Functional OBET Book 7

NOW YOUR TIME

Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements.
1. Modernization has not left any part untouched.
2. We should not be alert while using modern appliances.
3. Radio, TV and freeze are the examples of electric devices.
4. The valve should be opened while using a pressure cooker.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. Write any three methods for using gas appliances. K nowledge

2. What are the basic things in which we should be C omprehension
careful on the use of electric instruments?
Connecting PROJECT

3. Make a list of the daily used appliances of your A pplication
house and also suggest how can we use them safely.

4. Collect some newspapers and cut the news of
accident caused while using home appliances and
present it in your class.

5. Why do we use modern appliances in our daily life? A nalysis

6. Which one do you prefer among water heater, solar E valuation
heater and gas geyser? Why? S ynthesis

7. Suggest any five safety measures that need to be
adopted while using gas appliances.

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3Lesson Principles of
Traditional Technologies

What ? Why ?

WHAT & WHY You’ll learn to

 name some traditional technologies of By studying traditional technological

Nepal. practices, you can understand the simple

 explain Jaanto, oil expeller and water pump. principles lying behind them.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Local technologies help us in different ways. They are integral part

of our daily life. They are made differently than that of modern

technologies. How does a panighatta or water pump work ?

How does water pump help us in our daily life? Discuss.

Introduction

The core principle of every type of technology is that it enhances
the productivity. We use technology for faster and higher output. It
magnifies the output by minimizing labour and human effort. Some
traditional technologies are still in use among us. They are also based
on the same principal i.e. Janto and Dhiki pump also focus on using
lesser amount of input to produce higher amount of output. Some of our
local technologies are discussed below:

1. Grinding technology

Grinding refers to an activity of
breaking or crushing something
into very small pieces by rubbing
between two hand surfaces. In this
technology, we use a set of stone
wheels. It is necessary to carve the
grinding stone with the hole in the
centre. In the edge of the upper
wheel, there is a hole in which a

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wooden stick is fixed for rotating the wheel to get the things grinded. The
lower wheel of this set gets fixed on the surface. It has got a wooden or
iron stick or rod (mani/fesa) in which the upper wheel rotates. It helps
control the whole technology. So it is also called the pivot of grinding
technology. Through this technology we can grind a lot of wheat, corn,
millet, etc. easily. It is the foundation of today’s grinding technology
like solar mills, modern grinding electric mills, etc.

2. Kol (Oil expeller)

Oil expeller is a foundation of
modern squeezing machines. It
is an ancient simple instrument
which helps get oil from mustard.
There is the use of liver only. Kol
is a rotating technology. Mustard is
heated and kept in the expeller. The
roller rotates over the hot mustard
with the help of oxen and oil is taken out from the expeller slowly.

3. Dhiki Pump (Water pump)

Dhiki pump is one of the oldest
technologies to pull out the
underground water. It is also made
using liver technology. In this
technology, there is a rigid bar that
goes up and down when we press
paddle with leg. This technology
helps pull more underground water
with less effort.

NOW YOUR TIME

Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements.

1. Modern technology minimizes the use of ____________.
2. The set of wheels is made up of _________ in grinding technology.
3. Oil expeller is the foundation of modern____________ machines.
4. Water pump is used for____________.

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WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What is Jaanto? K nowledge

2. How does an oil expeller work?
3. Explain some traditional technologies that are C omprehension

used at your home.
Connecting PROJECT

4. Visit your area and list the traditional technological A pplication
materials and observe how they work. Discuss
their importance in your class.

5. Differentiate between Dhiki pump and electric A nalysis
motor pump.

6. “Our traditional technologies are no less scientific E valuation
than the modern ones.” Justify.

7. Identify two more traditional technologies that S ynthesis
have developed into modern ones. Find their
working principles too.

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GLANCING 20
THIS UNIT 3

A. Theoretical Revision

1. Fill in the blanks :
a. Aran is a _______________ technology.
b. Fridge is an _______________ instrument.
c. Use of technology maximizes the _______________

2. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements: 2
a. We can perform any task faster with the use of technology.
b. Damaged plugs should not be changed.
c. We should check safety valve of pressure cooker before using it.
d. Dhiki pump is used to pump the underground water.

3. Answer the following questions (any three): 5 x 3 = 15

a. Make a comparison between local and modern technology.

b. What safety measures should be considered while using gas appliances?

c. “Local technologies are the foundation for modern technologies.” Justify.

d. What is a Jaanto? Describe its mechanism.

B. Practical Revision 20

1. Do the following activities: 5 x 3 = 15

a. Make models of various local tools and display them in your school.

b. Submit the projects given in the lessons of this unit to your teacher and get

them signed by him/her. Keep a record of your submissions.

c. Make a chart on “Safe use of Domestic Appliances.”

2. Viva-voce 5
a. What is a kol?
b. Give any two examples of local technology. Connecting
c. Name two modern instruments which run with electricity. INTERNET
d. What precautions should be taken while working with

electricity? Mention any two of them.
e. What is the function of a dhiki pump?

Looking throughout Visit www.symphonypub.com for cumulative revision.

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UNIT
16 MODERN TECHNOLOGY
Household Use of Electricity
1Lesson

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to After learning this lesson, you can better
handle electric appliances at your home.
 list some household equipments operated
with electricity.

 state the safely measures while using
switch, joint, socket plug, cable, volt
guard, bulb and MCB.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

We use different kinds of modern kitchen appliances that run with
electricity. Wire, plugs, MCB and circuits are the major instruments
for the flow of current. They are frequently used. If you are not
cautious while using the electric goods, you may get an electric shock.
What kinds of safety measures do you apply to be safe while using
any kind of electrical tools?

How do you use electric appliances like electric iron, electric
heater, rice cooker at home ? Discuss.

We use different kinds of modern technologies in our houses. Among
them, electrical appliances are the most common ones. We have to
be very careful while using them. We need to use some other electric
components while using electric home appliances. The most common
electric components are:

1. Switch 2. Joint 3. Socket plug
4. Electric wire 5. Volt guard 6. Bulb
7. MCB

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1. Switch

A switch is an electrical instrument that connects and
disconnects the electric current as per our desire. There
are different kinds and sizes of switches available in the
market. Generally, switches are kept on the surface of
switch board. Electric current is connected to the bulb
and other instruments with the help of wire. Keeping the switch ‘ON’
connects with the electricity whereas keeping it ‘OFF’ disconnects the
electricity. It is the main instrument to circulate electricity.

Things to be considered

a. Do not touch the live wire and switches with bare hands.
If electricity is leaked and metal wire is getting out from its cover,

call the electrician to fix it as soon as possible.
b. Never touch the wire and switch with wet hands.
c. Wiring should be done appropriately with the tight connection of

wires.
d. Put the switches off if the instruments are not in use.

2. Joint

A joint is an electric instrument used in wiring. It is
made of PVC, tin and wood. It is kept on the wall. By
connecting wires in the joint box, electricity is supplied
to different rooms of the house. In this way, joint box
helps distribute the electricity in essential places
through the wires.

Things to be considered

a. The wires should be inserted properly and covered with tape.
b. The wires should be properly connected and tight.
c. The wires should be checked to ensure that there is no leakage. If

there is leakage of electricity, technician should be called to fix it.

3. Socket Plug
A socket plug is also used for supplying electricity from one place to

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another. Generally, socket plugs have an
indicator, switches and plugs. The indicator
informs us whether there is supply of
electricity or not. There are two types of
socket plugs. They are socket plug with a
switch and socket plug without a switch. It
passes the current directly to the electric
instruments or the multi plug.

Things to be considered

a. They should not be kept in wet places.
b. They should be placed out of the reach of children.
c. Electric conductors like iron, waves, nails should not be inserted in

the plugs.

4. Electric cable

Electric cables are of various kinds and colours.
They are made of aluminum or copper covered with
PVC. A cable carries the current from one place to
another. It brings the current from power house to
the homes and from sockets to the switch, fan, TV,
and so on. There are live and neutral wires in the
cable. It should be connected to the main electric
source for the activation of electric instrument.

Things to be considered

a. It should not be kept in wet places.
b. We should not touch wire with our bare hands.
c. It should be kept out of the reach of children.
d. We should use safe and strong pipes to cover the wire at the time

of wiring.
e. We should always use insulated wire.

5. Volt guard
A volt guard reduces the danger of electric appliances that occurs due to
the fluctuation of current or voltages. The knob of the volt guard passes

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the current balancing its flow.

Things to be considered

a. Increase and decrease the voltage according
to the capacity of the electric instrument.

b. Connect the appliances only after regulating
the voltage.

6. Bulb
A bulb changes the electric energy to the light. Bulbs are
of different kinds having various voltage capacities. General
bulb, tube light, Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL), etc. are
some kinds of bulb. The general bulb consists of filament
made from very thin wire. When the electricity is supplied,
the flow of current heats the filament inside the bulb and
emits light. General bulbs are filled with Argon or nitrogen.

Things to be considered

a. We should not touch the bulb or tube that is glowing.
b. We should not shake the bulb or the tube.
c. It must be kept in holder properly, we should switch off while

placing it in the holder or removing it from the holder.

7. Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB)
An MCB is an electric equipment that saves the circ
uit from getting short circuit. There are fuses in the
MCB to control the current. The fuse gets disconnected
automatically. When electric voltage is very high, it
saves us from accidents due to excessive electric heating.

Things to be considered

a MCB should be used according to the capacity of electric appliances.
b. Do not ‘ON’ the MCB if it closes time and again automatically. In

such a case, an electrician should be informed for maintenance.

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NOW YOUR TIME

Find any six household electric components from the following
grid.

V J A B C A B LE
C O J K L M N OP
D I L V W X Y ZA
E N Q T R S T PU
F T F J G B L NO
C B G L M U O RS
M C B P G L A UV
H U I T Y B X RZ
I E K H R A P SD

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What is a switch? K nowledge

2. Write the functions of joints.

3. Write short notes on: C omprehension

i. Bulb ii. MCB

Connecting PROJECT

4. Collect the names of some electric equipments A pplication
used at your house. Prepare the use manual for
any one device from your list.

5. What are the things to be considered while using A nalysis
the switch?

6. Which one do you prefer in case of load shedding: E valuation
generator or solar panel? Why?

7. Suggest any five safety measures to be adopted S ynthesis
while using electric components.

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2Lesson Modern Household Appliances

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By using modern household appliances, you
can make your daily life easier, faster and
 identify some modern household appli- more convenient.
ances

 describe their importance.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Electricity has become one of the inseparable part of human life. In

our homes, we use different appliances that run with electricity. What

kind of safety precautions should be adopted while using electricity?

Name some of the modern household appliances used at your home.

Development of modern technology has affected people from the houses
to offices, organization, big companies and all. We use different kinds of
household modern appliances that help us make our daily life easy and
comfortable. In this lesson, we discuss:

1. Oven 2. Vacuum cleaner
3. Grinder 4. Juice maker

1. Oven

Simple and microwave oven are the two
types variations of oven found in the market.
They help us to cook food and keept it warm
by changing the electrical energy into heat.

a. Simple oven
A simple oven is used to cook or heat the food. There are one or two
halogen electric rods inside the oven which help cook. The switch
and other buttons of the oven help control time and temperature.
Performance of simple oven may vary depending on the nature of food.

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b. Microwave oven

It looks like a simple oven though there is vast difference in their
working procedure. There is no rod inside a micro wave oven. With the
help of electric current, micro web is generated through which the food
gets cooked or heated. The switch and buttons help regulate and control
the time and temperature. It gives us signal when the food is ready.

Things to be considered

a. We should use the utensils according to the overn.
b. We should not use plastic utensils in simple oven. We should use

metal utensils in it. Special kind of plastic and glass utensils are
used in micro-oven.
c. Put the plug out or switch it off when food is ready.
d. We should not touch the heated oven with bare hands.
e. It is better to use such appliances after reading the operating
manual.

2. Vacuum cleaner

It is an electric applience in the shape of a
small box. Different kinds of electric machines
inside the cleaner create vacuum which
attracts the small dusts and wastage. We use
this machine to clean mats and carpets.

A vacuum cleaner requires electric current to work. A switch (power
button) at the back side of the vacuum cleaner activates and deactivates
the machine. There is a hole in front of the machine where the pipe of
the cleaner is joined. With the help of other subsidiary pipes, the main
pipe of the cleaner collects the dusts and wastage of the floor, mats and
carpets.

Things to be considered

a. We should clean the intake part of the vaccum time to time.
b. Water and wet dust particles should not be pulled with the vacuum

cleaner.
c. We should be careful while plugging it in the circuit.
d. We should clean the dust bag of the vaccum cleaner time to time.

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3. Grinder

A grinder is a grinding machine that runs with
the help of electric motor. Generally, grinders are
used for making the flour of grains, rice, beans,
pulses, etc. Nowadays, grinders are connected with
mixture too. Basically, ‘daal’, pepper, caraway and
other condiments are grinded in this machine.

A grinder runs with electricity. It has two sections.
In the first section, beans, pepper, etc. are kept and
in the next section, motor is fixed. Grinder gets
started after switching the power button ‘ON’ and
it starts grinding the grain and spices.

Things to be considered

a. We should not plug the naked wire.
b. We should not touch the running grinder.
c. We should be careful with blade at the time of getting the flour out.
d. We should fix the base of the grinder properly before using it.
e. We should not grind hard objects, it may destroy the blade and the

motor.
f. We should read the operating manual carefully before using it.

4. Juice maker

It is a machine that helps get juice from fruits
and sugarcane. This machine has two parts. In
the upper part, there is a cylindrical utensil to
insert the fruits and the lower part consists of
motor. After the switch ‘ON’ the machine starts
squeezing the fruits inside and eleases juice out
from the lower part of the machine. An electric
juice maker has an ‘ON’ and ‘OFF’ button in the
machine that helps to run and control it.

Things to be considered

a. We should keep the machine clean.

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b. We should not touch the roller Didkynoouw ?
while it is working.
The vacuum cleaner of
c. We should not forget to switch modern design was invented
it off after the completion of the
work. in 1901 by the British
engineer Hubert Cecil Booth.

NOW YOUR TIME

Match column A with column B.

Column A Column B
Oven makes flour from the grains and spices.
Vacuum cleaner squeezes the fruits.
Grinder cooks and heats the food.
Juice maker cleans mat and carpets.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What is the major function of an oven? K nowledge
2. Write the main functions of a vacuum cleaner and

a juice maker.

3. How can we use a grinder safely? Explain. C omprehension
Connecting PROJECT

4. Visit a nearby market and collect the information A pplication
about modern household appliances.

5. What are the things to be considered for using an A nalysis
oven?

6. “Modern household appliances have made our life E valuation
simpler, easier and more comfortable.” Justify.

7. If you were to change a vacuum cleaner into S ynthesis
another simpler multipurpose device, what would
you change or add or remove? Why?

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3Lesson Introduction and
Importance of Technology

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By using technology, you can get your work
done in an easier and faster way.
 define technology.
 describe the importance of technology.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

You must have used cell phone. It is one of the achievements of

modern technology. It is very important these days. How ?

Have you ever used ATM card ? Is it helpful ? Discuss.

The term ‘technology’ has come from the
Greek word ‘Technologia’. In the Greek
etymology ‘techno’ means ‘art, skill and
craft’ whereas ‘logia’ means ‘study of’. In
this way, technology means the study of
skills, art and craftsmanship that helps us
get the result in an easier and faster way. In
other words, technology is a revolutionizing
factor that brings drastic change in our
lives. Today, we cannot imagine the life
without technology. Automated Teller
Machine (ATM) card, radio, TV, mobile,
computer, cell phone, e-commerce and
e-governance are all the developed forms of technology.

Importance of technology

We cannot imagine our life without technology. It is used everywhere,
for example, at home, school, hospital, business, organizations or
governance. The importance of technology is discussed below:

1. It is profoundly used in educational institutions as audio-video,

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multi-media, radio, TV, computer, etc. to make teaching and
learning process effective.
2. It is extremely used at banks, business, and industries which helps
rectifying the weaknesses by enlarging the volume of production
in a better way.
3. Technologies like FM radio, TV, the Internet, journals, etc. are
helping in spreading the news and information to the people in no
time.

NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks with suitable word(s) :
1. The term ‘technology’ is derived from _________ language.
2. Technology makes the work____________.
3. Radio and TV spread the _____________.
4. Technologies are used in _____________.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition
K nowledge
1. What do you mean by technology?
2. List the importance of technology.

3. How does an ATM card help in our daily life?
4. What kinds of technologies are used at your home? C omprehension

Which one do you prefer the most?
Connecting PROJECT

5. Visit any ten houses of your locality and list any five A pplication
technologies they are using to make their work eaiser.

6. Differentiate between art and technology. A nalysis

7. “Technology has brought about a drastic change in E valuation
our life.” Justify. S ynthesis

8. Identify any five areas where you can observe
the use of technology in your school and suggest
five more areas where there is an urgent need of
modern technology.

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4Lesson Broadcasting System of
Radio/FM and Television

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By learning broadcasting system of radio
and television, you can quench your queries
 describe the broadcasting system of ra- about its broadcasting system.
dio and TV.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

In your free time, you might have enjoyed listening to the radio

or watching TV. All the programs set in their own central station

magically comes to your radio and television set. How is it possible?

Different programmes are broadcasted from the station.
Describe the broadcasting system of radio and TV.

Radio AM, FM, TV, computer, the
Internet, cell phone, etc. are all the
development of modern technology
that we use in our everyday life. They
spread information and news faster.
There are many extraordinary
modern technologies that broadcast
news and information in every
minute. Here is the broadcasting
process of such technologies which help us to gather information of our
own localities and the world affairs.

Broadcasting process of radio and FM

Radio and FM broadcasting is developed by the Italian scientist G.
Marconi. Radio transmits the programmes in audio version with the
help of waves without wire.

At first radio station is installed to broadcast the programmes. It needs

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different kinds of instruments like microphone, amplifier, transmitter
and aerial. Microphone changes the sound into electric signal and it
is sent to the amplifier with the help of the cable. Amplifier sends the
electric signal to the transmitter by making them more powerful. Here,
the transmitter changes the electric signal to the radio waves and they
spread outward. Radio waves reach the whole world in no time because
of its rapid speed. Our radio at home has a receiver that catches the
broackasted radio waves and, through the speaker, sound gets out after
tuning the right frequency.

Area FM is also like a radio. It has got a limited area to broadcast through
the powerful electric waves. It broadcasts high entertainment programmes
and news. That is why its popularity is increasing day by day.

Broadcasting system of television

Television is also one of the most important
means of communication. The ability to
present the programmes in audio-visual
form has increased its importance. It is
invented by the British scientist John L.
Betard in 1926 A.D. Modern television has
been guided by his earlier invention.

The programmes are disseminated from
the Television Broadcasting Centre
(TBC). Before editing and broadcasting
the programmes, they are filmed with a TV camera. Sound and video
of the film is changed into electric signals with different instruments in
the TBC. Through the help of an amplifier, electric signals are changed
into radio waves and disseminated in the sky through the antenna. The
receiver of our television captures these radio waves and makes able to
watch and listen to the programmes at the same time.

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Nowadays, many satellite stations are established to broadcast
programmes more effectively. Such programmes are also called satellite
programs because they are controlled, many and broadcasted from the
satellite. Television broadcasts different kinds of programmes that help
us in different ways. It informs us about the world affairs. The conscious
and reasonable selection of channels and programmes broadens the
knowledge and skills. However, it has got numerous disadvantages.
It damages our eyesight and makes us lazy and stable in one place
dragging us out of our work.

NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blank with suitable word(s) :

1. Radio and TV makes the information and news ________ fast.
2. Microphone, amplifier and transmitter are the technologies need-

ed to _________ the programmes.
3. Television was invented by _______.
4. The receiver of the television captures the radio waves and

transforms into _________.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What is the importance of radio and TV? K nowledge
2. What do you mean by satellite programme?

3. Describe the broadcasting system of radio. C omprehension
Connecting PROJECT

4. Visit any radio or T.V station near your school and A pplication
observe broadcasting system. Then make a report
about it.

5. Differentiate between TV and FM. A nalysis

6. Which broadcasting system do you like the most: E valuation
radio or TV? Why?

7. Imagine that you have power to do anything. What S ynthesis
would you change in the present broadcasting system
so that they become easier and faster to use?

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5Lesson Computer as a
Means of Communication

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By learning computer as a means of
communication, you can communicate in a
 define computer as a means of faster and cheaper way.
communication.

 explain the use of the Internet, email,
online chat and video chatting.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Today the use of technology has become an inseparable part of any
institutions. Our learning process also remains incomplete if we
cannot dare to use technology. So, in your school, there is a computer
lab and your teacher helps you get training. What is the importance
of computer in your life?

How does computer help spread the news and information? Discuss.

Introduction

Computer is one of the best developments of modern science and
technology. It stores all pieces of information in an order and provides
as per the wishes of the user. It has been best used as the means of
communication. The Internet, email, video call, chat, etc. not only help
spread the news and views worldwide but also makes people near though
are far geographically. Software should be installed in the computer for
the use of applications. Some means of communication are as follows:

1. Internet

The Internet is a huge web of technology
of satellite. In the network of the Internet,
millions of computers are connected
indirectly. There should be a browser in the
computer and it should be connected to the

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Internet network.It helps people get information, data and news in any
time, anywhere. Our discussions and views also can be disseminated
through the Internet. Data can be developed with the programme in
the computer and kept in the website which is known as hypertext. The
specific format of the programmes in the Internet is called webpage.
There is a place to write in the webpage. We supply the words there and
it opens in the sequential order.

Internet helps us in different ways

a. It provides books, researches, writings, reviews and data easily.
b. It helps exchange electronic business, essential documents for

industries and occupation.
c. It can be used for personal or institutional purposes.
d. It provides the facility of email, chat, video call and so on.
e. We can listen and broadcast songs, videos, literature and arts.
f. It helps in running e-learning and open-learning.
g. It provides news and views about world affairs, business, education,

communication, agriculture and so on.

2. E-mail

It is an electronic method of sending
message known as electronic mail. It is a
kind of facility found in the realm of the
Internet. It has replaced the ancient style
of sending message in written form in
paper. There should be yahoo, g-mail or
hotmail account to get involved in email. After writing message, we
have to click ‘send’ writing the valid e-mail address of the receiver.

Using email, we can send message to many people at once. It is faster,
easier, and reliable means of communication. And the most important
thing is that the electronic mails are safe and can be stored for a long
time without any kind of damage.

Everything has both light and dark sides. Email is not far from this fact. Email
can hamper our computer by receiving viruses from other sources. It can be
hacked and our secret documents can get flashed. Sending and receiving
e-mails is possible only if our computer is connected with the Internet.

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3. Online chat

It is a talk with the help of an electronic
wave in the Internet, computer and web-
supporting cell phones. Yahoo messenger,
facebook, nimbus, bolt, ebuddy, viber, etc.
are applications for online chat.

Online chat can be done with one or more
persons at a time. We can talk for longtime
through chat, using typed letters or words.
Language and coherence are deliberately ignored in chat so it can be
used by simply literate too.

As its disadvantages, online chat invites cyber crimes. Cyber language
may weaken the language and grammatical clarity of users. It destroys
our time and eyesight when it becomes a habit.

4. Video chatting

It is just like online chatting but in video
chatting there is facility of video service.
We can see the person we are talking to.
Skype, facebook, yahoo, twitter, eyeball
chat, etc. programmes or any one of
them is necessary for video chatting.
With computer, we should have webcam,
headset, microphone and the Internet
connection.

NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks with suitable word(s) :
1. Computer stores ______________.
2. In the network of the Internet, millions of computers are

__________________.
3. Email is an electronic method used for ______________.
4. Skype, facebook and Yahoo are the programmes from which

_________________.

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WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions. Level of Cognition

1. What is a computer? K nowledge
2. List the importance of the Internet.

3. Describe the main function of e-mail. C omprehension
Connecting PROJECT

4. Observe the computer lab of your school or cyber A pplication
and make a report on how the Internet works for
sending and receiving the information.

5. Why are e-mail and chatting important for A nalysis
transforming information?

6. “The Internet is both a friend and foe for us.” E valuation
Justify.

7. Suggest any five measures to minimize the bad S ynthesis
impacts of the Internet.

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6Lesson Alternative Energy

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By learning alternative energy sources, you
can minimize the effects of energy crisis
 define alternative energy. and promote the development of alternative
 describe the importance of bio-gas, wind sources of energy reckoning its contribution
to save the existence in the earth.
mill and briquette.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Natural gases and oils are sources of energy remaining inside the
earth in a limited volume. Because of their excessive use, the price
is getting higher each day. Overuse of such natural energies may
cost the whole living beings. How can we minimize this massive
exploitation of natural energy?

Though Nepal is the second richest country in water resources
of the world, we are bound to face heavy load-shedding every
day. Which means of light do you use at your home at the time

of load-shedding?

We need energy to perform our daily activities like cooking, heating,
drying, lightening and moving. We mainly get energy to run our vehicle
and industry from petrolum, coal and wood. These things can not be
created over night. However, they are going to be exhausted within few
decades. Therefore it is already high time to seek the alternative ways
of getting necessary energy for our daily use.

Many other form of energy source that can be used instead of petroleum
coal and wood is termed as alternative energy source. The most important
alternative energy that can be used in massive scale are hydropowr
energy, solar energy, wind energy and bio-gas energy. Brief introductio
of some of the alternative energies are listed below:

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1. Biogas

Gas originated from dung, stool,
urine and other decayed organic
materials in a gas plant with the
appropriate mixture of water
in certain temperature is called
biogas. For the production of biogas,
we need to construct biogas plant.
A simple bigoas plant consists of
mixing tank, digester tank and gas
holder. Various substances are collected and mixed in the mixing tank.
Then the substance inters in the digester tank where fermentation
process takes place. Then the generated gas is collected in the gas holder.
The mixture of manure and water is collected in the mixing tank. With
the help of pipe the collected gas reaches the gas stove, light, etc. From
the back pipe of the gas plant, the waste manure gets out which can be
used as manure in farming.

Things to be considered

a. Geography and temperature should be taken in consideration while
making the gas plant. It works less in mountainous region.

b. An appropriate mixture of dung and water should be put in the tank.
c. The pipes should be carefully fitted to avoid leakage.

Importance of biogas

Biogas is a pollution-free and environment-friendly alternative source
of energy. The best use of biogas helps us preserve the natural sources
of energy. Some of the important points of biogas are as follows:

a. It is an alternative source of kerosene, coal and natural gases.
b. It can work 20-30 years regularly once it is installed.
c. It is environment-friendly source of energy.
d. The waste of biogas can be used as fertilizer in the farming.
e. It is economic and easier to use.

2. Briquette

A small block of compressed coal dust or charcoal used as fuel, is
called briquette. Biomass briquettes are renewable source of energy.

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They are made from agricultural
waste. They are commonly used
for generating electricity, heat,
and cooking fuel. A briquette needs
waste product such as sawdust
and compresses it and then forces
it to make a reconstituted log that
can replace firewood. Compared to
fossil fuels, the briquettes produce
low greenhouse gas emissions because the materials used are already
a part of the carbon cycle. Bee-hive, dust and biocoal briquettes are
commonly used in Nepal.

Importance of briquettes

a. Biomass briquettes can serve as an alternative source of energy for
domestic and industrial use.

b. Locally produced biomass briquettes can be more reliable and eco-
friendly.

c. The process assists the reduction of fuel, wood and deforestation.
d. Indoor air pollution is minimized.

3. Wind Mill

A windmill is a tall thin structure
with parts that turn round. It
changes the power of the wind
into electricity. In a windmill, thin
blades of metal rotate after getting
pressure of the wind and different
equipment changes wind energy
into electric energy. It can be used
for generating electricity and also
for pulling underground water.

Importance of windmill

In our country, there are some places like Jomsom where wind flows
all the time and the scope of wind energy is very high. The current of
wind can be changed into electricity and used for lighting, pulling the

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underground water irrigating the field and so on. So windmill can be very
useful to fulfill the need of electricity in hilly and himalayan regions.

Things to be considered

a. We should not go too near to the running blades of the windmill.
b. We should not touch the wires.
c. We should construct the windmill in a place where there is more flow

of the wind.

NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks with suitable word(s) :
1. Natural and _________ are two variations of energy.
2. A _________ element is essential for biogas.
3. Biogas plants ________ the environment.
4. ________ can be produced by windmill.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions. Level of Cognition

1. What is alternative energy? K nowledge
2. What are the importance of biogas?

3. Does biogas help reduce the environmental C omprehension
degradation? How? A pplication
Connecting PROJECT A nalysis

4. How is alternative energy helpful to save the
environment? Discuss it in your class.

5. Explore the possibility of constructing windmill in
your locality.

6. Why should the location of windmill be appropriate?
List any three important points of windmill.

7. “Government should give higher priority to install E valuation
biogas plants in our country.” Justify.

8. Suggest any five methods to extend the use of S ynthesis
alternative sources of energy.

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GLANCING 20
THIS UNIT 3

A. Theoretical Revision

1. Fill in the blanks :
a. A bulb changes the electric energy to the _______________
b. Technology is derived from the Greek word _______________
c. The Internet is a huge web of technology of _______________

2. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements: 2
a. Any kind of plastic utensils can be used on an oven.
b. An MCB saves the circuit from getting short circuit.
c. Microphone changes sound into electric wave.
d. You should not go near the active blades of an windmill.

3. Answer the following questions (any three): 5 x 3 = 15

a. What are more useful electric home appliances? Explain.

b. What is technology? Explain its importance.

c. How does the broadcasting system of television work?

d. “Nepal has a huge potential for wind power.” Justify this statement.

B. Practical Revision 20

1. Do the following activities: 5 x 3 = 15

a. Visit CAN-InfoTech and write a report on various equipment on display in

the fair.

b. Submit the projects given in the lessons of this unit to your teacher and get

them signed by him/her. Keep a record of your submissions.

c. Collect electric appliances from your house and make a chart. Write a short

description and satety measures of each appliance on a chart paper. Then

conduct a workshop for junior classes on the safe use of electric appliances.

2. Viva-voce 5 Connecting
a. What is a pressure cooker? INTERNET
b. Name two modern kitchen appliances.
c. State importance of the Internet. Looking throughout www.symphonypub.com for cumulative revision.
d. What do you mean by alternative energy? Give an example.
e. What is biogas?

Visit

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Appendix 1

A Sample of Teaching Technique: Multiple Intelligences
Topic Title: Vegetable Cultivation

1. Verbal/Linguistic Intelligence

“Seasonal vegetables are better than off-season vegetables.” Ask stu-
dents to debate on this topic for and against. Let students with odd roll
numbers speak for the topic and those with even roll numbers speak
against the topic. Allocate 1 minute to each speaker.

You may ask students to do the activities like reading, informing,
writing, discussing, debating, copying, storytelling, etc. for this
type of intelligence.

2. Logical/Mathematical Intelligence

Make a list of 12 vegetables. Order them from 1 to 12 in such a way
that they can be grown in their own seasons from Baisakh to Chai-
tra. Also state why that season is favourable for that particular
vegetable.

Activities like measuring, ordering, analyzing, classifying and
problem solving are also based on logical intelligence.

3. Visual/ Spatial Intelligence

Draw a diagram and paint it showing off-season vegetable farming
of tomato. Include the following things in your diagram:

Ü Plastic covers
Ü Fertilizers to be used
Ü Tomato plants with proper spacing
Ü Irrigation system
Ü Farmer working in the tunnel
Ü Fencing

You may also plan activities like mind mapping, sculpture,
designing flash cards, decorating, etc. for this intelligence.

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4. Body/Kinesthetic Intelligence

Make a group of eight students and number them from 1 to 8. Per-
form a play to demonstrate the methods of vegetable farming in off
season. Characters of the play are given below:

Ü Plastic hut Ü Sun Ü Insect Ü Rain

Ü Tomato, chilly, etc. or any other vegetables

Ü Farmer Ü Buyer

5. Musical/Rhythmic Intelligence

Read the given poems. Tunes for each of them are given in the
brackets. Make another tune for each poem. Present it in front of
the class.

The Vegetables Song 1
(Tune: Mary had a little lamb)
We are pumpkins, big and round,
Big and round, big and round.
We are pumpkins, big and round,
Seated on the ground.

(Then try the following :)
We are string beans green and fine,
Green and fine, green and fine.
We are string beans green and fine,
Growing on a vine.

We are onions round and white,
Round and white, round and white.
We are onions round and white,
We make soup taste right.

We are carrots, orange and long,
Orange and long, orange and long.
We are carrots, orange and long,
Help us sing the song.

We are cabbage green or red,
Green or red, green or red.
We are cabbage green or red,
See our funny head.

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We are corn stalks tall and straight,
Tall and straight, tall and straight.
We are corn stalks tall and straight,
Don’t we just taste great.

The Vegetable Song 2

(Tune: “Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star”)
Carrots, Peas, and Broccoli,
Vegetables are good for me.
For my snack and in my lunch,
Veggie sticks are great to munch.
Carrots, Peas, and Broccoli,
Vegetables are good for me.

Activities like singing, playing the musical instruments or
rhyming can also be given for musical/rhythmic intelligence.

6. Interpersonal Intelligence

Make groups of five each and discuss the following topics. Let the
team leaders present the following in front of the class.

Ü Advantages and disadvantages of seasonal and off-seasonal
vegetable farming.

Ü Problems of the lack of market and low price of season vegetables.
Ü Reducing the use of chemicals in vegetable farming.

You may also set activities like interviews, brainstorming,
counselling, leading, mediating for interpersonal intelligence.

7. Intrapersonal Intelligence

Suppose you are a farmer and commercially produce 10 quintals
of potatoes every year following the off-season vegetable farming
techniques. Now, write a diary mentioning all the benefits of off-
season vegetable farming.

Activities like evaluating, composing poems, setting goals are
also based on intrapersonal intelligence.

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