गोष्ट एका गावाची

_hm{dÚmb`mVrb àm.g§O` Xidr hoXoIrb g§J_ZoaMr ZmQ>çna§nam nwT>o ZoV AmhoV.
g§J_ZoamVrbM V~bmZdmO ~m~wamd {~S>do Z§Va gZB©dmXH$ åhUyZ gd©Xya

AmoiIbo OmD$ bmJbo. {edam_ {~S>do, Ho$ed {~S>do, JUoe {~S>do, _§Joe {~S>do `m
{~S>do n[admamVrb gXñ`m§Zr g§JrV joÌmV _moR>o `moJXmZ {Xbo Amho. a§JZmW gñH$a
d nTw >o Ë`mM§ o {MaO§ rd amOH$w _ma gñH$a `mZ§ r gZBd© mXH$ åhUZy _mRo >r à{VîR>m {_idbr.

ñdag§J_ `m g§ñWoÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ S>m°.{XZoe dmKmobrH$a, S>m°.AaqdX agmi,
S>m°.amOZ R>mHy$a, AemoH$amd gam\$, OJ{Xe qnJio AmXr _§S>itZr {d{dY gm§ñH¥${VH$
CnH«$_ am~{dbo. {dH$mg ^mboamd, {eVb gam\$, S>m°.à_moX Xoe_wI, S>m°.Z_«Vm
gwIQ>ZH$a, gË`OrV gam\$ d BVa Ag§»` H$bmH$mam§Zr g§JrVmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ
g§J_ZoaH$am§Mo H$mZ V¥ßV Ho$bo Amho. gÜ`m S>m°.AaqdX agmi `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbr
ñdag§J_À`mdVrZo {d{dY H$m`©H«$_m§Mo Am`moOZ Ho$bo OmVo.

a{gH$ {_Ì `m g§ñWoZohr S>m°.Am|H$ma d gm¡.{Zbm§~ar H$mo{Q>©H$a, àem§V H$m§~io,
S>m°.dmH$Mm¡ao, S>m°.A{Zb Xoe_wI `m H$bmH$mam§Zm KoD$Z JmÊ`mÀ`m joÌmV _moR>r ^amar
_mabr Amho. `mIoarO AéU gmo_mUr, àH$me ~S>}, nmnæ`m {eagw„m, {_qbX XmVa§Jo,
~ëbmi ga, emhra {edmOr H$m§~io, emhra Vwieram_ OmYd, Am|H$ma {Vdmar AmXr
_S§ >itZr {d{dY Jnw« À`m _mÜ`_mVZy gJ§ rV jÌo JmO{db.o Ad¿`m _hmamîQ>´mV gnw [a{MV
Agboë`m V_mem g_«mkr H$m§Vm~mB© gmVmaH$a, aKwdra IoS>H$a d Ë`m§À`m n[admamÀ`m
C„oIm{edm` g§J_ZoaÀ`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ na§naoMm C„oI n[anyU© hmodyM eH$V Zmhr.
`mIoarO AZoH$ g§ñWm, ì`ŠVr `m§Zrhr g§J_ZoaMr gm§ñH¥${VH$ na§nam Onbr, dmT>dbr,
{Q>H$dbr d \w$bdbr Ë`m§Mo `m lr_§VrVrb `moJXmZ VodT>oM _hÎdmMo Amho.

250 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm

nydu bmoH$ AZoH$ H$m_o, O~m~Xmè`m d¡{`pŠVH$ nmVirda nyU© H$am`Mo na§Vw
Ooìhm àË`oH$ H$m_mMr {j{VOo {dñVmabr, gm_m{OH$ OrdZ hr g§H$ënZm àË`oH$mÀ`m
XZ¡ {§ XZ OrdZmVrb A{d^mÁ` KQ>H$ ~Zbr Vìo hm bmHo $mZ§ m {d{dY gm_m{OH$ H$m_mg§ mR>r
EH$Ì `oÊ`mMr JaO dmQy> bmJbr. `mVyZ AZoH$ gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm {Z_m©U Pmë`m.

CnbãY _m{hVrZwgma g§J_ZoamV bmoH$m§Zr EH$Ì `oD$Z ñWmnZ Ho$bobr g§ñWm
åhUOo Jmao jU gñ§ Wm. 1917-18 gmbr _mRo >m Xîw H$mi nS>bm hmVo m. OZmdao gm^§ miUo
bmoH$m§Zm H$R>rU dmQ>V hmoVo. Aem doir g§J_ZoamV Jmo-g§ajU g§ñWm gwê$ H$aÊ`mV
Ambr. AZoH$ XmZeya ì`ŠVtZr `mgmR>r _XVrMm hmV nwT>o Ho$bm hmoVm. JmdmVrb
ì`mnmar dJ©, {dUH$a d BVa ZmJ[aH$m§H$Sy>Z dJ©Ur Jmoim H$ê$Z Jmog§ajU g§ñWoMo
H$m_ Mmbm`Mo. g§ñWogmR>r nwT>o ñdV:Mr OmJm IaoXr H$aÊ`mV Ambr. {edbmbOr
amR>r, Zdbam_ MÌ^yO, gmiJ«m_ {hambmb VgoM MwZrbmb ZWwam_ `m JmdmVrb
gm_m{OH$ OmUrd Agboë`m ZmJ[aH$m§Zr OZmdao ~m§YÊ`mgmR>r Or eoS> C^maÊ`mV
Ambr Ë`mgmR>r {deof _XV Ho$br. hr g§ñWm 1929 n`ªV A{Ve` gH«$s`nUo
H$m`©aV hmoVr.

gÜ`m g§J_ZoamV nVg§ñWm§Mr Midi A{Ve` PnmQ>çmZo àJVr H$arV
Amho. ZJanm{bHo$À`m H$_©Mmè`m§Zr EH$Ì `oD$Z 6 E{àb 1926 amoOr g§J_Zoa
å`w{Z{gnb gìhªQ>g² H$mo-Am°nao{Q>ìh H«o$S>rQ> gmogm`Q>r ñWmnZ H$ê$Z ñdV:À`m bhmZ
_moR>çm Am{W©H$ AS>MUr gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r hŠH$mMr g§ñWm ñWmnZ Ho$br hmoVr. `mZ§Va

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 251

ehamVrb {dUH$a _§S>itZr VwH$mam_ ~mimOr {Zèhmir `m§À`m àoaUoZo EH$Ì `oD$Z
ghH$mar VÎdmda {dUH$a gmogm`Q>rMr 7 _o 1945 amoOr ñWmnZm Ho$br. {dUH$am§Zm
{Z`§{ÌV XamZo gyV nwa{dÊ`mgmR>r `m g§ñWoMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. 1936
gmbr g§J_ZoamV eoVH$è`m§Zm IVo-{~`mUo-Am¡fYo, eoVr Am¡Omao nwadUo d eoVrbm
CÎmoOZ Úmdo `mgmR>r g§J_Zoa VmbwH$m S>oìhbn_|Q> ~moS>©Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr.

19 Zmoìh|~a 1947 amoOr g§J_Zoa_Ü`o ZJanm{bHo$À`m am_H¥$îU hm°b_Ü`o
EH$ g^m hmoD$Z JmdmV [a_m§S> hmo_ ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMr H$ënZm _m§S>Ê`mV Ambr hmoVr.
`mgmR>r g{_Vrhr Ë`m doir ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. `m g{_VrMo AÜ`j
åhUyZ dmgwXodamd g§V, g{MdnXr Eg.EM.OmOy Va gXñ`nXr amd~hmÔÿa
Or.E_.naeam_r, gr.E_._{U`ma, nÞmbmb bmoho, ^¡æ`mgmho~ Hw$bH$Uu, ZmZmgmho~
H¥$îUmOr JmS>o, EM.E_.emh (dH$sb), S>m°.lr_Vr B§Xw_Vr Omoer `m§Mr Zo_UyH$
H$aÊ`mV Ambr. 18 E{àb 1947 amoOr _moamaOr XogmB© `m§À`m hñVo [a_m§S> hmo_
g§ñWoMo CX²KmQ>Z H$aÊ`mV Ambo. g_mOmVrb Cno{jV, {ZamlrV, CZmS> d JwÝhoJmar
àd¥ÎmrÀ`m 16 dfmªÀ`m AmVrb _wbm§Zm `m g§ñWoV àdoe {Xbm OmVmo. AmOhr [a_m§S>
hmo_Mo H$m_H$mO ehamVrb ZmJ[aH$m§Mr EH$ g{_Vr `eñdrnUo hmVmirV Amho.

1948 _Ü`o g§J_ZoamV bmoH$mon`moJr H$m_m§gmR>r AemoH$ _§S>i `m g§ñWoMr
ñWmnZm Pmbr. Jar~m§Zm AmOmanUmV é½Umon`moJr gm{hË`m dmnaÊ`mg XoÊ`mM§ H$m_
`m _§S>imÀ`m dVrZo AmOhr Ho$bo OmV Amho. g§J_ZoamVrb OZVobm OJmV gÜ`m
H$m` Mmby Amho `m~Ôb VgoM JmdmVrb _hÎdmÀ`m Jmoï>t{df`r _m{hVr {_imdr
åhUyZ AemoH$ Mm¡H$mV dmVm©\$bH$ bmdyZ VoWo R>iH$ ~mVå`m-KS>m_moS>r {b{hÊ`mMr
nÕV 1948 nmgyZ AmOhr gwê$ Amho. 1952 nmgyZ _§SimÀ`m dVrZo gmd©O{ZH$
JUoemoËgd gmOam H$aÊ`mg gwédmV Pmbr.

1912 _Ü`o gJ§ _Zao mV _ñw br_ _bw mZ§ m Aa~r, CX©y d BVa {ejU XÊo `mgmR>r,
Jar~ _wñbr_ {dÚmÏ`mªZm _XV H$aÊ`mgmR>r A§Ow_Z-E-Bñbm_ `m e¡j{UH$ g§ñWoMr
ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. gÜ`m g§J_ZoaÀ`m gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmV amOñWmZ `wdH$
_§S>i, aUOrV ñnmoQ>©g² Šb~, JrVm n[adma, g§J«m_ H$bm H«$sS>m A°Ho$S>_r Am{X g§ñWm
AJ«oga AmhoV. a§JmaJ„rVrb `wdH$m§Zr EH$Ì `oD$Z ñWmnZ Ho$boë`m aUOrV `m
g§ñWoÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ H«$sS>m ñnYm© ^a{dÊ`m~amo~aM _wbm§Zm gwQ>rÀ`m H$mimV {d{dY
H«$sS>m àH$mam§Mo à{ejU XoÊ`mMo H$m_ hr g§ñWm H$arV Amho. A{^OmV g§JrVmMm

252 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

dmagm nwT>o MmbV ahmdm, emñÌr` g§JrVmÀ`m _¡{\$br ehamV gmVË`mZo ìhmì`m
`mgmR>r ñdag§J_ g§JrV àgmaH$ _§S>i ZmdmMr g§ñWm _mJrb 29 dfmªnmgyZ ehamV
H$m`©aV Amho.

H$dr AZ§V \§$Xr ho g§J_ZoaMo ^yfU. Ë`m§À`m ñ_¥Vr OmJ¥V R>odÊ`mgmR>r
H$dr AZ§V \§$Xr à{Vð>mZ hr g§ñWm _mJrb VrZ XeH$m§nmgyZ H$m`©aV Amho. Xadfu
Aën àdoe_yë` R>odyZ à{Vð>mZÀ`m dVrZo ehamV ì`m»`mZ_mboMo Am`moOZ Ho$bo
OmV.o amÁ`mVrb Odinmg gdM© Zm_dV§ dŠË`mZ§ r `m ì`m»`mZ_mbVo hOao r bmdbbo r
Amho. H$dr AZ§V \§$XtÀ`mM ZmdmZo g§J_Zoa B{Vhmg g§emoYZ _§S>imÀ`m dVrZo gZ
2007 nmgyZ amÁ`ñVar` gm{hË` nwañH$ma {Xbo OmVmV. _hmamï´>m~amo~aM _Ü`àXoe,
Jmodm, Am§Y«àXoe, JwOamV, H$Zm©Q>H$ `m amÁ`m§VyZhr `m nwañH$mamgmR>r Xadfu _moR>çm
à_mUmda nwñVHo$ `oVmV. _§S>imÀ`m dVrZo H$dr AZ§V \§$Xr H$bm Jm¡ad nwañH$mahr
XÊo `mV `Vo mV. ehamVrb Á`ðo > B{Vhmgà_o r ÛmaH$mZmW amR>r (ga) `mÀ§ `m AÜ`jVIo mbr
g§J_Zoa B{Vhmg g§emoYZ _§S>imMo H$m_ MmbVo.

amOñWmZ `wdH$ _§S>i ehamV {d{dY gm_m{OH$ CnH«$_m§gmR>r d
JUoemoËgdmgmR>r nydunmgyZ à{gÕ Amho. _mM© 2003 _Ü`o _§S>imZo JrVm n[admamÀ`m
g`§ Šw V ghH$m`mZ© o "OmUVm amOm' `m _hmZmQ>çmMo ^ì` Am`mOo Z H$ê$Z gn§ Uy © {OëømMo
bj doYyZ KoVbo hmoVo. A{Ve` {eñV~Õ d H$mQ>oH$moa {Z`moOZ, g_{n©V H$m`©H$Ë`mªMr
_moR>r \$ir `m nmR>~imda amOñWmZ `wdH$ _§S>i JmdmV AZoH$ CnH«$_ am~{dVo
Amho. amOñWmZ `wdH$ _§S>imÀ`m dVrZo _mJrb AmR>-Xhm dfmªV AZoH$ bmoH$mon`moJr
CnH«$_ am~{dbo OmV AmhoV. gZ 2008 nmgyZ CÚmoOH$ _Zrf _mbnmUr `m§À`m
nwT>mH$mamVyZ amOñWmZ `wdH$ _§S>imZo _mbnmUr CÚmoJ g_yhmÀ`m ghH$m`m©VyZ gwê$
Ho$bobm g§J_Zoa \o$pñQ>ìhb hm gm§ñH¥${VH$ CËgd gÜ`m {OëømVrb gdm©V _moR>m
gmñ§ H$¥ {VH$ _hmËo gd åhUZy Amio Ibm OmV Amh.o 1987-88 À`m Xaå`mZ gJ§ _Zao mV
AmMm`© {H$emoaOr ì`mg `m§À`m àoaUoVyZ ñWmnZ Pmbobm JrVm n[adma AmO Ho$di
{OëhmM Zìho Va amÁ`mÀ`m gr_m nma H$ê$Z g§nyU© XoemV g§J_ZoaMo Zmd CÁÁdb
H$arV Amho. _wbm§da g§ñH$ma KS>{dUo d CÚmMr gdmªJrUÑîQ>çm Mm¡\o$a ^mdr VéU
{nT>r KS>{dUo `m CÔoemZo AmO g§O` _mbnmUr d Ë`m§Mo ghH$mar JrVm n[admamMo
H$m_ Mmb{dV AmhoV.

g§J_ZoaOdirb Im§S>Jmd `oWo g§Vmof ndma `m Ü`o`doS>çm Vê$UmZo gwê$

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 253

H$o bbo r ñd`ৠ[o aV hr gñ§ Wm A{Ve` _mbo mMo H$m_ H$arV Amh.o ES>g² `m XYw a© AmOmamZo
~mYrV Pmboë`m _wbm§Mm gm§^mi H$aÊ`mMo H$R>rU H$m_ g§Vmof ndma d Ë`m§Mo ghH$mar
g_OmVrb XmZeay ì`ŠVtÀ`m _XVrZo H$arV AmhVo . `mIao rO O`qhX `dw m _M§ , bm`Ýg
Šb~, bm`Ýg Šb~ Am°\$ g§J_Zoa g\$m`a, amoQ>ar Šb~, g§J_ZoamVrb {d{dY
JUeo mËo gd _S§ >i,o H$« sS>m _S§ >io AmXr {d{dY gñ§ Wm AmO Amnë`m H$ÎmË¥© dmZo Zmdbm{¡ H$H$
{_i{dV AgVmZm g§J_ZoaMo gm_m{OH$ OrdZ KS>{dÊ`mMohr _mobmMo H$m_ H$arV
AmhoV.

254 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

H$bm d H$bmH$ma

AmO àmMrZ g§J_ZoaMm {dMma Ho$bm Va {b{IV gm{hË` \$mago CnbãY
Zmhr, na§Vw BWë`m àmMrZ B{Vhmg gm§JUmè`m AZoH$ H$bmË_H$ Jmoï>r AmOhr ~Km`bm
{_iVmV. àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ g§J_Zoa eha H$boÀ`m ~m~VrV gd©Xya n[a{MV Amho.
{MÌH$ma, _y{V©H$ma, {eënH$ma, gwVmaH$m_, YmVyH$m_ Aem {d{dY H$bm§_Ü`o nma§JV
Agbobo H$bmH$ma `oWo hmoD$Z Jobo. AmOhr hm dmagm `eñdrnUo nwT>o Mmb{dUmao
H$bmH$ma g§J_ZoaMo Zmd gd©Ì JmO{dV AmhoV. {MÌH$boMm {dMma Ho$bm Va OwÝ`m
{nT>rVrb VrZ Zmdo nwT>o `oVmV -

1) h[an§V g§^yg - q^Vrdarb {MÌ A{Ve` gwaoI H$mT>Ê`mV `m§Mm
hmVIS§ >m hmVo m. Ë`mZ§ r ~S>mÚo mVrb AZHo $ dmñV_§y Ü`o {MÌo H$mT>br AmhVo . 2) JUgy mZo ma
ehaH$a - ho OwÝ`m {nT>rVrb ZmdmObobo {MÌH$ma d _y{V©H$ma hmoVo. Mm¢S>oídar
_§{XamÀ`m ~mhoarb ~mOyg Agbobr JUnVrMr _yVu d _mhoídar n§M Q´>ñQ>À`m ~mbmOr
_§{XamÀ`m ~mhoarb JUnVrMr _yVu `m§Zr V`ma Ho$bobr Amho. 3) {^_amd gmoZma -
JUyOr ehaH$a `m§À`mM H$mimVrb ho {MÌH$ma hmoVo. \$ma nydu Ë`m§Zr gmo_oída
_§{XamV q^Vrda _{hfmgya dYmMo {MÌ H$mT>bo hmoVo. Ë`m§Mr Ë`m H$mir Iyn àe§gm
Pmbr hmoVr. n§M_ Om°O©Mo AJXr hþ~ohþ~ {MÌ H$mTy>Z {Xë`m~Ôb {~«{Q>e gaH$maZo
Ë`m§Zm ~{jghr {Xbo hmoVo. 4) {M_U nmWadQ> - _y{V©H$ma åhUyZ `m§Mr _moR>r »`mVr
hmoVr. gÜ`mÀ`m gmo_oída _§{Xamdarb Z§Xr d Jmo_wI `m§Zr V`ma Ho$bobo AmhoV. 5)
~mny bmby naXoer - ho _yiMo ì`mnmar na§Vw _mVrÀ`m A{Ve` gw~H$ _yVu V`ma

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 255

Amnë`m H$boÛmao g§nyU© _hmamï´>mV
»`mVr {_idUmao à{gÕ H$mð>{eënH$ma
gw§Xa {_ñÌr C\©$ gw§Xaamd Iao
`m§Zr bmH$S>mnmgyZ V`ma Ho$boë`m
{d{dY XodVm§À`m _yVu.

Á`oð> H$bmH$ma S>r.~r.amR>r `m§Zr {MVmabobo n§{S>V Zohê§$Mo
{MÌ ~KVmZm ~r.Oo.IVmi nmQ>rb

256 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

H$am`Mo. 6) Zm_Xod gImam_ gwVma - ho bmH$S>mVyZ A{Ve` gw~H$ H$bmH¥$Vr

gmH$mam`M.o Ë`mM§ o ~marH$ ZjrH$m_ d bmH$S>r _Vy u AmOhr Amnë`mbm AmíM`M© {H$V

H$aVmV. gÜ`mMm _méVrMm aW, _mirdmS>çmVrb _méVr _§{XamÀ`m ~mhoarb bmH$S>r

ZjrH$m_, XÎm _§{XamVrb bmH$S>r _yVu Zm_Xod gwVma `m§Zr Ho$boë`m AmhoV. 7)

~mimo~m JmoS>go - H$mJXr bJÚmnmgyZ {MÌo, _wIdQ>o V`ma H$aÊ`mV `m§Mm hmVI§S>m

hmoVm. Ë`m H$mimV AZoH$ gm|JmMo _wIdQ>o, _oH$An Ë`m§Zr Ho$bobm Amho. 8) XodOr

ZmZm dmìhi - `m§Mr AmoiI H$mJXmnmgyZ {MÌo d _wIdQ>o V`ma H$aUmao H$g~r

H$bmH$ma AerM hmVo r. Xdo r-Xdo VmM§ ,o XmZdmM§ o _Iw dQ>,o Vm~Vy mVrb KmSo >o Vo H$mJXmÀ`m

bJÚmnmgyZ V`ma H$am`Mo. 9) Hw$bg_ Jd§S>r - A{Ve` Hw$eb, gw~H$ ~m§YH$m_

H$aÊ`mV ho à»`mV hmoVo. g§J_ZoamVrb AZoH$ OwÝ`m XJS>r B_maVrMo d KamVrb

XodKam§Mo H$m_ Ë`m§Zr Ho$bobo Amho. 10) a^mOr Ýhmdr - A{Ve` d¡{dÜ`nyU© JUoe

_yVu H$aÊ`mV `m§Mm hmVI§S>m hmoVm. 11) ~mi {ZMi - ho ñdV: CÎm_ n{hbdmZ

hmoVo. _mVrÀ`m _yVu H$aÊ`mMm `m§Zm N>§X hmoVm. _méVr d JUnVrÀ`m A{Ve` CÎm_

_yVu Vo V`ma H$am`Mo. 12) C_mOr n|Q>a - g§J_ZoamVrb AmOdaÀ`m {d{dY

H$bmH$mam§_Ü`o Á`m§M§ Zmd gd©Xya ngabo Amho Aem§n¡H$s EH$ åhUOo C_mOr n|Q>a.

H$boÀ`m joÌmVrb gd©M H$m_m§_Ü`o Vo Va~oO hmoVo. q^Vrda {MÌo H$mT>Uo, _yVu V`ma

H$aUo, bmH$S>mdarb ZjrH$m_, {g_|Q>Mo ZjrH$m_ H$aÊ`mV Ë`m§Mm hmVI§S>m hmoVm.

à^mV {\$ë_ H§$nZrV Ë`m§Zr JmoHy$iMm Mmoa `m {MÌnQ>mÀ`m {d{dY goQ²>gMo H$m_,

~m§YH$m_ d a§JH$m_, ZJanm{bHo$Mo àdoeÛma, H$m°Q>oO hm°pñnQ>bMo àdoeÛma, _mYd

(Zda§J) d amOñWmZ {MÌ_§{XamÀ`m AmVrb ZjrH$m_ ho gd© C_mOr n|Q>a `m§Mo Amho.

OwÞaÀ`m O¡Z _§{XamMo a§JH$m_ Ë`m§ZrM Ho$bobo Amho. `mM H$mimVrb ZWy gmoZma `m§Mr

H$bmË_H$ gwdU©H$bm, ~m~wamd gmoZdUo `m§Mr _y{V©H$bm, N>~y ^mdgma d _mohmao n|Q>a

`m§Mr {MÌH$bm gd©Ì à{gÕ hmoVr. 13) ÛmaH$mZmWOr amR>r - AZoH$ _moR>çm g§Yr

MmbyZ Amë`m Var Ho$di g§J_Zoa JmdmÀ`m, BWë`m B{VhmgmÀ`m ào_mV nS>ë`m_wio

BWoM amhÿZ Amnbr H$bm {dH$grV H$aUmao H$bmH$ma åhUyZ amR>r ga n[a{MV AmhoV.

no{Q>Q> {dÚmb`mV {MÌH$boMo {ejH$ åhUyZ H$m_ H$aVmZm {dÚmÏ`mªZm àW_ _m°S>Z©

AmQ>©Mr AmoiI H$ê$Z XoUo, H$bmË_H$ ÑîQ>r V`ma H$aUo, B{Vhmg Am{U dV©_mZmMr

gm§JS> KmbyZ ì`pŠV_Îd {dH$grV H$aUo Aem AZoH$ Jmoï>r Ë`m§Zr {ejH$ åhUyZ

{dÚmÏ`mZª m {eH$dë`m. AmOhr Vo Amnbr H$bm Omno mgV AmhVo . 14)

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 257

hZw_mZàgmXOr {Vdmar - ho A{Ve` CËH¥$îQ> H$mJX-nwR²>R>çm§Mo XodmMo _wIdQ>o, _wHy$Q>
V`ma H$am`Mo. ^JdmZ OJ{Xe _§{XamVrb _yVubm A{Ve` gw§Xa gOmdQ> H$aÊ`mV
`m§Mm hmVI§S>m hmoVm. Joë`m 40-50 dfmªMm {dMma Ho$bm Va Iao n|Q>a N>~y ^mdgma,
S>r.~r.amR>r ga, _mohZ j{Ì` `m§À`mZ§Va g§J_ZoamV amOm ^mdgma, g{Vf Jmoao, àem§V
gm_o de§ r, eer H$mio AmqXZr Amnbo ñdV̧ ñWmZ {Z_mU© H$o bo Amh.o AJXr gÜ`mÀ`m
H$mimMm {dMma Ho$bm Va C_mOr n|Q>a `m§À`mZ§Va MVwaò H$bmH$ma åhUyZ gwZrb
_mXmg `m§Mr ñdV§Ì AmoiI {Z_m©U Pmbr Amho. _y{V©H$m_, {MÌH$bm, AjaboIZ
Aem gd©M joÌm§V Ë`m§Zr AmO ehamV AJ«ñWmZ {_idbo Amho. g§JUH$mÀ`m `wJmV
H$boÀ`m joÌmVhr g§JUH$mMm dmna A{Zdm`© Pmbm Amho. AmO g§JUH$mÀ`m ghmæ`mZo
H$bmË_H$ H$m_o H$aÊ`mVhr gwZrb _mXmg `m§Mo Zmd AJ«oga Amho. gÜ`m _y{V©H$bm
A{YH$ AmY{w ZH$ ~Zbr Amho. \$m`~aÀ`m _Vy u gd©Ì àM{bV hmVo AmhVo . `m H$m_mMo
à{ejU KoD$Z Ë`mV {deof H$g~ {_idUmao g§J_ZoaMo H$bmH$ma ZdZmW dmH$Mm¡ao ho
g§nyU© _hmamï´>mV Amnë`m H$bo_wio à{gÕ AmhoV.

258 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

gH©$g

gH©$g hm H$bmàH$ma gdmªÀ`mM {deof {Oìhmù`mMm AgVmo. àË`oH$mÀ`m
bhmZnUmÀ`m AmR>dUt_Ü`o gH©$gbm EH$ {deof ñWmZ AgVo. gH©$g hm H$bmàH$ma
_wimV naXoemVbm. {~«{Q>em§Mr gÎmm ñWmnZ Pmë`mda ^maVmV {dXoemVyZ gH©$er
`m`bm gwédmV Pmbr. hm H$bmàH$ma BWë`m Am~mbd¥Õm§Zm IynM ^mdbm. na§Vw
Hw$Umhr ^maVr` ì`ŠVrZo gH©$g gwê$ H$aÊ`mMo YmS>g Vmon`ªV Ho$bo ZìhVo. gZ
1881 _Ü`o n{hbr ^maVr` gH©$g gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. hr gH©$g gwê$ H$aÊ`mMm
_mZ OmVmo Vmo g§J_Zoa VmbwŠ`mVrb dS>JmdnmZ `m N>moQ>çmem JmdmVrb `ed§Vamd
_moao `m§Zm. gH©$g{df`H$ AZoH$ nwñVH$m§_YyZ ^maVr` gH©$gMo OZH$ åhUyZ {dîUwn§V
N>Ìo `m§Mm C„oI Ho$bm OmVmo. na§Vw N>Ìo `m§Mr gH©$g 1883 gmbr gwê$ Pmë`mMo
C„oI AZoH$ H$mJXnÌm§V AmT>iVmV. Va _moao `m§Mr gH©$g 1881 gmbr gwê$
Pmë`mMo AZoH$ H$mJXnÌm§VyZ {XgyZ `oVo. IwÔ _moao `m§À`m gH©$gÀ`m boQ>an°S>daM
1881 ho ñWmnZm df© åhUyZ N>mnbo Om`Mo.

`ed§Vamd _moao ho EH$Xm _w§~B©bm Jobo AgVm Ë`m§Zr VoWo EH$ a{e`Z gH©$g
~{KVbr. AmnUhr Aer gH©$g gwê$ H$ê$ eHy$ Ago Ë`m§Zm _ZmVyZ dmQ>bo. Amnbr
H$ënZm àË`jmV CVadÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m {_Ìm§er MMm© Ho$br. AIoarg
n¡em§Mr OwidmOwid H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zr gH©$g C^maÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br. amhþar VmbwŠ`mVrb
Jwhm `oWrb nmQ>bm§H$Sy>Z KmoS>o AmUbo. _w§~B©À`m amUrÀ`m ~mJoVyZ nmM dmK AmUbo.
dS>JmdnmZ d AmgnmgÀ`m JmdmVrb VéUm§Zm EH$Ì H$ê$Z H$gaVrÀ`m à`moJm§Mr

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 259

`ed§Vamd J§Jmam_ _moao

Í`§~H$amd amUmoOr WmoamV
260 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

Vmbr_ gwê$ Ho$br. ~KVm-~KVm _moa|Mr gH©$g AmH$mambm Ambr. gH©$gbm Zmd
{Xbo "J«±S> B§{S>`Z gH©$g'

Ë`m doir dmhZm§Mr ì`dñWm Zgë`mZo ~¡bJmS>çm§_YyZ gH©$gMo gm_mZ
dmhÿZ Zobo Om`Mo. gw_mao 100 ~¡bJmS>çm§_YyZ _moa|À`m gH©$gMm Vm\$m `m JmdmhÿZ
Ë`m JmdmV Om`Mm. Ë`m§À`m gH©$g_YyZ _w»` ì`dñWmnH$m§~amo~aM {XdmUOr, V§~y
_mñVa, ~±S> _mñVa, ~Îmr _mñVa, ~mOma _mñVa, {eH$maImZm, gwajm {d^mJ,
Om{hamV {d^mJ, ^mOo Z {d^mJ Ago dJo dJo io {d^mJ ñWmnZ H$ê$Z gH$© gMo ì`dñWmnZ
Ho$bo Om`Mo. `m gH©$g_Ü`o PmoŠ`m§daMo Ioi XmI{dÊ`mgmR>r Ho$aiMo H$bmH$ma hmoVo.
~hþVm§er H$bmH$ma dS>JmdnmZ d AmgnmgÀ`m JmdmVboM Agm`Mo. _moa|À`m gH©$gMo
d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo Ë`m H$mimVrb BVa H$moUË`mhr gH©$gnojm Ë`m§À`m gH©$g_Ü`o
OZmdam§Mr g§»`m gdmªV OmñV hmoVr. H$mí_ranmgyZ Vo H$Ý`mHw$_marn`ªV _moa|À`m
gH©$gbm A\$mQ> bmoH${à`Vm {_imbr hmoVr.

`ed§Vamd _moa|Mo ZmVy g§nVamd _moao, XÎmygmho~ _moao `m§Zr Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV
gH©$gMo H$m_H$mO gm§^mibo. _moa|À`m gH©$gMo `e ~KyZ dS>JmdnmZÀ`m BVahr
gH©$gào_tZm gH©$g ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMr àoaUm {_imbr. 1910 _Ü`o Í`§~H$amd amUmoOr
WmoamV `m§Zr "[aZm°D§$S> ~m°å~o gH©$g'Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br. Í`§~H$amdm§Zr Ë`mnydu `ed§Vamd
_moa|À`m gH©$g_Ü`o H$m_ Ho$bo hmoVo. Í`§~H$amd åhUOo àM§S> VmH$X Agbobo EH$
~bX§S> ì`ŠVr_Îd. Ë`m§Zr H$mhr H$mi gH©$gdmbo N>Ìo `m§Mo A§JajH$ åhUyZhr H$m_
Ho$bo hmoVo. Ë`m H$mimV Ë`m§Mr bmoH$_mÝ` {Q>iH$m§erhr ^oQ> Pmbr hmoVr. N>Ì|gmo~V
H$m_ H$aVmZm Ë`m§Zr Ë`m§Mm _moR>m {dídmg {_idbm. `m {dídmgmVyZM Ë`m§Zr N>Ì|À`m
gH©$erV ^m{JXmar Ho$br.

nwT>o Í`§~H$amdm§Zr Ë`mM dfu [aZm°D§$S> ~m°å~o gH©$g `m ZmdmZo ñdV§Ì gH©$g
gwê$ Ho$br. Ago åhUVmV H$s, N>Ì|H$S>o H$m_ H$arV AgVmZm Ë`m§Zr Ë`m§Mm _moR>m
{dídmg {_idbm, Ë`m_wio N>Ì|Zr Amnbr gH©$g Ë`m§Zm IaoXr {Xbr. `m gH©$gÀ`m
IaoXrIVmV nwT>rb Zm|Xr AmT>iVmV. hÎmrMr qH$_V XmoZ hOma én`o, qgh AmR>eo
én`o, Po~«m EH$ hOma én`o, {MÎmm nÞmg én`o, Mma KmoS>o ~mameo én`o, Hw$Ìm Xhm
én`o `mM~amo~a gH©$g_Yrb àmÊ`m§Mo Ioi H$aVmZm Or Omir bmdVmV, Vr nbQ>
åhUyZ AmoiIbr OmVo. hr 45 \y$Q> bm§~rMr nbQ> nmMeo én`m§Zm IaoXr H$aÊ`mV
Ambr hmoVr. bmoI§S>r d bmH$S>r J°bar nmMeo én`m§Zm, hÎmrMr bmoI§S>r gm`H$b

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 261

262 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

XmoZeo én`m§Zm, nmM {Xdo EH$eo n§Mdrg én`m§Zm d BVa N>moQ>çm-_moR>çm dñVy VrZeo
én`m§Zm Aer 6 hOma 685 én`m§Zm g§nyU© gH©$g IaoXr H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr.

1920 n`ªV Ë`m§Zr g§nyU© ^maV^a Xm¡ao Ho$bo. 1920 Z§Va Ë`m§Zr A_o[aH$m,
OnmZ, O_©Zr, ~«÷Xoe AmXr Xoem§_Ü`o Amnë`m gH©$gMo à`moJ Ho$bo. hr gH©$g
BVH$s bmoH${à` hmoVr H$s, ~«÷XoemÀ`m Xm¡è`mda AgVmZm VËH$mbrZ {~«{Q>e gaH$maZo
Ë`m§Zm Iyn _moR>çm à_mUmda O_rZ XoD$ Ho$br hmoVr. na§Vw Ë`m§Zr Vo ZmH$mabo d Ë`m
EodOr {~«{Q>em§Mr gÎmm Agboë`m H$moUË`mhr XoemV gH©$ggmR>r aoëdonmgMr gdbV
_mJyZ KoVbr.

`m XmoZ gH©$etIoarO dS>JmdnmZÀ`m e§H$aamd amKmoOr WmoamV `m§Mr gmD$W
B§{S>`Z gH©$g, gImam_ VwH$mam_ WmoamV, {~~Z~m~ Vm§~moir (_mioJmd hdobr) d
XÎmmÌ` Hw$bH$Uu ({Zid§S>o) `m§À`mhr gH©$er gd©Ì JmOë`m. gH©$gMm gwdU©H$mi
AgVmZm gd©M gH©$g_mbH$ d H$bmH$mam§Zr Am{W©H$ g§nÞVoMm H$mi AZw^dbm.
AZoH$m§Zr Ë`m H$mimV _moR>çm à_mUmda eoVO{_Zr KoD$Z R>odë`m. gH©$g_Yrb
~hþVm§er H$bmH$ma g§J_Zoa VmbwŠ`mVrb Agë`mZo Ë`m§À`mV EImÚm Hw$Qw>§~mgmaIo
dmVmdaU Agm`Mo. Amnbo _hmamï´>mMo {d{dY gU Vo Xm¡è`mda AgVmZm _moR>çm
CËgmhmV gmOao H$am`Mo. Xgè`mÀ`m {Xder gH©$g_Yrb hÎmr d KmoS>çm§Mr _moR>çm
WmQ>mV {_adUyH$ {ZKm`Mr. `m {_adUwH$snwT>o gH©$gMo ~±S>nWH$ Agm`Mo. nmoim hm
gU BVa amÁ`mV gmOam hmoV Zmhr, _mÌ Á`m {R>H$mUr gH©$gMm _wŠH$m_ Agob, Ë`m
JmdmV gH©$gÀ`m e§^a ~¡bJmS>çm§À`m ~¡bm§Mr ^ì` {_adUyH$ H$mT>br Om`Mr. Ë`m
H$mimVrb gH$© gMr EH$ Om{hamV ~Km`bm {_imbr. Ë`mV _mRo >r J_§ Vrera {Z`_mdbr
Amho. àojH$m§Zm ~rS>r, {gJmaoQ> AmoT>Ê`mg gŠV _ZmB©, àojH$m§Zr gH©$g_Ü`o gä`nUo
dmJmdo, gH©$gbm `oUmè`m Hw$brZ pñÌ`m§gmR>r ñdV§Ì ~¡R>H$ ì`dñWm.

[aZm°D§$S> ~m°å~o gH©$gÀ`m H$m`©H$mimV Ë`m§Zm Iyn gÝ_mZ bm^bm. {~«Q>ZÀ`m
_hmamUr E{bPm~oW `m ^maV Xm¡è`mgmR>r Amë`m AgVmZm Ë`m§Mm dmT>{Xdg hmoVm.
_hmamUrÀ`m dmT>{Xder WmoamVm§Zr Ë`m§Zm gH©$gbm `oÊ`mMo {Z_§ÌU {Xbo. _hmamUtZrhr
Vo {Z_§ÌU AmZ§XmZo ñdrH$mabo d Ë`m {Xder Ë`m§Mm dmT>{Xdg gH©$gÀ`m V§~yV
gmOam H$aÊ`mV Ambm. bmoH$_mÝ` {Q>iH$ _§S>mboÀ`m Vwé§JmV AgVmZm WmoamVm§À`m
gH©$gMm _wŠH$m_ VoWoM hmoVm. {Q>iH$m§Mr gwQ>H$m Pmë`mda Ë`m§Zr WmoamVm§À`m gH©$gbm
^oQ> {Xbr. H$mhr H$mi Ë`m§Zr VoWoM _wŠH$m_ Ho$bm d gH©$gÀ`m àojH$m§_Ü`o OZOmJ¥Vr

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 263

Ho$br. Agm C„oI "Á`moVràH$me' `m nwñVH$mV ghñÌ~wÕo `m boIH$mZo Ho$bobm
Amho.

1960 Z§Va H$a_UwH$sMr {d{dY gmYZo `oD$ bmJbr. hiyhiy gH©$gbm
CVaVr H$im bmJbr. g§nyU© XoemV ZmdmOboë`m _moao gH©$gbmhr `m ~XbË`m H$mimMr
Pi ~gy bmJbr. amoOÀ`m IMm©Mm _oi ~gdUo AeŠ` Pmbo. AIoarg hr n{hbr
^maVr` gH©$g 1966 gmbr {dH$Ê`mV Ambr. Ë`m doir gH©$gMo à_wI Agbobo
gn§ Vamd _mao o d gdM© H$bmH$ma EH$o H$m OZmdamÀ`m nmR>rda hmV {\$adZy AmŠo gm~mŠo er
aS>V hmoVo. AmnU AmVm Xþgè`mÀ`m Vmã`mV OmUma hr Jmoï> gH©$g_Yë`m _wŠ`m
OZmdam§Zmhr g_Obr hmoVr, AZoH$ OZmdam§À`m S>moù`m§VyZ AlyYmam dmhV hmoË`m.
hrM AdñWm H$bmH$mam§Mrhr hmoVr.

264 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

gH§ $sU©
g§J_Zoa

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 265

266 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

amÁ`H$V}

g§J_Zoa n[aga hm B.g.nyd© 230 Vo B.g. Z§Va 230 n`ªV gmVdmhZ
gm_«mÁ`mMm ^mJ hmoVm. (g§X^© … àmMrZ d _Ü``wJrZ ^maVmVrb amOKamÊ`m§Mr
d§emdi, boIH$ … àm.AaqdX ZmJdoH$a d àdamH$mR>Mr g§ñH¥$Vr, boIH$ … Zmam`U
J§Yo) `mMo H$mhr nwamdo AmT>iVmV. àdaoH$mR>À`m Zodmgo VgoM OwÞa n[agamVrb
CËIZZmV gmVdmhZH$mbrZ ZmUr gmnS>br AmhVo . `mdê$Z `m n[agamda gmVdmhZmM§ o
dM©ñd Agë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo. gmVdmhZm§Mo Oo H$moard boI AmT>ibo AmhoV Ë`mn¡H$s
75 Q>ŠHo$ boI ho npíM_ _hmamï´>mV AmT>iyZ Ambo AmhoV. n¡R>U Vo Zm{eH$ d
gÜ`mÀ`m OwÞa VmbwŠ`mVrb ZmUoKmQ>m Xaå`mZÀ`m {d{dY {R>H$mUr `m n[agamV
gmVdmhZm§Mo amÁ` Agë`mMo AZoH$ nwamdo {_imbo AmhoV. `mdê$Z g§J_Zoa n[aga
hm gmVdmhZm§À`m A{YnË`mImbr Agë`mMo {gÕ hmoVo.

"{g_wH$' hm gmVdmhZ d§emMm _yi nwê$f hmoVm. `mZo "{g[aZJa' ZmdmMo
Jmd dgdbo Agmdo d hoM Jm§d nwT>o {gÞoa åhUyZ à{gÕ Pmbo Agmdo Agm C„oI
"àdamH$mR>Mr g§ñH¥$Vr' `m nwñVH$mV lr. Zmam`U J§Yo `m§Zr Ho$bm Amho. `m C„oImVrb
"{gÞoa' åhUOoM g§J_Zoa OdiMo AmOMo "{gÞa' ho Jm§d hmo`.

gmVdmhZm§À`m 460 dfmªÀ`m amOdQ>rV EHy$U Vrg amOm§Zr amÁ` Ho$bo.
_hmamï´>mVrb AmOMo "n¡R>U' hr gmVdmhZm§Mr amOYmZr hmoVr, gmVdmhZ H$mimVrb
amOm§Mr CnbãY _m{hVr nwT>rbà_mUo.
1) gmVdmhZ - `mMm {g[agmVdmhZ Agm C„oI Ho$bm OmVmo. `mZoM n¡R>U `oWo

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 267

B.g.nyd© 250 À`m gw_mamg ñdV§Ì amÁ` ñWmnZ Ho$bo. (H$mhr {R>H$mUr Bgdr
gZndy © n{hë`m eVH$mV gmVdmhZmM§ o amÁ` ñWmnZ Pmë`mMmhr C„Io AmT>iVm.o )
2) {g_yH$ - gmVdmhZmÀ`m `m ZmVdmZo _hmamï´>mV _m¡`© gÎmm jrU Pmë`mda
Amnbo dM©ñd àñWm{nV Ho$bo.
3) H¥$îU - hm {g_wH$mMm ^mD$ hmoVm. Ë`mZo AR>am df© amÁ` Ho$bo. `mÀ`mM
H$mimV Zm{gH$ `oWrb boUo ImoXbo.
4) gmVH$Uu - hm {g_wH$mMm _wbJm hmoVm. `mZohr 18 df©o amÁ` Ho$bo. _midm d
{dX^© ho àm§V `mZo qOH$bo.
5) do{Xlr - `mZo AR>am df} amÁ` Ho$bo _mÌ hm bhmZ AgVm§Zm Ë`mMr AmB©
ZmJ{UH$m {hZo H$mhr H$mi amÁ` H$ma^ma ~{KVbm.
6) gmVH$Uu Xþgam - `mZo 56 df} amÁ` Ho$bo.
7) b§~moXa, 8) Amn{bH$, 9) Hw$Vb gmVH$Uu, 10) nwbdm_r
11) amOm hmb - `mZo "JmWmgÎmB'© hm JW§« {b{hbm. (JmWmgÎmgB© qH$dm JmWmgßVeVr
åhUyZhr `m J«§Wmbm AmoiIbo OmVo.)
12) {edñdmVr
13) gmVH$Uu - hm {edñdmVrMm nwÌ hmoVm. `mZo EH$drg df} amÁ` Ho$bo.
14) nwbdm_r - `mbm dm{gð>r nwÌ nwbdm_r åhUVmV. `mMo {ebmboI, Zm{eH$,
H$mb} `oWohr ~Km`bm {_iVmV.
15) {edlr, 16) {edñH§$X, 17) `klr, 18) {dO`, 19) M§Ðlr,
20) nwbdm_r - nwbdm_r hm gmVdmhZ amOdQ>rVrb eodQ>Mm amOm. B.g.227 n`ªV
`mZo amÁ` Ho$bo. `mZ§Va jÌnm§Zr gmVdmhZm§Zm _hmamï´>m~mhoa hþgH$mdyZ bmdbo. `m
Z§Va _w§S>nwÌmZo Y_© emñÌmÀ`m AmYmao Vbdma hmVr KoVbr d em§VVm àñWm{nV Ho$br.
`m KQ>ZoZ§Va Ë`mbm "amï´> _hmamO' åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmD$ bmJbo. B.g.270 _Ü`o
dmH$mQ>H$ d§emÀ`m n{hë`m àdagoZZo _w§S>d§emMm nam^d Ho$bm d Amnbr gÎmm
àñWmnrV Ho$br. `mZo {dX^m©n`ªV Amnbm amÁ`{dñVma Ho$bm. nwT>o B.g.500À`m
gw_mamg MmbwŠ`m§Zr Amnbr gÎmm àñWm{nV Ho$br. `m H$mimV àdagoZmZ§Va dmH$mQ>H$
d§emMo 7 amOo hmoD$Z Jobo. MmbwŠ`m§Zr gw_mao 250 df© amÁ` Ho$bo. (B.g.500 Vo
750) `m amOdQ>rV _hmamï´>mVrb nwUH$, Zm{eH$, g§J_ZJa, dQ>ZJa Ago Mma _moR>o
^mJ hmoVo. MmbwŠ`m§Zr _hmamï´>mbm _moR>o d¡^d {_idyZ {Xbo. `mM H$mimV g§ñH¥$V d

268 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

àmH¥$V ^mfm§Mm _moR>m {dH$mg Pmbm. MmbwŠ` amOd§e _wiMm X{jU ^maVmVrb
~Xm_rMm MmbwŠ` `m Zmdm_mJo Aer H$Wm gm§{JVbr OmVo H$s, B§ÐmZo ~«åhXodmbm
Aer eŠVr {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mg gm§{JVbo H$s Á`m_wio gd© dmB©Q> bmoH$m§Mm Zme hmoB©b.
`mda ~«åhXodmZo Amnë`m hmVmÀ`m Viì`mVyZ (Mwëbw) hr eŠVr {Z_m©U Ho$br,
hmVmÀ`m Viì`mgmR>r dmnaë`m OmUmè`m "Mwëbw' `m eãXm§dê$Z nwT>o MmbwŠ` eãX
{Z_m©U Pmbm. (g§X^© - àmMrZ d _Ü``wJrZ ^maVmVrb amOKamÊ`m§Mr d§emdi …
boIH$ àm.AaqdX ZmJdoH$a).

MmbwŠ` amOdQ>rMm AñV Pmë`mZ§Va amï´>Hw$Q>m§Mr gÎmm ñWmnZ Pmbr. `m
d§emMr OÝ_H$Wm H$mhrer doJir Amho. MmbwŠ`m§Mr gÎmm Zï> Pmbr Voìhm Cñ_mZm~mX
d AmgnmgÀ`m àXoemV eoVrMm ì`dgm` H$aUmao Hw$U~r bmoH$ hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr ñdV…Mr
amOgÎmm {Z_m©U Ho$br. Cñ_mZm~mX OdiMo "amQ>Zya' ho `m§Mo _yi Jm§d hmoVo. `mM
amQ>ZyaMo nwT>o bmQ>Zya d Z§Va bmVya Pmbo. amï´>Hw$Q>m§À`m H$mimV gm{hË`, H$bm§Zm _moR>o
àmoËgmhZ {_imbo. doê$i, AqOR>m, E{b\§$Q>m, H$mbm© `oWrb boÊ`m `mM H$mimV
{Z_m©U Pmë`m. `mM d§emVrb Xþgam X§{Vd_m© `mZo doê$i `oWrb XemdVma boUo V`ma
H$ê$Z KoVbo Va `mZ§Va Amboë`m n{hbm H¥$îU C\©$ n{hbm H¥$îUamO `mZo doê$i
`oWrb H¡$bmg boUo ImoXdyZ KoVbo. `m H$mimV Zm{eH$, n¡R>U, H$mer hr Jmdo
{VW©joÌo åhUyZ CX`mbm Ambr.

n{hë`m H¥$îU amOmZ§Va, Xþgam JmoqdX, Yw«d, {Vgam JmoqdX `m§Zr amÁ`
Ho$bo. `mM H$mimV n¡R>U, `odbm d g§J_Zoa `oWrb {dUH$m_ ì`dgm`mbm _moR>o
CÎmoOZ {_imbo. `m JmdmVrb bwJS>r, n¡R>Ê`m§Zm XÿaXÿahÿZ _mJUr `oD$ bmJbr.
g§J_ZoaÀ`m àJVrMr _whÿV©_oT> `mM H$mimV amodbr Jobr. `m VrZhr JmdmVrb
ì`mnma ^a^amQ>rbm Ambm. WoQ> amo_, BamU, B{OßV, Omdm, gw_mÌm BWn`ªV `m
ì`mnmamMm {dñVma Pmbm. {Vgam JmoqdX hm amï´>Hw$Q> d§emVrb loð> g_«mQ> åhUyZhr
AmoiIbm OmVmo. Ë`mZo Amnë`m gm_«mÁ`mÀ`m {dñVma nyd}H$S>o ~§Jmbn`ªV Va X{jUoV
WoQ> {gbmoZ (AmOMr lrb§H$m) n`ªV Ho$bm. `mÀ`mM H$mimV amÁ`H$ma^mamgmR>r
_hmamï´>mV doJdoJio {d^mJ nmS>bo Jobo. `mV H$ahmQ>H$ (H$èhmS>) Zm{gH$-nwUH$
(Zm{gH$-nwUo), lr_mi ({eadi), à{Vð>mZ (n¡R>U), am{g`Z (amerZ) B. ^mJ
hmoVo.

{Vgè`m JmoqdXZ§Va A_moKdf© hm JmXrda Ambm. `mZohr _mJrb na§nam

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 269

A{YH$ Omo_mZo Mmbdbr. EH$ Aa~ àdmemZo {b{hbo Amho H$s, g§nyU© OJmÀ`m
nmR>rda Ho$di VrZM Wmoa amOo AmhoV. n{hbm ~JXmXMm I{b\$m, Xþgam MrZMm
~mXehm Am{U {Vgam ^maVmMm A_moKdf©.

B.g. 975 À`m gw_mamg amï´>Hw$Q> amOdQ> g§nwï>mV Ambr. `mZ§Va "hmo`gi'
amOm§Zr amÁ` Ho$bo. _mÌ hmo`gim§Mm H$mi B.g. 1022 nmgyZ gwê$ Pmbm Amho
Ë`m_wio B.g. 975 Vo 1022 Xaå`mZ Hw$UmMr amOdQ> hmoVr `mMr _m{hVr {_iV
Zmhr.

"hmo`gi' _wiMo H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb. EH$Xm EH$ O¡Z gmYy Ü`mZñW ~gbm
AgVmZm VoWo EH$ dmK Ambm Vmo Ë`m gmYyda h„m H$aÊ`mgmR>r Pon KoÊ`mÀ`m
V`marV hmoVm. VodT>çmV "gi' ZmdmÀ`m YmS>gr `wdH$mZo Amnë`mH$S>rb I§OramZo
dmKmbm R>ma Ho$bo. _maUo `mbm "hmo`' Agm eãX VoWo dmnabm Om`Mm `mdê$Z
"hmo`gi' ho Zmd dmnaÊ`mg gwê$dmV Pmbr Aer H$Wm gm§{JVbr OmVo.

1175 Z§Va `m n[agamV `mXdm§Mr gÎmm àñWmnrV Pmbr. _mÌ g§J_Zoa d
AmgnmgÀ`m n[agamV `mnyduM `mXd amOm§Zr amÁ` ñWmnZ Ho$bo Agmdo. H$maU
B.g. 860 À`m gw_mamg `mXdm§Zr Zm{eH$Odi M§Ð{XË`mnya ZmdmMr ZJar ñWmnZ
Ho$br. hoM M§Ð{XË`mnya nwT>o Mm§Xmoa d Z§Va Mm§XdS> åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmD$ bmJbo.
lrH¥$îUm~amo~a _WwaohÿZ gm¡amï´>mV Joboë`m `mXdd§emVrb "gw~mhÿ' ZmdmÀ`m amOmMm
_wbJm "ÑT>àhma' hm `mXd d§emMm _wi nwéf. `mZo B.g. 860 _Ü`oM Mm§Xmoa `oWo
amÁ` ñWmnZ Ho$bo. nwT>o hr amOYmZr {gÞa `oWo hb{dÊ`mV Ambr.

`mXd amOdQ>rMm hm H$mi Iyn KS>m_moS>tMm hmoVm. `m H$mimV dS>mÀ`m,
qnnim§À`m PmS>m§^modVr nma, _midXmMr Kao, ì`m`m_mMo AmImS>o JmdmoJm§d {Xgy
bmJbo. JmdmÀ`m ajUmgmR>r dogH$am§Mr Zo_UyH$ Pmbr. JmdmVrb V§Q>o {_Q>dÊ`mgmR>r
~bwVoXmam§_YyZ "_hÎma' (n§M) Zo_Ê`mMr nÕV gwê$ Pmbr. Amnë`m g§J_ZoaMm
ñnï>nUo C„oI `mM H$mimnmgyZ {d{dY {R>H$mUr {_iVmo.

`mXdH$mimV ÑT>àhma Z§Va goD$UM§Ð d Z§Va Xþgam {^„_ amOm gÎmoda
Ambm. hm R>mÊ`mÀ`m {ebmhma amOm "P§P' `mMm OmdB© hmoVm. Ë`mZo B.g. 1000
n`ªV amÁ` Ho$bo. Ë`mÀ`mM H$mimVrb EH$ Vm_«nQ> gÜ`m CnbãY Amho. `mXd
H$mimVrb _m{hVr XoUmam hm gdm©V Añgb nwamdm _mZbm OmVmo. Vm§ã`mÀ`m OmS>
nmZm§da hm Vm_«nQ> H$moabobm Amho. `mda Jê$S>mMr _wÐm Amho. Vm_«nQ>mVrb ^mfm

270 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

g§ñH¥$V Amho d Vr H$mhrer AewÕ Amho. `m Vm_«nQ>mda H$moabobr _m{hVr nwT>rb
à_mUo-

ho_mÐrÀ`m d§emdirVrb gw~mhÿ `mZo Amnë`m Mma _wbm§_Ü`o amÁ`mMr
dmQ>Ur H$ê$Z Ë`mn¡H$s X{jUoH$S>rb ^mJ Amnbm Xþgam _wbJm "hQ>_hma' `mbm
{Xbm. `m d§emVrb _w»` nwéf "goR>gM§Ð' hm hmoVm. hQ>_hmaZ§Va "~XJr' `m ZmdmMm
amOm Ë`mdoiÀ`m MmbwŠ` d§emVrb ~bmT>ç Aem amOm H¥$îU AWdm H$Êda `m§Mm
_m§S>{bH$ hmoVm. Ë`mMm {ddmh _hmZ¥n "Wmoabnm' `mMr _wbJr "ìhmoS>r`ìdm' {hÀ`m
~amo~a Pmbm. `mZo _mbd XoemMm "amOm _w§O' `mMm nam^d Ho$bm. Aer H$mhrer
dU©Zo `mV Amho. `mVyZ \$maer gbJ _m{hVr {_iV Zmhr.

eHo$ 941 (B.g. 1025) Mm EH$ Vm_«nQ> g§J_Zoa VmbwŠ`mVrb doëhmio
`m JmdmV {_imbm Amho. `mXd KamÊ`mVrb {Vgam {^„_ `mZo H$ig ZmdmMo Jm§d
EH$m ~«måhUmg XmZ {Xë`mMm `mV C„oI Amho. {Vgam {^„_ hm MmbwŠ` amOm
O`qgh `mMm OmdB© hmoVm. Ë`mMo amÁ` H$madma, ~oiJm§d, {dOmnya, YmadmS>,
~o„marn`ªV ngabobo hmoVo. `m Vm_«nQ>mV EHy$U 88 Amoir AmhoV. `m amOmZo H«$moYZm_
g§dËgamV eHo$ 848 _Ü`o H$m{V©H$ A_mdñ`obm ^Å>mMm`© ZmdmÀ`m ~«måhUmMm ZmVy
_U_¥UZm`H$ `mbm H$ig ~wÐþH$ ho Jmd XmZ {Xë`mMm `mV C„oI Amho `m Vm_«nQ>mV
H$ig JmdmÀ`m gr_m {bhrboë`m AmhoV. Ë`mZwgma H$igÀ`m nyd}bm g§J{_H$m
(g§J_Zoa) ho Jm§d Agë`mMm C„oI Amho. JmdmÀ`m CÎmaobm n`moYam ZXr Agë`mMm
C„oI Amho. hr n`moYam åhUOo AmOMr àdam ZXr, gy`©J«hUmÀ`m {Xder ^maÛmO
JmoÌmÀ`m _yiÀ`m _Ü` XoemVrb VŠH$m[aH$m `oWrb ~«måhUmbm H$ig Jm§d XmZ
{Xë`mMm `mV C„oI Amho.

gÜ`mÀ`m g§J_Zoa VmbwŠ`mVrb H$moH$UJm§dMmhr C„oI EH$m Vm_«nQ>mV
AmT>iVmo. eHo$ 1020 _Ü`o AmOÀ`m VmaIoZwgma H$mbJUZm Ho$br Va 3 _o, 1098
amoOr gmo_dVr A_mdñ`m hmoVr. `m{Xder Z_©Xmnya JmdÀ`m n{dÌ joÌmV Ba_XodmZo
EH$m ~«måhUmbm H$moH$UoJmd XmZ {Xë`mMm C„oI {_iVmo. `m Vm_«nQ>mV H$moH$UoJmd
(AmOMo H$moH$UJmd) À`m gr_m§Mm C„oI Ho$bobm Amho. nyd}bm Xþ§XþXod (AmOMo
XþYoída Xodmb`), Am½Zo`obm H$moÌr (H$m|Mr) Jmd, X{jUobm _Ur`dT>r (AmOMo
_Zmobr) Z¡F$Ë`obm Omod} Jmd, npíM_obm dS>Jmd, dm`ì`og g§Jdr (AmOMo gm§Jdr
Jmd§ ) Am{U CÎmabo m H${dÜ`H$ (AmOMo H$mR¡ >o Jmd) Agë`mMm C„Io {_iVm.o gJ§ _Zao

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 271

n[agamV Ago EHy$U ghm Vm_«nQ> {_imë`mMo Á`oð> B{Vhmg g§emoYH$ lr.gwaoe Omoer
(Ah_XZJa) `m§Zr gm§{JVbo Amho.

`mXd d§emVrb amÁ`H$Ë`mªMr d§emdi Aä`mgbr AgVm Ë`mV Baå_XodmMm
C„oI {_iV Zmhr _mÌ {Vgè`m {^„_ amOm Z§Va (1015 Vo 1040) "na_Xod' `mZo
H$ma^ma ~{KVbm d Ë`mZ§Va n{hbm qgKU åhUOoM qghamO JmXrda Ambm. `mdê$Z
Ba_Xod åhUOoM na_Xod Agmdm. `mXd KamÊ`mÀ`m amÁ`H$Ë`mªMm emoY KoVbm
AgVm Ë`mV nwT>rb amÁ`H$Ë`mªMr Zmdo AmT>iyZ `oVmV.
1) ÑT>àhma (B.g.860) `mXd amOdQ>rMm _winwéf
2) goD$UM§Ð (B.g. 860 Vo 880), 3) Xþgam {^„_ (970 Vo 1000)
4) {Vgam {^„_ (1015 Vo 1040)
5) na_Xod (g§J_Zoa ZJan[afXoÀ`m eVH$moÎma gm§dËgm[aH$ J«§WmV `mMm C„oI

Ba_Xod Agm Ho$bobm Amho. _mÌ Ë`mV C„oI Ho$bobm H$mi d na_Xod `mMm
H$mi EH$M Agë`mZo Ba_Xod åhUOoM na_Xod Agmdm.)
6) qghamO (1137), 7) _„xJr, 8) A_a Jm§Jo`, 9) JmoqdXamO
10) A_a _„xJr, 11) ~„mi, 12) nmMdm {^„_ (1187 Vo 1193)
13) O¡VwJr (O¡Ìnmb) (1191 Vo 1200)
14) qgKU (1200 Vo 1247) - `mZo hmo`gim§Mm Vw§J^Ðo n`ªVMm ^mJ qOH$bm.
BVaÌhr Ë`mZo Amnbm amÁ`{dñVma Ho$bm. `mXd d§emVrb gd©loð> amÁ`H$Vm©
åhUyZ qgKUmMm C„oI Ho$bm OmVmo.
15) H¥$îU (1247 Vo 1261) - qgKUmMm ZmVy
16) _hmXod (1261 Vo 1270) - H¥$îUmMm ^mD$
17) am_M§Ð (1271 Vo 1311) - H¥$îU amOmMm nwÌ, `mbmM am_Xodam` åhUyZ
AmoiIbo OmVo. `mÀ`mM H$mimV `mXdm§Mr amOdQ> A{YH$ ~iH$Q> Pmbr.
18) eH§ $aXdo - hm am_Xdo am`mMm namH$« _r nÌw åhUZy Amio Ibm OmVm.o eH§ $aXdo mÀ`m
namH«$_r d¥Îmr_wio am_Xodam` {ZYm©ñV hmoVm. EH$Xm e§H$aXod _mo{h_oda Jobobm AgVmZm
{X„rÀ`m gwbVmZ Obmbw{ÔZ {IbOrÀ`m nwVÊ`m A„mCÔrZ {IbOrZo Xod{JarÀ`m
{H$ë`mda h„m MT>dbm. {H$ë`mda \$mago g¡Ý`, Xmê$Jmoim, YmÝ` ZìhVo. am_Xodam`
~ogmdY hmoVm. Varhr am_Xodam`mZo A„mC{ÔZbm eWuZo Vm|S> {Xbo. Xod{JarMm {H$„m
qOH$m`bm H$R>rU. Mmohmo~mOyZo _O~yV VQ>~§Xr, I§XH$ hmoVm. na§Vw ~mhoa eÌy g¡Ý`mMm

272 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

doT>m nS>bobm, AmVrb YmÝ` ^m§S>ma g§nV Ambobo Aem H$m|S>rV am_Xodam` gmnS>bm.
VodT>çmV e§H$aXod Amnë`m g¡Ý`mgh naV Ambm d Ë`mZo {Z>H$amMr Pw§O {Xbr; na§Vw
Ë`mMm nam^d Pmbm. eodQ>r C^`VmV Vh Pmbm. gmoZo, Mm§Xr, amoI aŠH$_ KoD$Z
A„mC{ÔZZo Xod{Jar gmoS>bo. OmVm§Zm Ë`mZo Amnbm goZmnVr _{bH$ H$m\y$a `mbm
X{jUoVM R>odbo. BWyZM _hmamï´>mda Bñbm_r amOdQ>rMr _whÿV©_oT> amodbr Jobr.

nwT>o _{bH$ H$m\y$aZo e§H$aXodmMr A{Ve` {ZK¥©UnUo hË`m Ho$br. `mZ§Va
hanmiXod hm am_Xodam`mMm OmdB© eodQ>Mm amÁ`H$Vm© R>abm. _{bH$ H$m\y$a hm
{X„rbm Joë`mda Ë`mZo nwÝhm gÎmm àñWm{nV Ho$br. na§Vw A„mC{ÔZMm _wbJm
_~w maH$ImZer Ë`mMr B.g.1317 _Ü`o bT>mB© Pmbr d Ë`mV Ilw Iw mZZo hanmiXdo mbm
nH$Sy>Z R>ma Ho$bo.

`mXdm§À`m `m Mmaeo-gmS>oMmaeo dfmªMm amOdQ>rMm {dMma Ho$bm Va `m
H$mimV g§J_Zoa n[agam~amo~aM gÜ`mÀ`m _hmamï´>mÀ`m {d{dY ^mJmV Iyn H$m_o
Pmbr. aVZJS>, h[aíMЧ JS>, n_o [JarMm {H$„m, gmZo JS>, nÅ>m{H$„m, {edZao r, Xdo {Jar,
A§H$mB© AmXr {H$„o CX`mg Ambo. {eënH$bobm _moR>o àmoËgmhZ {_imbo. {d{dY
{R>H$mUr Aà{V_ H$bmH$w ga Agbëo `m _{§ XamM§ r C^maUr Pmbr. aVZJS>Mo A_V¥ ío damMo
_§{Xa, AH$moë`mMo {gÕoída _§{Xa, doê$iMo K¥îUoídamMo _§{Xa, _hm~ioídamMo _§{Xa
AmXr _hmamï´>mMo ^yfU R>abobr hr gd© _§{Xao `mXd H$mimV ~m§Ybr Jobr.

gmVdmhZmM§ m H$mi d ZV§ a `mXdmM§ m H$mi gJ§ _Zao n[agamÀ`m d _hmamï>´mÀ`m
gdmªJrU àJVrV Iyn _mobmMo `moJXmZ XoUmam R>abm. `mM H$mimV _amR>r ^mfm Iè`m
AWm©Zo ~habr. àdam, JmoXmdarÀ`m Vramda Zdr g§ñH¥$Vr CX`mbm Ambr. kmZoídam§Zr
`mM H$mimV àdam Vramda "kmZoídar' {b{hbr. _amR>r ^mfoMm hm CX`H$mi hmoVm.
g§V kmZoídam§gmaIm ^mfmà^y bm^ë`mZo _amR>r ^mfm A{YH$ g_¥Õ ~Zbr.

"hanmiXod' `m eodQ>À`m `mXd amOmMr hË`m Pmbr d `mXd amOdQ>
g§nbr. B{VhmgmMo gd© g§X^©M ~Xbm`bm gwê$dmV Pmbr. `m amOH$s` pñWË`§VamZ§Va
_hmamï´>mÀ`m gm_m{OH$ pñWË`§Vambmhr gwê$dmV Pmbr. `mXd H$mimV {d{dY n§W
{Z_mU© Pmb.o `mXdmÀ§ `m AIao À`m H$mimV AZHo $ OmVr-O_mVr CX`mg `Do $ bmJë`m.
B.g. 1347 nmgyZ ~hm_UtÀ`m ê$nmZo `m gd©M n[agamV Bñbm_r amOdQ>rbm
gêw $dmV Pmbr. nTw >o g_w mao XrS>eo df} ~hm_UtMo amÁ` hmVo .o _mÌ `m H$mimV gdg© m_mÝ`
OZVoÀ`m Ñï>rZo \$magm \$aH$ nS>bm ZìhVm. JmdmoJmdÀ`m dVZXmam§Zmhr \$magm \$aH$

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 273

nS>bbo m ZìhVm, H$maU ~hm_UtZr Ë`mM§ r dVZo em~rV R>do br hmVo r. ISo >çmnmS>çmVrb
bmHo $mÀ§ `m JaOm \$maem ZìhË`m. gdM© Jmdo ñd`n§ Uy © hmVo r. gJ§ _Zao Va Iny M nTw >mabbo o
Jm§d hmoVo. BWë`m H$bmHw$garÀ`m ^m§S>çm§Zm, dñÌm§Zm _moR>r _mJUr hmoVr. XmoZ
amOdQ>t_Yrb gÎmmg§Kfm©Mo àg§J gmoS>bo Va gd©Ì pñWa d em§V OZOrdZ hmoVo.

~hm_Ut{df`r-A„mC{ÔZ {IbOrMm goZmnVr Om\$aImZ `mZo X{jUoV
ñdV§Ì amÁ` ñWmnÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. `mgmR>r Ë`mZo {X„rÀ`m gÎmoH$S>o nmR> {\$adbr.
B.g.1347 _Ü`o Ë`mZo H$Zm©Q>H$_Yrb Jwb~Jm© `oWo Amnbo ñdV§Ì amÁ` ñWmnZ
Ho$bo. `mMo X{jUoer EH$ doJio ZmVo hmoVo. Om\$aImZMo nyU© Zmd hgZ Om\$aImZ.
Ë`mÀ`m bhmZnUr Vmo _yiÀ`m Am§Y«àXoemVrb J§Jy ZmdmÀ`m ~«måhUmÀ`m Kar MmH$ar
H$am`Mm. Amnë`m YÝ`mda Ë`mMr _moR>r {Zð>m hmoVr. Ë`m_wio Vmo Amnbo Zmd hgZ
J§Jy ~hm_Ur Ago gm§Jm`Mm. nwT>o Ë`mZo hohr Zmd ~Xbbo d A„mC{ÔZ ho Zmd
ñdrH$mabo. Ë`mZo Z§Va amÁ`{dñVmamgmR>r amOñWmZmVrb gOZqgh d {Xbrnqgh
`m§Mr _XV KoVbr. gOZqghmbm Ë`mZo Xod{JarMr (Xm¡bV~mXMr) Ohm{Jar {Xbr.

A„mC{ÔZÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va _h§_Xehm ~hm_Ur JmXrda Ambm. `mÀ`m Xa~mamV
gOZqghmÀ`m d§eO CJ«goZ hmhr hmoVm. CJ«goZMm _wbJm H$U©qgh d Ë`mMm _wbJm
^r_qgh, ^mD$ ew^dU© ho gd©MOU _h§_XehmÀ`m nXar hmoVo. EH$Xm _h§_XehmZo `m
gdmªda "IoiUm' {H$„m qOH$Ê`mMr _mo{h_ gmondbr. `m _mo{h_oV H$U©qgh _mabm
Jobm. _mÌ ^r_qghZo _moR>m namH«$_ JmOdbm d {H$„m qOH$bm. `m `em_wio _h§_Xehm
Iyf Pmbm d Ë`mZo ^r_qghbm "amOm KmoanS>o ~hmÔa' hm {H$Vm~ ~hmb Ho$bm.
_wYmoiOdi 84 Jmdm§Mr OhmJrarhr {Xbr. BH$S>o H$U©qghmMm ^mD$ ew^H¥$U hm
doê$iMr Ohm{Jar gm§^miV hmoVm. Vmo ^mogbo ho CnZm_ bmdm`Mm.

nwT>o H$mhr {XdgmV ~hm_Ur amOdQ>rVrb gaXmam§Mr AmngmVrb ^m§S>Uo
{dH$monmbm Jobr d eodQ>r nmM ZdrZ amÁ`o CX`mbm Ambr. Am{XbehmZo {dOmnyabm,
{ZOm_ehmZo Ah_XZJabm, Hw$Vw~ehmZo JmodiH$m|S>çmbm, ~arXehmZo {~Xabm Va
B_mXehmZo dèhmS>bm Amnbr amÁ`o ñWmnZ Ho$br. `m nmM emøm§Zm Am{Xbemhr,
{ZOm_emhr, Hw$Vw~emhr, ~arXemhr d B_mXemhr åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmD$ bmJbo. `m
nmM emøm§_Ü`o g§J_Zoa {ZOm_emhrMm EH$ ^mJ hmoVo.

274 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

{dYmZg^m

1937 H$o .~r. XmXm Xeo _Iw , b._m.nmQ>rb,H$mH$mgmh~o Jê$S> Am{U {Ja_o
1946 XÎmm Xoe_wI, b._m.nmQ>rb, H$mH$mgmho~ Jê$S> Am{U {Ja_o
1952 {dO`r : XÎmm Xoe_wI (H$m_Jma {H$gmZ nj)

nam^yV : ~r.Oo.IVmi (H$m±.), ^mñH$aamd Xwd} (g_m.)
1957 {dO`r : XÎmm Xoe_wI (g{_Vr)

nam^yV : gaXma WmoamV (H$m±.)
1962 {dO`r : ~r.Oo.IVmi nmQ>rb (H$m±.)

nam^yV : XÎmm Xoe_wI (bmb {ZemU), ^mñH$aamd Xwd}
1967 {dO`r : ~r.Oo.IVmi nmQ>rb (H$m±.)

nam^yV : ^mñH$aamd Xwd} (g_mOdmXr)
1972 {dO`r : ~r.Oo.IVmi nmQ>rb (H$m±.)

nam^yV : _mohZamd JmS>o (g_mOdmXr)
1978 {dO`r : ^mD$gmho~ WmoamV (H$m±.)

nam^yV : ~r.Oo.IVmi nmQ>rb (_.g.H$m°.)
1980 {dO`r : ~r.Oo.IVmi nmQ>rb (H$m±.)

nam^yV : g§^mOr am_M§Ð WmoamV
1985 {dO`r : ~mimgmho~ WmoamV (Anj)

nam^yV : eHw§$Vbm WmoamV (H$m±.)

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 275

1990 {dO`r : ~mimgmho~ WmoamV (H$m±.)
nam^yV : dg§Vamd Jw§Omi (^mOnm)

1995 {dO`r : ~mimgmho~ WmoamV (H$m±.)
nam^yV : ~mnygmho~ Jwido (Anj)

1999 {dO`r : ~mimgmho~ WmoamV (H$m±.)
nam^yV : ~mnygmho~ Jwido ({edgoZm)

2004 {dO`r : ~mimgmho~ WmoamV (H$m±.)
nam^yV : g§^mOr am_M§Ð WmoamV ({edgoZm)

2009 {dO`r : ~mimgmho~ WmoamV (H$m±.)
nam^yV : ~m~mgmho~ Hw$Q>o ({edgoZm)

276 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

àdaoMo KmQ>

àdamZXr g§J_ZoamV àdoe H$aVo Vr J§Jm_mB©Mm KmQ> åhUyZ à{gÕ Agboë`m
{R>H$mUmnmgyZ `m ^mJmbm J§Jm_mB©Mm KmQ> `mM ZmdmZo AmoiIbo OmVo. `mMo Zo_Ho$
H$maU H$m` Agmdo? `m ^mJmV AZoH$ àmMrZ _§{Xao, _R> AmhoV na§Vy Ë`m ZmdmZo hm
n[aga AmoiIbm OmV Zmhr. AZoH$ {R>H$mUr ZXrH$mR>Mm n[aga VoWrb _§{Xam§À`m
ZmdmZo AmoiIbm OmVmo. H$Xm{MV `m n[agamVrb KmQ>m§Mr g§»`m ~KwZM `mbm
J§Jm_mB©Mm KmQ> åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmV Agmdo.

J§Jm_mB©Mo _§{Xa Vo ^dmZre§H$a _R>m n`ªVÀ`m gw_mao 400 _rQ>a n[agamV
gbJnUo KmQ> ~m§Ybo Jobobo AmhoV. H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV OwZo KmQ> Zm_eof Pmbo
Ë`mOmJr H$mhr {R>H$mUr Zì`mZo KmQ> ~m§YÊ`mV Ambo. AZoH$ {R>H$mUr nm`è`m§Mo KmQ>
H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV Zm_eof Pmë`mda Zì`mZo Ho$di q^Vrhr ~m§YÊ`mV Amë`m.

àdaoÀ`m `m KmQ>mM§ d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo àË`oH$ KmQ> doJù`m YmQ>UrMm Amho.
Á`m Hw$Ur XmZeyam§Zr ho KmQ> ~m§Ybo Ë`m§Zr àË`oH$mZo Amnbr ñdV§Ì H$bmÑï>r dmnabr.
g§J_Zoa ehamÀ`m Ñï>rVM EHy$U 11 Q>ßß`mV ho KmQ> ~m§Ybobo AmhoV. H$mhr {d{eï>
A§Va R>odyZ Va H$mhr EH$_oH$m§Zm bJV Aem nÕVrZo ho KmQ> ~m§Ybobo AmhoV. `mVbm
n{hbm Q>ßnm gwê$ hmoVmo Vmo J§Jm_mB© _§{XamÀ`m ~mOybm `m KmQ>m§Mr _mhrVr nwT>rb
à_mUo.
Q>ßnm 1 … (J§Jm_mB© _§{XambJVMr ~mOy) KmQ>mMr bm§~r 16 \w$Q> 3 B§M, ê§$Xr 11
\w$Q>, KmQ>mMr O_rZrnmgyZMr C§Mr 9 \w$Q> 3 B§M, EHw$U 11 nm`è`m, àË`oH$ nm`ar

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 277

9 B§M C§MrMr.
Q>ßnm 2 …(hm KmQ> AJXr A{bH$S>À`m H$mimVrb Amho) KmQ>mMr bm§~r 15 \w$Q> 4
B§M, (EHy$U 16 nm`è`m)
Q>ßnm 3 … ({dÚ_mZ _hgyb _§Ìr ~mimgmho~ WmoamV `m§À`m {ZYrVyZ 1990 _Ü`o `m
KmQ>mMo ~m§YH$m_ H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho)KmQ>mMr bm§~r 65 \w$Q> 9 B§M, ê§$Xr 30 \w$Q>
EHy$U 17 nm`è`m§Mm hm KmQ> Amho.
Q>ßnm 4 … hm KmQ> eHo$ 1882 _Ü`o åhUOoM gZ 1954 _Ü`o nm§Sy>a§J am_ ~H$g
`m§Zr ~m§Yë`mMr Zm|X VoWrb H$moZerboda AmT>iVo. hm KmQ> 26 \w$Q> 5 B§M bm§~rMm
Amho.
Q>ßnm 5 … AJXr ZdrZ ~m§YH$m_ Agbobm hm KmQ> 32 \w$Q> 3 B§M bm§~rMm d 28
\w$Q> ê§$XrMm Amho.
Q>ßnm 6 … Ho$ed{VW© åhUyZ AmoiIë`m OmUmè`m n[agamVrb A{Ve` gw§Xa ~m§YH$m_
Agbobm hm KmQ> Amho. KmQ>mMr bm§~r 126 \w$Q> Amho `mV VrZ Q>ßno nmS>bobo Amho.
nhrbm d Xþgam Q>ßnm àË`oH$s 31 \w$Q> d {Vgam Q>ßnm 25 \w$Q> bm§~rMm Amho.
_Yë`m ^mJmV XJS>r ~m§YH$m_ Amho. `m KmQ>mMr ê§$Xr gw_mao 18 \w$Q> BVH$s Amho.
A{Ve` gw§Xa Ago Jmo_wI `m KmQ>mbm OmoS>bobo Amho. Ho$ed{VWm©darb _hmXodmÀ`m
_§{XamVrb nmUr `m Jmo_wImdmQ>o ~mhoa nS>Vo.

`m KmQ>mdarb H$moZerboZwgma _mK ewÕ 13 eHo$ 1864 (Jwê$dma) amoOr `m
KmQ>mMo H$m_ nyU© Pmbobo Amho. `m KmQ>mÀ`m da Ho$edVrWm© Odi gÜ`m 15 g_mÜ`m
AmT>iyZ `oVmV. `mVrb Ho$di EH$m g_mYr _§{Xamda {gÕmZ§X amOmam_ _hmamO Ago
Zmd H$moabobo Amho. _mÌ BVa g_mÜ`m H$moUmÀ`m, EH$mM n[agamV Ë`m H$m ~m§YÊ`mV
Amë`m, Ë`m EH$m {d{eï> n§WmÀ`m AZw`m`m§À`m AmhoV H$m? Ago AZoH$ àíZ `m
g_mÜ`m ~{KVë`mda nS>VmV.
Q>ßnm 7 … `m {R>H$mUr nydu _moR>m KmQ> ~m§Ybobm Agmdm na§Vy àdaoÀ`m nmÊ`mÀ`m
AmKmVm_wio Ë`mMr nS>PS> Pmë`mZo `m {R>H$mUr {g_|Q>Mr n¸$s q^V ~m§Ybobr Amho.
Q>ßnm 8 … A{Ve` OwZo ~m§YH$m_ Agbobm hm KmQ> Amho. XmoZ Q>ßß`mV ~m§Ybobm `m
KmQ>mMr EHw$U bm§~r 44 \w$Q> 3 B§M BVH$s Amho. `m KmQ>mÀ`m ~m§YH$m_mV EH$
H$moZ{ebm {XgyZ `oVo, Ë`mZwgma ~mimam_ Jwbm~M§X bmhmoQ>r `m§Zm 01.04.1861
amoOr `m KmQ>mMo ~m§YH$m_ Ho$bobo Amho `mMo d¡{eï> åhUOo `m{R>H$mUr 21 \w$Q> 6 B§M

278 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

àdam ZXrdarb KmQ>
S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 279

bm§~rMr XJar Amam_Xm`r ~¡R>H$ V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambobr Amho. hZw_mZmMr EH$
_wVuhr `m{R>H$mUr H$moaÊ`mV Ambobr Amho. KmQ>mÀ`m nm`è`m OgOem Imbr OmVmV
Ë`mZwgma `m KmQ>mÀ`m H$R>S>çm§Zm {Vanm CVma XoÊ`mV Ambobm Amho.
Q>ßnm 9 … hm KmQ> XoIrb A{Ve` OwZm Amho. `m KmQ>mÀ`m nm`è`m VrZ Q>ßß`mV
~m§Yboë`m AmhoV. `m KmQ>mMr EHy$U bm§~r 62 \w$Q> BVH$s Amho Va ê§$Xr 16 \w$Q>
BVH$s Amho. EHy$U 18 nm`è`m§Mm hm KmQ> Amho.
Q>ßnm 10 … A{Ve` XoIUm d OwÝ`m nÕVrMm Agm hm KmQ> Amho. KmQ>mMr bm§~r
36 \w$Q> Va ê§$Xr 19 \w$Q> BVH$s Amho. KmQ>mÀ`m daÀ`m ~mOybm N>moQ>ogo JUnVr d
e§H$amMo _§{Xa Amho, A{Ve` H$bmË_H$ Ñï>rZo hm KmQ> ~m§Ybobm Amho.
Q>ßnm 11 … gdm©{YH$ dmna hmoUmam d gdmªV _moR>m Agm hm KmQ> Amho. EHy$U 250
\w$Q> bm§~rÀ`m `m KmQ>mV XmoZ ^mJmV nm`è`m ~m§YÊ`mV Amboë`m AmhoV. KmQ>mÀ`m
nm`è`m hm VrZ Q>ßß`mV ~m§YÊ`mV Amboë`m AmhoV. `mMr ê§$Xr 32 \w$Q> BVH$s Amho.
g§J_ZoaMr hÔ Amobm§S>ë`mda Omod} `m àmMrZ JmdmV XÎm _§{XamÀ`m ~mOybm A{Ve`
gw§Xa Agm KmQ> ~m§YÊ`mV Ambobm Amho. 1913 gmbr `m KmQ>mMo ~m§YH$m_ Pmbobo
Amh.o XÎm _{§ XamVZy ~mhao nS>bo H$s ~mhao AmQo >çmda EH$ _hmXdo mMo d EH$ _pÀN>Ш ZmWmMo
_§{Xa Amho. KmQ>mbm XmoZ JmobmH$ma ~wê$O AmhoV. VrZ {R>H$mUm§hÿZ ZXrV CVam`bm
nm`è`m Ho$boë`m AmhoV. nmM \w$Q> ê§$XrÀ`m OmJoVyZ àË`oH$ {R>H$mUr AH$am nm`è`m
Ho$boë`m AmhoV. `m KmQ>mMr aMZm H$aVm§Zm ZXrÀ`m bJV 6 \w$Q> C§MrMo d 5 \w$Q>
ê§$XrMo _moR>o _moR>o H$moZmS>o V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambobo AmhoV. `m KmQ>mMr EHy$U bm§~r
130 \w$Q> d ê§$Xr 19 \w$Q> BVH$s Amho. KmQ>mÀ`m EH$m ~mOybm nm`è`m§Odi Mma hmV
Agbobr EH$ JXmYmar _wVu H$moabobr Amho.

`mM KmQ>mbm bmJZy {dÚ_mZ _hgby _̧ r ~mimgmh~o Wmao mV `mÀ§ `m {ZYrVZy
Zì`mZo KmQ>mMo ~m§YH$m_ H$aÊ`mV Ambobo Amho. 2003 gmbr ~m§YÊ`mV Amboë`m
`m KmQ>mbm "{dO` KmQ>' Ago Zmd XoÊ`mV Ambobo Amho. hm ZdrZ KmQ> 134 \w$Q> 4
B§M bm§~rMm AgyZ Ë`mbm 12 nm`è`m AmhoV. gÜ`m ZXrMo nmÌ KmQ>mnmgyZ ~aoM Xÿa
gaH$bobo Agë`mZo KmQ>mMm Cn`moJ nm`è`m CVê$Z ZXrnmÌmH$S>o OmÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bm
OmVmo.

280 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

CÎmaa§J

"g~ ehar EH$ g§J_Zoar' qH$dm "gm¡ ehar EH$ g§J_Zoar' åhU AmOhr
g§J_ZoaH$am§À`m ~m~VrV bmJy hmoVo. Joë`m AY©eVH$mV `m JmdmZo Iyn pñWË`§Vao
AZw^dbr. ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimVrb Ü`o`dmXr _§S>itZr `m Jmdmbm {dH$mgmMr {Xem
XmIdbr. ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV g§nyU© _hmamï´>mVM Zd{Z_m©UmMo dmao dmhV hmoVo. Ë`m
H$mimV g§J_ZoamV _mÌ pñWË`§VamMm A{Ve` H$R>rU H$mi hmoVm. BWbm hmV_mJ
ì`dgm` _mJo nS>V hmVo m. _mÌ {dS>r ì`dgm` hihy iy dmT>V hmVo m. _mbnmUr n[admamMm
V§~mIy ì`dgm`XoIrb dmT>V hmoVm. `mVyZM amoOJmamÀ`m g§Yr {Z_m©U hmoV hmoË`m.

hmV_mJ ì`dgm` hiyhiy _mJo nS>V AgVmZm [aH$må`m hmoUmè`m hmVm§Mr
g§»`m Iyn _moR>r hmoVr, Va Zì`mZo {Z_m©U hmoUmam amoOJma VwbZoV H$_r hmoVm. nmM
XeH$m§nydu g§J_Zoa ^mJ ghH$mar gmIa H$maImÝ`mMr {Z{_©Vr à{H«$`m gwê$ Pmbr. nwT>o
H$maImZm gwê$ Pmbm. amoOJmamÀ`m g§Yr dmT>ë`m, Am{W©H$ gw~Îmm dmT>m`bm gwédmV
Pmbr. Am¡Úmo{JH$ dgmhVrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZhr WmoS>çm\$ma amoOJmamÀ`m g§Yr CnbãY
Pmë`m. ~KVm ~KVm g§J_Zoabm ñW¡`© bm^bo.

OrdZmV ñW¡`© Agbo VaM AmdS>rÀ`m {df`m§Zm doi XoVm `oVmo. g§J_ZoamVhr
_mJrb AZHo $ XeH$mn§ mgZy hr Jmïo > bmJy hmVo .o ehamVrb gmñ§ H$¥ {VH$ Midi {OëømVrb
H$moUË`mhr Jmdmbm hodm dmQ>mdr AerM Amho. ~mamhr _{hZo {d{dY H$m`©H«$_m§Mm
AmZ§X g§J_ZoaH$a _wŠVnUo KoV AgVmV. gm§ñH¥${VH$ CnH«$_m§~amo~a gm_m{OH$
CnH«$_m§Mrhr gVV aobMob gwê$ AgVo. Amnë`mH$S>o Agbobm doi, n¡gm, l_ BVam§Zm
XoÊ`mV g§J_ZoaH$a H$YrM _mJo ZgVmV.

amOH$s` jÌo mV S>mì`m d COì`m XmÝo hr JQ>mZ§ r H$_r-OmñV à_mUmV bmHo $mÀ§ `m
_ZmV ñWmZ {_idb.o géw dmVrbm H$å`{w Zï> {dMmamM§ m ~mb{o H$ëbm Agbëo `m gJ§ _Zao Zo
_hmamï´> amÁ`mÀ`m {Z{_©VrZ§Va VmbwH$m nmVirda H$m±J«og njmbm gmW {Xbr, Va
ehamnaw Vm {dMma H$o bm Va BWë`m ZmJ[aH$mZ§ r {d{dY njmÀ§ `m bmHo $mZ§ m H$m_ H$aÊ`mMr
g§Yr {Xbr.

JmdmV _mJrb nÞmg dfmªhÿZ A{YH$ H$mimnmgyZ H$m±J«ogMr gÎmm Amho. _mÌ
gd©M amOH$s` njm§À`m ZoË`m§Zr Amnë`m H$V¥©ÎdmVyZ ñdV:Mr ñdV§Ì AmoiI {Z_m©U

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 281

Ho$br. OZgm_mÝ`m§À`m àíZmda Va {damoYH$m§~amo~a gÎmmYmar njmMo bmoH$hr añË`mda
CVaë`mMo `m ehamZo ~{KVbo Amho. nmUr àíZmda "dg§V ~§Ymè`m'gmR>r {ZKmbobm
A^yVnyd© _moMm©, eoVH$è`m§Mo _rQ>a hQ>md Am§XmobZ, drO, Q>o{b\$moZ AmXr àíZm§da
Pmbbo r AmX§ mbo Zo gJ§ _Zao H$amÀ§ `m OmJV¥ _ZmMr bjUo R>abr. gdg© m_mÝ`mÀ§ `m àíZmd§ a
JmdmVrb amYmdëb^ H$mgQ>, gmonmZamd C\©$ Eg.PoS²>. Xoe_wI, Hw§$XZqgJ naXoer,
Amßnm Ho$goH$a, H$m°.ghmUo _mñVa, gm`Þm EZJ§Xyb, Jwbm~amd Xoe_wI, ~mnwgmho~
hmgo, A°S>.{Zem {edwaH$a, {dZ` JwUo, amOm AdgH$ AmXtZr _mJrb 25-30 dfmªV
AZoH$ Am§XmobZo JmOdbr AmhoV.

1990 Z§Va OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMo dmao dhm`bm gwédmV Pmbr. KamoKar
Q>o{b{ìhOZMo gm_«mÁ` {Z_m©U Pmbo. Mm¡H$mMm¡H$mV O_Umao Jßnm§Mo \$S> H$_r hmoD$
bmJb.o amOo M amÌr _{§ Xam_§ YZy hmUo mè`m ^OZ-{H$VZ© mM§ m AmdmO _X§ mdV Jbo m. _mJÀ`m
Xhm dfmªV Va ZmQ>çJ¥hmV hmoUmè`m H$m`©H«$_m§Mr g§»`mhr H$_r Pmbr. {ejUmÀ`m
gm`o r dmT>ë`m, Am{WH© $ gn§ ÞVm Ambr, AmY{w ZH$Vm Ambr _mÌ H$mhr à_mUmV JmdmMm
nma§nm[aH$ Moham hadë`mgmaIm dmQ>Vmo.

ho gJi§ hmoV AgVmZm AZoH$ g§ñWm, bmoH$, JmdmMo JmdnU {Q>H${dÊ`mMm
àm_m{UH$ à`ËZ H$arV AmhoV. gm§ñH¥${VH$ CnH«$_ AmVm {V{H$Q> bmdyZ Zìho, Va
{d{dY g§ñWm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ gwê$ AmhoV. MmoI§Xi g§J_ZoaH$a Ë`m§Zm Oo éMVo, ^mdVo
Aem H$m`©H«$_m§Zm AmOhr JXu H$arV AmhoV. AmOhr dmMH$ _§S>ir nwñVH$ àXe©Zm§Zm
JXu H$aVmV. {d{dY g§ñWm§À`m ~°ZaImbr gm_m{OH$ H$m_m§V ^mJ KoVmV. àdaoMo
amoQ>oeZ gwQ>ë`mda _ZmnmgyZ ZXrH$S>o Ymd KoVmV. `mVyZM JmdmM§ JmdnU {Q>Hy$Z
Amho. H$mim~amo~a gd©H$mhr ~XbV AgVo. g§J_ZoaH$ahr Ë`mbm AndmX ZmhrV.
Amnbm Añgb g§J_Zoar ~mO àË`oH$OU {Q>H$dyZ Amho. _J Vmo gm§ñH¥${VH$ H$m`©H«$_
Agmo, gm_m{OH$ CnH«$_ Agmo, g§J_ZoaMr ImÚ g§ñH¥$Vr Agmo, EImXr amOH$s` g^m
Agmo `m {R>H$mUr g§J_ZoaH$a Ë`mÀ`m _ZmMm H$m¡b KoVmo d Ë`mà_mUoM nwT>M§ nmD$b
Q>mH$Vmo. H$maU g~ ehar EH$ g§J_Zoar hr åhU AmOhr bmJy Amho...

g§J_ZoaÀ`m Xo{Xß`_mZ B{VhmgmMr H$hmUr gm§JUmar "Jmoï> EH$m
JmdmMr' hr gmR>m CÎmamMr H$hmUr, nmMm CÎmar gw\$i g§nyU©!

282 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

g§X^©gyMr

1. g§J_Zoa ZJanm{bH$m, eVgm§dËgm[aH$ ñ_¥VrJ«§W.
2. Xe©Z (ñ_a{UH$m), {ejU àgmaH$ g§ñWm 1980.
3. àdamH$mR>Mr g§ñH¥$Vr - Zmam`U J§Yo
4. lr amOm {edN>ÌnVr - JOmZZ ^mñH$a _oh|Xio
5. amOm {edN>ÌnVr - ~m~mgmho~ nwa§Xao
6. _amR>r [a`mgV - JmoqdX gImam_ gaXogmB©
7. amOKamÊ`m§Mr d§emdi - àm.AaqdX ZmJdoH$a
8. Am¡a§JOo~ (B§{S>`m A§S>a Am¡a§JOo~) - OXwZmW gaH$ma
9. A_¥VJmWm - ^mD$gmho~ WmoamV
10. H$dr d emhra AZ§V \§$Xr `m§Mm Aja \$Q>H$m - S>m°._YwH$a H$m{eZmW _m|T>o
11. _hmË_m Jm§YtMo g§H$brV dmL>_` - ^mJ 23
12. OmUrd (Jm¡ad {deofm§H$ - S>m°.amdgmho~ H$g~o EH$gï>r gmohim)
13. CÁÁdb CÚmgmR>r (Ì¡_m{gH$ OyZ Vo gßQ>o§~a 2011)
14. B{VemoY - gwaoe Omoer, Ah_XZJa
15. gømÐrÀ`m Hw$erV - {dÇ>b _. eodmio
16. Ah_XZJa {OëømVrb ñdmV§Í`g§J«m_ - H¡$.ZmW {dÇ>b nmR>H$
17. noedmB©Vrb gmS>oVrZ ehmUo - e§.am.Xodio
18. Pon - Zm.g§.BZm_Xma
19. B{Vhmg g§emoYZ àXrn (Ì¡_m{gH$mMo {d{dY A§H$) - g§nmXH$ : gwaoe Omoer
20. Am{Xdmgr H«$m§{VH$maH$ - S>m°.JmoqdX Jmao
21. OJmMm B{Vhmg - àm.naewam_ h[a ~d} d àm.H$_bmH$a naMwao
22. _hmamï´>JmWm - h._.KmoS>Ho$
23. _moJb gm_«mÁ`mMm B{Vhmg - Jm`H$dmS>, dS>oa, WmoamV, nmQ>rb
24. _hmamï´>mMm gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ B{Vhmg - àm.h.lr.eoUmobrH$a,

S>m°.à.Z.Xoenm§S>o
25. A§VarMo Ymdo - ~r.Oo.IVmi

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 283

26. _{bH$ A§~a - {d.g.dmH$gH$a
27. H¡$.lrH¥$îU J§Yo `m§Mo ~mbgm{hË` EH$ g_mbmoMZ - {earf J§Yo
28. ñ_¥Vr - Ho$.~r.XmXm Xoe_wI M[aÌJ«§W
29. gm.Vbdma (16 gßQ>|~a, 1959 Mm A§H$)
30. bZ© _moAa - (~mbHw$_ma _m{gH$ {d{dY A§H$)
31. a§J emhrarMo - bmoH$emhra {dÇ>b C_n
32. X¡.àOmMo {d{dY A§H$ - g§J_Zoa
33. Journal Sir Dinshaw Manockjee Petit - First Baronet
34. The collected works of Mahatma Gandhi (Vol.23)
35. The Gazzetteers Department - Ahmednagar, Nashik
36. Shivaji and His Times - Sir Jadunath Sarkar
37. Chhattrapati Shivaji - Bhavan Singh Rana

And various websites.

284 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

ñZoh _r OmJdrZ Amnwbm...

· lr.ÛmaH$mZmW amR>r (AÜ`j, g§J_Zoa B{Vhmg g§emoYZ _§S>i)

· S>m°._YwH$a _m|T>o

· lr.gmo_ZmW _hm{_Zo

· lr.gwZrb Zdbo (CnmÜ`j, g§J_Zoa B{Vhmg g§emoYZ _§S>i)

· lr.AÊUmgmho~ H$mio (g_Ýd`H$, g§J_Zoa B{Vhmg g§emoYZ _§S>i)

· lr.amOy Am|~mgo (ew^_ gm{hË`, nwUo)

· lr.gwaoe Omoer, Ah_XZJa

· lr.gw_§VH$mH$m JwOamWr, {gÞa

· lr.~mimgmho~ A§^moaH$a

· lr.~mimgmho~ Jw§Omi nmQ>rb

· lr.{Jarf Xoenm§S>o · lr.Ho$.Ho$.gm§Jio

· lr.`moJoe Amgmonm · lr.gwZrb _mXmg

· lr.amYoí`m_ amR>r · lr.A{dZme dn}

· lr.àdrU Hw$bH$Uu · lr.gw^mf ndma

· lr.JmoqdX P§da · lr.~m~m IamV

· lr.a_oeamd Xoe_wI · gm¡.gm¡Xm{_Zr AéU H$mÝhmoao

· ñd.bmoH$emhra {dÇ>b C_n · lr.C_oe T>mobo

· ñd.bú_U AZ§V Xoenm§S>o

· ñd.am_^mD$ H$mio

· ñd.~Ýgrbmb Mm`b

· {deof Am^ma …-
Zm.~mimgmho~ WmoamV, Am.S>m°.gwYraOr Vm§~o, gm¡.XþJm©VmB© Vm§~o

S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 285

22 _o, 1921 amoOr g§J_ZoaH$a ZmJ[aH$m§V\}$ _hmË_m Jm§Yr
`m§Zm XoÊ`mV Ambobo Vm§ã`mÀ`m nÍ`mda H$moabobo _mZnÌ

286 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a

g§J_Zoa ZJan[afXoÀ`m eVgm§dËg[aH$ J«§Wmda ñdmjar H$aVmZm
VËH$mbrZ _w»`_§Ìr `ed§Vamd MìhmU

_w»`_§Ìr `ed§Vamd MìhmU d BVa nmhþÊ`m§g_doV ZJan[afXoÀ`m
eVgm§dËgm[aH$ dfm©Vrb ZJan[afXoMr H$m`©H$m[aUr
S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a - Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr / 287

g§J_Zoa B{Vhmg g§emoYZ _§S>i

ñWmnZm : 1 OmZodmar, 2006

nm¡f ew.2, eHo$ 1927

ÛmaH$mZmW C\©$ S>r.~r.amR>r S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a gwZrb Zdbo
(AÜ`j) (H$m`m©Ü`j) (CnmÜ`j)

AÊUmgmho~ H$mio A°S>.gwZrb gam\$ A°S>.a§OZm Jdm§Xo-nJma
(g_Ýd`H$) (àH$ën g{_Vr à_wI) (àH$ën g{_Vr à_wI)

XwJm©VmB© Vm§~o - H$m`©H$m[aUr gXñ` - gwaoe åhmig
Xo{dXmg Jmoao gmo_ZmW _hm{_Zo A{Zb gmo_Ur
{ddoH$ H$mgma {dZ` {Zgmi em_ {Vdmar
àH$me ~S>} gwZrb _mXmg
XÎmm AmamoQ>o A{Zb Xoenm§S>o g{Vf Jmoao
{edam_ {~S>do q~Sw>^mB© Ohm{JaXma _wŠVm H$m{eX
amYoí`m_ amR>r {dH$mg ^mboamd JUoe {~S>do
e\$s eoI {XZH$a gmido
àdrU Hw$bH$Uu lr_Vr A§Obr gam\$ AaqdX JmS>oH$a
amO|Ð Vm„m _{Zf ^§{Jao [a`mO gæ`X
kmZoída Ho$Xma gw^mf ndma {dH$mg dmìhi
Z§X{H$emoa P§da A{dZme dn} am_oída bmhmoQ>r
Jmoaj Zoho `moJoe Amgmonm Jmoaj _XZo
AemoH$ Jdm§Xo {dbmg Jw§Omi AZ§V nm§JmaH$a
JUoe ^moa {edmOr H$m§~io
eem§H$ J§Yo

288 / Jmoï> EH$m JmdmMr - S>m°.g§Vmof IoS>boH$a