Functional OBET Book 7

Approved by the Government of Nepal,

Ministry of Education Curriculum Development Centre (CDC), Sanothimi, Bhaktapur

FUNCTIONAL

&TOeccchunpoaltoiogny,EBduuscinaetisosn

7Book

Editor Authors
Dr. Deen Bandhu Sharma
Gopal Krishna Subedi
Sudarshan Bikram Basnet

Bishnu Neupane
Deepak Poudyal

SYMPHONY PUBLICATION PVT. LTD.
Kathmandu, Nepal

Web : www.symphonypub.com
E-mail : [email protected]

Name : ....................................................
Class : .................... Roll No. : ...............
Subject Teacher : ...................................
School : ...................................................

Book : Functional

Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 7

Editor : Dr. Deen Bandhu Sharma

Authors : Gopal Krishna Subedi

Sudarshan Bikram Basnet

Bishnu Neupane

Deepak Poudyal

Language Editor : Teknarayan Dhakal

Edition : First, 2072

Copyright : Publisher

Cover : Rajan Maharjan

Graphics : Rajan Maharjan

Publisher : Symphony Publication Pvt. Ltd.

Kathmandu, Nepal

ISBN 978-9937-659-10-9

Preface

“Education is not the learning of facts, but the training of the mind to think.”

The saying by Albert Einstein is what inspired us to write this book. In
the course of time, teaching-learning processes, techniques and learners’
preferences have changed a lot. As an attempt to address these changes, we
have presented Functional Occupation, Business and Technology Education,
Book 8. The book fully complies with the syllabus prescribed by Curriculum
Development Centre, Sanothimi, Bhaktapur, Nepal.

This book is unique in itself. It has come through three-year long research,
hundreds of expert’s opinions, and countless feedback from experienced
teachers and inquisitive learners. The contents of this book have been
presented in simple and easily understandable language. Technical terms,
wherever occur, have been defined on the same page. Each lesson begins
with the objectives to be met as well as reasons for studying it. To develop
the learners’ skill of critical thinking and get their attention, a question,
which can be answered through experience or practises in day to-day-life, has
been presented before entering into the main text. To confirm the learners’
participation in the learning process, simple questions have been placed for
each teaching period.

The biggest challenge that we faced while writing the book was to evaluate
learning outcomes. To overcome this, a help from Bloom’s taxonomy (Learning
domains of educational psychologist Dr. Benjamin Bloom) has been taken. The
questions that appear at the end of each lesson test all the cognitive levels of the
learners. The subject, as prescribed by CDC, is half theoretical and half practical.
To test the practical ability of students, each lesson includes a project.

Although we have tried our best to include everything that facilitates the
teachers and learners, few things could not appear in this hardcopy. Such
parts as supplementary learning materials have been included in our website
www.symphony.com.

We hope you will go through the page “Note to the Teachers” thoroughly.
We saluate your valuable suggestion and advice regarding this book as our
assets. Thank you for your trust on us.

Authors

Contents

PART I : PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

UNIT 1 : PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION Page

Lesson 1: Profession and Professional Education 1

Lesson 2: Classification of Profession 4

Lesson 3: Relationship between Profession and Training 8

Lesson 4: Technical Profession 11

Lesson 5: Medical Profession 14

Lesson 6: Engineering Profession 18

Lesson 7: Profession Related to Agriculture and Forestry 21

Lesson 8: Profession Related to Financial Sector 24

Lesson 9: Profession Related to Tourism 26

Lesson 10: Teaching Profession 29

Lesson 11: Profession Related to Public Service 32

Unit Revision 35

UNIT 2 : EDUCATION, TRAINING AND EMPLOYMENT

Lesson 1: Introduction and Importance of Regional and National-Level Employment 36

Lesson 2: Types of General and Vocational Training 39

Lesson 3: Technical Education and Professional Training 43

Lesson 4: Institutions Related to Technical Education and Professional Training 45

Unit Revision 51

UNIT 3 : INFORMATION ABOUT EMPLOYMENT

Lesson 1: Source of Information about Regional and National Level Employment 52

Unit Revision 57

UNIT 4 : GENERAL PROFESSIONAL SKILLS

Lesson 1: Introduction to General Professional SkillS 58

Unit Revision 62

PART II : BUSINESS EDUCATION

UNIT 5 : TYPES OF BUSINESS

Lesson 1: Small, Medium and Large Scale Business 63

Lesson 2: Fundamental Elements of Business 66

Lesson 3: Local-Level Business 69

Lesson 4: Selection, Management and Skills of Operating Business 72

Unit Revision 75

UNIT 6 : TRADE AND MARKET MANAGEMENT
Lesson 1: Relationship between Business and Trade 76
Lesson 2: Market Development and Business Collaboration 78

Lesson 3: Modernization in Trade Skill 80

Lesson 4: Agricultural Trade Development and Co-operatives 83

Lesson 5: Procedure of Price Determination of Goods and Services 86

Unit Revision 89

(Please choose any 4 units from Unit 7 to 14 for an academic year.)

UNIT 7: VEGETABLE FARMING

Lesson 1: Seasonal and Unseasonal Vegetable Farming 90

Lesson 2: Organic and Inorganic Manure 93

Lesson 3: Vermiculture and Vermicomposting 97

Lesson 4: Methods of Making Compost Manure 100

Lesson 5: Drip Irrigation 103

Lesson 6: Seasonal Vegetable Farming in Kitchen Garden and its Caring 105

Lesson 7: Protection 0f Vegetables from Harmful Diseases and Insects 108

Unit Revision 111

UNIT 8 : FRUIT CULTIVATION

Lesson 1: Introduction and Importance of Nursery Bed 112

Lesson 2: Identification of Local and Hybrid Fruits 115

Lesson 3: Harvesting Fruits 118

Lesson 4: Methods of Storing Fruits 121

Lesson 5: Tools and Techniques of Harvesting Fruits 124

Lesson 6: Local Techniques of Storing Fruits 126

Lesson 7: Methods of Packaging and Transporting Fruits 128

Lesson 8: Diseases and Pests in Fruit Plants and Traditional Prevention Measures 130

Unit Revision 134

UNIT 9 : DRY VEGETABLES, FRUITS AND FOODSTUFFS

Lesson 1: Production, Processing and Storing of Dry Vegetables 135

Lesson 2: Production, Processing and Storage of Slices or Dried Fruits 138

Lesson 3: Introduction to Recipe and its Study 141

Lesson 4: Production, Processing and Storage of Pickle, Chuk, Tofu, Juice and Chhurpi 144

Lesson 5: Production, Processing and Storage of Turmeric Powder, Sutho, Masyaura and Titaura 148

Unit Revision 152

UNIT 10 : FLORICULTURE AND MEDICINAL PLANTS FARMING

Lesson 1: Floriculture 153

Lesson 2: Medicinal Plants Cultivation 157

Unit Revision 163

(Please choose any 1 lesson from Unit 11 for an academic year.)

UNIT 11: CARING OF ANIMALS

Lesson1: Sheep, Goats and Chyangra Farming 164

Lesson 2: Cow and Buffalo Farming 171

Lesson 3: Poultry Farming 177

Lesson 4: Swine Farming 183

Lesson 5: Fish Farming 189

Lesson 6: Bee-Keeping 194

Unit Revision 198

UNIT 12 : HANDICRAFT

Lesson 1: Various Things Made of Paper 199

Lesson 2: Origami and Kirigami 204

Lesson 3: Items Made of Bamboo Strip, Hay, Straw and Babiyo 208

Lesson 4: Items Made of Waste Materials 211

Lesson 5: Wood or Stone Carving 214

Lesson 6: Colouring 217

Unit Revision 219

UNIT 13 : POTTERY

Lesson 1: Making Clay Items of Geometric Shapes 220

Lesson 2: Making Fruits, Vegetables, Animals and Home Utensils of Clay 222

Unit Revision 224

UNIT 14 : SEWING AND KNITTING

Lesson 1: Decorative Sewing Stitch 225

Lesson 2: Procedure of Making Handkerchief 229

Lesson 3: Hand Knitting 231

Lesson 4: Fabric Painting 234

Unit Revision 236

PART III : TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION

UNIT 15 : LOCAL TECHNOLOGY

Lesson 1: Interrelationship between Traditional and Modern Technologies 237

Lesson 2: Secure use of Home Appliances 240

Lesson 3: Principles of Traditional Technologies 243

Unit Revision 246

UNIT 16 : MODERN TECHNOLOGY

Lesson 1: Household Use of Electricity 247

Lesson 2: Modern Household Appliances 252

Lesson 3: Introduction and Importance of Technology 256

Lesson 4: Broadcasting System of Radio/FM and Television 258

Lesson 5: Computer as a Means of Communication 261

Lesson 6: Alternative Energy 265

Unit Revision 269

Appendix 1: A Sample of Teaching Technique: Multiple Intelligences 270

Note to the Teachers

We believe that learning becomes effective if learners are able to connect the ideas gained in
and out of the classroom in their daily lives. Text-to-text, text-to-self and text-to-globe is a
strategy that helps children make such connections. We have tried our best to make this book
learner-friendly. To facilitate this, teachers are requested to note few important things about
handling this book so that it can meet the intended objectives.

What and Why

As soon as the teacher begins a lesson, the first thing that comes to the mind of children is a
set of two questions: What knowledge or skill do we get? And why should we learn it? What
and why portion appearing in the beginning of every lesson will help children get answers to
these questions.

Please explain this portion to make students believe that they are really going to learn
something very useful. After completing the lesson, see whether the set objectives are met or
not. You can add or remove one or more objectives according to the time and situation provided
you do not skip the objectives set by CDC.

Thinking Through Experience

An important aspect of good teaching-learning process is to give learners enough room to
think. When children are not given opportunities to think on their own, it will lead to the
traditional egocentrism and socio-centrism. Children learn a lot without teaching. They have
enough experiences to relate with topics to learn. Thinking through experience section is
designed to develop critical thinking in children and to transfer knowledge and skills from
known to unknown.

Please give enough time to children to think and discuss problems of this section. You can ask
to form groups or pairs to facilitate discussion and let one or more children to present in front
of the class. Children may not submit it in writing but make sure that they think critically.

Now Your Time

This section has a variety of questions which are designed not for the testing purpose but
for ensuring children’s participation in learning process. Most of such questions are left to
children themselves to design and discuss so that they go through the text again and again.
This will also help teachers to plan a lesson as the position of this section is so adjusted that
it comes at the end of a class (40 to 45 minutes).

Some of the activities in this section require use of the Internet such as YouTube and
websites. These are to help children realise the true potential of web in enhancing their learning
experience. Please encourage your students to use web as a source of learning materials.

Test of Cognition

This section consists of questions for evaluation some of which are not the parts of exam-type
questions. The level of thinking you want from a student in an assignment is based on the
level of questions you set for them. Children have following six levels of thinking according to
the theory put forward by Benjamin Bloom:

1. Recalling and recognizing concepts and information,
2. Grasping and interpreting prior knowledge,
3. Transferring selected information to a life problem,

4. Examining a situation and drawing a conclusion,
5. Assessing and criticizing under specific criteria, and
6. Originating and integrating prior knowledge to produce the new one.

The questions given at the end of a lesson test all these levels of thinking in children. Please
do not skip all or part of these questions just because they are not likely to be asked in exams.
Some questions of higher thinking level cannot be judged between right and wrong but by the
way children present their logic and a draw conclusion. Please encourage them if they think
differently from commonly recognized pattern.

Please do not be bound only with these few activities. We request you to extend it to the scope
of all lessons if possible. Supplementary materials will also be made available through our
official website.

Unit Revision

Human brain cannot retain everything learnt. As such, after completing a unit, children
might not keep in touch with concepts gained in earlier lessons. To address this problem,
unit revision is placed at the end of each unit in a pattern designed by CDC which includes
both theoretical and practical parts. Please use this as what we commonly call a ‘class test’.

If children know how to solve problems and achieve on their own, they do not have to be told
what to do but there are many students who want to be told what to do. Please make sure
that when you tell children what to do, you do not overtake their abilities to think on their
own.

Connecting the Internet

This section is placed to pave a way for children for further learning if they want to do so.
This section provides a link to the Internet which consists of learning materials related to the
topic concerned in further details.

Please follow the link yourself first and ask children to do the same and do not forget to take
feedback of their learning. This will help you judge the area of interest of your students.

Did you know?

This section presents interesting facts related to the concepts given in the text. A collection
of such parts may help you design a quiz at any time of teaching. You may also ask children
to bring such facts on their own and share in the class.

Website

We have our own website consisting of stuffs that are essential but not included in the book
itself due to various reasons.

Please connect to our website and ask children to do it frequently. You can also interact
with the authors, publishers and editors via this website in case of any doubts. The website
consists of

• Cumulative revision section which appears like unit revision of the book but is
designed to assess progress of students in all lessons taught from the beginning,

• Terminal test papers designed to help you prepare question paper for terminal
examinations, and

• Other resources asked by the teachers and students along with the progress of the
course.

We wish you a wonderful class ahead. Happy teaching!

UNIT
1 PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

1Lesson Profession and
Professional Education

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to  By receiving professional education, you
can get job opportunities or become
 define profession. self- employed.
 describe the relationship between

profession and education.
 explain the needs and importance of

professional education.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Society is the mixture of people having different skills, training,
knowledge and education. Professional education is the backbone
of employment. What are the different sectors that people with
professional education can involve in?

You must have seen people employed in different occupations.
List some skills which they use in their fields.

Profession refers to an act of
involvement in an occupation
like farming, advocacy, medicine
and engineering. Everyone needs
an involvement in an occupation
to lead a decent life. Profession
requires special training to develop
and sharpen professional qualities.
Education, knowledge and training
are the indispensable requirements to lead professional life successfully.
Professions are developed as per the development of the human
civilization, science and technology. They differ from place to place.

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Professions can be categorized on the basis of sector, level and the nature
of service. We find people involved in different professions, like farming,
construction, medicine, teaching, finance, etc. These professions come
under the rubric of sectorwise profession. Likewise, we find people
working in different level of particular profession, like Community
Health Assistant, Maternal Health Worker and Assistant, Nursing,
Midwife, are the basic level human resources. Health Assistant,
Staff Nurse, Technologist, etc. are the examples of intermediate level
profession whereas Doctor, Technologist, Surgeon, etc. are professionals
with specialized knowledge and training. Production-oriented and
service -oriented professions are the branches of professions. All these
major categories have basic, intermediate and specialized professionals.

Professional Education

Relationship between profession and education

Any profession without education cannot impart quality products and
services. Education is the fundamental requirement that people need
to lead their life in a professional way. To give productive finishing
in one’s profession, one needs knowledge and training. So training is
such a factor that adds flavour with dexterity in the services provided
by professionals. Training is an indispensable factor to accomplish
the assigned task in time successfully. Developed countries like the
UK, the USA, Japan, and South Korea have given higher priority to
the professional education. That is why, countries like Nepal follow
their expertism. Individuals with professional education have higher
probability to get job opportunities in the market.

Need and importance of professional education

As we know, countries like the UK, the USA, South Korea and
Japan have accelerated their pace of development simply because
they prioritized professional education. An individual with sound
knowledge of professional education always has a greater intensity of
job opportunities in the market. Importance of professional education
is presented as follows:

a. Professional education enhances an individual’s knowledge, skills
and accomplishments.

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b. It opens the threshold to generate income easily.
c. It helps people spend their life easily as they have potential of

getting employment opportunity.
d. It prepares skilled human resources. They are the urgent need of

the countries like Nepal to accelerate the pace of development.
e. Human resources with professional education have the higher

demand in the foreign employment. So people enhanced with
professional education can earn foreign currency.

NOW YOUR TIME

Make any four “Fill in the blanks” questions from the above
lesson.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition
K nowledge
1. What is a profession?
2. What do you mean by professional education? C omprehension

3. Explain the importance of professional education.
Connecting PROJECT

4. Visit your locality and ask some professionals
about their profession, professional education and
complete the following table:

S.N. Name of the Name of the Professional A pplication
professional profession education

1.

2.

3.

5. Examine the relationship between profession and A nalysis
professional education. E valuation
S ynthesis
6. “Training is an indispensable factor to carry on a
profession.” Justify this statement.

7. Suggest any five points to improve the level of
professional education in Nepal.

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2Lesson Classification of Profession

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By classifying the profession, you can choose
the type and level of profession of your
 list the classification of profession. interest.
 describe the profession on the basis of

sector, level and nature of services.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

People are involved in various kinds of activities to earn a living.

Can you classify their processional activities according to sector,

level and the nature of services?

Different professionals working in the same organization do not
have equal earnings. What do you think is the reason behind it?

You must have noticed different people earning their livelihood in a
particular profession as per their interest, ability and skill. They work
as teachers, doctors, nurses, engineers, constructors, labourers, drivers
and so on.

Classification of Profession

Sectorwise Levelwise Nature of services

1. Agriculture and forestry 1. Fundamental 1. Production
2. Construction 2. Intermediate 2. Service
3. Medicine 3. Specialized
4. Teaching
5. Tourism
6. Public service
7. Finance

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Interest, knowledge, ability and skills determine individuals to adopt
appropriate profession. No work is smaller or greater. Every kind of
work is equally respectable. Profession is classified according to the

sector, level and nature of service. They are described below :

1. Sectorwise profession

Different types of profession are in practice in our society. Agriculture
and forestry, construction, medicine, teaching, etc. are categorized
under sectorwise professions. All these professions are classified as
(a) technical and (b) non-technical professions. These professions are
different from one another. For example, teaching and agriculture are
completely different disciplines.

2. Levelwise profession

You must have noticed different people involving in different levels
in their professional life. So every occupation has fundamental,
intermediate and specialized levels. All these categories collectively
contribute to establish, regulate and lead the organization towards
success. They are described as follows:

a. Fundamental profession

It is the basic factor to almost all professions. Each profession has its
fundamental strata. For example, fundamental professions in medical
sector consist of Assistant Nurses, Assistant Health Workers, etc.

b. Intermediate profession

Professionals involving in
intermediate professions are
between fundamental and
specialized professions in terms of
education, knowledge, training and
skills. Fundamental professionals
are either upgraded as per the
experiences of their professional
life or academic qualification. Staff
Nurses, Lab Technicians, Health Workers, etc. are some examples of
intermediate level professions in medical sector.

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c. Specialized profession

Specialized professionals are expert in their respective fields. Specialized
professionals can be promoted even from fundamental professionals if
they acquire academic qualification and trainings with their respective
work experience. Physicians, Lab Technologists, Surgeons, etc. are
some examples of specialized professionals.

3. Professions based on the nature of service

Professions can be classified on the basis of the nature of service. They are
given below:

a. Production-oriented profession

Professionals involving in the production of goods are known as
production-oriented professions. Such professions are agriculture,
wood-work, stone-craft, etc. Similarly, some other professionals of the
category are carpenters, masons, painters, welders, designers, machine
operators, etc. Varieties of items are produced and disseminated in the
market. Mostly, the items of daily use are produced such as clothing
items, edible items and so on.

b. Service-oriented profession

Service-oriented professions provide service to the receiver. Plumbing,

book-keeping, medical profession, electrical, teaching, etc. are the

examples of service-oriented professions. Didkynoouw ?
Also, carpet-washing, car-washing and
nursing are service-oriented professions.

These professions are developed and The first nurses in
modernized with the pace of time. Nepal are Vidyawati,
Dharma Devi, Bishnu

NOW YOUR TIME Devi and Radha Devi.

Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements.

1. People select the profession as per their interest only.
2. Agriculture and forestry are the example of levelwise profession.
3. Each profession has its fundamental strata.
4. Plumbing is not the example of service-oriented profession.

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WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. Write the three kinds of the classification of

profession with examples. K nowledge

2. Define sectorwise profession.

3. Give any three examples of service-oriented C omprehension
profession.

Connecting PROJECT

4. Make a tree diagram of the classification of A pplication
profession and present it in your class.

5. Differentiate between the service-oriented profession A nalysis
and levelwise profession. E valuation
S ynthesis
6. “Most people in developed countries are involved
in service-oriented profession whereas people in
developing countries are involved in production
oriented profession.” Give your opinion for this
statement.

7. If you were Minister of Education, how would you
plan your academic system to the country that
meets demand of all levels of profession ?

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3Lesson Relationship between
Profession and Training

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to After learning about training, you can
improve your skills required for your
 define training. profession in the future.
 describe the relationship of profession

with training.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

You must have visited different schools and offices. They run
with different teammates: trained, untraind, skilled and semi-
skilled. Have you noticed any differences between trained and
untrained professionals in their performance?

How does training help perform the task in a better way ?
Discuss.

The process of learning the skills
that we need to do a job is called
training. Profession is a type of
work and training is a tool. It
makes a professional accomplish
the assigned task on time skilfully
with more productivity. Training
sharpens the knowledge and adds
skills. Knowledge without skilful
training is just like that of dispersed water, but trained knowledge is
like a flow of water to the powerhouse that generates electricity. In this
way, training that adds skills, methods of performing a task in a better
way and empowering the ability to run the profession smoothly is called
professional training.

No occupation becomes effective and qualitative unless there is ample
opportunity of training for the assigned professionals. Professional

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training imparts essential skills and abilities to the professionals in
their profession. Training helps modernize and enlarge the qualitative
dimensions of the professionals. For example, in tailoring, one is trained,
to measure, cut and sew the clothes. The more one is trained, the more
s/he becomes expert and performs the work more accurately. So skilled
and trained professionals produce quality goods that fully satisfy the
needs of customers in the market.

Newness in the performed task with quality is always expected in
work. It is possible only through skills. To add such extra flavour in
work, professionals need training. It can use modern and advanced
technology easily in such a way that expectation of service receivers
can be addressed at the optimum level.

The following points clarify the interrelationship between profession
and training:

a. No profession can provide qualitative and effective service to the
needy people without training.

b. Sectorwise and levelwise profession cannot be successful without
the suitable training.

c. Training makes any professional more productive and efficient.
d. It provides us necessary subject matter, knowledge and skill.
e. Higher-level training makes the lower-level profession successful.

Thus, it is clear that technical education and training change our
traditional profession into the modern one. The profession of traditional
farming with hoe and plough has changed into mechanical engineering
due to the use of science and technology as well as professional education
of training. Thus training has facilitated quite a lot in the constructional
sector.

NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks with a suitable word(s) :

1. Generally, training is _________ for sharpening knowledge.
2. Training enhances the _________.
3. To perform the task in a better way, professionals need _________.
4. Occupations become _________ by training.

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WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What do you mean by training? K nowledge

2. How does training sharpen our knowledge? Explain. C omprehension

Connecting PROJECT

3. Visit any five professionals in your community and

complete the following table with their professions

and required training. A pplication

S.N. Name of the profession Required training

1.

2.

3.

4. What is the relationship between profession and A nalysis
training? E valuation
S ynthesis
5. “Training sharpens the knowledge and adds the
skills.” Justify.

6. Suggest any five ways to make training more
effective.

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4Lesson Technical Profession

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By choosing technical profession, you can
create better employment opportunities in
 explain technical profession. the future.
 describe the importance of technical

profession.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

A profession needs technology for its betterment. In which occupation

are your family members involved? Does any technician help in the

profession?

You must have visited TV and radio repairing centres. What kind
of equipment does the technician use to repair radios and TVs?

Advanced application of existing
knowledge, ideas and skill is known
as technology. It plays significant
role because it uses less energy and
resources to accomplish the assigned
task on time with productivity. A
person with technical knowledge
is called technician. Technology is
used in profession that supports its
performance. Technical profession
is performance-oriented, practical or mechanical science. It is practical
rather than theoretical knowledge. Technical knowledge is acquired
either through training or professional education. Technical profession
occupies a great scope in our society. There is a high demand of technical
human resources in the market.

Individuals with technical knowledge are called technicians. They
are very good at the job that involves practical work with scientific
equipment. Persons who can construct from a simple machine to the

large aeroplanes, buses, trucks, railway-engines, suspension bridges,

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tractors, houses, etc. and repair them are called technicians. These
all work fall under the technical profession. For instance, mechanical
engineering is a kind of technical profession. Within this profession,
there is welding profession. It can be further classified into gas welding,
arch welding, overhead welding, etc.

Every kind of technical profession can be classified basically into two
kinds–sectorwise profession and levelwise profession. Profession such as
construction, medical, agriculture, forestry, finance, hotel and tourism,
teaching, public service, etc. fall under the technical professions. They
have specific functions. For instance, doctor is a technical profession. It
has also sub-areas e.g. ENT, Neurology, Surgery, Cardiology, etc.

Technical profession also differs sectorwise and levelwise. Let’s take an
example from the medical sector.

i. Assistant Health Worker Basic level
ii. Health Assistant Intermediate level
iii. Doctor Higher level

Importance of technical profession

Technology helps accomplish assigned task easily and skilfully on time.
So technical human resources have got the good recognition everywhere.
The importance of technical profession is enumerated as follows:
a. To complete the work on time with less resources and energy that

increases productivity of the work.
b. To create better employment opportunity because technical

profession addresses the demand of the market.
c. To accelerate the pace of modernization.
d. To fulfil the demand of the skilled human resources.

NOW YOUR TIME

Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements.
1. Technology is the advanced application of the existing knowledge.
2. Technologies complete the work by using more effort.
3. JTA is the skilful human resource of construction business.
4. Technology fulfils the demand of skilled human resources.

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WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. Define technical profession. K nowledge
2. Who are the technicians?

3. Explain the importance of technical profession. C omprehension
Connecting PROJECT

4. Why is technical profession important in the A pplication
developing countries like Nepal? Discuss it with
your friends and make a list about the technicians
needed for Nepal.

5. What is technology ? How does it play the role to A nalysis
modernize the society?

6. If you were given to choose a profession between E valuation
technical and non-technical profession, which one
would you choose? Give your opinion.

7. Suggest any five points to improve the level of S ynthesis
technical education in our community.

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5Lesson Medical Profession

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By involving in medical profession, you can
serve the people of your society.
 define the medical profession.
 introduce and describe academic

information of nursing and general
medical profession.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Health professionals are the persons who provide preventive, curative
and promotional health care services in a systematic way. Health
professionals are necessary for both caring citizens and development
of the nation. How can we become health professionals? Discuss.

You have seen many medical professionals in hospitals. List the
required qualification to become a doctor and a nurse.

Where do you go if you fall sick? Who
treats you there? Now you must
have visualized the picture of a
doctor treating patients in hospitals
or health posts. Any profession
which is directly related to health
is known as medical profession. The
individuals involving in medical
profession are human resources of
medical profession. Assistant Health Worker, Midwife, Staff Nurse,
Physician, Surgeon, Radiologist, etc. are different professionals in the
medical sector. There are different disciplines in the medical sector like
homeopathy1, allopathy, Ayurveda, naturopathy, pathology, etc.

1 homeopathy : a system of complementary medicine in which ailments are treated by minute
doses of natural substances

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There are three different levels of the medical profession. They are
fundamental, intermediate and specialized levels. This chapter
introduces professionals of fundamental and intermediate levels. Also,
it provides information about nursing and general medical profession.

Nursing profession

Nursing is an important strand
of medical profession. Assistant
Nursing Midwife (ANM) and Staff
Nurse are the fundamental and
intermediate levels of nursing
profession respectively. Nursing
is becoming the first choice for
the ladies in our country. To serve
the patients is the main task of these professionals. They are usually
trained to measure the blood pressure and fever. They give medicines
preseribed by doctors to the patients and take care of newly born babies
and their mothers. They also provide essential suggestions about health,
by going to the patient’s homes or in health posts. They play a pivotal
role in the medical sector.

Academic Information

S.N. Job Entry Major courses Course Certificate
title qualification duration

• Human

Physiology 2 years + Technical
5 months School Leav-
1. ANM Class Ten • Delivery care internship ing Certificate
• Prenatal care
(TSLC)
• Treatment of

normal diseases

2. ANM SLC • Human 15 months Technical
Physiology + 3 months School Leaving
internship
• Delivery care Certificate
• Prenatal care (TSLC)

3. Staff SLC • Human 3 years Intermediate
Nurse Physiology in Nursing

• Delivery care
• Prenatal care

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General medicine profession

General medicine profession has played an important role in our

community to maintain different kinds of health services. Professionals

like Health Assistant (HA), Community Medicine Assistant (CMA),

Assistant Health Worker (AHW) are some examples of general medicine

professions. Assistant Health Worker Didkynoouw ?
becomes Senior Health Assistant
Worker (SAHW) after s/he takes The Schola Medica
training. AHW is the fundamental Salernitana was the world’s
professional and SAHW is the
intermediate level professional in this first medical school.

sector.

Academic Information

S.N. Job title Entry Major courses Course Certificate
qualification duration

1. AHW Class ten • Medical 2 years + Technical
treatment 5 months School
internship Leaving
• Disease and
care of diseases Certificate
(TSLC)
• Health
counseling

• Community Technical
School
Medicine Leaving

2. AHW SLC • Treatment and 15 months Certificate
care of diseases (TSLC)

• Health

counseling

• Community

3. SAHW AHW and Medicine 3 years + Diploma
six months • Diseases and 10 months Level

training care of diseases training
experience • Health

counseling

Health S.L.C. in • General health 3 years Intermediate
4. Assis- second check-up in general
division medicine
tant

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NOW YOUR TIME

Match column A with column B.

Column A Column B
ANM 3 years
Staff Nurse 3 years + 10 months’ training
AHW 2 years + 5 months’ internship
SAHW 15 months

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What is medical profession? K nowledge
2. List the different disciplines in medical sector.
3. Describe the duties of a nurse.
4. List the job titles of the general medicine profession.

5. What is the major work of SAHW ? Explain. C omprehension

Connecting PROJECT

6. Make a short report on the work of health A pplication
professionals and present it in your class.

7. Differentiate between ANM and Staff Nurse. A nalysis

8. Compare the role of an HA with that of an AHW in E valuation
providing medical service.

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6Lesson Engineering Profession

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By taking engineering profession, you can
contribute to infrastructural development
 explain engineering profession. of your country. You can also increase the
 describe academic information of basic safety of construction.

surveyor, sub-overseer and overseer.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

For the development of Nepal, it is necessary to develop various
infrastructures. Technical human resources are mostly needed
for these tasks. Do you have any idea why there are less technical
human resources in Nepal ?

You might have seen many types of construction work running
in your locality. What kind of professionals are involved in such

work? Discuss.

Whom do you call to construct
buildings? Who makes the maps
of construction? Who do you
deal with if you need to measure
your land? Now you must have
visualized the picture of masons
constructing buildings and basic
surveyers (Amin) measuring land.
Professions directly related to
construction sector like engineers, masons, mechanical overseers, etc.
are engineering professions. Engineering is the modernized form of
traditional skill and knowledge of constructing new structure. It also
consists of fundamental, intermediate and specialized professionals
(experts). Professionals of having short term training are categorized as
fundamental professionals while professionals obtained advanced courses
are categorized as specialized human resources in engineering sector.

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Some engineering professions

Engineering profession consists of different branches and sub-branches like
civil engineering, mechanical engineering, computer engineering, chemical
engineering, electronic engineering, etc. In this chapter, we discuses some
fundamental and intermediate levels of engineering profession:

1. Basic surveyor (Amin)

An Amin is a professional who measures land using scale. People need the
Amin as they involve in buying and selling of land. The Amin finds out the
accurate area of the land by measuring it. S/he sketches the shape of the
land and keeps records and prepares a map of the measured land.

Academic information

S.N. Programmes/ Entry Major Course duration Certificate
subjects TSLC
qualification courses 1 year + 3 months
internship
1. Amin SLC Survey

2. Sub-overseer

Sub-overseers are the fundamental professionals of engineering. They
supervise the construction work. Especially, they help engineers or
overseers. They are qualified to sketch the map of buildings.

Academic qualification

S.N. Profession/ Entry Major courses Course Certificate
programmes qualification duration

1. Sub-overseer Class ten or • Survey, Drawing 2 years + TSLC
(Building) SLC • Construction 5 months
• Practical internship

Sub-overseer S.L.C • Survey, Drawing 2 years + TSLC
2. (Drinking Water • Construction 3 months
• Practical
and Irrigation )

3. Overseer or Sub-Engineer

This is an intermediate level of profession in engineering sector.
Overseers or sub-engineers sketch the map, and prepare the design
of the construction. Some most common scopes of overseer include
mechanical engineering, computer engineering, IT and communication
are the variations of engineering profession.

FUNCTIONAL 19

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Academic information

S.N. Programmes Entry Major courses Course Certificate
qualification duration

Diploma and SLC • Survey, Drawing 3 Years Diploma and
1. Intermediate • Estimation Proficiency
• Management Certificate Level in
Level-Civil • Road Civil Engineering

Diploma and • Survey, Drawing Diploma and
• Machine and Proficiency
2. Intermediate SLC 3 Years Certificate Level
Level- Construction in Mechanical
Technology Engineering
Mechanical • Management

NOW YOUR TIME

Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements.
1. Engineering profession is related to agricultural sector.
2. A person who measures land using scale is called an Amin.
3. Overseer is an intermediate level of profession of engineering sector.
4. To be a sub-overseer of building, we should pass Master’s level

examination.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What is engineering profession? K nowledge
2. Give the examples of fundamental and intermediate

level of engineering profession.

3. What are the duties of an overseer? C omprehension
Connecting PROJECT

4. Visit any construction site of your surrounding A pplication
and prepare a list of duties carried out by a
sub-engineer.

5. How can we be an Amin? A nalysis

6. If you were to choose a profession between civil E valuation
engineering and medical engineering, which one
would you choose? Why ?

20 FUNCTIONAL

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7Lesson Profession Related to
Agriculture and Forestry

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By involving in agriculture, you can produce
healthy and nutritious food.
 explain profession related to agriculture
and forestry.

 describe academic information of JT,
JTA and professions related to forestry.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Nepal is an agricultural country. The main occupation of the
Nepalese people is related to agriculture. But it has become only
subsistantial. Does the arrival of technical professionals related to
agriculture help change the present situation of agriculture? How?

Discuss the professions in agriculture and forest management.

Agricultural sector also consists of
technical and non-technical human
resources. Seed management,
seedling management, irrigation,
controlling of pests and diseases, etc.
are the technical sides of agricultural
profession. In the same way, animal
husbandry, procedures and methods
of cattle farming, prevention of
diseases, and treatment of the
diseases of livestock farming are the examples of occupations which need
technical human resources. Plantation and caring of the plants, security to
forest resources are the examples of the occupations related to forestry. A
short description of these occupations are given below:

A. Professions related to agriculture
1. Junior Technical Assistant (JTA)
JTA stands for Junior Technical Assistant who works as a consultant of

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agricultural sector. Agricultural activities like proper caring of seeds and
seedlings, management and preparation of land for farming are carried
out by farmers. While doing so, farmers need proper advice regarding the
control of pests and diseases. JTA also advises people for animal husbandry.

Academic information

S.N. Programmes/ Entry Major Course duration Certificate
Subjects qualification courses TSLC
15 months TSLC
1. JTA Class ten Animal 2 years + 5 months,
(Livestock) Health, etc.
internship
2. JTA (Animal Class ten Animal
Science) Health, etc.

2. Junior Technician (JT)

JT is an intermediate level of a professional in the agricultural sector.
Advice regarding the management of irrigation, prevention of diseases
in crops, management of seasonal and off-season vegetables are some of
the areas where JTAs work.

Academic qualification

S.N. Profession Minimum Major courses Course Certificate
Qualification duration

Proficiency • Agronomy I.Sc. or
1. Level (Botany)
SLC pass • Horticulture 3 years Diploma
or Diploma
• Vegetable Farming (Agriculture)

Proficiency Animal health I.Sc. or
and other related Diploma
2. level (Animal SLC pass 3 years (Animal
Health or Di- subjects Health)

ploma)

Proficiency SLC pass Milk production and 3 years I.Sc. or
Level and processing Diploma
3. Diploma (Food (Food and
technology/
Dairy products) Dairy
Product)

B. Profession related to forestry

We find people involved in different kinds of work of forestry. There
are fundamental and intermediate levels of profession. Forester is the
fundamental profession and Ranger is the intermediate profession. They
are responsible for the security and management of natural resources as
well as wildlife and launching mass awareness programmes.

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Academic information

S.N. Profession Subject Entry Major Course Certificate
qualification courses duration
PCL or
Intermediate SLC Forest 3 Years Diploma
1. Ranger or Diploma Management
TSLC
in forestry

2. Forester TSLC SLC Forest 1 Year
(forestry) Management

Connectinng PROJECT

Vist the forester and the ranger working in your community and
discuss the importance of their profession. Prepare a report and
present it in the class.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What is agricultural profession? K nowledge
2. What are the academic degrees for forester and ranger?

3. What are the major works of JT? Explain. C omprehension
Connecting PROJECT

4. Visit the Agricultural Service Centre in your locality A pplication
and discuss with the human resources working there.
Prepare a report based on the following points:
a. Name, post and duty of the people working there
b. Minimum qualification for their posts
c. Benefits of visiting the centre
d. Conclusion and suggestions

5. How can we get TSLC on forestry? A nalysis

6. Compare JTA with Diploma in forestry. E valuation

7. Create a new post in agricultural profession to S ynthesis
meet the demand of your comunity.

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8Lesson Profession Related to
Financial Sector

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By involving in financial profession, you can
mobilize money and keep record of financial
 explain the profession related to finan- transaction.
cial sector.

 introduce and describe academic
information of assistant accountant and
accountant.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

You must have observed the work of the accountant in your school. What

kind of knowledge and education is necessary to be an accountant?

You must have visited co-operatives in your surroundings. List
the procedure of maintaining financial transaction in such offices.

Professions related to economic
activities are simply termed as
financial professions. Banks, co-
operatives, finance companies,
industries and business firms are
the institutes where professionals
like Assistant Accountant,
Manager, Accounting Officer,
Auditors, and C.A. perform their
tasks. These professionals keep the records of financial transaction.
Auditing1, accounting management, documentation and report writing
are the major activities related to financial profession. There are various
financial professions. Some of them are described below:

1. Assistant Accountant
An Assistant Accountant assists the Accountant and keeps the records

1 auditing : conducting an official inspection of a company or its account

24 FUNCTIONAL

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of income and expenditure. SLC along with the short term training is
required to be an Assistant Accountant in our country.

2. Accountant

Accountants are the skilful human resources for keeping records of
financial transaction. One needs to join the faculty of Commerce or
Management. This is the intermediate level of profession in financial
sector. Both knowledge and skill are required for accountancy.

Academic information

S.N. Profession Minimum qualification Contents and subjects

1. Assistant Accountant SLC Economics/Account in SLC level

2. Accountant PCL or +2 Faculty of commerce/mangement

NOW YOUR TIME
Make any five “Multiple choice” questions from the above lesson.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What do you mean by financial profession? K nowledge
2. Write any three examples of financial professionals.

3. Make a table of academic qualifications required C omprehension
for the financial profession.

Connecting PROJECT

4. Visit a financial institution of your locality and make a

report on financial transaction on the basis of given topics: A pplication

• Title • Method • Objectives

• Finding • Conclusion

5. Differentiate between Assistant Accountant and A nalysis
Accountant.

6. Why is an Assistant Accountant required when the E valuation
same job is done by an Accountant? Give your opinion.

7. Suggest a simple book keeping format for your S ynthesis
family business.

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9Lesson Profession Related to Tourism

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By getting the information about the
profession related to tourism, you can take
 describe professionals related to tourism. it as your future career.
 introduce academic information of

trekking guides and cooks.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

You have seen many tourists visiting our natural and cultural

heritage. What are the advantages of this activity? What kind of

people are involved in tourism sector?

Tourists roam different places for recreational purposes. What
kind of benefits can we gain from them?

You must have seen native and
foreign people visiting around
temple, monasteries, historical
palaces and places, mountains
and so on. They visit such things
with different purposes. Tourists
roam different places for limited
time. The practice of travelling
for recreation, entertainment and
method of guidance or management of tourists is known as tourism. It
has become one of the main income generating sources. Many countries
have uplifted their economic status through tourism. National and
transnational are the two varieties of tourism. It is also known as
pollution free industry.

Tourists are taken as god in our country. It is said that “Atithi Devo
Vawa”. They should be treated respectfully. We should address their
expectations and essentialities. To meet such demand and expectations

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of tourists, we need trained human resources. Such human resources
working in tourism sector are called tourism professionals. Guides,
cooks, porters and agents of travel agencies are the professionals of
tourism. Fundamental and intermediate professionals of tourism are
discussed in this chapter.

1. Cook

A cook is a fundamental professional in
tourism. Preparation of delicious items
for tourists is the prime task of the
cook. The trained and head of the cook
is called chef. Cook is also ca tegorized
as fundamental level to expert level.

Academic information

S.N. Entry qualification Major course Course duration

1. SLC Varieties of Food Items 2 years +4 months internship

2. Class ten Varieties of Food Items 1 year

2. Guide

Guides are facilitators in tourism sector. Guides should have proper
knowledge of historical places, nature and culture so that they can
inform the tourists about them. The guides should be able to speak
both local and foreign languages.

Academic information

Languages to study Entry qualification Period

English, Japanese French, Chinese, Russian, German, etc. SLC 1 year

NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks with suitable word(s) :
1. The act of visiting new areas for recrational purposes is called _____.
2. Guides, cooks, porters and agents of travel agencies are the

professionals related to _________.
3. A cook is a _________ profession in tourism.
4. Guides should have the knowledge of ___ as well as local language.

FUNCTIONAL 27

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WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What are professionals related to tourism ? K nowledge
2. What are the duties of a guide?

3. Explain the importance of tourism in our country.
4. Why is tourism industry the most probable source C omprehension

of income in Nepal?

Connecting PROJECT

5. Visit any travel agency or hotel and collect the A pplication
information about tourism professionals and
present it in your class.

6. Call a guide to your class and discuss the tourist
destination in your locality. Also prepare a chart
paper with the photos of these tourist destinations.

7. How can we become a cook? Write some steps. A nalysis

8. “Atithi Devo Bhawa.” Justify the statement. E valuation

28 FUNCTIONAL

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10Lesson Teaching Profession

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By involving in teaching profession in the
future, you can produce better human
 describe teaching professions. resources needed for your society.
 describe academic information of teach-

ing profession.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Education is one of the most important factors for development.
Government invests a lot in this field every year. The Government of
Nepal has also launched various programmes to raise the standard
of this sector. But the condition of the public and community schools
of Nepal is not satisfactory. What can be the reasons behind it?

Each day, you go to school. Teachers help you know the things
in advanced ways. List the importance of teaching professional

in your community.

The process of imparting knowledge
to the learners is generally known as
teaching. It is said that the process
of learning begins from cradle and
ends in grave. A teacher is the best
means in this teaching learnings
process. Teachers, lecturers and
professors are human resources of
teaching professions. Hence, they
all are teachers.

Teaching profession is very essential for the development of society.
Education is the infrastructure of development. It is very necessary
for the development of society as well as nation. Demand of skilled
human resources is increasing day by day. Preparation of skilled

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human resources is possible only through teachers. So teachers are
considered as the assets of the society. There are many kinds of teaching
professionals. Some of them are discussed below:

Facilitator or Mentor

Facilitators are the teachers who teach at childcare centres. They use easy
techniques and teach the children in an interesting way. They are of two types:

1. Montessori tutor in child development centre

Children need proper care and love.
They should be brought up with
special care and love. Montessori
tutors are such teachers who create
child-friendly environment in which
children learn easily. Children
always prefer to learn by playing
and enjoying. So Montessori tutors
should have good knowledge of
games and play things.

2. Informal education tutors

Some children cannot go to school because of poverty, family problems
and lack of schools in the community. Adult literacy classes, women
literacy classes, etc. provide them chances to get education. The teachers
who teach at such informal literacy programmes are called Informal
Education Tutors. Nowadays, they are also called facilitators.

Academic information

Teaching has become an influencing job to the present days. There are
different levels and areas of teaching professionals. Each of them need
specific qualifications and training. All this depends on the national
education policy of a country. In Nepal, we find the following kinds of
school-level teachers:

S.N. Level of teachers Entry Training and experience
1. (Profession) qualification
I.Ed. or equivalent with
Primary level PCL/10+2 10 months training
(class 1-8)

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2. Secondary level:

Class 9 and 10 Bachelor’s degree in related B.Ed. or, equivalent with
subject with teaching license 10 months training

Class 11 and 12 Master’s degree in Not compulsory
related subject

3. Montessori tutor Class 8 16 days training in the
(Married lady) related subject

4. Informal Class 8 6-12 days training in the
education related subject

NOW YOUR TIME
Make any five “True or False” question from the above lesson.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What is teaching profession? K nowledge
2. Write the academic qualification of an Informal

Education Tutor.

3. How can we become a Montessori tutor at Child C omprehension
Development Centre?

Connecting PROJECT

4. Make a list of the teaching professionals of your A pplication
society on the basis of your field visit.

5. Make a list of academic information of any three
teachers of your school.

6. Collect the information about the teachers in your
community and fill in the table below:

Teacher/ Qualiication Level Training Total expenditure
facilitator in education

1.

2.

7. Why are teaching professionals important in our A nalysis
society? Give your reason. E valuation

8. “Teaching is an influencing job to the present day.”
Justify.

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11Lesson Profession
Related to Public Service

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By involving in public services, you can
implement plans and policies made by the
 explain professions related to public service. government.
 describe academic information of an

office assistant.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Professions related to public services are respectable professions.
They resemble the very condition of the nation. But in the Nepalese
context, many reports have shown that they are involved in bribery in
this or that way. What are the causes and effects of these professionals’
bribery in the social and national level?

You must have seen civil servants in many government offices
and agencies too. List some of the posts of public service.

You can see many local government
bodies like Village Development
Committee, District Development
Committee, Municipality and
Metropolitan office, etc. These
bodies employ some personnels to
provide public service for people.
Such public services include birth
registration, marriage registration,
death registration, transfer of real estate ownership, issuance of
citizenship, etc. Similarly, food depots distribute ration in the remote
areas. Nepal Electricity Authority provides various services related
to electricity. The staff of these offices are ranked as gazette and non
gazette officers. They are Section Officers, Nayab Subbas and Kharidars.
The service provided by these civil servants is called public service.
Public service commission selects them by written test to interview and

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appoints them at various offices. In this chapter we will discuss the post
of office assistants.

Office assistant

Personnel who are involved in managing official work, filing letters,
registering, keeping record in the public offices are known as office
assistants. There are two types of office assistants in public offices. They
are gazetted and non-gazetted officials. The information of appointing
and posting of civil servants like section officers, assistant secretaries
are published in Nepal gazette. So they are known as gazetted officials.
The information of appointing and posting of Kharidar and Nayab
Subba are not published in Nepal gazette. So they are non-gazetted
officials. Nayab Subba falls under the category of the first class and
Kharidar under the second class non-gazetted officials.

Academic information

S.N. Profession Entry Subjects of study
1. Kharidar qualification
• Either subject will do for administrative
2. Nayab SLC service
Subba
PCL or +2 • Specific training/qualification for technical
service

• Either subject will do for administrative
service

• Specific training/quaalification for teaching
service

NOW YOUR TIME

Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements.

1. Any work related to public Didkynoouw ?
service is not profession.
The first chairperson of
2. Kharidar is the example of Public Service Commission
non-gazetted official. of Nepal is Anirudra Singh

3. To hold the post of Nayab Thapa.
Subba, we should pass PCL or

+2 level.

FUNCTIONAL 33

Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 7

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. Define professions related to public service. K nowledge
2. Write any three examples of professions, related to

public service.

3. How can we be an office assistant? Explain. C omprehension
Connecting PROJECT

4. Visit a non-gazetted second class officer and ask A pplication
him/her what sorts of procedure s/he completed
when s/he was appointed in the post.

5. Visit any three people involved in public service in
your community. Discuss the following points and
prepare a report.
a. People and their posts
b. Their efforts to achieve the present position
c. Their duties
d. Their qualification, training, salary
e. Advantages of your visit
f. Conclusions and suggestions

6. Differentiate between Kharidar and Nayab Subba. A nalysis

7. If you had to choose a profession between civil E valuation
service and private business, which one would you
choose? Why?

34 FUNCTIONAL

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GLANCING 20
THIS UNIT 3

A. Theoretical Revision

1. Fill in the blanks.
a. Plumbing is a _________ oriented profession.
b. Amin measures _________ using a scale.
c. Accountant is an _________ level profession related to finance.

2. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements: 2
a. A person without technical knowledge is called a technician.
b. The minimum qualification for studying staff nurse is SLC.
c. A Sub-overseer supervises the construction works.
d. The post JTA stands for Junior Telecommunication Assistant.

3. Answer the following questions (any three): 5 x 3 = 15

a. What is a profession? Describe different types of professions.

b. Differentiate between an overseer and a sub-overseer.

c. “Nursing is becoming an attractive career for Nepalese girls.” Justify.

d. Classify teaching profession on the basis of academic qualifications and

training.

B. Practical Revision 20

1. Do the following activities: 5 x 3 = 15

a. Talk to any 10 people of different professions in your community. Make a list

of their training and skills and show the relationship of their training with

their jobs.

b. Submit the projects given in the lessons of this unit to your teacher and get

them signed by him/her. Keep a record of your submissions.

c. What do you want to be in future? Choose any one of the fields that you read

in your book and write your plans and activities to make sure that you can

get your chosen job. Connecting
INTERNET
2. Viva-voce 5
a. What is the relationship between profession and training?
b. What does an amin do? Looking throughout Visit www.symphonypub.com for cumulative revision.
c. Why are agricultural consultants required?
d. Why is a guide important in tourism sector?
e. Who is a Kharidar?

FUNCTIONAL 35

Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 7

UNIT EDUCATION, TRAINING
2 AND EMPLOYMENT

1Lesson Introduction and Importance of
Regional and National-Level Employment

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By identifying the regional and national-level
employment, you can grab the opportunity
 describe regional and national-level of regional and national-level employment
employment. according to your capability and necessity.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Nepal is famous for trekking and mountaineering in the world.

These are seasonal professions. Can these professions be better for

livelihood? Why? Why not?

Why do you think the trained and skilled person has better job
opportunities in the labour market?

People are involving in different
work to run their life. Some are
working in government institution
and some are working in NGOs,
INGOs, etc. whereas other work
in animal farms, industry and
agricultural sectors. These work
are known as occupation that are
necessary for our livelihood.

Occupation helps run the life of employees smoothly. They always try
to make their family status good. They are working for their children’s
fooding, clothing, education, good health, etc. People are busy in their
work. It helps them solve the problem of their life easily. Some people

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work in their own industry and business and thus help in promoting
our country’s economic status. People, who help their country, become
famous.

People who have no job in terms of earning are called unemployed.
Unemployment creates lots of problems in the society. Social crimes and
evils increase. There comes the problem of robbery. People are bound to
live in the state of absence of peace in their own community.

Teachers teach at schools. Drivers drive vehicles. Some people run
their business in their own houses and create the opportunities of
employment for others. Some are working in other’s companies as
labourers. The opportunity to work in the company or other institutions
is called employment. People who create the working opportunity
themselves are self-employed. Employment can be classified as regional
and national-level employment.

1. Regional-level employment

Regional-level employment is
available in particular regions. On
the basis of regional productions,
we can find the opportunities of
work. For example, apple trees
are farmed in Jumla, Humla and
other hilly districts. Cardamom is
farmed in a few districts of Nepal.
Climbing and trekking are the major employment of mountain and
hilly regions. These are regional employment. Yarshagumba is found
in the mountainous region. People collect it in order to run their life.
These activities create the employment for the people. They also obtain
economic benefit. From this, the region’s educational, economic and
social status is increased and the life standard is also raised.

2. National-level employment

National-level employment helps uplift the people’s life standard. It leads
to the overall development of the nation. National-level employment
includes health, education, peace and security, etc. Nepal is rich in water
resources and we can produce electricity. People get the opportunity of

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employment. Tourism, herbal production and manufacturing industries
are the examples of national level employment.

NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks with suitable word(s) :
1. People are busy in their work for _________ and _________.
2. People who are not involved in any kind of work are known as

_________.
3. _________ employment is available in particular regions.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What do you mean by employment? K nowledge
2. What is regional employment?
3. List any four examples of national-level employment.

4. Whatistheimportanceofnational-levelemployment? C omprehension
5. List the regional and national-level employment of

your society.
Connecting PROJECT

6. Collect the vacancy announcement from local and A pplication
national newspapers and sort them in the following
table.

S.N. Regional-level employment National-level employment

1.

2.

7. Differentiate between regional and national-level A nalysis
employment. E valuation
S ynthesis
8. Mention some areas of national-level employment
and prioritize them with reasons on the basis of
their importance.

9. Suggest any five ideas to promote regional-level
employment.

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2Lesson Types of General and
Vocational Training

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By receiving training, you can apply your
knowledge and skills in a more productive
 explain the general and vocational training. way.
 describe the relationship between

vocation and training.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Training sharpens the knowledge and enhances skills. Professionals in
Nepal mostly lack training that has adversely affected the output of the
job done. What do you think is the reason behind this situation?

Have you noticed any relationship between vocation and

training ?

People need knowledge and skills,
for involving in different work. We
should know about the equipment
and their secure use in the work.
Training teaches us the secure
and skilful use of the equipment.
It sharpens our knowledge and
enhances skills. Skills help perform
the work in a better way. So training
helps us produce the skilful human resources who can perform the
assigned task in a better way.

Education and training for employment

Education gives knowledge and training makes the knowledge
applicable. Education spreads the knowledge of language, society,
tradition, history, science and technology. It makes people act as per the
demand of the time. Training adds skills to the knowledge. So skilled
human resources have a high possibility to be involved in jobs.

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General education, vocational education and training

People should acquire knowledge suitable for their future profession.
So they gain education from school level. In this level, they learn
languages, science, maths, social studies, moral education, etc. Through
the knowledge of these subjects they can create the background of their
future profession. With the help of fundamental knowledge, we can open
the gateway of various vocational education and knowledge. Vocational
subjects enhance the knowledge of managing an organization safely
and maintain security in the work station.

Nature and types of training

Training means to add skills to our knowledge. It helps accomplish the
assigned task on time successfully. It is a lifelong process that can be
obtained from various training centres. It can also be obtained from
the regular co-work with seniors. There are different kinds of training
based on the nature of occupation and demand of the market. On the
basis of the objectives, training can be categorized as follows:

General Training Knowledge Employment
Skill-Oriented Training Skill
Business Operating Training

a. General training

General training provides knowledge of a particular subject on a
theoretical base. For example, training needed to know the legal
procedure of running a private company can be termed as general
training. It broadens trainee’s creative, interpersonal, problem solving,
managerial and communication skills.

b. Skill-oriented training
Particularly, this type of training provides skills for a job that individuals
involve in. There are mainly three types of skill-oriented training:

1. Livelihood training
Most people involve in an occupation to generate income. If they get

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training, the work becomes easier. So training given to the professionals
to make their job done easily and skilfully is known as livelihood training.
Tailoring, knitting and sewing are examples of livelihood training.

2. Job-oriented training

Opportunity may be available locally, regionally, nationally and
internationally. So training provided for individuals to grab those job
opportunities is termed as job-oriented training. This type of training
enables an individual to do a particular job skilfully. Individuals
enhanced with such training are employed in different sectors of
profession.

3. Self-employed training

Creation of a job for oneself is self-employment. Skill-oriented training
imparts entrepreneurship and dexterity. It makes a person self-
employed. People enhanced with skill-oriented training may run
mushroom farming, tailoring, shop-keeping, etc. By obtaining this
training, people can run their own small business in their own effort to
generate earning for living.

c. Business-operating training

Market management, accounting, registration process, human resources
management, etc. fall under the business-operating training. Such
training makes the professional entrepreneur in the business sector.
This training is important for preparing skilled human resources to
operate the business at local, regional, national or international-level.

NOW YOUR TIME

Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements.
1. Training makes knowledge applicable.
2. In school-level education, we can get vocational training.
3. Self-employed training gives ability to work for others.
4. Market management training is the example of business

management training.

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