Functional OBET Book 7

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. Define vocational training. K nowledge
2. Write any three sectors that the business-operating

training covers.

3. Briefly explain the skill-oriented training. C omprehension
Connecting PROJECT

4. Meet a professional who has received training. Then A pplication
ask him/her the differences in the performance
before and after the training. Then prepare a
report.

5. Is there any training-providing institution in your
society? If yes, make a list of the title of the training
they are providing.

6. Why is training important? essential for A nalysis
7. Why are education and training

employment?

8. Compare the importance of general and vocational E valuation
training in employment.

9. Design a training programme to improve discipline S ynthesis
in your school, highlighting major steps and their
impacts.

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3Lesson Technical Education
and Professional Training

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By receiving technical education, you can
get better job opportunity.
 describe the importance of technical
education and professional training.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Each and every work can be performed in a better way with the help

of technical education. How can we promote vocational education in

Nepal?

Point out the duties of a nurse.

Education provides knowledge but
knowledge without training is not
enough to grab the job opportunities.
So for the better employment
opportunity and development of
entrepreneurship, individuals need
training along with knowledge.
Countries like the UK, the USA, Germany, Japan, and Singapore are
developed simply because they provided knowledge with training. We see
that our people are not getting employment opportunities simply because
they lack technical education and training. To develop professionalism,
technical education is a must. Development of a country is not possible
without the practical implementation of technical education and
professional training. For innovation, extraction and utilization of our
natural resources, we should establish factories, industries, farms, etc.
Technical education and professional training are our urgent need.

Nursing, doctor, civil engineering, lab technician, charter accountancy,
electrician, radiology, photography, etc. are some examples of technical
education. They are taught at colleges and universities. Through the

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proper fusion of technical and theoretical education, we can produce
human resources that are needed for different sectors. Human resources
enhanced with technical education and professional training easily grab
the available employment opportunity at national and international
market.

Therefore, to increase the productivity of the professionals, to accelerate
the pace of work, to motivate them towards work and for the overall
development of a nation, technical education and professional education
are considered as indispensable factors.

NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks with suitable word(s) :
1. _________and _________are the essential things to grab the

opportunities of the employment.
2. Technical education helps _________the country.
3. Charter accountancy and radiology are the examples of _________.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What is technical education? K nowledge
2. Write any three examples of technical education.

3. How does technical education play a vital role to C omprehension
develop the entire nation?
Connecting PROJECT

4. Divide your class into three groups and discuss A pplication
on the importance of technical education for
professionals. Then, present your conclusion with
two points by each group.

5. What happens if there is lack of technical education? A nalysis

6. Compare the importance of technical education E valuation
and professional education for employment.

7. Suggest any five methods by which the condition of S ynthesis
technical education can be improved in our country.

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4Lesson Institutions Related to Technical
Education and Professional Training

What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to

 explain some institutions providing technical By learning about intuitions that provide

WHAT & WHY education and professional training. technical education, you can choose them to
 describe the programmes run by develop entrepreneurship.

CTEVT, NGO’s and INGO’s to provide

technical education.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Many Nepalese youths are working in foreign land. Remittance has
become one of the major income sources of the Government of Nepal.
However, many youths are facing problems in foreign land because of
the lack of skills. Is the Government responsible for providing proper
skills before granting them the permission to work in other countries?

What kind of professional training could be suitable for the

youths who are seeking job in the foreign land?

Formal and informal educational
institutions impart knowledge and
wisdom to the learners. In formal
learning, the knowledge is observed
in a systematic way. But theoretical
knowledge is not sufficient for
living. So knowledge should be
brought into practice for economic
prosperity and to change the society
into positive directions. For the practical implementation of knowledge,
training is necessary. In our country too, there are institutions that
provide training to develop the entrepreneurship of the people. Such
institutions are discussed below:

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1. CTEVT

The full form of CTEVT is Council for Technical Education and Vocational
Training. It provides fundamental, intermediate and specialized-
level of training. Its central office is in Sanothimi, Bhaktapur. It was
established in 2037 B.S. Educational programmes which are conducted
by CTEVT are discussed below:

a. Member colleges of CTEVT

CTEVT has conducted some technical schools, colleges. TSLC,
intermediate and diploma programmes have been running by CTEVT.
These institutes provide livelihood and employment-oriented training.

b. ANEX program

ANEX programme helps the Nepal government’s policy of promoting
technical education. To implement this policy, CTEVT has been
conducting SLC level programme which are known as ANEX programme.
It has been disseminated throughout the country.

c. Affiliated collages / schools/ institutions

CTEVT has given authority to the private sector for running colleges
and institutions to impart the professional education and vocational
training. Several affiliated colleges and institutions have been
established in our country in the private sector.

d. Vocational Training Centre

Two vocational training centres are running under CTEVT. These
vocational training centres are known as Rural Training Centres. Among
them, one is located in Khudi, Lamjung and another is located in Bhimad,
Tanahun. These institutions are conducting their training programme as
per the local demand. These institutions conduct training on construction,
agriculture and health-related issues. In SLC level, cattle rearing, animal
husbandry, agriculture, Ayurvedic, ANM, CMA, medical lab technology,
auto-mechanical, dental, construction, and office management are taught.

Electronics, auto-mechanical lab, housing, dental, medicine, pharmacy,
medical lab technology and dental hygiene are taught in intermediate
and diploma levels. Along with these, Ayurveda, radiology, homeopathy,
IT, computer, hotel management, dairy, forestry, etc. are also the sectors

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taught in these institutions.

Apart from these training, it provides training on herbal technical assistant,
commercial cook, waiter, hair cutting, Montessori, library and information
management, photography, telecommunication, external plant technician,
basic computer, radio and TV mechanics, web designer, computer operator,
e-commerce, welder, house wiring, plumbing, trail bridge technician, mobile
repairing, AC technician, electrician, etc. as the short-term training.

2. Cottage and Small Industry Department

In 27 districts of the Terai region, short-term training is operated by
Cottage and Small Industry Department. Such training is designed to
address the local demand.

3. Cottage and Small Industry Development Committee

In 47 districts of the Himalayan and hilly region, Cottage and Small
Industry Development Committee is running short-term training
programmes which address the local need.

NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks with suitable word(s) : is

1. The central office of CTEVT lies in _________.
2. ANEX programme enhances the _________.
3. Vocational Training Centres are also known as _________.
4. Cottage and Small Industry Development Committee

conducting its training in _________ districts of Nepal.

4. Skill development training centre

Mainly, three kinds of training including short-term, fundamental and
specialized training are operated by skill development centre. Along
with the initiation of skill and entrepreneurship development, this
training centre runs the programmes at local and national-level.

5. Mechanical training centre

This institute is located at Patan Dhoka, Lalitpur. It runs different
auto-mechanical training. Mechanical training centre falls under the
Department of Roads.

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6. Vocational education and training enhancement project

Ministry of Education has been running vocational training since 2068 B.S.
It also projects the employment training programmes targeted for youths.

7. Training centres under various institutions

Apart from the above mentioned institutions, there are other institutions,
which provide many kinds of vocational training. They are as follows:

a. Telecommunication Training Centre

It is related to telecommunication. The head office is located at Babar
Mahal, Kathmandu. It launches different types of training. Employment
generating training is run by Nepal Telecom. It publishes notices to run
training regularly. Training like field-technicians and telecom wiremen
are conducted.

b. Electricity Training Centre

Electricity training centre is located
at Kharipati, Bhaktapur. It conducts
different types of job-oriented short-
term electrical training. It supplies
human resources of different level
to the Nepal Electricity Authority.

c. Federation of Nepal Commerce and Industry

Skilled human resource is the urgent need of our country to run
industries, factories and enterprises. FNCI has started its training
centres in 9 districts along with job-oriented training. It provides
suggestions for suitable training to address the demand as per the
variation of time and place.

d. Sanothimi Technical School

Sanothimi Technical School is located at Bhaktapur. Its main target is
to provide vocational training for helpless children. Training related to
sewing, knitting, welding, auto-mechanics, press, etc. is run by this school.

8. Private institutes for training

To address the demand of local, regional and international market, various

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training-providing institutions are established in the private sector, too.
Private institutes provide training which is helpful for livelihood, self-
employment and other employment opportunities. Essential skills for
foreign employment are also provided by these institutes. Such training
is becoming the helping hand to achieve the government goal of poverty
alleviation.

9. Non-government organizations

NGOs and INGOs are running trainings in different area:

a. NGOs

NGO means Non-Government Organization. NGOs are working in
almost all parts of the country. These institutes are also providing
employment-oriented training suitable for the local needs. These
organizations are investing capital to produce skilled human resources.
Different donor agencies provide financial support.

b. INGO

INGO means International Non-Governmental Organization. Such
INGOs conduct different kinds of training that generate employment
oppurtunities. Mainly, the training is provided by specialized agencies
of UN like UNDP and other development agencies of different countries
like DANIDA, INF, DFID, etc. These agencies are investing a vast
amount of capital to produce skilled human resources. The goal of our
government is to alleviate poverty. These INGOs have helped meet
the target of poverty alleviation through different skill development
training.

10. Technical programmes launched by universities.

Universities like Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu University,
Pokhara University, Purbanchal University offer both academic and
technical programmes. Bachlor’s degree, Master’s degree, Master of
Philosophy, and Ph.D. level are academic programmes. Technical
programmes offered by these universities are -

i. Health sector
General medicine, surgery, pharmacy, nursing, lab technology,
radiography, dental surgery, etc.

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ii. Agricultural sector
Horticulture, livedstock, etc.

iii. Engineering sector
Civil, mechanical, electrical, sanitation, electronics, automechanics,
refrigeration, architecture, computer, information technology, etc.
These programmes generate human resources that can plan various
projects and implement them successfully.

NOW YOUR TIME

Make any four “Fill in the blanks” questions related to this
lesson.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. List technical institutions which are providing K nowledge
professional education in Nepal.

2. Briefly explain CTEVT. C omprehension
Connecting PROJECT

3. Visit your locality and make a list of the institutions A pplication
which are providing technical education and
professional training.

4. Why are the institutions providing technical
education and professional training, important for
our society? Discuss it in your class and prepare a
report.

5. Differentiate between NGOs and INGOs. A nalysis

6. “Co-operation between private and government E valuation
sector is the foundation of the development of
technical education.” Justify.

7. Suggest any five ways to make the programme S ynthesis
offered by CTEVT accessible and affordable to
everyone in the country.

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GLANCING
THIS UNIT

A. Theoretical Revision 20

1. Fill in the blanks. 3

a. People who are not employed in any profession are known as ______________

b. Training sharpens the ______________ and enhances the ______________

c. Technical education is a must to develop ______________

2. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements: 2

a. ANEX programme is an intermediate-level programme.

b. Vocational training centres are not operated under CTEVT.

c. Sanothimi Technical School is located at Bhaktapur.

d. Ministry of Education has been running vocational training since 2058 B.S.

3. Answer the following questions (any three): 5 x 3 = 15

a. What is employment? Explain regional and national-level employment.

b. Discuss the nature and type of training on the basis of objectives.

c. What is CTEVT? Write about educational programmes conducted by CTEVT.

d. Can you assess the importance of NGOs and INGOs regarding employment-

oriented training?

B. Practical Revision 20

1. Do the following activities: 5 x 3 = 15

a. Visit few training centres in your locality and make a list of various training

that they provide.

b. Submit the projects given in the lessons of this unit to your teacher and get

them signed by him/her. Keep a record of your submissions.

c. Collect 10 vacancy announcement of national newspapers and show the

requirements and training of the various positions in a table.

2. Viva-voce 5 Connecting
INTERNET
a. Why should people join training programmes? Give reasons.

b. How does technical education help in increasing productivity?

c. Define NGOs and INGOs.

d. Give two examples of technical education. Looking throughout www.symphonypub.com for cumulative revision.

e. What is the main objective of telecommunication training

centre?

Visit

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UNIT INFORMATION ABOUT
3 EMPLOYMENT

1Lesson Source of Information about Regional
and National Level Employment

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to selecting suitable source of information, you
can save time and money while searching for
 describe source the information about the employment.
regional and national level employment.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

We can get the information about employment from many sources.
Computer is also one of the sources of information about employment.
How can we use a computer as a source of information about
employment? Describe.

How can we get the information about employment in your

locality?

Almost all people are involved in some sorts
of profession. Profession and employment
are the basic sources of livelihood. People and
institutions create job for themselves and
for others too. Self-employed people work
in their own institutions. Some institutions
create job opportunities for other people
too. Depending on their working sector
and investment, these institutions need
all types of human resources, educated,
uneducated, skilled, trained, untrained, etc.
to perform their task smoothly. In this way,
institutions and organizations demand human resources. Such demand

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is fulfiled by the labour market. Citizens have right to get information
of these employment opportunities and the nation should provide such
information as its responsibility. Whenever the government offices and
private institutions require employees, these offices and institutions
inform the general public about job opportunities through electronic
media and newsprint. Sometimes, they put notices on the public notice
boards.

A. Sources of information about employment from
Government sector

1. Public Service Commission

Public Service Commission opens
the job vacancies in order to fulfil
the needs of different posts. To work
as a civil servant, we should acquire
necessary qualification. The vacancy
is disseminated through different
newspapers and its own website too.

2. Public institutions under government

Government institutions provide employment to the people. Information
of employment is publicized through the means of print media. They
publish their vacancies in different means of public media with required
number, minimum qualifications, qualities and method of recruitment.
Salt Trading Corporation, Nepal Electricity Authority, Nepal Telecom,
etc. are the examples of public institutions under government.

3. Private employment/employer

Private sector is one of the important sectors to offer employment to the
people. It is profit-oriented business so it requires mostly skilled and
trained human resources both in technical and non-technical service-
sectors. Private sector spreads information about vacancies in both
print and electronic media. Hotels, private banks, industries, travel
and tour agencies, etc. are some examples of private institutions.

4. Employment in Educational Institutions

Educational institutions require different kinds of employees. In public

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school, information of employment is published by both Teacher Service
Commission and the school itself. Local and national newspapers, F.M.
radios, the Internet, etc. are also used for circulating the information
about employment.

5. Media house

Media houses need journalists and technical human resourses. Using
print and electronic media, they publicize the vacancies.

6. Ministry of Labour and Transportation

Under the Ministry of Labour and Trasportation, the Department of
Labour and Foreign Employment has been established. It disseminates
the information about employment in national and international level.
Training centres under this ministry also regulate the information
about employment and training to the citizens.

7. Labour Market Information Centre

Labour market information centre is one of the major centres to circulate
the information about employment from governmental level. It is needed
for publishing information about employment, training and education.
It has established Technical Education Board and Vocational Training
Council in order to produce vocational and technical human resources.

NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks with suitable word(s) :
1. Public Service Commission opens the job for _________.
2. _________ are needed in educational institutes.
3. A person who works in media houses is called _________.
4. Labour Market Information Centre was established for _________.

B. Means of obtaining information about employment
There are different means through which information is circulated.
People or institutions should publish their vacancies to fulfil the post.
Some of them put information about employment in newspapers and
others use electronic media. Personal relation and pamphleting also

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help in spreading the information. Television, AM radio, FM and the
Internet play key roles in circulating the information about employment.
Governmental and private institutes use radio and TV to spread the
news in regional and national level. We can also see the advertisement
of employment in the website of related institutes organizations. For
example, www.psc.gov.np is the authorized website of Public Service
Commission. They also paste the notice on their notice board. Similarly,
pamphleting is also another important means of spreading information
about employment. Both government and private organizations use
these means to circulate their information about employment.

Source of
information

Print media Personal Electric Pamphleting
relation media

C. Institutions promoting private employment

Institutions that promote private employment are also important
sources of information about employment. Both government and
private sectors utilize these institutions. Private sectors disseminate
information about employment through print media, electronic media
and also from personal contact. Local and national media are used to
announce the vacancies. In the context of Nepal, nearly 4 lakhs human
resources are added in labour market per year. These skilful and
capable human resources are in search of employment all the time. So
vacancies announced from local and national medias help them involve
in the job. In this way, such institutions provide the job information to
the capable and skilled persons on the one hand and fulfil the demand
of appropriate professionals in the organizations on the other.

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NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks with suitable word(s) :
1. There are different means through which information of _________

is circulated.
2. The authorized website of Public Service Commission is _________.
3. Government and private organizations use the means of media

to_________.
4. Radio and TV help _________.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What are the basic sources of livelihood? K nowledge
2. List the means of obtaining information about

employment.

3. How can we get the information about employment C omprehension
at the local level?

4. What is the major function of Public Service
Commission?
Connecting PROJECT

5. Collect the newspapers of 3 days, read the vacancy A pplication
announcement and list the institution for creating
the employment.

6. Open the official website of PSC (www. psc.gov.
np.) and list out the vacancy announcements and
present it in your class.

7. Mention any ten sources of information about A nalysis
employment and categorize them as print media,
personal contact and electronic media.

9. Which source of information do you think is the
most affordable in your society ? Give your opinion. E valuation

9. Find a new way of transmitting information about S ynthesis
employment.

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GLANCING 20
THIS UNIT 3

A. Theoretical Revision

1. Fill in the blanks:
a. Profession and ______________ are the basic sources of livelihood.
b. ______________ people work in their own institution.
c. Private sector is ______________ oriented business.

2. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements: 2

a. Demand and supply of human resources is fulfilled by the labour market.

b. Public Service Commission opens job vacancies for government offices.

c. Media houses need cooks and waiters.

d. Institutions should not publish notice for vacant positions in their office.

3. Answer the following questions (any three): 5 x 3 = 15

a. Explain the sources of information about employment provided by

government.

b. Differentiate between government and private sector employment.

c. “The print media is the main source of information about employment in

Nepal.” Justify.

d. Suppose you are the manager of a company. Which approach will you select

to notify people about vacancy in your company? Why?

B. Practical Revision 20

1. Do the following activities: 5 x 3 = 15

a. Create a vacancy announcement notice for a Secondary Level Teacher in

your school.

b. Submit the projects given in the lessons of this unit to your teacher and get

them signed by him/her. Keep a record of your submissions.

c. Visit the websites of public enterprises to collect the requirements of various

positions and show the information in a chart. Connecting
INTERNET
2. Viva-voce 5

a. Mention two examples of employees required in an educational

institution. Looking throughout www.symphonypub.com for cumulative revision.

b. Give two examples of public institutions that are under the

government control.

c. What do you mean by media house? Visit

d. What is the function of labour market information centre?

e. State different means of obtaining information about

employment.

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UNIT
4 GENERAL PROFESSIONAL SKILLS

1Lesson Introduction to
General Professional SkillS

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By developing general professional skills,
you can take right decision at right time.
 define general professional skills.
 describe the types of general professional

skills.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Vocational skill is needed to run the profession in the correct way. In

your opinion what kind of skill is needed for agricultural profession

to run it in a better way?

Who makes many friends in your class? Why do you think s/he
is able to do so ?

Skill implements our knowledge
into practice. Skilful people use
the knowledge and training in
a meaningful way that results
in better progression. General
skill provides basic ways of
communicating with people,
identification, analysis and solution
of a problem, and creative activity.
Similarly, general professional skill sparks technical skills necessary
to run the vocation. Creativity, systematic thinking skill, problem
identification and its solving, analytical skill, etc. are termed under the
general professional skills. Such skill enhance the ability of innovation
and exploration. It promotes leadership and co-ordination skills.

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General professional skills offer the ability of selection, planning for
smooth operation, co-ordination, direction and distribution of goods and
services in a better way.

Types of general professional skill

1. Systematic thinking skills

Thinking skill is related to mental work. Planning is the outcome of
systematic thinking skill. Such skill helps in the conceptualization
of work and workstation, method of performing task, possible future
problems and their solution and mapping of total outcome of vocation.
It helps create the work system which is the gateway for creativity

and productivity. It also leads the work to accuracy by making the
employees punctual and accountable to their work. Thinking skill has
the following aspects:

a. Concept of systematic thinking

By analyzing existing situation, thinking skill enables us to plan for
vocation. So professionals should possess the concept of systematic
thinking skill. It is the basis of developing possible attitude. The concept
of systematic thinking involves coherence in the thinking pattern.
Systematic thinking should appear in a coherent and linear way. For
example, we should think about qualitative production of goods and
services as per the demand of market rather than its distribution in the
earlier phase of production.

b. Method of systematizing thinking skill

Systematic thinking skill helps plan the vocation sequentially. It

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manages the manifold forms of creative thinking in an organized way
that leads to the perfection of the work. Brainstorming in the targeted
vocation provides dispersed ideas. By avoiding unrelated ideas, we can
concretize our thinking. Concretization of thinking in an order leads to
the creativity and problem solving.

2. Creative skill

Creativity germinates from systematic thinking skill. Creativity is
something from which we can perform our tasks differently. Systematic
thinking exhibits in innovative production and enlargement of vocation.
Creative skill helps advance the working style. Hence, creativity is an
essential need of each and every human being. Creative mind produces
something new and explores something especial from the existing one
too. Creative professionals can create sacred goods even out of mess. So,
creativity is the skill of finding and exploring, innovation and foundation
for the ability to perform the work. Creativity skill helps start, manage
and operate the vocation in a newer and advanced way.

3. Leadership skill

The other word for ‘leader’ is ‘guide’. As a guide, a leader leads his/her
team to the target. The leader also orients and motivates his/her team
towards the goals/objectives. A leader is the steering of the organization.
So professionals should have leadership skill. A good leader always
orients his/her team to the genuine goal. S/he has the ability to solve
the problems that appear in the organization. S/he can divert the whole
team to the right path. A leader also has the skills to operate the works
in coordination. A group or an organization is formed by different kinds
of people. The major duty of a leader is to motivate the team to the
work. Risk-taking and planning are other qualities of a leader. In this
way, a good leader should also possess co-ordinating skill. Leadership
skill can be developed through:

a. Enlarging interpersonal skill
b. Developing systematic thinking and creativity in the work
c. Developing work-division skill
d. Developing motivating and orienting skill
e. Developing communicative and co-ordinating skill

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f. Imparting team spirit among the team-members
g. Developing responsibility and accountability in the work
h. Broadening decisive power in the right time

NOW YOUR TIME

Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements.
1. Skill is not essential for better production.
2. A plan is the outcome of systematic thinking skill.
3. Creative skill enhances the creativity.
4. Leadership skill does not give the way for achieving a goal.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. List out the types of general vocational skills. K nowledge
2. What do you mean by managing skill?

3. Write a short note on: C omprehension
a. Creative skill b. Leadership skill
Connecting PROJECT

4. Visit any five families and find out their A pplication
occupations. What sort of skills are needed to run
the occupation? Write it in a few paragraphs.

5. Why is general vocational skill important? A nalysis

6. Which one do you think is more important between E valuation
creative skill and leadership skill to run a business?
Choose and give your opinion.

7. Develop a new skill which is essential in profession. S ynthesis
Also give reasons to support your answer.

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GLANCING
THIS UNIT

A. Theoretical Revision 20

1. Fill in the blanks: 3

a. Skill ______________ the knowledge in practice.

b. General professional skill promotes ______________ and ______________ skill.

c. Systematic thinking is the basis of developing ______________

2. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements: 2
a. Systematic thinking skill is the outcome of planning.
b. Creative skill is an unnecessary skill for any professional.
c. Creative professionals can create goods even out of mess.
d. A leader motivates his/her team towards achieving the goal.

3. Answer the following questions (any three): 5 x 3 = 15

a. Explain the importance of professional skill.

b. How would you classify the type of general and professional skill?

c. Make a distinction between creative and leadership skill.

d. What would you do to improve your leadership skill?

B. Practical Revision 20

1. Do the following activities: 5 x 3 = 15

a. Interview your school principal and ask him/her about their experiences and

weaknesse. Make a list of their strengths, skills and weaknesses.

b. Submit the projects given in the lessons of this unit to your teacher and get

them signed by him/her. Keep a record of your submissions.

c. Read an autobiography of a famous personality and look for examples of the

various skills that you have read in this lesson and write an essay.

2. Viva-voce 5
a. Mention any two examples of general professional skill.
b. How can you systematize your thinking skill? State a way. Connecting
c. What is creative skill? INTERNET
d. What are basic characteristics of a good team-leader?
e. How do you define yourself: a leader or a team member? Why? Looking throughout www.symphonypub.com for cumulative revision.

State a point.

Visit

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UNIT
5 TYPES OF BUSINESS

1Lesson Small, Medium
and Large Scale Business

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By running business, you can generate self-
employment and employment for others.
 define small, medium and large scale
business.

 describe the major function of small,
medium and large scale business.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

You have seen many kinds of business in your locality. How does the

business reduce unemployment?

Collect the information about any ten business activities in
your community. Then fill in the table below and discuss.

S.N. Name of firm Investment (in Rs) No. of workers Production in a year

Business is an economic activity
which is directly related to
the regular production and
distribution of goods and services
for the fulfilment of people’s
needs. Business is also a kind of
occupation through which people get
earning. People in our society have
gathered livelihood by involving in
different kinds of business. Education, skills, training, etc. determine
the involvement in certain category and standard of a profession. The
volume of investment and number of people cannot be ignored in this

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categorization. In our surroundings, people are engaged in various
occupations. There are people working in a tea shop with the help of
one’s own family members and some people are providing employment
for large number of people investing large volume of money. In this
way, investment, production, number of workers in a firm determine
the type of business. Simply, there are three categories of business.
They are given below:

1. Small-scale business

It is a type of business run by a
person or members of a family.
Low investment, involvement of
few number of people, small scope
and production in small quantity
are some of the delimiting factors
of small-scale business. Small tea
shop, tyre repairing centre, furniture making, tailoring, etc. are some
examples of small-scale business.

2. Medium-scale business

This kind of business is larger than small-scale and smaller than
large-scale business. It runs with four to five members so that it is
creating the employment for oneself and for some others. It requires a
bit larger scale of investment. So administrative body is also required
for smooth monitoring of the industry. Furniture industry, grill and
shutter industries, restaurant, poultry farming, etc. are the examples
of medium-scale business.

3. Large-scale business

Investment in large volume, different bodies to run the organization, a
large number of people and mass production are the determining factors
of large-scale business. It provides employment to the large number of
people. By using the local techniques and resources we can establish
large-scale business. Local resources, knowledge, training and skills
should be considered at the time of establishing large-scale business. It
can be the corner stone for leading the country towards prosperity and
development. Publication houses, noodle factories, shopping centres,
etc. are the examples of large-scale of business.

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In this way, from the local to the national level, different kinds of
business have been operated, depending on resources, skills, knowledge
and investment. Small-scale business provide employment and earning
to the less number of people whereas large-scale business provides
employment and earnings to the larger number of people.

NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks with suitable word(s) :
1. Business means an occupation from which one can get _________.
2. Local business can run by _________.
3. Publication and noodle factories are the examples of _________.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What are the three types of business? K nowledge
2. List some points about the importance of small

-scale business.

3. Explain the importance of small scale business. C omprehension
Connecting PROJECT

4. Visit your locality and talk to some business

persons who own small and medium-scale business A pplication

and prepare a report on the basis of the following

outline.

a. Title of the report b. Findings

c. Conclusion

5. Differentiate between the medium-scale business A nalysis
and large-scale business.

6. Out of three categories of business mentioned in E valuation
your book, which one do you think is needed at
present in Nepal? Why?

7. If you were to categorize business, how would you S ynthesis
do it? Generate new categories.

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2Lesson Fundamental
Elements of Business

What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to After learning about the fundamental
elements of business, you can operate your
 define fundamental elements of business. business more effectively.
 explain fundamental elements of

business.
WHAT & WHY
Capital
Market
Skilled manpower
Raw-material
Infrastructure
ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Do you want to be a business person in the future? If yes, what type

of business do you want to operate ? What are the basic requirements

of operating the business?

How can we operate a small-scale business in our locality?
Discuss.

Business provides profit to the Business

owner and wages to the workers.

Profit and wages become the

source of living to the owner and

the workers simultaneously.

So to run a business means to

provide source of livelihood in

one or an other way. So income

is the main target of running

any kind of business. But we should be conscious before starting the

business. Availability of raw materials for business, scope of business,

market, targeted groups of people, etc. should be considered wisely for

well nourishment of business. The fundamental elements of business

are enlisted below:

a. Capital
It is the first and foremost fundamental element of business operation.

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Capital is necessary for importing equipment for business, buying raw
materials and providing wages for workers. Estimated expenditure and
the source of capital should be taken into consideration before running
a business.

b. Market

Market is the place where transaction takes place between producers
and customers. There should be proper management of the market for
supplying goods that are produced in the industry. Business goes in loss
if there is lack of the market.

c. Skilled human resources

People having appropriate vocational skills and training are called
skilled human resources. Skilled human resources have the capacity
to face the problems that come in course of running a business. So
we should take in to consideration whether there are skilled human
resources for the business or not before establishing the industry.

d. Raw materials

Raw materials are the fundamental materials for productive business.
The study of availability of raw materials in the interested area of
business is the other major fundamental elements of business operation.
We should establish the business in the place where we can get which
we can use the local raw materials easily. For example, it is better to
establish a tea factory in Ilam because of the abundant availability of
green tea leaves which is raw material for the tea factory.

e. Infrastructure

Infrastructure plays a vital role in the operation of any kind of business.
The infrastructure of development like water, transportation, electricity,
buildings are necessary for running business smoothly. So, availability
and probability of development of infrastructure should be considered
before materializing the plan of business.

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NOW YOUR TIME

Match column A with column B.

Column A Column B
Market fundamental materials for product
Skilled manpower a place where transaction takes place
Raw materials basic facilities for business
Infrastructure people having vocational skill

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What are the fundamental elements required to

run a business successfully? K nowledge

2. What do you mean by capital and market?

3. Explain raw materials as a fundamental element of C omprehension
operating business.

Connecting PROJECT

4. Visit any industry of your locality. Make a report A pplication
on marketing process, sources of raw materials,
infrastructures and capital.

5. Differentiate between raw materials and A nalysis
infrastructure. E valuation
S ynthesis
6. Which one is more important to run a business:
skilled human resources or infrastructure? Defend
your answer.

7. Five elements of operating business are given in
your book. Add one more element yourself and
explain it.

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3Lesson Local-Level Business

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By gathering information about local-level
business, you can run a business of your own
 define local level business. and utilize the locally available resources as
 describe the things that are to be raw materials.

considered for the establishment of local
level business.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Our society is full of natural resources. These resources can be
used by the establishment of local-level business, which can be a
good source of income. What kind of local level business can be
established in your locality? Why?

Generalize some points to be considered while establishing

business at local level.

Local-level business like furniture
industry, tea shop, grill and iron
industry, garage, livestock and
dairy farm, fruit and vegetable
farming, metal work etc. runs at
our home, locality, and community.
The business fosters using local
resources and skills. It fulfils the
needs and necessities of local
people. One should not forget
to identify the requirements of the local people. The manufactured
goods should meet the needs of local people, otherwise the business
may not run smoothly. So we have to be very careful for the
sustainability and smooth operation of the business before
establishing it at local level.

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Points to be considered before establishing local level business

1. Market demand

We should be careful to identify the demand of local market before
establishing the business. The business that provides the goods and
services to the local people as per their demand runs smoothly for a long
time.

2. Machinery and equipments

We cannot operate the business without the help of different kinds of
machinery and equipments that support in the production of goods.
Such equipments differ according to the kind of business. For example,
vegetable farming needs spade, hoe, plough, etc. and tailoring business
needs sewing machine, ruler, thread, scissors and so on.

3. Registration of business

We should register the local level business in the district office of Small and
Cottage Industries in order to run it legally. Otherwise it becomes illegal and
can be closed anytime.

4. Human resources

Business needs skilled human resources to operate it smoothly. Before
establishing the business at the local level, we should think of the
availability of the affordable human resources. So we should give top
priority to human resources.

5. Market

Before establishing the business we should identify the market and
targeted groups of customers. We should take in consideration whether
there are other forms of business operating to compete with us in the
same area. Our business runs smoothly if we consider all these things
before establishing the local level business.

Market demand Establishing Human resource
Machinery & equipments local business Market

Registration

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NOW YOUR TIME

Make any four “Fill in the blanks” questions from the above
lesson.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What do you mean by local level business? K nowledge
2. List out the examples of local level business

activities and necesssary to run them.

3. Introduce market demand.
4. Write about the registration procedure of local level C omprehension

business firm.
Connecting PROJECT

5. Visit any three local level business in your society
and fill up the following table. Then prepare a
report based on the facts.

S.N Name of Amount of Materials Date of Major
farm investment establishment works

1 A pplication

2

3

6. Interview a successful business person of your

community based on the following points. Prepare a

report and submit to your teacher.

a. Reasons behind choosing this type of business.

b. His/her attemps to overcome the obstactes.

c. Possibilities and challenges in the profession.

7. Differentiate between demand and supply in the market. A nalysis

8. “All local level businessmen should register their E valuation
business in the respective government office.”
Defend this statement.

9. Suggest any five new things that should be considered S ynthesis
to improve the condition of local level business.

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4Lesson Selection, Management
and Skills of Operating Business

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to Proper selection of business determines its
success. This chapter helps you generate the
 list the different processes in the ideas for selecting proper business.
selection and management of business.

 describe the general skills required for
business.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

You must have seen different kinds of business in your society. What

are the basic requirements for operating such business?

How is your school smoothly managed by your headteacher ?

Discuss.

In our society almost all people are
engaged in some kind of business
either small or big. It provides
earning for both the owner and
the workers, by making profit. So
the motto of every type of business
is to earn profit. But business
runs profitably only when it runs
uninterruptedly satisfying the needs of local people. In other words, it
should provide services to the people at the cost of their expenditure. The
business that runs according to the local needs can run for a long time.
Management of the business also plays a vital role in the sustainability
of the business. If business cannot take the path of profit, it cannot run at
all. So profit-making, interpersonal relationships among all managerial
team members and workers, management of raw materials, identification
of local necessities, study of other local business and affordability of
customers are the fundamental points to be considered before establishing
the business at the local level. In this way, selection of business and

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managerial skills are essential for smooth operation of business.

I. Selection of Business

Selection of business is the first and foremost prerequisite for sustainable
operation of business. Sustainable business helps for living. We should
choose the business according to the needs of localities. We should take
in account about other business that are running in the community.
The following points should be considered while selecting the business:

a. Study of other business firms in the market
b. Availability of customers and their purchasing capacity
c. Availability of raw materials
d. Availability of human resources
e. Availability of infrastructures

II. Management of Business

Management is also an important factor of business. In fact,
management is the core of business. Only proper management leads
the business to the spectrum of profit. Management makes the plan and
runs the organization according to the plan. It also checks and corrects
weaknesses that may come in the work. So before establishing business,
we should manage human resources, raw materials, infrastructures and
other things related to its management. The following points should be
considered in the management of business:

a. Transportation management
a. Human resources management
b. Furniture management
c. Budget management
d. Time management
e. Staff management
f. Location management

III. Skill of Business Operation

Training, knowledge and skills are very important things for the success
of any kind of business or assignment. Training sharpens the knowledge
and skill applies the training in the field. Only a skilful person can run
the business perfectly. The skilful person has the capacity to do the

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same task applying different techniques.

The following skills are essential to operate a business

a. Calculation of demand
b. Production as per the demand
c. Taking advance from the customers
d. Management of worker’s schedule
e. Maintenance of machines and equipments
f. Registration in government office and payment of tax
g. Address the market demand
h. Accounting of income and expenditure

NOW YOUR TIME

Make a groups of five and discuss the management skills
necessary to run a business successfully.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What do you mean by the skill of business operation? K nowledge

2. What types of managerial skills are required to run

business? Explain. C omprehension

3. What are the points to be considered in selecting the

business?

Connecting PROJECT

4. Visit any business person of your society and A pplication
make a list of the things that s/he has managed for
the selection, management and operation of the
business.

5. How can we operate a business successfully? Analyze. A nalysis

6. “Management checks and corrects weakness of a E valuation
business.” Justify.

7. Suggest two more points to be considered while S ynthesis
selecting a business except the ones mentioned in
your book.

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GLANCING
THIS UNIT

A. Theoretical Revision 20

1. Fill in the blanks. 3

a. Tailoring is an example of ___________ business.

b. Business provides ___________ to the owner and ___________ to workers.

c. ___________ is the fundamental element of any business operation.

2. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements: 2

a. Small business can be established with low investment.

b. Market is a place where products are bought and sold.

c. Infrastructure development is not important in the operation of service

business.

d. There is no need to register local level business.

3. Answer the following questions (any three): 5 x 3 = 15

a. What elements should be taken into account before starting a business?

Why?

b. What is a local level business? Explain its importance.

c. “A business cannot survive without appropriate management.” Justify.

d. Define business and explain its types on the basis of production.

B. Practical Revision 20

1. Do the following activities: 5 x 3 = 15

a. Interview five business persons in your community and ask them about their

capital, partners, branch offices and staff and classify them into either of

three types of businesses that you have learned in this lesson.

b. Interview any five local level business persons in your community and ask

them about their experience in the business. On the basis of the interview

prepare a guide on “How to run local business?”

c. Submit the projects given in the lessons of this unit to your Connecting
INTERNET
teacher and get them signed by him/her. Keep a record of your

submissions.

2. Viva-voce 5 Looking throughout www.symphonypub.com for cumulative revision.

a. Give two examples of medium scale business.

b. Tell a feature of a large scale business?

c. Tell the names of any two raw materials required for a biscuit Visit

factory.

d. Why do we need to register our business? State a point.

e. What do you think is the most important skill for managing a

business?

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UNIT TRADE AND MARKET
6 MANAGEMENT

1Lesson Relationship between
Business and Trade

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By using skills in producing goods, you can
fulfill the demands of people by running
 differentiate between business and trade. appropriate type of business as per their
 explain the relationship between requirements.

business and trade.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Now you are reading functional Occupation, Business and Technology

education. You must have bought the book from stationary (salesman).

From where does the salesman get the books to sell ?

Buying and selling of things is known as business. How does

business generate income? Discuss.

In our society people are engaged
in different kinds of business. It
becomes the source of income for
them. Goods are produced from
small to large quantity depending
on the nature of business. We get
our goods bought and sold in the
market. This buying and selling
goods as per our need is called
trade. If a businessman buys the goods from the producer and sells
it to the customers in higher price, it is business. From this act both
the producer and the trader make profit. At the same time, customers
satisfy their needs buying goods from the retailer in the market.

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Goods are produced in order to fulfil the needs of people. Market needs
certain goods and producers are to produce the same things. Necessity
makes people produce and trade the goods. Market price of the goods
gets fixed on the basis of the production cost of the goods. In this way,
business though larger or smaller tries to address the people’s need
producing essential goods. Trade helps the goods to reach the customers
and they pay certain money which becomes the source of income for
both producer and trader. In this way, business and trade have an
inseparable relationship.

NOW YOUR TIME

Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements.
1. Goods are produced according to the nature of vocation.
2. Buying and selling things is known as business.
3. A trader earns money from buying and selling.
4. The market price of the same thing is not fixed everywhere.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What is business? between K nowledge
2. Define a producer and a consumer. C omprehension

3. Explain the inseparable relationship
business and trade.
Connecting PROJECT

4. Divide your class into three groups and discuss A pplication
the relationship between business and trade and
present the conclusion in your class.

5. What is the role of a retailer in business? A nalysis

6. “Business and trade are interrelated.” Justify. E valuation
S ynthesis
7. Suggest any five ways by which a direct link can be
created between a producer and a retailer without
a mediator or an agent in between.

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2Lesson Market Development
and Business Collaboration

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By working together to run various
business, you can be less affected by market
 define market development and business fluctuation.
collaboration.

 describe the market development and
business collaboration.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

You must have seen ants. They are small creatures. But it is wonderful

that they carry the thing many times larger than themselves. How is

it possible? Give your reason.

You must have seen people working in groups. Discuss any five
benefits of working in group.

Globalization has made the goods
travel around the world. The whole
world has become the shared market
for the goods and services. So,
competition has become an inevitable
factor in the spectrum of business.

Business is a source of income.
Its establishment depends on the
demand of local market and availability of raw materials. Involvement
of the maximum number of people in the same vocation in the same
place creates the problem. There rises the competition and the business
may get collapsed. In such condition, an alternative market should be
searched. Business can be handled smoothly through advertisements on
radio, TVs, FMs, and newspapers. It helps find the new places to sell the
goods. The same act, in other language, is called market development.

The shortage of market and searching of alternative trade can be best
solved by the practice of co-work business. Co-work helps to develop a big
business by collecting small amounts from co-workers. In co-operative

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work, everyone should understand and trust each other. Obstacles can
be solved through table talks. Big business and project runs through
the collective effort. Co-work can take place between and among the
producers too. It helps them compete collectively in the market. Along
with good understanding and trustworthiness, some fundamental skills
are also needed for co-work. Here are some examples of such skills
essential for co-operative work.
a. Crystal allocation/division of work.
b. Allocation of wage.
c. People having good managerial quality.
d. Transparent record of saving and credit.
e. Positive thinking glorifying unique identities of members.
f. Meetings and record of success and failure in the business.
g. Analyze of failure and self-evaluation.

NOW YOUR TIME

Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements.

1. Business should be run according to the availability of raw materials.
2. Involvement of many people creates competition in the business.
3. Co-work skill is not essential for the business.
4. Understanding is the key to give up the co-work business.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What do you mean by co-work skill? K nowledge
2. List the skill of co-operative work in business.

3. Explain the importance of co-work in business . C omprehension
Connecting PROJECT

4. Visit a businessman of your locality and ask him/ A pplication
her what type of mechanism s/he has made to get
his/her business promoted.

5. Determine the factors essential for cooperative works. A nalysis

6. “Advertisements play an important role in a business.” E valuation
Justify.

7. Formulate a plan to learn in your class in a S ynthesis
cooperative manner.

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3Lesson Modernization in Trade Skill

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By using latest techniques, you can
vmodernize your trade skill.
 describe modernization in trade skill.
 explain the needs of modernization in

trade skill.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

You must have radio and television at your home. You have seen
various advertisements on television. A washing soap costs only
Rs.20 to Rs. 50 but they spend a lakh or more for advertisement.
What do you think is the reason behind it?

How do the Internet, FM and AM radio help promote the
business? Disucss it in your class.

Modernization is a trend that has not
left anything untouched. It makes
people advanced, globalized and co-
operative. Science and technology
in modern era has transmitted each
and every thing in a new form which
broadens its scope. Advancement in
transportation has enabled people
to trade in the foreign market easily.
Because of the Internet, radio and television, we use the things that are
produced in distant places/countries. All this has become possible due
to the modernization in trade skill. In this unit we learn about different
ways of modernising trade skills.

a. Advertisement

A notice, picture or film that tells people about a product, job or service
is called advertisement. It is the most important means to advertise

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the things. Advertisement should be effective and attractive. Radio,
television, Internet, hoarding boards, etc. are the effective means of
advertisement. It can have good effects on people orienting them to the
goods which are advertised.

b. Reservation

Another skill that leads the trade to modernization is reservation.
Sometimes goods in the market are not easily accessed. They are produced
only after the demand of customers. Thus, the skill of preserving such
rare goods for future use also helps modernize the trade.

c. Instalment

In the same way, instalment is also practiced in the market. It helps
the customers get the things needed by paying a little money. In this
system, customers pay the credit on instalment basis. It makes the price
of the things a bit expensive.

d. Target group trade

Target group trade is also another important modern trade skill. Target
group is examined before producing the goods. Afterwards, goods are
produced according to their will and necessity. For example, different
kinds of fashionable clothes are produced focusing teenagers and heavy
discount is also offered focusing the students who have taken the SLC
examination.

e. E-commerce and network business

E-commerce and network business are other forms of modern trade. Both
skills make the horizon of trade broader. Trade goes on through the use
of computer, the Internet and e-mail in e-commerce1. It is indirect trade
where customers order their necessities through e-mail by observing
advertisement and rate of goods in the internet. Dealer gets the money
by cards, cheque, drafts, etc. in this system.

In this trade skill, one has to become a member of the group. Goods are
distributed only among the members of the group. Nowadays, in many
cases customers are cheated by the dealer/business porson in this type
of trade.

1 e-commerce : A type of industry where the buying and selling of products or services is con-
ducted over electronic system.

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In this way, business runs through different methods that make the
business easily accessed, fast and less expensive. Customers can choose
essential goods among many brands in their own homes. If they do not
have enough money to pay for the things they need, they can get the
things in instalment system. Market tries its best to reserve the things
that customers want most. These methods of business in different
trends and techniques are known as the modernization in trade skill.

NOW YOUR TIME

Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements.
1. Modernization makes people advanced, _________ and _________.
2. Advertisement should be effective and _________ to promote the

business.
3. E-commerce and network business are other forms of _________.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. Introduce the concept of modernization in trade K nowledge
skill.

2. What do you mean by e-commerce?

3. List the important points of advertisement skill to C omprehension
promote business.

Connecting PROJECT

4. You must have noticed that different modern A pplication
techniques are used in business. Discuss it with
different business persons and write a report on the
techniques that s/he used for business promotion.

5. Differentiate between reservation and instalment in A nalysis
trade.

6. “Modernization makes trade accessible, fast and E valuation
less expensive.” Defend this statement.

7. Suggest two new methods by which we can S ynthesis
modernize our trade skills.

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4Lesson Agricultural Trade
Development and Co-operatives

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By establishing co-operatives you can create
larger capital to run a trade or business.
 explain agricultural co-operative.
 describe the importance of co-work skill

in agricultural trade.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Have you ever seen agricultural co-operatives? They unite farmers

and perform the activities for the betterment of agricultural sector.

What are the benefits of the establishment of co-operatives?

You must have eaten ghee and cheese brought from the market.
How do they arrive to your home? Discuss.

Nepal is an agricultural country.
Most of the people are involved in
agriculture. They produce different
products related to agriculture
through which they make income.
So production of agricultural goods
and its trading is known as business
based on agriculture. Poultry
farming, animal husbandry, fishery,
vegetables and tea plantation,
floriculture, coffee production and
fruit farming are some of the examples of agricultural vocation. Different
places and markets should be searched and promoted for such trade.
The act of finding and promoting markets for agricultural products is
called agricultural trade development.

The place where agricultural products are bought and sold is known as
agricultural market. According to the nature of agricultural products, there

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are certain markets for different items. For example, there are separate
places for fruits and meat. They are produced separately and sold separately.
Agricultural products are produced in personal or group investment. So,
trading also can be run personally or in the form of team.

The main aim of the business is to earn profit. So, for profitable business,
farmers and dealers have to work in colaboration. Only farmers can
also collaborate for both production and trade. For such collaboration,
there should be group investment. So members of the group should be
co-operative, morale, humble and self-criticizing. They should have the
skill to find out the solution of problems through group discussion.

Co-work is the base of co-operative. In the context of Nepal, the concept to
co-operative is developed from 2010 B.S. After co-operative department
was developed in 2010 B.S. it has occupied significant place. As a result
co-operative ministry has been established in 2068 B.S.

Co-operatives are taken as the helping hands of the state. They help
collect the minimal savings of each person and every institutional
member. It broadens the sense of saving for future. There are different
kinds of co-operatives according to their nature and goal. Agricultural,
dairy, coffee, tea, health, saving and credit, etc. are the main strands
of co-operatives. Such authorized institutions help produce agricultural
products and play a pivotal role in searching and expanding the market.
Through the collected capital, co-operatives create good environment of
investment in different sectors.

NOW YOUR TIME

Make any five “Match the following” questions from the les-
son above.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What do you mean by co-operatives ? K nowledge

2. Mention the importance of co-operatives in
promoting agricultural business in rural areas in C omprehension
our country.

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Connecting PROJECT A pplication

3. Visit any one agricultural co-operative in your A nalysis
locality and make a report on the basis of following E valuation
clues: S ynthesis
a. Date of establishment d. Major works
b. Number of shareholders e. Targeted group/area
c. Total capital
f. Means to disseminate the goods
g. Conclusion

4. Describe the relationship between farmer and
co-operatives.

5. “Co-work is the base of co-operation.” Justify.

6. If you were in a position to change the policies of
governing co-operatives, what would you change?
Why?

FUNCTIONAL 85

Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 7

5Lesson Procedure of Price Determination
of Goods and Services

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By gaining ideas about price determining
process, you can easily decide the price you
 explain the procedure of price paid for something is appropriate or not.
determination of goods and services.

 determine the price of goods, produced
collectively.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

You must have visited different markets. Market is the place of selling

and buying goods. In the market, the price of goods are different.Why ?

List any five things you use everyday and discuss the approximate
price of them.

Introduction

Goods are produced not only for
self consumption but also for
selling. Exporting of products is
a good means of earning. So price
determination of goods and services
is necessary. It depends on these
factors :

a. total production cost,
b. transportation costs,
c. service charge,
d. profit margin and
e. depreciation cost

The price of the same thing differs in different places because of the
transportation cost and profit of each dealer.

Some people and institutions add service charges in the market price

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of the goods. Service charge is predetermined or sometimes takes place
in mutual understanding between the dealer and customer. Here is an
example of assumed market price determination of potatoes:

Price Determination Process

A. Production Cost

S.N. Particular Amount in Description
Rs.

1 Price of potato (for seed) 200 10 kg x Rs. 20 = Rs. 200

2 Land preparation 1000 200 per day for 5 labour

3 Irrigation and pesticides 500

4 Compost manure 300

5 Weeding, caring and 1000 200 per day for 5 labour
harvesting cost

Total 3000

B. Total estimated production: 300 kg

C. Selling price

S.N. Particular Amount in Rs. Description

1 Production cost 3000

2 Service charge 300 10% of production cost

3 Spoilage recovery 300 10% of production cost

4 Profit 450 15% of production cost

Total selling price 4050

So, price of the farmer per kg potato is: Total selling price (4050)

= Rs. 13.50 per kg. Total production (300 kg)

Here, the farmer wants to fix the price Rs 13.50 per kg potato. S/he can
minimize the price if the production quantity goes higher than 300kg.
But a customer cannot get a chance to buy the potato for Rs 13.50 per kg
because dealers, wholesalers and retailers do not work without profit.
So the price of the goods is maximized each time when it passes from
one business person to other business persons.

FUNCTIONAL 87

Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 7

NOW YOUR TIME

Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements.
1. Goods are produced only for self-consumption.
2. Expenditure, labour and profit are the key factors for price

determination.
3. The price of the same thing may differ from place to place.
4. Price is determined by not adding service charge.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What is cost price? K nowledge

2. How is price perdetermined for the service provided? C omprehension
3. Explain the process of price determination of the goods.

Connecting PROJECT

4. Visit any business person of your community and A pplication
ask him/her the process of price determination and
present it in your class.

5. Find out the market price of potato per kg on the
basis of given facts :
Potato: Rs 400/- (for 20 kg)
Cost of preparing field: Rs 957/-
Irrigation and pesticides: Rs 700/-
Compost manure : Rs 500/-
Weeding and caring: Rs 400/-
Others : Rs 600/-
Total Cost = ? (Per kg)

6. How can we minimize the production cost of our A nalysis
production?

7. “Fixing too high or too low price of goods negatively E valuation
affects sales.” Give your opinion to defend this
statement.

8. Suggest any five measures to keep the market S ynthesis
price stable.

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GLANCING
THIS UNIT

A. Theoretical Revision 20

1. Fill in the blanks. 3

a. Buying and selling goods as per our need is called ______________

b. ______________ and ______________ business are other forms of modern

trade.

c. The concept of co-operatives developed in Nepal in ______________ B.S.

2. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements: 2
a. There is no relationship between business and vocation.
b. Advertisements are made only on TV.
c. Cooperative collects small savings from each member.
d. Exporting products means buying products from other countries.

3. Answer the following questions (any three): 5 x 3 = 15

a. Show the relationship between business and vocation.

b. What is co-work skill? What type of skills are necessary for conducting

co-operative work? Explain.

c. “Advertisement develops consumer awareness.” Justify.

d. How is price determined for a service provided? Explain with an example.

B. Practical Revision 20

1. Do the following activities: 5 x 3 = 15

a. Interview any 5 business people in your community and ask them about

their business selection, their struggles and keeping up with modern trends.

Make a report on the topic.

b. Submit the projects given in the lessons of this unit to your teacher and get

them signed by him/her. Keep a record of your submissions.

c. Search Internet for successful agricultural co-operatives and make a report

on the topic. Connecting
INTERNET
2. Viva-voce 5

a. What is trade?

b. Define target group? Looking throughout www.symphonypub.com for cumulative revision.

c. Give five examples of agricultural trade.

d. State a point of importance of co-work skill.

e. What factors are considered while determining price of goods Visit

and services? Mention any one.

FUNCTIONAL 89

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UNIT
7 VEGETABLE FARMING

1Lesson Seasonal and
Unseasonal Vegetable Farming

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to If you have knowledge of both seasonal
and unseasonal vegetable farming, you can
 define and describe the seasonal and produce vegetables throughout the year.
unseasonal vegetable farming.

 identify the importance of unseasonal
vegetable farming.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

You must have vegetable garden at your home. Your parents might

have grown unseasonal vegetables. Which one do you prefer seasonal

or unseasonal vegetables? Why?

Discuss the name of any four seasonal vegetables you have
noticed in your surroundings.

We all consume vegetables in our daily life. Vegetables are the major
source of nutrition. Vegetable farming is a part of horticulture. We can
grow different types of vegetables according to season, climate and
geographical region. The demand of vegetable is increasing day by day.
Nowadays, the professional vegetable farming has been increasing in
Nepal. Soil and seed selection, manure management and irrigation are
the basic factors for vegetable cultivation. Not only this, season also
plays the vital role in the production of vegetable.

On the basis of season, vegetable farming is classified as seasonal
vegetable farming and unseasonal vegetable farming.

a. Seasonal vegetable farming
Production of vegetables according to their season is called seasonal

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vegetable farming. Some vegetables
grow in the winter and others grow
in the summer season. Vegetables
need certain temperature, rainfall
and moisture in the soil for their
growth and better production.
The vegetables that need low
temperature and low moisture in
soil can be grown in the winter.

Vegetables are grown as per the climate and seasonal condition. Those
vegetables which are cultivated as per the season are called seasonal
vegetables. Seasonal vegetables are grown almost everywhere at the
same time. So they may be less profitable as compared to the off-season
vegetables. Seasonal vegetables are very good for our health.

In our country, there are generally two types of seasonal vegetable farming.
They are winter season vegetables and summer season vegetables.

1. Winter season vegetables

These vegetables are cultivated in the winter season (from Ashwin
to Magh/Falgun) Mostly, leafy type of vegetables favour the winter
season. Cauliflowers, cabbages, rayo, radish, chamsur, palung, chillies,
tomatoes, potatoes, etc. can be grow in the winter.

2. Summer season vegetables

Some vegetables grow well in hot and rainy season (from Chaitra to
Bhadra). They are called summer season vegetables. For example,
cucumbers, pumpkins, sponge-gourds, bitter-gourds, lady’s fingers, etc.
are summer season vegetables.

b. Unseasonal vegetable farming 91

Growing vegetables by creating a
favourable environment is called
unseasonal vegetable farming.
unseasonal vegetables are grown
before or after their actual season. If we
cultivate summer season vegetables
(eg. cucumber) in the winter season, it

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