Functional OBET Book 7

Treatment

a. Driving the fish in the water
having 3-4% salt for 3-4 minutes

b. Use of Formalin (1:400000) in
water and driving the fish for 15-
25 minutes.

b. Trichodina

Symptoms

a. Mostly in young fish
b. Attack on gills and fins
c. Restlessness
d. Death

Treatment

a. Driving fish into the water containing 2-3% for 5-10%

c. Argulus (leech)

Symptoms

a. Wounds and rashes on body
parts due to the sucking of blood.

Treatment

a. Driving into the water containing
2-3% salt for 5-10 minutes.
b. Use of Deptorex(0.25ppm)

d. Larnia

Symptoms

a. Slow movement
b. Wounds on head and body
c. Swimming towards the edges
d. Death possible

Treatment

a. Driving into the water containing 1-2% salt for 2-3 minutes
b. Use of Trilcopan (0.25ppm)

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Product management

Breeding of advanced young fish with the motive of trade and production
of meat are the two sole objectives of fish farming. Advanced breeding
should be run scientifically. Better distribution of fish in the market
also helps in income generating process. Living fish can be served in
the market. Along with it, drying and packaging are other different
methods of disseminating fish in the market.

NOW YOUR TIME

Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statement.
1. White wounds and white spots in the whole body are the symptoms

of Ichthyosporadium.
2. Gyrodactylus attacks in the head of fish.
3. Aagules suck the blood of fishes.
4. Larnia hangs, only in the dead body of fish.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. Make a list of major diseases in fish. K nowledge

2. How can we manage the balanced feeding for fish? C omprehension
3. Explain the management of pasture for fish.
4. Describe the suitable food for fish.

Connecting PROJECT

5. Make a report on the major diseases and their A pplication
treatment in the fish farm in your society.

6. Determine the factors that affect the health of fish. A nalysis

7. “Fish farming can be a good source of livelihood.” E valuation
Justify. S ynthesis

8. Design an outline map of fish pond occupying 50
sq.m. of land.

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6Lesson Bee-Keeping

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By getting the skills of caring bees, you can
increase your production in bee-keeping.
 describe balanced feeding and pasture
management of bee-keeping.

 explain some diseases of bees and their
treatment.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Bees are domisticated insects. They are hard-working creatures. The
honey collected by bees is used as medicine. They collect honey in our
own surroundings. What do you think are the main sources of honey
for bee?

How can we take care of bees? Discuss.

Bee-keeping is also known as
apiculture. Apiculture is a science
and art of keeping and managing
bees. Bees fall in the group of
insects that help getting the plants
fertilized. Honey, kut and wax of bees
have a high demand in the market.
Honey is taken as a medicine, too.
Apiculture also can be the regular
source of income if done in a scientific way. So bee keeping can be a
good source of earning if farmed in an advanced way.

Balanced feeding and pasture management

Honey and kut are the major feed of bees. Queen and young bees eat
royal food. Bees collect liquid and dust of flowers which are later known
as honey and kut. Collected feed (honey and kut) is known as natural

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feed of bees. In the lack of natural
feed, bees need artificial feed. The
mixture of water and sugar (50-
50%) can be the alternative feed for
bees. This mixture is called ‘chasni’.
Evening is the best time to feed bees
the artificial feed.

The area of blooming flower so, from
which bees collect raw materials
for honey and kut, is their pasture. It is better to plant most blooming
flowers in the nearby places/surroundings of bee hives. Needle wood,
chestnut, sal, red cedar, rhododendron, silk-cotton, Nepal barberry,
malabar ebony, ebony, guava, peach, apricot, pear, orange, buckwheat,
mustard, brown mustard, radish cauliflower, cabbage, sunflower,
sesame, coconut, betel nut, papaya, tomato, brinjal, chilly, cucumber,
pumkin, and hyacinth bean plants and trees are best suited for to bees.

Breeding and management

Bees are a small kind of insects. They have got different stages in their life
cycle. In a bee-hive, there are queen-bee, drones and workers living and
working together. They have different time duration in different stages of
life. Being social insects, they live in a group which is known as bee colony.
They are so disciplined in the bee colony and outward too. They are all
eager to perform their assigned duty which is divided as per their age. The
different stages of bees are shown in the following table:

Class Life circle (in days) Total age

Queen bee Egg Larva Pupa Days to Active Less active
Worker duration
Male bee become adult duration

35 8 16 1 year 2-3 yrs

3 6 12 21 6 weeks 2-3 months

3 7 14 24 - maxium 2 months

Diseases and treatment

Diseases of bees can be classified into 2 types on the basis of their stage:
a. Diseases of developing stage:
b. Diseases of adult stage

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They are discussed below:

a. Diseases of developing stage

1. European foulbrood

Symptoms

a. Dead larvae turn upward
b. Colour changes from white to
yellow to brown
c. Sour smell comes out of the
dead larvaes

Treatment

a. Making the bee-colony strong

b. Proper sanitation of the bee-hive

c. Replacing the weak queen-bee with a healthy queen-bee
d. Using Oxy-tetracyclin

2. Thai sac-brood Didkynoouw ?
Symptoms
a. Larvae die before developing into pupa A honeybee can fly
Treatment approximately 15

miles per hour.

a. Making the bee colony strong Honeybees are the
b. Using sterile instruments only insects that
c. Supplying enough feed in the bee-hive produce food for
d. Avoiding infected honeycombs
humans.

e. Keeping the bee-hive warm

f. Keeping the queen-bee away from the bee-hive for 5-7 days or
replacing the old queen-bee with a new and healthy one.

b. Diseases of the adult stage

1. Nosema

Symptoms

a. Swollen stomach of the bee due to the viral infection
b. Defacation everywhere inside the hive
c. Caused by a mono-cellular parasite

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Treatment
a. Changing the infected
honeycombs on a warm day
b. Shifting the bees into a new
bee-hive.

NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks with appropriate word(s):
1. Bees fall in the group of ____________.
2. Bees make ________ by collecting liquid and dust from flowers.
3. The mixture of feed for bees is known as ____________.
4. Nosema is caused by ____________.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What is apiculture? K nowledge
2. List the diseases of bees and treatment.

3. How can we manage balance feeding and pasture for C omprehension
bees?

Connecting PROJECT

4. What materials are used in bee-keeping in your A pplication
society? Make a list of it.

5. Why is bee-keeping important? Discuss it in your
class and present the conclusion.

6. What kinds of climate, fruits and vegetables are A nalysis
suitable for bee-farming?

7. “Bees are a laborious insects.” Justify. E valuation

8. Design an outline map showing bee-keeping with S ynthesis
ten bee hives.

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GLANCING
THIS UNIT

A. Theoretical Revision. 20

1. Fill in the blanks. 3

a. Same kind of feed for a long time ______________ productivity of animals.

b. Black quarter is an infectious ______________ disease.

c. Chickens kept for egg are called ______________

2. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements: 2
a. Carp is a commonly farmed fish in Nepal.
b. Swines give birth to 10 -12 piglets at a time.
c. Natural feeding is sufficient for health growth of fish.
d. Honey and kut are main food of bees.

3. Answer the following questions (any three): 5 x 3 = 15

a. Explain the diseases that affect sheep and goats.

b. How is feed prepared for cows and buffaloes?

c. How many stages are there in the management of feed and pasture of poultry

farming? Explain.

d. Describe the diseases of fish along with their treatment.

B. Practical Revision 20

1. Do the following activities: 5 x 3 = 15

a. Visit a goat or sheep farm and write a report on the basis of the following

topics:

• Introduction • No, of sheep or goats

• Total investment • Hygiene and sanitation in farm

• Feed management • Treatment of diseases

• Total profit

b. Submit the projects given in the lessons of this unit to your teacher and get

them signed by him/her. Keep a record of your submissions.

c. Buy few chicks from the market and take care of them till they Connecting
INTERNET
grow. Ensure that they are two layers and produce eggs to sell.

Sell them in the market and calculate your profit.

2. Viva-voce 5 Looking throughout www.symphonypub.com for cumulative revision.
a. What causes pneumonia in cattle?
b. How do you treat Gamboro? Visit
c. What is hemorrhagic septicemia?
d. What type of feed should be given to fish in fish farms?
e. Which diseases affect young bees?

d. Which medicinal plant can be used for common cold?

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UNIT
12 HANDICRAFT
Various Things Made of Paper
1Lesson

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By using things made of paper, you can
reduce the use of plastics and contribute to
 tell the essential materials of making the environment conservation.
paper crafts.

 tell the procedure of making paper trash
box, greeting cards, paper kites and
paper napkins.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Paper can be used for various purposes. Can you make some useful

items of paper? What purpose are they used for?

How do you utilize waste papers in your community? Discuss.

We use paper in various sectors. It is mostly useful in academic sector.
Generally we use paper for writing. But we can use paper for other works
as well. By using the paper, we can make several things like paper bags,
greeting cards, kites, napkins, etc. It is also used for wrapping things.
So, paper items are very useful in our daily life. In this lesson, we learn
to make paper bags, greeting cards, paper kites and paper napkins.

1. Paper trash box 199

Paper trash box is useful in our student life. We
can keep dust of sharpening pencil, and dust
particles.

Essential tools

We need the following tools to make a paper
trash box: a. Papers b. Gum etc.

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Procedures

1. Start off with an A4 sheet 2. Fold it along the centre 3. This is what you should
of paper. parallel to the shortest side. end up with.

4. Then fold it in half again, 5. This is what you should 6. This is where it gets
down the centre, parallel to get. tricky. Take one of the
corners and flatten it to
the shortest side.
make a triangle.

7. Repeat on the other side. 8. Then rotate it and flatten 9. Fold one side into the
You should get this result. it the other way. centre.

10. Then the other side. 11. Then again all the way 12. Fold the bottom up.
round.

13. And on the other side. 14. Flip it upside-down, stick 15. There - your trash box is
200 your hand in and push it out. done!

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2. Greetings card

We send greeting cards to our friends and
relatives on many occasions. Greeting cards are
small attractive pieces of paper. Card culture
was originated in China. In China, greeting
cards were made of silk cloth and used to write
on it. Ancient Egyptians used to roll paper to
write greetings. Greeting cards are used on the
occasion like Dashain, Tihar, New Year, birthday and so on.

We generally make greeting cards of paper. They are equally important
for commercial purposes.

Essential tools

a. Paper (cardboard paper) b. Pencil c. Scissors
d. Colour e. Ruler f. Glue

Procedures

a. Fold the piece of cardboard paper in two halves which are in 6” x 8”.
b. Design the favourite figure on the front part of the folded paper. You

can glue down any pieces of colourful paper on the folded cardboard
like shaking hands, flowers, photos of babies, god and goddess, etc.
with glue.

NOW YOUR TIME
Prepare attractive greeting cards for three popular festivals.

3. Paper kites

Paper kites can be easily made of the thin
colourful paper. We fly the paper kite with the
help of thread and stick.

Essential tools:

a. Scissors b. Paper (thin) e. Bamboo stick
c. Thread d. Cutter h. Gum
f. Colour g. Pencil

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Procedures:

a. Take a piece of colourful paper of square shape of 10”  12” and
point it as ABCD at all corners.

b. Point out the two division of triangular shapes.
c. Put the small bamboo stick from A to C and put another stick from

B to D and paste the paper on the sticks or typing both stick on the
paper with thread.
d. Again take the paper of 4”  4” and cut it into triangular shape for
holding the tail of a kite.
e. Paste it at the lower part (point C) with glue.
f. At last paste long thread and tie with a stick.

3. Paper napkin

Paper napkins are very useful things in our
daily life. We use napkins paper to clean our
hands and mouth. Different coloured papers
are used to make the napkins.

Essential tools

a. Scissors b. Pencil or pen c. Paper cutter d. Knife,
e. Soft and coloured papers f. Permanent colour g. Marker

Procedures

a. Take a soft paper of 15”  15”.
b. Fold the paper from the centre and make for just half of the scale. In this

way fold the paper four times.
c. Take scissors and cut the paper’s edges as per the design.
d. When you unfold the paper you get beautiful shapes.
e. Fold the paper as per your wish.
f. You can find paper napkin ready to use.

NOW YOUR TIME

Prepare two paper napkins using different colour papers and
show them to your teacher.

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WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. Where can we use the paper trash box? K nowledge
2. What are the essential tools for making a paper kite?

3. Describe the procedure for making greeting cards. C omprehension
4. Explain the procedure for making napkins.

Connecting PROJECT

5. Divide your class into three groups and prepare A pplication
paper trash box, kites and napkin from each group
and demonstrate them in the class.

6. Prepare a greeting card and give it to your friend
on any special occasion.

7. Determine the factors that affect the strength of a A nalysis
paper trash box.

8. If you were to fly kites, would you buy it or make it E valuation
yourself? Why?

9. People in urban areas spend a lot of money in buying S ynthesis
greeting cards which can be easily prepared at home.
Suggest any five measures to stop this situation.

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2Lesson Origami and Kirigami

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By learning origami and kirigami, you can
reuse waste papers.
 explain ‘Origami’ and ‘Kirigami’.
 make different things by using these

techniques.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

We can decorate our house, school, office and other workplaces by

using ‘Origami’ and ‘Kirigami’ method. On which occasion can we

use ‘Origami’ and ‘Kirigami’ method for decoration?

What do you know about Origami and Kirigami?

Origami

Origami is an art. It is a Japanese word. Origami stands for paper
folding. ‘Ori’ means ‘to fold’ and ‘gami’ means ‘paper’. Now, it is used not
only in Japan but all over the world. We can make beautiful decorative
items using these techniques.

Here, we discuss the techniques of making things from origami. Some
common things like paper, dustbin, etc. can be made from the art of
origami.

1. Paper boat

Essential tools for preparing a paper boat are
old newspapers and scissors.

Procedures:

a. Begin with the rectangular pieces of paper.
b. Fold it in a half.
c. Mark the vertical sign in the middle.
d. Fold down the both folded corners to the centre as in the picture.

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e. Fold the edge of paper upwards.
f. Fold the other edge to the next side upward.
g. Bring the corners of the hatbrim towards each other. The edge of

the brim should be pushed outwards.
h. Now take one lower corner of the square and fold it upwards.
i. Repeat the same process to the next side.
j. The craft becomes triangular, make it square with the help of your

finger. Then pull the outer corner of the square, one in each side.
k. Here comes the final shape of the boat.

2. Paper dustbin 205

Scissors, ruler, glue, pencil, cutter, fine
cardboards, etc. are essential tools in order
to prepare a dustbin of paper. The simple
procedure is as follows:

Procedures

a. Take a piece of paper which is in
rectangular shape and fold it from the bottom.

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b. Fold the paper up four times.
c. Again fold the front and back part of the paper.
d. Fold each side and turn the corner down of all parts. Then we can

put this paper dustbin at the corner of the room. Now we can put
the wastages into it.

Kirigami

Kirigami is a Japanese word which means cutting of the paper. ‘Kiri’
means to cut and ‘gami’ means ‘paper’. By using this art we can make
different decorative materials. In this process, first, we fold the paper
and cut it to give different shapes.

1. Kirigami decoration

Kirigami is used for decorating the room. We can
make various designs by using this technique.
We can hang it on the ceiling or wall or put on
table.

The essential tools for Kirigami decoration
are scissors, glue, paper, pencil, etc.

Procedures

a. Take 12”  5” thin paper. Colourful paper is more attractive.
b. Fold the paper in spiral or rectangular basis.
c. Design the decorating in the front part of the paper.
d. Cut it according to the folding with scissors.
e. When you unfold it, you get an attractive shape for decoration.

2. Paper mask

Paper mask is an item to put on our face.
We can make paper mask with the thick or
cardboard paper. We can put the paper mask
on the occasion of festivals, ceremonies,
Jatras, etc.

The essential tools for making paper mask
are cardboard paper, pencil, scissors, knife,
thread, etc.

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Procedures:

a. Take 7”  9” cardboard paper.
b. Fold the paper in the middle part into two halves.
c. Draw different designs of masks on the front part of the folded

paper with pencil.
d. Cut the outlet with scissors or a knife in such a way that it reflects

the design as decorated with pencil.
e. Make a hole on both sides of the mask. Now you can use it on different

occasions.

NOW YOUR TIME

Prepare a birthday present to your friend by using origami or
kirigami techniques.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What do you mean by Origami? K nowledge
2. What are the essential materials for Kirigami

decoration?

3. How is a paper dustbin made?
4. What are the essential materials for Kirigami C omprehension

decoration?
Connecting PROJECT

5. How do you prepare various paper items by A pplication
using the technique of Origami and Kirigami?
Demonstrate in your class.

6. Make a paper dustbin and use it in your class.
7. Decorate your class with Kirigami decoration.

8. Differentiate between Origami and Kirigami. A nalysis

9. Select five important things of daily use that you E valuation
can prepare yourself, using Origami and Kirigami. S ynthesis

10. Create two more Kirigami items other than those
mentioned in your book.

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3Lesson Items Made of Bamboo
Strip, Hay, Straw and Babiyo

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By learning the methods of preparing things
of bamboo, straw, hay and babiyo; you can
 list the essential tools used for bamboo utilize the local materials to fulfill your
strip, straw and babiyo work. daily needs.

 explain the process of making the things
of bamboo strips, hay and babiyo.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Many items can be made of bamboo strips, hay, straw and babiyo.

We can utilize the waste material to make these things by adopting

the profession based on them. Is it a good source of income? Why ?

You must have seen items made of bamboo strips, hay, straw and
babiyo. List the essential tools used while making such items.

We can make various items of bamboo strips, hay, straw and babiyo.
These materials are used in our daily life and also for decorative purpose.
Raw materials are found in local level. By preparing such things, our
local resources are utilized. It saves us from the expenditure of buying
such things to make the items from bamboo strips, hay, straw and
babiyo. Some of them are given below.

Essential tools b. Bamboo c. Axe d. Hay
f. Pencil
a. Khukuri j. Hand saw g. Knife h. Glue, etc.
e. Measuring tape
i. Drilling machine k. Wheat stalk, etc.

Items made of bamboo strips

Procedure:
a. Cut the bamboo into the same scale.
b. Remove the outer layer of culm and nodes.

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c. Take strips from it. Strips should be
thin and flat as per the necessity.

d. By such bamboo strips, we can make
various materials like nanglo, doko,
hat, box, etc.

Items made of straw, babiyo and hay

Straw, babiyo and hay are the natural
things of which we can make many items.
These things are locally available and also
used for various purposes. We can make
the items like mats, bags, dokos, ropes, etc.
of it. These things are also useful to make
decorative goods. Here are the procedures
for making local seats (pira) of the babiyo
straw or hay-like natural fibres.

Procedures:

a. Collect barley, straw, babiyo for weaving such items.

b. Roll it clockwise and anti-clockwise Didkynoouw ?
to prepare the base.

c. Continue weaving in the circular

shape. Bamboo is the fastest
d. Bend the fibres tightly in the growing plant on this
planet. It has been recorded
edge for its protection. growing at an amazing
e. Now a local seat (pira) is ready spped even up to 47.6 inches

to use. in 24 hour period.

NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks using appropriate word(s) :

1. Babiyo, hay and straw are found in _________.

a. in our local market b. big cities

c. international market d. nowhere

2. Which is not the essential tool for bamboo stick, hay, straw and

babiyo work?

a. measuring tape b. pencil c. knife d. slicer

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3. Bamboo strips are used for making _________.

a. nanglo b. mat c. doko d. all of above

4. We use _________ to make a pira.

a. natural fibres like babiyo b. carved stone

c. iron d. paper

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. List the essential tools for preparing the items of K nowledge
of bamboo strips and hay.

2. Write the procedures for preparing the items of
bamboo strips.

3. Explain the procedure of making pira made of straw, C omprehension
babiyo or hay.

Connecting PROJECT

4. Visit a professional, who is working with bamboo A pplication
strips. Discuss the process of making items of
bamboo strips with him. List it and present it in
your class.

5. Demonstrate the things made of bamboo strips,
hay, straw and babiyo in your class.

6. What are the differences between pira made of hay A nalysis
and that made of plastics?

7. Which one do you choose to seat: a pira or a chair? E valuation
Why?

8. Suggest any five measures to extend the use of S ynthesis
items made of bamboo, babiyo and hay in urban
areas.

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4Lesson Items Made of
Waste Materials

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By knowing the methods of making things of
waste materials, you can reutilize the waste
 list the essential tools used to make materials and help keep the environment
things of solid waste. pollution free.

 describe the method of making various
items of solid waste.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

You must have seen many useful items made from waste materials.

What are the benefits of preparing such items ?

What is the significance of using items made from waste
materials? Discuss.

Solid waste materials are produced from houses, schools, industries,
offices, etc. These materials are pollutants of the environment. Recycling
the wastage, they can be utilized and given another shape. Jute bags,
newspapers, papers, bottles, and waste packets are some examples of
such materials. By reusing these solid materials, we can protect our
environment and it can be a good source of income too. Here are some
methods of making various waste materials.

1. Methods of making frame

Frames are usually used for
decorating photos or images. There
are various frames available in
the market. We can also make
the frames by using waste papers
available at home.

Essential tools

a. Cardboard paper b. Scale c. Pencil

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d. Scissors e. Glue f. Colour paper

Procedures

a. Cut a cardboard paper into a rectangular shape. as your choice.
The size of the paper depends upon the size of your photo.

b. Cut another rectangular shape in the middle of the paper. The size
of the paper should be smaller than the size of the photo.

c. Now colour or paint the frame according to your choice.
d. Paste the photo on it in the inner rectangle and hang it on the wall.

2. Greetings card

A greetings card is a folded card with a picture on the front and greetings
inside that we give or send to someone. We use such cards on birthdays,
festivals or auspicious occasions.

Essential tools :

a. Old colour papers, b. Dry leaves
c. Gum d. Paper cutter
e. Scissors f. Pencil
g. Ruler, etc.

Procedure

a. Take a 24cm  17.5cm cardboard.
b. Fold it into two equal halves.
c. Make a beautiful design on the front part. You can stick some

leaves on it.
d. Write the message, wishes, receiver’s name, etc. in the inner part.

Dolls or toys made from old paper or newspaper

Essential tools

a. Old newspaper or magazines b. Cardboard paper
c. Pencil d. Gum
e. Colour

Procedure

a. Take some fenugreek, grind it and make powder.
b. Soak the powder in water for two days.

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c. Take the old newspaper or paper cut it in small pieces.
d. Remove paper from water after a day and grind it and make the paste.
e. Mix 1/4 part of fenugreek in the paste. Fenugreek works as gum for

paper.
f. Give the paste a shape of bird, animal or doll according to your

choice. Use colour to make it attractive.

NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks using appropriate word(s) :
1. Solid waste materials pollute __________ which gives adverse effect.
2. Re-using of __________ is the act of polluting environment.
3. Frames are used for keeping __________ .
4. We can make dolls, toys or other decorative items of old papers or

__________ .

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. Make a list of the procedures of making a photo K nowledge
frame.

2. Make a list of essential tools for making a a photo
frame.

3. How can we reuse our solid waste materials? C omprehension

Connecting PROJECT

4. Prepare any useful items from solid waste and A pplication
demonstrate them in your class.

5. Organize contest of making dolls from the waste
materials in your class. Display the best doll in
your school assembly.

6. How can we make dolls, toys or other decorative A nalysis
items of magazines or newspaper? Explain. E valuation

7. Choose any five common waste materials produced
in your locality that can be reused.

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5Lesson Wood or Stone Carving

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By gaining the knowledge of wood and stone
carving, you can prepare various kinds of
 define wood and stone carving. wooden or stone arts yourself.
 explain the process of stone carving.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Have you ever visited the professional of wood and stone carving?

What kind of wood and stone do they use?

Are there any items of wood and stone carving at your home?
What are they ? List them.

Making beautiful shapes on wood,
stone or metal is known as carving.
We can see the various attractive
shapes on wood, stone or metal in
temples, house doors, taps and other
historical and cultural palaces. This
is the ancient type of art which is
popular even today. This is manual
work and has high value. Designing
and carving on the hard materials is
a challenging job. It requires skilled
and trained human resources. It
has high demand in national as well as international market. So the
job of carving is a good source of income. The process of carving the
materials is given below:

Process of Carving
It involves the selection of wood/stone, tools and procedures.

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1. Selection of wood and stone

We should carefully select the proper type of wood and stone. For wood
carving, we can select the wood of sal tree, pine tree, devdar, etc. For
stone carving we should choose proper stone which is easily carved and.
Some stone are hard for carving and some are too feeble to tolerate the
pressure of hammer and tools. Therefore, identification and selection of
wood or stone is important before carving in them.

2. Selection of tools

Proper selection of tools is also
essential for the carving process.
Different tools are necessary to
make art prescise. So it is essential
to use various kinds of tools. The
major tools required in stone and
wood carving are chisels, hand tools,
hammers, handsets, rasps and
rifflers, sand paper and hammer
drill. The sets of tools are available in the market but we can also make
them with the help of an ironsmith

3. Carving procedure

Carving is an art. It is actually a kind of design that takes place on
wood and stone. It tells our history and reflects our culture. Artists can
carve the image of gods, goddesses and their activities with the help of
carving. The procedures for carving stone or wood are as follows:

1. At first select an appropriate wood or stone.
2. Creat a design in the wood or stone.
3. The design is made by cutting the raised part of the surface with

the chisels of approprate size.
4. Start making cuts and dots for the refining of details.
5. Interlocking shape and smaller details require appropriate sized

chisels and hard labour.
6. Rasps, rifflers and sand papers are used to give it the final shape.

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NOW YOUR TIME

Click a photo of a wood or stone carving and past in the space
below.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What are stone and wood carving? K nowledge

2. What are the basic requirements for the selection of C omprehension
the tools in the sculpture art? Explain.

Connecting PROJECT

3. Visit any professional of stone carving near your A pplication
school and make a report about the procedure of
carving.

4. How do the carved materials represent our culture? A nalysis
Discuss it in your class.

5. What are the factors that make the carving more
attractive?

6. Select any five tools for stone carving. Why do you E valuation

select them?

7. Suggest any five measures to commercialize stone S ynthesis
carving.

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6Lesson Colouring

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to Gaining the knowledge of colouring the
prepared things, you can make your things
 identify the essential tools required for artistic and durable.
colouring.

 describe the method of colouring the
different items.

 explain the importance of colouring.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

You must have colour pencils in your bag. You might have participated

in drawing competitions. How do you select the colours to make the

picture beautiful?

How does colouring help save the things from damage? Discuss.

We have seen many things which
are coloured beautifully. Coloured
items look so attractive. Colour not
only makes the things beautiful but
also protects from damage. Colour
selection is the main job in colouring.
Good colour selection makes the
work of colouring attractive and
perfect. It makes the work of art
look perfect.

Essential tools

The following are the essential tools for colouring things:

a. Poster colour b. Acrylic c. Enamel
d. Brushes e. Colour pot f. Water colour
g. Pieces of cloth h. Boot polish, etc.

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Colouring method

Ü First, clean the surface of the object.
Ü Select the matching colour.
Ü Use enamel to make the object more attractive.
Ü Draw the outline before colouring.
Ü Colour the item smoothly.
Ü Make sure of proper ratio of water and colour before painting.
Ü Keep it in sunlight for a while. Now it is ready to use.

NOW YOUR TIME

Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements.
1. Colour makes the material look more attractive.
2. Selection of the colour is not important in colouring the items.
3. Water colour is only the material needed for colouring items.
4. We should draw the outline before colouring the object.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. List the essential tools for colouring the prepared K nowledge
items.

2. Describe the methods of colouring. C omprehension
Connecting PROJECT

3. How can we make different colours by combining a A pplication
few colours? Experiment the idea in your class and
note down the conclusion.

4. Colour any object at your home and demonstrate it
in your class.

5. Differentiate between poster colour and water A nalysis
colour.

6. “Colouring adds beauty to the work of art.” Justify. E valuation

7. Change the cover of your textbook using different S ynthesis
colour combination.

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GLANCING 20
THIS UNIT 3

A. Theoretical Revision

1. Fill in the blanks :
a. Greeting card culture was originated in ______________.
b. Origami stands for ______________ folding.
c. Pira is made of the ______________ straw.

2. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements: 2
a. Paper kites are made of colour paper and bamboo sticks.
b. Kirigami is a Chinese word which means cutting paper.
c. Selection of objects is crucial for carving.
d. Colour makes things attractive.

3. Answer the following questions (any three): 5 x 3 = 15
a. Describe the importance of paper in our life.
b. How can you make a paper bag? Explain.
c. “Recycling waste materials minimizes pollution.” Justify.
d. Differentiate between wood carving and stone carving.
e. Why do we colour things? Give reasons.

B. Practical Revision 20

1. Do the following activities: 5 x 3 = 15

a. Make any five craft items of paper, using Origami and Kirigami and display

them.

b. Submit the projects given in the lessons of this unit to your teacher and get

them signed by him/her. Keep a record of your submissions.

c. Visit any professional stone or wood carver. Make a list of tools they use along

with pictures. Learn about the challenges they face and different methods of

carving. Use the information to write a report on the topic.

2. Viva-voce 5 Connecting
INTERNET
a. Can you name any two things made of paper?

b. How do you prepare paper bags?

c. Mention the process of making paper dustbin. Looking throughout www.symphonypub.com for cumulative revision.

d. Give some examples of things made of hay.

e. What are the essential tools for colouring items made from

different materials? Visit

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UNIT
13 POTTERY

1Lesson Making Clay Items of
Geometric Shapes

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By learning to make geometric shapes of
clay, you can make different clay items that
 identify the clay work. are necessary at your home.
 describe the methods of making clay

items of geometric shapes.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

You must have seen and used various objects made of clay. They
are also used in decoration. Many people have sustained their life
being involved in pottery. Have you seen broaden scope of pottery in
future?

List any three clay utensils in your home and write down the
method of preparation of any one of them.

Have you heard about a potter and
his profession? A potter makes
various things like pots, vases and
other utensils of clay. They make
these things for their livelihood.
They sell their goods in the market
to earn money. Before making
utensils of clay, they make various
kinds of geometrical shapes.

Let’s talk about the process of making the geometrical shapes of clay.

We should select the suitable clay to form the objects. We should remove
the pieces of stones, sand, roots of plants and grasses from the soil. Soft
soil is suitable for clay work. Some fundamental geometric shapes are –

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Cube Cone Cylinder Pyramid

Methods of making Geometric shapes

1. Take a kneaded ball of suitable clay.
2. Put the clay-ball on a flat piece of wood.
3. Give pressure to the ball with your palm.
4. Roll the clay freely with regular movements.
5. Make round, circular, cylindrical, etc. shapes.

NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks using appropriate word(s) :

1. A person who makes utensils of clay is called _________.
2. We should select _________ clay to make the items of the clay.
3. Circle, cylinder and pyramid are the examples of _________.
4. We can make different geometrical shapes of _________.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What do you mean by clay work? K nowledge

2. Describe the method of preparing geometrical shapes

of clay. C omprehension

3. Why is clay work important ?

Connecting PROJECT

4. Visit any potter of your surrounding and have a A pplication
discussion on the utensils of the clay and method
of preparing them.

5. Prepare various types of geometrical shapes using
clay with the help of your teacher.

6. Differentate between clay pots and metal pots. A nalysis

7. Select any four geometric shapes that you find E valuation
easier to make out of clay.

8. Suggest any five measures to commercialize clay items. S ynthesis

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2Lesson Making Fruits, Vegetables, Animals
and Home Utensils of Clay

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By learning the methods of making of fruits,
animals and utensils of clay, you can make
 describe the methods of preparing fruits, different decorative shapes made yourself
vegetables, animals and home utensils and save your money.
of clay.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Different kinds of clay utensils are used in our home. It ranges from

kitchen to decoration. Have you ever tried to make clay items like

dolls and animals? Have you used any equipment either ?

Make a list of decorative clay of your home.

In the previous lesson, we learnt
how to make geometric shapes made
of clay. Here we learn the process of
making things like fruits, vegetables,
animals and home utensils using clay.

1. Fruits and vegetables

We have already known about the design of different geometrical
shapes. It helps us make various shapes of fruits and vegetables.

We can make oranges, pumpkins, apples, etc. with the help of spherical
shape. Carrots, strawberry, chilli, etc. are made in the conical shape.
Potatoes, pineapples, brinjals, etc. are made from the oval shape. Thus,
the dummy shapes help us make various kinds of fruits and vegetables.

2. Animals

We can make animals’ shapes by using different geometical shapes. We
have to join different geometical shapes with each other to make animal
models. Here is the example of making a rabbit:

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a. Body – oval
b. Face – conical
c. Tail – cylindrical
d. Ear – conical
e. Eye – round

3. Home utensils

Like fruits, vegetable and animals,
we can make different home utensils using clay. Such utensils are flower
vases, cups, jars, etc.

NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks using appropriate word(s):
1. Different kinds of utensils can be made of _________.
2. We can make different ________ of vegetables of clay.
3. To make the shapes of animals, we should make ________ first.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. Make a list of geometric shapes which are helpful K nowledge
in making animals.

2. Which home utensils can we make using clay. C omprehension
Connecting PROJECT

3. Draw different types of geometric shapes on card A pplication
board paper and hang it in your class.

4. Divide the class in three groups and make fruits,
vegetables and animals from each group and
present it in your class.

5. Mention the factors that affect the strength of clay A nalysis
work.

6. Choose any five fruits you can make out of clay. E valuation
Why do you choose those five?

7. Create various geometric shapes and combine S ynthesis
them to make fish.

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GLANCING 20
THIS UNIT 3

A. Theoretical Revision

1. Fill in the blanks :
a. _______________ soil is suitable for clay work.
b. A potter makes various things of _______________
c. _______________ shapes help in making clay fruits and vegetables.

2. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements: 2
a. Clay should not possess sand, stones and grass.
b. Pyramid is not an example of geometric shape.
c. Clay fruits and vegetables should be kept in refrigerator.
d. We can make animals’ shape by using geometric shapes.

3. Answer the following questions (any three): 5 x 3 = 15

a. What type of clay is suitable for making clay items? Give reasons.

b. How do you make geometric shapes using clay?

c. What shapes are necessary to make a clay rabbit?

d. What tings should be removed from the soil to get suitable clay?

B. Practical Revision 20

1. Do the following activities: 5 x 3 = 15

a. Make various fruits of clay and colour them to look as real fruits.

b. Submit the projects given in the lessons of this unit to your teacher and get

them signed by him/her. Keep a record of your submissions.

c. Visit a potter in your community and discuss methods of preparing utensils

out of clay and use the information to make various items of clay in your

school.

2. Viva-voce 5
a. Suggest a way to get clay required for doing clay work.
b. What precautions should be taken before doing clay work? Connecting
INTERNET
Mention any two.
c. What quality of clay is required for making clay objects? Looking throughout www.symphonypub.com for cumulative revision.
d. Which city is well-known for clay work in Nepal?
e. Mention two types of objects that you can make with clay.

Visit

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UNIT
14 SEWING AND KNITTING
Decorative Sewing Stitch
1Lesson

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By learning the methods of preparing
different kinds of stitches, you can make
 describe the method of preparing your clothes more attractive.
different types of stitches.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Sewing and knitting is an art. It needs keen interest, training and
skill. It saves and makes the clothes attractive at the same time.
Does sewing and knitting have any vocational significance in the
present world? Why? Why not?

List any four types of decorative button stitches. Discuss.

Decorative sewing (Button) stitch

Sewing and knitting makes the clothes attractive and comfortable.
There are two types of stitches in practice. They are basic stitch and
decorative stitch. Decorative stitch is the series of stitch with decorative
function. Shirts, pants, saris, skirts, frocks, kurtas, etc. are made more
attractive by using various knitting styles. The major types of decorative
stitches are given below:

1. Cross stitch 2. Lazy daisy stitch 3. Satin stitch
4. Chain stitch 5. Fly stitch 6. Blanket stitch

1. Cross stitch

Cross stitch is the oldest decorative style of stitching. It is used on
table clothes, pillow covers, T.V covers and so on. In this stitch, various
X-shaped stitches are made.

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Procedure

a. Get the thread fixed in the needle and
sew the line in the desired cloth. It looks
like English letter X.

2. Lazy daisy stitch

Lazy daisy stitch is in the shape of blooming-
flower. It is generally sewed in the edge of
hanky and clothes. We usually make it with
the help of a frame using multicoloured
threads. It makes the clothes attractive. It
is basically used for decorating purpose.

Procedure

a. Thread the needle.
b. Sew the cloth in circular shape. The stitch looks like a flower.

3. Satin stitch

Satin stitch is also called damask stitch. It
is a series of plot stitches that usually covers
a section of the background fabric. Beautiful
sketches of fruits, fish, animals, etc. can be
made through this stitching. Satin stitch
helps make very short to very long stitches
in the wide cloth.

Procedure

a. Repeat the straight and curved stitches in the cloths.
b. Special design can be filled in the cloths with it.

4. Chain stitch

These stitch looks like a chain. Stitches
are overlapped and a chain stitch is made.
It is made attractive by making layers of
stitches. It is a very popular decorative
sewing stitch.

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Procedure

a. Stitches are made in the shape of a chain as per our desire.

5. Fly stitch

Fly stitch is also called Y–stitch or open loop.
It can be used both as art and decoration.

Procedure

a. Stitches are made below the thumb and
again made in another side.

b. With the help of needle, make it Y –shaped, sewing in the middle.

6. Blanket stitch

Blanket stitch is basically used on the
border of woolen cloth and other clothes like
sweaters, hanky, and blankets. It should be
sewed in such a way that the stitches cross
each other from both side. It is the most
popular type of embroidery. Sometimes it is
also called button hole stitch. It saves the
border of the cloths.

Procedure
a. Stitch in and out of the cloth in X–shape on the border of the cloth

by making a loop.

NOW YOUR TIME

What type of stitches are the following ? Name them.

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WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What do you mean by cross stitch? K nowledge

2. Write a short note on: C omprehension

a. Fly stitch b. Blanket stitch

Connecting PROJECT

3. Make the picture of different types of stitches on A pplication
cardboard paper and hang it in your class.

4. Divide your class into three groups and prepare
the stitches in the pieces of cloths and present
them.

5. Differentiate between satin and chain stitch. A nalysis
6. What is the role of stitches in sewing and knitting? E valuation
S ynthesis
7. Select a piece of cloth that uses chain stitch and fly
stitch together.

8. Find two more types of stitches other than those
mentioned in your text.

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2Lesson Procedure of
Making Handkerchief

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By learning the procedure of making
handkerchiefs, you can make the
 list the materials used for making handkerchief as per your need and wish.
handkerchiefs.

 describe the method of making
handkerchiefs.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

You must have carried a beautiful handkerchief in your pocket. Each
day teachers check whether you have handkerchief or not. Why do
you think they make you carry the handkerchief each day? Have you
ever carried a handkerchief that is made in your own home?

Display your handkerchief in the class. Work in groups of five.
Discuss their manufacturing process.

A handkerchief is a small piece of

fabric used especially for cleaning
nose and face. It is of different
shape and size. It is a very helpful
to keep our nose clean when we
are suffering from common cold.
Nowadays, handkerchiefs imprinted
with different images are popular
but we can also make beautiful
handkerchief ourselves using

different materials. The essential materials to make a handkerchief are:

a. Scissors b. Coloured thread c. Piece of cloth
d. Needle e. Carbon paper f. Pin
g. Pencil h. Tracing paper i. Decorating frame

j. Tailoring chalk k. Lace

Generally, handkerchiefs are of 3 different sizes. They are mentioned below:

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a. 12cm x 12cm b. 18cm x 18cm c. 18cm x 30cm

The fabric painting and tracing of different images and photos on the
handkerchief add charm in its looks.

Method of preparing a handkerchief

a. Cut the preferable size of the cloth.
b. Stitch/ knit the border of the cloth.
c. Create design in the middle or corner part. We can also paint all

over the cloth as per our wish.
d. Remove the pieces of the thread and get the handkerchief ironed to

make it attractive.

NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks using appropriate word(s) :

1. A handkerchief is specially used for_________.
2. The size of a handkerchief is different according to_________.
3. The sizes of handkerchiefs commonly found in the market are

_________, _________ and _________.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What is a handkerchief ? What are its uses? K nowledge
2. List the materials that we use for making a

handkerchief.

3. Describe the procedure of making a handkerchief. C omprehension
Connecting PROJECT

5. Prepare a handkerchief by using the above A pplication
mentioned procedure and present it in your class.

6. Determine the factors that are considered to make A nalysis
the handkerchief more attractive.

7. Do you buy a handkerchief or make it yourself? E valuation
Why?

8. Suggest two more items of daily use that can be S ynthesis
made at home except handkerchiefs.

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3Lesson Hand Knitting

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By knowing the use of materials of hand
knitting, you can prepare and repair your
 list the essential materials for hand clothes yourself.
knitting.

 describe the uses of these materials.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Wearing clothes is our basic need. Today simple clothes are almost
replaced by fashionable ones. In winter season, we use knitted gloves,
caps, mufflers, socks and many other things. What do you think are
the necessary materials for knitting?

Make a list of the essential meterials for hand knitting and discuss.

Hand knitting means making clothes, sweaters, socks, gloves, caps
etc. from wool or cotton thread by using two long thin knitting needles.
While knitting, a series of interlocking thread is created. We can make
fabric of different shapes and sizes. We need different kinds of materials
in hand knitting.

Essential tools 2. Scissors
4. Stitch holder (Thimble)
1. Knitting needles 6. Crochet
3. Coloured thread
5. Needle
7. Protractor

A. Essential materials for hand sewing:

1. Knitting needles

These needles are single pointed, double pointed and
circular pointed. The shape may be different. These
needles are used for knitting the fabric.

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2. Scissors

A pair of scissors are essential for cutting cloth.

3. Coloured threads

Coloured threads are used both for sewing and
knitting. They are also used for stitching. The colourful
threads make the clothes more attractive.

4. Stitch holder (Thimble)

Stitch holder protects our finger from pricking. Stitch
holders of different sizes are found in the market but we
should use the holder that fits in our finger.

5. Needle

A needle is a thin metal pin having pointed tip at one end
and small hole for the thread on the other end. It is used
for sewing cloth.

6. Crochet

Crochet is a special thick needle with a hook at the end of
make a pattern of connected threads. This is usually used
for making clothes, etc. from wool or cotton.

7. Protractor

It is a tool used in hand knitting. It helps us take
the angle and makes the knitting process easier.

B. House loop and simple knitting

1. Loop knitting
At first, make the loop for the hand by index finger. Whirl
it in the needle that should make knots. Knots should not
be too loose or too tight.

2. Simple knitting

This type of knitting mixes the loops. It goes forward by
exchanging the loops from one needle to an other. When it
comes to the end, make an edge and stop knitting.

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NOW YOUR TIME

Match column A with column B.

Column A Column B
Scissors for attractive stitch
Coloured thread for cutting cloths
Stitch holder to take an angle
Protractor to save a finger

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What do you mean by hand knitting? K nowledge
2. List any five materials used for knitting the clothes.

3. What are scissors? What are they used for ? C omprehension

Connecting PROJECT

4. Visit a hand knitting professional of your area and A pplication
note down the materials and methods for hand
knitting that he/she uses.

5. Perform the loop knitting and the simple knitting
methods in your class.

6. Differentiate between needle and crochet. A nalysis

7. Name any five things that you can knit yourself E valuation
and compare knitting process between any two. S ynthesis

8. Suggest any five measures to make hand knitting
safer by avoiding cuts and pricks.

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4Lesson Fabric Painting

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By knowing the methods of fabric painting,
you can decorate your cloths like bed sheets,
 list the essential materials for fabric pillow covers, table covers, etc. yourself.
painting.

 describe the method of drawing and
designing by fabric painting.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

You have seen many cloths painted beautifully with the fabulous
combination of colours. It adds extra flavour to them. It also reduces
expenditure of buying decorative materials. Have you noticed any
other vocational significance of fabric painting?

How can you design fabric painting on your cloths? Describe

your local procedure.

Have you seen any paintings on
your clothes, covers of sofa, bed
and pillow? Yes, these are the
examples of fabric painting. Fabric
is a material made by weaving wool,
cotton, silk, etc. Fabric painting is
an art to paint fabric or making any
kinds of image on the cloths with
colour combination. Painting can
be done on our clothes like kurta, plain sari and clothes of children.
Leisure time can be utilized by painting. Nowadays, fabric painting is
developed as a vocation and has become the good means of earning.

Essential materials

We need many tools for the fabric paintings. They are fabric colour,
Acrylic1 medium, fabric brushes, pencil, eraser, pieces of cloths, tracing

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paper, colour pot, water, etc.

Drawing and designing through fabric painting

a. Select the cloth and design for fabric painting.
b. Draw the appropriate design on the paper as per your requirement.
c. Trace the design with the help of carbon paper on the desired cloth.
d. Get the cloth stretched in the appropriate ring and paint on the

design carefully.
e. Select and use the size of the brush according to the size of the

design and cloth.
f. Get the painted cloth ironed after it is dried.

NOW YOUR TIME

Collect some plain pieces of cloths. Then, design beautiful
shapes and pictures. Afterwards, colour and present it in your
class.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What do you mean by fabric painting? K nowledge
2. List the materials which are used in fabric painting.

3. Describe the methods of fabric painting. C omprehension

Connecting PROJECT

4. Collect the pieces of cloths which are designed by A pplication
fabric painting and discuss its shape, size, image
and colour in the class.

5. What are the problems that we face in fabric A nalysis
painting?

6. “Fabric painting has developed as a vocation.” Justify. E valuation

7. Suggest any five items that can be made more S ynthesis
attractive by using fabric painting.

1 Acrylic : (organic chemistry) a liquid coating system based on an acrylic resin 235

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GLANCING 20
THIS UNIT 3

A. Theoretical Revision

1. Fill in the blanks :
a. _______________ stitch is oldest decorative style of stitching.
b. Satin stitch is also called _______________ stitch.
c. Fabric painting has developed as _______________

2. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements: 2
a. Basically, needle and thread is used in knitting.
b. A handkerchief is used especially for cleaning our nose and face.
c. Knitting needles are of different sizes.
d. Fabric painting needs specialized knowledge and training.

3. Answer the following questions (any three): 5 x 3 = 15

a. Explain different kinds of decorative stitches.

b. What is a handkerchief? How is it made?

c. “Sewing is a medium of empowerment.” Justify.

d. What is fabric painting? List the materials required for fabric painting.

B. Practical Revision 20

1. Do the following activities: 5 x 3 = 15

a. Make a sample of all stitches on a cloth and show it to your teacher.

b. Submit the projects given in the lessons of this unit to your teacher and get

them signed by him/her. Keep a record of your submissions.

c. Make a well decorated handkerchief.

2. Viva-voce 5
a. What is cross stitching?
b. Which stitch is used for making border of clothes? Connecting
c. What is a chain stitch? INTERNET
d. Name two essential materials required for knitting clothes.
e. What precautions should be taken before doing fabric painting?

Mention any two.

Looking throughout Visit www.symphonypub.com for cumulative revision.

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UNIT
15 LOCAL TECHNOLOGY

1Lesson Interrelationship between Traditional
and Modern Technologies

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By knowing the relationship between
traditional and modern technologies, you
 define traditional and modern technology. will discern the progression of technologies
 describe the interrelationship between in the successive time frame.

traditional and modern technologies.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Water turbine, windmill, Aran, etc. are local technologies. When
modern tools and equipment are far-flung, local technologies are
necessary to run everyday living. How do they help us in our daily
life?

What kinds of traditional technologies are used in your

community? Discuss.

The massive development and use
of technology in the present world
has immensely affected us. We use
different kinds of technologies in
our daily work for development and
industrialization. Many countries
in the world have become rich and
powerful with the excessive use of
modern technologies.

It is also noticeable that almost every technology has its close
relationship with traditional technology. This kind of complementary

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relationship has developed from the interrelationship between the
traditional and modern technologies.
The technologies are used from the ancient time. In the ancient
civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia and India, people used various
technologies for building houses, temples and pyramids. They built
and decorated such structures by using various technologies. In the
context of Nepal, many traditional technologies are used in the sector
of agriculture, trade and construction from ancient time.
Use of technology makes it easier to perform the task faster and better.
Traditional technologies which are developed slowly and gradually and
changed into the modern technology. For example, Aran is traditional
technology and electric plant is modern technology. Screw is traditional
technology whereas gear is the modern one. Traditional oil expeller
and water mill (Pani Ghatta) are the ancient technologies for grinding
purpose and mills are their modern forms.

NOW YOUR TIME

A. Fill in the blanks with suitable word(s) :
1. Technologies can be used in ____________.
2. Every modern technology has relationship with ____________.
3. Aran is the example of ____________.
4. Technology helps us perform our daily work ____________.

B. Click a photo of a local technology of your community.
Paste it in the space below and write its name.

Paste the photo here.

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WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What do you mean by technology? K nowledge
2. For what purpose people used technology in the

ancient time?

3. Give some examples of traditional and modern C omprehension
technologies.

4. Make a list of technologies which are used in your
society.
Connecting PROJECT

5. What are the traditional and modern technologies A pplication
which are used in your house? Discuss it in your
class and write it in a paragraph.

6. What is the relationship between modern and A nalysis
traditional technology?

7. Which one do you prefer to grind cereals: water E valuation
mill or modern mill? Why?

8. Suggest any five methods to modernize traditional S ynthesis
technology.

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2Lesson Secure use of
Home Appliances

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By knowing the secure use of home appliances,
you can be safe from the accidents that may
 name some daily used appliances. occur by your carelessness.
 tell how to use them safely.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Have you ever seen any accident in your home or your neighbours

while using home appliances? How did it happen ? And what could

have been done to avoid it ?

List the electric appliances that you usually use at home. How
do you use them? Discuss.

Modernization has not only affected our behaviour and activities but
also changed entire life styles. There are hardly any factors that remain
untouched by it. We use different modern electric appliances in our daily
life. We choose them according to the type of our vocation and necessity.
For example, appliances used in the kitchen and sitting room differ from
each other. We should be very careful while using the instruments. In
this lesson we discuss the followings :

1. Electric appliances

Most of our home appliances run through electricity. If we commit a
general mistake, it may cost our life. The domestic electric appliances
include radio, TV, fridge, iron, computer, oven, etc. While using such
appliances we should be careful in the following ways:

a. Test the current flow with a tester.
b. Be conscious of wire and wiring.
c. Change the damaged plugs immediately.

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d. Press the plug ‘ON’ only after connecting to
the appliances.

e. Keep the electric components, plugs,
switches, wires, etc. away from water.

f. Disconnect the plug and switch it off after
the task is over.

2. Gas appliances

Gas stoves, gas heaters, gas geysers,
etc. are the appliances that run with the
help of gas. We should be very careful
while using them. We should apply the
following safely measures while using
the gas appliances:

a. Check the leakage of the gas before use.
b. ‘Turn Off’ the regulator if there is leakage.
c. Get the gas checked by a technician by keeping it on open place.
d. Keep the window open while using the gas stove because burning

fire uses the oxygen and enlarges the volume of carbon monoxide
which is very harmful to our health.

3. Precautions

Here are some precautions to take while operating some other home
appliances:

a. We should be careful when handling the safety valve and keep the
vent open while using pressure cooker.

b. We should use cotton clothes and shoes. We should keep our eyes,
ear and face protected. It is better to use ear blocker while working
using the appliances that produce louder sound.

c. We should be aware of the appliances that rotate.
d. ‘On’ and ‘Off’ switch of electicity should be near to the working

place.
e. Regular checking of wire and wiring is necessary.
f. Put on glass while welding.
g. Put on the helmet and the mask while working.

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