गोष्ट एका गावाची

VmbwŠ`mVrb `wdH$m§Zm hr C_oXdmar _mÝ` ZìhVr Ë`m§Zr àM§S> X~md AmUyZ
~mimgmho~m§Zm `m {ZdS>UyH$sV C_oXdmar AO© ^aÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>bo. VmbwŠ`mVë`m
`wdH$m§ZrM hr {ZdS>UyH$ hmVr KoVbr hmoVr.

18 _mM© 1985 `m {Xder gJ§ _Zao VmbŠw `mMo Am_Xma åhUZy ~mimgmh~o mM§ r
{ZdS> Pmbr. Amnë`m A\$mQ> bmoH$g§J«hmÀ`m ~imda, _mUgo OmoS>Ê`mÀ`m H$ënH$
d¥Îmr_wio d gd©gm_mÝ`m§À`m _XVrbm YmdyZ OmÊ`mÀ`m d¥Îmr_wio Ë`m§Mo amOH$maUmVrb
d g_mOH$maUmVrb ñWmZ ^¸$_ hmoV Jobo. Ë`mZ§VaÀ`m {ZdS>UyH$sV Vo H$m±J«ogÀ`m
{MÝhmda {dO`r Pmbo. AmOn`ªV Ë`m§Zr {dYmZg^oÀ`m EHy$U ghm {ZdS>UyH$m
bT>{dë`m. àË`Ho $ {ZdS>UHy $sV Ë`mÀ§ `m bmHo ${à`VVo dmT>M hmVo Jbo r. Ë`mZ§ r nmQ>~Y§ mao
ImVo, H¥${f, Obg§YmaU, Ima O_rZ, {ejU, _hgyb AmXr ImË`m§Mo _§ÌrnX
^yf{dVmZm àË`oH$ ImË`m§V Amnë`m H$m_mMm R>gm C_Q>{dbm Amho.

g§J_Zoa VmbwŠ`mMm nmUr àíZ gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§À`m AWH$ à`ËZmVyZ
{Zid§S>o YaU nyU©ÎdmH$S>o OmV Amho. ehamMm nmUr àíZ H$m`_ ñdénr gwQ>mdm `mgmR>r
Ë`mÀ§ `mM à`ËZmVZy {ZidS§ >o Vo gJ§ _Zao Aer WQo > nmBn© bmBZ© Ûmao nmUr naw dR>m H$aÊ`mMr
`moOZm gÜ`m àJVrnWmda Amho.

Ë`mÀ§ `m ZVo Î¥ dmImbr gJ§ _Zao ^mJ ghH$mar gmIa H$maImZm, gJ§ _Zao VmbHw $m
XyY CËnmXH$ g§K d BVa AZoH$ ghH$mar g§ñWm§Mm, e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm§Mm H$ma^ma gwê$
Amho. `m g§ñWm§_wioM AmO g§J_Zoa eha d VmbwŠ`mbm Am{W©H$ g§nÞVm bm^br
Amho.

200 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

S>m°. gwYra Vm§~o

A{Ve` àJë^nUo gm_m{OH$ OmU d ^mZ R>odZy gmd©O{ZH$ jÌo mV dmdaUmao
AOmVeÌy ì`pŠV_Îd åhUOo Am_Xma S>m°.gwYra Vm§~o. g§J_Zoa VmbwŠ`mVrb XmT> ho
Ë`m§Mo _yiJm§d. 17 OmZodmar 1955 amoOr OÝ_boë`m S>m°ŠQ>am§Zr Amnë`m
~mbnUmnmgyZM J«m_rU ^mJmVrb gd©gm_mÝ` OZVoMo àíZ OdiyZ ~{KVbo. `mVyZM
Ë`m§À`m gm_m{OH$ OmUrdm A{YH$ àJë^ hmoV Joë`m. nwUo `oWo d¡Ú{H$` {ejU
KoVë`mda ghH$ma _hfu ^mD$gmho~ WmoamV `m§À`m H$Ý`m XwJm© (A§Obr) `m§À`mer
Ë`m§Mm {ddmh Pmbm. g§J_Zoa _Ü`oM Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m d¡Ú{H$` ì`dgm`mbm gwédmV
H$o br. bdH$aM eham~am~o aM Jm« _rU ^mJmVrb OZVMo m _mRo >m {dídmg Ë`mZ§ r {_idbm.
EH$ CÎm_ gO©Z åhUyZ Ë`m§Mr gd©Ì AmoiI {Z_m©U Pmbr.

d¡ÚH$s` ì`dgm` gwé AgVmZmM Ë`m§Mm {d{dY gm_m{OH$, amOH$s`
CnH«$_mVrb gh^mJ dmT>V hmoVm. AemVM 1991 gmbr g§J_Zoa ZJanm{bHo$À`m
{ZdS>UyH$m Omhra Pmë`m. S>m°ŠQ>am§Zm `m {ZdS>UyH$sV CVaÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$m§Zr AmJ«h
gwê$ Ho$bm. `m AmJ«hmVyZM Vo {ZdS>UyH$sbm C^o am{hbo d {dO`r XoIrb Pmbo.
1991 Vo 1996 `m H$mimV g§J_Zoa ZJan[afXoMo ZJamÜ`j åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr A{Ve`
C„oIZr` Ago H$m_ Ho$bo.

S>m°ŠQ>am§Mm _yiMm qnS> gm_m{OH$ joÌmV H$mhrVar ^ard H$aÊ`mMm Agm
Agë`mZo Ë`m§Zr O`qhX `wdm _§M hr g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ Ho$br. `wdH$m§Zm {d{dY
{df`mdarb _mJ©Xe©Z, {d{dY _mÜ`_mVyZ Ë`m§Mo à~moYZ, Ago AZoH$ CnH«$_ `m

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 201

g§ñWoÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ am~{dÊ`mV Ambo. O`qhX bmoH$Midi hr XoIrb Ë`m§ZrM
ñWmnZ Ho$bobr g§ñWm. g_mOmVrb OmVr^oX Xya ìhmdoV, nwamoJm_r {dMmam§Mm àgma
ìhmdm `mgmR>r Ë`mZ§ r `m gñ§ WÀo `m _mÜ`_mVZy AZHo $ CnH$« _ am~db.o _~§w B© `Wo o O`qhX
bmoH$MidirÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ XmoZ {Xdgm§Mo A{Ve` ^ì` Ago A{YdoeZ ^a{dÊ`mV
Amb.o `mV \$mXa \$« mpÝgg {X{~Q« >m,o bú_U _mZ,o àm.amdgmh~o H$g~,o àm.VOo {ZdirH$a
AmXr _mÝ`dam§Zr gh^mJ KoVbm hmoVm.

S>m°ŠQ>am§À`m `m A\$mQ> H$m`m©Mr XIb åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm Zm{eH$ nXdrYa _VXma
g§KmVyZ Am_Xma hmoÊ`mMr g§Yr {_imbr. Ah_XZJa, Zm{eH$, Ywio, OiJm§d d
Z§Xya~ma Aem nmM {Oëøm§À`m `m _VXma g§KmVyZ S>m°ŠQ>a Vm§~o gbJ XmoZ doim {ZdS>yZ
Ambo AmhoV. g§J_Zoa `oWrb g§J«m_ _yH$-~Yra {dÚmb`, g§J«m_ nVg§ñWm, O`qhX
Am{Xdmgr Aml_ emim, _Wwam~mB© WmoamV X§V _hm{dÚmb` `m g§ñWm AmO Ë`m§À`m
ZoV¥ÎdmImbr H$m`©aV AmhoV.

202 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

g§J_ZoaMo nmQ>rb

_hmamï´>mVrb J«m_rU ^mJmV JmdMo nmQ>rb KamUo A{Ve` _hÎdmMo _mZbo
OmVo. g§J_Zoabmhr \$ma nydunmgyZ nmQ>rbH$sMr na§nam Amho. BWb§ d¡{eîQ²>` åhUOo
nmQ>rbH$sÀ`m JmXrda ~gboë`m ì`ŠVrMo Zmd na§namJV nÕVrZwgma ~Xbbo OmVo.
EH$m {nT>rV "Ho$éOr haOr Jw§Omi' `m ZmdmZo nmQ>rbH$s AgVo Va nwT>À`m {nT>rV
"haOr Ho$éOr Jw§Omi' `m ZmdmZo nwT>rb dmag nmQ>rbH$sÀ`m JmXrda ~gVmo. g§J_ZoaMo
gÜ`mMo nmQ>rb åhUOo ~mimgmho~ nmQ>rb. Ë`m§Zm Ho$éOr haOr Jw§Omi `m ZmdmZo
AmoiIbo OmVo. Ë`m§Mm OÝ_ 12 {S>g|~a, 1929 Mm.

~mimgmho~m§Mo dS>rb "H¡$ga E qhX' `m nXmMo _mZH$ar hmoVo. Ë`m§Mm {d{dY
gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§er g§~§Y hmoVm. g§J_ZoaÀ`m H$g~m noR>oVrb Ë`m§Mm ^ì` dmS>m
`oUmè`m-OmUmè`m§Mo bj doYyZ ¿`m`Mm. `mM dmS>çmV ~mimgmho~m§Zrhr AZoH$ df}
nmQ>rbH$sMm H$ma^ma gm§^mibm. _°{Q´>H$n`ªVMo {ejU nyU© Ho$ë`mda Ë`m§Zr gm_m{OH$
joÌmV nXmn©U Ho$bo. 1953 Vo 1980 n`ªV _Yë`m H$mhr _moOŠ`m H$mimMm AndmX
gmoS>bm Va Vo ~hþVm§er H$mi nmd~mH$s godm gmogm`Q>rMo MoAa_Z hmoVo. g§J_ZoamV
ghH$mar Midi éOë`mda AZoH$ g§ñWm§Mo ZoV¥Îd Ë`m§Zr Ho$bo. g§J_Zoa eoVH$s
g§KmMo MoAa_ZnX, g§J_Zoa ^mJ ghH$mar gmIa H$maImÝ`mMo g§MmbH$ d nwT>o
ìhmBg© MAo a_Z åhUZy hr Ë`mZ§ r H$m_ H$o b.o Ë`mÀ§ `mM H$m`H© $mimV gJ§ _Zao H$maImÝ`mMm
1250 _oQ´>rH$ Q>Z j_VoMm ßb±Q> H$m`m©pÝdV Pmbm.

g§J_ZoaMo nmQ>rb åhUyZ H$m_ H$aVmZm Ë`m§Zr Jmdm~ÔbMr gm_m{OH$

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 203

~m§{YbH$s doimodoir Onbr. gømÐr ~hþOZ {dÚm àgmaH$ g§ñWobm Ë`m§Zr ñdV…Mr
20 JR§w >o OmJm XDo $Z BWë`m ej¡ {UH$ àJVrbm hmV^ma bmdbm. `m gñ§ WMo o ñWmnZno mgZy
Vo gXñ` AmhoV.

gw_mao VrZeo dfmªhÿZ A{YH$ H$mimnmgyZ Ë`m§Mo KamUo g§J_ZoaMo nmQ>rb
AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m OwÝ`m dmS>çmV gZ 2010 n`ªV àmMrZ d¡^dmÀ`m IwUm ~Km`bm
{_iV hmoË`m. na§naoZo bm^boë`m nXmnojm `m Hw$Qw>§~mVrb gd©M gXñ`m§Mr dmJÊ`m-
~mobÊ`mVrb nma§nm[aH$ AmX~, Z_«Vm d g_moaÀ`mbm AmXa XoÊ`mMr d¥Îmr gdmªZmM
AmH${f©V H$ê$Z KoVo.

`m nmQ>rb KamÊ`mer {ZJ{S>V H$mhr na§namhr AÚmn gwê$ AmhoV. hmoir,
nmS>dm (dramMm nmS>dm), Vm~yV, nmoim `m gUm§Zm nmQ>bm§Zm _moR>m _mZ AgVmo.
dramÀ`m nmS>ì`mÀ`m {Xder Jbm§S>o n[admamVrb EH$m N>moQ>çm drambm nmQ>bm§À`m
Kar ^moOZmMo Img {Z_§ÌU AgVo. nmQ>bm§Mo {Z_§ÌU åhUOo _moR>m gÝ_mZ hr ^mdZm
AmOhr Amho. dramÀ`m nmS>ì`mÀ`m {Xder AmOy~mOyÀ`m IoS>çmVrb N>moQ>o dra
{_adUwH$sZo dmOV-JmOV nmQ>bm§À`m Kar `oVmV. dmÚm§À`m JOamV nmQ>bm§À`m
hmoir^modVr \o$a Yê$Z nma§nm[aH$ JmUr åhUVmV. dramÀ`m doe^yfoVrb AmR>-Xhm
dfmªMm ZmVy d gmo~V Agbobo gÎmarVbo AmOmo~m Yw§X hmoD$Z nmQ>bm§À`m Kamg_moa
ZmMVmV d JmUr åhUVmV. ho Ñí` AmOhr ~Km`bm {_iVo. _mZmÀ`m dramH$S>o
nmQ>bm§À`m Xoìhmè`mVrb Mm§XrMm Q>mH$, Imo~è`mMr dmQ>r d ^§S>mam {Xbm OmVmo.
nmQ>bm§À`m Xoìhmè`mVrb XodmMm Q>mH$ _mZmÀ`m dramÀ`m Kar Zobm OmVmo d Z§Va hm
Q>mH$ gÝ_mZnyd©H$ nmQ>bm§H$S>o naV nmR>dbm OmVmo.

dramÀ`m {_adUwH$sÀ`m {Xder nmQ>bm§Mm dmS>m gdmªgmR>r Iwbm AgVmo.
JmdmoJmdMo dra d Ë`m§Mo gmWrXma dmS>çmV `oVmV. nmUr {nVmV, Hw$Ur dmS>çmV Vir
^aVmV, Hw$Ur nmQ>bm§Mr »`mbr-Iwembr {dMmaVmo. g§Ü`mH$miÀ`m doir VrZ-Mma
Vmg hm gmohim gwê$ AgVmo. `m {Xder ñdV… nmQ>rb d Ë`m§À`m Hw$Qw>§~mVrb gXñ`
CnpñWV AgVmV. AmOhr ñdV… ~mimgmho~ Jw§Omi nmQ>rb, O`d§Vamd Jw§Omi
nmQ>rb d Ë`m§Mo n[adma gXñ` hr na§nam _moR>çm AmZ§XmMo nwT>o MmbdV AmhoV.

204 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

ndim {hdaJmdH$a

ndy uÀ`m H$mir H$a_UHw $sMr _mÜ`_o A{Ve` _`m{© XV hmVo r. Vìo hm _amR>_mùo `m
_mUgmbm KQ>H$m XmoZ KQ>H$m {da§Jwim {_idyZ XoÊ`mMo H$m_ V_memZo Ho$bo. V_mem
Ho$di H$a_UwH$M H$arV ZìhVm Va Eo{Vhm{gH$ gm_m{OH$ dJZmQ>çm§Ûmao Va H$Yr
bmdÊ`m§Ûmao Amnbm B{Vhmg bmoH$m§nwT>o _m§S>m`Mm. bmoH$m§Zm g_Oob Aem gmoß`m ^mfoV
gm_m{OH$ g§Xoe Úm`Mm. {~«{Q>em§À`m gÎmoMm AñV Odi `oV hmoVm. Ë`m H$mimV
_hmamï´>mV V_mem gdmªJmZo \w$bbm-~habm. Ë`mV ZdZdrZ à`moJ Pmbo. `mM H$mimV
aoR>ao haUmj BWë`m ~«m÷U Hw$Qw>§~mV 11 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1866 amoOr lrYa H¥$îUm Hw$bH$Uu
`m _wbmMm OÝ_ Pmbm. hmM lrYa nwT>o nÇ>o ~mnyamd åhUyZ Ad¿`m _hmamï´>mV à{gÕ
Pmbm. AmOhr H$moUË`mhr V_memVrb JU, Jm¡iUr, bmdÊ`m `m ~hþVm§er nÇ>o
~mnyamdm§À`mM AgVmV. nÇ>o ~mnyamdm§Mm V_mem Ë`m H$mir g§nyU© _hmamï´>mV Va
JmOm`MmM na§Vw _w§~B©Vhr Ë`m§Mo _moR>o Zmd hmoVo. EImÚm g§ñWm{ZH$mbm emo^ob Ago
Ë`m§Mo amhUr_mZ hmoVo. hmVmV gmoÝ`mMo H$S>o, nmM-nmM gmoÝ`mÀ`m A§JR>çm EdT>oM
Zìho Va H$_aoÀ`m MmanXar H$aJmoQ>çmbm gmoÝ`mÀ`m A§JR>çm, gmoÝ`mÀ`m {JÝÝ`m
bQ>H$boë`m Agm`À`m.

nÇ>o ~mnyamdm§Zr AemM EH$m V_memÀ`m gm_Ý`mV "ndim' ZmdmÀ`m
gmX¢ `d© Vrbm qOH$b.§ ndim hr _iy V: gJ§ _Zao VmbŠw `mVë`m {hdaJmdMr. 12 AmJ° ñQ>
1870 amoOr VmZmOr ^mboamd d aodw~mB© `m§À`m nmoQ>r ndimMm OÝ_ Pmbm. A{Ve`
Jar~ Hw$Qw>§~mVrb VmZmOr d aodw~mB©Zo I§S>mo~mbm Zdg Ho$bm hmoVm d Ë`m Zdgm_wio

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 205

_wbJr Pmbr åhUyZ VmZmOrZo ZdgmV H$~yb Ho$ë`mà_mUo bhmZ½`m ndimMo b½Z
I§S>mo~mer bmdyZ XoD$Z {Vbm I§S>mo~mMr _wair Ho$bo. ndim bhmZnUmnmgyZ {Xgm`bm
A{Ve` gw§Xa, AmdmO A{Ve` JmoS>, _wair åhUyZ I§S>mo~mMr JmUr åhUUmar ndim
Z§Va dmKmnyaÀ`m har~m~m Kmobn `m§À`mH$S>o ZmMJmU§ {eH$br d Ë`m§À`mM V_memV
ZmMm`bm {VZo gwédmV Ho$br. Ë`m H$mimV V_memV pñÌ`m Zgm`À`m. gw§Xa {XgUmar
Vê$U _wboM gmS>r ZogyZ nm`mV Kw§Jao ~m§YyZ ZmMm`Mr. na§Vw ndimZo gd© àñWm{nV
éT>tZm _moS>rV H$mT>rV V_memV H$m_ H$aÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoVbm d har~m~mÀ`m V_memV
ZmMm`bm gwédmV Ho$br. V_memV IarIwar ñÌr ZmMVo åhQ>ë`mda gJirH$S>o har~m~m
Kmbo nmˤ `m V_memMo Zmd Pmb.o JmdmJo md bmHo $ ndimgmR>r har~m~mMm V_mem ~Km`bm
JXu H$am`bm bmJbo.

EH$Xm AMmZH$ har~m~m§Zr V_mem ~§X H$aÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoVbm d Ë`m§Zr
JmdmoJmd {H$V©Zo H$am`bm gwédmV Ho$br. ndimZo Zm_m YwbdS>H$a `m§À`m V_memV
H$m_ H$am`bm gwédmV Ho$br. _w§~B©V Ë`m H$mir doJdoJio V_mem \$S> JmOV hmoVo.
na§Vw gJirH$S>o nwéfM ZmMo hmoVo. Zm_m YwbdS>H$am§Mm \$S> Ooìhm _w§~B©V Jobm Voìhm
A{Ve` gw§Xa ñÌr V_memV ZmMVo `mMo, Ë`m doirhr nwamoJm_r g_Oë`m OmUmè`m
_w§~B©H$am§Zm _moR>o Aàyn dmQ>bo. _w§~B©V ndim_wio YwbdS>H$am§À`m V_membm _moR>r JXu
ìhm`bm bmJbr. _w§~B©V Ë`m H$mir JmOboë`m ^mD$ \$ŠH$S>, {edm g§^m H$m¡bmnyaH$a
XJSw> H$m|S>r~m gmir, ^mJw ZmJy _mir, e§H$aamd AdgrH$a, aKw B§XwarH$a d nÇ>o
~mnwamdm§Mo V_meo A{Ve` bmoH${à` hmoVo. ndimÀ`m V_memVë`m nXmn©Um_wio
gdmªÀ`mM ZOam Zm_m YwbdS>H$am§À`m V_memH$S>o bmJë`m.

ndim_wio _w§~B©V Zm_m YwbdS>H$am§À`m V_memMm ^md dYmabm hmoVm.
V_mem H$bogmR>r Amnb§ KaXma, gd©ñd gmoS>boë`m nÇ>o ~mnwamdm§Zm Amnë`m V_memV
ndim Agmdr Ago dmQy> bmJbo. Am{U EH$m Am_Zo-gm_Zo a§Jboë`m V_memÀ`m
gm_Ý`mV nÇ>o ~mnwamdm§Zr ndimbm qOH$b§. nÇ>o ~mnwamdm§Mr CnOV à{V^m ndimÀ`m
AmJ_ZmZ§Va A{YH$M ~habr. nÇ>o ~mnwamdm§À`m V_memV ndimMm WmQ> AmUIr
dmT>bm. ZI{eIm§V gmoÝ`mZo _T>dbobr ndim Ë`m H$mir _w§~B©hÿZ g§J_Zoabm `m`Mr
d `oWyZ {VÀ`mgmR>r Img ~Zdboë`m N>H$S>çmVyZ {hdaJmdbm Om`Mr. {hdaJmdbm
ndimZo eoVrhr KoVbr hmoVr. {hdaJmdbm H$mhr {Xdg amhÿZ ndim nwÝhm _w§~B©bm
Om`Mr. ndim d nÇ>o ~mnwamdm§_wio BVa V_memMm àojH$dJ© H$_r ìhm`bm bmJbm.

206 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

nÇ>o ~mnyamd ~«m÷U Va ndim X{bV g_mOmVrb, `m Jmoï>rMm BVa V_mg{Jam§Zr
AnàMmamgmR>r dmna gwê$ Ho$bm. Amnë`m g_mOmVbr ZmMUmarU ~«m÷UmZo {\$Vdbr
Ë`m_wio Amnë`m g_mOmVrb bmoH$m§Zr ~mnyamdm§À`m V_memV H$m_ H$am`Mo Zmhr Agm
{ZU©` {nbm hmD$g_Ü`o Pmboë`m ~¡R>H$sV Pmbm.

~mnyamdm§À`m {damoYmV dmVmdaU Vmny bmJbo. OmVr-nmVr _mZUmè`m Ë`m
H$mimV nÇ>o ~mnyamdm§Zm V_memgmR>r gmWrXma {_ioZmgo Pmbo. A{Ve` lr_§VrV OrdZ
OJUmè`m ndim d ~mnwamdm§Zm AmVm `m n[apñWVrVyZ _mJ© H$gm H$mT>m`Mm `mMr
qMVm nS>br. Ë`m H$mir {H$gZXmXm Jdir, hmg_eoR> ~m§JS>rdmbo, {ham~mB© naXoer,
A~weoR> `m bmoH$m§Mo {WEQ>a _mbH$ åhUyZ dM©ñd hmoVo. ~mnyamdm§Zr `m gdmªZm gm§{JVbo
H$s, Amåhmbm {dH$V Var ¿`m ZmhrVa Am_Mm {bbmd H$am. na§Vw `m n[apñWVrVyZ
_mJ© H$mT>m. AIoarg H$bmH$mam§Mr H$Xa H$aUmè`m A~weoR> `m§Zr ndim d ~mnwamdm§Zm
Xa_hm 900 én`o ~mobrda {bbmdmV KoVbo.

nÇ>o ~mnwamd d ndimÀ`m V_membm gJù`m _hmamï´>mV JXu dmT>V hmoVr.
JmdmoJmd nÇ>o ~mnyamd d ndimMo Zmd gdmªÀ`m Vm|S>r JmOV hmoVo. nÇ>o ~mnyamd Am{U
ndimMr V_memVrb OmoS>r ~KÊ`mgmR>r JmdmoJmd a{gH$ JXu H$am`Mo. V_memÀ`m
dmT>Ë`m JXu~amo~a nwÝhm EH$Xm n¡emMm àM§S> AmoK gwê$ Pmbm. ~mnwamd Am{U ndim
XmoKohr gmoÝ`mMo em¡H$sZ. XmoKm§À`mhr A§Jmda gmoÝ`mMo Xm{JZo, ^aOar H$nS>o Agm`Mo.
hmVmV n¡gm Ioim`bm bmJë`mZ§Va ~mnyamdm§Mm IM©hr dmT>bm. BVam§Zm _XV
H$aÊ`m~amo~aM ~mnyamdm§À`m Jm§OmMo ì`gZ dmT>V hmoVo. ndim `m Jmoï>t_wio {MS>m`Mr.
naV§ w ~mnay mdmÀ§ `m IMmb© m Amim ~gV ZìhVm. hihy iy XmKo m_§ Yrb _V^Xo ^mS§ >Umn§ `Vª
OmD$Z nmho Mb.o AIao rg amOo À`m ^mS§ >Umbm H$§ Q>miZy ndimZo V_memnmgZy Xaÿ hmÊo `mMm
{ZU`© KVo bm. EH$Xm AMmZH$ ndimZo ~mnay mdmÀ§ `m \$S>mMm {Zamno KVo bm d Vr Zm{her
Pmbr. Iyn emoYmemoY Ho$br na§Vw ndimMm Vnmg bmJoZm. ~mnyamdm§À`m em{harMr,
bmdUrMr àoaUm Agbobr ndim {ZKyZ Joë`mZo ~mnyam§dm§Zm Iyn Xþ…I Pmbo.

BH$S>o ndimZo _~§w B© gmSo >yZ {hdaJmd JmR>bo hmVo .o ndim ~mnay mdmÀ§ `m V_memV
AgVmZm {VMo MmhVo Agboë`m _gyaÀ`m _méVramd nmQ>bm§Zr ndimMr ^oQ> KoVbr.
ndimZo nwÝhm V_memV H$m_ H$amdo `mgmR>r nmQ>bm§Zr dmKmnyaÀ`m _mYdamd Kmobn
(gVw ma) `mM§ r ^Qo > KVo br. _mYdamd nmQ>bmÀ§ `m _Ü`ñVrZV§ a ndimZo _méVamd nmQ>bmZ§ r
Cä`m H$o bëo `m Zì`m \$S>mV H$m_ H$am`Mr V`mar XmIdbr. _méVamd nmQ>rb H$dS>Ho $amZ§ r

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 207

C^maboë`m \$S>mMr bmoH${à`Vm ndim_wio gd©Ì dmT>V hmoVr na§Vw EH$Xm H$mhr
H$maUmdê$Z ndim d _méVamdm§Mo ^m§S>U Pmbo. gmVmè`mÀ`m H$moQ>m©V ndimda Xm{JZo
Mmoaë`mÀ`m Amamonmdê$Z nmQ>bm§Zr Ho$g bmdbr hmoVr. ndimZo hr Ho$g qOH$br. `m
KQ>ZoZ§Va ndim nwÝhm V_mem gmoSy>Z {hdaJmdbm Ambr.

ndim {hdaJmdbm Amë`mMo H$iVmM nÇ>o ~mnyamdm§Zr WoQ> dmKmnya JmR>bo.
{VWë`m _mYdamd n¡bdmZm§À`m _Ü`ñWrZo ndimMr ^oQ> KoVbr. ~mnyamdm§À`m
AmJ«hmZ§Va nwÝhm EH$Xm nÇ>o ~mnyamd Am{U ZmdM§X ndim {hdaJmdH$a ~hþa§Jr V_mem
C^m am{hbm. nwÝhm EH$Xm d¡^dmMo {Xdg Ambo. ~mnyamdm§Zm nwÝhm EH$Xm _mZgÝ_mZ
{_im`bm bmJbm. bmHo $ Ë`mM§ r hbŠ`m OmVrÀ`m ndimMr gJ§ V Yaë`m~Ôb hQo >miUr
H$am`Mo. ~mnyamd ~mQ>bo AmhoV Ë`m§Zr gÝ_mJm©da `mdo, nwÝhm Amnë`m Y_m©V `mdo
åhUyZ ~mnyamdm§Mo OÝ_Jmd Agboë`m aoR>ao `oWrb J«m_ñWm§Zr AmJ«h Yabm. AIoarg
JmdH$è`m§Zr dJ©Ur H$mTy>Z {VZeo én`o O_m Ho$bo d ~mnyamdm§Zm {Xbo. Ë`m§Zr AmVm Var
H$merbm OmdyZ ewÕrH$aU H$ê$Z ¿`mdo Ago R>abo. Vo JmdmVyZ {ZKmbo na§Vw H$merbm
Z OmVm WoQ> _w§~B©bm Ambo.

BH$S>o ~mnyamdm§Zm Amnë`m_wio g_mO Xmof XoV Amho åhUyZ ndim ñdV…bm
Xmof XoV hmoVr. ~mnyamdm§Zr AmUbobo {VZeo én`o ndimbm {Xbo. V_mem ~§X nS>bobm
hmoVm. ~mnyamdm§gmo~V ndimMmhr IM© nydunmgyZ _moR>mM hmoVm. AIoarg Am{W©H$
AmoT>mVmUrbm H§$Q>miyZ ndim ~mnyamdm§Zm gmoSy>Z nwÝhm {hdaJmdbm Ambr. ndimÀ`m
OmÊ`mZo ~mnyamd nwÝhm H$ï>r Pmbo. åhmVmanUmV ~è`mM hmb-Anoï>m gmogyZ AIoaÀ`m
H$mimV {d_ZñH$ AdñWoV Ë`m§Zm nwÊ`mVë`m PmonS>nÅ>rV ahmdo bmJbo. BH$S>o EImÚm
g_m« krà_mUo OJbëo `m ndimZo AIao À`m H$mimV Iny hmb gmgo b.o _~§w BV© ë`m Amnë`m
^mdmH$S>o ndim OrdZmÀ`m eodQ>À`m KQ>H$m _moOrV hmoVr. Xå`mZo g§nyU© eara I§JyZ
Jbo o hmVo .o {Obm ~KÊ`mgmR>r EH$o H$mir _~§w BV© bmHo $ amJ§ m bmdZy {V{H$Q> {dH$V ¿`m`Mo
Ë`m ndimbm AIoaÀ`m H$mimV Hw$UmMrM _XV {_imbr Zmhr. AIoarg 6 {S>g|~a
1936 bm ndimZo AIoaMm ídmg KoVbm. dairÀ`m ñ_emZ^y_rV g§J_Zoa
VmbwŠ`mVrb {hdaJmdÀ`m ndimMo A§Vr_g§ñH$ma H$aÊ`mV Ambo.

208 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

{dÇ>b C_n

bmoH$H$bm joÌmV Ho$di _hmamï´>mVM Zìho Va amï´>r`, Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirda
JmObobo ì`pŠV_Îd åhUOo bmoH$emhra {dÇ>b C_n. _yiÀ`m g§J_Zoa VmbwŠ`mVrb
{MH$Ur JmdMo a{hdmgr Agboë`m J§Jmam_ C_n `m§Mm _wbJm Agboë`m {dÇ>b
C_nm§Mm OÝ_ 15 Owb¡, 1931 amoOr _w§~B©V Pmbm. Ë`m§Zm bhmZnUmnmgyZM JmÊ`m§Mr
AmdS> hmoVr. _w§~B©À`m H$m_Jma dñVrV gmVË`mZo em{harMo, H$bmnWH$m§Mo, _où`m§Mo,
H$ìdmë`m§Mo, Am§~oS>H$ar Obñ`m§Mo H$m`©H«$_ ìhm`Mo. `m H$m`©H«$_m§Mm Ë`m§À`mda
à^md hmoVm. nwT>o H$mhr H$mi nmoñQ>mV ZmoH$ar Ho$ë`mda Ë`m§Zr ñdV:bm nyU© doi
H$bmjoÌmV PmoHy$Z Úm`Mo R>adbo.

d`mÀ`m 8 ì`m dfunmgyZM JmÊ`mMm N>§X OmonmgUmè`m {dÇ>b C_nm§Zr
1960 nmgyZ em{harMo H$m`©H«$_ H$am`bm gwédmV Ho$br. Ho$di EH$M H$bm Z
Omno mgVm Ë`mZ§ r bmHo $H$bmÀ§ `m {d{dY àH$mamM§ m Aä`mg H$o bm. ^mê$S>, JmY| i, em{har,
H$moirJrVo, bmoH$JrVo, H$ìdmbr Aem {d{dY H$bm§_Ü`o Ë`m§Zr àm{dÊ` {_idbo hmoVo.
`m gd©M àH$mam§V Ë`m§Zr {dnwb boIZ Ho$bo. Ë`m§Zm Iè`m AWm©Zo à{gÕr {_imbr, Vr
Ë`m§À`m AmH$medmUrda JmOboë`m "\y$ ~mB© \y$' `m JmÊ`m_wio. EM.E_.ìhr. H§$nZrZo
H$mT>boë`m `m JmÊ`mÀ`m hOmamo aoH$m°S>©²g Ë`m H$mir _hmamï´>mV {dH$ë`m Joë`m. gd©M
gm§ñH¥${VH$ H$m`©H«$_m§_YyZ, AmH$medmUrdê$Z ho JrV dmOdbo Om`Mo. Ë`mZ§Va nwT>rb
nÞmg dfmªV Ë`m§À`m Ag§»` JmÊ`m§Mo ÜdZr_wÐU Pmbo.

_amR>r ~am~o aM Ë`mM§ o qhXr d CX©y ^mfdo a à^Îw d hmVo .o 1969 gmbr VËH$mbrZ

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 209

n§VàYmZ B§{Xam Jm§YtÀ`m CnpñWVrV Ë`m§Zr _mJmgdJu`m§À`m _mJÊ`m qhXr ^mfoVyZ
gmXa Ho$ë`m. Ë`m§À`m MVwaò H$bmJwUm§_wio 1983 _Ü`o H$m°H©$ Am`bªS> `oWo Pmboë`m
Am§Vaamï´>r` bmoH$g§JrVmÀ`m _hmoËgdmV gh^mJ KoÊ`mMr Ë`m§Zm g§Yr {_imbr. `m
_hmoËgdmV EHy$U 25 Xoem§À`m H$bmH$mam§Zr Ë`m§À`m bmoH$g§JrVmMo H$m`©H«$_ gmXa
H$o b.o `mV bmHo $emhra {dÇ>b C_n `mÀ§ `m nWH$mbm àW_ H$« _mH§ $mMo nm[aVm{o fH$ {_imb.o
Ë`mÀ§ `m ê$nmZo ^maV Xeo mbm hm gÝ_mZ {_imbm. 1987 gmbr _hmamï>´{XZmÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo
amO^dZmV EH$m {defo H$m`H© $« _mMo Am`mOo Z H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmVo .o `m {R>H$mUr VËH$mbrZ
_w»`_§Ìr eaX ndma d amÁ`nmb e§H$aX`mb e_m© `m§À`m CnpñWVrV Ë`m§Zr gmXa
H$o bbo m H$m`H© $« _ {defo JmObm. _hmamï>´m~am~o aM {X„r, ZmJmbS± >, Pmer `m {R>H$mUrhr
Ë`m§Zr H$m`©H«$_ gmXa Ho$bo.

ñdV: bmoH$g§JrVmMo H$m`©H«$_ gmXa H$arV AgVmZmM Ë`m§Zr lr{Zdmg
Iio, am_ H$X_, lrYa \$S>Ho$, am_ bú_U, XÎmm S>mdOoH$a, _YwH$a nmR>H$, A_a
hiXrnya, ^mD$ M§ÐMyS>, F$framO, AÀ`wV R>mHy$a, `ed§V Xod, lrH¥$îU M§ÐmÌo,
AmZ§X e_m© (g§JrVH$ma ß`maobmb `m§Mo ~§Yy) `m§À`m g§JrV {X½Xe©ZmV AZoH$ JrVo
Jm`br. _hmamï´> emgZmMo d BVa AZoH$ _mÝ`da g§ñWm§Mo {d{dY nwañH$ma Ë`m§Zm
{_imbo hmoVo. gZ 2007 _Ü`o g§J_Zoa B{Vhmg g§emoYZ _§S>imZo Ë`m§Mm H$dr AZ§V
\§$Xr H$bmJm¡ad nwañH$ma XoD$Z ^ì` ZmJar gËH$ma Ho$bm.

I§S>mo~mMo bJrZ, Om§^yi Am»`mZ, A~H$ Xw~H$ {V~H$ ho Ë`m§Mr ^y{_H$m
Agbobo H$m`©H«$_ àM§S> JmObo. `mM~amo~a _r _amR>r d qhXr JmÊ`m§Mm g_mdoe
Agbobm "_obm' ho gm§{JVrH$ H$m`©H«$_XoIrb gd©Ì àM§S> bmoH${à` R>abo. Amnë`m
Am`îw `mÀ`m AIao À`m VrZ dfmVª Ë`mZ§ r AZHo $Xm gJ§ _Zao bm ^Qo >r {Xë`m. gJ§ _Zao mVë`m
AZoH$ H$m`©H«$_m§Zm Vo AmdOy©Z CnpñWV ahm`Mo. g§J_Zoa~ÔbÀ`m Am§V[aH$
{Oìhmù`mVyZM Vo {d{dY H$m`©H«$_mVyZ g§J_Zoa d {MH$Ur JmdMm AmdOy©Z C„oI
H$am`Mo. `m _hmZ H$bmH$mamMo ZmJnya `oWo a§J_§Mmda "O`{^_' hm Zmam bmdrV
AgVmZmM 26 Zmoìh|~a, 2010 amoOr {ZYZ Pmbo.

210 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

H$m§Vm~mB© gmVmaH$a

ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV Amnë`m H$boÛmao g§J_ZoaMo Zmd gd©Xya nmohM{dÊ`mMo
H$m_ lr_Vr H$m§Vm~mB© gmVmaH$a `m§Zr Ho$bo. EH$ CÎm_ A{^ZoÌr, {X½Xe©H$, emhra d
ì`dñWmnH$ Aem {d{dY ^y{_H$m§_YyZ Ë`m§Zr ñdV:bm {gÕ H$ê$Z XmI{dbo. 1948
Vo 1985 n`ªV Ë`m§Zr V_mem a§J^y_rda dmdaVmZm Ajae: eoH$S>mo ^y{_H$m {Od§V
Ho$ë`m. V_mem joÌmVrb Ë`m§À`m `moJXmZmMr XIb KoD$Z _hmamï´> emgZmZo Ë`m§Zm
"OrdZ Jm¡ad' nwañH$mamZo gÝ_m{ZV Ho$bo Amho.

H$m§Vm~mBªMm OÝ_ JwOamV_Yrb qS>~m ({O.~S>moXo) `m N>moQ>çmem JmdmV
15 Am°ŠQ>mo~a, 1939 amoOr Pmbm. AmB©-dS>rb XmoKohr XJS>mÀ`m ImUrV H$m_
H$am`Mo. nwT>o Hw$Qw>§~ gmVmè`mV ñWm{`H$ Pmbo. {VWë`m ZdP§H$ma _où`mV H$m§Vm~mBªZr
d`mÀ`m 9 ì`m dfu gd©àW_ H$m_ Ho$bo. nwT>o Z¥Ë`mMr AmdS> Ë`m§Zm ñdñW ~gy
XoB©Zm. H$mhr {Xdg ñWm{ZH$ V_memV H$m_ Ho$bo. nwT>o Ë`m§Zr `mM joÌmV _moR>o Zmd
{_idm`Mo `m hoVyZo _w§~B© JmR>br. _§w~B©V gwédmVrbm XmXy B§XwarH$am§À`m V_memV d
Z§Va VwH$mam_ IoS>H$am§À`m V_memV Ë`m§Zr H$m_ H$am`bm gwédmV Ho$br.

1955 _Ü`o Ë`m§Mm VwH$mam_ IoS>H$am§er {ddmh Pmbm. IoS>H$am§À`m gmo~VrZo
Ë`m§Zr AZoH$ dJZmQ>çmVyZ ^y{_H$m Ho$ë`m. Ë`m§À`m A{^Z`mbm gd©Ì XmX {_iy
bmJbr. A{ZVm, AbH$m, aKwdra d _§Xm `m Mma AnË`m§À`m OÝ_mZ§Va AMmZH$
VHw $mam_ ISo >H$amM§ o {ZYZ Pmb.o nTw >Mr VrZ-Mma df} A{Ve` H$R>rU Jbo r. H$mV§ m~mBZª r
ImZXoemVrb AmZ§Xamd _hmOZ `m§À`m V_memV H$mhr {Xdg H$m_ Ho$bo. BVHo$ {Xdg

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 211

\$S> _mbH$sUrÀ`m ^y{_Ho$V AgUmè`m H$m§Vm~mBªZr nwÝhm {OÔrZo C^o amhÊ`mMo R>adbo.
A{Ve` H$R>rU n[apñWVrV Ë`m§Zr ñdV:Mm V_mem \$S> C^m Ho$bm.

1980 nmgyZ nwT>o H$m§Vm~mBªMm V_mem \$S> _hmamï´>mVrb AJ«JÊ` V_mem
\$S> åhUyZ JUbm OmD$ bmJbm. _wbJr A{ZVm d _§Xm `m§Zr Amnë`m Z¥Ë`mÀ`m d
A{^Z`mÀ`m Omoamda _hmamï´>mV ñdV§Ì AmoiI {Z_m©U Ho$br. Xwgar _wbJr Jm{`H$m
åhUyZ Va _wbJm aKwdra _hmamï´>mVrb Aìdb gm|JmS>çm åhUyZ n[a{MV Amho. _mJrb
nmM XeH$m§V Ag§»` nwañH$ma {_idUmè`m H$m§Vm~mB© gmVmaH$a d Ë`m§Mr gd© _wbo
gJ§ _Zao bm Amnbr H$_^© _y r _mZVmV. gZ 2010 _Ü`o {X„r `Wo o Pmbëo `m "H$m_° Zdëo W
Joåg' àg§Jr {X„r d M§{XJS> `oWo V_mem gmXa H$aÊ`mMm _mZ lr_Vr H$m§Vm~mBªÀ`m
V_mem \$S>mbm {_imbm. AmO Ë`m§Mr {Vgar {nT>rXoIrb V_memÀ`m a§J^y_rda
Amnë`m H$boÛmao a{gH$m§Mo _Zmoa§OZ H$arV Amho.

212 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

Am|H$maZmW _mbnmUr

g§J_Zoa d AmgnmgÀ`m n[agamÀ`m Am{W©H$ àJVrV hmV_mJ, {dS>r CÚmoJ
d V§~mIy CÚmoJmMm _hÎdmMm dmQ>m Amho. ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimV BWbr AW©ì`dñWm
hmV_mJmÀ`m ì`dgm`mda Adb§~yZ hmoVr. nwT>o hmV_mJ ~§X nS>V Jobo d {dS>r
ì`dgm` dmTy> bmJbm. `mM H$mimV g§J_Zoabm ñd.Xm_moXa OJÞmW _mbnmUr `m§Zr
V§~mIy ì`dgm`mbm ì`mnH$ ñdê$n Úm`bm gwédmV Ho$br. 16 Am°JñQ>, 1948 amoOr
"Jm` N>mn OXm©' `m ZmdmZo Ë`m§Zr V§~mIyMm ~«±S> gwê$ Ho$bm. `mM ì`dgm`mMm nwT>o
AmH| $maZmW _mbnmUr `mZ§ r amÁ` d Xeo nmVirda {dñVma H$o bm. EH$ `eñdr CÚmOo H$,
gm_m{OH$ H$m`©H$V}, ~±qH$J, {ejU, gm§ñH¥${VH$ joÌmVrb AJ«oga ì`pŠV_Îd åhUyZ
nwT>o Ë`m§Mr ñdV§Ì AmoiI {Z_m©U Pmbr. _mbnmUr n[admamÀ`m _mbnmUr CÚmoJ
g_yhmZo hOmamo bmoH$m§Zm WoQ> amoOJma CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbm Va bmImo bmoH$m§Zm Amnë`m
CËnmXZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Am{W©H$ ñW¡`© XoÊ`mMo H$m_ Ho$bo.

21 \o$~«wdmar, 1934 amoOr Ah_XZJa {OëømVrb nmWS>u `oWo OÝ_boë`m
Am|H$maZmW _mbnmUr `m§Mr {dÚmWuXeonmgyZM EH$ hþema {dÚmWu åhUyZ AmoiI
hmoVr. g§J_ZoaÀ`m no{Q>Q> {dÚmb`mV _mÜ`{_H$ {ejU KoVë`mda Ë`m§Zr nwÊ`mÀ`m
\$½`w©gZ _hm{dÚmb`mV Amnbo _hm{dÚmb`rZ {ejU nyU© Ho$bo. nwÊ`mÀ`mM
~r.Oo._o{S>H$b H$m°boO_Ü`o d¡ÚH$s` {ejU KoV AgVmZm BH$S>o g§J_Zoabm d{S>bm§Zr
gwê$ Ho$boë`m ì`dgm`mMm ì`mn àM§S> _moR>çm à_mUmda dmT>bm hmoVm. KaMm ì`dgm`
gm§^miÊ`mgmR>r AmUIr bmoH$m§Mr JaO hmoVr. Amnë`m ì`dgm`mMm dmT>Vm {dñVma

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 213

d {VWbr JaO Amio IZy Ë`mZ§ r dÚ¡ H$s` {ejU AYd© Q> gmSo >yZ d{S>bmÀ§ `m ì`dgm`mV
nXmn©U Ho$bo.

Amnbm H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ ì`dgm` gm§^mirV AgVmZmM Ë`m§Zr {d{dY gm_m{OH$
CnH«$_m§V gh^mJ ¿`m`bm gwédmV Ho$br. g§J_Zoa ì`mnmar Agmo{gEeZMo AÜ`jnX,
{ejU àgmaH$ g§ñWoMo g§ñWmnH$ gXñ` Aem O~m~Xmè`m gm§^mirV AgVmZmM
1962 _Ü`o Vo g§J_Zoa ZJan[afXoMo ZJamÜ`j åhUyZ {ZdS>bo Jobo. d`mÀ`m 28
ì`m dfu Vo g§J_Zoa ZJanm{bHo$Mo gdm©V H$_r d`mMo ZJamÜ`j ~Zbo. `m {R>H$mUrhr
Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m H$V¥©Ëdm~amo~aM àm_m{UH$nUmMrhr N>mn nmS>br. g§J_Zoa _MªQ> ~±H$,
emaXm {ejU g§ñWm, g§J_Zoa Am¡Úmo{JH$ dgmhV `m§À`m ñWmnZoV Ë`m§Mm _mobmMm
dmQ>m hmoVm. JrVm n[adma `m _wbm§À`m g§ñH$ma joÌmV H$m_ H$aUmè`m AmJù`m-
doJù`m g§ñWoMr ñWmnZm Ë`m§À`mM nwT>mH$mamVyZ Pmbr. _mhoídar g_mOmÀ`m ñWm{ZH$
nXm{YH$marnXmnmgyZ Vo A{Ib ^maVr` _mhoídar _hmg^oÀ`m _hm_§ÌrnXmn`ªV {d{dY
nXo Ë`m§Zr ^yf{dbr.

{d{dY joÌm§V H$m`©aV AgVmZm Ë`m§Zm A{Ve` _mobmMr gmW XoÊ`mMo H$m_
Ë`m§Mo YmH$Q>o ~§Yy _mYdbmb _mbnmUr `m§Zr Ho$bo. _mbnmUr CÚmoJ g_yhmÀ`m
ì`mdgm{`H$ {dñVmamV Ë`mM§ m _mbo mMm dmQ>m hmVo m. Ë`mZ§ rhr Amnë`m ~Y§ Ày `m nmdbmda
nmD$b R>do Zy {d{dY gm_m{OH$ CnH$« _mV§ gH$« s` gh^mJ ZmX| dbm. _mbnmUr n[admamMr
Xwgar {nT>r AmO hm ì`dgm` g_W©nUo nwT>o ZoV Amho. Am|H$maZmWOr _mbnmUr `m§Mr
amOeo , gO§ ` hr Va _mYdbmb _mbnmUr `mM§ r _Zrf, {Jarf, Am{ef hr _bw o _mbnmUr
CÚmoJ g_yhmMo H$m_H$mO gm§^mirV AmhoV. Ë`m§ZrM `m ì`dgm`mMm _moR>çm à_mUmda
{dñVma Ho$bm Amho.

Am|H$maZmW _mbnmUr `m§Zr Amnë`m amÁ`ì`mnr ì`mdgm{`H$, gm_m{OH$
H$m`m©V ì`ñV AgVmZmhr Zoh_rM g§J_Zoa eha d n[agam~Ôb AmñWm ~miJbr.
BWë`m AJXr N>moQ>çmV N>moQ>çm CnH«$_m§nmgyZ Vo _moR>çm CnH«$_m§n`ªV gd© {R>H$mUr
VZ-_Z-YZmZo `moJXmZ {Xbo. EH$ `eñdr CÚmoOH$ åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr _moR>m bm¡{H$H$
{_idbm. _mUwgH$s OnUmam gƒm _mUyg åhUyZhr bmoH$ Ë`m§Zm _mZ Úm`Mo.
Am`wî`mÀ`m AIoan`ªV Ë`m§Zr g_mOmàVr ~m§{YbH$s _mZbr. 10 _mM©, 2008 amoOr
Ë`m§Mo nwUo `oWo {ZYZ Pmbo.

214 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

g§^mOramOo WmoamV

H$mhr ì`pŠV_Îdm_§ Ü`o Aer OmXÿ AgVo H$s, Ë`mÀ§ `m ZmdmVZy M Vo ì`pŠV_Îd
àVrV hmoVo. g§^mOramOo WmoamV ho AgoM EH$ ì`pŠV_Îd. YmS>grnUm, ñnï>dŠVonUm,
ñdV…À`m {ZU©`mda R>m_ amhÊ`mMr d¥Îmr `mÀ`m OmoS>rbm {OÔ d {MH$mQ>r. Aem
JwUm§_wio Ë`m§Mr EH$ doJirM AmoiI {Z_m©U Pmbr hmoVr. WmoamV Hw$Qw>§~ _yiMo AH$mobo
VmbwŠ`mVrb draJmdMo. g§^mOramO|Mm OÝ_ 18 {S>g|~a, 1934 Mm.

bhmZnUmnmgyZM Ë`m§À`m YmS>grd¥Îmr_wio Ë`m§Mm H$b {_{bQ>arV XmIb
hmoÊ`mH$S>o hmoVm. 1950 _Ü`o d`mÀ`m Ad¿`m 14 ì`m dfu Vo {_{bQ>arV "~m°B©O'
åhUyZ ^aVr Pmbo. {_{bQ>arV AgVmZm Ë`m§Zr Am°b B§{S>`m ~m°B©O am`\$b \$m`[a¨J
ñnY}V nmMdm H«$_m§H$ {_idbm. 1953 Vo 1957 Aer gbJ nmM df} Ë`m§Zm bmB©Q>
_erZJZMr Am°b B§{S>`m _{eZJZ M°pån`Zern {_imbr. nwT>o Ë`m§Zr H$m¡Qw>§{~H$
O~m~Xmar_wio eoVr ì`dgm`mV bj Kmbm`bm gwédmV Ho$br.

g§J_Zoa VmbwŠ`mVrb Jw§OmidmS>rV eoVr ì`dgm` ~KV AgVmZm Ë`m§Mm
AmgnmgÀ`m n[agamVrb OZg§nH©$ dmT>V hmoVm. `mVyZM Ë`m§Mm amOH$maUmV àdoe
Pmbm. J«m_n§Mm`VrMo gXñ`, nmd~mH$s gmogm`Q>rMo MoAa_Z, H¥$fr CËnÞ ~mOma
g{_VrMo g^mnVr, g§J_Zoa n§Mm`V g{_VrMo g^mnVr Aem {d{dY g§ñWm§da Ë`m§Zr
Amnë`m H$V¥©ËdmMm R>gm C_Q>dbm. amOH$maUmV {d{dY nXm§da H$m_ H$arV AgVmZm
Ë`m§Mm gm_m{OH$ joÌmVrb dmda VodT>mM à^mdr hmoVm. VmbwŠ`mVrb eoVH$è`m§À`m
_rQ>a hQ>md _m{o h_Vo Ë`mM§ m gh^mJ hmVo m. Ë`mZ§ r {dYmZg^mÀ§ `m {ZdS>UHy $mhr bT>dë`m.

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 215

eoVr_Ü`ohr Ë`m§Zr {d{dY à`moJ Ho$bo. amÁ`nmVirdarb Ðmj nrH$ ñnYm©,
~mOar nrH$ ñnYm©, {Oëhm Jyi ñnYm© `m§_Ü`o Ë`m§Zr amÁ`mV n{hbm H«$_m§H$ {_idbm.
Amnë`m VéUnUmÀ`m H$mimV Ë`m§Zr H«$sS>m joÌmVhr M_H$Xma H$m_{Jar Ho$br.
hm°H$s, \w$Q>~m°b, ~m°pŠg¨J, ~mñHo$Q>~m°b `m Ioim§_Ü`o Ë`m§Zm {deof éMr hmoVr.
{_{bQ>arV AgVmZm Ë`m§Zr ~m°pŠg¨JMo à{ejH$ åhUyZhr H$m_ Ho$bo hmoVo.

g_mOH$maU, amOH$maU, eoVr AmXr joÌm§V `e {_idë`mda Ë`m§Zr CÚmoJ
joÌmVhr nXmn©U Ho$bo. Ë`m§Zr gwê$ Ho$boë`m Eg.Ama.WmoamV XÿY CÚmoJ g_yhmZo
AënmdYrVM _moR>r bmoH${à`Vm {_idbr Amho. ghH$mar VÎdmdarb _moR>çm XÿY
g§ñWm§À`m ñnY}V CVaë`mda Ë`m§Zr VoWohr Amnbo doJionU {gÕ Ho$bo. JwUdÎmoer
~m§{YbH$s, CÎm_ J«mhH$godm `m§_wio Ë`m§Mm ì`dgm` àJVrnWmda Amho. XþYm~amo~aM
BVa AZHo $ X½þ YOÝ` nXmWmMª r {Z{_V© r H$ê$Z Ë`mZ§ r ImgJr jÌo mVrb X½þ Y ì`dgm`mVrb
EH$ `eñdr CÚmoOH$ åhUyZ »`mVr {_idbr. Ë`m§Mo {Ma§Ord Am~mgmho~ WmoamV ho
AmO Ë`m§À`m nmdbmda nmD$b R>oD$Z ì`dgm`mMm H$ma^ma ~KV AmhoV.

216 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

àm.a§JZmW nR>mao

gJ§ _Zao gma»`m N>mQo >çmem JmdmV amhZÿ _hmamï>´mÀ`m gm{hË`{dídmV ñdV…À`m
H$gXma boIUrZo ñdV§Ì ñWmZ {_idUmè`m àm.a§JZmW nR>mao `m§Mr _amR>r gm{hË`
{dídmV doJir AmoiI Amho. nmaZoa VmbwŠ`mVrb Odio `m N>moQ>çmem JmdmV 20
Owb¡, 1950 amoOr Ë`m§Mm OÝ_ Pmbm.

1973 nmgyZ àm.a§JZmW nR>mao ho g§J_Zoa _hm{dÚmb`mV àmÜ`mnH$ åhUyZ
éOy Pmbo. _hm{dÚmb`rZ {ejU {dkmZ emIoV KoVbo Agbo Var Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m
àM§S> ì`mg§JmVyZ _amR>rV XO}Xma gm{hË`{Z{_©Vr Ho$br. H$mX§~ar, H$Wmg§J«h, d¡Mm[aH$
boIZ `m VrZhr boIZ àH$mamV Ë`m§Zr {dnwb boIZ Ho$bo Amho. Ë`m§À`m "Vm_«nQ>' `m
H$mX~§ arbm A{Ve` _mZmÀ`m g_Oë`m OmUmè`m gm{hË` AH$mX_r naw ñH$mamZo gÝ_m{ZV
H$aÊ`mV Ambobo Amho. `m H$mX§~arV Ë`m§Zr 1942 Vo 1979 n`ªVMm amOH$s`-
gm_m{OH$ nQ> A{Ve` gyú_ ~maH$mì`m{Zer g_W©nUo {Q>nbm Amho. J«m_rU ^mJmVrb
gÎmmñnYm©, X{bVm§Mo àíZ, ghH$mar g§ñWm, {ejUg§ñWm `m§Mo {MÌU H$aVmZm Ë`m§Zr
J«m_rU ^mJmVrb bmoH$m§Mo CnOV ehmUnU, gmo{eH$Vm, ~Zob YyV©nUm Aem {d{dY
àH$maÀ`m _mZdr ñd^mdmMohr {MÌU Ho$bo Amho.

Ë`m§Mr àH$m{eV nwñVHo$ nwT>rbà_mUo-
Zm_wîH$sMo ñdJV, Xþ…ImMo ídmnX, MH«$ì`yh, {Xdo Jobobo {Xdg, aW,
Vm_«nQ>, {ÌYm, B©ída _¥VmËå`mg em§Vr Xodmo, Vrd«H$mo_b Xþ…ImMo àH$aU, {MÌ_`
MVH$moa, H$drMo AIoaMo {Xdg, Am{U {ZamJg Ba|{Xam, Q>moH$Xma gmdbrMo dV©_mZ,

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 217

hmaU, AZ^w d {dH$Uo Amh,o {VaH$gnUmVrb gaiVm, ñnï>dŠVno UmMo à`mJo , AmñWMo o
àíZ, gÎdmMr ^mfm, N>ÎmrgJS> {Z`moJtMo Am§XmobZ Am{U gÚpñWVr, Jmä`mVrb
àH$me, OmJ{VH$sH$aU Am{U XoerdmX, Hw§$R>oMm bmobH$, ^a Mm¡H$mVrb AaÊ`éXZ,
e§ImVbm _mUyg.

Aem {d{dY nwñVH$m§_YyZ àm.a§JZmW nR>mao `m§Zr J«m_rU d ehar OrdZmMm
doY KoVbobm Amho. Ë`m§À`m H$Wm§_YyZ Ë`m§Zr OmV, Y_©, n§W `m§VyZ _mUgmÀ`m
OJÊ`mV {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m VUmdm§Mo Zo_Ho$nUmMo {MÌU Ho$bobo Amho. AmOdaÀ`m
H$WoMm gmMo~§X Vm|S>dim ~mOybm H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zr H$Wobm EH$gwar Ame`gwÌmVyZ _wŠV
H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ Ho$bo Amho. Ë`m§À`m H$Wm§_YyZ AmË_emoY Am{U OrdZ_wë`m§Mr OmUrd
AmT>iyZ `oV Agë`mZo àË`oH$mbm Vo boIZ dadaM§ Z dmQ>Vm Amnb§ dmQ>V§.

218 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

àm.S>m°.amdgmho~ H$g~o

_hmamï´>mbm boIH$ d {dMmad§Vm§Mr \$ma _moR>r na§nam bm^bobr Amho. `m
na§naoVrb EH$ _hÎdmMo Zmd åhUOo àm.amdgmho~ H$g~o. AH$mobo VmbwŠ`mVrb
Am¡a§Jnya `m N>moQ>çmem JmdmV 12 Zmoìh|~a, 1944 amoOr `m§Mm OÝ_ Pmbm. AH$mobo,
~«m÷UdmS>m, amOya `oWo àmW{_H$ d _mÜ`{_H$ {ejU nyU© Ho$ë`mda Ë`m§Zr 2 df}
Ah_XZJabm d Z§Va g§J_Zoa _hm{dÚmb`mVyZ Amnbo {ejU nyU© Ho$bo.

Ë`m§Mo dS>rb amUmoOr eoVr H$am`Mo. A{Ve` Jar~rV ~mbnU Joboë`m
amdgmho~m§Zr {OÔrZo Amnbo {ejU nyU© Ho$bo. Am¡a§Jm~mXÀ`m a_m~mB© Am§~oS>H$a
{dÚmb`mV {ejH$ åhUyZ ZmoH$ar H$arV AgVmZm Vo {ddmh~Õ Pmbo. g§J_Zoa
_hm{dÚmb`mMo VËH$mbrZ àmMm`© _YwgwXZ H$m¢{S>Ê` `m§Zm Ë`m§À`m~Ôb {deof ñZoh
dmQ>m`Mm. amdgmho~ {ejH$ åhUyZ ZmoH$ar H$arV AgVmZm Amnbo E_.E.Mo {ejU
nyU© H$arV hmoVo. E_.E.bm Vo g§nyU© _amR>dmS>m {dÚm{nR>mV amÁ`emñÌmV n{hbo
Ambo. hr ~mV_r g_OVmM àmMm`© H$m¢{S>Ê` `m§Zr Ë`m§Zm nÌ nmR>dyZ g§J_Zoa
_hm{dÚmb`mV àmÜ`mnH$ åhUyZ éOy hmoÊ`m~Ôb gwMdbo.

g§J_Zoa _hm{dÚmb`mV éOy Pmë`mZ§Va àm.H$g~o `m§Mo "PmoV' ZmdmMo
nwñVH$ àH$m{eV Pmbo Am{U g§nyU© _hmamï´>mV EH$M JXmamoi CR>bm. nwñVH$mÀ`m
~mOyZo d nwñVH$mÀ`m {damoYmV Ago XmoZ JQ> V`ma Pmbo. JmdmoJmd nwñVH$mMr Omhra
hmoir Ho$br OmD$ bmJbr. XþgarH$S>o `m nwñVH$mV àm.H$g~o `m§Zr _m§S>bobr _Vo H$er
`m½o ` AmhVo , ho R>m_nUo gmJ§ Umam JQ>hr _mRo >çm Om_o mZo àMmamV CVabm. `m nñw VH$mZV§ a

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 219

àm.H$g~o ho Zmd g§nyU© _hmamï´>mV n[a{MV Pmbo.
AZoH$ Jmdm§_YyZ Ë`m§Zm ì`m»`mZm§gmR>r {Z_§ÌUo `oD$ bmJbr. Ë`m§À`m

ì`m»`mZm§Zm hOmam|Mr JXu hmoD$ bmJbr. boIH$, ì`m»`mVm, {dMmad§V Aem {d{dY
^y{_H$m§_YyZ Ë`m§Mr _hmamï´>mbm AmoiI hmoD$ bmJbr. Ë`m§Mr S>m°.Am§~oS>H$a Am{U
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>Zm (1977), Am§~oS>H$a Am{U _mŠg© (1985), qhXÿ-_wpñb_ àíZ
Am{U gmdaH$am§Mm qhXÿ amï´>dmX (1994), _mZd Am{U Y_©qMVZ (1996), X{bV
MidirMr dmQ>Mmb (1982), Am§~oS>H$admX, {gÕm§V Am{U ì`dhma (1989),
S>m°.~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a Am{U ^maVr` bmoH$emhr (1993) AmXr nwñVHo$ IynM
JmObr. AZHo $ nñw VH$mZ§ m naw ñH$ma {_imb.o `mV _hmamï>´ \$mD$§ S>eo ZMm A{Ve` _mZmMm
g_Obm OmUmam nwañH$ma Ë`m§Zm 1995 _Ü`o {_imbm. 1987 _Ü`o gmobmnya `oWo
Pmboë`m A{Ib ^maVr` X{bV gm{hË` g§_obZ d 1994 _Ü`o bmVya `oWo Pmboë`m
{dMmadoY g§_obZmMo Vo AÜ`j hmoVo.

g_mOmMo à~moYZ Am{U n[adV©Z {dMmam§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ hmoD$ eH$Vo, hr
Jmïo > àm.amdgmh~o H$g~o `mZ§ r Amnë`m H$¥ VrVZy XmIdZy {Xbr. gJ§ _Zao _hm{dÚmb`mV
amÁ`emñÌmMo àmÜ`mnH$ åhUyZ VrZ XeH$m§hÿZ A{YH$ H$mi H$m`©aV AgVmZm Ë`m§Zr
_hmamï´> d _hmamï´>m~mhoa hOmamo ì`m»`mZo XoD$Z nwamoJm_r {dMmam§Mo amonU Ho$bo.

Amnë`m d¡Mm[aH$ boIZm~Ôb ~mobVmZm ñdV… àm.S>m°.amdgmho~ H$g~o
Ago åhUVmV H$s, _r _mPr J«§W{Z{_©Vr H$aVmZm H$Yrhr Hw$R>ohr nmÝhm Mmoabobm Zmhr.
_mÂ`m Hw$dVrZwgma gd© eŠVrZwgma Hw$UmMm H$gbmhr _wbm{hOm Z R>odVm _r _mPo
{dMma ñnï>nUo _m§S>bobo AmhoV. MmoI§Xi _amR>r dmMH$m§Zr Ë`mMo ñdmJV Ho$bo Amho.
S>m°.~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Mm EH$ {eî` åhUyZ _bm dmMH$m§Mo ^a^ê$Z ào_ {_imbo
Amho. OrdZmV `mhÿZ Xþgao H$m` hdo?

220 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

H$dr Zaha g§J_ZoaH$a

H$dr AZ§V \§$XtZr CÎma noedmB©À`m H$mimV g§nyU© _amR>r _wbwImV g§J_ZoaMo
Zmd CÁÁdb Ho$bo hmoVo. Ë`m§MrM H$mì`à{V^m KoD$Z AmUIr EH$m H$drZo _hmamï´>
JmOdbm. Ë`m§Mo Zmd Zaha J§Jmam_gm JwOa. Ë`m§Zm H$dr Zaha g§J_ZoaH$a åhUyZ
AmoiIbo Om`Mo. Ë`m§Mm OÝ_ Zo_H$m H$Yr d Hw$R>o Pmbm, `m~m~VMr H$moUVrhr
_m{hVr CnbãY Zmhr. Ho$di Ë`m§Zm {d{dY _mÝ`dam§Zr {Xbobr nÌo, Ë`m§À`m~Ôb
N>mnyZ Ambobo XmoZ boI `mdê$Z `m _hmZ H$drMr AmoiI nQ>Vo.

gmYmaUV… 1905 Vo 1923 `m H$mimVrb AZoH$ ņ g§J_Zoa B{Vhmg
g§emoYZ _§S>imH$S>o AmhoV. `m nÌm§Mm Ym§S>moim KoVë`mda bjmV `oVo H$s, Ë`m§Zr
20-22 df} ZmoH$ar d XþH$mZXmar Ho$br hmoVr. Ë`m§Mr _mV¥^mfm JwOamVr hmoVr,
Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo AmS>Zmd JwOa Agmdo. H$drÀ`m d{S>bm§À`m ZmdmnwT>o "gm' Ago
CnZm_ bmdbobo Amho. Ë`m H$mir à{gÕ hmoUmao "gañdVr' `m qhXr _m{gH$mV H$dr
Zaha `m§À`m H$V¥©ËdmMm Jm¡ad H$aUmam boI N>mnyZ Ambm hmoVm. Ë`mV Ë`m§Mo Aëngo
M[aÌ {Xbobo Amho.

CnbãY nÌm§À`m VmaIm ~{KVë`mda H$dr Zaha ho emhra nÇ>o ~mnyamd,
~mbJ§Yd© `m§Mo g_H$mbrZ Agë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo. Ë`m§Zm {d{dY _mÝ`dam§Zr {Xboë`m
{e\$mag nÌm§dê$Z Vo erK«H$dr hmoVo. H$moUË`mhr {df`mda AJXr MQ>H$Z H${dVm
H$am`Mr d Vr CÎm_ [aVrZo gmXa H$aÊ`mMo H$g~ Ë`m§À`mH$S>o hmoVo. H$moëhmnya
g§ñWmZMo {XdmU Ama.ìhr.g~Zrg `m§Zr EH$m nÌmV åhQ>bo Amho H$s, Vo dñVy,

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 221

EImXm àg§J, Ñí` `mda CËñ\y$V©nUo H${dVm H$aVmV.
H$dr Zaha `m§Zr d`mÀ`m 30-35 ì`m dfu ^«_Umbm gwédmV Ho$br. nwUo,

gmJ§ br, H$mëo hmnay , CÁOZ¡ , BX§ aÿ , dmer_, `dV_mi, H$maO§ m, _meo u, ZmJnay , _{y VO© mnay ,
AŠH$bH$moQ>, na^Ur, _w§~B©, h¡Ðm~mX Aem AZoH$ bhmZ-_moR>çm Jmdm§V Ë`m§Zr
Amnë`m H${dVm gmXarH$aUmMo H$m`©H«$_ H$ê$Z bmoH$m§Zm Amnë`m erK« H${dÎdm_wio
à^m{dV H$o b.o Ë`m JmdmV Ë`m {Xder KS>bbo r EImXr KQ>Zm, Ë`m {Xder dV_© mZnÌmV
N>mnyZ Ambobr ~mV_r qH$dm Ë`m§Zr nm{hbobm EImXm àg§J Vo Amnë`m M_ËH¥$VrnyU©
eãXm§V _m§S>m`Mo, Voìhm CnpñWV bmoH$ IynM à^m{dV ìhm`Mo.

H$dr Zaha JOw a `mZ§ m IÔw bmHo $_mÝ` {Q>iH$, ~mbJY§ d,© gJ§ rVg`y © H$o edamd
^mogbo, _m_m daoaH$a, {eS>uÀ`m gmB©~m~m§Mo Amodr~Õ M[aÌ {b{hUmao XmgJUy
_hmamO, "H$mi' `m JmOboë`m d¥ÎmnÌmMo g§nmXH$ {e._. nam§Ono AmXr _mÝ`dam§Zr
Jm¡a{dë`mMr ņ CnbãY AmhoV. XmgJUy `m à{V^mg§nÞ g§V H$drZo H$dr JwOa
`m§À`mda EH$ H$mì` H$ê$Z Vo ñdhñVmjamV {bhÿZ Ë`m§Zm ^oQ> åhUyZ {Xbo hmoVo.

`m _hmZ H$dr~Ôb \$maer _m{hVr {_iV Zgbr Var CnbãY nÌm§dê$Z Vo
EH$ Zm_m§{H$V erK« H$dr hmoVo. Ë`m§Mo ^mfoda _moR>o à^wËd hmoVo. ñdV…À`m ZmdmnwT>o
g§J_ZoaH$a {bhÿZ Ë`m§Zr JmdmMm Jm¡ad dmT>{dÊ`mMo H$m_ Ho$bo ho {ZpíMV.

222 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

Zm_Xodamd OmYd

ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimV g§J_Zoa-AH$mobo n[aga åhUOo gVV XþîH$mimÀ`m
N>m`oV Agbobm n[aga åhUyZ AmoiIbm Om`Mm. gd©gm_mÝ` eoVH$è`m§Mr AdñWm
Va A{Ve` {~H$Q> Agm`Mr. Aem H$mimV g§J_Zoa VmbwŠ`mVrb {Z_O `oWo EH$m
eoVH$ar Hw$Q>§w~mV Zm_Xodamd OmYdm§Mm 18 Zmoìh|~a, 1921 amoOr OÝ_ Pmbm.
J«m_rU ^mJmV {ejUmÀ`m gmo`r Zgë`mZo eoVmV H$m_ H$aUo d BVa doir ~amo~arÀ`m
_wbm§~amo~a IoiUo, nmohm`bm OmUo Agm gdmªMm CÚmoJ Agm`Mm. Zm_Xodamdm§_Ü`o
bhmZnUmnmgyZ nmohÊ`mMr AmdS> hmoVr.

Ë`m doir JmdmoJmd bîH$ar ^aVrgmR>r IoS>çmnmS>çmVrb _wbm§Zm ~mobmdb§
Om`M§. AemM EH$m bîH$ar ^maVrÀ`m doir Zm_Xodamdm§Mr {ZdS> Pmbr. bîH$amMo
à{ejU nyU© Pmbo Voìhm Xþgao _hm`wÕ gwê$ hmoVo. Zm_Xodamdm§Mr {Z`wŠVr BQ>br_Ü`o
H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `wÕ OmoamV gwê$ hmoVo. g_moa O_©ZrMo g¡Ý` hmoVo. g§J_Zoa VmbwŠ`mVrb
J«m_rU ^mJmV bhmZnUr ^anya _ñVr Ho$boë`m Zm_Xodamdm§Zm `m {Z{_ÎmmZo WoQ>
eÌyer XmoZ hmV H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr {_imbr hmoVr.

BQ>brV EH$m ZXrH$mR>r Zm_Xodamd d Ë`m§Mo ghH$mar hmoVo. ZXrÀ`m Xþgè`m
Vramda O_©ZrÀ`m g¡Ý`mMr N>mdUr hmoVr. g_moaÀ`m ~mOyZo gmVË`mZo Zm_Xodamdm§À`m
_amR>m bmB©Q> BÝ\«§$Q>rÀ`m H§$nZrda Jmoir~ma gwê$ hmoVm. Xþgè`m ~mOyZo O_©ZrÀ`m
g¡Ý`mZo OmJmoOmJr gwê§$J noaë`mZo VoWyZ ~mhoa nS>Uo H$R>rU Pmbo hmoVo. AZoH$ g¡{ZH$
_¥Ë`y_wIr nS>V hmoVo. Zm_Xodamdm§gmo~V n§Om~ Am{U O`nyaÀ`m ~Q>m{b`ZMo g¡{ZH$hr

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 223

hmoVo. _oOa H«$m°\$S>© `m gdmªMo ZoV¥Ëd H$arV hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr gdmªZm ZXr Amobm§Sy>Z eÌy
g¡Ý`mda h„m H$aÊ`mMm AmXoe {Xbm. Zm_Xodamdm§gh Ë`m§À`m ghH$mè`m§Zr ZXrnmÌmV
àdoe Ho$bm. g_moê$Z eÌyg¡Ý`mMm _erZJZ _YyZ OmoaXma Jmoir~ma gwê$ hmoVm. `m
Jmoir~mamV Zm_Xodamdm§gmo~VMm EH$ H§$nZr H$_m§S>a d VrZ g¡{ZH$ OI_r Pmbo.
H$mhrOU _mabo Jobo. _moR>r H$R>rU n[apñWVr C^r am{hbr hmoVr. Zm_Xodamdm§Zr
àg§JmMo Jm§^r`© AmoiIbo. bhmZnUr àdaoÀ`m nmÌmV Sw>§~VmZm H$Yr H$mir {_Ìm§Zm
Im§Úmda KoD$Z ZXr nma H$aÊ`mMo à`moJ Ë`m§Zm Ë`m {R>H$mUr H$m_r Ambo. Ë`m§Zr
OI_r H$§ nZr H$_mS§ >abm nmR>rda KDo $Z d OI_r g{¡ ZH$mZ§ m gm^§ mirV ZXr Ambo mS§ >m`bm
gwédmV Ho$br. g_moê$Z Jmoir~ma gwê$ AgVmZm EH$Q>çmZo ZXr nmohÿZ nma H$aUo H$R>rU
AgVmZm Zm_Xodamd _mÌ Amnë`m ghH$mè`m§Zm KoD$Z ZXr nma H$arV hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr
VrZ doim ZXrnmÌmV `o-Om H$ê$Z Amnë`m OI_r ghH$mè`m§Zm nbrH$S>À`m Vramda
gwIê$n ZoD$Z nmohM{dbo.

Zm_Xodamd ñdV… OI_r Pmbo hmoVo. Amnë`m ghH$mè`m§Zm ZXrVramda
gwaIê$n nmohM{dë`mda Ë`m§Zr eÌyg¡Ý`mda hmV~m°å~ \o$H$m`bm gwédmV Ho$br. Ë`m§Zr
\o$H$bobo hmV~m°å~ Zo_Ho$ eÌyg¡Ý`mda nS>V hmoVo. ~amM doi eÌyg¡Ý`mda hëbm gwê$
R>odrV Ë`m§Zr eÌybm nwaVo JmaX Ho$bo. AIoarg O_©ZrÀ`m g¡Ý`mMm à{VH$ma g§nbm.
Zm_Xodamdm§Mo à`ËZ Cn`moJmV Ambo hmoVo. Ë`m naŠ`m _wbwImV Zm_Xodamdm§Mm AmZ§X
Amgo S§ >yZ dmhV hmVo m. Ë`mZ§ r Ë`m OmJdo aM N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOmÀ§ `m O`O`H$mamÀ`m
KmofUm gwê$ Ho$ë`m.

Zm_Xodamdm§À`m `m namH«$_mMr {~«{Q>e gaH$maZo XIb KoVbr. Ë`m§À`m `m
AVwbZr` Y¡`m©~Ôb 19 OyZ 1945 amoOr {~«{Q>e bîH$amMm gdm©oƒ g_Obm OmUmam
"pìhŠQ>mo[a`m H«$m°g' hm gÝ_mZ Ë`m§Zm XoÊ`mV Ambm. bîH$amVyZ {Zd¥Îm Pmë`mdaXoIrb
{~«{Q>e gaH$maZo Ë`m§Mr dma§dma XIb KoVbr. 1946-47 À`m gw_mamV ^maVmVrb
{~«{Q>e ìhmB©gam°` bm°S>© _mD§$Q>~°Q>Z `m§Zr EH$m aoëdo àdmgmV lram_nyahÿZ nwT>o OmV
AgVmZm Zm_Xodamdm§Mm {deof gËH$ma Ho$bm hmoVm. 1953 _Ü`o amUr E{bPm~oWMm
{~Q« >Z_Ü`o ^ì`-{Xì` amÁ`mamho U gmho im Am`m{o OV H$o bm hmVo m. Ë`m dio r OJ^amVrb
{deof A{VWt_Ü`o Zm_Xodamdm§Zmhr "emhr nmhþUo' åhUyZ {Z_§{ÌV H$aÊ`mV Ambo
hmoVo. `m eyadramMo 2 Am°JñQ>, 1984 amoOr nwUo `oWo {ZYZ Pmbo.

224 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

bú_U T>mobo

gZ 1999 gmbr ^maV Am{U nm{H$ñVmZ `m§À`mV H$ma{Jb `wÕ Pmbo. `m
`wÕmV g§J_ZoaÀ`m bú_U T>mobo `m OdmZmMm WoQ> gh^mJ hmoVm. bú_U T>mobo `m§Zm
bhmZnUmnmgyZM ^maVr` g¡Ý`XbmV OmÊ`mMr à~i BÀN>m hmoVr. g§Yr {_iVmM Vo
g¡Ý`mV XmIb Pmbo. AmJ«m `oWo IS>Va g¡{ZH$s d H$_m§S>mo à{ejU KoVë`mda Ë`m§Mr
Amgm__Ü`o {Z`wŠVr H$aÊ`mV Ambr.

1987 gmbr VËH$mbrZ n§VàYmZ amOrd Jm§Yr `m§Zr lrb§Ho$V em§VVm
àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mgmR>r em§{VgoZm nmR>dbr hmoVr. Am°naoeZ ndZ ZmdmÀ`m `m _mo{h_oV
bú_U T>mobo `m§Mr {ZdS> Pmbr. lrb§Ho$Vrb Om\$Zm ^mJmV "{b~aoeZ Q>m`Jg©
Am°\$ V{_i B©b_' (Eb.Q>r.Q>r.B©.) `m g§KQ>ZoÀ`m gaH$ma{damoYr qhgH$ H$madm`m
gwê$ hmoË`m. à^mH$aZ ZmdmMm ZoVm hr g§KQ>Zm Mmbdm`Mm. Om\$Zm n[aga åhUOo
ZmaimMr PmS>o, {OH$S>o-{VH$S>o {hadmB©, Qw>_Xma PmonS>çm d Kao Aem {ZgJ©gm¢X`m©Zo
AmoVàmoV ZQ>bobm hmoVm. na§Vw Eb.Q>r.Q>r.B©.À`m H$madm`m§_wio ho {ZgJ©gm¢X`© "em{nV'
{ZgJg© mX¢ `© ~Zbo hmVo .o `mM n[agamV bú_U T>mbo o d Ë`mM§ o ghH$mar emV§ Vm àñWm{nV
H$aÊ`mgmR>r d Eb.Q>r.Q>r.B©.À`m H$madm`m§Mm ~r_moS> H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$arV hmoVo.
H$mhr ñWm{ZH$ ZmJ[aH$m§Mm Eb.Q>r.Q>r.B©.bm nmqR>~m Agë`mZo VoWo H$m_ H$aVmZm
AZoH$ AS>MUtZm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJm`Mo. añË`mZo EImXm IoSy>V S>moŠ`mdê$Z JdVmMm
^mam KoD$Z OmVmZm {Xgm`Mm, na§Vw g_moa EImX-Xwgam ^maVr` em§{VgoZoMm g¡{ZH$
{Xgbm H$s AMmZH$ JdVmÀ`m ^mè`mVyZ ~§XyH$ H$mTy>Z Ë`mÀ`mda h„m MT>dm`Mm.

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 225

em§{VgoZoMr VwH$S>r EImÚm JmdmV Jobr H$s, Eb.Q>r.Q>r.B©.Mo g_W©H$ Agbobo H$mhr
bmoH$ JmdmVrb MM©Mr ~ob {d{eï> àH$mao dmOdyZ à^mH$aZÀ`m g¡Ý`mbm JmdmV
em§{Vg¡{ZH$ Amë`mMo H$idm`Mo. `m {R>H$mUr bú_U T>mobo `m§Zr 10-12 doim
Eb.Q>r.Q>r.B©.À`m g¡{ZH$m§er gm_Zm {Xbm.

EH$Xm Om\$ZmÀ`m {H$ëë`mV Eb.Q>r.Q>r.B©.À`m g¡{ZH$m§Zr 100 hÿZ A{YH$
bmoH$m§Zm Amobrg R>odbo. Ë`mV AZoH$ n`©Q>H$hr hmoVo. `m {ZanamY bmoH$m§Zm dmMdÊ`mMo
_moR>o AmìhmZ Amnë`m em§{Vg¡{ZH$m§g_moa hmoVo. `mgmR>r EH$ YmS>gr _mohr_ am~{dÊ`mV
Ambr. 4 aUJmS>çm§_Ü`o àË`oH$s ghm-ghm eñÌg‚m H$_m§S>mo ~gdyZ ho aUJmS>o
{H$ëë`mV Kwgdm`Mo {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Ambo. `mgmR>r Oo 24 {ZYS>çm N>mVrMo g¡{ZH$
{ZdS>Ê`mV Ambo Ë`mV bú_U T>mobo `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVm. _mohr_ gwê$ Pmbr. aUJmS>o
{H$ëë`mÀ`m {XeoZo nwT>o gaH$V hmoVo. g_moê$Z Jmoù`m§Mm dfm©d gwê$ hmoVm. AIoarg
Mmahr aUJmS>o {H$ëë`mÀ`m AmV Kwgbo, {MËË`mÀ`m MnimB©Zo AmVrb g¡{ZH$m§Zr
Eb.Q>r.Q>r.B©.À`m XheVdmÚm§da h„m MT>dbm. bú_U T>mobo d Ë`m§À`m ghH$mè`m§Zr
A{Ve` ËdofmZo Eb.Q>r.Q>r.B©.À`m g¡{ZH$m§da h„m MT>dbm d Ë`m§Mm ImË_m Ho$bm.
AmV AS>H$boë`m gd© bmoH$m§Zm gwa{jVnUo ~mhoa H$mT>Ê`mV Ambo. `m _mo{h_oV bú_U
T>mobo `m§Mo ghH$mar CÞrH¥$îUZ d amO|Ðqgh ho ehrX Pmbo.

lrb§Ho$Vrb _mo{h_oZ§Va bú_U T>mobo nwÝhm ^maVmV Ambo. Ë`m§Zr ZmJmb±S>,
_{Unya `oWohr AZoH$ YmS>gr _mo{h_m§_Ü`o gh^mJ KoVbm. nwT>o gZ 1999 _Ü`o
nm{H$ñVmZZo H$mí_ra_Yrb H$ma{Jb n[agamVrb gr_odarb H$mhr _hÎdmÀ`m ^maVr`
Mm¡Š`m H$m~rO Ho$ë`mMo bjmV Ambo. H$ma{Jb n[agamVrb S>m|Jam§da EH$m ~mOybm
^maVr` g¡Ý`mÀ`m Mm¡Š`m AmhoV Va {déÕ ~mOybm nm{H$ñVmZÀ`m Mm¡Š`m AmhoV.
Á`mdoir Ë`m n[agamV ~\©$ nS>m`bm gwédmV hmoVo Voìhm, H$mhr _{hZo XmoÝhrH$S>rb
g¡{ZH$ Amnmnë`m Mm¡Š`m Imbr H$ê$Z S>m|Jamdê$Z Imbr `oVmV d ~\©$ {dVië`mda
nÝw hm MmŠ¡ `m_§ Ü`o OmVmV. Ë`m dfu ~\$© nS>m`bm bmJë`mZV§ a H$mhr H$mimZo nm{H$ñVmZZo
~Q>mbrH$, Ðmg gŠo Q>a, O~w ma{hb, _íH$mo ìhb° r, Q>m`Ja {hb Am{U BVa H$mhr ^maVr`
Mm¡Š`m Vmã`mV KoVë`m. Á`mdoir ^maVr` g¡Ý` nwÝhm Mm¡Š`m§H$S>o Om`bm {ZKmbo Voìhm
Ë`mÀ§ `m ho bjmV Amb.o `m MmŠ¡ `m nÝw hm Vmã`mV KÊo `mgmR>r ^maVmÀ`m dVrZo A{Ve`
{Z`moOZ~Õ _mohr_ am~{dÊ`mV Ambr. `mV XoemVrb ^maVr` g¡Ý`XbmÀ`m {d{dY
ao{O_|Q>g²Zo gh^mJ KoVbm.

226 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

`m _mo{h_oV bú_U T>mobo `m§Mmhr gh^mJ hmoVm. nm{H$ñVmZÀ`m g¡{ZH$m§Zm
gr_onbrH$Sy>Z bT>mB© gwê$ AgVmZm AÞ-nmUr, eñÌ AmXr agX nwadbr Om`Mr. hr
agX (gßbm` bmB©Z) VmoS>Ê`mMr O~m~Xmar bú_U T>mobo d Ë`m§À`m ghH$mè`m§Zm
XoÊ`mV Ambr. 1999 À`m Owb¡ _{hÝ`mV amÌrÀ`m doir ho{bH$m°ßQ>a_Ü`o bú_U T>mobo
d Ë`m§Mo ghH$mar ~gbo. EHo$H$m ho{bH$m°ßQ>a_Ü`o 20 g¡{ZH$ hmoVo. _íH$mo ìh°brVyZ ho
h{o bH$mß° Q>g© {ZKmb.o XmZo S>mJ| amÀ§ `m _Ü`o àMS§ > Imbo Xar hmVo r d `m XarVZy h{o bH$mß° Q>g©
nwT>o gaH$V hmoVo. nm{H$ñVmZMo g¡Ý` Á`m Mm¡Š`m§da ~gbo hmoVo VoWyZ H$mhr {H$bmo_rQ>a
AbrH$S>o XmoamÀ`m ghmæ`mZo bú_U T>mobo d Ë`m§Mo ghH$mar CVabo. `m àË`oH$mgmo~V
EHo$-47 am`\$ëg, hmV~m°å~, dm°H$sQ>m°H$s, ZmB©Q> pìhOZ Jm°Jb, {d{eï> àH$maMm
XméJmio m, ImÊ`mMo nXmW© AmXr gm{hË` hmVo .o {H$aa© © AY§ mamV _íH$mo ìhb° rV CVaë`mda
nwT>À`m VrZ amÌr `m gdmªMm àdmg gwê$ hmoVm. {Xdgm àdmg Ho$bm Va nm{H$ñVmZÀ`m
Zm°X©Z BÝ\§$Q´>rÀ`m Vo bjmV Ambo AgVo åhUyZ gd©OU {Xdg^a Hw$R>oVar AmS>mogm
emoYyZ em§VnUo ~gyZ amhm`Mo d amÌ hmoVmM hiyhiy nwT>o gaH$m`Mo. bú_U T>mobo d
Ë`m§À`m ghH$mè`m§da g§Ìr gm`b|Q> H$madmB©Mr O~m~Xmar XoÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. EH$X_
_moR>m J«wn H$ê$Z nwT>o Z OmVm Ho$di XmoZ-XmoZ bmoH$m§À`m OmoS>çm H$ê$Z ho gd©OU
amÌrÀ`m doir nwT>o gaH$m`Mo. {Xdg^a ^maV d nm{H$ñVmZ `m XmoÝhr ~mOy§Zr Jmoir~ma
d Vmo\$m§Mm _mam Mmbm`Mm. {Xdg^amVrb `m H$mZR>ù`m ~gdUmè`m AmdmOmV
bT>ë`mZ§Va Ooìhm g¡{ZH$ PmonVmV Voìhm àM§S> WH$ì`m_wio Ë`m§Zm EdT>r JmT> Pmon
bmJVo H$s, Ë`m§Zm AmgnmgMm AmdmO EoHy$ `oV Zmhr. `mMmM \$m`Xm bú_U T>mobo d
Ë`mÀ§ `m ghH$mè`mZ§ r KVo bm. Aem Pmno bëo `m eÌgy {¡ ZH$mÀ§ `m ^mdo Vr O{_Zrda A{Ve`
~marH$ Aem VmaMo o H$§w nZ KmVbo Om`M.o O{_ZrnmgZy 4 BM§ CM§ rda `m Vmam Agm`À`m.
gH$mir Ooìhm Ë`m g¡{ZH$mbm OmJ `m`Mr d Ë`mMm ñne© `m ghOmghOr {Xgy Z
eH$Umè`m Vmaobm Pmbm H$s _moR>m ñ\$moQ> ìhm`Mm d `mV Vmo g¡{ZH$ _mabm Om`Mm.
`mbm A±Q>rng©Zb _mB©ÝgMr H$madmB© åhQ>bo OmVo.

`mM~amo~a g§Ìr gm`b|Q> H$madmB©_Ü`o EImXm g¡{ZH$ nwT>o OmV Agob qH$dm
Ë`m g¡{ZH$mbm _XV H$aUmar ì`ŠVr añË`mZo OmV Agob, Aemdoir X~m Yê$Z Vr
ì`ŠVr Amnë`m Q>ßß`mV Amë`mda AMmZH$ PS>n Kmbm`Mr d Ë`m ì`ŠVrMo Vm|S>
Xm~m`Mo. Ë`m ì`ŠVrMo Vm|S> Xm~yZ {Vbm H$mhr H$iÊ`mÀ`m AmV COì`m nm`mOdi
n°ÝQ>bm ImoMbobm YmaXma MmHy$ (H$_m§S>mo ZmB©\$) CngyZ Vmo Ë`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m Jù`mda

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 227

Mmbdbm Om`Mm. H$mhr goH§$XmV hr Jmoï> KS>m`Mr. Aem _maboë`m eÌyOdirb
eñÌmñÌ Vmã`mV KoD$Z Ë`mMmhr nwT>o Cn`moJ Ho$bm Om`Mm. _wimVM VmS>_mS> C§M
Agboë`m Ë`m n[agamVrb g¡{ZH$m§Zm qH$dm Ë`m§Zm agX nwadUmè`m ñWm{ZH$m§Zm
nmR>r_mJyZ PS>n KmbyZ S>mì`m hmVmZo nH$S>Uo d COì`m hmVmZo Ë`m§À`m Jù`mda gwar
{\$adUo ho Vgo A{Ve` H$R>rU H$m_. nU Aemdoir bú_U T>mobo `m§Zm `mnyduÀ`m
`wÕmV _maë`m Joboë`m Amnë`m ehrX ~m§Ydm§Mr AmR>dU `m`Mr, `m_wio Vo A{YH$
ËdofmZo eÌyda h„m MT>dm`Mo. bT>mB©Mr _moR>r Yw_íMH«$s gwê$ hmoVr. amoO XmoÝhr ~mOy§Mo
g¡{ZH$ _mabo Joë`mÀ`m ~mVå`m `m`À`m.

ho `wÕ gwê$ AgVmZm bú_U T>mobo `m§À`m XmoZ _wbr g§J_Zoa_Yrb emaXm
{dÚmb`mV {eH$V hmoË`m. T>mob|Zm Amnë`m XmoÝhr _wbtMr H$miOr dmQy> bmJbr. `wÕ
gwê$ AgVm§Zm Ooìhm doi {_iob Voìhm Vo Kar nÌ nmR>dm`Mo _mÌ KaÀ`m§Zm H$miOr
dmQ>y Z`o åhUZy Ë`m nÌmV AmnU AJXr gaw {jV d AmZX§ mV AmhmVo AgMo H$idm`M.o
_mÌ EH$doi Aer Ambr H$s bú_U T>mobo `m§Zm àH$fm©Zo OmUdy bmJbo H$s, AmnU
AmVm `m `wÕmVyZ ghrgbm_V naV OmD$ eH$Uma Zmhr. Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m _wbr {eH$V
Agboë`m emioV EH$ nÌ {b{hbo. Ë`mV Ë`m§Zr emioÀ`m _w»`mÜ`m{nH$m gm¡. bmhmoQ>r
`m§Zm gd© n[apñWVr H$idbr d AmnU Oa `m `wÕmVyZ naV Ambmo Zmhr Va Amnë`m
_wbtH$S>o bj Úm, Aer {dZ§Vr Ho$br. A{Ve` ^mdnyU© eãXmV {b{hboë`m `m nÌmbm
_w»`mÜ`m{nH$m bmhmoQ>tZr CÎma Va nmR>dboM na§Vw emioVrb AZoH$ {dÚmÏ`mªZr bú_U
T>mobo `m§Zm nÌ nmR>dyZ Amåhr Vw_À`m gmo~V AmhmoV Agm Yra {Xbm.

AIoarg ^maVr` g¡{ZH$m§Mr gaer Pmbr. Am°naoeZ {dO` `eñdr R>abo.
nm{H$ñVmZr gÝ¡ ` d Ë`mÀ§ `m nmR>ram»`mZ§ m hma nËH$amdr bmJbr. `m `Õw mV ^maV_mVÀo `m
ajUmgmR>r H$w UmMm nÌw , H$w UmMm nVr Va H$w UmMm ^mD$ H$m_r Ambm. AZHo $mZ§ r Amnë`m
earamMo Ad`d J_mdbo. H$_m§S>mo bú_U T>mobo d Ë`m§À`m ghH$mè`m§Zr Ordmda CXma
hmoD$Z Ho$boë`m AWH$ à`ËZm§Mo, YmS>gmMo \${bV åhUOoM ^maVmMm {dO` hmoVm.
H$_m§S>mo bú_U T>mobo ho AmVm ^maVr` g¡Ý` XbmVyZ {Zd¥Îm Pmbo AmhoV d g§J_Zoabm
Amnbm ~oH$arMm ì`dgm` gm§^miV AmhoV.

228 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

Ym{_H© $
ñWio

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 229

230 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

gd©Y_u` Ym{_©H$ ñWio

g§J_Zoabm Iyn OwZm B{Vhmg Agë`mZo BWë`m àmMrZ _§{Xam§Mm B{Vhmghr
VodT>mM a§OH$ Amho. g§J_ZoaÀ`m _§{Xam§À`m ~m~VrVrb AmUIr EH$ d¡{eîQ²>` åhUOo
gd©gmYmaUnUo H$moUË`mhr JmdmV Jobo Va VoWrb _§{Xao Jmdm~mhoa qH$dm ~hþVm§er
ZXrÀ`m {H$Zmè`mbJV AgVmV. na§Vw g§J_ZoamVrb ~hþVm§er _§{Xao hr JmdmV _Ü`dVu
{R>H$mUr AmhoV. AmO g§J_Zoa_Ü`o qhXy, _wpñb_, {¼íMZ, {eI, O¡Z Aem gd©M
Y{_©`m§Mr àmW©ZmñWio AmhoV.

g§J_ZoaÀ`m X{jUobm àdaoÀ`m {Vamda J§Jm_mB©Mm KmQ> Amho. `m {R>H$mUr
grVmam_Xmg ~m~m ZmdmÀ`m gmYynwê$fmZo gw_mao gìdmeo dfmªnydu J§Jm_mB©Mo _§{Xa
~m§Ybo Amho. g§nyU© ^maVmV H$mer, Abmhm~mX, Zm{eH$ d BVa H$mhr hmVmÀ`m
~moQ>m§da _moOVm `oVrb Aem {R>H$mUrM J§JoMr _§{Xao AmhoV. àdaoÀ`m {VamdaM Xwgao
_hÎdmMo _§{Xa åhUOo ^dmZr ~wdm§Mr g_mYr. A{Ve` àmMrZ Aem Aem `m
g_mYrda _hmXOr qeXo `m§Zr Ë`m§Mr nËZr ^dmZr~mB© `m§À`m gm§JÊ`mdê$Z _§{Xa
~m§Ybo Amho. àmMrZ _§{Xam§n¡H$s `m n[agamVrb AmUIr EH$ _§{Xa åhUOo bú_r~mJ
_§{Xa. 1919 À`m gw_mamg N>JZbmb hae§H$a Omoer `m§Zr ho _§{Xa ~m§Ybo Amho.
OdiM EH$ bhmZgo {ed_§{Xa H¡$.~mny Am~mOr narQ> `m§Zr ~m§Ybo Amho.

g§J_ZoaMr AmO ApñVËdmV Agbobr EH$_od dog åhUOo eZrdog. `m
eZrdoerOdi gw_mao XmoZeo dfmªnyduMo e{Z_§{Xa Amho. ho _§{Xa gaXmaqgJ Z§Xam_qgJ
naXoer `m§Zr ~m§Ybo Amho. _§{XamVrb e{Z_yVu H¡$.åhgw nmWadQ> `m H$mam{JamZo V`ma

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 231

gmo_oída _§{Xa, a§JmaJ„r (1960)
232 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

Ho$bobr Amho. 1930 _Ü`o `m _§{XamMm {OUm©oÕma JmdmVrb bmoH$m§Zr dJ©Ur H$mTy>Z
H$o bm Amh.o `mM _{§ XamV EH$ àmMrZ _méVr _{§ Xa Amh.o `mbm ^m½§ `m _mê$Vr åhUVmV.
a§JmaJ„rVrb e{Z_§{XameoOmarM gmo_oída _§{Xa Amho. ho _§{Xa 1890 À`m gw_mamg
H¡$.O`am_Xmg ~wY_b _mbnmUr `m§Zr ~m§Ybo Amho. `m _§{XamVrb {edqbJ d Z§XrMr
_yVu {eënH$boMm AX²^yV Z_wZm åhUyZ gdmªZm n[a{MV Amho. `m _§{XamMm H$ig hm
BVa gd© _{§ XamÀ§ `m H$igmnjo m A{Ve` dJo ù`m nÕVrZo _mRo >çm H$bmË_H$VZo o ~mY§ Ê`mV
Ambm Amho.

a§JmaJ„rVM B.g.1900 À`m gw_mamg H¡$.Zmam`U Ym|S>r~m Añdbo `m§Zr
{ed_§{Xa ~m§Ybo Amho. ho _§{Xa am_oída _§{Xa åhUyZ n[a{MV Amho. 1885 À`m
g_w mamg aJ§ maJ„rV qenr nM§ _S§ >itZr {dÇ>b _{§ Xa ~mY§ b.o `m _{§ XamV ndy u {dZm`H$~dw m
em{bJ«m_ d BVa Zm_d§V {H$V©ZH$mam§Mr H$sV©Zo ìhm`Mr. `m _§{XamnmgyZ OdiM
nÙgmir n§M _§S>itMo _mHª$S>o` _§{Xa Amho. 1930 À`m gw_mamg ho _§{Xa ~m§YÊ`mV
Ambo hmoVo. `m _§{XamÀ`m {eIamMo H$m_ 1960 _Ü`o H$aÊ`mV Ambo. nÙgmir
g_mOmVrb {d{dY gm_m{OH$ CnH«$_m§gmR>r `m _§{XamMm Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmVmo. `m
_§{XamMohr ZwVZrH$aU H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. `m _§{Xamg_moaM A{Ve` àmMrZ Ago
I§S>mo~m _§{Xa Amho. OoOwarhÿZ `oUmè`m _mZmÀ`m H$mR>çm `m _§{XamV Xadfu _mK
_{hÝ`mV `oVmV, Voìhm `m _§{XamV _moR>m CËgd gmOam H$aÊ`mV `oVmo. a§JmaJ„rVyZ
MìhmUnwè`mV OmVmZm añË`mda Zì`mZoM Zdí`m JUnVr d nwT>o H$mhr A§Vamda OoYo
H$m°bZrV dmpë_H$s _§{Xa ~m§YÊ`mV Ambo Amho.

a§JmaJ„r n[agamVrb AmUIr EH$ _hÎdmMo _§{Xa åhUOo ñdHw$igmir
g_mOmMo bú_rZmam`U _§{Xa. `m _§{XamMm ZwH$VmM {OUm}Õma H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
A{Ve` gw~H$ Aer bú_rZmam`UmMr _yVu Agboë`m `m _§{XamMr ì`dñWm gÜ`m
gmir n§M _§S>ir ~KV AmhoV. `oWyZ OdiM H$mgma n§M _§S>itMo H$m{bH$m _§{Xa
Amho. A{Ve` OwÝ`m Aem `m _§{XamMm ZwH$VmM {OUm}Õma H$aÊ`mV Ambm. _§{XamVrb
H$mù`m nmfmUmVrb H$m{bH$mXodrMr AmH$f©H$ _yVu d _§{XamMo EHy$UM gw~H$ ~m§YH$m_
gÜ`m ^m{dH$m§À`m MM}Mm {df` Amho. a§JmaJ„rVrb {eVbm_mVm _§{Xa hohr EH$
_hÎdmMo _§{Xa _mZbo OmVo. nydunmgyZ gmd©O{ZH$ Agboë`m `m XodrÀ`m _§{XamOdi
d¡emI _{hÝ`mV `mÌm ^aVo.

gÜ`mÀ`m H°$ßQ>Z bú_r Mm¡H$mVyZ ~mOmanoR>oH$S>o OmUmè`m _mJm©da gw_mao

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 233

_moR>o _méVr _§{Xa (1960)
234 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

XrS>eo dfmnª dy uMo {dÇ>b _{§ Xa Amh.o ho _{§ Xa amOñWmZmVrb OmYo nay {OëømVrb {nëbmS>
`oWrb CÎm_M§X ~mb_wHw$Z H$m~am `m§Zr ~m§Ybobo Amho. gÜ`m _mhoídar n§M _§S>ir `m
_§{XamMr ì`dñWm ~KVmV. _Yë`m H$mhr H$mimV ehamVrb AZoH$ _§{Xam§À`m OmJm§Mm
dmna _§Jb H$m`m©b` åhUyZ hmoD$ bmJbm. _§{XamÀ`m {OUm}ÕmamgmR>r Á`m§Zr _moR>o
Am{WH© $ `mJo XmZ {Xbo Ë`mM§ Mo Zmd nTw >o Ë`m _{§ Xambm qH$dm VWo rb H$m`mb© `mbm XÊo `mV
Amb.o `mVZy M `m {dÇ>b _{§ XamVrb H$m`mb© `mbm bmHo $ H$mgQ> _J§ b H$m`mb© ` åhUZy hr
Amio IVmV. `m _{§ XamOdi OJXre _{§ Xa Amh.o _madmS>r ~m« ÷U g_mOmÀ`m _S§ >itZr
gw_mao 100 dfmªnydu _moR>çm _ohZVrZo dJ©Ur O_dyZ ho _§{Xa ~m§Ybo Amho. ~mOmanoR>oVyZ
nwT>o Joë`mda AemoH$ Mm¡H$ bmJVmo. `m{R>H$mUr EH$ àmMrZ _hmXod _§{Xa Amho. `m
_hmXod _§{XamMr C^maUr gZ 1880 _Ü`o JmonmbXmg \$ÎmoM§X _{U`ma `m§Zr Ho$br.
~mOmanoR>oVyZ a§JmaJ„rH$S>o `oVmZm JwOar ~mOmamV H$m{bH$m _§{Xa Amho. {Zèhmir
g_mOmMr n§M _§S>ir `m _§{XamMr ì`dñWm ~KVmV. `m _§{XamMmhr ZwH$VmM {OUm}Õma
H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amh.o JOw ar ~mOmamVM naXeo r nM§ mM§ o lrH$¥ îU _{§ Xa Amh.o `m _{§ XamVrb
amYm H¥$îUmMr _yVu hr {eënH$boMm CËH¥$ï> Z_wZm Amho.

naXoenwè`mV _moR>o _méVr _§{Xa åhUyZ à{gÕ Agbobo ho _§{Xa A{Ve`
àmMrZ Amho. `m _§{XamV _hmXod, JUnVr, {dÇ>b épŠ_Ur, Xodr `m§Mrhr _§{Xao
AmhoV. XJS>r ~m§YH$m_ Agboë`m `m _§{XamV Xadfu hZw_mZ OÝ_moËgd _moR>çm
WmQ>mV gmOam Ho$bm OmVmo. `m _§{XamÀ`m ~mOybmM lram_mMo gw_mao 250 dfmªnyduMo
_§{Xa Amho. lr_§V A{hë`m~mB© hmoiH$a `m§Zr ho _§{Xa ~m§Ybo Amho. `m _§{XamÀ`m
IMm©gmR>r A{hë`m~mBªÀ`m H$mimV Xadfu R>am{dH$ aŠH$_ `m`Mr. Z§Va `m _§{XamMm
IM© Mmb{dÊ`mgmR>r H¡$.{dídZmW _hmXod CnmgZr `m§Zr h`mV Agon`ªV ñdV:
à`ËZ H$ê$Z _§{XamMm IM© ^mJdbm. A{hë`m~mBªZr `m _§{Xambm AZoH$Xm ^oQ>r
{Xboë`m AmhoV. gÜ`m `m _§{XamMm bmoH$gh^mJmVyZ {OUm}Õma H$aÊ`mV Ambm
Amho.

1 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1949 amoOr Xgè`mÀ`m _whÿVm©da H¡$.{dídZmW ~id§V d¡Ú
`m§Zr JmdmV kmZoída _§{Xa ~m§Ybo. h.^.n.gmoZmon§V Xm§S>oH$a `m§À`m hñVo _yVuMr
àmUà{Vð>m H$aÊ`mV Ambr. _§{XamMr ì`dñWm gÜ`m gam\$ n[admamH$Sy>Z nm{hbr
OmVo. `oWyZ OdiM EH$ am_ _§{Xa Amho. Ë`mbm bhmZ am_ _§{Xa åhUVmV. ho _§{Xa
A{Ve` àmMrZ Amho. CnmgZr n[adma `m _§{XamMr XoI^mb gÜ`m ~KV AmhoV.

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 235

g§J_ZoaÀ`m àmMrZ _§{Xam§_Ü`o gÜ`mÀ`m XodrJ„rVrb gál¥§Jr XodrÀ`m
_§{XamMo _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. A{Ve` àmMrZ Aem `m _§{XamV EH$ Jwhm AgyZ VoWo
_hmXodmMo EH$ _§{Xa Amho. `m Jwhobm e§H$a n§Mm`VZmMr Jwhm Agohr åhUVmV.
_§{XamVrb XodrÀ`m AmgZmImbyZ EH$ ^w`mar _mJ© OmVmo, Ë`mMm EH$ ^mJ gÜ`mÀ`m
JT>rV Agboë`m {d{harn`ªV OmVmo Va EH$ ^mJ Kmg~mOmamVrb A§^moaH$am§À`m
dmS>çmV OmVmo d VoWyZ nwT>o ~«m÷U ~mo{S>ªJ, kmZoída _§{XamOdiyZ ^dmZr~wdm§À`m
_R>mn`ªV hm ^w`mar _mJ© OmVmo. gÜ`m ^w`mar _mJ© ~§XM AmhoV. ZdamÌmV `m XodrMr
_moR>r `mÌm ^aVo. `m _§{XamnmgyZ OdiM aoUwH$mXodrMo _§{Xa Amho. A{Ve` OwÝ`m
Aem `m _§{XamMm H$mhr ^mJ am_X`mi Ho$eaM§X _w§XS>m `m§Zr Zì`mZo ~m§YyZ `m
_§{XamMm {OUm}Õma Ho$bm Amho.

{X„rZmH$m hm nydu Jmdm~mhoaMm ^mJ hmoVm. VoWo àmMrZ n§M_wIr _méVrMo
_§{Xa Amho. nydu ehamV `oÊ`mgmR>r AH$moboZmH$m, g§J_Zoa IwX©, {X„rZmH$m VgoM
Zm{eH$hÿZ `oVmZm gÜ`mÀ`m {edmOr nwVù`mOdiyZ _mJ© hmoVm. JmdmV `oUmè`m Mmahr
{Xem§Zm nydunmgyZ _méVr _§{Xao AmhoV. JmdmÀ`m Mmahr {Xem§Zm Mma _méVr _§{Xao
AgÊ`mMr KQ>Zm Ver Xw{_©iM. AH$mobo ZmŠ`mOdiyZ `oVmZm _mirdmS>çmV _mirn§M
_§S>itMo _méVr _§{Xa Amho. nydu `m _§{XamÀ`m q^VrbJV _moR>r dog hmoVr. ^ì`
XadmOm Agboë`m `m doerVyZ JmdmV àdoe ìhm`Mm. H$bmHw$garÀ`m ~m~VrV `m
_§{XamMm nydunmgyZ bm¡H$sH$ Amho. g§J_ZoaÀ`m Zm_Xod JmoqdX {_ñVar `m§Zr _§{XamÀ`m
g^m_§S>nmMo H$m_ Ho$bobo Amho. _§{XamÀ`m Xe©Zr ^mJmdarb bmH$S>r H$bmHw$ga åhUOo
H$mð>{eënH$boMm EH$ AZmoIm A{dîH$maM Amho. AH$mobo ZmŠ`mH$Sy>Z gai nwT>o
Amë`mda Xodm§J H$moï>r g_mOmMo Mm¢S>oídar _§{Xa Amho. gw_mao 125 dfmªnydu ho _§{Xa
~m§Ybobo Amho. _hmamï´>mV H$mhr XodVm§Mr A{Ve` _moOH$s _§{Xao AgVmV Aem
_§{Xam§n¡H$s EH$ åhUOo gË`Zmam`U _§{Xa. JmdmVrb MmdS>r Odirb gË`Zmam`U
_{§ Xa ho g_w mao 150 dfmnª dy u gaw O_b {dR>wam_ _{U`ma `mZ§ r ~mY§ bo Amh.o nTw >o nZy _MX§ Or
Mm§S>H$ `m§Zr _§{XamMm {OUm©oÕma Ho$bm. `m _§{XamnmgyZ OdiM gw_mao XmoZeo dfmªnydu
~m§Ybobo ~mbmOr _§{Xa Amho. _mhoídar n§M _§S>itÀ`m dVrZo _§{XamMr XoI^mb Ho$br
OmVo.

JmdmVrb _oZamoS>da Vobr n§Mm§Mo lrH¥$îU _§{Xa Amho. ho _§{Xahr gìdmeo
dfmªnyduMo Amho. `oWo H¥$îUO`§VrMm CËgd Xadfu _moR>çm CËgmhmV gmOam Ho$bm

236 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

OmVmo. I§S>mo~mJ„rV qenr n§M _§S>itMo {dÇ>b _§{Xa Amho. `mbm Zm_Xod _§{Xa
Agohr åhUVmV. ~mOmanoR>oVhr EH$ {dÇ>b _§{Xa Amho `mbm ^maV~wdm {dÇ>b _§{Xa
Agohr åhUVmV. ^maV~wdm Ho$UoH$a `m§Zr ho _§{Xa ~m§Ybo Amho. ZXrH$S>o OmVmZm
_moR>çm _méVr _§{XambJV àmMrZ ~mbmOr _§{Xa Amho. gw_mao gmS>oVrZeo dfmªnyduÀ`m
`m _§{XamV ~mbmOrMr H$mù`m nmfmUmVrb N>moQ>rer na§Vw A{Ve` gw~H$ H$bmHw$ga
Agbobr _yVu Amho. `mM _§{XamV lram_, bú_U, grVm d hZw_mZ `m§À`m g§J_adar
_Vy u AmhVo . `m _Vw uVrb lram_mÀ`m _Vw ueOo mar am_mnjo m H$mhrer OmñV CM§ r Agbbo r
EH$ _Vy u Amh.o am_mnjo m A{YH$ _hÎd {Xbbo r hr _Vy u H$w UmMr, ho _mÌ AmO H$w Umbmhr
gm§JVm `oV Zmhr. `m _§{XamMr ì`dñWm gÜ`m aKwd§er` n§M _§S>itH$S>o Amho.

Zohê$ Mm¡H$mV àmMrZ _hmXodmMo _§{Xa Amho. Í`§~Ho$ída _§{Xa åhUyZ ho _§{Xa
n[a{MV Amho. nmR>H$ n[admamZo ho _§{Xa ~m§Ybobo Amho. `m _§{XameoOmarM EH$ N>moQ>ogo
_méVr _{§ Xa hmVo .o Ë`mbm VQ>²Q>çm _méVr åhUZy Amio Ibo OmV.o `m _{§ XamMmhr {OUmÕ} ma
H$ê$Z VoWo àeñV _méVr _§{Xa ~m§YÊ`mV Ambo Amho. `m n[agamVM H$m{Z\$ZmWm§Mo
EH$ _§{Xa Amho. gÜ`m Ë`mÀ`m {OUm}ÕmamMo H$m_ gwê$ Amho. ~mOmanoR>oV AmUIr EH$
N>moQ>ogo _hmXodmMo _§{Xa Amho. O~aoída _§{Xa åhUyZ ho _§{Xa n[a{MV Amho.

g§J_ZoaÀ`m d¡{eîQ>çnyU© _§{Xam§V AmdOy©Z C„oI H$amdm Aem _§{Xam§_Ü`o
M§ÐeoIa Mm¡H$mVrb Z¥qgh _§{XamMm C„oI H$amdm bmJob. _hmamï´>mV A{Ve` H$_r
{R>H$mUr Z¥qghmMr _§{Xao ~Km`bm {_iVmV. g§J_Zoa ehamVrb ho Z¥qgh _§{Xa _wio
nM§ mM§ o _{§ Xa åhUZy hr Amio Ibo OmV.o naw mVZ nan§ am Agbëo `m `m _{§ XamV ndy u nmR>emim
Mmbdbr Om`Mr. doXemñÌg§nÞ nwéfmoÎm_ ZmZmOr _wio `m§Zr Ë`m doir AZoH$m§Zm
doXm§Mo {ejU {Xbo. Z¥qgh _§{XameoOmarM EH$ N>moQ>o _hmXodmMo _§{Xa Amho.

naXoenwam ^mJmV Mm§Xrdmbo XÎm _§{Xa Amho. Ho$ed Jmonmb Omoer ZmdmMo
EH$ _moR>o Xoe^ŠV hmoVo. _w§~B©V Ë`m§Mm Mm§XrMm ì`dgm` hmoVm. Ë`m§À`m XoUJrVyZ ho
_§{Xa C^maë`mZo Ë`mbm Mm§Xrdmbo XÎm _§{Xa åhUVmV. no{Q>Q> {dÚmb`mOdi EH$
{dÇ>b _§{Xa Amho. {dR>mo~m XmXm Omoer `m A{Ve` Ym{_©H$ åhUyZ n[a{MV Agboë`m
ì`ŠVrZo ho _§{Xa ~m§Ybo Amho. `oWoM EH$ XodrMo _§{Xahr Amho. Kmobn AmS>ZmdmÀ`m
~m~m Jm|Yir `m§Mo _§{Xa åhUyZ ho n[a{MV Amho. no{Q>Q> {dÚmb`mg_moa EH$ àmMrZ
JUoe _§{Xa Amho. ho _§{Xa JUoe Am~mOr nmR>H$ `m§Mo _§{Xa åhUyZ _mJrb {nT>r
Amio Im`Mr. `m JUnVrbm COì`m gmS| >Mo m JUnVr åhUZy hr Amio Ibo OmV.o {X„rZmH$m

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 237

n[agamV j{Ì` n§M _§S>imMo A{Ve` àmMrZ {dÇ>b _§{Xa Amho. g§J_Zoa
ZJanm{bHo$À`m àm§JUmV bú_U~m~m _§{Xa Amho. _mir n§M `m _§{XamMr ì`dñWm
~KVmV. Aj`V¥Vr`obm `oWo _moR>r `mÌm ^aVo. Xadfu `mÌoV bú_U~m~m§Mo {Zpñg_
^ŠV aKwdra IoS>H$a `m§Mm V_mem g§J_ZoaH$am§Zm _mo\$V XmIdbm OmVmo. qenr J„rV
AZ§V ñdm_r `m gËnwéfmMm OwZm _R> Amho. `oWo AZ§V ñdm_tMr g_mYr Amho.
ZdKaJ„rV H$moï>r n§M _§S>imMo EH$ XodrMo _§{Xa Amho. `mMr ì`dñWm H$moï>r n§M
_§S>ir ~KVmV. `mM ^mJmV gw_mao 250 dfmªnyduMo I§S>mo~m _§{Xa Amho. XmdS>r
`oWrb I§S>mo~mMo ñWmZ åhUyZ `m _§{XamMm _mZ Amho.

`mIoarO g§J_ZoamV AJXr AbrH$S>À`m H$mimV AZoH$ _§{Xao ~m§YÊ`mV
Ambr. Ë`mV Eg.Q>r.ñWmZH$mOdiMo XÎm _§{Xa, n§Om~r H$m°bZrVrb lram_ _§{Xa,
ZdrZ ZJa añË`mdê$Z A{^ZdZJaH$S>o OmVmZm H$monè`mda Agobobo lram_ _§{Xa
à{gÕ Amho. `mIoarO ehamV _moR>çm à_mUmda ^ŠVJU {Z_m©U H$aUmè`m _§{XamV
1980 À`m gw_mamg ~m§YÊ`mV Ambobo g§Vmofr_mVm _§{Xa à{gÕ Amho. åhmiw§Jr
ZXrÀ`m H$mR>mda ho _§{Xa ~m§YÊ`mV Ambobo Amho. `mM _§{XamOdi A{bH$S>o ñdm_r
g_WmªMo _§{Xa ~m§YÊ`mV Ambo Amho. J§Jm_mB© KmQ>mH$S>o OmVmZm A{Ve` gw§Xa Ago
gmB© _§{Xa Amho. 1987 À`m gw_mamg B§Jio ~m~m `m§À`m àoaUoVyZ ehamVrb gmB©ào_r
^ŠV _§S>im§Zr ho _§{Xa C^mabo Amho. `oWo Xadfu Jwê$nm¡{U©_oÀ`m doiog AI§S>
nmam`U gmho im, ^S§ >mam Aem H$m`H© $« _mM§ o Am`mOo Z H$o bo OmV.o `mIao rO ehamV Zì`mZo
V`ma Pmbëo `m CnZJam_§ Ü`ho r AZHo $ _{§ Xao C^mabr Jbo r AmhVo . `mV JUeo ZJa_Yrb
JUoe_§{Xa, XÎm_§{Xa, {MX§~añdm_r _§{Xa, hZw_mZ _§{Xa, gßVlw§Jr _mVm _§{Xa,
OZVmZJa_Yrb lrH¥$îU _§{Xa, B§{XamZJa_Yrb åhgmo~m _§{Xa, AH$mobo ~m`nmgMo
{dÇ>b _§{Xa, XodmÀ`m _ù`mVrb H$bmdVr_mVm _§{Xa, OwZm AH$moboZmH$m n[agamVrb
doSw>AmB© _§{Xa, A{^ZdZJa_Yrb am_ _§{Xa Aer AZoH$ _§{Xao Zì`mZo V`ma Pmbr
AmhoV.

g§J_ZoamV {eënH$boMm AX²^wV Z_wZm åhUyZ à{gÕ Agbobo O¡Z _§{Xa
gd©n[a{MV Amho. `m _§{XamVrb VrZ _wVvn¡H$s EH$ _w»` _yVu lr qMVm_Ur nmíd©ZmW
`m§Mr Amho. hr _wVu gw_mao gmS>onmMeo dfmªnyduMr Amho. 1919 gmbr ^mÐnX
_{hÝ`mVrb eÕw nm{¡ U_© bo m àdam ZXrnmÌmV _mRo >m ñ\$mQo > Pmbm. `m ñ\$mQo >m_iw o nS>bëo `m
IS²>S>çmV hr àmMrZ _yVu {_imë`mMm OwÝ`m H$mJXnÌm§V C„oI Amho. àdamnmÌmV

238 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

{_imbobr hr _wVu ehamVrb O¡Z _§S>itZr _moR>çm WmQ>m_mQ>mV {_adUwH$sZo AmUbr d
_wVuMr à{VîR>mnZm Ho$br.

`m _Vw u~Ôb Agho r gm{§ JVbo OmVo H$s, à{Vð>mnZZo V§ a AZHo $ df} `m _Vw u_YZy
A{Ve` _Yya Ago nmUr nmPaV hmoVo. hm M_ËH$ma ~KÊ`mgmR>r g§nyU© XoemVyZ bmoH$
`m`Mo. `mdê$Z `m _wVubm A{_Pam nmíd©ZmW g§~moYbo OmVo. ho _§{Xa VrZ _Obr
Amho. O¡ZmMm`© lr `emoXod gwarídaOr _hmamO {dhma H$arV AgVmZm g§J_Zoabm
Ambo AgVm Ë`mZ§ r lr H$§w WZw mW ^JdmZ `mÀ§ `m _Vw u `mM _{§ XamV à{Vð>rV H$aÊ`m~Ôb
gy{MV Ho$bo. Ë`mZwgma 11 \o$~«wdmar 1960 amoOr _§{XamVrb {Vgè`m _Oë`mda lr
Hw§$WwZmW ^JdmZ, lr em§VrZmW ^JdmZ, Z_m©ZmW _hmamO `m VrW©H$am§À`m _wVu ñWmnZ
H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. `mM dio r Vi_Oë`mda OZ¡ mMm`© lr XmZgaw rídaOr _hmamO `mÀ§ `mhr
_wVuMr à{Vð>mnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr.

ehamVZy Zm{eH$H$S>o OmVmZm {dÚVw _S§ >imÀ`m 132 H$o .ìhr. g~ñQ>eo ZOdi
EH$ A{Ve` gw§Xa O¡Z _§{Xa C^maÊ`mV Ambo Amho. `mIoarOhr g§J_ZoamV AZoH$
Zdr-OwZr _§{Xao AmhoV. _hÎdmMo åhUOo {d{eï> OmVrZwgma ehamV Xodr-XodVm§Mr
AZoH$ _§{Xao AgÊ`mMm EH$ AmJimdoJim àH$ma g§J_ZoamV AmT>iVmo. Ë`m H$mimV
Amnmnë`m g_mOmÀ`m bmHo $m_§ Ü`o EH$mno m amhmdm, `mgmR>r bmHo $mZ§ m EH$Ì AmUÊ`mgmR>r
Ë`m-Ë`m g_mOmÀ`m _§S>itZr hr _§{Xao C^mabr AgmdrV.

OwZm _moQ>maAÈ>m åhUyZ AmoiIë`m OmUmè`m Zohê$ Mm¡H$mV {eI Y{_©`m§Mo
XodñWmZ Amho. nydu `m{R>H$mUr ~mhoaJmdr àdmgmgmR>r OmUmar _§S>ir Wm§~m`Mr Ago
åhQ>bo OmV.o nTw >o _mQo >matMm Wm~§ m gÜ`mÀ`m gæ`X~m~m MmH¡ $mV hb{dÊ`mV Amë`mZV§ a
Ë`m OmJoda {eI g_mOmVrb _§S>ir Ym{_©H$ CnmgZm H$ê$ bmJbr. `m {R>H$mUmbm
Z§Va Jwê$Ûmam åhUyZM AmoiIbo OmD$ bmJbo. H$mhr dfmªnydu `m Ym{_©H$ ñWimMm
{OUm}Õma H$ê$Z VoWo Zì`mZo A{Ve` gw§Xa Agm Jwê$Ûmam C^maÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
ehamVrb ~gñWmZH$ n[agamVhr {eI Y{_©`m§Mm Xþgam Jwê$Ûmam Amho.

Ym{_©H$VoMm {dMma Ho$bm Va g§J_ZoamV AZoH$ _wpñb_Y_u` {d^yVtÀ`m
ZmdmZo _pñOXr Amho. ehamVrb AZoH$ _pñOXtZm àmMrZ B{Vhmg Amho. gÜ`mÀ`m
O_ra \$m`a dŠg© OdiMr _moJbnwam _ñOrX 350 dfmªnyduMr Amho. nydu Zm{eH$-
nwUo añVm gÜ`mÀ`m JT>rdê$Z Om`Mm. VoWohr A{Ve` àmMrZ _ñOrX Amho, {Vbm
ZmBH© $dmS>naw m _pñOX åhUVmV. bI_rnèw `mVhr EH$ _pñOX Amh.o gæ`X~m~m MmH¡ $mV

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 239

gæ`X~m~m `m§Mm XaJmh (1960)
240 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

nydu _moQ>ma AÈ>m hmoVm. {VWbm XJm© gæ`X~m~m ZmdmÀ`m Ad{b`mMm Amho. VoWyZ
OdiM Agboë`m ñQ>oOOdi O_Z~wdm _ñOrX Amho. O_Z~m~m ZmdmÀ`m ~m~m§Mr
hr g_mYr Amho. nydu nyU©V: bmH$S>r Agbobr hr _ñOrX Z§Va XJS>r ~m§YÊ`mV
Ambr. VoWyZ OdiM Jd§S>rnwè`mV Jd§S>rnwam _ñOrX Amho. ZmB©H$dmS>nwè`mV A{Ve`
àmMrZ Aer Owå_m _ñOrX Amho.

OwÝ`m nmoñQ>mÀ`m _mJo ~mJdmZnwè`mV ~mJdmZ _§S>itMr åhUyZ AmoiIbr
OmUmar ~mJdmZnaw m _ñOrX Amh.o aJ§ maJ„rV ^S>J§ ~m~mMr _ñOrX `m ZmdmZo Amio Ibr
OmUmar EH$ _ñOrX Amho. gÜ`mÀ`m H$moQ>m©À`m ~mOybm H$mXaehm ~m~m§Mr g_mYr
hmoVr, VoWyZ nwT>o Zohê$ CÚmZmH$Sy>Z AH$mobo añË`mH$S>o OmVmZm BXJmh _ñOrX Amho. `m
{R>H$mUr Xadfu a_OmZ d ~H$ar B©XÀ`m {Xder gm_w{hH$ Z_mO nR>U hmoVo. g§J_Zoa
IwX©_Yrb emh {e~br~m~m§Mm XJm© ho gd©M Y{_©`m§Mo lÕmñWmZ Amho.

gÜ`m ehamVrb EH$ ^ì` _ñOrX åhUZy n[aMV Agbbo r _m_o rZnaw m _ñOrX
gd©n[a{MV Amho. àË`oH$ _Oë`mda EH$m doir 450 Vo 500 Ago EHy$U gw_mao 1000
bmoH$ BWo Z_mO AXm H$aVmV. _mJrb H$mhr dfmªV ehamVrb AZoH$ _ñOrXtMo
ZyVZrH$aU H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.

g§J_Zoa ehamV {¼íMZ g_mOhr _moR>çm à_mUmda dmñVì`mg Amho.
ehamVyZ Omod} JmdmH$S>o OmUmè`m añË`mda \$mXadmS>r åhUyZ AmoiIë`m OmUmè`m
n[agamV g|Q> _oar åhUyZ A{Ve` OwZo MM© Amho. 100 dfmªnyduÀ`m MM©_Ü`o
ZmVmiÀ`m H$mimV _moR>m CËgd gmOam Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`mM~amo~a g§J_Zoa IwX©_YyZ
àdaodarb OwÝ`m nwbmÀ`m {XeoZo `oVmZm añË`mda Xþgao EH$ àmMrZ MM© Amho. ho MM©
_oWm°{S>ñQ> MM© åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo. kmZ_mVm {dÚmb` n[agamV 1947 gmbr
C^mabobo MM© M°nb MM© åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo. `m ~amo~aM ehamnmgyZ OdiM
Agbobo KwbodmS>r `oWo g§V B¾mVr MM© `m ZmdmMo MM© Amho.

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 241

^dmZr~m~m _R> (1960)
242 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

g§J_ZoaMo gmYwnwéf

àdaoÀ`m {Vamda AZoH$ F$fr-_wZr, gmYynwê$f hmoD$Z Jobo. g§J_ZoaH$am§da
Á`mM§ m {defo nJS>m ~gbm hmVo m, Aem gmYny êw $fm_§ Ü`o ^dmZr~dw mM§ m àm_»w `mZo C„Io
H$amdm bmJob. B.g.1753 À`m gw_mamg g§J_ZoamV àdam ZXrÀ`m H$mR>mda EH$
gmY~w dw m dmñVì` H$am`M.o AñVmì`ñV H$nS>,o dmT>bbo o H$o g Aem AdñWVo H$emMrhr
ndm© Z H$aVm ~wdm JmdmVyZ {\$am`Mo. bhmZ _wbo Hw$UrVar doS>m JmdmV Ambm åhUyZ
~wdm§À`m _mJo nim`Mr. ~m~m ^dmZr _mVoMo {Zpñg_ ^ŠV hmoVo. amoO H$g~m noR>oVrb
(gÜ`mÀ`m XodrJ„rVrb) XodrÀ`m Xe©Zmbm OmÊ`mMm ~wdm§Mm n[anmR> hmoVm. `mdê$Z
bmoH$ Ë`m§Zm ^dmZr~wdm åhUyZ g§~moYm`bm bmJbo. ~wdm VmgZ² Vmg XodrÀ`m nyOoV,
Ü`mZmV _½Z Agm`Mo. Aem doir Ë`m§Zm AÞ nmÊ`mMrhr ewÕ Zgm`Mr. H$YrVar
bha Ambr H$s JmdmV {^jm _mJyZ AÞ ñdrH$mam`Mo, Va AZoH$Xm àdaoÀ`m {Vamdarb
PmS>m§Mm nmbm VmoSy>Z VmoM AÞ åhUyZ Im`Mm. àdaoM§ nmUr {nD$Z nwÝhm XodrÀ`m
Ü`mZmV _½Z ìhm`Mo. Aem nÕVrZo ^dmZr~wdm ahm`Mo. ~wdm§Zr Pmonm`bm H$Yrhr
A§Wê$U dmnab§ Zmhr. gÜ`mÀ`m ^dmZr~mJoV O_rZrdaM ~wdm Pmonm`Mo. JmdmVrb
AZoH$ _moR>r _mUgo ~wdm§Zm {d{jßV åhUyZ Xwb©{jV H$am`Mo. ~wdm§Zm _wbm§~Ôb _moR>m
bim hmoVm. JmdmVrb AZoH$ _wbo IoiÊ`mgmR>r ~wdm§H$S>o `m`Mr. _wbm§Mr d ~wdm§Mr
_¡Ìr O_Ê`mM§ Xwga§ _hÎdmM§ H$maU åhUOo _wb§ _ZmVbo AZoH$ àíZ ~wdm§Zm {dMmam`Mo
d ~wdm Z H§$Q>miVm _wbm§À`m àíZm§Zm g_n©H$ CÎmao Úm`Mo. Kar qH$dm {ejH$m§Zm àíZ
{dMmabo Va Ë`m§Mr Z {_iUmar CÎmao ~wdm§H$Sy>Z ghOmghOr {_im`Mr.

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 243

~wdm§À`m Aem ~mb gd§JS>çm§_Ü`o Z§Va à»`mV Pmbobo H$dr AZ§V \§$Xrhr
hmoVo. AZ§V \§$XtZm Or H$mì`àoaUm {_imbr {VM _wir ^dmZr~wdm§_wio {_imbr Ago
Z§Va Ë`m§Zr {bhÿZ R>odbo Amho. AZ§V \§$Xt{df`r gm§{JVë`m OmUmè`m EH$m
Am»`m{`Ho$Zwgma AZ§V \§$Xr H$mhrhr H$m_-Ym_ Z H$aVm \$ŠV H$dZo, bmdÊ`m
H$am`Mo Voìhm EH$ doi Ë`m§À`mda Cnmg_marMr doi Ambr hmoVr. g§gmambm d
amoOÀ`m Cnmg_marbm H§$Q>miyZ AZ§V \§$Xr dUrÀ`m gßVl¥§Jr JS>mda Jobo. Ë`m§Zm
Ñï>m§V Pmbm d XodrZo Ë`m§Zm ^dmZr ~wdm§H$S>o OmÊ`mg gm§{JVbo. `mZ§Va AZ§V \§$XtZr
^dmZr~wdm§À`m AZoH$ M_ËH$mam§Mo AZw^d KoVë`mMo åhQ>bo OmVo. AZ§V \§$XtÀ`m
AZw^dmZ§Va JmdmVrb bmoH$ ^dmZr~wdm§À`m Xe©Zmbm Om`bm bmJbo. ^dmZr ~wdm§À`m
AZoH$ {d{jßVnUmÀ`m AZw^dmZ§Va bmoH$m§Zm Ë`m§Mo AZoH$ M_ËH$ma AZw^dm`bm
{_imbo. JmdmV d n[agamV AZoH$ bmoH$ ~wdm§Mo ^ŠV Pmbo. `m gmYwnwéfmZo àdaoÀ`m
{VamdaM hëbrÀ`m ^dmZr~mJoV g_mYr KoVbr. gÜ`mMr g_mYr d VoWrb ~m§YH$m_
noedmB©Vrb _wËgÔr gaXma _hmXOr qeXo `m§À`m nËZr ^dmZr~mB©Zo H$ê$Z KoVbobo
Amho. gÜ`m Xadfu _hm{edamÌrbm ^dmZr~mJoOdi `mÌm ^aVo.

1854 _Ü`o g§J_Zoabm `ed§Vamd Xod ZmdmMo _m_boXma hmoD$Z Jobo. bmoH$
Ë`m§Zm Xod _m_boXma åhUyZ AmoiIm`Mo. gd©gm_mÝ`m§{df`r Vi_i Agboë`m Xod
_m_boXmam§À`m Xe©ZmgmR>r {d{dY {R>H$mUm§hÿZ bmoH$ `m`Mo. nwT>o EH$ _hmZ gmYynwéf
åhUyZ Ë`m§Mr AmoiI {Z_m©U Pmbr.

ehamVrb gÜ`mÀ`m Zho ê$ MmH¡ $ n[agamV AZV§ ñdm_r ZmdmÀ`m gmYny éw fmMm
_R> Amho. AZ§V ñdm_r ho XodnyaÀ`m ~m~m ^mJdVm§Mo Jwê$ åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVmV.
Ë`m§Zr lmdU ewÕ 10, eHo$ 1617 amoOr {Od§V g_mYr KoVë`mMo åhQ>bo OmVo.

244 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

g§ñWm
d

H$bmH$ma

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 245

246 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

g§J_ZoaMo gm§ñH¥${VH$ {díd

BVa H$moUË`mhr ehamer g§J_ZoaMr VwbZm H$am`Mr Pmbr Va Ë`m§À`mH$S>o
H$m` Amho d Amnë`mH$S>o H$m` Amho `mMm {dMma Ho$bm OmVmo. BVa eham§H$S>o AZoH$
Jmoï>r H$Xm{MV g§J_Zoaer gmå` gm§JUmè`m AgVrb na§Vw g§J_ZoaMr gm§ñH¥${VH$
lr_§Vr BVa H$moUË`mhr ehamnojm _moR>r Amho. g§J_ZoaMo ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ñWmZ, na§nam,
CnbãY gmYZgm_wJ«r `m§Mm {dMma Ho$bm Va `oWrb gm§ñH¥${VH$ lr_§Vr Hw$UmÀ`mhr
S>moù`mV ^aob AerM Amho. AJXr àmMrZ H$mimMm {dMma Ho$bm Va V_mem,
H$sVZ© , em{har, \$Q>H$o Aem {d{dY jÌo mV§ nmaJ§ V Agbbo o H$dr AZV§ \$§ Xr gJ§ _Zao M.o
V_memVrb n{hbr ñÌr H$bmH$ma ndim {hdaJmdH$a g§J_ZoaMrM, V_mem g_«mkr
Jwbm~~mB© g§J_ZoaH$a, ZmQ>çH$bmH$ma CÎm_ _w§Jr, _mohZ _w§Jr hohr g§J_ZoaMoM.
ñdmV§Í` g¡{ZH$ d emhra am_H¥$îUXmg _hmamOm§Mo H$V©Îd \w$bbo Vo g§J_ZoamVM.

g§J_ZoaH$am§Zm Iè`m AWm©Zo H$m¡Qw>§{~H$, gm_m{OH$ ZmQ>H$m§Mm n[aM` H$ê$Z
XoUmar A{^Zd ZmQ>ç g§ñWm AmOhr AZoH$m§À`m ñ_aUmV Amho. a§JmaJ„rVrb
g§VdmS>çmV Pmbobr gañdVr~mB© amU|Mr JmÊ`mMr _¡{\$b, {VWbo ~mbJ§Yd©, ~mi
H$moëhQ>H$a `m§Mo dmñVì` `m Va g§J_ZoaH$am§À`m __©~§YmVë`m R>odr AmhoV. ZmQ>H$,
ZmQ>ç H$bmH$ma, dmXH$, Jm`H$, ^OZ _§S>io, V_mem H$bm Aem EH$ Zm AZoH$
H$bm§Mm g§J_ZoamV _moR>m dmagm Amho. \$ma nydu g§J_ZoamV JwOamWr ^OZr _§S>i
hmoVo. _wHo$e ehm, {~nrZ ehm, A{Zb Omoer Am{X _§S>itZr BVH$s gwaob ^OZo
~gdbr hmoVr H$s Ë`m§Zm WoQ> gwaVnmgyZ {Z_§ÌUo `m`Mr. ^OZmÀ`mM joÌmVrb Xwgao

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 247

_hÎdmMo Zmd åhUOo em_Or ^oS>m `m§Mo. A{Ve` Jar~ n[apñWVr AgVmZm hr ì`ŠVr
ñdV:Mr ZmHo $ar gm^§ miZy JmdmJo md ^OZmÀ`m H$m`H© $« _mZ§ m Om`Mr. H$mUo {H$Vr _mZYZ
XoVo, ho Z ~KVm AJXr Hw$Ur ZwgVo MhmnmUr Ho$bo Var ^oS>mOr AmZ§XmZo ^OZm§Mm
H$m`©H«$_ H$am`Mo, Ë`m§Mr VwbZm bmoH$ VwH$S>moOr _hmamOm§er H$am`Mo.

gJ§ _Zao _hm{dÚmb`mV MmbUmar S>m.° Am~§ So >H$a dmX{ddmX ñnYb} m _hmamï>´mV
_mZmMo ñWmZ Amho. àm.amdgmho~ H$g~o d Ë`m§À`m ghH$mè`m§Zr `m ñnY}Mm Cƒ XOm©
AmOhr {Q>H$dyZ R>odbm Amho. nydu ehamV amÁ` {dÚwV _§S>imMo H$_©Mmar {d{dY
ZmQ>ç ñnYmª_Ü`o ZmQ>Ho$ gmXa H$am`Mr. lr. OJ{Xe qnJio gam§À`m {X½Xe©ZmV hr
ZmQ>Ho$ gmXa ìhm`Mr. H$ìdmbr hm H$bmàH$ma Vgm _hmamï´>m~mhoaM OmñV àM{bV,
na§Vw BWë`m gæ`X~m~m Cg© H${_Q>rZo ^maVmVrb Zm_d§V H$ìdmb _§S>itÀ`m H$ìdmbr
EoH$Ê`mMr g§Yr g§J_ZoaH$am§Zm doimodoir CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbr Amho.

g§J_ZoaÀ`m OogrO Šb~Zo gw_mao 28-29 dfmªnydu Iè`m AWm©Zo BWë`m
gm§ñH¥${VH$ MidirV Mm¡\o$a H$m_{Jar H$aÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br Ago åhUmdo bmJob.
í`m_ nS>VmZr, àXrn _mbnmUr, _mYdbmb _mbnmUr, àm.Eg.PoS>.Xoe_wI, amOm
^mdgma, a{d-A{d Omoer, S>m°.Or.nr.eoI, h¡Xa ~oJ, M§ÐH$m§V H$adm, {dídZmW
bmoho, gw^mf _mbmUr d BVa _§S>itZr EH$Ì `oD$Z OogrOÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ AZoH$
gm§ñH¥${VH$ CnH«$_ am~{dÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br. `mM OogrOÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ nwT>o H$dr
AZ§V \§$Xr à{Vð>mZMr ñWmnZm Pmbr d à{Vð>mZÀ`m_m\©$V H$dr AZ§V \§$Xr
ì`m»`mZ_mbm gwê$ Pmbr. Vr AmOhr Aì`mhVnUo gwê$ Amho. lmoË`m§Mm àË`oH$ dfu
`m ì`m»`mZ_mbobm {_iUmam à{VgmXhr dmT>Vmo Amho.

g§J_Zoa _hm{dÚmb`mMr ZmQ>ç H$bmH$mam§Mr \$m¡O Va AZoH$ `wW \o$pñQ>ìhb
Vo WoQ> nwéfmoÎm_ H$a§S>H$mn`ªV _Ob _mê$Z Ambr Amho. 1977-78 gmbr Zm{eH$À`m
`Ww \$o pñQ>ìhb_Ü`o AmH| $ma ^S§ >mar, Cëhmg AmT>md, ^{JaW AmV¡ mS>o d BVa H$bmH$mamZ§ r
gmXa Ho$bobr "amOmMm Ioi' hr EH$m§{H$H$m ~{jg {dOoVm R>abr hmoVr. `mZ§Va
ñd.í`m_ ^§S>mar d BVa 40 H$bmH$mam§Zr ^wgmdiÀ`m `wW \o$pñQ>ìhb_Ü`o gmXa
Ho$bobr "Ñï>MH«$' hr EH$m§{H$H$m Iyn JmObr hmoVr. ñd.Y_}Ð {eagmR> d _hoe
Xeo _Iw `mZ§ r Va WQo > néw fmÎo m_ H$aS§ >H$mn`Vª _Ob _mabr hmVo r. S>m.° gm_o ZmW _Qw >H$w iM| r
g§J«m_ ZmQ>ç g§ñWm, aUOrV ñnmoQ>©g²Mm Zd{Z_m©U J«wn `m§Zr M§ÐH$m§V ndma, ^aV
aUIm§~o, amOy H$moXo `m§À`m _mJ©Xe©ZmImbr AZoH$ ZmQ>çñnYm© JmOdë`m. g§J_Zoa

248 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

g§J_Zoa ZJan[afXoÀ`m eVgm§dËgm[aH$ _hmoËgdàg§JrMm
gm§ñH¥${VH$ H$m`©H«$_ (1960)

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 249