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Web : www.symphonypub.com
E-mail : [email protected]

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ISBN 978-9937-659-14-7

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nufP/ To;nfO{ prfNg ;'? u¥of] . p;n] 38F' f;Dd prfln;sk] l5 r§fgnfO{ yfld/xg
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hgf hldgdf kn6]F L df//] a;]sf lyP .

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kl| tufu] Lx¿sf] uf]Ko kl| tof]lutf s;n} ] yfxf kfPg .

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/fhf d;' 'Ss xf;F ] . d'VodGqL jf:tjdf a]Gb]/ªeGbf afbª a9L anjfg\ 5 eGg] s/' f :jLsf/
ub{} lyP . of] s'/f ae' m/] /fhfn] eg] æ7Ls 5, tkfO+{sf] o:tf] OR5f 5 eg] o:t} xfc] f]; \ .Æ

cfuGt'sx¿ l;+xk'/af6 kn] fs{ kms]{ . d'VodGqLn] cfˆgf bfhs' f] clt d}qLk0" f{ ;Gb]z
NofPsfn] kn] fs{ sf /fhfn] kl| tofl] utf xg' g;s]sfdf s]xL afn] g] g\ .

To; lbg s;n} ] afbªnfO{ nnsfg{ ;s]g . ;a} 7fpFsf dflg;x¿n] afbªnfO{ ;+;f/sf] ;a}
eGbf alnof] dfG5] xf] egL :jLsf/ u/ ] .

zAb / c {y cfuGt's – kfx'gf, s;s} f 3/df cfPsf gofF dflg;

u/, 3/

z4' pRrf/0f

lbPsf zAb ;g' / eg M

gs{6 cfZro{hgs nnsfg{' k|ltofl] utf :jLsf/
kl| tåGåL k|:tfj k/fj|md
a'l4dfgL lbOalS;of;] \

6 efiff au}Frf – &

af]w / cleJolQm

!= 7Ls pQ/df -ü_ lrXg nufpm M

s= afbª dflnssf nflu s] sfd ubY{ of] <
c= df5f dfg] { cf= ¿v 9fn]/ hldg cfafb ug{ ] O= an k|bzg{ ug]{
v= /fIf;n] afbªnfO{ s] lbof] <
c= wg cf= cb[Zo xg' ] zlQm O= an
u= dflnsn] afbªnfO{ lsg d'Qm ul/lbof] <
c= afbªaf6 k|efljt eP/ cf= ansf] rdTsf/ bv] fP/ O= /fhf v;' L eP/
3= k|ltof]lutfdf lhTgn] fO{ xfg]{tkm{ sf] /fhfn] s] lbgk' g]{ ;t{ lyof] <
c= cfˆgf] bz] cf= wgn] el/Psf hxfh O= /fhs'df/L
ª= /fhfsf efOn] lsg kl| tofl] utf gug{] lg0f{o u/] <
c= a]Gb/] ªn] k|ltofl] utf lhTg] ePsfn]
cf= b'j} a/fa/ anjfg\ ePsfn]
O= afbªn] k|ltofl] utf lhTg] ePsfn]
@= s;n] s;nfO{ eg]sf] xf] < nv] M

s= P, d/] f df5f rfg] {] tF kf] xf];\ .
v= dnfO{ gdf/, dnfO{ gdf/ .
u= dnfO{ an rflxG5 . Ps} xftn] ;aeGbf 7"nf ¿vx¿ pv]Ng] tfut dnfO{ b]pm .
3= xfdL b'Od{ Wo] s;n] of] r§fg p7fpg ;Sbf] /x5] , x]/f}F t .
ª= ltdLnfO{ o; ks| f/sf] k|ltofl] utfdf lht'Fnf eGg] nfU5 <
r= 7Ls 5, tkfO{+sf] o:tf] OR5f 5 eg] o:t} xf;] \ .
#= syfsf] rfy} f] cg'R5b] k9L ;fl] wPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ n]v M

s= l;+xk'/sf /fhfn] afbªnfO{ lsg afn] fP <
v= slnªsf /fhfn] lsg cfˆgf] alnof] dfG5] l;x+ k/' k7fP <
u= k|ltofl] utfdf xfgn{] ] lhTg]nfO{ s] lbg'kg{] ;t{ /flvof] <
3= /fhf lsg cfk}mF k|ltof]lutf xg] { uP <
$= lbPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ nv] M

s= syfdf afbªsf s:tf :jefjnfO{ bv] fOPsf] 5 <
v= afbªn] /fIf;nfO{ s;/L ;dfTof] <
u= afbªn] aG] b]/ªeGbf cfkm" alnof] 5' eGg] s;/L yfxf kfof] <

efiff auFr} f – & 7

3= zk]nAbfs{ csyf{ dGqLn] s] eg/] kl| tof]lutf x'g lbPgg\ <
ª= ltdLn] dxfanL afbª syf k9/] ss] ] s'/f l;Sof} <
%= zEfAfbj cljy:t{ f/ u/ M
anjfg\ ePkl5 ;an} ] p;}sf] kz| +;f u5g{  \ .

cfˆgf cge' j ;f6f;f6 u/ M
ltdLnfO{ klg afbªnfO{ h:t} h] rflxG5 ToxL dfu eg]sf] eP ltdL s] dfUYof} <

?

;fr] / eg M
afbªnfO{ /fhfn] cGo b]zsf dflg;x¿l;t lsg n8fOF ug{ k7fP, To;f] ug{'
7Ls xf] t <

zAbe08f/

!= kofo{ jfrL zAb;Fu hf]8f agfO{ n]v M
bf;, kl/>d, k|ltofl] utf, ljjz, ldlxgt] , kl| t:kwf{, an, afWo, OHht, OR5f, k|lti7f,

ljrf/, rfxgf, dt, hldg, tfst, eO' F, gfs] /
pbfx/0f M – bf; – gfs] /
@= ljk/LtfyL{ zAb;Fu hf]8f agfO{ n]v M
cfafb, dflns, :jLsf/, 6f9f, l/Qf], b[Zo, afeF mf,] gf]s/, glhs}, c:jLsf/, e/L, cb[Zo,
cv08, alnof,] v08, sdhf]/
pbfx/0f M cfafb – afeF mf]

8 efiff aurF} f – &

#= ldNbf] zAb;Fu hf]8f ldnfO{ nv] M

k'mTsg dfUg'
¿v x'g'
kf;f ] 9Ng'
lbSs yfKg'
xhd vfg'
em6s\ f hfg] {'
sfjf ug'{
xft lbg'
an vfH] g'
$= zAb / cys{ f] hf]8f ldnfpm M

sTnf ldqtfn] el/Psf]

hf3F df5f, ;fns cflbsf] z/L/sf] aflx/L txdf x'g] va6f h:tf kfkf|

d}qLk0" f{ sDd/d'lg / 3'F8feGbf dflysf] z/L/sf] cl3lNt/sf] efu

et" kj" { nfdfnfdf kft / cUnf] 8fF7 xg' ] Ps ks| f/sf] jg:klt

cg'r/ ;Dd k/s] f] efu

gs6{ ljutsf], klxn] ePsf]

lg0fo{ ;j] s, kl5 nfUg] JolQm

d}bfg 5nkmnaf6 lgl:sPsf] s'/f

%= al' 4dfg\ ± O{ al' 4dfgL eP e}Fm tnsf zAbaf6 aGg] zAb nv] M

bf;, Odfgbf/, rdTsf/, k/fjm| d, dGq, ofu] , gfs] /, ef/, kl| t:kwf,{ a/] fh] uf/
^= ;'6'Ss, d;' S' s, nkSs h:t} c¿ kfFrj6f cg's/0ffTds zAb n]v .
&= lbPsf zAbnfO{ cy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf ko| f]u u/ M
h/f, ljht] f, el/e/fp, 9\ofË bz{s, cfuGts' , anjfg\

;d"xsfo{

kfrF j6f ;d"x agfpm . kf7sf] t];|f] cg'R5b] k9 . cg'R5b] af6 cfwf cIf/ ePsf
zAb l6k . tLdWo] kfFrj6f zAb /fvL jfSo agfpm . k|To]s ;d"xsf] Ps hgf
cufl8 hfpm . cfˆgf] ;d"xn] agfPsf jfSo kfn}kfnf] k9]/ ;g' fpm .

efiff au}rF f – & 9

>l' t nv] g

lbPsf jfSo ;'g / nv] M
æof] s/' f eGg sl7g 5, dxf/fh ÛÆ o;kl5 p;n] /fhfnfO{ Pp6f ;e' mfp lbof] . p;n]
eGof], æcfh /flt efh] sf] Joj:yf ldnfOalS;of]; \ .Æ

z'4 nv] g

cfjZos lrXgx¿sf] k|ofu] u/L z4' agfO{ sfkLdf nv] M
p;n] eGof] dnfO{ an rflxG5 Ps} xftn] ;aeGbf 7"nf ¿vx¿ pv]Ng] tfut dnfO{ b]pm
ltd|f] OR5f k"/f xG' 5 ca dnfO 5f8] /fIf;n] eGof]

Jofs/0f

sfod{ n" s Jofs/0f

!= lbPsf] cg'R5b] k9 M
pm x/s] lbg kf;f] yfKYof] t/ ;w}+ pxL s'/f bfx] f]l/GYof ] . kf;f] hlxn] klg

l/Qf] xG' Yof ] . To;df df5fsf s]xL xf8 / sTnf eg] b]lvGy ] . æs;n] d]/f df5f
rf]bf]{ /x]5, ca kQf nufp5F 'Æ afbªn] dgdg} eGof] . Pslbg p;n] kf;f] yfk/]
gs{6x¿sf] ‰ofª k5fl8 n'Sof] kfgL 708f eP/ cfof] t/ pm Ps 8u] klg ;/]g .

dflysf] cgR' 5]bdf …sf]Ú kf;f] yfKbYof] egL kZ| g ubf{ …afbªÚ eGg] pQ/ cfpF5 .
…s]Ú egL kZ| g ubf{ …kfgLÚ, …df5fÚ, …xf8Ú, …sTnfÚ, …kf;fÚ] eGg] pQ/ cfpF5 / sxfF
egL k|Zg ubf{ …lsgf/Ú, …emfªÚ eGg] pQ/ cfp5F  . o;/L s,] sf], sxfF eGg] k|Zgsf]
pQ/df cfpg] zAb gfd zAb xg' \ . gfdn] JolQm, j:t' / 7fpFnfO{ a'emfp5F g\ .

@= lbPsf] cg'R5]baf6 5j6f gfd zAb l6k / cy{ vN' g] u/L jfSodf k|ofu] u/ .
afbªsf] zf/Ll/s k/fj|mdsf] rrf{ kn] f{s /fHodf klg k'Uof ] . kn] f{ssf /fhf

l;+xk/' sf /fhfs} sfG5f efO lyP .

#= ;fdfGo et" sfnsf jfSonfO{ ;fdfGo jtd{ fg sfndf abn .
afbªn] hËndf cfˆgf] sfd hf/L /fVof] . p;n] 7n" f ¿v h?' Ss prfNof] . p;n]

3gf hËnnfO{ v]tL ug{ ofU] o db} fgdf abNof ] . p;sf] sfd bv] ]/ dflns cfZro{

10 efiff au}rF f – &

rlst eof ] . p;sf] dflnsn] an sxfaF f6 cfof] egL afbªnfO{ ;fW] of] . afbªn]
dflnsnfO{ ;a} s'/f atfof] . dflnsn] p;nfO{ t'?Gt} bf;Tjaf6 d'Qm ul/lbof ] .
afbªsf] Voflt bz] el/ km}lnof] .
pbfx/0f M afbªn] hËndf cfˆgf] sfd hf/L /fVof ] .
afbª hËndf cfˆgf] sfd hf/L /fV5 . pm 7n" f ?v ===============

$= pbfx/0f x/] L lj|mofsf] ¿k kl/jt{g u/ M
pbfx/0f M u¥of] ub}{ lyof] u/s] f] lyof] uYof]{ u/5]
eof] ============= ============= ============= =============
============= bV] b} lyof] ============= bV] Yof] =============
============= ============= plePsf] lyof] ============= pleP5
============= ============= a;]sf lyP ============= a;5] g\
============= lx8F \b} lyP ============= lx8F \y ] =============

%= gfd / ljz]if0fsf] hf8] f ldnfpmM
s8f hËn
/ftf e'Tnf
w]/} efO
afSnf lbg
3gf r§fg
eLdsfo kl/>d
sfG5f cfFvf

n]vg cEof;

cg'nv] g

!= syfsf] 56} fF} cgR' 5]b h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ .

efiff auFr} f – & 11

@= lbPsf] cg'R5b] h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ M
;;+ f/df sfx] L sdhf/] x'G5g\, sf]xL w]/} alnof xG' 5g \ . alnof] xg' ' /fd|f] xf ] . cfkm" ;uF ePsf]
ansf] ;bk' of]u ugk'{ 5{ . an 5 eGbd} f c¿nfO{ b'Mv lbg] wDSofpg] ug{'xF'bg}  . afbªdf
an / a'l4 b'j} lyof] . al' 4dfg\ ePsf sf/0f pm ;fe] m} aGb/] ªl;t o'4 ug{ uPg . p;n]
b]z / /fhfsf] lz/ pFrf] kfg{ ufK] o ¿kdf aG] b/] ªsf] k/LIff lnof] . a]Gb]/ªn] afbªnfO{ lhTg
;s]g . pm a'l4 / ansf] ;xL ;b'kofu] u/L bf;tfaf6 d'Qm eof ] . p;sf] Odfgbfl/tf
klg bl] vof] . ansf] b?' kof]u klg ePg . xfdLn] klg cfkm" l;t ePsf] annfO{ ;ts\ fod{ f
nufpgk' 5 { .

l;h{gfTds n]vg

lbPsf abF' fsf cfwf/df syf k"/f u/ M
Psfbz] df b'Oh{ gf lbbLalxgL xg' ' ========================, ltgLx¿sf] Pp6f efO x'g'
========================, efO pQfpnf,] vrf{n' / cN5L x'g' ========================, lbbLalxgL
ldlxg]tL xg' ' ========================, Pslbg h]7L lbbLn] p;nfO{ c;n aGg'kg{] ;e' mfa lbg'
========================, lbbLsf] s'/f p;n] Ps sfgn] ;g' ]/ csf]{n] p8fpg' ========================,
csf{] lbg sfG5L lbbLn] p;nfO{ ;G' b/ aGgk' g{] ;e' mfa lbg' ========================, p;nfO{
lrQ a'‰g' ========================, pm 3/ hfg' ========================, kmn" af/Lsf km"n
gk'mNg] la?jf pv]n/] kmfNg' ========================, tLtf] x'g] eP/ lgdsf] ¿v klg kmfNg'
========================, Pslbg p;sf] 5f]/fnfO{ ;k{n] 8:g' ========================, pm 56k6fpg'
========================, p;n] ?bF } l5d]sL j[4sf] 3/df uP/ ;d:of eGg' ========================,
j4[ n] Pp6f la?jfsf] kftsf] emf]n NofP/ p;sf] 5f/] fnfO{ v'jfpg' ========================,
5f]/f] ;Grf] xg' ' ========================, j4[ n] æof] ltdLn] kmfn]sf] la?jfsf] kftsf] emfn] xf] .
dn} ] /f]k]sf] lyPF cfh sfd nfUofÆ] eGg' ========================, gkm' Ng] la?jf klg sfd nfU5g\
eGg] yfxf kfP/ pm k5t' fpg' ======================== .

yk cEof;

lbPsf] syf k9L ;fl] wPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ b]pm M
sg' } ;do ef/tsf] Pp6f /fHodf csa/ gfdsf /fhf lyP . pgsf dGqLsf] gfd jL/an

12 efiff au}Frf – &

lyof] . Pslbg pgLx¿ ;efsIfdf al;/xs] f lyP . csa/nfO{ 7§f ug{ dg nfUof ] . ;Dk"0f{
;ef;bx\ ¿n] /fhfnfO{ :jfut ul/;sk] l5 csa/n] pRr :j/df ;fw] ,] æof] 38fleq s] 5 <Æ

;efsIfdf pkl:yt ePsf ;a} ;ef;b\ d'vfd'v ug{ yfn ] . s;n} ] klg To; kZ| gsf] pQ/
lbg ;s]g . Ps l5gkl5 /fhfn] jL/anlt/ kms/{] eg,] æP jL/an, ltdL t cfk"mnfO{
v'a rnfv ;DemG5f} t/ pQ/ lbg ;s]gf} lg ÛÆ To;kl5 jL/an sx] L gaf]nL 38f
/fv]sf] 7fplF t/ uP . pgn] 38fsf] lasf]{ vf]n]/ x/] ] clg cfˆg} 7fpdF f uP/ pleP/ eg], æsx] L
5}g ;/sf/ ÛÆ csa/n] eg], æltdLn] lsg lasf]{ vf]n/] eGof} <Æ jL/ann] pQ/ lbP,
ælasf]{ gvf]nL pQ/ bp] mÚ eg]/ df;} 'kmn] elgaS;]sf] lyPg ;/sf/ ÛÆ jL/ansf] rt¥' ofOF bv] ]/
/fhf v;' L eP . ;ef xnel/ xf;F fsf] nx/ km} lnof ] .
kZ| gx¿ M
s= csa/n] lsg 38fleq s] 5 eg]/ ;fw] ]sf x'g\ <
v= csa/n] jL/annfO{ g} pQ/ lbg ;sg] f} eGgfsf] sf/0f s] xf] <
u= jL/an s;/L rnfv 7xl/P <
3= dflysf] syfdf jL/ansf s:tf :jefjsf b]lvG5g\ <
ª= dflysf] syfsf nflu pkoQ' m zLif{s s] xg' ;S5 <

vN] bfvN] b}

lrq x]/L syf agfpm M

efiff au}Frf – & 13

@PsfO

wtL{sf] dxŒj

cfvF Lˆofn

lbPsf k|Zgaf/] 5nkmn u/ M
s= kY[ jLdf af6] la?jf gpds]| f] eP s] x'GYof] <
v= dflg; lsg kY[ jLkl| t cfef/L x'g'k5{ <

14 efiff au}Frf – &

k!f7 wtL{dftf

– dfwjk;| fb l3ld/]

slj dfwjk;| fb l3ld/] lj= ;+= !(&^ c;fh] ^ ut] u08sL c~rn, ndhª' lhNnfsf] k:' tg'
eGg] 7fpFdf hGd]sf x'g \ . pgL /fi6«slj xg' \ . pgsf afnnx/L, 3fdkfgL nufot emG8}
b'O{ bhg{ hlt s[lt ks| flzt 5g\ . pgn] lqej' g k1| f k'/:sf/, cflbslj efge' Qm k'/:sf/
nufot bhg{ f}F k/' :sf/ kf| Kt u/]sf 5g\ . pgL zf:qLo 5Gbdf sljtf nV] g] slj x'g\ . pgsf
sljtfdf b]zelQm, ks| [lt / dflg;sf hLjgsf ;'v bM' vsf] lrq0f kfOG5 .

x] wlt{dftf Û d ag'F ;k"t
vfo/] ltd|} bzwf/ b"w
l;sf{ 56' s] L ltld sfdw]g'
l5sf{ k/s] f ;a /]0f' /]0f'

Bf}tf /xG5g\ /vjf/ nflu
cfn:o TofuL, clgdi] f hfuL
wtL{ Û ltdL Xjf} dw'sfz] 7n" L
df}/L l/Fu]emF} dwd' Gt w"ln ..

;x;| wf/f dwd' fw'/L Bf}
Tof] dfw/' Ln] xb[ o} e/LBf}
/Iff u¿F lko| bz] nfO{
cIfo\o d]/f] dw'sfz] nfO{

;k't – c;n ;Gtfg, uf/} j ug{ nfossf] ;Gtfg l;sf{ – bw" , /ut cflbsf] dl;gf] wf/

zAb / c {y sfdw]g' – OR5f nfu]sf] s/' f lbg] ufO { l5sf{ – ju] l;t cfPsf] t/n kbfys{ f

dl;gf l56f

/]0f' – w'nf], s0f, k/fu /vjf/ – /Iff ug{] sfddf v6]sf] kx/b] f/

clgdi] f – cfvF f lemDd gu/s] f,] Psf]xf/] f] jf 6j\ fNn dws' fz] – kmn" sf] /; /xg] 7fpF

;x;| wf/f – xhf/ wf/f dw'dfw'/L – dxsf] ld7f;

cIfoo\ – Ifo gxg' ,] gfz gxg' ]

efiff au}Frf – & 15

zAb / c {yd ;o" { dfuL clg rGb| dfuL jr:{ j – sg' } sfo{ jf ultljlwdf k|bzg{ ul/g]
ctGb| hfuL, ed| ef| lGt TofuL ljlzi6 zlQm
cfgGb dfq} hlg Bf} dnfO{
kd| Q x"nF f dw' dfq vfO{ ctGb| – Ao'F´]sf] cj:yf

sn} ]sxLF x,] b'v Bf} dnfO{
;w}F pHofnf] dv' Bf} dnfO{
cfdf Û b'ws} f] cleif]s b]pm
jr:{ j 5sL{ 5lj Ps 5p]  ..

;w}F pHofnf] cg'xf/ b]pm
of] lhGbufgL lhO;f/ bp] m
x] wltd{ ftf Û d agF' ;k"t
vfP/ ltd|} bzwf/ bw"  ..

e|d – zÍf, Pp6f j:t'nfO{ cs}{ j:t' 7fGbfsf]
cj:yf

k|dQ – dflQPsf,] pGdTt
cleifs] – kljq hn 5sg{ ] sfd

u/, 3/

z4' pRrf/0f

lbPsf zAb ;g' / eg M clgdi] f kl| tof]lutf cIføo
/0] f' /vjf/ k|dQ cleifs] ;x;|
zflGt k|oTg

af]w / cleJolQm

!= ‘wtLd{ ftf’ sljtf no xfnL jfrg u/ .

16 efiff au}rF f – &

@= kf7cg';f/ lbPsf x/km k/" f u/ M
Bft} f /xG5g\ ========================
cfn:o ======================= hfuL
================= dw'sf]z ============
Dff}/L=============================w"ln ..
#= lbPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ n]v .
s= wtL{ s:tL 5g\ <
v= bp] tfn] wtLs{ f] /vjf/ s;/L u/]sf 5g\ <
u= sljn] wtLl{ ;t s]n] xb[ o eg{ cfu|x u/s] f 5g <
3= sljn] b]zsf] /Iff s;/L ug{] OR5f JoQm u/s] f 5g\ <
ª= …kd| Q xnF" f dw' dfq vfO{Ú eGgs' f] tfTko{ s] xf] <
r= sljn] wtL{l;t ss] f] cleifs] dfus] f 5g\ <
5= …of] lhGbufgL lhO;f/ b]pmÚ eGgfn] s] al' emG5 <

$= lbPsf kZ| gsf] nfdf] pQ/ nv]  .
s= sljn] wtL{l;t s:tf] x'g] OR5f JoQm u/]sf 5g\ <
v= sljn] wtL{l;t ss] ] dfus] f 5g\ <

%= efj lj:tf/ u/

x] wltd{ ftf Û d agF' ;kt"

vfo]/ ltd|f] bzwf/ b"w ..

^= …wtLd{ ftfÚ sljtfsf] dn" efj n]v .

?

;f]r / eg M

sljn] cfkm" wtLk{ |lt cfef/L ePsf] atfPsf 5g \ . xfdL wtL{k|lt lsg cfef/L
xg' 'k5{ <

efiff au}rF f – & 17

>l' t nv] g

lbPsf] sljtf+ z ;'g / nv] M
d ;o" { dfuL clg rGb| dfuL
ctGb| hfuL, ed| e|flGt TofuL
cfgGb dfq} hlg Bf} dnfO{
kd| Q xnF" f dw' dfq vfO { ..

z4' n]vg

lbPsf zAb z'4 agfO{ sfkLdf nv] M
;k"t, ag',F bzwf/, ltld, Bft} f, Bf}, Xjf,} 7n" L, wl" n, s}ns] fxLF, vfo]/

zAbe08f/

!= kofo{ jfrL zAb;Fu hf]8f agfO{ nv] M
cfn:o, x[bo, ef| lGt, xif,{ dx' f/, hggL, cN5\ofOF, ;Gbx] , dg, O{Zj/, cfgGb, cgx' f/,

kY[ jL, ke| fs/, wtL,{ dftf, dx, ;"o{, zlz, pHHjn, htg, /Iff, dw', rGb,| pHofnf]
pbfx/0f M bp] tf – O{Zj/
@= ljk/LtfyL{ zAb;Fu hf8] f ldnfO{ n]v M
;k't, Bft} f, lk|o, pHofnf], ;'v, ljb]z, cFWof/f,] bz] , clko| , bM' v, bfgj, sk't
pbfx/0f M ;kt' – skt'
#= kf7af6 ‘dnfO’{ ‘hfuL’ h:tf cGTodf bL3{ O{sf/ nfus] f b;j6f zAb vf]h/] nv]  .

18 efiff auFr} f – &

n]vg cEof;

cg'n]vg

lbPsf] sljtf h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ M
cfdf Û b'w}sf] cleifs] bp] m
jr{:j 5sL{ 5lj Ps 5]p,
;w}F pHofnf] cgx' f/ b]pm
of] lhGbufgL lhO;f/ bp] m .

l;hg{ fTds nv] g

…hGdel" dÚ zLifs{ df sljtf nv] /] lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm .

yk cEof;

efj lj:tf/ ug]{ gd'gf k9 / ae' m M
/Iff u¿F d lk|o b]znfO{
cIfoo\ d/] f] dws' f]znfO{
efj lj:tf/ ug{ lbPsf k:| tt' x/km …wtL{dftfÚ sljtfaf6 lgsflnPsf x'g\ . /fi6s« lj
dfwj l3ld/n] ] n]v]sf] o; sljtfdf wtLn{ fO{ cfdfsf] ¿kdf k'sfl/Psf] 5 . wtLd{ ftf;uF
lbP/ g;lsg] s/' fx¿ kz| :t 5g\ . tLdWo] dw'sfz] klg Ps xf] eg/] j0f{g ug{] j|mddf pQm
x/kmx¿ k:| t't ePsf 5g \ .
sljsf cg';f/ wtL{ xfdL ;a}sL cfdf x'g \ . xfdL ;Dk"0f{ dfgj pgsf ;Gtlt xf F} .
cfdfn] lg:jfy{ efjn] x/s] ;Gtltsf] kfngkfi] f0f ul5g{ \ . cfdf;Fu ;Gtfgn] hlt dfu] klg
lbO/xg] u0' f xG' 5 . pgL ;Gtfgsf x/s] OR5f, cfsfª\Iff k/" f ug{ rfxlG5g \ . cfk"mn]

efiff aurF} f – & 19

;s]sf] lbg kfpFbf pgsf] dg cfglGbt xG' 5 . cfˆgf ;Gtfgsf] cfjZostf clg rfxgf
k"/f ug{ pgL x/]s If0f tTk/ eO/xlG5g \ . cfdfn] ;w+} ;GtfgnfO{ ;v' , ;Gtf]if lbg] j|mddf
To;sf] abnfdf s]xL kfpg] cfzf klg /fvs] L xG' gg\ . cfdfnfO{ lbgdf uf}/j x'G5, lngdf
xfO] g lsgeg] wtL{;uF cIføo dw'sf]zsf] e08f/ xG' 5 . dw'sfz] sf] e08f/ eGgfn] dL7f,]
kmfObfhgs / c;n s/' fsf] e08f/ eGg] a'lemG5 . xfdL o;} wtL{sf ;Gtfg xfF } . xfdLn]
klg wtLd{ ftfsf lglDt sx] L ugk{' 5{ . xfdLn] wtLd{ ftfsf] /Iff ugk'{ 5{ . cfdfsf] bzwf/
bw" sf] ef/f ;Gtfgn] rs' fpg'k5 { . of] xfd|f] stJ{ o xf] eGg] efj k|:tt' x/kmdf JoQm
ul/Psf] 5 .
lgisif{df eGgk' bf{ wtL{dftfn] xfdL ;a}sf] OR5f, rfxgf / cfjZostf k"/f ul5{g \ . To;}n]
xfdLn] klg wtLd{ ftfk|ltsf] st{Jo k"/f ug{k' 5{ .

20 efiff au}Frf – &

k@f7 dxŒjk"0f{ af6] la¿jfx¿

– cd/ g]Djfª lnDa"

lgaGwsf/ cd/ gD] jfª lnDas" f] hGd lj= ;+= @))! ;fpg @* ut] d]rL c~rn kfrF y/
lhNnfsf] kfj} f ;f/tfk eGg] 7fpFdf ePsf] xf ] . pgn] /fhgLltzf:qdf :gftsf]Q/ tx
pQL0f{ u/s] f 5g \ . pgsf cd]l/sf e|d0fsf sx] L ;Demgfx¿ / ;Demgfsf t/]nLx¿
-ofqf ;:+ d/0f_ k|sflzt 5g\ . :yfgLo ;DkbfnfO{ ljifoj:t' agfP/ lgaGw nV] g' pgsf]
ljzi] ftf xf ] . g]Djfª cfˆgf lgaGwdf dfgj / kofj{ /0fsf] cGt/;DaGwnfO{ k|:t't ug{
vlKk; lgaGwsf/ xg' \ .

Pslbg lkknaf6] d] f s]xL ;fyLsf aLr ljleGg ¿vsf ljifodf /fr] s s/' fsfgL eP .
k|;Ëjz d}n] Ps hgf j[4nfO{ ;f]w]F, æbfO, oxfF klxn] lkknsf] af6] sxfF lyof] xfn] f <Æ
Ps} l5g jl/kl/ x]b}{ 3'la{;sf] af6] glhs]} Pp6f 7fpF 7DofPkl5 j4[ n] klg tTsfn hjfkm
lbP, æx]g';{ \, klxn] lkknsf] gfk} f6] ljzfn af6] oxLF g} lyof] .Æ olt eGb} j[4n] cfk"mn]
6l] s/fv]sf] at] sf] nf/} Ln] l/ªo\ fpbF } lkknsf] af6] ePsf] 7fpF bv] fP . ;an} ] …xfF df xfFÚ
ldnfP . dflg;n] hlxn] klg kh" fcr{gf u//] j/lkknsf] af]6 hf]/hf/] } /fk] ] xf]nfg \ . o;/L
hf]/hf]/} /fk] s] fdf hg' 7fpFdf j/}dfq afFRof,] To; 7fpsF f] gfpF j/af6] ] /Xof] xfn] f . hg'
7fpFdf lkkndfq afFRof] To; 7fpFsf] gfd lkknaf]6] /Xof] xf]nf . lkknsf] jI[ fnfO{ lxGb'
tyf af}4 wd{df Hofb} kljq j[If dflgG5 . uft} d a'4n] o:t} lkkn jf afw] Lsf] jI[ fd'lg
;ft lbg;Dd a;]/ a'4Tj jf lgjf0{ f k|fKt u/s] f lyP /] .

xfdf| ] bz] df ljleGg ufpF tyf hUufhldgsf] gfpF ¿vla?jf cflbsf] gfddf /fVg]
rng w]/} klxn]b]lv rNb} cfPsf] xf ] . clwsf+z 7fpxF ¿df ¿vla?jfnfO{ hUufhldgsf]
;Ldfgfsf] ¿kdf klg /fv]sf] kfOG5 . o;nfO{ dflg;x¿sf] ¿vla?jfk|ltsf] ulx/f] dfof /
;b\efjgf xf] eGg ;lsG5 . lxhf]cfh cf?af]6] eGg] 7fpFdf cf?sf] af6] , cfv] /af6] ] eGg]
7fpdF f cfv] /sf] af6] / l6Da/' af6] ] eGg] 7fpdF f l6Da/' sf] af6] kfOg 5f8] s] f 5g \ . To:t} a/af6] ,]

zAb / c {y /fr] s – rfv nfUg], cfsifs{ k;| Ëjz – ;Gbec{ g;' f/
kljq – z'4, rfv] f] lgjf0{ f – hLjgaf6 dl' Qm, dfI] f
clwsf+z – w]/h} ;f], ax';ªV\ os ;b\efjgf – c;n efj, xflb{stf

efiff aurF} f – & 21

zAb / c {ylrp/Laf6] ,] 6'gLaf6] ], l/Ýfaf6] ] cflb gfd u/s] f 7fpFx¿df klg oL cgdfn] ¿vla?jfx¿
nfk] eO;s]sf 5g \ .
To;n} ] …h'g uf]?sf] l;ª 5g} To;sf] gfpF ltv]Ú eg] emF} h'g 7fpFdf ¿vla?jf g} 5g} ,
To;sf] gfpF nK;Laf6] ] jf dx] n] af6] ] eGbf s:tf] cgf}7f] ;l' gPnf < rfFkaf]6] eGg] 7fpdF f
rfkF sf] af6] } gxFb' f, vo/af]6] eGg] 7fpdF f vo/sf] af]6} gxF'bf jf ;fn3f/L eGg] 7fpFdf
;fnsf] af]6} gx'Fbf jf o:t} af]6la?jfx¿ nfk] xb'F } hfFbf cjZo klg bz] df w/] } 7n" f]
gf]S;fgL x'g5] eGg] s/' f a'‰g'k5 { .
xfdL dWofXgkl5 o:t} s/' fsfgLx¿ ub{} ahf/lt/ nfUofF } . af6fel/ x+;/fhsf gLnf
km"nx¿n] xfdLnfO{ :jfut u/]h:tf] nfUYof ] . s]xL 6f9fsf 3/x¿af6 lk6fl] gof / Ph]lnofsf
km"nx¿n] klg xfdLnfO{ an] fa]nfdf lrofpFy] . oxfF klg xfdLn] sf7df8fF}df h:t} ;bfaxf/
kfOg, tf8, sfOo{ f] / sNsLsf Psb'O{j6f af]6 bV] of }F . Onfddf Ps hgf :yfgLon] cfˆgf]
af/Ldf afx] f]/L, 9o\ fa]| rn' ]qf,] ?b|fIf, h'xL, kfl/hft, ;bfaxf/ ;dL cflb b'n{e j[Ifx¿
bv] fPsf lyP . pgn] @)) jif{ cufl8 /f]lkPsf] Pp6f a"9f] v/Lsf] ¿v;d]t b]vfPsf lyP .
s]xL tn em/k] l5 xfdLn] af6fsf] ba] k|] l§ Pp6f 7n" f] lkknsf] af6] e6] o\ f} F . Pp6f lkknsf]
af]6 gxbF' f klg csf]{ lkknsf] af6] n] To; 7fpsF f] gfpF cfh;Dd k|ltlglwTj ul//xs] }
/x]5 . To; lkknsf xfFuflaFufx¿ kmb] };Dd d'l8Psfn] ¿v c;dodf a"9f] xg' nfu]sf]
h:tf] bl] vGYof ] . o; 7fpFdf w]/} cl3b]lv g} lkknsf af]6 d'l8bF } cfPsf /x5] g \ . ToxfFsf
dflg;x¿n] @))& ;fncufl8 yk' |} lkknsf af6] x¿ /fk] s] f lyP /] . /f0ffsf xfQLn] lbglbg}
n5' \b} vfFbf tL ;'Gb/ / xl/of lkknsf af]6x¿ la:tf/la:tf/ ljnK' t xF'b} uP5g \ .
jg:kltljb\sf cg;' f/ lkknsf ¿vx¿ w/] } nfdf] ;do;Dd aflF r/xG5g\ . jg:kltljb\
Pl8og / :6f;] { >LnÍfdf O= k"= #)) eGbf klxn] /fl] kPsf] lkknsf] ¿v cem} klg
afFlr/xs] f] 5 eG5g \ . o;}n] km]l/kml] / dl' 8Pg eg] pQm lkknsf] ¿vn] cem w/] } jif;{ Dd
lkknaf]6] eGg] gfpF k|ltlglwTj ug5]{  .
w]/} jif{klxn] rq} dlxgfsf] Ps 3dfOnf] lbgdf d kfFry/sf] l;jfvfn] f eGg] lnDa" ufpFdf
k'us] f] lyPF  . ToxfF d}n] olt 7"nf] l;dnsf] ¿v b]vs] f] lyPF ls Toqf] l;dnsf] ¿v t cfh;Dd

ljnK' t – x/fPsf], nfk] ePsf ]

22 efiff aurF} f – &

zAb / c {yd}n] sxLF b]vs] } 5}g . Tof] l;dnsf] af]6 a8f]
w}ok{ "j{s pleO/xs] f] lyof ] . To; eLdsfo
l;dnsf j[IfnfO{ xb] f{ dnfO{ Pp6f ljzfn
kx/fsf] kmb] df a;]/ kx/fsf] 6'Kkfdf x/] s] f] h:tf]
cg'ej eof] .

To; lbg dnfO{ cfkm" ;fgf] ePsf] h:tf] cge' l" t
eof] . Pp6f egfO 5, …7n" f] dfG5d] f s/' f dfq
y'5{, 7n" f] jI[ fdf atf; dfq y5' { . s/' f ;fFRr}
/x]5 lsgeg] To; l;dnsf] km]bdf a8f] dGbdGb
ultdf xfjf rln/x]sf] lyof ] . To;sf] uugrD' aL
6'Kkfdf rflxF atf;sf] Pp6f eofgs u'~hg
;'lgGYof ] . xfd|f] d6' ' g} yy{/fO/xs] f] h:tf] k|tLt
x'GYof ] . o:t} cUnfcUnf l;dnsf ¿vdf dfq
s¥ofªs?' ª, wg];, lu4 cflb 7"N7n" f kIfLx¿
a:5g\ / ] . To;n} ] lxhfc] fh xfdf| ] b]zdf l;dnsf] ¿v sf6g\ dgfxL ul/Psf] 5 .

Soflnkmfl] go{ fsf] hËndf df6fnfO{ /ftf] kfb}{ pds]| f] ;+;f/sf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] /ftf] ¿v
hfOu]lG6of 5 . ToxfF ;;+ f/sf] ;aeGbf cUnf] ¿v :6f« :6;] k]mo/ hfOG6 klg 5 . ToxfF
Soflnkmfl] g{ofs} ;aeGbf a9" f] ¿v la|:6nsf0] f kfOg klg 5 . tL ¿vx¿ x]g{sf lglDt
6f9f6f9faf6 c;ª\Vo ko6{ sx¿ cfp5F g \ . Onfdsf] dËnaf/d] f ;;+ f/sf] ;aeGbf 7"nf]
kmn" kmN' g] u/' f;F sf] ¿v kfOPsf] 5 . pQm ¿vdf k'mNg] kmn" sf] ufn] fO ## OGr 5 eg] To;
¿vsf] kmb] sf] df]6fO slt xfn] f < o:tf 7"nf7n" f u'OlF 7Psf u'/f;F sf af]6x¿, cUnfcUnf
;bfaxf/ ¿vx¿ tyf e'O;F Dd nlqPsf h/fh/' L ePsf a8d] fgsf a6j[Ifx¿n] sg'
ko6{ ssf] dg cfsi[ 6 ubg}{ g\ xfn] f / < o;}n] xfn] f jg:kltljb\ hfg] Dof/] eG5g,\ æo:tf
7"nf7n" f ¿vx¿n] ;'b"/ ctLtsf] ofb lbnfp5F g\ .Æ t/ b'Mvsf] s/' f o:tf Pl] txfl;s
¿vx¿ xfdf| ] bz] sf] dfglrqaf6 lbglbg} nf]k xF'b5} g\ .

w}o{ – ljklQ tyf ;Í6 kbf{ gcflQg] u0' f, l:y/ / zfGt ePsf] cj:yf
uugrD' aL – cfsfz 5'g], Hofb} cUnf]
ctLt – lats] f] ;do

efiff au}rF f – & 23

u/, 3/

z4' pRrf/0f

lbPsf zAb ;g' / eg M

k;| Ëjz a4' Tj lgjf{0f dWofGx k|ltlglwTj
Ph]lnof hfOul] G6of :6f« :6];km]o/
s¥ofªs?' ª lk6fl] gof

af]w / cleJolQm

!= lbPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ eg M

s= nv] ssf] ;fyLefO;uF s] ljifodf s'/fsfgL eof] <
v= lkknsf] j[IfnfO{ af}4 wdd{ f lsg kljq dflgG5 <
u= xfd|f ufp3F /df hUufsf] gfd ss] f] gfddf /fVg] rng 5 <
3= lj= ;=+ @))& ;fncl3 /fl] kPsf lkknsf af]6 s;/L nfk] eP <
ª= lkknsf] ¿v;DaGwL tYo s] xf] <
r= l;dnsf] ¿vd'lg a;/] x]bf{ nv] snfO{ s] nfUof] <
5= jg:kltljb\ hfg Dof/] sf] 7n" f ¿v;DaGwL egfO s] 5 <
h= kf7df lbPcg';f/ ¿vla?jfsf tLgj6f dxŒj eg .

@= 7Ls a]7Ls 5'§ofpm M

s= hg' 7fpdF f a/sf] dfq ¿v afFRof] To; 7fpsF f] gfd a/af6] ] /Xof] xf]nf .
v= lkknsf] jI[ fnfO{ kljq jI[ f dflgbg}  .
u= lkknsf ¿v nfdf] ;do;Dd afRF 5g \ .
3= xfdf| ] b]zdf l;dnsf] ¿v sf6g\ kfOG5 .
ª= w]/} 7fpdF f ¿vla?jfn] hUufhldgsf] ;Ldfgf 56' o\ fPsf] kfOG5 .
#= lbPsf k|Zgsf] ;ª\lIfKt pQ/ n]v M
s= ¿vn] s;/L ko{6s leœofpF5g\ <
v= xfd|f] b]zdf l;dnsf] ¿v sf6g\ lsg dgfxL ul/Psf] xf] <
u= ¿vla?jfsf] gfdaf6 hUufhldgsf] gfd /fVg' 7Ls xf] <

24 efiff aurF} f – &

3= h'g ¿vla?jfsf] gfdaf6 7fpsF f] gfd /flvPsf] 5 Tof] ¿v g} gx'bF f s] c;/ k5{ <
ª= kf7df ¿vla?jfsf] dxŒjnfO{ sg' sg' ¿kaf6 b]vfOPsf] 5 .
$= efj lj:tf/ u/ M
o:tf af6] la?jfx¿ nf]k xbF' } hfFbf cjZo klg bz] df w]/} 7"nf] gfS] ;fgL x'g]5 .
%= 5nkmn u/ / n]v M
¿vla?jfn] gk] fnsf] dfl} nstfnfO{ s;/L hf]ufPsf 5g\ < g]kfnsf] h}ljs

ljljwtfdf ltgsf] s] dxŒj 5 <

cfˆgf cge' j ;f6f;f6 u/ M
ltd|f] ufpF3/df klg ¿vla?jfsf] gfdaf6 7fpFsf] gfd /flvPsf] 5 <

?

;f]r / eg M
¿vla?jfsf] gfdaf6 7fpsF f] gfd /fVg' dfl} nstf xf] . ¿vla?jfn] gk] fnsf
cGo dfl} nstfnfO{ s;/L hfu] fPsf 5g\ <

;dx" sfo{

kfFrj6f ;dx" df a; . k|Tos] n] …wtLd{ ftfÚ sljtf no xfn]/ jfrg u/L
cfˆgf] ;dx" sf] ;fyLnfO{ ;g' fpm . h'g ;fyLn] /fd|/L sljtf jfrg u5,{ p;nfO{
;dx" sf] kl| tlglw 5fg . kT| os] ;dx" sf kl| tlglw cufl8 hfpm . ;a} k|ltlglwn]
kfn}kfnf] sljtf jfrg u/ / cfkm\g} 7fpdF f cfP/ a; . sIffsf ;an} ] ;g'  .
kl| tlglwafx]s sIffsf ;a} ;fyL Ps 7fpdF f a; . kfFr hgfdWoa] f6 klxnf],
bf;] f| ] / t];|f] 56' o\ fpm . klxnf], bf];f| ] / t;] f| ] x'g] ;fyL cufl8 hfpm . tLg hgfn]
Ps} k6s sljtf jfrg u/ . syfsf ;a}n] bf]xf]¥ofpm .

efiff au}Frf – & 25

>'lt n]vg

lbPsf jfSo ;g' / nv] M
…h'g uf]?sf] l;ª 5}g p;sf] gfd ltv]Ú eg] em}F hg' 7fpdF f ¿vla?jf g} 5g} To; 7fpsF f]
gfpF nK;Laf]6 jf d]x]naf]6] eGbf s:tf] cgf}7f] ;'lgPnf < rfFkaf6] ] eGg] 7fpdF f rfkF sf]
af6] } gx' Fbf, vo/af6] ] eGg] 7fpdF f vo/sf] af]6} g'xFbf jf ;fn3f/L eGg] 7fpFdf ;fnsf] af]6}
gxFb' f w/] } 7"nf] gf]S;fgL x'g]5 eGg] s'/f xfdLn] a‰' g'k5{ .

z'4 nv] g

lbPsf] jfSo z4' agfO{ sfkLdf ;f/ M
of}6f lkknsf] af]6 gx'bf kgL c¥sf] lkknsf] jf]6n] t;] 7fpsf] gfp cfh;Dd k|ltgLlwTj
u/L/x]s} /x]5 .

zAbe08f/

!= zAb / cy{sf] hf]8f ldnfpm M JolQm j:t', 7fpF cflbsf] gfd /fVg] sfd
a'4n] kf| Kt u/]sf] ljlzi6 1fg
a'4Tj hUufhldg cflbsf] clGtd xb
;Ldfgf pvfg jf nfs] fl] Qm
gfds/0f ;Ldf gePsf]
c;Ld
egfO

@= pbfx/0fdf b]vfP h:t} u/L lbPsf zAbaf6 gofF zAb agfpm M

s= jg:klt, ;+:sl[ t, efiff, cy,{ Jofs/0f, jftfj/0f, vufn] ,
pbfx/0f M– jg:klt ± ljb\ – jg:kltljb\

v= JolQm, k"0f,{ slj, aGw,' kl| tlglw
pbfx/0f M– JolQm ± Tj – JolQmTj

26 efiff auF}rf – &

u= wo} ,{ if8oGq, zflGt, cfgGb, Wofg, gLlt, ;kmntf, pbf/tf,
pbfx/0f M– wo} ± kj" s{ – w}o{k"js{

#= lbPsf 6'SsfnfO{ cy{ vN' g] u/L jfSodf k|ofu] u/ M
nfk] xg' ,' ;Ldf gf£g,' gfpF /fVg,' s/' f vfg,' gfs sf6g\ ,' cfvF L xg' ,' tftf] nfUg,' xft xfNg'

$= …hg' uf?] sf] l;ª 5g} , p;sf] gfd ltvÚ] h:tf c¿ kfrF j6f pvfg vfh] /] nv]  .

Jofs/0f

sfod{ n" s Jofs/0f

!= k9 / ae' mM
kf7df k|ofu] ePsf /fr] s, ulx/f], bn' {e, ;bfjxf/ h:tf zAb …s:tfÚ] eGg] kZ| gsf]
pQ/df cfpF5g \ . 7"nf], cUnf,] eLdsfo h:tf zAb …sqfÚ] eGg] kZ| gsf] pQ/df cfpF5g\ .
nfvf,}F y'k|,} w]/} h:tf zAb …sltÚ eGg] kZ| gsf] pQ/df cfpF5g\ . …Tof]Ú zAb …s'gÚ eGg]
kZ| gsf] pQ/df cfpF5 . o;/L s:tf,] sqf,] slt, sg' eGg] k|Zgsf] pQ/df cfpg] zAb
ljzi] f0f x'g\ . ljzi] f0f zAbn] gfd / ;j{gfdsf] ljzi] ftf a'emfpF5g \ .

@= gfd / ljz]if0f 5'6\ofP/ n]vM
c;n ;fyL, clwsf+z 7fpF, cgdfn] ;DklQ, kljq dg, nfdf] ;do, afSnf] a:tL, ljzfn
kx/f,] /ftf] df6f,] /ftf] u'/f;F

#= kf7sf] t;] f| ] cgR' 5]bb]lv 5}6f}F cg'R5]b;Dd k|of]u ePsf ljz]if0f zAbx¿ vf]h]/
n]v .

$= Odfgbf/, uf]/L, c;n, rnfv, ldng;f/, a'l4dfg\ h:tf ljz]if0f /fvL cfˆgf] ldNg]
;fyLsf] j0fg{ u/ .

%= ;fdfGo jt{dfg sfnsf jfSonfO{ e"tsfndf abn M
xfd|f] bz] df ¿vla?jfsf] gfdaf6 7fpFsf] gfpF /fVg] rng 5 . ;+;f/s} ;aeGbf 7n" f]
u/' fF;sf] kmn" Onfddf kfOG5 . Soflnkmf]lgo{ fdf ;+;f/s} ;aeGbf a9" f] ¿v 5 . Tof] ¿v
x]g{ 6f9faf6 c;ª\Vo ko6{ s cfp5F g \ . 7"nf ¿vn] ;'b/" ctLtsf] ofb lbnfp5F g\ . b'Mvsf]
s'/f o:tf Pl] txfl;s ¿vx¿ nf]k xg' ] cj:yfdf 5g\ .
pbfx/0f M xfdf| ] bz] df ?vla¿jfsf] gfdaf6 7fpFsf] gfpF /fVg] rng 5 .
xfd|f] b]zdf ?vla¿jfsf] gfdaf6 7fpFsf] gfpF /fVg] rng lyof] .

efiff au}Frf – & 27

n]vg cEof;

cg'n]vg

!= kf7sf] 5}6fF} cgR' 5b] h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ .
@= lbPsf] cgR' 5]b h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ M
kY[ jLdf dflg; nufot cgluGtL hGt', r/f, jg:klt / ls/f /xs] f 5g\ . kY[ jL¿kL
cfdfn] hGdfPsf oL ;Gtfgn] cfkm" hGd]sf] wtL{k|lt >4fefj k|s6 ugk'{ 5{ . wtL{df /xs] f
cgs] fF} k0| ffLdWo] dflg; ;aeGbf al' 4dfg\ k|f0fL xf ] . o;n} ] dflg;n] cfk"mnfO{ wtL{sf]
of]Uo ;Gtfgsf] ¿kdf k|:t't ug{'k5 { . wtLd{ f hGd]sf ;fgfbl] v 7"nf kf| 0fL / jg:klt
bj' }sf] wtLk{ |lt cfˆg} stJ{ o / bfloTj 5 . cfˆgf ;GtfgnfO{ wtLn{ ] cGg / hn pknAw
u/fO/x]sL l5g\ . wtL{sf] Pp6f ;fgf] 6'jm| fsf] ¿kdf /xs] f] gk] fn k|fs[lts ;Dkbfn] el/k0" f{
5 . htftt} xl/ofnL xg' ' / km/skm/s vfnsf af6] la?jf kfOg' g]kfnsf] ljzi] ftf xf ] .
xfd|f] bz] df af6] la?jfnfO{ hUufsf] ;fFw ;Ldfgf 5'6\ofpg / 7fpFsf] gfd /fVgsf nflu
klg ko| f]u ul/Psf] kfOG5 . af]6la?jfn] r/fsf] ;+/If0fdf ;xof]u ku' s] f] 5 . xfd|f] bz] df
klxnk] lxn] kfOg] b'ne{ ¿vla?jf cr]n nfk] xb'F } uO/x]sf 5g \ . ltgLx¿sf] ;+/If0f u//]
h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;/+ If0f ug{' xfdf| ] st{Jo xf] .

l;h{gfTds n]vg

!= ‘lxdfn’ zLifs{ df 5f]6f] ka| Gw nv] L lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm .
@= lbPsf a'bF fsf cfwf/df 5f6] f] lgaGw tof/ kf/ M
k|f0fL / jg:kltsf] hLjg jftfj/0fdf lge/{ ====, ;l[ i6 x'bF f g} k|s[ltdf kf| 0fL / jg:kltsf]
hLjgsf nflu lglZrt jftfj/0f l;hg{ f ===, jftfj/0fs} sf/0f kf| 0fL / jg:kltaLr 3lgi7
;DaGw ===, dflg;n] k|s[ltnfO{ laufg{ / hf]ufpg ;Sg] ===, kf| s[lts ;Gtn' g sfod ug{
eg] hLj / jg:klt b'j}sf] el" dsf x'g] ===, jftfj/0f lglZrt kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLleq
/xg] ===, kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL vNalnP kf| sl[ ts cj:yf c;Gtl' nt ===, jftfj/0f ;Gt'ng
ug{ jghËn, gbL, lxdfn, kxf8, vlgh ;an} fO{ ;Gt'lnt 9Ën] pkofu] ug'k{ g]{ ===,

28 efiff aurF} f – &

jftfj/0f ;/+ If0fsf] sfd dflg;sf] st{Joleq kg{] ====, dflg;n] j1} flgs rdTsf/ /
dfgjLo pGgltleq k|sl[ tsf] ljgfz ;d6] \g gx'g] ===, j1} flgs k|ultn] klg jftfj/0f
;+/If0fdf ;xofu] ug{ ;Sg] ===, kf| s[lts ;|ft] / ;fwg eljiosf nflu klg hfu] fpg'kg]{ ==,
k|s[lt / dfgjsf] ;DaGw Psfsf/ agfP/ ;DaGwnfO{ ;b' [9 agfO/xg' h?/L x'G5 .

v]Nbfv]Nb}

lbPsf] zAbhfnaf6 PseGbf a9L cy{ nfUg] zAb afxj| 6f, kY[ jLnfO{ hgfpg] zAb 5j6f /
af]6la?jfsf gfd afxj| 6f vfh] /] uf]nf] 3/] f nufpm .

;f / tf lk c ;f] lg t
k' n k'm k j s / vf
uf /f] s n gL l; d n
sf km n w tL{ ;f} c w
p TtL ; a j ;' Gw /f
nf] k] w sf lr j / lt
s 6L / O afF nf /L b'
b' p 0fL gf] em s' /L e"
; d] lb gL nfF ;' ;f g]

efiff auFr} f – & 29

#PsfO ;‹ifk{ 0" f{ hLjgaf/] k9fF}

cfvF Lˆofn

lbPsf tl:a/ x]/ . ltdLx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] af/]df s] yfxf 5 < eg .

30 efiff aur}F f – &

k!f7 cfª ;fª ;'sL

ljZjsf ;Dk"0f{ dlxnfx¿sf nflu ;fx; / ;s' Lsf] tl:a/
wo} {sf] pbfx/0f ags] L cfª ;fª ;s' L :jtGqtf
/ dfgj clwsf/sf nflu ;‹if{ ug]{ JolQmTj
xg'  \ . pgL blIf0f Pl;ofsf kv| / g]tfx¿dWo] Ps
dflglG5g\ . adf{sf] lg/Í'z ;l} gs tfgfzfxL
;/sf/n] hgtfnfO{ lzIff, :jf:Yo ;r" gf h:tf
cfwf/e"t ;]jfaf6 jl~rt u/s] f] cj:yfdf pgn]
dfgjclwsf/sf] :yfkgfsf nflu nfdf] ;do ;‹if{
ul/g \ . o;s} f/0f pgn] ;g\ !(** b]lv @)!@
;Dddf k6sk6s u/L sl/a kGw| jif{ gh/aGbdf
/xgk' ¥of ] .

;'sLsf] hGd ;g\ !($% hg' !( sf lbg adfs{ f] ofË'g -tTsfnLg /Ëg' _ ;x/df
ePsf] lyof ] . pgn] lktf cfª ;fg / dftf bflvg sLsf] bf;] |f] ;Gtfgsf ¿kdf o;
w/tLdf hGd lnOg \ . pgL hGdgc' l3 cyf{t\ ;g\ !($% ;Dd adf{ a]nfotsf] pklgj]zdf
/x]sf] lyof ] . pgsf afa'n] bz] nfO{ :jtGq agfpg ;g\ !(#( b]lv ;‹if{ u/]sf lyP . ;g\
!($& df adf{ a]nfotaf6 :jtGq eof] . b]zdf ;l+ jwfg algg;ss] f] ;ª\j|md0fsfnLg
cj:yfdf pgsf afa' kw| fgdGqL eP . To;a} ]nf ljb|f]xLx¿n] pgsf afas' f] xTof ul/lbP .

zAb / c {y :jtGqtf – :jtGq xbF' fsf] cj:yf, csf{sf] cwLgdf g/xs] f] cj:yf
dfgj clwsf/ – dflg;n] ljgfafwf kfpgk' g]{ clwsf/
lg/Íz' – s'g} lsl;dsf] afwfaGwg gePsf ]
tfgfzfxL – b]zsf] ;Dk"0f{ zlQm Pp6} JolQmsf] cwLgdf /x]sf]
cfwf/et" – cltcfjZos, geO{ gx'g]
gh/aGb – cgd' ltljgf aflx/ lg:sg gkfpg] u/L /flvPsf] aGbL
pklgj]z – sg' } zlQmzfnL b]zn] csf]{ b]zdf zf;g hdfpg] clwsf/
;ªj\ m| d0fsfnLg – s'g} zf;g lgod cflb l:y/ eOg;s]sf] cJojl:yt ;do

efiff aur}F f – & 31

zAb / c {y;g\ !($*df dfq adf{ k"0f{ ¿kdf :jtGq eof ] . ;g\ !(%* b]lv !(^) ;Dd ePsf]
/fhgLlts lvrftfgLsf] kmn:j¿k ;]gfn] ;Qf cfˆgf] xftdf lnof ] . To;kl5 hg/n g] ljgsf]
gt] [Tjdf adf{df ;}lgs zf;g nfu' eof ] . ;g\ !(^@ bl] v adfs{ f] h'Gtf ;/sf/n] ;‹Lo
Joj:yfnfO{ lj36g u/L cy{tGqnfO{ /fli6«os/0f u¥of] . ;/sf/n] ;"rgfsf] xs, ;Ël7t
xg' ] kfpg] clwsf/dfly klg kl| taGw nufof] .

pgL afas' f] xTof xFb' f b'O{ jif{sL dfq lyOg . Pslbg pgsf bfh' / pgL vl] n/xs] f lyP .
bfhs' f] v]nf}gf kf]v/Ldf v:of ] . kfv] /Ldf v]nf}gf lng hfFbf pgsf] bfh'sf] ToxLF 8a' /] d[To'
eof] . cfk"m;Fu} vN] g] / :s'n hfg] bfhs' f] d[Ton' ] ;ft jifs{ L ;s' Lsf] dgdf ulx/f] rf6]
k¥' ofof ] .

;g\ !(^) df adf{ ;/sf/n] pgsL cfdfnfO{ ef/tsf] /fhb"t agfof ] . pgL cfdf;Fu}
lbNnL uOg\ . adfd{ } lzIff/De u/]sL pgnfO{ lbNnLl:yt sGeG] 6 :sn' df egf{ ul/of ] .
ljBfno k9\bfbl] v g} pgL dxfTdf ufGwLsf] cfbza{ f6 k|efljt eOg \ . pgnfO{
cdl] /sfsf dfgj clwsf/jfbL gt] f dfl6{g ny' / lsªsf ljrf/n] klg k|efj kf/]sf lyP  . pgdf
lx;+ f u/]/ xfO] g zflGtk0" f{ cfGbf]ng / w}o{k"j{s ;‹if{ ub}{ uP cjZo klg b]zdf k|hftGq
/ dfgj clwsf/sf] axfnL ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] wf/0ff ljsl;t eof] . ljBfno lzIff k"/f
u/k] l5 pgL pRr lzIff lng a]nfotsf] cS;kmf8] { ljZjljBfnodf egf{ eOg \ . ToxLF cWoog
ubfu{ b}{ pgn] a]nfotL gful/s;Fu ljjfx ul/g \ .

;g\ !(** df adfd{ f /fhgLlts pynky' n eof ] . ;jw{ f/0f hgtf kh| ftGqsf] dfu
ub}{ ;8sdf cfGbfn] g ug{ yfn,] xhf/f}+ dflg;x¿ ;/sf/ lj?4sf] cfGbfn] gdf
dfl/P . ToxfFsf] ;/sf/n] hgtfnfO{ ;Ël7t eP/ sfd ug{ kfpg] / ;"rgf kfpg]
clwsf/af6 jl~rt u/]sf] lyof]  . bz] sf] v:sFbf] cyt{ Gqsf] sf/0f hgtfn] as}F df jrt u/s] f]
k};f;d]t lemSg kfPgg\ .

;g\ !(** df pgsL cfdf l;ls:t la/fdL eOg\ . pgL cfdfnfO{ e]6\g adf{ uOg\ .
To;}a]nf pgn] ToxfsF f] /fhgLlts cj:yfaf/] ulx/f] cWoog ul/g\ . pgn] b]zdf

h'Gtf ;/sf/ – adf{sf] ;l} gs ;/sf/
;‹Lo Joj:yf – ljleGg /fHo Pp6} /fi6d« f cfa4 ePsf] l:ylt
/fli6«os/0f – clwu|x0f sg' } JolQm jf ;db' fosf] ;DklQnfO{ ;/sf/n] cfˆgf] cwLgdf lng] sfd
/fhbt" – bz] sf] k|ltlglw eP/ csf]{ bz] df sfd ug{] JolQm
axfnL – gofF kb, clwsf/ cflb ;eF fNg] sfd
cyt{ Gq – ;/sf/sf] cfly{s sf/fa] f/ ug]{ k0| ffnL

32 efiff aurF} f – &

zAb / c {ykh| ftGqsf] k'g:yf{kgf geP;Dd cfGbf]ngdf nfUg] b[9 lgZro ul/g \ . pgn] g];gn lnu
km/ 8d] f]j|m;] L gfds kf6L{ u7g ul/g\ / b]ze/ ¥ofnLsf] cfofh] gf ul/g\ . ;g\ !(*( df
h'Gtf ;/sf/n] b]zsf] zflGt ;/' Iffdf vnn k¥' ofPsf] cleofu] nufO{ pgnfO{ kjm| fp u/L
pgs} 3/df 5 jif{sf nflu gh/aGbdf /fVof ] . ToxfsF f] ;/sf/n] b]z 5f]8/] lgjf{;gdf
hfg rfx]df pgnfO{ gh/aGbaf6 dQ' m ul/lbg] 3f]if0ff klg u¥of ] . ;s' Ln] ;/sf/sf] pQm
k:| tfjnfO{ 7f8} c:jLsf/ u/L aGbLx¿sf] d'lQm / k|hftflGqs ;/sf/ axfnLsf] dfu
ul/g \ .

;g\ !(()df tTsfnLg ;l} gs ;/sf/n] r'gfpsf] 3fi] f0ff u¥of ] . pgn] u7g u/s] f] kf6Ln{ ]
cTolws dt NofP/ rg' fp lhTof] t/ To; lhtnfO{ ;/sf/n] dfGotf lbPg . gh/aGbdf
g} /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;g\ !((! Dff pgnfO{ gfa] n zflGt k'/:sf/ lbOof] . pgL pQm k'/:sf/
ux| 0f uga{ f6 jl~rt eOg\ . Tof] k/' :sf/ pgsf 5f/] fn] lnP . pgn] k/' :sf/af6 kf| Kt
tx] | nfv cd]l/sL 8n/ adfs{ f hgtfsf] lzIff / :jf:Yosf nflu vr{ ul/g\ . pgsf]
l/xfOsf nflu /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o bafa cfof] . bafjs} sf/0f ;g\ !((% df ad{n] L
;/sf/n] pgnfO{ /fhgLlts lj|mofsnfkdf ;xefuL xg' / ofqf ug{ k|ltaGw nufO{
gh/aGbaf6 dQ' m u¥of] . ;g\ !((( df pgsf klt l;ls:t la/fdL eP . ;/sf/n] pgsf
kltnfO{ e]6\g a]nfot hfg] cg'dlt lbof] t/ kmsg{ glbg] xf] ls eg/] pgL an] fot uOgg \ .
pgsf kltsf] To;} jif{ SofG;/sf sf/0f dT[ o' eof] .

;g\ @))) sf] ;K] 6]Da/df hG' tf ;/sf/n] ofqf u/s] f] cleof]udf ;'sLnfO{ k'gM
lu/ˆtf/ u¥of] . gh/aGbdf /xFbf pgnfO{ PSnf]kgn] ;tfpYF of ] . pgL ;do sf6\g
/fhgLlts ;‹if{ u/s] f sf/0f h]n k/s] f / ljleGg If]qdf ;kmn ePsf JolQmx¿sf]
hLjgL kl9\yg \ . pgL 3G6fF;} Dd Wofg uly{g\ . ad{]nL ;/sf/n] ;g\ @))@ df pgnfO{
crfgs ljgf;t{ l/xfO u¥of] .

;g\ @))# df hG' tf ;/sf/ / pgsf] kf6Ls{ f g]tfx¿aLr dgd'6fj eof] . ;/sf/n]
pgnfO{ t?' Gt kjm| fp u/L h]ndf xflnlbof ] . To;} jif{ adf{df ;/sf/ kl/jtg{ eof] .
;l} gs ;/sf/n] d:ofb} f tof/ u/fO{ /fli6o« ;Dd]ng u¥of ] . To; ;Dd]ngdf pgsf] kf6Ls{ f]
ljrf/nfO{ ;n+ Ug u/fOPsf] lyPg . ;g\ @))& df af}4 leIf'n] pgsf] ;dy{gdf k|bz{g

gh/aGb – sg' } lglZrt 7fpaF f6 aflx/ lg:sg gkfpg] u/L lgoGq0fdf /fVg'
gf]an zflGt k/' :sf/ – zflGtsf] If]qdf pTs[i6 sfd ug]{ ljZjsf dflg;dWo] pTs[i6nfO{ lbOg] gan{] L
j1} flgs cNk|]m8 gfa] ]nsf] gfddf :yflkt k/' :sf/
lu/ˆtf/ – w/ks8 , sg' } cleof]u nfu]sf] JolQmnfO{ ;dfTg] sfd
dgd6' fj – a]dn] , d]nldnfk gePsf]

efiff aur}F f – & 33

u/] . pgnfO{ rf/ jif{kl5 klxnf]kN6 3/aflx/ lg:s]/ leIf'x¿nfO{ e]6\g lbOof] . To;kl5
;s' Lsf] kIfdf jm| dzM kb| z{g ug{ jm| d a9b\ } uof] . pgL gh/aGbdf k/s] } a]nfb]lv pgsf]
l/xfOsf nflu ;o+ 'Qm /fi6« ;‹ nufot cGo cGt/fl{ i6«o ;:+ yfaf6 bafax¿ cfO/xs] f
lyP . adn{] L ;/sf/n] To;sf] aj] f:tf u/L ;g\ @))& df pgsf] gh/aGbsf] cjlw Ps
jif{sf nflu yKof] . ;g\ @))* df k'gM gh/aGbsf] Dofb Ps jif{ ylkof ] .

gh/aGbdf /xs] f an] f pgsf] :jf:Yo laluo| f ] . pgnfO{ hG' tf ;/sf/sf k|ltlglwn] c:ktfn
nh} fg] Nofpg] u/] . ;'sLnfO{ pgs} 5f]/f5f]/Ln] ;dt] e6] g\ kfpFb}gy ] . pgsf 3/df
sf]xL k:5 ls eg]/ s8f lgu/fgL ul/GYof] . ;/sf/ lgb{l] zt kqklqsf klg 5fglag
u/]/ dfq pgLsxfF k'¥ofOGYof ] . la:tf/} pgn] ef/t, hfkfg, blIf0f sfl] /of, lkmlnlkG;,
cd]l/sf, c:6]«lnof / o/' f]ksf b]zx¿af6 ;dyg{ kfpg yflng\ . ;g\ @))* df ePsf]
;+oQ' m /fi6« ;‹sf] dxf;efdf adf{ dfgj clwsf/k|lt pQ/bfoL x'gk' g{] wf/0ffsf kIfdf dt
lng] sfd ul/of ] . rf/l} t/af6 olt w/] } bafa cfpFbf klg ad]{nL ;/sf/n] ;'sLnfO{ l/xfO
u/]g . ;g\ @))( df Ps hgf cdl] /sL gful/s pgsf] 3/sf] kf| Ë0fdf 3'ds] f] bv] ]kl5
lgod eË u/s] f] cleofu] df ;/sf/n] pgLdfly lgu/fgL a9fpg] cfbz] lbof ] . Tof] 36gf
ePsf] tLg dlxgfkl5 gh/aGbsf] Dofb kg' M c7f/ dlxgfsf nflu yk ul/of ] .

;g\ @))* df ;/sf/n] gofF ;l+ jwfg k|:tfj lgsfNof ] . ;s' Lsf] kf6L{n] ;/sf/;uF
;l+ jwfg ;+zf]wg ug{'kg],{ rg' fpdf cGt/fl{ i6o« ko{j]If0f xg' 'kg{] / ;a} /fhgLlts aGbL
l/xf xg' k' g{] ;t{ /fVof] . To;} jif{ klZrdL d'n'ssf s6' gLlt1sf] /f]xa/df ;s' L /
;}lgs ;/sf/aLr jftf{ ;'? eof] . cGTodf tTsfnLg hG' tf ;/sf/ pgsf ;fd' 3'F8f 6S] g
afWo eof ] . pgL ;g\ @)!) df gh/aGbaf6 d'Qm eOg\  . pgn] aNn cfˆgf 5f]/fx¿nfO{ e6] g\ ]
dfs} f kfOg\ . To;kl5 pgn] bz] JofkL e|d0f ul/g\ / hg;dyg{ h6' fOg \ .

;g\ @)!) df ToxfFsf] ;/sf/n] r'gfpsf] 3fi] f0ff u¥of] t/ ;s' Lsf] kf6L{n] rg' fpdf efu
glng] lg0f{o u¥of ] . csf]{ kf6L{ g];gn 8d] fj] m| ]l6s k|mG6n] rg' fpdf efu lnof] / ax'dt
klg Nofof] . rg' fpdf ;}lgs ;/sf/ k5fl8 k¥of] . ;g\ @)!) df g];gn 8]df]j|mf]l6s k|mG6
gfds kf6L{n] g} ;/sf/ u7g u¥of] . of] ;/sf/ g} ToxfFsf] klxnf] hglgjfl{ rt ;/sf/
xf ] . o;/L emG8} krf; jif{kl5 adfd{ f hglgjfl{ rt ;/sf/ aGof] . pQm ;/sf/n] ;s' Lsf]

zAb / c {y dxf;ef – 7n" f] ;ef k|fË0f – cfuF g

;+ljwfg – bz] sf] dn" sfgg' koj{ I] f0f – sfd xg] {], hfrF ae' m ug]{

/f]xj/ – k|ToIf jf ;fdG' g]sf] l:ylt hglgjfl{ rt – hgtfn] r'gs] f]

jw} tf – sfgg' n] :jLsf/]sf]

34 efiff au}Frf – &

kf6Ln{ fO{ j}wtf kb| fg u¥of ] . kqklqsfdfly nufOPsf] kl| taGw klg k'ms'jf eof ] . ;g\
@)!@ df /fi6k« lt y]ª ;]ªn] dGqLkl/ifbs\ f] kg' u7{ g u/] . To;a]nf cfª ;fª ;'sL ljkIfL
bnsf] gt] fsf] ¿kdf r'lgOg\ . ;g\ @)!@ df g} rf}aL; jif{kl5 pgL ljbz] uOg \ . cdl] /sf
uP/ ;g\ !(() df kfPsf] gf]an] k/' :sf/sf] :jLsl[ t dGtJo lbOg\ . …8/ g} jf:tljs hn]
xfÚ] eGg] ljrf/ afs] ]/ cufl8 a9]sL ;'sLn] km/skm/s ;d'bfosf dflg;nfO{ hfu?s
agfP/ Pstfsf] dfu{df 8f¥] ofOg\ . ;'sLn] lg/Íz' ;l} gs zf;ssf] k~hfaf6 b]z /
hgtfnfO{ d'Qm u/fO{ afas' f] gt] T[ jdf kf| Kt ePsf] k|hftGqsf] kg' ax{ fnL ug{ d'Vo el" dsf
v]lng\ . ;'sL JolQmut :jfy{ Tofu/] hgtfsf] :jtGqtf / dfgj clwsf/sf] :yfkgfdf
nflu/lxg \ . lg/Gt/ :jtGqtf / dfgj clwsf/sf] Ifq] df pTs[i6 ofu] bfg u/]jfkt pgnfO{
…/fˆ6f] :d[lt k'/:sf/Ú / …afl] nef/ k/' :sf/Ú k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .

;w}F plrt s/' fsf] dfq ;dy{g ug{] ;s' Lsf] kl| ta4tfnfO{ xhf/f}F rg' f}tLn] klg
xNnfpg ;sg] g \ . cfh klg ;'sL ;;+ f/el/ clx+;fjfbL /fhgLlts ;‹if{sf] k|tLs alg/xs] L
5g \ . pgsf] hLjgLaf6 ;kmntfsf] ;frF f] lg8/ xg' 'df g} 5 eGg] kf7 l;Sg ;lsG5 .

zAb / c {y k|tLs – lrgf], vf; j:t' ljifo b[Zo cflbnfO{ hgfpg] csf{] j:t'

u/, 3/ sGeG] 6 ;Ël7t
kf| Ë0f s6' gLlt1,
z'4 pRrf/0f

lbPsf zAb ;g' / eg M
lg/Í'z ofËg' ;ª\j|md0f /fli6o« s/0f
d:ofb} f ko{j]If0f k|ltlglw k|lta4tf

af]w / cleJolQm

!= lbPsf k|Zgsf] ldNg] pQ/df /h] f -ü_ nufpm M

s= cfª ;fª ;s' Lsf lktfsf] gfd s] lyof] <

c= g] ljg cf= cfª ;fª O= yª] ;ª]

v= cfª ;fª ;s' Ln] g];gn lnu km/ 8]df]j|m];Lsf] u7g slxn] ul/g\ <

efiff aur}F f – & 35

c= ;g\ !(^) cf= ;g\ !(*( O=;g\ !(*(

u= ;s' Ln] ;g\ !((! df sg' k/' :sf/ kfOg\ <

c= gfa] n k/' :sf/ cf= /fˆ6f] :dl[ t k/' :sf/ O= af]lnef/ k'/:sf/

3= ;s' L slt ;fndf klxnf] k6s kjm| fp kl/g\ <

c= ;g\ !(** cf= ;g\ !(*( O= ;g\ !(()

ª= adf{df ;g\ @)!) df s'g kf6Ln{ ] ;/sf/ agfPsf] lyof] <

c= g;] gn lnu km/ 8]df]jm| ;] L cf= g];gn sDo'lg:6 lnu O= g;] gn 8d] f]jm| l] 6s lnu

r= cfª ;fª ;s' L slxn] ljkIfL bnsf] g]tfsf ¿kdf r'lgOg\ <

c= ;g\ @))) cf= ;g\ @)!) O= ;g\ @)!@

@= lbPsf k|Zgsf] Ps jfSodf pQ/ bp] m M

s= cfª ;fª ;s' Ln] ss] f nflu ;‹if{ ul/g\ <
v= ;g\ !($% ;Dd adf{ s:tf] cj:yfdf /x]sf] lyof] <
u= ;'sLsf afa'n] adf{sf nflu s:tf] ofu] bfg u/]sf lyP <
3= ;'sLn] ;/sf/ lj?4sf] cfGbf]ngsf] ;?' cft s;/L ul/g\ <
ª= ;/sf/n] ;g\ @))) df pgnfO{ sg' sf/0f bv] fP/ lu/ˆtf/ u¥of] <
r= h'Gtf ;/sf/n] zf;g u/s] f] an] fdf hgtfsf sg' s'g clwsf/ vf]l;Psf lyP <

#= lbPsf kZ| gsf] ;ª\l+ IfKt pQ/ b]pm M

s= cfª ;fª ;'sLsf] afNosfn s;/L lats] f] lyof] <
v= cfª ;fª ;s' Ln] gh/aGbdf /xbF f s:tf ;d:of ef]Ug'k¥of] <
u= ;'sLsf] l/xfOsf] kIfdf s;s;n] bafa lbP <
3= ;'sLsf] hLjgLaf6 s] lzIff kfof} <
$= cfª ;fª ;s' Ln] k|hftGqsf] kg' :yf{kgfdf u/s] f of]ubfgx¿ s]s] x'g\ < n]v .

%= ;s' Ln] adf{df k|hftGqsf] k'g:yfk{ gf ugs{ f nflu g]tT[ j glnPsf] eP s] xG' Yof] xfn] f <

cfˆgf cge' j ;f6f;f6 u/ M

ltdLnfO{ xfd|f] bz] sf sg' } /fhgLlt1af/] yfxf 5 < yfxf 5 eg] pgn] u/]sf sfdsf]
af/]df ;fyLnfO{ atfpm .

36 efiff au}rF f – &

?

;f]r / eg M
;'sLn] cfˆgf] b]zdf kh| ftGqsf] k'gM :yfkgfsf nflu hLjgsf] w]/} ;do vr{
ul/g \ . s'g} klg b]zdf k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf ePg eg] s] x'G5 <

>l' t n]vg

lbPsf] cgR' 5b] ;'g / nv] M
ljBfno k9\bfb]lv g} ;'sL dxfTdf ufGwLsf] cfbz{af6 ke| fljt lyOg\ . pgnfO{
cd]l/sfsf dfgj clwsf/jfbL g]tf dfl6{g n'y/ lsªsf ljrf/n] klg ke| fj kf/s] f lyP .
pgdf lx+;f u//] xf]OgÙ zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ng / w}o{k"ks ;‹if{ ub} uP cjZo klg bz] df
k|hftGq / dfgj clwsf/sf] axfnL ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] wf/0ff ljsl;t eof] .

z'4 n]vg

lbPsf jfSonfO{ z4' agfO{ sfkLdf nv] M
lg/ªs'; zl} gs zfzssf] kh+ faf6 b;] / hgtfnfO{ d"St u/fO ;s' Ln] afas' f] g]tT[ jdf
kf| Kt ePsf] khf{tGqsf] kg" a{xfln u/g d"Vo ed' Lsf nv] Lg\ .

zAbe08f/

!= lbPsf ljk/LtfyL{ zAb;Fu hf8] f agfO{ nv] M
pbfx/0f M :jtGq – k/tGq
:jtGq, k/' :sf/, v08g, v'Drg', ;dyg{ , ktg, k|ltsn" , k/tGq, clx+;f, b08, d08g,

km} ng,' pTyfg, cgs' "n, lx+;f, lj/fw] , l/xfO,{ lu/ˆtf/

efiff auFr} f – & 37

@= zAb / cys{ f] hf8] f ldnfpm M
tTsfnLg lhDdj] f/ x'g]
lvrftfgL 36b\ f]
v:sbF f ] Tolt an] fsf]
5fglag bO' { kIfaLr xg' ] tfgftfgL
pQ/bfoL s6' gLlt hfGg]
s'6gLlt1 sg' } ;d:ofsf] vf]htnf;

#= pbfx/0fdf bv] fP h:t} u/L lbPsf zAbaf6 gofF zAb agfpm M
s= cÍz' , hn, hg, lj/fw] , wg, cfzf
pbfx/0f M– lg/ ± cÍz' – lg/Í'z
v= /fhgLlt, jf:tj, ;dfh, e"ufn] , Oltxf;, kz| f;g, ks| [lt, gu/, Jojxf/, cy{, lzIff,

wd{
pbfx/0f M– /fhgLlt ± Os – /fhgLlts

$= zflGt, kl| tlglw h:tf cGTodf x|:j Osf/ cfpg] b;j6f zAb nv] M

Jofs/0f

sfo{dn" s Jofs/0f

!= s= kf7df afa,' cfdf, bfh' h:tf zAb 5g\ . tL gftf ae' mfpg] gfd zAb x'g\ .
v= ltd|f] kl/jf/sf gftf a'emfpg] zAb ko| f]u u//] Ps cgR' 5b] nv]  .

@= s= k9 / ae' m M
;'sLn] adfd{ f dfgj clwsf/ :yfkgfsf nflu nfdf] ;‹if{ ul/g\ . cGttM tTsfnLg hG' tf
;/sf/n] pgsf ;fd' 38'F f 6S] of] . ;f/f ;;+ f/n] pgsf] sfdsf] kz| +;f u¥of] . xfdL klg
lg8/ eO{ cufl8 a9\gk' 5 { . hLjgdf s]xL u//] b]vfpg'k5 { . To;kl5 dfq xfdLnfO{ bf;] |f]
k:' tfn] ;Demg5]  . xfdf| ] ofu] bfgsf] sb/ ug5]{  .

dflysf] cgR' 5]bdf cfPsf ul/g\, 6S] of,] u¥of,] a9g\ 'k5,{ bv] fpgk' 5{, ;Demg5] , ug{]5
h:tf zAbn] jfSo k/" f u/]sf 5g\ . oL zAbx¿ ljm| ofkb x'g\ .

38 efiff au}Frf – &

v= kf7af6 s'g} b;j6f lj|mofkb vf]h . tL ljm| ofkb ko| fu] u/L Ps cgR' 5b] nv]  .

#= ‘vN] b}5’ af6 ‘vN] b} lyof’] eP h:t} lbPsf lj|mofkbsf] ¿k abn M
xb] }{5, afN] b}5, hfbF }5, lx8F b\ 5} , 8N' b}5

$= gfd / ljz]if0fsf] hf]8f ldnfpm M
;fx;L zf;g
lg/Í'z gf/L
vn' f s6] f]
bA' nf] ljrf/
ul/a zf;s
:jfyL{ bz]

;d"xsfo{
rf/j6f ;dx" agfpm . t, lg, kf,] /, x,} P, nf,} xlu, Sof/,] Aof/,] v} lgkft /fv]/
tLghgf kfq ePsf] ;j+ fb tof/ kf/ . kT| os] ;d"xsf tLghgf kl| tlglw cufl8
hfpm . cfˆgf] ;d"xn] tof/ kf/s] f] ;+jfb clego u/ . k|ltlglwafxs] ;a} ;fyL
Ps} 7fpdF f a; . ;a}eGbf /fd|f] clego ug]{ ;dx" nfO{ ljht] f 3fi] f0ff u/ .

n]vg cEof;

cgn' ]vg

!= kf7sf] rfyF} f] cgR' 5b] h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ .
@= lbPsf] cgR' 5b] h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ M
a]nfa]nfdf o; ;;+ f/df lg8/ / ljlzi6 Ifdtf ePsf JolQmx¿n] hGd lnG5g\ .
pgLx¿n] cfkm" klg c;n sfd u//] bv] fpF5g\ / c¿nfO{ klg To:t} k/]| 0ff lbG5g \ . To:tf

efiff au}Frf – & 39

JolQmdWo] cfª ;fª ;'sL klg Ps xg' \ . ;'sL adfs{ f] k|hftGqjfbL cfGbf]ngsL
gt] f xg'  \ . adfd{ f ;}lgs ;/sf/ nfu' ePsf] a]nf hgtfsf ;r" gf kfpg] / ;Ë7g
agfpg kfpg] clwsf/ vfl] ;Psf lyP . adfd{ f Tolta]nf ;/sf/sf] lj/fw] ugn]{ fO{ lu/ˆtf/
ul/GYof]  . ToxfF dfgj clwsf/sf] cj:yf Psbd} gfh's lyof ] . ;s' L kh| ftGqsf] kg' a{xfnL ug{
kl| ta4 eP/ nflug \ . pgn] ;8sdf zflGtk0" f{ ;‹if{ ul/g\ . 8/ g} jf:tljs hn] xf],
To;n} ] xfdL lg8/ eP/ c;Tosf lj?4 nfUg'k5{ eGg] pgsf] wf/0ff lyof ] . pgnfO{ ljleGg
cleofu] nufP/ ;l} gs ;/sf/n] nfdf] ;do gh/aGbdf /fVof] . pgn] ;}lgs ;/sf/l;t
cfTd;dk0{ f ul/gg \ . cfˆgf] ;‹if{ Tofu/] ;v' L hLjg latfpg] s/' f slxNo} ;fl] rgg \ .
Pslbg pgL cfˆgf] nIodf k'u/] } 5fl] 8g\ . cfh ;s' L ;;+ f/el/ clx+;fjfbL ;‹if{sf] pbfx/0f
ags] L 5g\ .

l;hg{ fTds n]vg

lbPsf abF' fsf cfwf/df hLjgL k"/f u/ M
gfd – gN] ;g dG8]nf
hGdldlt – !* hn' fO{ ;g\ !(!*
hGd:yfg – blIf0f clk|msfsf] 6«fG:sL If]qdf kg{] pd6f6f ufpF
of]ubfg – uf]/fnfO{ sfvf / sfnfnfO{ kfvf ug{] ;/sf/L gLltsf] lj?4 nfdf] ;do

;‹if{
– blIf0f clk|msfdf hglgjf{lrt k|yd cZjt] /fi6k« lt
– /Ëeb] L ;/sf/sf] ktg u/fpg ;kmn
– ;g\ !($$ df clk|msL /fli6«o sfª\u|];sf] ;b:otf u|x0f u/]kl5

cf}krfl/s /fhgLlts hLjg ;?'
– hn] hLjg lgs} si6s/ ePsf,] hn] df /xbF f sl7g sfo{ ug{ nufOPsf]
k/' :sf/ – ;g\ !((# sf] gfa] n] zflGt k'/:sf/åf/f ;Ddflgt
dT[ o' – % l8;D] a/ ;g\ @)!#

40 efiff auFr} f – &

vN] bfvN] b}

tnsf] sf]7]kb k/" f u/ M
7f8f]
!= ljrf/ -@_
@= s'g} wgdfn cflbnfO{ dN" o a9fa9 u/L lajm| L ug]{ sfd -#_
#= gd:sf/ ug{] sfd -#_
$= ;kh{ :tf] afËf]l6Ëf] cfs[lt -$_
&= bdfxf h:t} xg' ] Ps k|sf/sf] afhf -#_
*= xNnfvNnf -$_
!)= xjfOhxfh -#_
!!= 7"nf], ljzfn -#_
!#= lrQ, x[bo -@_

t];f{] $
#= cfsf/ u'0f cflbsf] klxrfg ug{ 5flgPsf] j:t', kl| ts[lt -#_ !#
%= lkwF km/flsnf] ePsf] tfpnL -#_
^= uxg ;f]rfO, lrGtg -#_
*= rs h:t} n]Vg x'g] ;]tf] 9Ë' f] -@_
(= ;fgf] yfn -@_
!)= /f]lsg] sfd -#_
!!= sfofn{ o kd| 'v -#_
!$= ze' dx' "t{ -#_

!@#

%

&

*(

!) !!

!@

!$

efiff aurF} f – & 41

$PsfO k/:k/df /fdf| ]
;DaGw sfod u/f}F

cfvF Lˆofn

lbPsf] lrqn] s:tf] cj:yfnfO{ bv] fp5F <

lrqdf bv] fPsf] h:tf] ;DaGw /fdf| ] xf] t < xfdLn] sfs] f;] uF /fdf| ] ;DaGw :yfkgf ugk{' 5{ <

42 efiff auF}rf – &

zAb / c {yk!f7 u'?lziosf] ;DaGw

– /fdk;| fb 1jfnL

slj /fdk|;fb 1jfnL lj= ;=+ @)@$ ;fndf n'lDagL c~rn, uN' dL lhNnfsf] yfgklt eGg] 7fpdF f
hGd]sf x'g\ . g]kfnL ljifodf pRr lzIff xfl;n u/s] f 1jfnL lqej' g ljZjljBfnodf k|fWofkg
k];fdf ;+nUg 5g\ . 1jfnLsf k'tnL / e'ml;lNs/f, c;'/ Uof;, cflb sl[ t k|sflzt 5g \ . 1jfnL
k|ltef ;Ddfg k'/:sf/, oj' f jif{ df]tL k/' :sf/, nufot y'k}| k/' :sf/af6 lje"lift ePsf 5g \ . pgL
5Gb sljtfnfO{ k'gM hLjg lbg] sljsf ¿kdf :yflkt 5g\ .

lziosf cf7] xf;F ]df u?' sf afw] xf:F b5g\
lziosf af]w gfr]df u'?sf zfw] gfRb5g\
lzio dL7f] u/L vfG5g\ u'? cfkm" c3fpF5g\
lzion] lkpFbf kfgL u'? ltvf{ ld6fpF5g \ .

lzio lzlIft aGbfdf u?' n] 1fg kfpF5g\
lzio ljåfg\ eP dfq} u?' lj1fg kfpF5g\
ghfGbf lzion] lx8F \g u'? g} n8v\ 8fpF5g\
e'n]df lzion] af6f] u?' af6f] la/fpF5g \ .

u'? afn] Ú] lg afn] Lsf ulx/f cy{ lzio xg' \
u'?sf ;kgf, cfzf, ljkgf, :jfy{ lzio x'g\
lzio /f]of] egL ;G' bf u'? cfFvf lehfp5F g\
lzio xfF:of] egL ;G' bf u?' xfF;f] km/' fpF5g\ .
lzio xg' \ u'?sf cfzf pRr ljZjf; lzio x'g\
u'?sf d6' ' x'g\ lzio Zjf;kZ| jf; lzio x'g\

zf]w – sg' } ljifodf ul/g] uxg vf]h
af6f] la/fpg' – x/fpg'
:jfy{ – cfˆgf] lxt

efiff au}Frf – & 43