gmoZo-ZmUo
Vmã`mV KoÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`m§Zm gwédmVrbm R>mUo `oWo d Z§Va MwZmaÀ`m Vwé§JmV R>odÊ`mV
Ambo. 1829 _Ü`o qÌ~H$OtMo Vwé§JmVM {ZYZ Pmbo.

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 179

AmZ§Xr~mB© Omoer
180 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

AmZ§Xr~mB© Omoer

g§J_ZoaÀ`m AZoH$ ^y{_nwÌm§Zr VgoM ^y_rH$Ý`m§Zr g§J_ZoaMo Zmd gd©Xÿa
JmOdbo VgoM g§J_ZoaÀ`m EH$m ñZwfoZohr Amnë`m H$V¥©ÎdmVyZ g§J_Zoabm _moR>onUm
{_idZy {Xbm Amh.o ^maVmVrb n{hë`m _{hbm S>mŠ° Q>a AmZX§ r~mB© Omeo r `m gJ§ _Zao À`m
ñZwfm. Ë`m§Mo nVr Jmonmiamd Omoer ho _yiMo g§J_ZoaMo amhUmao. AmZ§Xr~mBªMm OÝ_
31 _mM©, 1865 amoOr nwUo `oWo Pmbm hmoVm. Ë`m§Mo _yi Zmd `_wZm.

Jmonmiamd H$ë`mUbm nmoñQ>mV ZmoH$ar H$am`Mo. Ë`m doir Ë`m§Mo Hw$Q>§w~
g§J_ZoabmM dmñVì`mbm hmoVo. nwT>o Jmonmiamdm§Mm AmZ§Xr~mBªer {ddmh Pmbm. Ë`m§Mo
d` Ë`m doir Oo_Vo_ ZD$ dfmªMo hmoVo. Ë`m H$mimVrb éT>rZwgma Ë`m§Mo {ejUhr
Pmbobo ZìhVo. _mÌ Jmonmiamdm§Zr hÅ>mZo, H$Yr-H$Yr AJXr ~iO~arZo AmZ§Xr~mBªZm
KarM {ejUmMo YS>o Úm`bm gwédmV Ho$br. AmZ§Xr~mB© `m _wimVM hþema Agë`mZo
Ë`m§Zm {eH$dbobo MQ>H$Z AmH$bZ ìhm`Mo. Jmonmiamd nmoñQ>mVyZ Amë`mda amoO
Ë`m§Zm {eH$dm`Mo. hiyhiy ~mhoê$Z narjm XoV Ë`m {eH$V Joë`m. Jmonmiamdm§À`m
H$ë`mU, A{b~mJ, H$bH$Îmm `m ~Xë`m§À`m Jmdrhr Ë`m§Mo {ejU gwê$M hmoVo.
d`mÀ`m Mm¡Xmì`m dfu AmZ§Xr~mBªZm _wbJm Pmbm na§Vw nwaoem d¡ÚH$s` gw{dYm§A^mdr
Vmo OJy eH$bm Zmhr.

AmZX§ r~mB© OgOem {eH$V Jëo `m, Ver Jmno miamdmM§ r EH$ gßw V _hÎdmH$mj§ m
dmT>V Jobr. gwYmaUmdmXr Jmonmiamdm§Zm Amnë`m nËZrbm S>m°ŠQ>a H$am`Mo hmoVo. Ë`m
H$mimV _wbr {eH$VM Zgë`mZo Ë`m§Zm S>m°ŠQ>a H$aÊ`mMm Hw$Ur {dMmahr H$ê$ eH$V

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 181

ZìhV.o dÚ¡ H$s` {ejUXIo rb ^maVmV CnbãY ZìhV.o naV§ w {OÔr Jmno miamdmZ§ r Amnbr
Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr Oo_Vo_ AgVmZmhr CgZdmar Ho$br, H$mhr {_eZar g§ñWm§H$Sy>Z
n¡gm C^m Ho$bm d AmZ§Xr~mBªZm d¡ÚH$s` {ejUmgmR>r A_o[aHo$bm nmR>dÊ`mMr V`mar
H$o br. Xaå`mZ AmZX§ r~mBZª r A_[o aH$o Vrb EH$m H$w Q>w~§ mer nÌmÛmao Amio I {Z_mU© H$ê$Z
Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z VoWrb d¡ÚH$s` {ejUmMr _m{hVr {_idbr hmoVr.

7 E{àb, 1883 amOo r "{gQ>r Am\° $ H$bH$Îmm' `m ~mQo >rZo Ad¿`m 18 dfmÀª `m
AmZ§Xr~mB© EH$Q>çmM A_o[aHo$bm Om`bm {ZKmë`m. Zdè`mbm gmoSy>Z hOmamo _¡b Xÿa
Agbëo `m EH$m dJo ù`m gñ§ H$¥ VrV, dJo ù`m Xeo mV {eH$m`bm OmUo hr IamIo a ZdbmBM© r
Jmoï> hmoVr. A_o[aHo$V Ag§»` AS>MUtZm Vm|S> XoV AmZ§Xr~mB© {eH$V Joë`m. VoWrb
nohamd, Amhma, doJir g§ñH¥$Vr, hdm_mZ `m gdmªer OwidyZ KoV Ë`m
no{Z{gpëìh{Z`mÀ`m _{hbm d¡ÚH$s` _hm{dÚmb`mV _moR>çm {OÔrZo {eH$ë`m.
AmZ§Xr~mB© ^maVmVyZ A_o[aHo$V Joë`m Voìhm Ë`m§Zm {_eZar g§ñWm§Mo _moR>o ghH$m`©
bm^bo hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m {ejUmnmgyZ Vo A_o[aHo$V OmÊ`mn`ªVÀ`m {ZU©`mMr ^maVmVrb
AZoH$m§Zr hoQ>miUr Ho$br hmoVr. AmZ§Xr~mB© AmVm _m§g ^jU H$aVrb, Ë`m ^maVmV
naV `oB©n`ªV Y_© ~XbVrb Aer ^rVr AZoH$m§Zm dmQ>m`Mr. na§Vw Ë`m§Zr Amnbr
^maVr` g§ñH¥$Vr OnV Amnbo {ejU nyU© Ho$bo.

A_o[aHo$Vrb d¡ÚH$s` narjm CÎm_ JwUm§Zr CÎmrU© Pmë`mda Ë`m 11 _mM©,
1886 amoOr d¡ÚH$ emñÌmVrb E_.S>r. hr nXdr g§nmXZ H$ê$Z ^maVmV Amë`m. Ë`m
doir g§nyU© XoemZo Ë`m§Mm _moR>m Jm¡ad Ho$bm. Á`m§Zr Ë`m§Mr hoQ>miUr Ho$br hmoVr,
Ë`m§ZrM Z§Va Ë`m§Mo H$m¡VwH$ H$am`bm gwédmV Ho$br. ^maVmV Amë`mda Ë`m bJoMM
AmOmar nS>ë`m. ^maVmVë`m Jmao Jar~ é½UmM§ r gdo m H$am`Mr hm CXmÎm hVo y S>mùo `mg_mao
R>oD$Z Ë`m naVë`m hmoË`m. _mÌ j`mÀ`m AmOmamZo Ë`m§Mo ñdßZ nyU© hmoD$ eH$bo
Zmhr. g§J_ZoaÀ`m gyZ~mB© Agboë`m AmZ§Xr~mBªMo nwUo `oWo 26 \o$~«wdmar, 1887
Ë`m§Mo d`mÀ`m 21 ì`m dfu {ZYZ Pmbo.

182 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

gaXma WmoamV

g§J_ZoaÀ`m àmMrZ na§naoV BWë`m gaXma WmoamVm§À`m KamÊ`mMo Zmd _moR>çm
AmXamZo KoVbo OmVo. g§J_Zoa Odirb nmZmoS>r ho gaXma WmoamVm§Mo Jmd. ho KamUo Vgo
_iy Mo AH$mbo o VmbŠw `mVrb draJmdM.o `m KamÊ`mVrb EH$m namH$« _r dramZo JmOdbëo `m
em¡`m©_wio N>ÌnVr emhÿ§À`m H$mimV Ë`m§Zm _moR>r Ohm{Jar XoD$Z gÝ_mZrV H$aÊ`mV
Ambo hmoVo. `mM KamÊ`mV gaXma {edamd ^dmZamd WmoamV `m§Mm 1888 _Ü`o OÝ_
Pmbm. gaXma WmoamVm§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd Hw$Umdahr N>mn nmS>rb AgoM hmoVo. {~«{Q>em§Mm
A§_b gwê$ Pmë`mda amOKamUr g§nbr hmoVr, _mÌ gaXma WmoamVm§Mo amhUr_mZ
amOoemhr nÕVrMoM hmoVo. Hw$Umhr ì`ŠVrda Ë`m§Mr bJoM N>mn nS>m`Mr.

~S>moXm `oWo H$mhr H$mi {ejU KoVë`mda Vo Amnë`m Jmdr Ambo. H$m¡Qw>§{~H$
Ohm{JarÀ`m H$m_m§~amo~aM Ë`m§Zm gd©gm_mÝ`m§À`m àíZm§_Ü`o {deof ag Agm`Mm.
Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mm nmZmoS>r ~amo~aM AmgnmgÀ`m n[agamVrb bmoH$m§_Ü`o _moR>m dmda
Agm`Mm. gZ 1925 _Ü`o Ah_XZJa bmoH$b ~moS>m©Mo n{hbo bmoH${Z`wŠV AÜ`j
åhUyZ Ë`m§Mr {ZdS> Pmbr. `m {R>H$mUr Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m bmoH$m{^_wI H$ma^mamMm
R>gm C_Q>dbm. gZ 1952 n`ªV _Yë`m 9 dfmªÀ`m H$mimMm AndmX dJiVm
gmVË`mZo AR>am df} Ë`m§Zr ho nX ^yf{dbo. Ë`m§À`mM H$mimV {Oëhm bmoH$b ~moS>m©Mr
^ì` B_maV C^r am{hbr. gaXma WmoamV KamÊ`mMo d ~S>moÚmÀ`m Jm`H$dmS> KamÊ`mMo
A{Ve` OwZo F$UmZw~§Y hmoVo. `mM F$UmZw~§YmVyZ Ah_XZJa bmoH$b ~moS>m©À`m
B_maVrMm nm`m^aUrMm ew^ma§^ ~S>moÚmMo _hmamO g`mOramd Jm`H$dmS> `m§À`m

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 183

hñVo H$aÊ`mV Ambm. nTw >o bmHo $b ~mSo >mM© r B_maV nUy © Pmë`mda B_maVrÀ`m CXK² mQ>ZmMm
H$m`©H«$_ àVmnqgh Jm`H$dmS> `m§À`m hñVo H$aÊ`mV Ambm.

gaXma WmoamV `m§Zr Ë`m§À`m bmoH$b ~moS>m©À`m AÜ`jnXmÀ`m H$mimV
{OëømV {d{dY {dH$mgH$m_o Ho$br. J«m_rU ^mJmVrb _wbm§gmR>r emim§Mr C^maUr,
ZmJ[aH$m§À`m Amamo½`mgmR>r XdmImZo, eoVH$è`m§À`m newYZmgmR>r OZmdam§Mo XdmImZo,
eVo H$è`mg§ mR>r diU~Y§ ma,o Y_e© mim, añË`mM§ r C^maUr Aem {d{dY H$m_mM§ r géw dmV
Ë`m§À`mM H$mimV Pmbr. gZ 1927 _Ü`o _hmË_m Jm§Yr Zm{eH$hÿZ g§J_Zoa_mJ}
Ah_XZJabm EH$m H$m`©H«$_mgmR>r Ambo hmoVo. Ë`m doir g§nyU© XoemV _hmË_m Jm§YtÀ`m
H$V¥©ÎdmMm ~mob~mbm hmoVm. XoemMo ZoVo åhUyZ bmoH$ Ë`m§À`mH$S>o AmXamZo ~Km`Mo.
gaXma WmoamVm§Zr Jm§YrOtÀ`m `m Xm¡è`mV Ë`m§Zm _mZnÌ XoÊ`mMm EH$ ^ì` H$m`©H«$_
Am`mo{OV Ho$bm hmoVm.

ñdmV§Í` g§J«m_mÀ`m Ym_Yy_rV B§J«Om§Zr n§{S>V Zohê$, d„^^mB© nQ>ob,
_m¡bmZm AmPmX d BVa _moR>çm ZoË`m§Zm Ah_XZJaÀ`m Vwé§JmV R>odbo hmoVo. Ë`m doir
gaXma WmoamV `m ZoË`m§Zm ^oQ>m`bm Om`Mo. `m ZoË`m§~amo~aM H«$m§{Vqgh ZmZm nmQ>rb,
Ho$edamd OoYo, ñdm_r ghOmZ§X ^maVr, `ed§Vamd MìhmU, ~mimgmho~ Ioa `m
ZoË`m§erhr Ë`m§Mo OdiMo g§~§Y hmoVo. {Oëhm bmoH$b ~moS>m©À`m AÜ`jnXmÀ`m H$mimV
Ë`m§Zr Ho$boë`m {d{dY bmoH$mon`moJr H$m`m©Mr nmdVr åhUyZ Ë`m§Mm 1944 gmbr
bmoH$b ~moS>m©À`m dVrZo _mZnÌ XoD$Z ^ì` gËH$ma H$aÊ`mV Ambm.

nwT>o Xoe ñdV§Ì Pmë`mda 1952 _Ü`o Ag|ãbrÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$m Omhra
Pmë`m. `m {ZdS>UwH$sV gaXma WmoamVm§Zm H$m±J«ogÀ`m dVrZo lrJm|Xm _VXma g§KmVyZ
C_oXdmar Omhra Pmbr. `m {ZdS>UwH$sV Vo {dO`r Pmbo. 1957 _Ü`o Pmboë`m
Ag|ãbrÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$sV g§J_Zoa VmbwŠ`mVyZ ~r.Oo.IVmi `m§Zr H$m±Jo«gMr C_oXdmar
g§`wŠV _hmamï´>mÀ`m àíZmdê$Z ZmH$mabr åhUyZ Ë`m§À`m OmJoda gaXma WmoamVm§Zm
H$m±J«ogMr C_oXdmar XoÊ`mV Ambr. `m {ZdS>UwH$sV gaXma WmoamV ho XÎmm Xoe_wIm§À`m
{damoYmV H$m±J«ogMo C_oXdma hmoVo, _mÌ Ë`m§Mm nam^d Pmbm. `m {ZdS>UwH$sZ§Va _mÌ
Ë`m§Zr amOH$maUmVyZ ~mOybm hmoUoM ng§V Ho$bo. 7 Am°JñQ>, 1960 amoOr Ë`m§Mo {ZYZ
Pmbo.

184 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

Ho$. ~r. Xoe_wI

nwamoJm_r {dMmam§Mr H$mg Yê$Z gm_m{OH$ joÌmV H$m_ H$aUmao ZoVo åhUyZ
Ho$.~r.Xoe_wIm§Mm C„oI Ho$bm OmVmo. g§J_ZoaMo n{hbo Am_Xma åhUyZ {ZdSy>Z `oÊ`mMm
_mZ {_idUmao Ho$.~r. (XmXm) Xoe_wI `m§Mm OÝ_ 1 Zmoìh|~a, 1901 amoOr Ym§Xa\$i
`oWo Pmbm. g§J_ZoaÀ`m no{Q>Q> {dÚmb`mV H$mhr df© _mÜ`{_H$ {ejU KoVë`mda
Ë`m§Zr ~S>moXm `oWo nwT>rb {ejU nyU© Ho$bo. 1929 _Ü`o Ë`m§Mm {ddmh JwOamV_Yrb
gwà{gÕ d¥ÎmnÌMmbH$ ^Jd§Vamd nmioH$a `m§À`m H$Ý`m O`Xodr~mB© `m§À`m~amo~a
A{Ve` gmÜ`m nÕVrZo Pmbm. nmioH$am§Mo "OmJ¥Vr' ho d¥ÎmnÌ Voìhm A{Ve` à{gÕ
hmoVo. nwT>o d{H$brMo {ejU KoD$Z Ho$.~r.XmXm g§J_Zoabm ñWm{`H$ Pmbo.

g§J_Zoa n[agamVrb EH$ A{Ve` hþema dH$sb åhUyZ Ë`m§Mr Ë`m H$mimV
AmoiI hmoVr. Amnbm d{H$brMm ì`dgm` gm§^miyZ Ë`m§Zr A{Ve` Vi_irZo
gm_m{OH$ H$m`m©V ^mJ KoÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br. 1930 _Ü`o Vo Ah_XZJa {Oëhm
bmoH$b ~moS>m©Mo AÜ`j hmoVo. `m H$mimV Ë`m§Zr AZoH$ bmoH$mon`moJr H$m_o Ho$br.
g§J_Zoa_Ü`o åhmiw§Jr ZXrÀ`m nwbmÀ`m nbrH$S>o Ë`m§Zr gd© OmVrY_m©À`m _wbm§gmR>r
eoVH$ar ~mo{S>ªJ gwê$ Ho$bo. `m ~mo{S>ªJ_Ü`o g§J_Zoa~amo~aM AH$mobo VmbwŠ`mVrb AZoH$
{dÚmÏ`mªMo dmñVì` Agm`Mo. g_mOmVrb OmVr^oX, {ejUm~ÔbMr AZmñWm `m
{df`m§da Ë`m§Zr _moR>r OZOmJ¥Vr Ho$br. ~hþOZ g_mOmVrb _wbm§Zr {eH$bo nm{hOo,
`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr _moR>o à`ËZ Ho$bo. g§J_Zoa VmbwŠ`mV gË`emoYH$ Midi gwê$ H$aÊ`mV
Ë`m§Mm à_wI dmQ>m hmoVm. gwYmaUmdmXr MidirMr gwédmV Ë`m§Zr ñdV:nmgyZ H$ê$Z

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 185

XDo $Z g_mOmbm AmXe© KmbZy {Xbm. Amnbr H$Ý`m à^mdVr `mM§ m {ddmh ~r.O.o IVmi
`m§À`mer H$moUVmhr _whÿV© Z ~KVm A{Ve` gmÜ`m nÕVrZo bmdyZ {Xbm. {VWr d
_whÿV© H$mQ>oH$moanUo ~KÊ`mÀ`m Ë`m H$mimV Ë`m§Zr AmfmT> _{hÝ`mV bmdyZ {Xbobm
_wbrMm {ddmh IynM JmObm hmoVm. b¾g_ma§^mV gmYonUm Agmdm, {dYdm§Zmhr
nwZ{d©dmh H$aVm Ambm nm{hOo `mgmR>rhr Ë`m§Zr Iyn à`ËZ Ho$bo.

nwamoJm_r Midi MmbdVmZm Ë`m§Zr H$Yrhr Cƒ dUu`m§Mm Ûof Ho$bm Zmhr.
A{Ve` ñdÀN> d ñnï> {dMmam§Mo dŠVo åhUyZhr Ë`m§Mm bm¡{H$H$ hmoVm. g§J_Zoa
eham~amo~aM J«m_rU ^mJmVrb bmoH$m§gmR>r Ë`m§À`m _ZmV Zoh_rM AmnwbH$sMr
^mdZm Agm`Mr. 1937 _Ü`o àW_M Ag|ãbrÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$m Omhra Pmë`m.
g§J_Zoa_YyZ Ho$.~r.XmXm§Mr C_oXdmar H$m±J«og njmÀ`m dVrZo Omhra Pmbr. bmoH$m§_Ü`o
{ZdS>UwH$s~Ôb àM§S> CËgmh hmoVm. g§nyU© ZJa {OëømV {ZdS>UwH$sMo dmVmdaU
Vmnbo hmoVo. CÎma ZJa {OëømVyZ H$m±Jo«gÀ`m dVrZo Ho$.~r.XmXm§~amo~aM b._m.nmQ>rb,
H$mH$mgmho~ qMMmoaH$a Am{U am_^mD$ {Ja_o `m§Zmhr C_oXdmar XoÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr.
AemVM H$m±J«ogMo ZoVo n§{S>V Odmhabmb Zohê$ ho àMmamgmR>r `oUma Agë`mMo Omhra
Pmbo. n§{S>VOtÀ`m EHy$U VrZ g^m§Mo {OëømV Am`moOZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. `mV
Ho$.~r.Xoe_wI `m§À`mgmR>r 15 \o$~«wdmar, 1937 amoOr Zohê§$À`m g^oMo Am`moOZ
H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. g§J_Zoa_Ü`o n§{S>VOtMr àM§S> _moR>r g^m Pmbr. `m {ZdS>UwH$sV
Ho$.~r.XmXm {ZdSy>Z Ambo.

`m {dO`mZ§Va Ho$.~r.XmXm Xoe_wIm§Zm _§ÌrnX {_iUma ho {ZpíMV hmoVo,
_mÌ XoemV bmoH$emhrMr gwédmV H$aUmè`m `m Ag|ãbrÀ`m n{hë`m-dm{hë`m
{ZdS>UwH$sZ§Va _§ÌrnXmMo gdmªV à~i XmdoXma AgUmè`m Ho$.~r.XmXm§Zm {OëømÀ`m
A§VJ©V amOH$maUmMm \$Q>H$m ~gbm. Ë`m§Zm _§ÌrnXmnmgyZ d§{MV ahmdo bmJbo. _mÌ
Ë`m§Zr KoVboë`m g_mOgodoMm d gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm§Mm dgm H$m`_ R>odbm. Ë`m§À`m
nËZr O`Xodr~mB© `m§ZrgwÕm Ë`m§Zm _mobmMr gmW Ho$br. 1940 À`m gË`mJ«hmV
O`Xodr~mBªMm _moR>m nwT>mH$ma hmoVm. gË`mJ«hmV ^mJ KoVbm åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm Vwé§JmVhr
Omdo bmJbo. g§J_Zoa VmbwŠ`mVyZ gË`mJ«hr åhUyZ Vwé§JmV OmUmar n{hbr ñÌr åhUyZ
O`Xodr~mBªMm C„oI H$amdm bmJob. gX¡d OZgm_mÝ`m§À`m {hVmMm {dMma H$aUmè`m
Ho$.~r.XmXm§Zm \$ma H$_r Am`wî` bm^bo. d`mÀ`m 56 ì`m dfu 19 \o$~«wdmar, 1956
amoOr Ë`m§Mo {ZYZ Pmbo.

186 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

XÎmm Xoe_wI

g§J_ZoaÀ`m AmOdaÀ`m gd© bmoH$à{V{ZYt_Ü`o gdmªV H$_r d`mV Am_Xma
hmoÊ`mMm _mZ {_idUmao ì`ŠVr_Îd åhUyZ XÎmm Xoe_wIm§Mo Zmd KoVbo OmVo. 1946
_Ü`o Vo d`mÀ`m 27 ì`m dfu H$m±J«ogÀ`m {V{H$Q>mda _w§~B© Ag|ãbrMo g^mgX åhUyZ
{ZdSy>Z Ambo hmoVo. XÎmm§Mm OÝ_ 2 gßQ>|~a, 1918 amoOr Pmbm. OdioH$S>bJ ho
Ë`m§Mo Jmd. VoWoM àmW{_H$ {ejU nyU© Ho$ë`mda Vo g§J_ZoaÀ`m no{Q>Q> {dÚmb`mV
XmIb Pmbo. d`mÀ`m 15 ì`m dfu Vo \$m`ZbMr narjm CÎmrU© Pmbo. 1938 _Ü`o
Ë`m§Zr no{Q>Q> {dÚmb`mVyZ _°{Q´>H$Mr narjm {Xbr.

_hm{dÚmb`rZ {ejUmgmR>r Vo H$moëhmnyabm Jobo. {VWë`m {àÝg {edmOr
_amR>m ~mo{S>ªJ_Ü`o amhÿZ Ë`m§Zr Amnbo _hm{dÚmb`rZ {ejU nyU© Ho$bo. 1940
gmbr B§Q>a gm`ÝgMr narjm nmg Pmë`mda Vo nwÊ`mbm B§{O{ZA[a¨JÀ`m {ejUmgmR>r
XmIb Pmbo. B§{O{ZA[a¨JMo {ejU KoV AgVmZm Vo ñdmV§Í` MidirV AmoT>bo Jobo.
1942 À`m MboOmdÀ`m Am§XmobZmV nwÊ`mV _moR>çm à_mUmda _moM}, Am§XmobZo gwê$
hmoVr. `mV XÎmm§Mmhr gh^mJ hmoVm. nwÊ`mV {d{dY _hm{dÚmb`m§V {eH$V Agboë`m
{dÚmÏ`mÀª `m _mMo mV© Ë`mM§ m Zho _rM nTw >mH$ma Agm`Mm. Ë`mÀ§ `m ñdmVͧ ` MidirVrb
gH«$s` gh^mJm_wio 18 \o$~«wdmar, 1943 amoOr Ë`m§Zm AQ>H$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Ë`m§Mo
Vo B§{O{ZA[a¨JMo eodQ>Mo df© hmoVo. 16 _o, 1944 amoOr Ë`m§Mr Vwé§JmVyZ gwQ>H$m
Pmbr. Ë`mM dfu Am°ŠQ>mo~a_Ü`o Pmboë`m narjobm ~gyZ Vo CÎmrU© Pmbo.

{ejU nUy © Pmë`mda Ë`mZ§ r nÊw `mVrb qhXñþ WmZ H$ÝñQ>´ŠeZ H$§ nZrV ZmHo $arbm

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 187

gwédmV Ho$br. Aä`mgmV hþema Agboë`m XÎmm§Zr Amnë`m àË`j H$m_mVhr EH$
hþema d H$ënH$ B§{O{ZAa åhUyZ Zmdbm¡{H$H$ {_idbm. nwT>o Ë`m§Mr {~hma_Ü`o
~Xbr Pmbr.

1945 _Ü`o gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UwH$m§Mr MMm© gwê$ Pmbr. _hmamï´>mÀ`m àm§{VH$
H$m±J«og H${_Q>rMo AÜ`j åhUyZ Ho$edamd OoYo ho Ë`m doir H$m`©aV hmoVo. Vo XÎmm§Zm
Mm§Jë`màH$mao AmoiIV hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr XÎmm§Zm {ZdS>UwH$sÀ`m H$m_mgmR>r ~mobmdyZ
KoVbo. CÎma ZJa {OëømÀ`m OmJoda Ë`m§Zm H$m±J«ogV\}$ C_oXdmar XoÊ`mV Ambr. XÎmm
Ë`m {ZdS>UwH$sV {dO`r Pmbo. Ë`m {ZdS>UwH$sV H$m±J«ogZo eoVH$è`m§À`m {hVmMr
^y{_H$m KoVbr hmoVr. Ë`m_wioM Xoe^a H$m±J«ogMo C_oXdma _moR>çm à_mUmda {ZdSy>Z
Ambo.

H$m±J«ogMo Am_Xma åhUyZ H$m_ H$arV AgVmZm H$mhr VmËdrH$ _wX²Úmda
XÎmm§Mo H$m±J«og njmer dmX hmoD$ bmJbo. H$m±J«ogZo Á`m _wX²Úm§À`m AmYmao {ZdS>UyH$
bT>dbr, Vo gd© H$m`©H«$_ A§_bmV AmUbo OmdoV VgoM H$m±J«og_Ü`o H$m_Jma
eoVH$è`m§À`m ñdV§Ì g§KQ>Zm Agmì`mV `m _wX²Úmdê$Z Ë`m§Mo _V^oX hmoD$ bmJbo.
XÎmm§Zr njmÀ`m YmoaUmda {Q>H$m H$arV 1948 _Ü`o lram_nya d AH$mobo `m {R>H$mUr
eoVH$è`m§Mo _moM} H$mT>bo. 16 E{àb, 1948 bm gaH$maZo Ë`m§Zm ñWmZ~Õ H$ê$Z
`oadS>çmÀ`m Vwé§JmV Q>mH$bo. Vwé§JmV AgVmZm Ë`m§Zr _mŠg©dmXr {dMmagaUrMm
Aä`mg Ho$bm. `mM H$mimV Ë`m§Mo Ag|ãbrMo g^mgXËd aÔ Pmbo. ñWmZ~ÕVoVyZ
gwQ>H$m Pmë`mda XÎmm Xoe_wIm§Zr ^mB© S>m§Jo `m§À`m ghH$m`m©Zo amÁ`^a _moR>m Xm¡am
H$mT>bm d `mVyZM H$m_Jma {H$gmZ njmMr ñWmnZm Ho$br.

1952 _Ü`o Pmboë`m {ZdS>UwH$sÀ`m doir Ë`m§Zr S>mì`m {dMmam§À`m JQ>m§Mo
EH$ÌrH$aU H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. `m {ZdS>UwH$sV Vo nwÝhm EH$Xm {ZdSy>Z Ambo.
eoVH$è`m§Mo ZoVo åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr _moR>m Zmdbm¡{H$H$ {_idbm. Ag|ãbrV EH$ Aä`mgy
gXñ` åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm AmoiIbo Om`Mo. _hmamï´> _Ü`dVu XþîH$mi {ZdmaH$ g{_Vr,
~d} qgMZ Am`moJ, Xm§S>oH$a g{_Vr AmXtÀ`m H$m`©H$mar _§S>imda Ë`m§Zr H$m_ Ho$bo.
g§`wŠV _hmamï´>mÀ`m Am§XmobZmV Ë`m§Mr ^y{_H$m A{Ve` _hÎdmMr hmoVr. 1 Zmoìh|~a,
1994 amoOr Ë`m§Mo {ZYZ Pmbo.

188 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

~r.Oo.IVmi nmQ>rb

_hmamï´>mÀ`m amOH$s` joÌmV "VÎd{Zð>' amOH$maUr Aer à{V_m Agbobo
ì`ŠVr_Îd åhUOo ~r.Oo. C\©$ {^H$mOr {OOm~m IVmi nmQ>rb. 1962 Vo 1985
n`ªV _hmamï´>mÀ`m _§Ìr_§S>imV {d{dY ImË`m§Mo _§Ìr åhUyZ H$m_ H$arV AgVmZm
Ë`m§À`m Aä`mgy d¥ÎmrMm, VÎd{Zð>oMm, gm_m{OH$ OmUrdoMm d H$S>H$ {eñVrMm gd©Ì
~mob~mbm hmoVm. 26 _mM©, 1919 amoOr Ym§Xa\$i `oWo Ë`m§Mm OÝ_ Pmbm. KamV
d{S>bmonm{O©V nmQ>rbH$s hmoVr. Ym§Xa\$i `oWo àmW{_H$ {ejU KoVë`mda g§J_Zoabm
ImgJr dJm©V d no{Q>Q> {dÚmb`mV Ë`m§Zr Amnbo {dÚmb`rZ {ejU nyU© Ho$bo.

1938 gmbr _°{Q´>H$Mr narjm nmg Pmë`mda _hm{dÚmb`rZ {ejUmgmR>r
Ë`m§Zr ~S>moXm `oWrb Jm`H$dmS> _hm{dÚmb`mV àdoe KoVbm. ~S>moÚmZ§Va nwÊ`mbm
`oD$Z Ë`m§Zr nyZm bm° H$m°boO_Ü`o d{H$brMo {ejU nyU© Ho$bo. `m H$mimV Xoe^a
_hmË_m Jm§YtZr nwH$maboë`m MboOmd Am§XmobZmMm Omoa hmoVm. `m Am§XmobZmV
~r.Oo.IVmiXoIrb gh^mJr Pmbo. Ë`m§À`m Am§XmobZmVrb gh^mJm_wio nmo{bgm§Zr
Ë`m§À`m nwÊ`mVrb Imobrda N>mnm KmbyZ PS>Vr KoVbr. Ë`mZ§Va H$mhr H$mi Ë`m§Zr
g§J_Zoa VmbwŠ`mVrb gmHy$a, Zm§XyaI§Xa_mi ^mJmV ^y{_JV amhÿZ bmoH$m§_Ü`o JwßVnUo
{~«{Q>em§{déÕ OZOmJ¥VrMo A{^`mZ am~dbo.

1943 gmbr gJ§ _Zao Mo n{hbo Am_Xma H$o .~r.Xeo _Iw `mÀ§ `m H$Ý`m à^mdVr
`m§À`mer Ë`m§Mm gË`emoYH$ nÕVrZo {ddmh Pmbm. g§J_Zoa_Ü`o d{H$brbm gwédmV
Ho$ë`mZ§Va WmoS>çm H$mimVM Ë`m§Mr A{Ve` hþema dH$sb åhUyZ gd©Xya »`mVr

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 189

ngabr. Ah_XZJa {Oëøm~am~o aM gn§ Uy © _hmamï>´mV d WQo > H$ZmQ© >H$_Yrb {dOmnay n`Vª
Ë`m§Mm Zmdbm¡{H$H$ Pmbm. 1952 _Ü`o Ë`m§Mr àW_ dJ© Ý`m`X§S>m{YH$mar d {gpìhb
OO åhUyZ Ywio {OëømV {Z`wŠVr Pmbr. na§Vw {Z`wŠVrMm AmXoe Ambm Ë`mM doir
H$m±J«og njmZo Ë`m§Zm Ë`m dfu hmoUmè`m A°g|ãbrÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$sbm C^o amhÊ`mMm
AmXoe {Xbm. njmMm AmXoe ñdrH$mê$Z Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m Ý`m`m{YenXmMm amOrZm_m
{Xbm d {ZdS>UyH$ bT>dbr. `m {ZdS>UwH$sV Ë`m§Zm {dO` {_imbm Zmhr. Ë`m§ZVa
1957 gmbr Pmboë`m {ZdS>UwH$sV Ë`m§Zm nwÝhm EH$Xm njmV\}$ C_oXdmar XoÊ`mMo
R>abo na§Vw Ë`m doir g§`wŠV _hmamï´>mMr Midi gwê$ hmoVr. lr.~r.Oo.IVmi `m§Mm
`m Midirbm ì`pŠVJV nmR>t~m hmoVm. njmMo YmoaU _mÌ {damoYmMo Agë`mZo
Ë`m§Zr C_oXdmar ZmH$mabr. njmMm AmXoe åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr njmZo {Xboë`m C_oXdmamMm
àMma H$aÊ`mMr ^y{_H$m KoVbr.

1958 _Ü`o g§J_Zoabm ghH$mar VÎdmda gmIa H$maImZm H$mT>Ê`mMo
R>abo. H$maImÝ`mMo {M\$ à_moQ>a åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr ^mJ^m§S>db Jmoim H$am`bm gwédmV
Ho$br. Ë`m§À`m OmoS>rbm gd©lr XÎmm Xoe_wI, ^mD$gmho~ WmoamV, ^mñH$aamd Xwd},
XÎmmOramd _moao, n§T>arZmW Am§~ao hr Ë`m H$mimV gm_m{OH$, amOH$s` joÌmV AJ«oga
Agbobr _§S>ir hmoVr. `m gdmªÀ`m gmWrZo Ad¿`m gmV {Xdgm§V 18 bmI én`m§Mo
^mJ^m§S>db Jmoim H$aÊ`mV Ambo. AZ§V AS>MUtda _mV H$ê$Z nwT>o Odinmg Xhm
dfmªZr g§J_Zoa H$maImZm C^m am{hbm.

1962 _Ü`o nwÝhm EH$Xm Ë`m§Zm H$m±J«og njmÀ`m dVrZo C_oXdmar XoÊ`mV
Ambr. `m {ZdS>UwH$sV {dO` {_imë`mda Ë`m§Zm bJoMM amÁ`mÀ`m _§Ìr_§S>imV
H$m_ H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr {_imbr. Ë`mZ§Va 1967, 1972 d 1980 Aem Mma
{ZdS>UwH$m§_Ü`o Ë`m§Zr g§J_Zoa VmbwŠ`mMo à{V{Z{YËd Ho$bo. Am_Xma åhUyZ H$m`©aV
AgVmZm ~hþVm§er H$mi Ë`m§À`mH$S>o H$moUË`m Zm H$moUË`m ImË`mMo _§ÌrnX Agm`Mo.
amÁ`mÀ`m _§Ìr_§S>imVrb ghH$ma, AÞ d ZmJar nwadR>m, {Z`moOZ, H¥$fr, n[adhZ,
_hgyb, {dYr d Ý`m`, à{gÕr, _m{hVr, nmQ>~§Ymao, qgMZ Aem {d{dY ImË`m§Mo
_§Ìr åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m H$V¥©ÎdmMr N>mn C_Q>dbr. {deof åhUOo 1969 _Ü`o H|$Ð
gaH$maZo àW_M {Z`moOZ ImË`mMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br d amÁ`mMo n{hbo {Z`moOZ _§Ìr
åhUyZ H$m_ H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr lr.~r.Oo.IVmi `m§Zm {_imbr. _hmamï´>mVrb AZoH$
YaUo d eoVH$è`m§À`m, H$ï>H$è`m§À`m {hVmÀ`m `moOZm hr Ë`m§Zr _hmamï´>mbm {Xbobr

190 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

XoUJr Amho.
1980 Mr {ZdS>UyH$ qOH$ë`mda Ë`m§Zr hr Amnbr eodQ>Mr {ZdS>UyH$

Agë`mMr KmofUm Ho$br d Ë`mZwgma 1985 _Ü`o {ZdS>UwH$sÀ`m amOH$maUmVyZ
{Zd¥Îmr ñdrH$mabr. {Zd¥ÎmrZ§Va Ë`m§Zr ñdV:bm `moJmgZo, {dní`Zm `mV Jw§VdyZ KoD$Z
gÜ`m d`mÀ`m 93 ì`m dfu Vo {d{dY {df`m§da {bImU H$arV AmhoV. `mM dfu
(2011) Ë`m§Mo "A§VarMo Ymdo' ho nwñVH$ àH$m{eV Pmbo Amho Va "Jwbm_{Jar' `m
d¡Mm[aH$ {df`mda {b{hboë`m nwñVH$mMo àH$meZ bdH$aM hmoUma Amho.

lr.~r.Oo.IVmi `m§À`m gm_m{OH$, amOH$s` `moJXmZm~Ôb H¥$VkVm ì`ŠV
H$aÊ`mgmR>r 26 _mM©, 2011 amoOr g§J_Zoa_Ü`o Ë`m§Mm gd© njm§À`m dVrZo Omhra
H¥$VkVm Jm¡ad H$aÊ`mV Ambm.

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 191

192 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

^mñH$aamd Xþd} (Xþd} ZmZm)

g§J_Zoa VmbwŠ`mbm Am§XmobZm§Mr \$ma OwZr na§nam Amho. ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimV
d Z§Vahr gmdH$maemhr {déÕ AZoH$ Am§XmobZo Pmbr. `m Am§XmobZm§_Ü`o gd©gm_mÝ`
eoVH$ar, H$ï>H$è`m§Mr ~mOy KoD$Z bT>Umam hŠH$mMm _mUyg åhUyZ ^mñH$aamd Xþd}
ZmZm§Zm AmoiIbo Om`Mo. 29 E{àb, 1920 amoOr ZmZm§Mm OÝ_ Pmbm. 1935
_Ü`o _°{Q´>H$Mr narjm CÎmrU© Pmë`mda Ë`m§Zr d{H$brMm Aä`mg Ho$bm. na§Vw d`
H$_r Agë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm d{H$brMr gZX {_iy eH$br Zmhr.

`m H$mimV BJ§ O« m{§ déÕ gdÌ© _mRo >r Midi gêw $ hmVo r. ZmZmhr `m MidirV
AmoT>bo Jobo. 1937 _Ü`o Ë`m§Zm eñÌmñÌo O_{dÊ`mMm Amamon R>odyZ ghm _{hÝ`m§À`m
H$mamdmgmMr {ejm R>moR>mdÊ`mV Ambr. na§Vw ZmZm nmo{bgm§À`m hmVr bmJbo Zmhr.
Ë`mZV§ a ghm _{hÝ`mZo Vo àJQ> Pmb.o Ë`mÀ§ `m _ZmV BJ§ O« m~§ am~o aM gmdH$maemhr~Ôbhr
amJ hmVo m. A{Ve` VQw >nO§w r {_iH$V Agbbo o eVo _Oay , N>mQo >çmem O{_ZrÀ`m VHw $S>çmda
H$go~go CXa{Zdm©h H$aUmao Jar~ eoVH$ar `m§M§ Xþ…I Ë`m§Zm AñdñW H$am`M§. bmoH$
ZmZm§H$S>o `oD$Z Amnbr JmèhmUr _m§S>m`Mr.

1940 À`m gw_mamg Ë`m§Zr amï´>godmXbmÀ`m H$m_mMr O~m~Xmar ñdrH$mê$Z
g§J_Zoa d AH$mobo ^mJmV H$m_mbm gwédmV Ho$br. 1942 À`m Am§XmobZmV Ë`m§Mm
_moR>m gh^mJ hmoVm. 23 Am°ŠQ>mo~a, 1942 bm ZmZm§Zr AH$moboMr H$Moar Vmã`mV
KoD$Z à{VgaH$ma ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. `m à`ËZmV Ë`m§Zm d Ë`m§À`m~amo~a
Agboë`m ~wdmgmho~ Zdbo, H$m{e~m _hmXÿ, H$ma^mar g§Vy d BVam§Zm AQ>H$ H$aÊ`mV

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 193

Ambr. ZmZm§Zm ghm _{hÝ`m§Mr gŠV _Owar d 15 _{hÝ`m§À`m ñWmZ~ÕVoMr {ejm
R>moR>mdÊ`mV Ambr.

1947 _Ü`o ZmZm§Zr gmdH$maemhr {déÕ _moR>m CR>md Ho$bm. bmoH$m§Mmhr
Ë`mZ§ m _mRo >m nmR>t~m {_imbm. gmdH$mamÀ§ `m Kamd§ a _mMo } H$mT>Ê`mV Amb.o Ë`mÀ§ `mH$S>rb
{heo~mMr H$mJXņ, JhmUIVo OmiyZ Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambr. 1948 _Ü`o Jm§YrOtÀ`m
hË`oZ§Va gd©Ì bmoH$ àjwãY Pmbo hmoVo. Jm§YrOtMr hË`m H$aUmam ZWwam_ JmoS>go
~«m÷U hmoVm åhUyZ JmdmoJmd AZoH$ ~«m÷Um§Mr Kao Omibr OmV hmoVr. g§J_Zoa_Ü`ohr
g§VßV Pmbobo bmoH$ EH$ à{gÕ dmS>m noQ>dm`bm {ZKmbo hmoVo. `m O_mdmg_moa ZmZm
AmS>do Pmbo d AJmoXa _bm noQ>dm, Z§Va dmS>m noQ>dm Ago Ë`m§Zr R>UH$mdyZ gm§{JVbo.
ZmZm§À`m Vmon`ªVÀ`m H$V¥©ÎdmMm à^md BVH$m _moR>m hmoVm H$s, Ë`m§À`mnwT>o Cä`m
Agboë`m O_mdmZo {Z_yQ>nUo _mKma KoVbr. gZ 1949 _Ü`o Ë`m§Zr {dS>r _OXÿa
g^oMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. `mM dfu ZmZm {ddmh~Õ Pmbo.

1952 _Ü`o Pmboë`m Ag|ãbrÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$sV g_mOdmXr njmMo C_oXdma
åhUyZ ZmZm§Zm C_oXdmar XoÊ`mV Ambr. Ë`m§À`m àMmamgmR>r O`àH$me Zmam`U ho
g§J_Zoa VmbwŠ`mV Ambo hmoVo. `m {ZdS>UwH$sV ZmZm§Mm nam^d Pmbm na§Vw
gd©gm_mÝ`m§gmR>rÀ`m hŠH$mMr bT>mB© Vo nwT>ohr bT>V am{hbo. ^y{_{hZm§Zm O{_Z
dmQ>nmMm H$m`©H«$_, Am{XdmgtÀ`m O{_ZrÀ`m A{VH«$_Um§Mm àíZ, YaUJ«ñWm§À`m
O{_ZrÀ`m _mo~Xë`mMm àíZ, ^mddmT>{déÕMo Am§XmobZ Aem gd©gm_mÝ`m§À`m
àíZm§gmR>r ZmZm gdmªV nwT>o Agm`Mo. 1962 gmbr Pmboë`m {dYmZg^oÀ`m
{ZdS>UwH$sVXoIrb ZmZm§Zm nam^d nËH$amdm bmJbm. ZmZm§Zr _mÌ `m Jmoï>rMo eë`
H$YrM _ZmV R>odbo Zmhr. gmZo JwéOtÀ`m {dMmam§da lÕm R>odyZ ZmZm AIoan`ªV
gdg© m_mÝ`mg§ mR>r bT>V am{hb.o 13 {S>g~| a, 1979 amOo r gdg© m_mÝ`mM§ m hm Agm_mÝ`
ZoVm gdmªZm gmoSy>Z Jobm.

194 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

^mD$gmho~ WmoamV

_hmamï´>mV ~hþVoH$ {R>H$mUr ghH$ma Midi à{VHw$b AdñWoV AgVmZm
g§J_Zoa VmbwŠ`mV _mÌ H$R>moa {eñV, g_{n©V ^mdZoZo H$m_ H$aÊ`mMr d¥Îmr Am{U
_hÎdmMo åhUOo {Z{V_ÎmoMr Yabobr H$mg `mÀ`m ~imda BVa {R>H$mUÀ`m ghH$mar
g§ñWm§À`m VwbZoV A{Ve` CÎm_ H$m_ Mmbbo. `mMo lo` OmVo Vo ghH$ma _h{f©
^mD$gmho~ WmoamVm§Zm.

12 OmZodmar, 1924 amoOr g§J_Zoa VmbwŠ`mVrb Omod} `m N>moQ>çmem
IoS>çmV Ë`m§Mm OÝ_ Pmbm. g§J_Zoa ~amo~aM ~obmnya, Zm{eH$ `oWo {ejU KoVë`mda
Ë`m§À`mda AmOw~mOwbm gwê$ Agboë`m ñdmV§Í`bT>çmMm à^md nS>bm. g§J_Zoa,
AH$mobo VmbwHo$ Ë`m doir H$å`w{ZñQ> {dMmam§À`m à^mdmMm n[aga åhUyZ AmoiIbo
Om`Mo. `mVyZM Ë`m§Zr 1942 Mo "Mbo Omd' Am§XmobZmV gh^mJ KoVbm. OmZodmar
1943 _Ü`o Ë`m§Zm AQ>H$ Pmbr. Zm{eH$bm 15 _{hÝ`m§Mr Vwé§JdmgmMr {ejm
Ë`m§Zr ^moJbr. `mZ§VaM Ë`m§À`mVrb ZoV¥ËdJwUm§Mm n[aM` bmoH$m§Zm hmoD$ bmJbm.

nwT>o H$å`w{ZñQ> {dMmam§Mm AmoT>m H$_r hmoD$Z Vo H$m±Jo«gÀ`m {dMmam§Zr à^m{dV
Pmbo. Xaå`mZ gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrb Ë`m§Mm dmda dmT>bm hmoVm. bmoH$m§Mr H$m_o
H$aÊ`mgmR>r ñdV:Mr BÀN>meŠVr _hÎdmMr AgVo. Ë`mgmR>r Amnë`mOdi gÎmm
AgbrM nm{hOo, Ago Zmhr. hm {dMma KoD$Z Ë`m§Zr {d{dY Midir gwê$ Ho$ë`m.
{dS>r H$m_Jmam§Mr Midi, gmdH$maemhr{déÕ Midi `mVyZ Ë`m§Mr
gd©gm_mÝ`m§~ÔbMr AmpË_`VoMr ^mdZm {XgyZ Ambr. VmbwŠ`mVrb Omod} `oWrb

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 195

JmdmVrb godm g§ñWoMm AÜ`j Vo amï´>r` nmVirda Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dÎm _hm_§S>imMo
g§MmbH$ Agm gm_m{OH$ OrdZmMm àdmg H$aVmZm Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m àË`oH$ H¥$VrVyZ
aMZmË_H$ H$m`m©Mm AmXe© KmbyZ {Xbm. 1959 gmbr g§J_Zoa ^mJ ghH$mar gmIa
H$maImÝ`mMr _whÿV©_oT> amodbr Jobr. ghH$mamVyZ eoVH$è`m§Mm {dH$mg, n`m©`mZo
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njm§À`m, {dMmam§À`m ZoË`m§Zr EH$Ì `oD$Z H$maImZm C^maUrMo ñdßZ ~{KVbo. `mV
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CÎm_ H$ma^mamMm d gdmªJrU JwUdÎmoMm EH$ Zdm _mnX§S> {Z_m©U Ho$bm. ghH$mamVrb
Anàd¥ÎmtZm Ë`m§Zr H$YrM Wmam {Xbm Zmhr.

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VmbŠw `mMo à{V{Z{YËd H$aÊ`mMr gY§ r {_imbr. Ë`mZV§ a _mÌ Ë`mZ§ r amÁ`nmVirdarb
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EdT>m à^mdr R>abm, H$s Ë`mMr H|$Ðr` nmVirda XIb KoVbr Jobr. Zm~mS>© d
[aPìh© ~±Ho$bm Ë`m§À`m YmoaUmV ~Xb H$amdo bmJbo. eoVH$è`m§Zm _rQ>aZwgma drOoÀ`m
XamMr AmH$maUr Ho$br OmV hmoVr, hr Jmoï> gd©gm_mÝ` eoVH$è`m§gmR>r nadS>Umar
ZìhVr. eoVrbm AídeŠVrZwgma drOnwadR>m Pmbm nm{hOo, hr ^y{_H$m KoD$Z Ë`m§Zr
_rQ>a hQ>md _mho r_ hmVr KVo br. eVo H$è`mZ§ r S>mŠo `mda _rQ>a KDo $Z Vh{gb H$m`mb© `md§ a
_moM} H$mT>m`bm gwédmV Ho$br. ZJa ~amo~aM Zm{eH$ d nwUo {OëømVhr Ë`m§Mr _rQ>a
hQ>md _mohr_ nmohMbr. gd©Ì eoVH$è`m§Mo _moM} gwê$ Pmbo. `mZ§Va gaH$maZo Amnë`m
YmoaUmV ~Xb Ho$bm. AmO eoVH$è`m§Zm AídeŠVrZwgma drO nwadR>m Ho$bm OmVmo.
`mMo lo` ^mD$gmho~ WmoamVm§ZmM OmVo. J«m_rU ^mJmVrb {dÚmÏ`mªZm Cƒ {ejU
{_imdo åhUZy Ë`mÀ§ `m nTw >mH$mamVZy gJ§ _Zao _Ü`o A{^`m{§ ÌH$s _hm{dÚmb`, ì`dñWmnZ
emómMm nXì`Îw ma Aä`mgH$« _, XV§ _hm{dÚmb` Am{X _hm{dÚmb`mM§ r géw dmV Pmbr.
g§J_Zoa ~amo~aM AmgnmgÀ`m JmdmVrb AZoH$ `wdH$m§Zm `mMm bm^ Pmbm.

Am`wî`mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V Ë`m§Zr gwê$ Ho$bobr X§S>H$maÊ` _mohr_ g§nyU© amÁ`mbm
{Xem XoUmar R>abr. Amnë`m A\$mQ> dmMZmÀ`m ZmXmV EH$ {Xdg AMmZH$ Ë`m§À`m
hmVmV "PmS>o bmdUmam _mUyg' ho nwñVH$ nS>bo. nwñVH$ dmMyZ Pmë`mda Ë`m§Zr Vr
Ho$di nwñVH$mVbr JmoîQ> Amho, Ag§ Z _mZVm Ë`mVyZ n«oaUm KoD$Z AmnUhr Ag§

196 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

ghH$ma _h{f© ^mD$gmho~ WmoamV `m§À`m g§H$ënZoVyZ gmH$mabobo X§S>H$maÊ` A{^`mZ
g§nyU© g§J_Zoa VmbwŠ`mMr bmoH$Midi ~Zbr Amho.

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 197

H$mhrVar H$amd§, ho R>adb§. Ë`m§Zr VmVS>rZo Amnë`m ghH$mè`m§Zm EH$Ì Ho$b§ Am{U
g§nyU© VmbwŠ`mV {OWo {OWo _moH$ù`m OmJm {_iVrb, {VWo ~rOmamonU H$aÊ`mMr
g§H$ënZm _m§S>br. ~KVm~KVm hOmamo bmoH$ EH$Ì Ambo, embo` {dÚmÏ`mªnmgyZ Vo
Á`oð>m§n`ªV gdmªZr {~`m Jmoim Ho$ë`m d S>m|Jam§da, _miamZmda, eoVm§À`m ~m§Ym§da
Ë`m§Mo amonU Ho$bo. hr Midi Ho$di EH$m dfm©nwaVr _`m©{XV Z R>odVm Ë`m§Zr Xadfu
nmdgmù`mV EImXo dV« KVo ë`mà_mUo hr _mho r_ am~dm`bm géw dmV H$o br. n`md© aUmÀ`m
ajUmgmR>r àË`oH$mZo ñdV:nmgyZ gwédmV Ho$br nm{hOo, hm YS>m Ë`m§Zr `m _mo{h_oVyZ
KmbyZ {Xbm.

Ë`m§À`m g§nÞ Am`wî`mMm nQ> _m§S>Umar A_¥V_§WZ d A_¥VJmWm hr
AmË_M[aÌna nñw VH$o Iny M JmObr. Am`îw `^a amOH$s`, Am{WH© $, ej¡ {UH$, gm_m{OH$
jÌo mV§ Ë`mZ§ r {OWo {OWo H$m_ H$o bo {VWo {eñVrbm _hÎd XDo $Z Ë`m gñ§ Wbo m Zmdbm{¡ H$H$
{_idyZ {Xbm. Ë`m§Zm AZoH$ _mZgÝ_mZ, nXo, nwañH$ma {_imbo na§Vw Ë`m n{bH$S>o
OmD$Z Ë`m§Zr ñdV:À`m H$m`m©Mm EH$ ñdV§Ì R>gm C_Q>dbm. ghH$mar g§ñWm H$em
hmVmimì`mV, gd©gm_mÝ`m§Mo àíZ H$go gmoS>dmdoV `mMm Vo AmXe© hmoVo. 14 _mM©,
2010 amoOr `m ghH$ma _hfvMo {ZYZ Pmbo.

198 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

~mimgmho~ WmoamV

amÁ`mÀ`m amOH$maUmV EH$ ggw ñ§ H$¥ V amOH$maUr åhUZy Zmd {_idUmè`m_§ Ü`o
Zm_Xma ~mimgmh~o Wmao mV `mM§ m C„Io H$o bm OmVm.o ghH$ma _hfu ^mD$gmh~o Wmao mVmM§ o
{Ma§Ord Agboë`m ~mimgmho~m§Mo _yi Zmd {dO`. Ë`m§Mm OÝ_ 7 \o$~«wdmar, 1953
amoOr Omod} `oWo Pmbm. Ë`m§À`m ~mbnUr WmoamV Hw$Qw>§~mMr n[apñWVr \$maer g§nÞ
Zgë`mZo BVa gd©gm_mÝ` _wbm§à_mUoM Ë`m§Mo ~mbnU Jobo. Omod} `oWo àmW{_H$ {ejU
nyU© Ho$ë`mda Ë`m§Zr g§J_ZoaÀ`m no{Q>Q> {dÚmb`mVyZ _mÜ`{_H$ {ejU Va Ah_XZJa,
g§J_Zoa d nwUo `oWo _hm{dÚmb`rZ {ejU nyU© Ho$bo.

nwÊ`mV _hm{dÚmb`rZ {ZdS>UyH$sV CVéZ Ë`m§Zr XUXUrV {dO` {_idbm
d gd©àW_ {ZdS>UwH$sMm AZw^d KoVbm. _hm{dÚmb`mV {eH$V AgVmZm Ë`m§Zr
{dbmg gmiw§Ho$ `m§À`m nmUr n§Mm`VrÀ`m Am§XmobZmVhr gh^mJ KoVbm. nwT>o eoVrMo
_rQ>a hQ>md Am§XmobZ, eoVH$ar qXS>r, {dS>r H$m_Jmam§Mo Am§XmobZ AmXr àíZm§da
Ë`m§Zr nwT>mH$ma KoVbm. `mVyZM Ë`m§Mo ZoV¥Îd \w$bV Jobo.

nwÊ`mhÿZ d{H$brMo {ejU KoD$Z Amë`mda Ë`m§Zr g§J_Zoa_Ü`o d{H$br
H$aÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br. 1980 _Ü`o g§J_Zoa XyY g§KmMo g§MmbH$ åhUyZ {ZdS>yZ
Amë`mda Ë`m§Mm g§J_Zoa VmbwŠ`mÀ`m J«m_rU ^mJmer A{YH$ OdiyZ g§~§Y Ambm.
1985 gmbr ~r.Oo.IVmi `m§Zr {ZdS>UyH$sÀ`m amOH$maUmVyZ {Zd¥Îmr KoVë`mda
H$m±J«oÀ`m dVrZo g§J_ZoaMm C_oXdma H$moU Agm àíZ C^m amhrbm. H$m±J«og njmÀ`m
dVrZo g§J_Zoa ~mhoaÀ`m eHw§$Vbm WmoamV `m§Zm C_oXdmar Omhra Pmbr. g§J_Zoa

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 199