Functional OBET Book 7

is called unseasonal vegetable farming. Farmers can get more benefit
from unseasonal vegetables because of their high price. While farming
unseasonal vegetables, we should think of
a. selecting quality seeds
b. creating favourable environment
c. applying modern agriculture technology
d. improving farming method
At present, unseasonal vegetable farming is in the growing trend in
our country. Both the government and private sectors have contributed
to this farming. Cucumbers, tomatoes, pumpkins, etc. are the major
unseasonal vegetables that we see in the market.

NOW YOUR TIME

Make any five ‘Fill in the blanks’ questions from the above lesson.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What do you mean by seasonal vegetable farming? K nowledge

2. Give any three examples of seasonal vegetables with C omprehension
their seasons.

Connecting PROJECT

3. Visit any vegetable cultivation area of your society A pplication
and complete the following table.

S.N. Seasonal vegetables Off-season vegetables

1.

2.

4. What are the basic factors that are considered for A nalysis
vegetable farming?
E valuation
5. Why is unseasonal vegetable farming important? S ynthesis

6. If you were to choose vegetable farming between
seasonal and unseasonal, which one would you
choose? Why?

7. Produce any two unseasonal vegetables at your home.

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2Lesson Organic and Inorganic Manure

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By producing and using compost you can
save both money and quality of your land.
 define chemical and compost fertilizer.
 describe the importance and uses of

compost and chemical fertilizer.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Because of greed to earn more money in short time, people use harmful
chemical fertilizer in vegetables that threatens both user’s health and
fertile power of soil. Though productivity enlarges for few years, the
excessive use of chemical fertilizers harms the natural quality of soil in
long term. How can we reduce the this excessive use of chemical fertilizers?

Write down the method of preparing local compost fertilizer.

Like humans, plants need food. The
food for plants is called manure.
Plants need both organic and
inorganic manure for their proper
growth and timely flowering.
Introduction and use of both kinds
of manure is explained in the
following pages.

Manure :

i. Organic (Compost) ii. Inorganic (Chemical)

A. Organic Manure

The manure prepared by decaying plants and dead animals is called
organic manure. Cow dung, urine, green manure, organic waste
materials, bone-dust, oil-cake, human faeces, etc. are the examples of
organic manure. This kind of manure becomes the food of plants when

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decayed into soil. Organic manure has quality of absorbing water and
minerals. It is the major source of organic elements for plants.

B. Inorganic manure

The manure which is prepared in factories by the chemical process is
called inorganic manure. There are many chemical elements mixed into
the inorganic manure. Such elements fulfil the lack of food for plants.

We can categorize inorganic or chemical manure into two types-single
nutrient manure and multiple nutrients manure. Single nutrient
manure contains single element like nitrogen or phosphorous or potash.
Manure like amonium sulphate, urea and single super phosphate
murate of potash are the examples of manure that provide elements.
Similarly, manure having two or more than two nutrient elements
is called multiple nutrients manure. Complex salt and DAP are the
examples of multiple nutrients inorganic manure. Inorganic manure
fulfils the necessity of basic elements like nitrogen, phosphorus,
potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulphur, copper, iron, etc. for plants.

Use of inorganic manure makes our crops grow better and give much product.

Use

Organic manure makes the soil fertile. After the regular plantation, the
fertility of the soil decreases. So for maintaining the fertilization power
of the soil, we should use organic manure regularly. We can use compost
manure according to our needs, types of plants that we want to grow
and condition of the soil. Well decomposed compost gives better results.
It is better to mix up the organic manure with soil before the plantation.
It contains many elements which are necessary for the plants. It keeps
the soil intact for a long time. There is no side effects of using organic
manure in the soil.

Inorgnic manure

Chemical fertilizers are synthetic substances that provide the nutrients
necessary for plant to grow healthy. Chemical fertilizer is made by
non-biotic elements and usually manufactured in industries. It is
used to enhance the growing power of soil. Chemical fertilizer can
be categorized into two types; single nutrient fertilizers and multi

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nutrient fertilizers. Fertilizer which
contains only single element is
single nutrient fertilizer and
fertilizer having multi components
are multi nutrient fertilizer.
Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potash
are the examples of single nutrient
fertilizer and Complex salt and DAP
are the examples of multi nutrient
fertilizer. Chemical fertilizer fulfils the necessity of the basic
elements like, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. It also fulfils the
macro-nutrients like, calcium, magnesium and sulfur and micro-
nutrients like, copper, iron, manganese, etc.

Use

Inorganic manure is directly given to the plants. It can also be used in
the soil. Urea is a nitrogenous compound and can be used in the soil
directly. The roots of plants take it immediately. So it is better to give
urea timely in the interval of one or two months. Phosphorus, potash,
boron, etc. are some components which can be used by mixing up in the
soil before the plantation. Some components like calcium, magnesium,
zinc, etc. can also be used from foliar feeding. Random use of chemical
can be dangerous to both human beings and soil.

Difference between organic and inorganic manure

Organic manure Inorganic manure

1. It is the decomposed form of 1. It is made by non-biotic

plants and dead animals/birds. elements.

2. It keeps the fertility of soil 2. It cannot keep the fertility of

intact. soil intact.

3. Plants get all 16 nutrient 3. Plants get only 2 or 3 nutrient

elements in it. elements in it.

4. Its excessive use is not harmful 4. It adversely affects the plant if

for plants. used excessively.

5. It maintains the fertility of soil 5. It can maintain the fertility of

for many years. soil only for a short time.

6. It helps the soil retain moisture. 6. It makes the soil dry.

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7. It protects the porosity of soil. 7. It damages porosity and makes

the soil difficult to plough.

8. It provides food for plants 8. It provides food for plants

slowly. excessively.

NOW YOUR TIME

Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements.
1. Fertilizer prevents plants from diseases.
2. Compost and chemical are the two variants of fertilizer.
3. We cannot make compost fertilizer in our home.
4. Chemical fertilizer gives chemical substance for the plants.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What do you mean by fertilizer? K nowledge

2. Explain the adverse effects of chemical fertilizer. C omprehension
3. Make a list of compost and chemical fertilizers

which are used in your kitchen garden.
Connecting PROJECT

4. Collect some chemical fertilizers, demonstrate A pplication
them and discuss about their uses in your class.

5. Why is fertilizer essential for farming? Explain. A nalysis
6. Differentiate between compost and chemical

fertilizer.
7. Why is compost fertilizer important?

8. Compost manure is better than chemical fertilizer.” E valuation
Justify.

9. Suggest any five measures to reduce the use of S ynthesis
chemical fertilizers.

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3Lesson Vermiculture and
Vermicomposting

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By preparing vermicompost at your home,
you can use it in your farm to increase your
 define vermiculture. production.
 describe the importance of vermicompost.
 explain the general method of vermiculture.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Vermicompost has high value to increase the fertility of land however

it has not been used by many farmers. What is the reason behind it?

You must have seen earthworms in your field. Discuss the
advantage of earthworms.

You must have seen various types
of earthworms on the surface of
the earth. They are useful for
maintaining the fertility power
of the soil. The compost manure
which is generated from earthworm
is called vermicompost manure
and the cultivation of earthworms
especially for composting is known as vermiculture.

We can cultivate small earthworms in a large quantity for producing
vermicompost. Earthworms eat food scraps, which become compost as
they pass out from their body. We can prepare vermicompost at our
home and enlarge the scope of our agricultural products.

Importance of vermicompost

Vermicompost can be used in farming to enlarge the productivity.
Vermicompost has more fertile capacity in comparison to other kinds
of compost manure. In vermicompost, there is 0.73–1 % Nitrogen, 0.8–

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0.9% Phosphorus, 4.3–4.9% Potassium and 10–13% organic component
by which the process of growing of plants becomes faster. We can use
the vermicompost for vegetable cultivation, fruit cultivation and in
flower vase.

Method of vermiculture

a. Clay utensils, flower vases, wooden boxes or trays etc can be used
for vermiculture that are found in our surroundings easily.

b. In the base of the selected pot, we should put the outer layer of the
soil and cow dung should be kept above the soil.

c. A layer of fruit barks, green grasses and leaves and barks of
vegetables should be made as the third layer.

d. These layers should be covered with a layer of cow dung and
earthworms should be left over this layer. 100-150 earthworms
can be kept per metre square unit.

e. Earthworms require 50 to 60% moisture. Hence it is necessary
to spray water everyday. The adepuate temperature for the
earthworm is 20 to 25oC.

f. Small pieces of grasses, hay, fruits, and leaves and barks of
vegetables should be spread as its cover at the top. Then earthworms
slowly dive to the bottom of the pot where it makes feeding itself.

Use of Vermicompost

a. We can use vermicompost
for cultivating fruit plants
according to our requirement.

b. We can use 250kg per ropani.
c. It is better to use 15 to 20 gram

for a flower in a vase or a other
crops or vegetable plant.
d. If produced in a large quantity,
earthworms can be added to the feed of fish, swine, and poultry
farming.

NOW YOUR TIME

Make any five “fill in the blanks” questions from the lesson above.

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WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What do you mean by vermiculture? K nowledge
2. Why is vermicompost important in farming?

3. Explain the steps of preparing vermicompost. C omprehension
Connecting PROJECT

4. Visit any vermicompost farm near your school and A pplication
list the method to prepare vermicompost.

5. Compare and contrast vermiculture and A nalysis
vermicompost.

6. “Vermicompost can enlarge the productivity.” E valuation
Justify. S ynthesis

7. How can we increase the agricultural production
of our country by using vermicompost?

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4Lesson Methods of
Making Compost Manure

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to After learning the method of preparing
compost, you can substitute chemecal
 describe the method of producing fertilizer with compost, that ultimatly
compost manure. works as a soil conditioner. It also builds
foundation of organic farming.
 explain the benefits of compost manure.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

There are many organic waste materials that we produce in our daily
life. Can we use such materials to make compost manure instead of
throwing then in dumping site? What are the benefits of making
compost manure from solid organic waste?

Discuss the process of preparing
compost manure at your home.

Compost manure increases the
fertility of soil. We can make
compost manure by using our local
resources like green grass, straw,
cane, cow dung, dry leaves and other
biotic materials. We can make it in
our home, farmland or other places
as well.

Methods of making compost manure

We can make compost manure in two different ways. They are-

A. Making compost in container
We can make compost manure at home, using a container. Solid organic

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wastes such as vegetable scraps,
plant leaves, stem, weeds etc. are
the raw materials for making such
kind of manure. Basically, plastic
drums, oil drums, black tanks,
barrels, etc. are used for making
such manure. Small holes should be
made at the bottom of the container
for air circulation and outlet of the
water. To make compost manure, we should put all organic wastes
inside it and shake it or turn upside down time and again for better
result. This is the most common method of preparing compost manure
in rural areas. Preparing compost in container is helpful for reducing
the pollution of our surroundings.

B. Making compost in the kitchen garden

Making compost in the kitchen garden is an effective way to manage
kitchen waste. There are two ways of making compost manure in the
kitchen garden. They are pit method and stock method.

1. Pit method

It is necessary to make a pit in this technique. The size of pit should be
made according to our necessity. The raw materials of compost manure
like, green grass, straw, cow dung, etc. should be put in the pit. Cow
dung should be filled in each layer for better production. Salt and lime
are also useful materials for compost manure. In the interval of one
month, we should turn about the materials upside down for the better
result. It becomes useful only after complete decomposition which takes
2 to 4 months.

2. Stock method

In this technique, we should pile the things like, roots, green grass,
leaves, stem etc. in the kitchen garden after harvesting the crops. It is
necessary to put cow dung, lime, water and salt in the pile. After some
months, the manure becomes usable. It helps to recycle the organic
waste of the farmland.

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NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks with suitable word(s) :
1. Compost manure helps _________.
2. _________ are raw materials for compost manure.
3. It is necessary to make a pit _________.
4. Manure is ready to use after _________ in stock method.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. List the methods of making compost manure. K nowledge

2. How can we prepare compost manure in a container?

Explain. C omprehension

3. Which method is used for preparing the compost

fertilizer at your home? Discuss it in your class.

Connecting PROJECT

4. Make a report on the importance of manure in A pplication
farming based on the observation in your locality.

5. Collect some organic waste materials and make
compost manure by stock method at a corner of
the school ground.

6. Differentiate the pit method and stock methods of A nalysis
making compost manure.

7. Which method is better for making compost E valuation
mannure at your home: composting in container
or composting on land? Why?

8. Design a plan to manage bio degradable wastes S ynthesis
produced at our home.

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5Lesson Drip Irrigation

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By using drip irrigation technique, you can
water plants using less amount of water. It
 define drip irrigation. also saves your labour cost.
 describe the importance of drip

irrigation.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

There is a shortage of water for irrigation. We should use water

economically for better production. Which type of irrigation is most

useful for such condition?

You must have seen irrigation system in farms. List some of the
benefits of irrigation.

Irrigation is a system of supplying
water to an area of land through
pipes or channels so that crops will
grow. There are many methods
of irrigation. Among them, drip
irrigation is more useful and
effective one.

Drip irrigation is a very water-efficient irrigation system in which water
is dripped to indivisual plant root zones at low rates from emitters
embeded in small diameter plastic pipes. This method is very helpful for
watering the plants. In this method, we can also use bamboo stem and
polymer pipeline as materials which are available in local level. This
method is valuable for the economic use of water. In drip irrigation we
should make a small hole on the pipeline and plants get water regularly
from the hole. To make holes on the pipe, we should think of the shape
and size of it. Water should be clean and the source of water should
be located in high altitude from the plot. Nowadays, drip irrigation is
becoming an attractive method of irrigation in Nepal.

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Importance of drip irrigation

Drip irrigation can be the best way of watering the plants in the country
with various topographical structures like Nepal. Water is utilized in
its optimal level. It is useful for the places where water is less available.
It can be useful in both hilly and the Terai regions of Nepal. We can
find various pipes for drip irrigation in the market. From this method
water goes directly towards the roots and gives positive impact on the
productivity.

NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks with suitable word(s) :
1. Irrigation is the method of _________ on the land.
2. In drip irrigation we directly locate water drops towards _______

of plants.
3. We can perform drip irrigation by making small holes on ________.
4. Drip irrigation is necessary for those places where the _________.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What do you mean by drip irrigation? K nowledge

2. How can we perform the drip irrigation in vegetable C omprehension
farming?

Connecting PROJECT

3. Visit any agricultural area of drip irrigation and A pplication
make a report on methods and importance of drip
irrigation.

4. Design a drip irrigation system by making small
hole in the pipe at your school.

5. List the importance of drip irrigation over other A nalysis
methods of simple irrigation.

6. “Drip irrigation is better than irrigation through E valuation
canals.” Justify.

7. Make a plan to water vegetables on 100 m2 land S ynthesis
using drip irrigation method.

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6Lesson Seasonal Vegetable Farming in
Kitchen Garden and its Caring

What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to

WHAT & WHY  describe general methods of farming By growing seasonal vegetables in the

seasonal vegetables in the kitchen kitchen garden, you can produce high

garden. qualitity healthy vegetables and it also

 list out the methods of storing vegetables. reduces your expenditure.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

We can produce many vegetables in our kitchen garden. Can we

reduce the expenditure for buying the vegetables?

Which vegetables are found in your kitchen garden? Discuss.

Cultivation of seasonal vegetables

Kitchen garden is the major source
of vegetable. It is a small plot of
land nearby the house for growing
the vegetables. We can cultivate
seasonal and off-season vegetables
in our kitchen garden. Topographical
structure, climate, soil and season
are the factors which directly affect
the vegetable farming. There are
various seasonal vegetables found in Nepal.

Leafy vegetables like cabbage, carrots, rayo leaves, onions, garlic, etc
are cultivated in the winter season. Irrigation and manure management
are essential elements any type of farming. We can use both organic and
inorganic mannure in our farm. It is better to mix the organic manure
in the soil at the time of ploughing or digging. We should weed the
land if it is necessary. Making plots in kitchen garden makes it easy for
water outlet. It is easy to work too.

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Cucumbers, pumpkins, beans, chilli, etc. are the examples of vegetables
which can be grown in the summer season. Irrigation is not necessary in
the summer season. But in the context of Nepal, weeding is essential in
this summer season. Making small plots and management of manure is
also important in the summer season. There is high possibility for bacterial
and fungal infection in this period. So we should take care of the vegetables
cultivated in green house and in tunnel. Greenhouses and tunnels are the
best means of cultivating off-season vegetables in the summer season.
We should manage stand or scaffold for the climber like beans, cucumber
plants and pumpkin. Rope can be used as the alternative tools of stand for
the vegetable cultivation in urban and suburban areas.

Methods of storing vegetables

We store vegetables to preserve them for the future purpose. It protects
us from the scarcity of the vegetables in near future. We can also store
vegetables for selling purpose. There are various methods of storing
vegetables They are-

1. Using chemicals

We can store vegetables by using the chemical but it should not be
harmful for human health. Sodium chloride, sugar, acid and alcohol are
some examples which are used for preserving vegetables.

2. Sealing in a container

Sealing vegetables is also a method for preserving vegetables. We can
use the airtight or open container according to our necessity.

3. Cooling

Storing vegetables in low temperature is also the best method for
preservation. In this technique we should store the vegetables in
low temperature for keeping them fresh. Keeping the vegetables in
refrigerator is an example of this method.

4. Drying

Drying is another method of storing vegetables safely. There are many
local as well as modern techniques for drying the vegetables.

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NOW YOUR TIME

Tick (a) the best answer.

1. Which one of the following is a factor that affects vegetable cultivation?
a. season b. topographical structure
c. nature of soil d. all of above
2. What do you mean by kitchen garden?
a. small plot of land near houses for cultivating the vegetables
b. land for fruit farming
c. small plot of land near houses for storing vegetables
d. land for manure production
3. Irrigation is necessary in the _________ season.
a. winter b. summer c. rainy d. cold
4. Which of the following is not the method of storing vegetables?
a. drying b. cooling c. mulching d. using of container

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What do you mean by the kitchen garden ? K nowledge
2. Why is the kitchen garden important?
3. What is chemical preservation of vegetables?

4. Give any three examples of vegetables which can be C omprehension
grown in summer.

Connecting PROJECT

5. Make a short report on the local methods of storing A pplication
vegetables which are practiced widely in your
community.

6. Prepare a small plot of land in your school area
and plant the seasonal vegetables.

7. Differentiate between cooling and drying. A nalysis

8. Which method of storing vegetables works better E valuation
in your home: cooling or drying? Why?

9. Suggest any two methods of storing vegetables S ynthesis
other than those mentioned in your textbook.

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7Lesson Protection 0f Vegetables from
Harmful Diseases and Insects

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By protecting vegetables from diseases and
harmful insects, you can improve their
 introduce the protection of vegetables production.
from harmful diseases and insects.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Vegetable farming in Nepal has faced a lot of problems due to

harmful diseases and insects. What can be its solution ?

You must have cultivated various vegetables in your kitchen
garden. Besides your caring, some of them die because of
diseases and insects. List some of the diseases you have in

identified your garden and discuss.

Pests and diseases are the major
problems of vegetable cultivation
in Nepal. They destroy the crops
and reduce the production. It can
be the cause of mass destruction.
We should prevent the farmland
from diseases for better production.
Pests and diseases in vegetables can
have a negative economic impact on
commercial producers so we should protect the vegetable garden from
it. It is essential to recognize and find the pests and diseases for the
better prevention and treatment of it. Here are some methods for the
preservation and the treatment of pests and diseases.

1. Sanitation of the land

We can sanitize the farmland in two ways:

a. by removing weeds b. by cutting the infected parts

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a. By removing weeds

We can sanitize the vegetable garden by removing weeds and remains
of earlier crops; otherwise they may infect fresh plants.

b. By cutting the infected part

Most of the vegetable diseases easily pass from one part or plant to
other parts or plants. Therefore we should cut the infected part or
up-root the plant before it harms other vegetable plants.

2. Plugging or digging

Plugging or digging is one of the methods for preventing the vegetable
garden from diseases and pests. Plugging or digging erupts the fungus
and bacteria of the soil. It is better to plough or dig the field on sunny
days. By ploughing in the certain intervals, we can control many
diseases of vegetable plants.

3. Harvesting alternatively

Some pests and insects are familiar with particular crops. Planting the
same species of crops in same land continuously can create problems. So by
harvesting alternatively, we can prevent the crops from many infections. For
example, we can protect vegetables from the bacteria by using this method.

4. Use of healthy seeds, seedlings and grafting

Some diseases can easily pass from seeds, seedlings and grafting to
the plants. For healthy farming we should choose the healthy seeds
and seedlings. In grafting, we should take a healthy behaviour for the
protection of plants. Healthy seeds and seedlings are free from fungus,
bacteria and germs infection.

5. Changing the time of plantation

We can change the time of plantation to prevent vegetables from the
pests and diseases. Some pests and insects have the quality to attack in
only one period or season. To follow this method, we should know about
the life cycle of pests and insects.

6. Plantation of resistant species

Some species of vegetables have high resistant power. Many researches
have taken place to invent vegetable species with high resistant
tcapacity. We should use such type of vegetables as far as possible.

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7. Use of chemical pesticides
There are many anti- bacterial, anti- fungal and anti-viral chemicals
available in the market. We can use them if it is necessary. Some
diseases can be transferred from insects. So by using insecticides, we
can control the diseases.

8. Treatment of seeds
By using aldrin, dry aldren, linden, chloride, etc. we can protect the
seeds from many diseases and insects.

NOW YOUR TIME

Make any five ‘Fill in the blanks’ questions from the above lesson.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. List the methods of controlling pests and diseases. K nowledge

2. How do pests and diseases hamper the vegetable plants? C omprehension
3. Write short notes on:

a. Changing the time of plantation
b. Treatment of seeds and plants

Connecting PROJECT

4. Visit any three vegetable farms of your society and A pplication
make a report on the basis of the following points:
a. Major cultivation in the farm
b. Major disease

5. Which methods of controlling pests and diseases
in your society are practiced amply? Make a list of
it and present it in your class.

6. Determine the factors that affect the growth of seeds. A nalysis

7. “Prevention is better than cure.” Justify. E valuation

8. Suggest any five measures to keep seeds of S ynthesis
vegetables safe.

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GLANCING
THIS UNIT

A. Theoretical Revision 20

1. Fill in the blanks: 3

a. Vegetable farming falls under ______________.

b. ______________ is the product of biological decomposition of organic matter.

c. Irrigation is an ______________ method of watering the soil.

2. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements: 2
a. Urea is an organic fertilizer.
b. Compost increases the fertilization power of soil.
c. Water is utilized to its optimal level in drip irrigation technique.
d. We should not store vegetables in low temperature.

3. Answer the following questions (any three): 5 x 3 = 15

a. Explain the different methods of irrigation used in vegetable farming.

b. List the methods of preparing vermicompost.

c. “Drip irrigation is the most efficient in using water.” Justify.

d. Describe the methods of protecting vegetables from diseases and insects.

B. Practical Revision 20

1. Do the following activities: 5 x 3 = 15

a. Make a plastic tunnel in your school garden for growing off-season vegetables

and display them.

b. Submit the projects given in the lessons of this unit to your teacher and get

them signed by him/her. Keep a record of your submissions.

c. Make compost manure in your school from any method described in your

book. Use the compost in your school garden and write a step by step guide

on “How to make compost in your garden?”

2. Viva-voce 5 Connecting
INTERNET
a. Give two examples of off-season vegetables for the summer

season.

b. Give any two examples of chemical fertilizer.

c. What is pit compost? Looking throughout www.symphonypub.com for cumulative revision.

d. What is vermiculture?

e. What is drip irrigation?

Visit

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UNIT
8 FRUIT CULTIVATION

1Lesson Introduction and
Importance of Nursery Bed

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By preparing a well nursery bed of fruits,
you can get healthier seedling of fruit plants
 define nursery bed. which can be the good source of income.
 explain the importance of nursery bed.
 describe the methods of preparing

nursery bed.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Have you ever seen fruit cultivation? For fruit cultivation, preparation

of the nursery bed is one of the most important factors. How is it

prepared in your locality?

You must have observed some nursery beds for fruit cultivation.
Discuss some of the essential equipment necessary for preparing
nusery beds.

A nursery bed is a place for growing
the seedlings. The first phase of
plants from sowing to transplantation
occurs in the nursery bed. It protects
the plants from the direct sunlight,
frost, cold and harsh rainfall. It also
has a commercial purpose. We can
sell seedlings to expand our economic
standard.

Importance of nursery bed

A nursery bed is important for growing the seedlings of fruits. The

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following points clarify its importance:

1. Growing seedlings can be a good source of earning. Nowadays the
value of seedling of fruits is increasing.

2. We can grow the fruit seedlings in approving environment and the
same bed can be the good place to protect the seedlings.

3. The seedlings which are grown in nursery bed are comparatively
healthy and more productive than the seedlings which are grown
haphazardly.

4. The price of healthy and productive seedlings is high.

5. Nursery bed increases the scenery, by which we can attract tourists
which becomes a good source of income too.

Methods of preparing nursery bed

Preparation of a nursery bed is
essential skill for the professionals
of fruit cultivation. We can produce
healthy seedlings from the well
prepared nursery bed. We should
take care in the selection of the soil
to prepare the nursery bed. Loamy
soil, sand and compost can be used
to prepare it. Digging or ploughing
of the plot makes the soil suitable for the seedlings. We should make
subplots and arrange the lines before sowing the seeds. Irrigation
system and outlet of water should be managed according to the season.
Selection of seeds is also an important factor for producing healthy
seedlings. Seeds should be pure and it should have a good germinating
quality. We should collect the seeds from the fruits like mango, orange,
litchi, etc. immediatly after they get ripened. We should soak some
fruits like walnut, peanut, etc. before the time of sowing. In the process
of grafting, we should keep the seedlings from 6 to 12 months in nursery
beds. The quality and quantity of fruits can be obtained from healthy
seedlings and healthy seedlings germinate in well prepared nursery
bed.

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NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks with suitable word(s) :
1. Nursery bed is the place for growing the _________.
2. The _________ of healthy and productive seedling is high.
3. Loamy soil, sand and ______________ can be used for preparing a

nursery bed.
4. Seeds should be pure and have good _________ quality.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What is a nursery bed? K nowledge

2. List the points of importance of a nursery bed. C omprehension
3. How is a nursery bed prepared? Explain.

Connecting PROJECT

4. Prepare a nursery bed in a small plot of your A pplication
school area and sow the seeds of any fruit which
are available in your area. Give proper care to it. A nalysis
E valuation
5. What are the problems you may face while making S ynthesis
a nursery bed around your home? Analyze.

6. “Selection of seeds plays an important role in
making a nursery bed.” Justify.

7. Design an outline map to make a nursery bed on
50 m2 land.

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2Lesson Identification of
Local and Hybrid Fruits

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By identifying local and hybrid fruits, you
can choose suitable fruits to be grown in
 describe the local and hybrid fruits. your garden.
 give the examples of local and hybrid

fruits.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Local species of fruits are delicious whereas hybrid species are more

productive. Which species of fruits do you suggest for the cultivation

for farmers?

On the basis of your experience jot down the available local

species of fruits.

Fruit cultivation is our traditional
occupation. People in Nepal grow
fruits around their houses as per
the traditional system of cultivation.
We cultivate many kinds of fruits
in local level. Mangoes, oranges,
bananas, pineapples, papayas, etc.
are the examples of such fruits.
Fruit farming can be a good source
of earning. Fruits are also the raw materials for many industrial
products like juice, jam, pickle, beer, wine, etc. The two variations of
fruits, are local and hybrid.

I. Identification of local fruits

Fruits which can be found in our locality are known as local fruits. These
are available from the ancient time. Climatic zone brings variations in
local fruits. Local fruits are more delicious in comparison to the hybrid
fruits. Local fruits have special quality of resistance power. There are

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various species of local fruits. For example, idemay and sukila are the
local species of apples found in Karnali. Similarly, Kali, Bhadure and
Supare are the local species of mango. In the same way, Malbhog, Fusre,
Mungre, Charinangre and Dhusre are the species of banana. Local fruit
plants grow taller, yield later and exist longer.

Identification of hybrid species of fruits

Hybrid species are those which are generated by cross-breeding. Hybrid
fruit plants are more productive and developed because of the modern
technology. Hybrid fruits grow faster and ripen earlier. Some hybrid
fruits of Nepal are as follows :

S.N. Name of fruits Name of hybrid species

1 Apple Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, Macintosh,
Jonathan, Pipin, Anna, etc.

2 Pear Hawana, Kisiwi, Chojuro, Hosiwi, etc.

Bombay Green, Bombay Yellow, Mallika.

3 Mango Maldaha, Krishna Bhog, Jarda, Neelam,

Sipiya, Amrapali, etc.

4 Banana Rowasta, Puvan, Basrai, Dwarf, Harichhal,
Rasthali, Gross, etc.

5 Pineapple Giant Que, Queen, Maurisus, etc.

6 Guava Alahabad, Safeda, Lakhnow-49, Bedana,
Chittidar, Seedless, etc.

7 Amala Banarashi, Light Green, Light Red, Krishna,
etc.

8 Litchi Muzaffarpur, Seedless, Rosescented, etc.

9 Peach Petigreen, Redhaven, Spring Time, etc.

10 Halwabed Fuyu, Jeero, Hachiya, Gengimaru, etc.

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NOW YOUR TIME

Match column A with column B.

Column A Column B
Apple Light Red
Mango Red Delicious
Banana Rasthali
Amala Bombay Yellow

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What do you mean by local species of fruits? K nowledge
2. What is hybrid species of fruits?

3. Give five examples of local fruits.

4. How can fruit farming be a good means of earning? C omprehension

Discuss in your class.

Connecting PROJECT

5. Visit your society and make a list of the fruits that A pplication
are available. Divide them into local and hybrid
species and complete the following table.

Local species of fruits Hybrid species of fruits

6. Differentiate between local and hybrid fruits. A nalysis
E valuation
7. Which fruit do you like the most: local or hybrid?
Why? S ynthesis

8. If you were to combine any two fruits to produce
a hybrid, which two fruits do you combine? Write
with reason .

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3Lesson Harvesting Fruits

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By harvesting fruits in proper time, you
can increase the production and quality of
 identify the ripen fruits. fruits.
 describe the methods of reaping fruits.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

You must have seen the fruits getting changed in their ripen phase.

How do you recognize ripe fruits?

Discuss some of the features of ripen fruits.

Different types of fruits have
different harvesting time. The
harvesting time of the fruits
is determined by their ripened
phase. We can harvest fruits only
when they are fully ripened. It is
necessary to identify the ripened or
matured fruits for consuming and
selling. Some methods of identifying
the ripened fruits are given below:

1. Softness

Many fruits become soft in the time of harvesting and stiff in the unripe
phase. It is also a method to identify the ripe fruits. Mango, peach and
avocado are the example of such fruits.

2. Colour

We can identify the ripe fruits from their colour too. When a fruit ripens,
it changes its colour. For example, green oranges change into orange

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colour. Some fruits become dark and some become slightly red in the
ripened phase. Grapes change in dark and apples change in slight red
when they ripen.

3. Taste of fruits

Mangoes, grapes, apples and
peaches are some fruits that can
be checked by tasting whether they
are ripe or not. Sweetness, softness
and taste are the measures for
recognizing the fruits whether they
are ripe or not.

4. Genetic quality

Some fruits show genetic quality when they become mature. Pineapples
and mangoes give good smell when they are fully ripened.

Methods of harvesting fruits

Here is an important method of harvesting fruits:

a. We should hand-pick the fruits if the plant is short.
b. We should use a ladder if the fruit-plant is tall.
c. We should use long wooden pikes if the branches are taller but

thinner.
d. We should twist and pull fruits if they are heavy and difficult to

pluck, for example, jackfruits.
e. We should carry a bag if the fruit tree is tall, and a basket if it is

short.

NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks with suitable word(s) :
1. The harvesting time of fruits is determined by _________.
2. Colour is a factor of recognizing the _________.
3. Many fruits become _________ in their ripened phase.
4. Fruits should be harvested carefully, holding _________.

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WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. When can we harvest fruits? K nowledge

2. How can you identify the ripe fruits? C omprehension
3. Explain the methods of harvesting fruits.

Connecting PROJECT

4. Collect some ripen and unripen fruits and discuss A pplication
the differences between them in your class.
Conclude your idea in a short paragraph and
present it in your class.

5. Determine the factors that affect harvesting fruits. A nalysis

6. “Harvesting affects both quality and quantity of E valuation
fruits.” Justify. S ynthesis

7. Find an unusual way to identify reaping time of
fruits.

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4Lesson Methods of Storing Fruits

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By storing the fruits in correct way, you can
 describe some methods of storing fruits. get the fruits during the off-season.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

There are multiple methods of storing dried fruits. Dry fruits help
overcome the scarcity of fruits in their off-season. In your opinion,
which one is better way to preserve the fruits – freezing or packing
in a container?

Explain the process of storing fruits at your home.

The demand of fruits doesnot get
narrowed all over the year though
its cultivation is time and season
bounded. We can fulfil the demand
at any time by storing them safely.
Unless fruits are kept carefully,
they damage totally. There are
traditional to modern methods for
storing fruits. We should select
properly ripen or mature fruits and
harvest it carefully before storing.
Various methods of storing fruits
are discussed below:

1. Packing in a container or plastic bags

Some fruits can be stored in a container or plastic bags. Many types of
storing bags are available in the market. They preserve freshness and
colour of the fruits and vegetables. In this technique, we should peel

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the fruits. Seeds and unnecessary parts should be removed. After the
preparation, we can pack in to a container or in plastic bags and store
in cool and dry place.

2. Dehydration

In this method we should make slices of fruits and dry them in sunlight.
We can boil the fruits after dehydration if it is necessary. After preparing
slices, we should dry them in sunlight. When it dries properly it become
apt for storing.

3. Making pickle

We can save the fruits by making pickle. It is necessary to apply
precaution measures to keep the pickle safe from the fungal and
bacterial infection.

4. Freezing

Fresh fruits can be kept in low
temperature for storage. We can
put the fruits into a refrigerator or
in ice-cube trays to make them cold
and keep for a long time. In this
process also, like other methods
we should select the ripe fruits for
storing.

NOW YOUR TIME

Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements.
1. Fruits can grow during the whole year.
2. Packing of fruits can damage the fruits.
3. The main purpose of making pickle is to protect fruits from

fungal and bacterial infection.
4. Freezing is only one method for protecting the fruits.

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WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What is the importance of storing fruits? K nowledge

2. Describe the method of storing fruits in plastic bags.
3. How are fruits kept for a long time in your family? C omprehension

Discuss it in your class.
Connecting PROJECT

4. Collect some fruits and store them by using the A pplication
method of dehydration.

5. Differentiate between dehydration and freezing. A nalysis

6. Which method is more useful at your home: E valuation
dehydration or freezing? S ynthesis

7. Suggest two more methods of storing fruits other
than those mentioned in your textbook.

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5Lesson Tools and Techniques of
Harvesting Fruits

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By using various tools to harvest the fruits,
you can reap the fruits in proper way.
 list the tools used to harvest fruits.
 describe the method of using the tools to

harvest the fruits.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

We should gather fruits carefully after they get ripened. Proper

harvesting of the fruits can protect them from damaging. What

methods do you use to harvest the fruits in your home?

What equipment do you use to harvest fruits in your home ?
Discuss.

We should gather the fruits carefully. There are various methods and
materials for harvesting the fruits. By using the materials we can
harvest the fruits safely. To protect from the wound and decomposition,
it is necessary to use some tools in harvesting. Some of the tools that
can be used in reaping the fruits are given below:

1. Bags

We can safely pluck the fruits by using the bags. We
collect the ripen fruits in the bag carrying at the back.
Bags can be made of the plastic, jute, babiyo and clothes.

2. V-Stick

V- stick is used for bending down the branches for
harvesting the fruits. We can make the V-sticks of the
branches of tree, bamboo or iron rod.

3. Ladder

A ladder is used to climb up the tree safely. It can be
made of iron, aluminium, wood and bamboo. By using
the step ladder, we can pluck the fruits safely.

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4. Baskets

We can put the ripe fruits in doko, dalo and other types
of baskets. If we tie the doko or dalo on the tree and put
the fruits safely in it, the fruits become safe and it is
the best way of collecting the fruits.

5. Net

Nets are made of nylon or jute. It protects the fruits from
any damage while throwing or putting the fruits on the
ground from a high distance.

6. Khukuri, sickle and knife

Some stems of the fruits are hard and we cannot
pluck it up easily. In this condition, we can use
the sharp tools like khukuri, sickle, scissors,
etc. to separate the fruits from the tree.

NOW YOUR TIME

Make any five “Fill in the blanks” questions from the above lesson.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. List the materials which are used for harvesting K nowledge
fruits.

2. Explain the use of V-stick while plucking fruits. C omprehension
Connecting PROJECT

3. Make a V-stick by using bamboo sticks and use it A pplication
for bending the branches of tree.

4. What happens if the fruits are not ripen properly? A nalysis

5. “We should pluck fruits carefully.” Justify. E valuation
S ynthesis
6. Suggest two more harvesting tools other than
those mentioned in your textbook and write how
they make plucking easier.

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6Lesson Local Techniques of
Storing Fruits

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By using locally available techniques you
can store fruits safely and use them later
 describe some local techniques for when you need.
storing fruits.

 store fruits using local techniques.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

It is necessary to store surplus fruits to consume later. Have you

ever seen the process of storing fruits in your locality? Can the fruits

remain longer time by this method?

Do people store fruits to use them later in your locality? How do
they store them? Discuss.

There are various local techniques
of storing fruits. Local techniques
are continuing from generation to
generation. Local techniques are
those skills and methods which are
used by the people of certain area by
adopting the knowledge and skills
from ancestors. These techniques
are different from place to place. Storing of fruits fulfils the demand of
fruits during off-season and it is economically beneficial too. Cold stores
are not available in every part of our country. So, to keep the fruits for
a long time, we can use local techniques.

Underground Technique

Keeping the fruits underground is popular and commercially useful
technique in Nepal. In this technique, we dig a ditch as per our necessity
and put sand on it. After putting the fruits on it, we cover it by the sand.
By using this technique, we can save fruits like oranges, apples, etc. for

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2-4 months. To protect the fruits for some weeks, we put it on thunse
or dalo and cover it with sand. We can protect many fruits by putting
them underground by using our local materials such as sand, wood,
soil, etc. We can also store the fruits by putting them in dry materials
like straw and paddy. Farmers in Tanahun, Syangja, Parbat, Gorkha
and Lamjung follow this technique.

Different kinds of studies have been carried out about storing fruits.
Central Food Research, Babar Mahal has studied and identified
different techniques for storing fruits in many places of Nepal. In the
developing countries like Nepal, storing fruits, using local techniques,
is very beneficial and can be a good source of income.

NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks with suitable word(s) :

1. Local techniques are continuing from _________.
2. Storing of fruits _________ the scarcity of fruits.
3. Fruits kept in a ditch can remain fresh for _________ months.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. List any three local techniques of storing fruits. K nowledge

2. Explain the benifits of underground techniques for C omprehension
storing fruits.

Connecting PROJECT

3. Visit your society and make a list of the techniques A pplication
of storing the fruits in cardboard papers and
present it in your class.

4. Why is the local technique of storing fruits A nalysis
beneficial? Analyze.

5. Choose a local technique that works best for E valuation
storing fruits at our home. Give reason to support S ynthesis
your answer.

6. Suggest any three techniques of storing fruits
other than those mentioned in your book.

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7Lesson Methods of Packaging and
Transporting Fruits

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By packaging and transporting fruits you
can get the accessibility of market of your
 describe some methods of packaging production.
and transporting the fruits.

 package ripe fruits.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Packaging and transportation of fruits are major components
of fruit cultivation. If the fruits are not properly packaged before
transporting they may damage before reaching the market. How are
fruits packaged and transported in your society?

Discuss the means of transportation available in your society.

Packaging and transportation are also
important factors of fruit cultivation. The
proper packaging helps protect the fruits
from getting damaged, bruised and stained.
Similarly, transportation helps deliver the
goods safely to the targeted location. In
this lesson we discuss:

A. Packaging of Fruits
B. Transportation of Fruits

A. Packaging of fruits

We should be careful about the packaging of fruits before transporting
them. We can use polythene, paper, wooden boxes, crates, and jute bags
for packing the fruits. It protects fruits from the dry air, water and other
outer harmful conditions. There are various methods for packaging the
fruits according to the nature of fruits and places. We should be careful
to pack the ripe fruits. For example, to pack the soft skinned fruits
like apple, mango and peach, we can use wooden boxes. Use of local

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materials for packaging reduces the expenditure of buying packaging
materials.

B. Transportation of the fruits

After packaging the fruits, we should take them to the market. If the
market is far, it is essential to use the means of transportation. We can
transport the fruits in trucks, tractors, buses, jeeps, vans, etc. In the
remote areas of hilly and mountainous regions people use horses and
mules as means of transportation.

NOW YOUR TIME

Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements.

1. Packaging and transportation are the important factors for fruit

cultivation. Didkynoouw ?
2. Proper packaging helps damage
The Department of
the fruits. Transport Management in
3. We should pack fruits after Nepal was established in

transportation. 2041 B.S.
4. Trucks and tractors are the

means of transportation.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. List the materials which are used for packaging fruits. K nowledge

2. Why is packaging of fruits important? C omprehension
Connecting PROJECT

3. How do farmers package and transport fruits in A pplication
your society? Prepare a report, surveying any five
farmers of your society.

4. Why is transportation of fruits essential? A nalysis

5. Select a method of packaging fruits that you think E valuation
works best to pack apples. Support your answer.

6. Find other ways to pack fruits so that they get S ynthesis
preserved for a long time.

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8Lesson Diseases and Pests in Fruit Plants
and Traditional Prevention Measures

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By knowing about the diseases, pests and
their traditional treatment, you’ll be able to
 list diseases in fruit plants. take care of your fruit plants in a better way so
 identify the diseases in fruit plants. that you can harvest large quantity of fruits.
 treat the diseases traditionally.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Harmful pests and diseases are one of the major problems of fruit

cultivation in Nepal. What may be the solution of it ?

What kinds of diseases are found in your locality in fruit
farming ? Discuss.

Fruit cultivation is an enjoyable
and rewarding occupation. It is
an important part of horticulture.
Recently, practice of fruit
cultivation and its consumption has
increased noticeably because people
are more careful about their health.
They want to eat fresh and healthy
fruits. Though growing fruits is
a good source of income, the blemish-free cultivation of fruits needs
much sincerity and care. Diseases and pests in fruit plants, from the
earlier stage of the plantation to the harvesting time, can hamper its
cultivation badly.

Healthy and profitable cultivation of fruits becomes hardly possible
unless there is good management of diseases in fruit plants. Different
diseases and harmful pests degrade whole farming. They are dangerous
from the earlier stage to the ultimate stage of farming. The major
diseases that damage fruit cultivation are discussed below:

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1. Fungal disease

Generally, fungal diseases are transmitted from fungi. Fungi serve as
the decomposers by breaking down organic material in nature. Fungal
diseases infect roots and leaves of plants. Blights, fire blights, black
spots, cankers, etc. are some examples of fungal diseases.

2. Bacterial diseases

Bacterial diseases are transmitted from bacteria. Bacteria are the
micro-organisms which cannot be seen without a telescope. Black root,
bacterial canker etc are some examples of bacterial diseases.

3. Viral diseases

Viral diseases are transmitted from virus. Virus can affect the parts as
well as the whole plants. Virus does not kill the plants but can reduce
the productivity by affecting it. Tungro, pepper mild, etc. are the major
effects of virus.

Major symptoms of fruit plants diseases

a. Delay in growth.
b. Death of young buds, flowers

and fruits.
c. Sudden withering and death of

leaves and branches of plants.
d. Disturbance in blossoms.
e. Moistureless leaves.
f. Spots on leaves, stems or fruits.

Traditional prevention measures

a. The first and foremost thing to be considered while cultivating
fruit plants is the selection of seedlings. Some fruit plants are
anti-fungal, anti-bacterial and anti-viral by nature. We should
select such fruit plants.

b. Before planting the fruit plants, we should plough the field twice
or thrice. Ploughing helps wipe out the unnecessary weeds, larva,
pupa and other unwanted stuffs and help grow the seedlings
healthy.

c. Weeds are the secure place to live for pests so they are the means

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for many diseases and pests. That is why, weeding in time can be
the best traditional preventive method for fruit cultivation.

d. Soil treatment with local herbs, medicinal plants and ashes is also
one of the best traditional preventive methods. Soil mixed with
ashes and neem help eliminate many pests and safeguards plants
against many diseases.

e. Some of the diseases start from the single part of the plant and
in the span of time damage the whole plant. So by removing the
infected parts of the plant, we can keep our plants safe and secure
from many diseases and pests.

f. Most of the pests and diseases become active in certain period of
time. Pests which become active in the hot season cannot harm the
plants in the cold season. So changing the time of plantation can
also minimize the harmful effects of diseases and pests.

g. Rabbits, rats and other animals eat and damage the fruit plants.
They are also the good means to transfer the diseases. So proper
fencing helps protect the plants.

h. Most of the fruit cultivation takes place in villages. No villages
are out of cattle farming traditionally or commercially. So urine
of domestic animals, neem, titepati and other medicinal plants are
easily available in local level. An appropriate mixture of them and
spraying in the fruit plants saves them from many diseases and
pests.

NOW YOUR TIME

Make any four “True or False” questions from the lesson above.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What kinds of things degrade the fruit cultivation? K nowledge

2. Explain the effects of virus diseases. C omprehension

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Connecting PROJECT A pplication

3. Visit a nearby fruit cultivation area and prepare a A nalysis
report on the basis of the following guidelines. E valuation
S ynthesis
a. Name of a farmer and the place
b. Total area of cultivation
c. Major fruit plants
d. Major diseases and their symptoms
e. Traditional preventive methods used by the farmer
f. Conclusion

4. Differentiate between fungal and bacterial diseases.

5. “Fruit cultivation is an enjoyable and rewarding
occupation.” Justify with examples.

6. Design a plan that can be implemented for treating
diseases and pests in fruit cultivation.

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GLANCING 20
THIS UNIT 3

A. Theoretical Revision

1. Fill in the blanks:
a. ______________ bed is a place for growing seedlings.
b. Hybrid species are generated by ______________ breeding.
c. We can ______________ the fruits after dehydration.

2. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements: 2
a. Local fruits are tastier than hybrid fruits.
b. We cannot identify ripe fruits from their colour.
c. V-stick is used for cutting branches while plucking fruits.
d. Soft-skinned fruits can be packaged in wooden boxes.

3. Answer the following questions (any three): 5 x 3 = 15

a. What is a nursery bed? Describe its importance.

b. How do you treat diseased fruit plants following the traditional method?

Explain.

c. Discuss the equipment that can be used in harvesting fruits.

d. “Packaging of fruits depends on nature of fruits.” Justify.

B. Practical Revision 20

1. Do the following activities: 5 x 3 = 15

a. Visit YouTube and search about method of preparing a nursery bed. Make a

nursery bed in your school following the instruction.

b. Submit the projects given in the lessons of this unit to your teacher and get

them signed by him/her. Keep a record of your submissions.

c. Collect seeds of various fruits used in your home and grow them. Buy seeds

of hybrid fruits in an agriculture trade concern and grow them. Observe the

growth and health of the plants.

2. Viva-voce 5 Connecting
INTERNET
a. What is a nursery bed?

b. How can we identify local breeds and hybrid ones ? www.symphonypub.com

c. List out methods of harvesting fruits. Looking throughout for cumulative revision.

d. What techniques do you use to store fruits at your home? Give

a reason for using such storage.

e. Point out the process of storing fruits underground. Visit

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UNIT DRY VEGETABLES,
9 FRUITS AND FOODSTUFFS

1Lesson Production, Processing
and Storing of Dry Vegetables

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By knowing different methods of storing dry
vegetables, you can preserve vegetables to
 describe a simple method of processing use them in the near future when there is
dry vegetables. scarcity of vegetables.

 store dry vegetables.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Vegetables are necessary for us. It is very difficult to produce seasonal

vegetables in off-season but they are easy to store for the future. What

kinds of dry vegetables do you use in your home?

You must have eaten potato chips. How is it prepared? Discuss.

We can use dried vegetables
when there is scarcity of the green
vegetables. Adopting drying process,
vegetables can be preserved for
longer time. We make dry items
from several vegetables. In the
process of drying fruits, the
moisture1 is dehydrated through
different methods like drying in
the sun, using a dryer, hearth, etc. Potatoes, cauliflowers, and other
leafy vegetables are the examples of such vegetables from which we can
make dry items. The method of production, processing and storing of
dry vegetables is discussed below:

1 moisture : presence of liquid, especially water

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1. Selection of vegetables

We must be careful in the selection of the vegetables for the drying
process. We should select the mature and fresh vegetables. They should
be clear and damageless. They shouldn’t be over ripened too. We should
not use the vegetables that are recently treated with pesticides and
insecticides.

2. Clearing

Clearing is also an essential process for drying the vegetables. We can
clear the vegetables by using various methods. The unnecessary parts
like fibres, peels, etc. should be removed in the time of clearing. They
should be washed in clean water.

3. Preliminary processing

Slicing and cutting into the pieces and rings fall under the preliminary
processing. We should cut down the vegetables according to our needs
and taste.

4. Steaming or blanching

This is the process of boiling vegetables. We should keep the slice of
vegetable in clear cotton cloth and put it into the boiling water. Boiling
in sodium (soda) water protects the natural colour of the vegetables. We
should boil the vegetable for 2 to 10 minutes depending on the type of
vegetables.

5. Drying

We should dry the slices after the process of steaming. We can dry
vegetables in direct sunlight or in the electric dryer. In the village areas
people use the hearth for drying. In the process of drying, we can use
the materials like mandro, nanglo, mat, etc.

6. Cooling

After drying the slices, we should leave it around an hour for cooling.
If we pack the vegetables as soon as drying, the problem of fungus
infection may occur.

7. Packaging

We should package the slices in to airtight plastic bags. After packaging
the dried pieces properly, it is better to label by quantity, price and date
of packaging and expiring.

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8. Storage

We should store the fruits for the future. We should consider the
temperature, moisture and light. It is better to store the fruits in cool
and dry places.

NOW YOUR TIME

Fill in the blanks with suitable word(s) :

1. Dry vegetables can protect us Didkynoouw ?
from _________ of the vegetables.

2. Unnecessary parts like

_________ should be removed Most of the nutrients in a
when cleaning the fruits. potato reside just below the
3. We can use _________ and
skin layer.

_________ for boiling the fruits.

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What do you mean by dry vegetables? K nowledge

2. What is the importance of dry vegetables?

3. Make a list of the process of making dry vegetables. C omprehension
4. Which method is used for drying the vegetables at

your home? Discuss it with your friends.

Connecting PROJECT

5. Collect some vegetables and make any two dry A pplication
vegetables items with the help of your teacher.

6. Write two differences between steaming and drying. A nalysis

7. Select a vegetable that can be stored by drying. E valuation
Give reasons to your selection. S ynthesis

8. Suggest two more techniques to preserve
vegetables other than drying.

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Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 7

2Lesson Production, Processing and
Storage of Slices or Dried Fruits

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By drying fruits, you can store them for a
long time.
 describe a method of processing of dry fruits.
 explain the method of packaging storing

and labeling.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

People love fruits. It is necessary when we feel sick. You have used

different packed fruits in the off-season. How is it possible?

Do you prepare Gundruk at your home? If yes, how do you store

it after preparation?

Nepal is rich in the production
of a variety of fruits. Due to the
various topographical structures
and climate, there is the variation in
the production of the fruits. Fruits
(except off-season) grow according
to the season. We can make slice
or dry items from the fruits for the
sake of future and off-season use.
Apples, mangoes, pears, grapes,
peaches, etc. are some examples of fruits from which we can make dry
items. There are many methods to make dry items of fruits. In the
context of Nepal, we can prepare dried fruit items according to the
time, place, climate and techniques. The common steps of processing
the dried fruit items are given below:

1. Selecting and Harvesting

We should select the mature and properly ripened fruits for drying. After
harvesting the fruits we should wash them more than three times. We should
peel them well and remove the unnecessary parts like seeds and stiff core.

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2. Slicing

We should make small slices of fruits. We can also use slicer for the
appropriate shape and to make our work faster.

3. Blanching and putting it in salty or KMS mixed water

After slicing the fruits, we put them in either salty water or water
mixed with potassium metabite sulphete. It is better to manage the
proper sinking time according to the thickness of the slice. It preserves
the natural colour of the slice and becomes more attractive. We can
also blanch the slice by putting in cotton or velvet clothes and put it in
boiling water for 8–10 minutes.

4. Drying

After the process of putting in salty water, KMS or blanching, we should
dry the slices properly. Slices can be dehydrated in mat, mandro,
nanglo, etc. We should dry the fruits for 2 to 4 days, according to the
thickness of slices, climate and nature of fruits.

5. Cooling

After drying slices, we should leave them around one hour or more for
cooling. If we pack the slices recently after drying fungus may infect them.

6. Packaging, labeling and storing

After the process of cooling, we should pack the dried fruit slices and
label them. We can use plastic bags or airtight containers for packaging.
After the process of packaging, we should label it. To label the packages,
we can print on the packages or paste the printed paper on it. We can
also use the local techniques for storing the dried fruits. Covering them
by straw, hay or jute bags and getting them underground are some
examples of local techniques of drying fruits.

7. Yield of dried fruits

Dried fruits have less weight. We can see the reduction in mass and
moisture while drying them. Here is a tentative list of fruits of their
weight before and after drying them:

S. N. Fruit Weight (before drying) Weight(after drying)
1. Apricot 1kg 150-200gram

FUNCTIONAL 139

Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 7

2. Apple 1kg 100-160gram
3. Pear 1kg 140-190gram
4. Grapes 1kg 210-270gram
5. Mango 1kg 140-190gram

NOW YOUR TIME

Match column A with column B.

Column A Column B
Harvesting slice maker
Slicing plastic bags
Drying properly mature fruits
Packing mandro and nanglo

WORK FURTHER

Answer the following questions: Level of Cognition

1. What do you mean by dry fruit items? K nowledge
2. List out the importance of dry fruits.
3. List the methods for preparing dry fruits.

4. Explain the method of blanching and putting in salty C omprehension
or KMS mixed water.

Connecting PROJECT

5. Make a list of local methods for drying the A pplication
vegetables with the help of your mother/sister and
present it in your class.

6. Collect the locally available fruits and make dry
items of them by using the above mentioned
methods with the help of your teacher.

7. Differentiate between slicing and blanching A nalysis

8. Select a fruit that can be preserved by drying. Give E valuation
reasons for selecting that fruit.

9. Suggest two more methods of storing fruits other S ynthesis
than drying.

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Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 7

3Lesson Introduction to
Recipe and its Study

WHAT & WHY What ? Why ?

You’ll learn to By learning to prepare various food items,
you can support your family members in
 define recipe. cooking and can get many delicious food in
 describe the methods of preparing rice your own home.

pudding, tea, cucumber pickle and pear
pickle.
 prepare rice pudding, tea and pickle.

ThinTkihnrgough Experience

Most of us drink tea in the morning. It has become our culture. Have

you ever tried to prepare a cup of tea? What do you do? Explain.

We love to eat pickle that makes our food palatable. Discuss the
process of making tomato pickle.

Generally, the method of cooking is known as recipe. We cook many
food items in our daily life, using various methods. The process and the
methods of preparing foods are different from one place to another. The
study of recipe is very important because of the necessity of cooking
foods in our daily life. Some methods of recipe are given below:

A. Rice pudding

Required Ingredients
Rice : 200 gm
Milk : 2 litres
Ghee : 2 tea spoons
Sugar : 100- 200 gm (according to taste)
Coconut, Cardamom, Raisin, Cashew nut, etc.

Procedure

To prepare rice pudding, we should clean and soak the rice properly. Fry
the soaked rice well in ghee. After frying, shift it into another pan. Boil milk
adequately. After boiling the milk, we should mix immersed rice in milk

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Occupation, Business & Technology Education - 7