BhasaBagaincha 7

hg;ª\Vofdf Ps¿ktf Nofpg] eg]/ ljZje/ cleofg ;?' u¥of] . g]kfndf klg hgu0fgf
ug'{kg]{ eof ] . ;o+ Q' m /fi6« ;‹sf] tŒjfjwfgdf ef/tsf] gofF lbNnLdf ;~rfng ePsf]
tflnddf pgLnufot g]kfnsf 5 hgf JolQmn] tflnd lnP  . kl5 ltg} 5 hgfn] b'O{ ;o hgf
;k' /efOh/nfO{ tflnd lbP . lj= ;=+ @))( ;fndf ;o+ 'Qm /fi6« ;‹n] g]kfnsf] ljsf; ug{]
p2Z] on] k|fljlws ;xfotf lbg rf/j6f 5fqjl[ Q sf]6f k7fof] . pgn] To;dWo]sf] Pp6f
5fqjl[ Q k|fKt u/ ] . pgL Gol' hNofG8 uP . Gol' hNofG8 lgjf;L P8dG8 lxnf/L / gk] fnsf
t]lGhª gfu] {] z]kf{ ljZjsf] ;jfR{] r lzv/ ;u/dfyfsf] r'r/' f]df k'Ubf pgL Gol' hNofG8df g}
lyP .

lj= ;+= @)!% ;fnsf] cfdlgjf{rgkl5 ;/sf/n] k'/ftŒj ljefusf] gfd kl/jtg{ u/L
k/' ftŒj / ;+:sl[ t ljefu /fVof ] . pgL o; ;:+ yfsf] klxnf] lgbz{] s eP . pgL o; ;+:yfsf
lgb{z] s ePkl5 lj= ;+= @)!^ ;fndf ;:+ sl[ t;DaGwL sfo{ ug{ hdndf kfFr /fk] gL hUuf
6]G8/ xfn]/ lslgof ] . ToxfF ejg lgdf{0f u/]kl5 To; ejgsf] gfd …/fli6«o gfr3/Ú egL
pgn] g} gfds/0f u/ ] . gfr3/sf] :yfkgf ePkl5 b]ze/sf snfsf/n] kl| zIf0f lng] /
snf k|bz{g ug]{ dfs} f kfP . pgL k'/ftŒj / ;:+ s[lt ljefudf /xFbf gk] fnsf y'k|} k|frLg
tyf dWosfnLg ;fdu|L ;+/If0fsf nflu kxn u/] .

lj= ;=+ @)!& ;fn kf}if ! uts] f] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gkl5 pgsf] hflu/ vfl] ;of] .
hflu/ vf]l;Pkl5 pgL a]/fh] uf/ eP . hLjg wfGgsf nflu sx] L g sx] L ugk{' g{] eof ] .
o;a} Lr pgn] gk] fn efiffdf ;/n j0f{dfnf / gk] fnL efiffdf afn j0fd{ fnf nv] ] . k|sfzs
vf]Hb} hfFbf pgL /Tg k:' ts e08f/ k'u ] . pgn] ar] ]df kf08'lnlk lsGg e08f/ dflns tof/
eP . k;} fsf] vfrF f] ePsfn] tLg tLg;o ?lkofFdf kf08l' nlk ar] L pgL kmlsP{  . tL
bj' } k':ts k|sflzt eP . To;kl5 pgn] g]kfnL db' |fsf] Oltxf;, ;f+:sl[ ts dxŒj /
ljzi] ftfnfO{ phfu/ u/]/ …g]kfnL /fli6o« db' |fÚ gfds k:' ts n]v] . of] k:' tsn] pgnfO{ lj=
;=+ @)!& ;fndf bf];f| ] k6s dbg k/' :sf/ lbnfof ] .

lj= ;=+ @)!& ;fndf gk] fn cdl] /sf ;f:+ s[lts sG] bd| f pgnfO{ ;+:s[lt;DaGwL sfdsf]
lhDdf lbOof] . ToxfF pgn] gk] fn / cdl] /sfsf] ;+:sl[ t;DaGwL klqsfsf] ;Dkfbg u/] .
Tof] s]Gb| lj36g ePkl5 pgL k'gM a/] f]huf/ eP . lj= ;=+ @)@! lt/ k"jk{ lZrd /fhdfu{

zAb / c {y tŒjfjwfg – sg' } sfoj{ m| d;DaGwL ;~rfngsf] bfloTjk0" f{ /v] bv]

kf| ljlws – sg' } lsl;dsf] lj1fg, lzNksnf cflb;uF ;DaGw /xs] f]

k/' ftŒj – k/' fgf j:t' jf ;/+ rgf dWosfnLg – aLrsf] ;dosf ]

kf08l' nlk – x:tlnlvt ;fduL|

94 efiff auFr} f – &

lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ xF'b} lyof] . To;};uF ;DalGwt …k"j{klZrd /fhdfu{Ú eGg] klqsf lgsfNg]
lhDdj] f/L pgn] kfP . pgn] klqsf;Fu} kj" { / klZrdsf] lrqsnfsf] ;o+ f]hg ug]{ sfd u/] .
sx] L ;dokl5 /fhdfu{ agfpg] s'/f /f]lsof] . kml] / klg pgsf] hflu/ uof] . pgL a/f]huf/
ePs} an] f rLgn] b'O{ hgf g]kfnL efiff l;sfpg] ljzi] f1sf] dfu u¥of] . bO' {b'O{ k6s dbg
k/' :sf/ kfPsf] / g]kfnL efiff tyf ;+:s[ltsf af/d] f ;d]t hfgsf/ /xs] f] xg' fn] rLgn]
pgnfO{ dfq 5fGof] . lj= ;+= @)@@ df pgL rLg uP . ToxfsF f] rf/ jif{sf] a;fOdf pgn]
g]kfn efiffdf dxfsfJo n]v] ;fy} Zj]trT} o agfpg] snfsf/ c/lgsf]af/] uxg cWoog
u/ ] . pgn] dfcf]T;]t'ªsf sljtfx¿ gfdsf] lstfa gk] fnLdf cg'jfb u/L ;dLIff;dt]
u/] .

lj= ;+= @)@^ ;fndf rLgaf6 kmls{Pkl5 pgL tTsfnLg /fhsLo k1| f k|lti7fgsf ;xk|f1
eP . ToxLFaf6 s0ffn{ L nfs] ;+:sl[ tsf] cWoog ug{ pgL;lxt kfrF hgfsf] 6fn] L s0ff{nL
k'Uof ] . cWoog k/" f ePkl5 …s0ffn{ L nfs] ;:+ sl[ tÚ zLifs{ df kfFrj6f zf]wuG| y tof/ eP .
kfFr} hgfnfO{ dbg k'/:sf/ lbOof ] . pgn] lj= ;=+ @)@* df t];f| ] k6s dbg k/' :sf/
kfP  . pgL dfq To:tf JolQmTj x'g\ h;n] tLg k6s dbg k'/:sf/ k|fKt u/]sf 5g \ . o;
36gfn] pgnfO{ ;flxTo ;+:sl[ tsf] Ifq] df rrfs{ f] lzv/df k'¥ofof ] .

lj= ;+= @)#! ;fndf pgL tTsfnLg /fhsLo k1| f kl| ti7fgsf ;b:o ;lrj eP . ToxfF
pgn] ks| fzsLo lhDd]jf/L kfP . pgs} sfos{ fndf x/]s jif{ kl| ti7fgs} cfof]hgfdf gf6s
dxf]T;j ug{] k/Dk/f ;'? eof] . pgn] …kms]{/ x]bfÚ{ , …;kgf Aol'F emG5Ú / …ha 3fd nfU5Ú
h:tf gf6s n]v] . tL gf6s k|lti7fgaf6} k|blzt{ eP . pgsf] …kms]/{ xb] f{Ú gf6s rfj} Gg
lbg;Dd rNof ] . tTsfnLg /fhf jL/G] b| Ifq] Lo e|d0fsf nflu wgs'6f uPsf an] f pgsf]
oxL gf6s k|fs[lts 8anLdf d~rg ul/of ] . o;} ;doaf6 ufO{hfqf dxfT] ;j ;'? eof ] .

lj= ;=+ @)#^ ;fndf pgL kg' M rLg uP . o; k6ssf] rLg a;fOdf pgn] …gk] fnL snfsf/
c/lgsfÚ] gfds zfw] u|Gy tof/ kf/]  . o; uG| yn] lj= ;=+ !#@! df rLg ku' ]sf c/lgsf] gk] fnL
x'g\ eGg] tYo cufl8 Nofof] . emG8} cf7;o jifk{ l5 c/lgsf] gk] fnsf /fli6«o ljel" t
eP . lj= ;+= @)#* ;fndf rLgaf6 kms{k] l5 pgL kf6g ;o+ Q' m SofDk;df nfs] ;+:s[lt
k9fpg yfn ] . ToxfF pgn] kfFr jif{ k9fP .

zAb / c {y ljzi] f1 – s'g} ljifodf ljz]if 1fg ePsf ] dxfsfJo – 7n" f] sfJo

;dLIff – /fd/| L xg] ,'{ u'0fbfi] fsf] lgikIf / uDeL/ ljj]rgf ug'{

zfw] uG| y – s'g} ljifodf uxg cWoog u/]/ nl] vPsf] k:' ts

Ifq] Lo e|d0f – sg' } vf; If]qsf] ed| 0f 8anL – gf6s bv] fpg agfOPsf] cUnf] 7fpF

efiff au}Frf – & 95

pgn] rLgsf sx] L ;flxlTos sl[ t gk] fnLdf cgj' fb u/s] f 5g \ . g]kfnL / g]kfn efiff bj' d} f
pgsf] snd ;ljm| o 5 . pgsf ;flxTotkm{ …j|mflGtsf nx/x¿Ú / …nfdf / kfrs' Ú] -sljtf
;ª\u|x_ …Gol' hNofG8df klxnf] g]kfnLÚ -ofqf jQ[ fGt_ tyf …bn} fsf] aQLÚ, …d[To'M Ps kZ| gÚ, …
kms{]/ xb] f{Ú, …ha 3fd nfU5Ú, …l;kfxL / /}tLÚ / …af3 e/} jÚ gfdsf k:' tsx¿ k|sflzt 5g \ .
pgsf ;:+ sl[ ttkm{ …gk] fnL rf8af8Ú, …g]kfnL nfs] uLt M Ps cWoogÚ, …xfdf| ] nf]s ;+:s[ltÚ,
…s0ff{nL nfs] ;+:sl[ t -efu !_Ú, …k/' ftŒj Ps /f]rs syfÚ, …;f:+ sl[ ts gLlt M Ps cWoogÚ,
…gk] fnL /fli6o« db' f| Ú, …g]kfnL snfsf/ c/lgsfÚ] , …g]kfnL d"lts{ nfsf] ljsf;j|mdÚ h:tf sl[ t
k|sflzt 5g\ .

hLjgsf k~rfgAa] jif{ latfO;s] klg pgnfO{ r:df nufpgk' /]sf] 5}g . pgL clxn];Dd
klg nÝL g6]sL lx8F g\ ;S5g\ . pgL xfn;Dd klg ;ljm| o hLjg latfO/x]sf 5g \ . pgsf]
x/s] lbg cWoog, e]63f6 / ;df/fx] df laT5 . pd]/n] a9" f eP klg pgL z/L/ / lbdfu
bj' n} ] oj' s h:tf 5g\ . xfn pgL g]kfn efiff Ps8] d] Lsf] s'nkltsf] gt] [Tj ;dfln/x]sf
5g\ . pgL xfdL ;as} f k|]/0ffsf ;f| ]t xg' \ / eO/xg]5g \ .

zAb / c {y j[QfGt – al] nla:tf/

u/, 3/

z4' pRrf/0f

lbPsf zAb ;g' / eg M

afNofj:yf gdfj] fuLZj/fo /fhfk] fWofo cg'QL0f{ ;jI]{ f0f 5fqj[lQ
tŒjfjwfg k|blz{t j[QfGt ;fduL|
k[i7el" d k/' ftŒj

afw] / cleJolQm

!= lbPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ eg M
s= ;Todf]xg hfz] LnfO{ s] eg/] lrlgG5 <
v= ;Todfx] gsf lktf s] sfd uy{] <
u= ;Todfx] gn] slxn] k|j]lzsf pQL0f{ u/] <

96 efiff auF}rf – &

3= lj= ;+= @)!# df pgn] s'g k/' :sf/ kfP <
ª= rLgdf uP/ ;Todf]xgn] s;sf] af/]df cWoog u/] <
r= ;Todfx] gsf] ofqf jQ[ fGt ;d]l6Psf] s[lt sg' xf] <

@= 7Ls jfSo dfq sfkLdf ;f/ M

s= ;Todf]xg hfz] L e"ufn] ljb\ x'g \ .
;Todfx] g hf]zL ;:+ sl[ tljb\ xg'  \ .
v= ;Todf]xg hfz] L dbg k'/:sf/ kfpg] klxnf] JolQm x'g\ .
;Todfx] g hf]zL hubDaf k/' :sf/ kfpg] klxnf] JolQm x'g \ .
u= ;Todfx] g hf]zLn] /fli6o« gfr3/sf] :yfkgf u/ ] .
;Todfx] g hf]zLn] k'/ftŒj / ;+:sl[ t ljefusf] :yfkgf u/] .
3= ;Todf]xgn] rLgdf uP/ gk] fnL ;:+ sl[ tsf] cWoog u/ ] .
;Todfx] gn] rLgdf uP/ c/lgsfa] f/] cWoog u/] .
ª= ;Todfx] gn] s]xL cª\uh]| L ;flxlTos s[ltsf] cgj' fb u/s] f 5g\ .
;Todfx] gn] s]xL lrlgof ;flxlTos sl[ tsf] cg'jfb u/]sf 5g \ .

#= Hff8] f ldnfpm M Gol' hNofG8df klxnf] gk] fnL
lj= ;+= !(&&
hGd xfdf| ] nfs] ;+:s[lt
k|yd k6s dbg k'/:sf/ gk] fnL snfsf/ c/lgsf]
ofqf jQ[ fGt lgb]z{ s
k/' ftŒj / ;+:s[lt ljefu
zfw] u|Gy

$= lbPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ nv] M

s= ;Todfx] g hfz] Lsf] kf| /lDes lzIff s;/L k/" f eof] <
v= hfz] LnfO{ klZrdL nf]s ;:+ sl[ tsf] cWoog ug]{ df}sf s;/L ldNof] <
u= hf]zL s] sfdsf nflu Gol' hNofG8 uP <
3= hf]zLn] s;/L /fli6o« gfr3/sf] :yfkgf u/] <
ª= ;Todfx] g hfz] Lsf] hLjgLaf6 s] k|/] 0ff kfof} <

%= nfdf] pQ/ n]v M

s= ;Todf]xg hf]zLsf] :s'n] hLjg s;/L laTof] <
v= ;Todf]xg hfz] Ln] gk] fnL ;+:sl[ tsf Ifq] df u/]sf sfdx¿ ss] ] x'g\ <

efiff aur}F f – & 97

cfˆgf cge' j ;f6f;f6 u/ M
ltdL ;fgf] 5bF f ss] ] uYof}{ <

?

;f]r / eg M
;Todf]xg hfz] Ln] g]kfnsf k|frLg tyf dWosfnLg ;fduL| sf] ;/+ If0fsf nflu
kxn u/ ] . g]kfndf /xs] f ;f+:sl[ ts ;Dkbfsf] hug] f{ s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 xf]nf <

>l' t nv] g

lbPsf zAb ;g' / nv] M
xi[ 6k'i6, ;'kl/lrt, cfzLjfb{ , ;Lldt, lgbz]{ s, Gol' hNofG8, kl| ti7fg, dxf]T;j, ;lj|mo
gt] [Tj

z4' nv] g

lbPsf] jfSodf cfjZos 7fpdF f lrXg;d]t /fvL z4' agfP/ sfkLdf n]v M
;Q]df]xg hfl] zsf sl] x lut zf/bf kqLsfdf 5flkP s]lx lut /8] Lof] gk] fnaf6 aHg yfn]

zAbe08f/

!= zAb / cys{ f] hf8] f ldnfpm M
n7a] |f] s'g} ljifodf uxg cWoog u//] tof/ kfl/Psf] k:' ts
xi[ 6ki' 6 c:ki6 afn] L ePsf]

98 efiff auFr} f – &

z'ef/De bz] sf] d'Vo ;8s
zfw] u|Gy df]6f3] f6f]
/fhdfu { c;n sfos{ f] yfngL
sfl/Gbf sg' } ljifo, If]q jf ultljlwsf] hfgsf/L lng ul/g] lg/LIf0f
;j]{If0f sfofn{ odf sfd ug]{ tNnf] txsf] sd{rf/L

@= pbfx/0fdf bv] fP h:t} u/L lbPsf zAbaf6 gofF zAb agfpm M
s= gf6s, lgaGw, syf, dl" t{, lzNk, ;ËLt, uLt, ;flxTo, lrq
pbfx/0f M snf ± sf/ – snfsf/
v= ju,{ ks| fzs, cfTdf, Ifq] , :ju,{ s]Gb|
pbfx/0f M ju{ ± Oo{ – juLo{
u= uf| d, tTsfn, s"n, o'u, gj, /Ë
pbfx/0f M u|fd ± Og{ – uf| dL0f
#= lbPsf zAbnfO{ cy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf ko| fu] u/ M

afWotf, ;jI{] f0f, 5fqjl[ Q, lgbz{] s, gfds/0f, /fli6o« ljel" t, db' f| , kf08l' nlk
$= cfk} rfl/s, kf| ljlws h:tfaLrdf x|:j Osf/ nfu]sf zAb kf7af6 vfh] ]/ n]v M
%= kf7af6 z, if, ; ko| f]u ePsf zAb vfh] ]/ n]v M

;dx" sfo{
rf/j6f ;dx" df a; . kT| os] ;dx" n] kfFrj6f cgs] fyL{ zAb / ltgsf cy{
n]v . ;a} ;dx" sf] sfkL Ps} 7fpdF f hDdf u/ . kT| o]s ;d"xsf] Ps hgf
kl| tlglw 5fg . rf/} hgf k|ltlglwn] bf]xf]l/Psf / gbfxf]l/Psf zAb 5'6o\ fP/
nv]  . tL zAb lnP/ ;a} k|ltlglw cfˆgf] ;d"xdf kms{ . k|Tos] zAbn] lbg] bj' }
cy{ nv]  . k|To]s zAb /fvL bO' {bO' {j6f jfSo agfpm . ;dx" sf kl| tlglw cufl8
hfpm . zAb, cy{ / jfSo k9/] sIffdf ;'gfpm .

efiff au}rF f – & 99

Jofs/0f

sfod{ "ns Jofs/0f

!= s= k9 / ae' m M
;Todf]xg hfz] L cGo afnseGbf km/s lyP . pgL ul0ftafx]s ;a} ljifodf pQL0f{
eP . pgn] klZrdsf] nf]s;:+ sl[ tdWo] nf]suLtsf] cWoog u/ ] . pgsf] …kms]/{ x]bfÚ{ gf6s
d~rljgf g} d~rg eof ] .
dflysf jfSodf ePsf eGbf, afx]s, dWo] / ljgf gfdof]uL x'g\ . To:t} tkm{, ;Dd,
adfl] hd, kl§, lt/, af/] klg gfdof]uL xg' \ .
v= ldNg] gfdof]uL 5fgL vfnL 7fpF e/ M
-;uF , l;t, ;Dd, jfkt, kl5, k|lt, cg';f/_

;Todfx] gsf lktf b/af/ ============ glhs lyP . /f0ffsf] l;kmfl/z ============ pgnfO{
b/af/ :sn' df egf{ ul/of ] . pgn] xh/' a'af ============ ;+:s[t k9] . pgL :sn' bl] v
kf6g ============ lx8F /] } hfGy] . k|jl] zsf pQL0f{ eP ============ pgdf ;:+ sl[ t ============
?lr a9\of] . pgn] lstfa n]v] ============ dbg k/' :sf/ kfP .
u= ;Fu, lt/, kl§, d'lg, dfkmt{ \, adf]lhd, dWo] h:tf gfdof]uL k|ofu] u/L Ps
cgR' 5]b nv]  .
@= tnsf s/0f jfSonfO{ cs/0f agfpm M

;Todfx] g afNofj:yfdf /fdf| ;] Fu af]Ng ;Sy ] . Toltan] f pkrf/ ug]{ w/] } 7fpF
lyP  . pgL k9fOdf t]h lyP  . pgsf] ul0ftdf w]/} cÍ cfof ] . pgnfO{ cf7 sIffdf egf{
ul/of ] . clxn] pgL nÝL 6]s/] lx8F 5\ g \ . pgL k9\bf r:df nufpF5g\ .
#= s/0f ljm| ofkb k|ofu] u/L ltdLn] u/]sf /fd|f sfdsf] af/d] f ;ft jfSo n]v .

n]vg cEof;

cgn' v] g

!= Kff7sf] cf7fF} cgR' 5b] h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ .

100 efiff aurF} f – &

@= lbPsf] cg'R5]b h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ M

;Todfx] g hfz] L ;+:s[ltljb\sf ¿kdf kl/lrt 5g\ . pgL gk] fnL nf]s;+:s[lt /
nfs] hLjgsf 1ftf dflgG5g \ . pgn] g]kfnsf ljleGg 7fpFdf ku' ]/ tL 7fpsF f] snf /
;+:s[ltsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lnP . pgn] snf ;+:s[ltsf] cWoogafxs] sljtf, gf6s
/ ofqf ;flxTosf sl[ tx¿ klg n]v ] . :s'n] hLjgdf dWod vfnsf] k9fO eP klg
pgL ;flxTo / ;+:sl[ tsf] ulx/f] cWoog ug{ ;kmn eP . pgL cfkm} Fn] cWoog u/]/
c/lgsf] gk] fnL snfsf/ xg' \ eGg] s'/f k|sfzdf NofP . pgn] /fli6o« gfr3/sf] :yfkgfdf
pNn]vgLo e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]  . pgs} cu;| /tfdf kT| o]s jif{ k|1f kl| ti7fgdf ufOh{ fqf dxf]T;j
cfof]hgf ug]{ k/Dk/f ;?' eof ] . pgL dbg k'/:sf/ kfpg] klxnf] nv] s xg'  \ . pgn]
xfn;Dd tLg k6s dbg k/' :sf/ kfPsf 5g\ . pgn] gk] fnsf kf| rLg tyf dWosfnLg
;fduL| ;+/If0fsf nflu kxn u/ ] . pd/] n] a'9];sfn nflu;s] klg pgL ce}m ;ljm| o hLjg
latfO/x]sf 5g \ . pgsf] hLjgaf6 xfdL s'g} g s'g} sfddf lg/Gt/ ;lj|mo eO/xg'k5,{
Ps g Pslbg cjZo ;kmn eOG5 eGg] k/|] 0ff kfpF5f}F .

l;h{gfTds n]vg

lbPsf ab'F faf6 hLjgL tof/ u/ M

Gffd M hok[YjLaxfb'/ l;+x
hGd M lj= ;=+ !(#$ ebf} &
hGd:yfg M aemfª lhNnfsf] r}gk/'
lktf M aemfªL /fhf ljjm| daxfb/' l;+x
dftf M ?bs| d' f/L l;+x
lzIff M kf| /lDes lzIff yfkfynLdf /x]sf] b/af/ kf7zfnfdf
dfWolds txsf] lzIff /fgLkfv] /Lsf] b/af/ xfO:s'n
:jefj M bofn' / dw] fjL
sfo{ M ;j;{ fwf/0fsf nflu cfˆg} b/af/df ;TojfbL kf7zfnf vfn] s] f,
uf]/vfkqsf] ;Dkfbs
s[ltx¿ M afnafw] -efu ! / @_ cIf/fÍ lzIff, Jojxf/dfnf, e"ufn] ljb\ / kbfy{
tŒj ljjs] , lzIff bk0{ f, k|fs[t Jofs/0f
;dfh;]jf M c:ktfn, af6f3] f6f] lgdf0{ f
d[To' M !((& c;f]h ! ut]

efiff auFr} f – & 101

yk cEof;

lbPsf] cgR' 5]b k9L ;fl] wPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ n]v M
lj= ;=+ @))^ df ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;‹n] ljZjsf] hg;ª\Vof kQf nufpg] /
hg;ªV\ ofdf Ps¿ktf Nofpg] eg]/ ljZje/ cleofg ;?' u¥of] . g]kfndf klg hgu0fgf
ug'{kg]{ eof] . ;o+ 'Qm /fi6« ;3+ sf] tŒjfjwfgdf ef/tsf] gofF lbNnLdf ;~rfng ePsf
tflnddf ;Todfx] g hf]zL nufot g]kfnsf 5 hgf JolQmn] tflnd lnP . ltg} 5 hgf
g]kfndf cfP/ b'O{ ;o hgf ;k' /efOh/nfO{ tflnd lbP  . lj= ;+= @))( df ;o+ Q' m /fi6« ;+3n]
g]kfnsf] ljsf; ug{] p2Z] on] kf| ljlws ;xfotf lbg rf/j6f 5fqjl[ Q sf6] f k7fof ] .
;Todf]xgn] tLdWo] Pp6f 5fqj[lQ kf| Kt u/] pgL Go'lhNofG8 uP . Go'lhNofG8 lgjf;L
P8dG8 lxnf/L / gk] fnsf t]lGhª gfu] ]{ z]kf{ ljZjsf] ;jfR]{ r lzv/ ;u/dfyfsf] r'r'/f]df
ku' ]sf] an] f pgL Go'lhNofG8df g} lyP .
k|Zgx¿ M
s= ;o+ 'Qm /fi6« ;3+ n] @))^ ;fndf sg' cleofg ;?' u¥of] <
v= Gol' hNofG8 lgjf;L lxnf/L / gk] fnsf tl] Ghª gf]u]{ ;u/dfyfsf] rr' '/fd] f k'u]sf] a]nf

pgL Go'lhNofG8df g} lyP eGgfn] s] s'/f a'lemG5 <
u= ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3af6 tflnd lnPsf 5 hgf JolQmn] b'O{ ;o hgfnfO{ lsg tflnd

lbPsf xf]nfg\ <

vN] bfv]Nb}

lbPsf]sf]7]kb k/" f u/ M
7f8f]
!= Ps ks| f/sf] cldnf] kmn -#_
@= nx/fdf kxF]nf] km' Ng] Ps ks| f/sf] kmn" -@_
#= cfjZos, geO gxg' ] -#_
%= g]kfnsf] dWo klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qdf kg]{ Ps k|l;4 tfn -@_
&= tdf;f, dgf/] ~hgk"0f{ b[Zo -#_
*= gful/s -#_

102 efiff auFr} f – &

!!= ?3f lau]/| gfssf] cf8] f/ ;l' Ggg] /f]u -#_
!@= kj" L{ gk] fndf aUg] Pp6f gbL -@_
!$= sDd/df afFlwg] nfdf] sk8f -#_
!^= /fhtGq ePsf] bz] sf] /fi6« k|d'v -@_

t];f]{

!= sndn] n]Vg jf 5fKgdf k|of]u ul/g] j:t' -#_

@= plrt, pko'Qm -#_

$= sfd ug]{ tl/sf -#_

^= gbL jf vfn] fsf] lsgf/ -@_

*= sk8fdf a'§f eg{ k|ofu] x'g] 6Nsg] lrh -@_

(= cf}krfl/s ¿kdf aGw'sf] ;DaGw agfOPsf] JolQm -#_

!)= l3g -@_

!!= afa' -@_

!#= tftf]kg -@_

!%= sO' gfbl] v sfwF ;Ddsf] efu -#_

!&= duh lau]s| f] -#_

!*= hgssL 5f]/L, /fdsL kTgL -#_ ! @#

$%

^& *

( !)

!! !@ !# !$

!% !^

!& !*

efiff aur}F f – & 103

*PsfO lj1fgsf] ku| lt /
vuf]n lj1fg
cfvF Lˆofn

lrqdf b]vfPsf] dfG5] s] ul//x]sf] 5 <
cl:t dËn u|xdf xfdLn]

5f]8]sf] clS;hgsf] cj:yf x]bf{
dfgj a:tL a;fpg] kl/ofh] gf
;sf/fTds alg/xs] f] bl] vG5 .

104 efiff aurF} f – &

k!f7 lj1fgsf] sb} L

– ljho rfln;]

syfsf/ ljho rfln;]sf] hGd lj= ;+= @))* c;f/ @@ ut] afudtL c~rn, sf7df8f}F
lhNnfsf] cf?af/L eGg] 7fpFdf ePsf] xf] . pgn] g]kfnL ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ tx pQL0f{
u/]sf 5g\ . rfln;]sf x/fPsf] d"lt{, r6s]sf] afFb/ cflb s[lt k|sflzt 5g\ . pgn]
…g]kfn afn ;flxTo k'/:sf/Ú, …;femf afn ;flxTo k'/:sf/Ú nufot y'k|} k'/:sf/ ;Ddfg /
clegGbg k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ . pgL lj1fgnfO{ syf, gf6s / pkGof;sf] ljifo agfpF5g\ .

lgbf| af6 lapFlemP klg cfljisf/sf cfvF f lgbf| d} lyP . p;sf ;a} sfd sDKo6' / /
dl] ;gx¿åf/f x'Gy ] . ef]s, lgb|f / z/L/sf c¿ cfjZostf eg] dl] ;gsf] lgoGq0fdf
lyPgg\ . To;}n] /flt lgbf| gk'u/] p;sf cfFvf lgGofp/f b]lvGy ] . OG6/g]6df cfˆgf k'vf{sf]
rfvnfUbf] / nf]enfUbf] Oltxf; xb] f{xb] {} p;nfO{ /ft 5n{Ë} lats] f] kQ} ePg . laxfgkv
s]xLa]/ dfq ;'t]sfn] cfljisf/sf cfvF f /ft} bl] vGy] . kv' fs{ f /fr] s j0f{g ;'Gg / xg] {
afwf k5{ eg]/ p;n] …;do eof] ca ;'tÚ eg]/ ;Demfpg] d]l;g klg aGb u/s] f] lyof] .
d]l;gn] o;f] u/, o;f] gu/, of] vfpm, of] gvfpm eg/] h] s/' fdf klg ;Nnfx lbg] uYof]{ .
cfbz] k0" f{ To:tf ;Nnfx cfljisf/nfO{ k6Ss} dg kb{}gYof] . p;nfO{ cfkm" ltg} dl] ;gsf]
sb} L eP h:tf] nfUYof ] . lxhf] /flt afh] a/fhs' f] Oltxf; x]/k] l5 p;nfO{ k'vf{sf] hLjg;uF
nf]e nfu]sf] lyof ] .

lj= ;+= #)!) sf] sflQs dlxgfsf] laxfgL lyof] . laxfgLn] p;sfs] f]7fleq sg' } c;/
kfg{ ;ss] f] lyPg . l;Ëf] ks| [lt dl] ;gsf] dfWodaf6 lj1fgsf] dÝ' Ldf lyof ] . ;a} s/' f
d]l;gåf/f lgolGqt lyP . k|sl[ t;uF ;fe] m} ;Dks{ ug{ kfpg' :ju{ kfpg';/x lyof] .

sf]7f b'lwnf] pHofnfn] 9flsPsf] lyof ] . sf]7fsf ‰ofn 9fs] f;d]t ;a} aGb lyP . st}
aQL an]sf] klg b]lvFb}gYof] t/ sf7] f pHofnf] lyof ] . of] ;a} lj1fgaf6 ;Dej ePsf]
lyof] . afa'afh]sf kfnfdf o:tf] s/' f sNkgf ug{ ;lsFbg} Yof] . lxhf] /flt p;n] OG6/g]6df
x/] ]sf] afaa' fh]sf] kfnfsf 3/, a:tL / sf]7fx¿ bv] /] p;nfO{ o:t} nfus] f] lyof ] .

efiff auFr} f – & 105

zAb / c {y cfljisf/n] cf5] \ofgdf klN6P/} sDKo6' /
df cfpg] O–;dfrf/sf] l:jr lyRof ] .
clxn] p;sf afaa' fhn] ] k9\g] h:tf
sfuhsf cvaf/x¿ kfObF g} y] . lstfa,
kqklqsf ;a} sDKo'6/sf kbf{df 5fGb}
k9\g ;lsGYof ] . 5fkfvfgfdf 5flkPsf
k'/fgf k:' ts cvaf/ t clxn] sDKo'6/
Do'lhoddf dfq bV] g kfOGYof] .

OG6/g6] cvaf/df ;dfrf/sf sx] L zLifs{
k9]kl5 p;n] 5p] sf] Pp6f l:jr lyRof] .
l:jr lyr]kl5 sf7] fsf k"j,{ blIf0f /
pQ/lt/sf tLgj} 6f leQfx¿n] kf/bzL{
ag]/ ‰ofnsf] ¿k lnP . csf{] l:jr lyRgf;fy d'Vo sDKo'6/ lj|mofzLn aGof ] . ‰ofndf
ks| fz 5]Sg] uf9f /ª x6]/ k'/} kf/bzL{ eof ] . aflx/sf] pHofnf] sf7] fleq cfof ] . aflx/sf]
bZ[ o bl] vof ] . sf]7fsf] tfkjm| d cfkm}F ;Gt'lnt aGof ] .

cfljisf/n] ‰ofnaf6 aflx/ x/] o\ f ] . sf7df8f}F pkTosf laxfgLkvsf] 3fdn] ;g' fn} f]
bl] vPsf] lyof ] . ToxfF cl3Nnf] ztfAbLsf] h:tf] wj' fF w'nf], kmfx] / dn} fsf] afbn / kxf8 st}
bl] vFbg} Yof] . ;a} 3/, 6fn] / a:tLx¿ ofh] gfa4 tl/sfn] agfOPsf lyP . kf6g, eQmk'/,
sLlt{k/' ;a} ldn/] sf7df8fF} Pp6} dxfgu/ ags] f] lyof] . cfljisf/nfO{ cfkm" l;d]G6 /
sªl\ j|m6sf] hËndf x/fP h:tf] nfUof] . ToxfF 3/s} 5fgfdf pdfl/Psf sndL la?jf / km" n
dfq lyP . kf| s[lts pBfgsf af6] la?jf, jg:klt / kmnk"mnx¿ st} lyPgg\ . h] hlt lyP
tL ;a} lj1fg lgld{t gSsnL lyP . of] lj1fgsf] gSsnL ;;+ f/df x/fPkl5 ;SsnL ;+;f/
xg] {] ;do g} sxfF kfObF f] /x5] / Û cfljisf/n] ;f]Rof ] .

p;nfO{ cfkm" k'/} d]l;g h:t} ePsfdf lbSs nfUof] . p;n] cfk"mnfO{ ckfË 7fGof,] pm
dl] ;gsf] ;xfotfljgf Ps kfOnf] ;fg{ ;Sbg} Yof] . s] oxL xf] t ;Eotfsf] ljsf; /
pGgltsf] pTsif{ < o;/L dl] ;gsf] sb} L xg' 'eGbf t afh] a/fhs' f] kfnfsf] vn' f k|fsl[ ts

O–;dfrf/ – OG6/g6] sf] dfWodaf6 sDKo6' /df cfpg] ;dfrf/
sDKo6' / Dol' hod – sDKo6' /df /flvPsf] ;ª\u|xfno lj|mofzLn – ;lj|mo, sg' } sfddf nflu/xg]
kf/bzL{ – ks| fz l5g{,] jf/kf/ b]lvg] ztfAbL – ;o jifs{ f] ;do
sndL – af6] la?jfsf xfuF faf6 sf6/] ;fl/Psf]

106 efiff aurF} f – &

hLjgd} kmsg{ ' 7Ls xG' Yof ] . p;nfO{ cfˆgf] k'vf{sf] pxL k'/fgf] ;dodf kms{g /x/ nfus] f]
lyof], t/ s] ug'{ < Tof] ;do ca kmsfp{ g klg t ;lsGg .

cfljisf/ ;fgf] ufh] L sDKo'6/df ;dfrf/ x]b{} efG5f sf]7flt/ nfUof ] . p;nfO{ skmL
vfg] OR5fn] efG5flt/ 8f¥] ofPsf] lyof] . sf7] fdf k'u]/ p;n] Pp6f l:jr lyRof] . l:jr
lyRgf;fy ljzi] f lsl;dsf] Pp6f ;]G;/ sk xftdf cfof] . OG6/g]6sf] kbf{df ljZje/
pTkfbg ePsf skmLsf gfd bl] vP . s'g rflxF vfg] xf]nf < cfljisf/ Ps l5g;Dd
3f]l/of] / csf{] l:jr lyr]/ ;G] ;/ skdf Onfd skmL e¥of] . skmLsf] dL7f] / tfQftf]
:jfbn] p;df cl3eGbf sx] L :km"lt{ cfof] .

cfjZos j:t' lsGg ahf/ hfg] ou' lalt;ss] f] lyof] . l:jr lyr]sf] e/df h] rfXof] sf]7fd}
pknAw x'GYof ] . oGqx¿sf] hfnf] k|Tos] JolQmsf] sf7] f;Dd} kml} nPsf] lyof ] . j:t' pkef]u
ug]{ dfG5s] f] aFs} vftfaf6 /sd sfl6P/ j:t' lajm| ]tf sDkgLsf] vftfdf cfkm}F hDdf x'g
hfGYof ] . oL ;a} sfdsf] Joj:yf sDKo'6/ cfkmFn} ] uYof{] .

cfljisf/ o;nfO{ OG6/g]6 jf ldl8ofg6] eGg] uYof ]{ . of] OG6/g]6 jf ldl8ofg]6n] dflg;sf]
sfd ug]{ tf}/tl/sfdf k'/} km/] abn NofOlbPsf] lyof] . Jofkf/ xf];\ ls ;~rf/,
;a} sfd 3/d} a;/] o;af6} ug{ ;lsGYof] . afh] a/fh'sf kfnfdf h:tf] ;a}
sfddf dflg; cfkm}Fn] bf8} wk' ug{'kb}{gYof ] .

lj|mª=== lj|mª=== ljm| ª=== cfljisf/sf] sfgdf rt] fjgLk0" f{ cfjfh ul' Ghof ] . p;n] ;D‰of,]
cfO sDKo6' /df lrK; Aof6L« ;lsP5 .

p;sf] 3fF6Ldf ;fgf] hGt/ h:tf] ns6] eml' G8Psf] lyof] . o; dl] ;gnfO{ cfO

sDKo'6/ elgGYof ] . o;leq cfkm" nfO{ rflxg] ;Dk"0f{ ;"rgf, cfb]z / tYofÍx¿

el/Psf xG' y ] . o;s} lgb]z{ gdf bl} gs hLjgdf kv,{ ;f]r / eg M
cfOkg{] ;fgf7"nf ofjt\ sfd sf/afxL rNg] uy{] . of] ca cfljisf/n] s] u5{
d]l;g lrK; gfdsf] Aof6«Laf6 rNbYof] . Tof] xfn] f <
lrK;sf] Aof6L« ;do;dodf km]g{k' Yof]{ . Tof] Aof6L«

;lsof] / sDKo'6/ aGb x'g kU' of] eg] ;f/f ;+;f/} z"Go eP h:t} xg' k'UYof ] .

sx] L kfpg ;lsGgYof], st} hfg ;lsGgYof], sx] L vfg ;lsGgYof] . c;xfo, lg?kfo

zAb / c {y pTsif{ – dfly p7g\ ]
r]tfjgL – ;ts{ u/fpg] sfd, ;fjwfg xg' sf nflu lbOg] lgb{z] g

efiff au}rF f – & 107

zAb / c {yaGgk' Yof{] . Toltan] f dflg; olt;Dd lg?kfo / c;xfo klg x'g ;Snf eGg] ;fob
klxn]sf kv' f{n] sNkgf;d]t ug{ ;ss] f lyPgg \ . v;' Lsf] s/' f Aof6«L yfx} gkfO{ eg]
;lsbF }gYof] . ;lsgc' ufl8 t/Ëk0" f{ ;Í]t lbP/ b'O{ kN6;Dd ;ts{ t'NofpYF of ] .
pgLx¿ s'g} a]nf ;Dk0" f{ k|0ffnL cj?4 eP/ dfgj ;Eotf g} ;dfKt x'g] cfzs+ faf6 klg q:t
lyP . To;sf] arfj6df js} lNks k|0ffnL lgdf0{ f ug{]tkm{ gePsf eg] xfO] gg \ . t/ To:tf]
ljz]if pkfosf] vfh] L eg] ;kmn ePsf] lyPg .
cfO sDKo'6/n] Aof6L« ;lsg nfu]sf] ;"rgf lbPkl5 cfljisf/n] To;}df ePsf] Pp6f csf{]
l:jr lyRof ] . To;df /xs] f] k'/fgf] lrK; Aof6L« l/rfh{ eOxfNof ] . ca cfO sDKo'6/sf]
lgbz]{ gdf rNg] ;a} sfds'/fx¿ ljgfafwf cj/f]w rln/xGy] . Ps lsl;dn] sDKo'6/ g}
p;sf] l;Ëf] ;;+ f/ lyof ] . xf:F g,] vN] g], vfg,] k9g\ ], dgf]/~hg ug,]{ lx8F \g] cflb ;a} sfd
o;å} f/f xG' Yof ] .
OG6/g6] df afh] a/fh'sf hLjgL;DaGwL ;lrq Oltxf; x/] ]kl5 cfljisf/sf dgdf
cg]sfF} s/' f v]ln/x ] . cfxf Û pgLx¿sf] h:t} cfkm" n] rfx]sf s'/f OR5fn,]
cfˆg} xftv'§f rnfP/ ug{ kfP Û p;nfO{ kv' fn{ ] emF} kl/jf/sf ;a} hgf ;Fu} a;/]
xfF;v]n ug{ dg nfUof] . auFr} f / kmn" af/Ldf kt' nLx¿;Fu} /dfpFb} gfRb} plk|mbF }
vN] g dg nfUof ] . pm s;;} uF ;fe] m} ;Dks{;d]t ug{ ;Sb}g . cfdfafafnfO{ cfdg;] fdg]
gbv] ]sf] Ps hu' eO;Sof ] . e6] 3f6, afn] LrfnL h] x'G5 cfO sDKo'6/s} dfWodaf6 sDKo'6/
sf] kbfd{ f dfq} x'G5 . ;fyLefOsf] t s/' } 5f8] f} F .
p;sf] dl:tisdf 6s\===6s\===6s=\ ==u//] t/ËoQ' m cfjfh kml} ng yfNof ] . of] t/Ën] p;nfO{
r]tfjgL lbof,] æltdL w/] } tsg{ f ug{ yfNof} . o;n] lrGtf a9fpF5 / ltdL la/fdL kg{] 5f } .
To;}n] lrGtf ug{ 5f8] , lrGtg ug{ 5f8]  . o;sf nflu sDKo'6/ 5Fb} 5 Û xf]Og eg] ltd|f]
dl:tisnfO{ d}n] nfdf] ;do;Dd lglij|mo kfg{k' nf{ ÛÆ
sf]7fsf] l;8L /]s8{ aHg], 6l] nlehgdf p;sf] dgkg{] sfo{j|md 5fGg], / dl:tisdf
t/Ëo'Qm rt] fjgL kmn} fpg] ;a} sfd p;s} cfO sDKo6' /sf] dfWodåf/f ePsf] lyof] .
dgsf] sg' } s'gfdf sg' } OR5f pAhgf;fy Tof] ;r" gf cfO– sDKo'6/n] ;dfTYof] . clxns] f
oL ;a} ultljlwx¿ klg o;}cg;' f/ ePsf lyP .

j}slNks – PseGbf a9L 5fGg ldNg]

108 efiff auFr} f – &

gfOF, o;/L d d/] ;/L lglij|mo afFRg rfxGgF Û cfljisf/n] dgdg} ;fR] of ] . o:tf] r]tfjgL
cfPsf] of] bf];f| ]kN6 eO;s]sf] lyof] . ca Ps k6s afsF L 5, t];f| ]kN6 klg rt] fjgL
cfof] eg] sDKo'6/n] g} d]/f] dl:tisnfO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd lglijm| o tN' ofOlbg] 5 . Tof] eGg'
Ps ks| f/sf] d]/f] d[To' g} t xf ] . cfljisf/nfO{ c¿ lrGtf ylkG5 . dgdf s]xL ;fR] g /
ts{ljts{ ug;{ dt] gkfpg] pm cfkm" nfO{ sDKo'6/sf] bf; 7fGb5 .

p;nfO{ nfUb5 – s] km/s eof] / xfd|f afh] a/fhs' f kfnfsf sdf/f sdf/L, bf; bf;L /
d]/f] l:yltdf < pgLx¿ cfkm" h:t} dflg;x¿sf] cfb]zljgf sx] L ug{ ;Qm}gy,] d sDKo'6/sf]
cfb]zljgf sx] L ug{ kfpFlbgF . dn} ] g} agfPsf] sDKo'6/n] d/] } dflnssf] :yfg lnbF } 5 . d
p;sf] bf; geP/ s] x'F t Û

rt] fjgL kfP/ klg cfljisf/sf] dgaf6 lrGtf x6g]  . p;nfO{ 3/ 3/ h:tf] gnfu/]
aGbLu[xsf] oftgf sIf h:tf] nfUg yfNof ] . dflg; elgg] pm dflg;sf] ;Dks{ ;;+ us{ f
nflu 56k\ l6O/x]sf] 5 . pm :jod\ lj1fg oGqsf] Pp6f kh' fs{ f] s7kt' nL ag]sf] 5 .
p;nfO{ cfO sDKo6' /, sf7] fsf] df:6/ sDKo6' / / uf]hL sDKo'6/ ;a}nfO{ ldNsfOlbpmF h:tf]
nfU5 . p;nfO{ sb} L hLjgaf6 d'lQm kfpg dg nfU5 . p;nfO{ afh]a/fhs' f] hLjgdf
kmsg{ dg nfU5 t/ Tof] ;Dej g} 5}g . To;}n] pm cfk"mnfO{ oGqs} s}bsf] lgoltdf
5fl8lbG5 .

zAb / c {y aGbLux[ – sf/fuf/, sb} L /fVg] 3/
;+;u{ – glhss} f] ;DaGw, xn] d]n

u/, 3/

z4' pRrf/0f

lbPsf zAb ;'g / eg M

lgoGq0f 5nË{ } sªl\ jm| 6 sl[ qd >o] :s/
cj?4 k|oTgzLn lgZri] 6 rjm| Jo"x k|0ffnL

efiff aur}F f – & 109

af]w / cleJolQm

!= lbPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ eg M
s= cfljisf/sf s'gsg' s'/f sDKo'6/sf] lgoGq0fdf lyPgg\ <
v= cfljisf/nfO{ d]l;gn] s]s] s'/fdf ;Nnfx lbGYof] <
u= cfljisf/n] OG6/g]6df s] x]/]sf] lyof] <
3= cfljisf/n] ‰ofnaf6 aflx/ xb] f{ sf7df8fF} pkTosf s:tf] b]lvof] <
ª= cfljisf/nfO{ cfjZos j:t' s;/L pknAw xG' y] <
r= cfljisf/nfO{ afh] a/fhs' f kfnfsf] s'/f b]Vbf lsg nfe] nfUof] <
5= cfljisf/nfO{ d]l;gn] ss] ] s/' fdf ;Nnfx lbGYof] <

@= kf7sf cfwf/df x]/]/ vfnL 7fpF e/ M
s= ;a} s/' f ============================ n] cx|fPadfl] hd ug'k{ bf{ p;nfO{ cfk"m ltg} dl] ;gsf]

================================ ePsf] h:tf] nfUYof] <
v= l;Ëf]============================ dl] ;gsf] dfWodaf6=============== d¶' Ldf lyof ] .
u= 5fkfvfgfdf 5flkPsf k/' fgf ================================== clxn] sDKk6' /==================

====================== dfq b]Vg kfOGYof] .
3= cl3Nnf] ztfAbLsf] h:tf] =================== kmf]xf]/dn} fsf] afbn / ========== st} bl] vbF }

gYof ] .
ª= cfljisf/n] ================= klN6P/} sDKo6' /df cfpg=] ====================== l:jr lyRof] .

#= lbPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ n]v M
s= cfljisf/sfs] f7] f s:tf] ks| f/sf] lyof] <
v= cfljisf/sf] efG5f s:tf] k|sf/sf] lyof] <
u= cfljisf/l;t ePsf] cfO sDKo'6/n] ss] ] sfd uYof{] <
3= sDKo'6/n] dflg;nfO{ s;/L bf; agfpbF } 5 <
ª= cfljisf/nfO{ cfˆg} 3/ aGbLux[ sf] oftgf sIf h:tf] nfUgs' f] sf/0f s] xf] <

$= efj lj:tf/ u/ M
lj1fgsf] gSsnL ;;+ f/df x/fPkl5 ;SsnL ;;+ f/ x]g]{ ;do g} sxfF kfOFbf] /x]5 / <

110 efiff aur}F f – &

cfˆgf cge' j ;f6f;f6 u/ M
cfˆgf afcfdfl;t pxfFx¿ ltdL hq} x'Fbf ;r" gf / ;~rf/sf] cj:yf s:tf]
lyof] < ;f]w / ;fyLnfO{ eg .

?

;fr] / eg M
syfdf lj= ;+= #)!) sf] ;dosf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . cfhsf] Ps ;o jifk{ l5
;~rf/ / k|ljlwsf] Ifq] df s]s] kl/jtg{ xG' 5 xfn] f <

>'lt n]vg

lbPsf jfSo ;'g / eg M

p;nfO{ cfkm" k"/} dl] ;g h:tf] ePsfdf lbSs nfUof] . p;n] cfk"mnfO{ ckfË 7fGof ] .
pm dl] ;gsf] ;xfotfljgf Ps kfOnf ;fg{ ;Sbg} Yof ] . s] oxL xf] t ;Eotfsf] ljsf; /
pGgltsf] pTsif{ <

z'4 nv] g

lbPsf] jfSo z4' agfO{ sfkLdf n]v M
xLhf] /flt O06/g]6df jfha] /fh'sf lhjlg ;DalGw ;rLq OtLxf; x]/]kl5 cfjLisf/sf
dgdf cgs] s"/f v]nL/x ] .

zAbe08f/

!= zAb / cys{ f] hf8] f ldnfpm M

Oltxf; of]hgfcg;' f/sf]
of]hgfa4 ;Eo JolQmdf x'g] u'0f

efiff aur}F f – & 111

sª\lj|m6 lat]sf 36gfx¿sf] j0fg{
sndL la?jf 9'Ëf jf O6F fsf ;;fgf 6'jm| f
;Eotf af6] la?jfsf xfuF faf6 sf6]/ ;fl/Psf]

@= lbPsf kofo{ jfrL zAbsf] hf]8f agfO{ nv] M

pBfg, Joj:yf, kl/>d, z"Go, lglij|mo, lbdfu, bx] fj;fg, sfl] ;;, efUo,
vfj] |mf], ldlxg]t, ka| Gw, dl:tis, d[To,' ko| f;, lgolt, au}rF f, ;ljm| o

pbfx/0f M pBfg – au}Frf

#= pbfx/0fdf b]vfP h:t} u/L lbPsf zAbaf6 gofF zAb agfpm M

sl[ t, bz] , xf/, lzIf0f, ult, aGw, blIf0ff, jrg, :yfg, an, sf/
pbfx/0f M k| ± s[lt – ks| [lt

$= pbfx/0fdf b]vfP h:t} u/L zAb agfpm M

xft / v§' f –
1fg / lj1fg –
hGd / dT[ o' –
3f;F / bfp/f –
snd / d;L –
;fFem / laxfg –
v]n / s'b –
pbfx/0f M s6] f / s]6L – s]6fs]6L

%= lbPsf zAb /fv]/ cy{ vN' g] u/L jfSo agfpm M
lrGtfd'Qm, rjm| Jo"x, s7kt' nL, ;ËLt, dfgl;s, t/ËoQ' m, lgbz{] g,

Jofs/0f

sfo{d"ns Jofs/0f

!= s= lbPsf jfSo k9 M
cfljisf/sf cfFvf v'Nb} lyP .
cfljisf/ uf]hL sDKo'6/ x]b}5{  .
cfljisf/ dgdg} ;f]Rb} xg' ]5 .

112 efiff auF}rf – &

dflysf jfSodf v'Nb} lyP, xb] }{5, ;fR] b} x'g5] h:tf ck"0f{ kIfsf ljm| ofkb ko| f]u ePsf
5g \ . o:tf ljm| ofkbn] sfd ;?' ePsf] t/ k"/f gePsf] cj:yf a'emfpF5g\ .

ck0" f{ kIf ae' mfpg wftd' f t÷} b} hf8] \g'k5{ . To;kl5 lyof,] lyofF}, lyO,{ lyPF, lyP, 5,
5f}F+, 5f}, 5;,\ xg' ] 5,] xg' 5] g,\ x'g]5f,} xg' ]5, xg' ]5fF} h:tf ;xfos ljm| of hf]8\g'k5 { .
v= lbPsf wft'af6 ck"0f{ kIf hgfpg] ljm| ofkb agfpm M
;g' \, 5fg\, yk,\ 7fg\, nfu\, ;s\, ag\
pbfx/0f M lyr±\ b}±lyof] Ö lyRb} lyof]
lyr\±b±} 5 Ö lyRb5}  .
lyr\±b}±xg' ]5 Ö lyRb} xg' ]5  .
u= ck0" f{ jt{dfg sfnsf jfSonfO{ ck"0f{ et" / ck0" f{ eljiot\ sfndf abn M
pbfx/0f M sf]7fsf] tfkj|md cfkmF} ;Gtl' nt aGb5}  .
sf7] fsf] tfkjm| d cfkm}F ;Gtl' nt aGb} lyof] .
sf7] fsf] tfkjm| d cfkm}F ;Gtl' nt aGb} x'g5]  .
c= cfljisf/ ‰ofnaf6 aflx/ xb5{}  .
cf= cfjZos j:t' lsGg ahf/ hfg] ou' laTb5}  .
O= cfO sDKo6' / Aof6«L ;lsg nfu]sf] ;r" gf lbFb}5 .
O={ cfljisf/ cfkm" nfO{ sDKo'6/sf] bf; 7fGb5}  .
p= p;nfO{ cfˆgf] 3/ aGbLu[xsf] oftgf sIf h:tf] nfUb}5 .
pm= pm oGqsf] s7kt' nL aGb5}  .

@= s= lbPsf jfSo k9 M
pbfx/0f M cfljisf/n] sDKo6' /sf] l:jr lyRof ] .
cfljisf/åf/f ljB'tLo ;fduL| x? k|of]u ul/P .

dflysf] klxnf] jfSodf …cfljisf/nÚ] eGg] stf{cg';f/ lj|mofkb k|ofu] ePsf] 5 .
To;}n,] of] st[{jfRo xf ] . bf;] f| ] jfSodf ljBt' Lo …;fduL| x¿Ú eGg] sdc{ g;' f/ lj|mofkb
k|of]u ePsf] 5 . To;}n] of] sd{jfRo xf] .

v= lbPsf jfSonfO{ sd{ jfRodf abn M
pbfx/0f M cfljisf/n] sf]7fsf] ‰ofn vf]Nof] .
cfljisf/åf/f sf]7fsf] ‰ofn vfl] nof] .
p;n] sDKo6' /df g} cvaf/ k9o\ f ] . p;n] skmL vfof] / z/L/df :kml" t{ Nofof] . p;n]
cfˆgf] hLjg dg k/fPg .

efiff auF}rf – & 113

#= lbPsf cs/0f jfSonfO{ s/0fdf abn M
cfljisf/ sf]7fsf ;a} sfd ug{ ;Sb}gYof ] . s]xL ;fR] g ;Sbg} Yof] . cfˆg} OR5fn] sx] L vfg
;Sbg} Yof] . dl] ;gljgf st} hfg ;Sb}gYof ] . Aof6L« ljgf p;sf] hLjg rNb}gYof] . To;sf]
arfj6df js} lNks k|0ffnL klg lyPg .

nv] g cEof;

cg'n]vg

!= syfsf] 56} f}F cgR' 5b] h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ .

l;hg{ fTds n]vg

s= …lj1fgsf] sb} LÚ syf k9b\ f ltdf] dgdf cfPsf s/' fx¿nfO{ ;d6] L kGw| jfSosf] cgR' 5b]
nv]  .

v= lbPsf a'Fbfsf cfwf/df Pp6f syf tof/ kf/ / ldNbf] zLif{s klg /fv .
kY[ jLsf ;a} dflg; lrlGtt ===============, cfhsf] 7Ls Ps xKtfkl5 lzzu' |xnfO{ kY[ jLsf]
u'?Tj cfsif0{ fn] lvRg] =====================, To;/L tflgbF f Tof] u|x k[YjLdf v:g] ================,
o; vt/faf6 aRg] cem} e/kbf{] pkfo gePsf] ======================, !(((& x !! gfdsf]
lzz'ux| 8]9 lsnf]ld6/ Jof;sf] =======================,;g\ @)@* sf] cS6f]a/ @) tfl/vsf lbg
pQm ux| v:g] cg'dfg ===================, ;a} kY[ jLjf;L lrlGtt =======================, tLdWo]
g]kfnL a9L lrlGtt ============================, gk] fnsf b'O{ o'jfn] sDKo6' /df To;sf] tYofÍ
;Íng =======================, To;nfO{ kY[ jLdf v:g glbg] pkfosf] af/d] f vf]h =============,
cGTodf Pp6f pkfo km]nf ===========================, zlQmzfnL b'O{ /s]6nfO{ u|xeGbf tn
kY[ jLsf] jfo'd08ndfly lj:kmf6] u/fpg] ===========================, lj:kmf]6af6 lg:sg] t/Ë
/ rfkn] Tof] ux| nfO{ csf{]lt/ df]8g\ ] ;Defjgf ============================, Tof] ux| gk'ml6sg}
cGtl/Ifs} csf{] af6f]df 3l' d/xg ;Sg] ===========================, of] pkfosf] ljj/0f / tYofÍ
OG6/g]6df xflnPsf] ===========================, ;"rgfn] ;;+ f/e/ xnrn ========================,
cGt/fli6«o j1} flgs ;:+ yfn] To;c} g'¿k sfd ==========================, kY[ jLdf cfPsf]
;Í6sf] ;dfwfg ==================, gk] fnL oj' f cGt/f{li6«o k/' :sf/af6 ;Ddflgt eP .

114 efiff aur}F f – &

k@f7 xfdf| ] aX| df08

;"o,{ tf/f, u|x cflbsf] ;Dk"0f{ efunfO{
aX| df08 elgG5 . o;sf] pTklQ
sl/a kGw| c/a jif{klxn] ePsf]
cgd' fg 5 . a|Xdf08df c;ªV\ o
tf/fx¿sf ;d"x, ux| , pkux| ,
Ifb' u| |x / k'R5]«tf/fx¿ 5g \ .
k[YjLeGbf afxs] sf] a|Xdf08sf]
efunfO{ cGtl/If elgG5 . k[YjLaf6
cfsfzlt/ xb] f{ bl] vg] ;a} j:tx' ¿
cfsfzLo lk08 xg' \ . tLdWo] rlDsnf cfsfzLo lk08x¿ tf/f x'g\ . cfsfzdf
xb] f{ cgs] f}F tf/fx¿sf ;d"x klg b]lvG5g\ . tLdWo] Pp6f cfsfzuËfleq ;fo} {
kl/jf/ /x]sf] 5 . ;o" { / o;sf] rf/l} t/ 3D' g] cfsfzLo lk08x¿sf] ;d'bfonfO{ ;f}o{
kl/jf/ elgG5 . ;f}o{ kl/jf/sf] s]Gbd| f ;o" { 5 . o; kl/jf/leq /xg] cGo ;a} cfsfzLo
lk08x¿n] cfˆgf] sIfdf /x]/ o;nfO{ kmGsf] nufpF5g \ .

;f}o{ kl/jf/df /xs] f] Ps dfq tf/f ;"o{ xf ] . of] ;a}eGbf 7n" f] 5 . tf/fx¿ ;o" {eGbf klg
7n" f x'G5g\ . ltdLx¿ k[YjLaf6 lgs} 6f9f ePsfn] ;"oe{ Gbf ;fgf bl] vG5g\ . ;"o{ kY[ jLaf6
kGw| nfv ls= dL= 6f9f 5 . ;o" { l:y/ 5 . of] cfˆg} cIfdf 3l' d/x]sf] 5 . o;n] kRrL;
lbgdf cfˆgf] Ps rSs/ k/" f u5{ . of] kY[ jLeGbf Ps ;o gf} u'0ff 7n" f] / tLg nfv
t]QL; xhf/ u'0ff u?Ëf] . 5 . ;"os{ f] dWoefu cToGt tftf] 5 . of] olt tftf] 5 ls
sg' } kbfy{ ;"os{ f] glhs k'Uge' Gbf klxn] g} afkm algxfN5 . o;sf] dWoefudf xfO8f« h] g
Uof; 5 . of] Uof; w/] } tfksf sf/0f lg/Gt/ lxlnod Uof;df kl/jtg{ eO/xG5 . o;

zAb / c {y tf/f – /flt cfsfzdf b]lvg] pHofnf] lk08

kR' 5«]tf/f – cfsfzdf slxn]sfxLF b]lvg] wj' fsF f] t]lhnf] d:' nf] h:tf] tf/f, pNsf

lk08 – 7f]; j:t ' cfsfzuËf – tf/fx¿sf] ;d"x

sIf – cfsfzdf ux| x¿ kl/jm| df ug]{ af6f] pmhf{ – kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] af6 kf| Kt xg' ] zlQm

efiff aurF} f – & 115

zAb / c {ylj|mofdf k|z:t dfqfdf tfk / pmhf{ kb} f xG' 5 . of] tfk / pmhf{ nuftf/ aflx/L ;tx;Dd
hfG5 . ;"o{sf] aflx/L ;tx dWoefusf] tn' gfdf sd tftf] cyf{t\ %,%)) l8uL| ;l] G6u|]8sf]
cf;kf; 5 . dWoefudf /xs] f] xfO8f« ]hg Uof; lg/Gt/ lxlnod Uof;df kl/jt{ g eO/xg]
xF'bf o;sf] aflx/L efu bgbgL aln/x]sf] xG' 5 . o;sf Hjfnfx¿ xhf/f}F ls= ld= ;Dd
b]Vg ;lsG5 . ;"o{ u|x0fsf] a]nfdf zlQmzfnL 6l] n:sf]ksf] ;xfotfn] oL Hjfnfx¿
b]Vg ;lsG5 . sl/a ;ft c/a jif{kl5 ;o" s{ f] zlQm pTkGg ug]{ OGwgsf] ¿kdf /xs] f]
xfO8f« ]hg sd xb'F } hfg] cg'dfg j1} flgsn] u/s] f 5g\ . cGttM ;"o{ Pp6f 7n" f] /ftf] lk08df
kl/0ft xg' ]5 . ;DejtM o;n] aw' / z'jm| ux| nfO{ ;d]t 9fSg]5 . Toltv/] k[YjLsf] tfkjm| d
sl/a !%)) l8u|L ;l] G6u|8] k'Ug] cgd' fg ul/Psf] 5 . ;o" s{ f] rf/l} t/ Pp6f ke| fd08n 5,
h;nfO{ ;o" { kl/d08n elgG5 . o;nfO{ vu|f; u|x0f nfus] f] an] f ki| 6 ¿kdf b]Vg ;lsG5 .
j1} flgsx¿sf cg';f/ ;o" { kl/d08n cToGt ;;fgf s0fn] ag]sf] afbn xf], hg' ;"o{sf]
k|sfzaf6 k|sflzt x'G5 . ;"o{sf] sf/0fn] g} x/]s ux| df lbg / /ft, zLt / udL{ xG' 5 .
rGbd| f pHofnf] x'g'sf] sf/0f klg ;o" { g} xf ] . ;o" s{ } tfk / ks| fzsf sf/0f kY[ jLdf hLjg
;Dej ePsf] xf] .

;o" { k[YjLaf6 nueu kGw| nfv ls= ld= 6f9f 5 . k|sfzn] Ps ;]sG] 8df b'O{ nfv lqofgAa]
xhf/ 5 ;o ls= ld= sf] b/" L kf/ u5{  . ;"os{ f] ks| fz k[YjLdf cfOk'Ug cf7 ldg]6 nfU5  . oxL
;"os{ ]lGb|t ;fo} { kl/jf/leq cf7j6f u|x, tL u|xsf nueu rf;} ¶Lj6f pkux| cyf{t\ rGb|df,
Ifb' u| |x, k'R5]« tf/f / c;ª\Vo dfqfdf cGtl/Ifdf /x]sf] Uof; tyf w'nfsf s0fx¿ klg /x]sf
5g \ . x/]s cfsfzLo lk08sf] cfsif{0f zlQm x'G5 . s'g} bO' { lk08 hlt glhs x'G5g,\
pgLx¿aLrsf] cfsif{0f zlQm plt g} a9L x'G5 . oxL sf/0fn] ;f}o{ kl/jf/df ;a} cfsfzLo
lk08x¿ ;"o{sf] kl/j|mdf u5g{  \ .

/flt cfsfzdf x]bf{ grlDssg Psgf;n] ks| fz lbO/xg] ljGb'x¿ klg xfdL b]V5fF } . tL ux|
xg'  \ . u|xsf] cfˆg} ks| fz x'bF }g . To;}n] tL rlDsbg} g \ . Pg] fn] ;o" s{ f] ks| fz k/fjt{g u/]
h:t} ltgLx¿n] ;o" s{ f] k|sfz k/fjtg{ u/]sfn] tL rlDsPsf x'g \ . rGbd| fdf hfg] cGtl/If
ofqLx¿n] rGbd| faf6 xb] f{ k[YjL klg 6Nss] f] bv] ] . oL u|xx¿sf cfcfˆg} pku|xx¿ /xs] f
x'G5g \ . tL pkux| nfO{ xfdL rGbd| f eG5fF } . xfdf| ] kY[ jL /x]sf] ;f}o{ kl/jf/df cf7j6f
ux| x¿ /x]sf 5g\ . aw' , zj' m| , k[YjL, dËn, jx[ :klt, zlg, c?0f / a?0f x'g \ . ;g\

ke| fd08n – ;o" s{ f] jl/kl/ bl] vg] th] sf] 3/] f]
kl/jm| df – 3D' g] sfd
k/fjtg{ – 7fl] SsP/ kmsg{ ] sfd

116 efiff auFr} f – &

@))& sf] hn' fO;Dd odnfO{ u|x dflgPsf]
lyof] . ;g\ @))^ df ;DkGg cGt/fli6«o
vufn] ljb\ ;‹sf] ;Dd]ngn] o;nfO{ ux| sf]
;r" Laf6 x6fPsf] 5 . ;"o{sf t'ngfdf oL u|xx¿
cToGt ;fgf 5g\  . b/' Lsf lx;fan] ;"o{af6 glhs
/xs] f ux| nfO{ leqL ux| elgG5 . a'w, z'j|m,
kY[ jL / dËn leqL u|x x'g\ . j[x:klt, zlg,

c?0f / j?0f rflxF aflx/L u|xx¿ x'g \ .

kY[ jL;lxtsf cf7j6f ux| x¿ ;fo} { kl/jf/sf k|d'v ;b:o xg'  \ . ;a}n] nfdf] jQ[ fsf/ sIfdf
lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ;o" {sf] rSs/ nufp5F g \ . u|xx¿n] hlt ;dodf ;o" {sf] Ps rSs/ nufp5F g,\
To;n} fO{ Ps jif{sf] ¿kdf u0fgf ul/G5 . x/s] u|xsf] Ps jif{sf] cjlw 5§' f5§' } x'G5 .
nfdf] jQ[ fsf/ sIfdf ;o" s{ f] rSs/ nufpg] u|xx¿ n8\8' h:t} cfkmF} klg cfcfˆgf] cIfdf
3'ld/x]sf x'G5g \ . ux| x¿ cfkm}F 3'd]/ hlt ;dodf Ps rSs/ k/" f u5g{  \ . To; ;donfO{
Pslbgsf] ¿kdf u0fgf ul/G5 . x/]s u|xsf] lbgsf] klg jifs{ f] cjlw h:t} 5'§f5'§} x'G5 .

u|xx¿n] ;o" s{ f] rSs/ nufO/xbF f hg' efu ;o" {lt/ k5,{ ToxfF lbg / csf]{kl§ /ft x'G5 .
kY[ jL cfˆg} sIfdf 3l' d/xs] f] x'G5 . k[YjLaf6 x]bf{ xfdLnfO{ ;o" { / tf/fx¿ cfsfzdf
3l' d/xs] f] h:tf] nfU5 . k[YjLsf] cIf sfNklgs xf ] . of] cIf pQ/L w'j| af6 blIf0fL w'j| lt/
uPsf] dflgG5 . k[YjLsf] cIf clnslt em' ss] f] dflgG5 . o;s} f/0f k[YjLdf rf/j6f Ct'sf]
rj|m rN5 . of] kl/jt{g zLt / uL| idsfndf k|i6 b]lvG5 .

kf| rLg vufn] zf:qLx¿ k[YjLnfO{ r]K6f] dfGy ] . bfzl{ gs Pl/:6f6] nn] k[YjL uf]nf] /xs] f]
atfP . pgsf cg;' f/ kY[ jL g} o; aX| df08sf] sG] b|ljGb' xf] . ;"o{, rGbd| f tyf tf/fx¿n]
o;sf] rSs/ nufO/xs] f xG' 5g\ . o; l;4fGtnfO{ …es" l] Gbt| l;4fGtÚ elgG5 . ld>sf
vufn] ljb\ 6fn] ]dL klg o;} l;4fGtnfO{ dfGy] .

vuf]nljb\ sf]k/lgs; klxnf] JolQm lyP, h;n] aX| df08sf] sG] b|ljGb' kY[ jL geO{ ;o" { xf]
eGg] s'/f kQf nufP . pgsf cg;' f/ kY[ jL / cGo u|xx¿n] ;o" {sf] rSs/ nufO/x]sf 5g\ .
o; l;4fGtnfO{ …;"o{s]lGbt| l;4fGtÚ elgG5 . sK] n/n] klg sfk] /lgs;sf w]/}

zAb / c {y vuf]n zf:qL – cGtl/Ifaf/] 1fg ePsf] JolQm
cIf – kY[ jLsf] pQ/L wj|' bl] v blIf0fL wj'| ;Dd lvlrPsf] sfNklgs /v] f
vufn] – cGtl/If
es" G] bL| o l;4fGt – kY[ jLnfO{ sG] b| dfg/] agfOPsf] lgod

efiff auFr} f – & 117

s'/fn] ;dyg{ u/] . pgn] k[YjL / cGo u|xx¿ ;o" {sf] rSs/ nufO/xs] f xG' 5g\ t/
tf/fx¿sf] ult ;"o;{ Fu ;DalGwt 5}g eGg] s'/f kQf nufP . pgsf] wf/0ffcg';f/ ;"o{ o;
;f}od{ 08nsf] sG] b|ljGb' xf] t/ of] ;Dk0" f{ a|Xdf08sf] s]Gbl| jGb' xfO] g . pgn] a|Xdf08df
cGo ;o" x{ ¿ klg 5g\ / pgLx¿sf] cfˆg} ;fo} {d08n 5 eGg] klg k|i6 kf/] .

o;/L ;"o{s]lGbt| l;4fGt cfO;s]kl5 ;f}o{ kl/jf/, cGtl/If, ux| , tf/f cflbsf af/d] f yk
cg;' Gwfg ug{ ;lhnf] ePsf] 5  . cfh;Dddf w]/} cGtl/If ofgx¿ ;fo} { kl/jf/af/] cg';Gwfg
ug{ k7fO;lsPsf] 5 . oL ofgx¿n] ;"rgf ;Íng u/L kY[ jLdf ;Gb]z k7fO/x]sf 5g \ .
ltgn] klxn] cGo ux| df hLj lyof] ls lyPgÙ ca ToxfF kg' M a:tL a;fpg ;lsG5 ls
;lsFbg}  . ToxfFsf] jftfj/0f s:tf] 5 eGg] h:tf lh1f;f d]6fpg d2t k'¥ofPsf] 5 .

u/, 3/

z4' pRrf/0f

lbPsf zAb ;g' / eg M

aX| df08 pTklQ kR' 5t]« f/f ;]lG6u]|8 k|efd08n
tfkjm| d cGtl/If jQ[ fsf/ ;f}od{ 08n k/fjt{g

af]w / cleJolQm

!= lbPsf dWo] 7Ls jfSodf -ü_ / a7] Ls jfSodf -û_ lrXg nufpm M
s= ;f}o{ kl/jf/sf] s]Gbd| f k[YjL 5 .
v= k[YjLn] cfˆgf] cIfdf kRrL; lbgdf Ps rSs/ k/" f u5{ .
u= ;o" { kl/d08n bgbgL aln/xg] /fsF f] xf ] .
3= x/]s cfsfzLo lk08sf] cfsif{0f zlQm x'G5 .
ª= a|Xdf08sf] s]Gb|ljGb' ;"o{ xf] egL kQf nufpg] k|yd j1} flgs Uoflnlnof] xg' \ .
@= lbPsf k|Zgsf] Ps jfSodf pQ/ n]v M
s= aX| df08 eg]sf] s] xf] <

118 efiff auF}rf – &

v= cfsfzuËf egs] f] s] xf] <
u= ;fo} { kl/jf/sf] sG] b|df s] 5 <
3= ;"o{ kY[ jLeGbf slt 7"nf] 5 <
ª= sfk] lgs{ ;n] s] kQf nufP <

#= lbPsf] cg'R5]b k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]v M

/flt cfsfzdf xb] f{ grDsLsg Psgf;n] k|sfz lbO/xg] ljGb'x¿ klg xfdL bV] 5f} F . tL
u|x x'g \ . u|xsf] cfˆg} k|sfz xbF' }g . To;}n] tL rlDsbg} g\ . Pg] fn] ;"o{sf] ks| fz k/fjtg{
u/] h:t} ltgLx¿n] ;"o{sf] k|sfz k/fjtg{ u/s] fn] rlDsPsf xg' \ . rGbd| fdf hfg] cGtl/If
ofqLx¿n] rGb|dfaf6 x]bf{ k[YjL klg 6Nss] f] bl] vof] . oL ux| sf cfcfˆg} pkux| x¿ x'G5g\ .
tL pkux| nfO{ xfdL rGb|df eGb5f F} . xfdf| ] k[YjL /x]sf] ;fo} { kl/jf/df cf7j6f u|xx¿
/x]sf 5g\ . tL aw' , zj' |m, kY[ jL, dËn, jx[ :klt, zlg, c?0f / j?0f xg'  \ . ;g\ @))& sf]
hn' fO;Dd odnfO{ ux| dflgFb} cfPsf]df ;g\ @))^ df ;DkGg cGt/f{li6o« vufn] ljb\ ;‹sf]
;Ddn] gn] o;nfO{ u|xsf] ;r" Laf6 x6fPsf] 5 .
kZ| gx¿ M
s= u|xx¿ lsg rlDsG5g\ <
v= sn] fO{ rGbd| f elgG5 <
u= slxn]bl] v odnfO{ u|xsf] ;"rLaf6 x6fOof] <
3= dflysf] cg'R5b] df s]sf] af/d] f nl] vPsf] 5 <
$= pQ/ nv] M

s= k[YjLdf kf| 0fLsf] hLjg s] sf/0fn] ;Dej ePsf] xf] <
v= …e"s]lGbt| l;4fGtÚ eGgfn] s] al' emG5 <
u= …;"o{s]lGb|t l;4fGtÚ kQf nufPkl5 s] ug{ ;lhnf] eof] <
3= jif{sf] u0fgf ss] f] cfwf/df ul/G5 <
ª= ;"o{;DaGwL j1} flgsn] s] cgd' fg u/]sf 5g\ <

%= kf7sf] cfwf/df ;"os{ f] af/d] f b;j6f jfSo n]v M

efiff auFr} f – & 119

?

;fr] / eg M

sl/a ;ft c/a jif{kl5 ;o" s{ f] dWoefudf ePsf] xfO8f« h] g Uof; sd xF'b} uP/
Tof] /ftf] lk08df kl/0ft x'g] cgd' fg j1} flgsx¿n] u/s] f 5g \ . pgLx¿n] Toltv/]
k[YjLsf] tfkj|md sl/a !%)) l8u|L ;l] G6u]6| k'Ug] cgd' fg u/s] f 5g \ . cfpg] ;dodf
sltslt jifd{ f kY[ jLsf] tfkjm| ddf s:tfs] :tf] kl/jtg{ xG' 5 xfn] f <

>'lt nv] g

lbPsf] cgR' 5b] ;'g / n]v M
/flt cfsfzdf x]bf{ grlDssg Psgf;n] ks| fz lbO/xg] ljGb'x¿ klg xfdL b]V5f} F .
tL ux| xg' \ . u|xsf] cfˆg} k|sfz xF'b}g . To;}n] tL rlDsbg} g\ . Pg] fn] ;o" s{ f] k|sfz
k/fjtg{ u/] h:t} ltgLx¿n] ;o" {sf] k|sfz k/fjt{g u/s] fn] rlDsPsf x'g \ . rGb|dfdf hfg]
cGtl/If ofqLx¿n] rGb|dfaf6 x]bf{ k[YjL klg 6Nss] f] bl] vof] . oL u|xx¿sf cfcfˆg}
pku|xx¿ /xs] f x'G5g \ . tL pku|xnfO{ xfdL rGb|df eG5f}F .

z4' nv] g

lbPsf jfSo z4' agfO{ sfkLdf ;f/ M
k[lyjL ;xLtsf cf7j6f u|xx¿ zfo} { kl/af/sf ;b:o] xg'  \ . ;jn} ] nfdf] aT[ tfsf/ s5o\ df
lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ;o' {sf] rSs/ nufp5g\ .

zAbe08f/

!= ldNbf] zAb;uF hf]8f ldnfpm M

bgbgL rkfpg'
etetL ?g'
esesL lxF8g\ '
d';'d;' ' aNg'

120 efiff au}Frf – &

n'un'u kfN] g'

kNofsk'n's pDng'

km6fkm6 xfF:g'

w?' w'? x]g{ '

s'?ds?' d sfDg'

@= lbPsf zAbsf Ps jf ;f]eGbf a9L cy{ nv] M

;"o{, k|sfz, lbg, /ft, cfsfz, tftf], ufn] , rGb|df
pbfx/0f M kY[ jL – wtL{, w/0fL, el" d, j;'Gw/f,

#= 7Ls zAb 5fg]/ vfnL 7fpF e/ M

s= ;f}o{ kl/jf/sf] s]Gbd| f =======================5 . -;o" {, ux| , tf/f_
v= ;"o{sf] dWoefudf =========================Uof; 5 . -clS;hg, xfO8«fh] g, gfO6«fh] g,_
u= k[YjL cfˆg} ===================df 3l' d/x]sf] xG' 5 . -nIo, sIf, kIf_
3= k|frLg vuf]nzf:qLx¿ k[YjLnfO{ =========================== dfGy ] . -ufn] f,] r]K6f], nfdf] _
ª= ;a} cfsfzLo lk08x¿==========================sf] kl/jm| df u5{g\ . -kY[ jL, ;"o{, rGbd| f_

$= k/f ± j|md – k/fj|md eP h:t} lbPsf zAbaf6 gofF zAb agfpm M
jtg{ , ho, k"j{, lht, dz{, jm| d

%= lbPsf zAbnfO{ cy{ vN' g] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ M
pTklQ, cGtl/If, tfkjm| d, pku|x, vufn] ljb,\ sfNklgs, ;Íng, jftfj/0f, ;Gb]z

Jofs/0f

sfo{d"ns Jofs/0f

!= s= lbPsf jfSo k9 M
;"os{ f] tfk / k|sfzsf sf/0f kY[ jLdf hLjg ;Dej ePsf] 5 .
j1} flgsx¿n] eljiodf klg ljleGg cfljisf/ u/]sf x'g5] g \ .
j1} flgsx¿n] a|Xdf08sf] s]Gbl| jGb' ;"o{ xf] eGg] s/' f kQf nufPsf lyP .

dflysf jfSodf ePsf] 5, u/s] f x'g5] g\ nufPsf lyP h:tf k"0f{ kIfsf lj|mofkb
k|of]u ePsf 5g\ . o:tf ljm| ofkbn] sfd k/" f ePsf] cj:yf a'emfpF5g\ .
k0" f{ kIf ae' mfpg wftd' f Psf÷] PsL÷Psf hf8] g\ k' 5 { . To;kl5 lyof] lyO,{ lyP,F
lyof,F} lyof,} 5, 5,] 5,' 5f,} 5f,}F g5] , g5] ,] g5] ,' g5] f,} g5] fF} h:tf ;xfos ljm| of jf kT| oo hf8] g\ k' 5 { .

efiff auFr} f – & 121

v= lbPsf wfta' f6 k"0f{ kIf hgfpg] ljm| ofkb agfpm M
pbfx/0f M agfp± Psf]±5 – agfPsf] 5 .
agfp±Psf]±lyof] – agfPsf] lyof] .
agfp±Psf±] xg' 5] – agfPsf] xg' 5]  .
bv] \, eg,\ wd' \, k/\, nufp, ;s\, k'u, hf

u= k0" f{ jtd{ fg sfnsf jfSonfO{ k0" f{ e"t / k0" f{ eljiot sfndf abn M
pbfx/0f M tf/fx? kY[ jLaf6 w]/} 6f9f x'gfn] ;fgf bl] vPsf 5g\ .
tf/fx? kY[ jLaf6 w]/} 6f9f xg' fn] ;fgf bl] vPsf lyP .
tf/fx? k[YjLaf6 w]/} 6f9f xg' fn] ;fgf b]lvPsf x'g]5g\ .
c= ;"o{ cfˆg} cIfdf 3d' ]sf] 5 .
cf= u|xx¿n] ;"os{ f] k|sfz k/fjt{g u/s] fn] tL rlDsPsf x'g \ .
O= cGtl/If ofgx¿n] k[YjLdf ;Gb]z k7fPsf 5g \ .
O{= odnfO{ ux| sf] ;r" Laf6 x6fOPsf] 5 .
p= lxlnod Uof;n] ubf{ ;"o{sf] aflx/L efu bgbgL an]sf] 5 .
@= s= lbPsf jfSo k9 M
ux| n] ;"on{ fO{ 3'D5 .
u|xx¿n] ;o" {nfO{ 3D' 5g \ .

gfd ;jg{ fd, ljz]if0f / ljm| ofkbsf] ;ª\Vof ae' mfpg] zAb …jrgÚ xf ] . jrg b'O{
ks| f/sf x'G5g\ M

s= Psjrg v= axj' rg
gfd, ;j{gfd, ljz]if0f / ljm| ofkbsf] Pp6f ;ªV\ of ae' mfpg] zAbnfO{ Psjrg elgG5 .
gfd, ;j{gfd, ljz]if0f / ljm| ofkbsf] PseGbf a9L ;ªV\ of a'emfpg] zAbnfO{ axj' rg
elgG5 .
dflysf] klxnf] jfSon] Psjrg / bf;] |f] jfSon] ax'jrg a'emfpF5g \ .
v= lbPsf] cgR' 5]bdf ePsf jfSonfO{ axj' rgdf abn M

u|xn] ;o" {nfO{ 3'D5 . pkux| n] ux| nfO{ 3'D5 . tf/fn] s;}nfO{ 3D' b}gg \ . k|f0fL ;"os{ f
sf/0f kY[ jLdf afFr]sf] 5 . ux| n] cfˆgf] sIfdf /x/] ;"o{sf] kl/jm| df u5 { . u|x cfˆgf]
cIfdf klg 3'D5 . u|xn] Pslbgdf cfˆgf] cIfdf Ps rSs/ nufpF5 . u|xn] Ps jifd{ f
cfˆgf] sIfdf Ps rSs/ nufp5F  .
#= kf7af6 kfFrj6f Psjrg ae' mfpg] zAb l6kL jfSodf k|ofu] u/ .

122 efiff au}rF f – &

nv] g cEof;

cg'n]vg

!= kf7sf] clGtd cgR' 5]b h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ .

@= lbPsf] cg'R5]b h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ M
;+;f/ lj1fgsf] ou' af6 k|ljlwsf] o'udf kj| ]z ul/;ss] f] 5 . OG6/g6] sf] ko| f]un]
;;+ f/nfO{ Pp6} sf7] f h:tf] agfPsf] 5 . klxnk] lxn] lr7Laf6 va/ cfbfgkb| fg ug{k' Yof ]{ .
cr]n cg]s k|sf/sf ljB'tLo ;fdflhs ;~hfn / sDKo'6/sf ;ˆ6j]o/sf] k|of]u u/L plTgv/] }
hf;] 'sn} fO{ klg e]6g\ ;lsG5 . kl| jlwsf] o; ljsf;df klg dflg; ;v' L 5g}  . dflg;nfO{
d]l;gn] sb} L h:tf] agfpbF }5 / PSnf] agfpFb}5 . sDKo'6/sf kbf{df e]6\g ;lsP klg
;+j]bgf / ;xfge' l" t lbg] sf]xL gx'g] cj:yf l;hg{ f x'g] ;Defjgf a9]sf] 5 . k|ljlwsf]
ljsf;n] k|sl[ tdf /dfpg] jftfj/0f xf| ; x'g] lglZrt 5 . o;tk{m ;as} f] Wofg k'Ug'kg{]
b]lvG5 . lj1fgsf] olt ljsf; eP klg gofF vf]h / cflisf/ /f]lsPsf] 5}g . j1} flgsx¿
;l[ i6sf] /x:oaf/] gofF s/' f kQf nufpg vfl] h/x]sf 5g \ . cGtl/Ifdf ePsf cgluGtL
tf/f, ux| , cfsfzuËf cflbaf/] gofF s/' f kQf nufpgdf j}1flgssf] rf;f] a9]sf] 5 .
xfn;Dd ;fo} { kl/jf/, cGtl/If, u|x / tf/f cflbsf af/]df w]/} cg';Gwfg eO;ss] f] 5 .
cGo u|xsf] jftfj/0faf/] cWoog ug]{ sfo{ hf/L /xs] f] 5 .

;d"xsfo{

kfFrj6f ;dx" agfpm . k|To]s ;dx" sf ;an} ] kf7sf] klxnf] cgR' 5]b sfkLdf
;f/ . cfkm\g} ;dx" sf ;fyLaLr sfkL ;f6f;f6 u/ . lstfa x]//] ;fyLsf] sfkL
hfrF  . cfˆgf] ;d"xsf ;a} sfkL Ps} 7fpdF f hDdf u/ . /fd|f cIf/ ePsf,]
l8sf] lbPsf] / cz4' sd ePsf] Pp6f sfkL 5fg . ;d"xsf] k|ltlglw cufl8
hfpm . cfˆgf] ;dx" n] 5fgs] f] sfkL Ps 7fpFdf hDdf u/ . tLdWo] pTs[i6 sfkL
x'g] ;dx" nfO{ ljhoL 3f]if0ff u/ .

efiff aurF} f – & 123

l;h{gfTds nv] g

lbPsf ab'F fsf cfwf/df lgaGw tof/ kf/ M
pmhf{ zlQmsf] ;f| ]t =============, ks| l[ tsf cgs] ;|f]taf6 pmhf{ k|fKt x'g] =========,
bfp/f, sf]Onf, dl§t]n, l8h]n, k6] «fn] af6 k|fKt pmhf{sf] bl} gs k|of]u ==============,
oL Ps k6s k|ofu] u/k] l5 kg' M ug{ g;lsg] ================, ;f/f kY[ jLsf af6] la?jf,
ls6ktËbl] v dflg;;Ddn] ko| f]u ub}{ cfPsf] ================= pmhf{sf cGo ;|ft] klg
/x]sf =================, To:tf ;f| ]tsf] ¿kdf ;"o{, vf]nfgfnf, xfjf cflb kg{] =================,
ltgLx¿af6 kf| Kt pmhf{ slxNo} gfz gxg' / k]ml/km] l/ k|ofu] ug{ ;lsg] ==============,
slxNo} g;lsg] x'gfn] o;nfO{ cIfo / gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ elgg] ==============, ;o" a{ f6
k|fKt x'g] pmhfn{ fO{ ;f}o{ pmhf{ elgg] =================, ;fo} { pmhf{ lahn' Lsf] e/kbf{]
;|f]t ========================, 3/sf 5fgf5fgfdf ;fo} { lah'nL k|0ffnL /fv/] aQL afNg, /l] 8of,]
6]lnlehg rnfpg ;lsg] =========================, 7"nf7"nf pks/0f klg ;f}o{ zlQmaf6 rnfpg
;lsg] ====================, o;sf] ko| fu] n] kf| sl[ ts jftfj/0f :jR5 /xg] ==================,
bfp/fsf sf/0f ¿v sf6\gk' g{] afWotfsf] cGTo ================, xl/ofnL a9\g] =================,
;fo} { pmhf{sf] ljsf;nfO{ k|fyldstf /fv]/ ljsf; ug'{kg{]===================== .

v]Nbfv]Nb}

lbPsf ufpF vfg] syfsf] pQ/ vfh] M
!= Ps} 3/sf b'O{ lbbLalxgL, Pp6f a:5] 8f8F fjfl/, csf]{ 8fF8fkfl/ s] xf] <
@= xft d/] f dfly 5g\, v'§faf6 kfgL vfG5' s] xf] <
#= ;'l/nf] ¿vdf Pp6f dfq} kft s] xf] <
$= pl;Gbf kfSbg} , kf]Nbf 89\5 s] xf] <
%= v'§f 5}gg\, lx8F 5\ , k'R5/ 5}g l;ª 5 s] xf] <
^= l/Ël/Ë k6l/Ë e'F8] uf]?sf] 5 l;ª s] xf] <
&= gf} tn] 3/sf] ‰ofn g 9f]sf s] xf] <
*= nx/] cfdf, kx/] afa', km' nGt] lbbL es'G8] efO s] xf] <

124 efiff aurF} f – &

(PsfO /]ld6\ofG; / nufgLsf
kmfObf ak] mfObf

cfFvLˆofn

lrqdf b]vfPsf dlxnfn] cfk"mnfO{ rflxPsf] k};f sxfaF f6 k|fKt u/s] f 5g\ <

ljbz] af6 >Ldfg\n] k};f d]/f >Ldfg\ ljb]zLn] vf]ns] f]
k7fpg'ePsf] /x]5, d ToxL lnP/ sf/vfgfdf sfd ug{x' 'G5 . dnfO{
cfPsf], s6] fs]6Lsf] z'Ns ltg{' 5, klg 3/vr{ ug]{ k;} f rflxPsf] lyof ] .

vfBfGg klg lsGg' 5 . clxn] lnP/ cfPsf] .

efiff aur}F f – & 125

jb} l] zs /f]huf/L ls

k!f7 jb} ]lzs nufgL

cfOtaf/sf] lbg !M#) ah] hfnkf pRr dfWolds ljBfno, hfnkf, vf]6fªdf
cGt//fli6«o >lds lbj;sf] cj;/ kf/]/ ljBfnon] jfbljjfb kl| tofl] utf ;~rfng u/]sf]
5 . o; sfo{j|mddf sIff ;ftsf ljBfyL{x¿aLr kl| t:kwf{ x'bF } 5 . ljBfnosf] k|fË0fdf
jfbljjfbsf] d~r tof/L cj:yfdf 5 . ljBfyL{ lgzf kl/of/nfO{ pb3\ f]ifssf]
lhDd]jf/L lbOG5 . ;efWoIfsf nflu ljBfnosf kw| fgfWofksnfO{ cg'/fw] ul/G5 .
ljBfnosf gk] fnL / ;fdflhs ljifosf b'O{ hgf lzIfsnfO{ lg0ffo{ ssf] lhDdf lbOG5 .
pkl:yt ;a}n] tf]lsPsf] :yfgdf cf;g u|x0f u/]kl5 ;efkltsf] cgd' lt lnP/ lgzf
kl/of/n] sfo{j|md ;'? ul5{g\ .
pb\3fi] fs M
sfo{jm| ddf pkl:yt ;Dk"0f{ dxfg'efjx¿df :jfut tyf clejfbg Û cfhsf] jfbljjfbsf]
zLifs{ 5 …j}b]lzs /fh] uf/L ls jb} l] zs nufgLÚ . ljifosf] kIfdf wd]{z u'Ktf / dgLiff
sn' 'ª clg ljkIfdf dfgaxfb'/ rflDnª / ;/:jtL b'a]n] k|lt:kwLs{ f ¿kdf efu lng'ePsf]
5 .
kl| tof]lutf k|f/De x'gc' l3 k|ltof]uLx¿n] kfngf ug{'kg]{ lgodsf af/]df cjut
u/fpg rfxG5 ' . k|ltofl] utfsf lgodx¿ o;ks| f/ 5g\ M–

126 efiff auF}rf – &

zAb / c {ys_ k|Tos] jQmfnfO{ kfFr ldg]6sf] ;do lbOg]5 .
v_ rf/ ldg6] df hgfp 3G6L aHg]5 . To;sf] Ps ldg]6df cfˆgf] egfO{ 6ª' U\ ofpg'kg]{

5 .
u_ lnlvt l6kf]6 x]/]/ af]Ng kfOg]5g}  .
3_ JolQmut cfIfk] nufpg kfOg5] }g .
ª_ lzi6 efiffsf] ko| fu] ugk{' g{5]  .
r_ hflt, wd{, ;+:s[lt / ju{sfaLrsf] ;be\ fjdf cfFr kU' g] s/' f afN] g kfOg] 5g}  .
5_ cfˆgf uxlsnf ts{x¿ lbO{ ljkIfLsf tsx{ ¿sf] v08g ugk'{ g5{]  .
Hf_ ;do ;lsPkl5 af]n]sf s'/fnfO{ cÍ lbOg] 5g}  .
ca cfhsf] jfbljjfb k|ltofl] utf k|f/De xG' 5 . ;jk{ y| d, d ljifosf] kIfdf cfˆgf tsx{ ¿
k:| tt' ug{ wdz{] u'KtfnfO{ d~rdf lgDTofp5F  ' .

wdz]{ u'Ktf

>L ;efWoIfHo," lg0ffo{ sHo"x¿, u'?, u?' cfdf / Kof/f ;fyLx¿ Û xfd|f] ljBfnon]
cfofh] gf u/s] f] of] jfbljjfb k|ltofl] utfdf efu lng] cj;/ kfPsfdf d}n] cfk"mnfO{ efUodfgL
7fgs] f] 5' . d j}b]lzs nufgL /fd|f] eGg] kIfdf af]Ng pkl:yt ePsf] 5' . dflg; h'g
bz] df hGd]sf] x'G5, pm ToxLFsf] 9Ë' f df6f];uF /Dg rfxG5 . ToxLsF f] psfnL cf]/fnLdf
ldt]/L uf:F g rfxG5 . hGdel" dsf] sfv 5f8] ]/ ljbl] zg] dg s;nfO{ xG' 5 / Û cfˆgf] kl/>d
b]zsf] pGglt, k|ult / ljsf;df nufpg] dg ;a}sf] xG' 5 t/ sx] L jifo{ tf /f]huf/Lsf nflu
gk] fnsf] oj' f hgzlQm ljb]lzg] u/s] f] 5 . gk] fn ul/a /fi6« ePsfn] 7n" f7"nf cfof]hgfdf
nufgL ug{ k|foM c;Dej ePsf] cj:yf 5 . o; ;d:ofsf] Pp6} dfq ;dfwfg x'g ;S5,
Tof] xf] jb} ]lzs nufgL .

;efWoIfHo," gk] fnsf k|foM oj' fk:' tf j}bl] zs /fh] uf/Ldf hfgfn] ufpF3/df sfd ug{ ;Sg]
hgzlQmsf] cefj ePsf] 5  . hgzlQmsf] cefjn] hUufhldg afFemf] xg' ] ;d:of cfPsf] 5  .
xfd|f sltko ufpdF f t k'?ifsf] pkl:ylt zG" o k|foM ePsf] 5 . ufpdF f dlxnf, afnaflnsf
/ j[4j[4f dfq /xg] u/s] f 5g\ . ufp3F /df sfd ug{] dfG5] t k/} hfcf;] \, dnfdL hfg]
dfG5;] dt] gkfOg] cj:yf 5 . o:tf] x'g' hg;ªV\ ofsf] ;Gtn' gsf lx;fan] ;d]t /fd|f]

jb} l] zs nufgL – ljbz] Ln] ug{] nufgL
/fh] uf/L – Ond, sg' } k;] f jf Joj;fodf ;n+ Ug xg' '
hgzlQm – dfgj zlQm, hgtfsf] zlQm

efiff auF}rf – & 127

zAb / c {yxf]Og . o:tf] xg' d' f jb} ]lzs /f]huf/L lhDd]jf/ 5 . o;sf] ;§f j}bl] zs nufgL xb'F f] xf]
t o:tf ;d:ofx¿ xfd|f ;fd' cfpg] lyPgg \ . jb} ]lzs /fh] uf/Ln] hGdfPsf gofgF ofF
kfl/jfl/s ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu klg jb} l] zs nufgLafxs] csf]{ pQd ljsNk x'g}
;Sbg} eg] klg xG' 5 .
csft]{ km{ jb} ]lzs nufgLnfO{ s[lif Ifq] df nufO{ g]kfnnfO{ sl[ if pTkfbgdf cfTdlge{/
agfpg ;lsG5 . To:t} ljBt' \ pTkfbgdf nufgL u//] gk] fnLnfO{ bl} gs nf]8;]l8ªsf
;d:ofaf6 dQ' m ug{ ;lsG5 . sl[ if, ljBt' \ pTkfbg / snsf/vfgfdf jb} ]lzs nufgL
ul/of] eg] g]kfndf g} :yfgLo:t/df /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ l;hg{ f xg' ] lyof ] . clg t jb} l] zs
/f]huf/Lsf] ;d:of t s] gfd} lng'kg]{ lyPg . g]kfn wfld{s / ;f+:s[lts ¿kn] ;lxi0f'
/ pbf/ ;dfh ePsf] 7fpF ePsfn] ljbz] Lx¿nfO{ oxfF nufgL ug{] jftfj/0f klg plrt
k|sf/sf] 5 . -hgfp 3G6L aH5_
;efWoIf dxfb] o Û dnfO{ t /f]huf/Lsf gfddf cfkm" hlGdPsf] wtLn{ fO{ r6Ss} 5f8] /] hfg'
/fd|f] s/' f xfO] g eGg] nfU5 . To;n} ] :jbz] df g} cfˆgf] >d / ;Lk vr{ u/L dft[e"ldsf]
d'xf/ xF;fpg' xfdL ;a}sf] st{Jo xG' 5 . p;sf nflu jb} l] zs /fh] uf/LeGbf ljbz] L nufgL
g} pko'Qm eGb} d]/f] egfO oxL 6'ËofpF5 ' . wGojfb . -clGtd 3G6L aH5_
pb\3f]ifs M
wd]{z uK' tfnfO{ wGojfb 5 . ca d ljifosf] ljkIfdf cfˆgf ts{x¿ /fVg dfgaxfb/'
rflDnªnfO{ d~rdf af]nfpF5' .
dfgaxfb'/ rflDnª
o; sfoj{ m| dsf ;efWoIfHo," lg0ff{os d08n, u?' ju{, kl| tof]uL ;fyLx¿ / oxfF pkl:yt
;Dk0" f{ JolQmTjx¿ Û dnfO{ klg sfoj{ m| ddf kl| tofu] Lsf ¿kdf ;dfj]z u/s] fdf cfof]hsnfO{
wGojfb lbG5' . d ljifosf ljkIfdf afN] g oxfF pkl:yt ePsf] 5 ' . d/] f kj" {jQmf
ldqsf] ljrf/;uF d laNsn' } ;xdt 5g}  . kT| os] JolQm JolQmTj ljsf; u/L ;v' ;uF
hLjgofkg ug{ hxfF /fdf| cj;/x¿ k|fKt u5{ ToxfF hfg kfpgk' 5{ eGg] d]/f] wf/0ff
xf ] . clxn] ;~rf/ / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] ;+;f/ Pp6} sf]7fdf kl/jtg{ eO;s]sf] 5 .

;lxi0f' – ;xgzLn, bM' v si6 ;xg ;Sg]

128 efiff auF}rf – &

zAb / c {yo:tf] cj:yfdf s] :jbz] s] ljb]z . hxfF a;] klg cfˆgf] JolQmTj ljsf; ug]{ g xf] .
To;}n] b]zelQmsf] gfddf JolQmnfO{ b]z gfdsf] ;fF3'/f] 3]/fdf v'DRofP/ /fVg
ldNbg}  . olb sfx] L efs] n] cfsn' Jofsn' ePsf] 5 eg] Tof] efs] nfO{ bz] elQmsf]
gf/fn] d]6g\ ;S5 / < sbflk ;Sbg}  .

g]kfn ul/a d'ns' ePsfn] oxfF /fi6« cfkmF}n] /fh] uf/Lsf] cj;/ l;hg{ f ug{ ;Sbg}
eg]/ pxfF g} eGg'xG' 5 . To;}n] slxn] gk] fnn] ljbz] L nufgL leœofpg]Ù slxn] sl[ ifdf
cfw'lgsLs/0f x'g] < slxn] hnljBt' \ If]qdf nufgL xg' Ù] slxn] pBfu] wGbf :yfkgf x'g]
slxn] /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ l;h{gf xg' ] < clg slxn] efs] f] k6] sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg xg' ] /
slxn] gflËPsf] lhp 5fl] kg] < of] t Nxf;fdf ;g' 5 d]/f] sfg aR' r} eg] em}F ePg / <
dflg; dl/;s]kl5 cf]vtLn] sfd ug{ ;S5 / <

pxfFn] :yfgLo:t/df /fh] uf/Lsf] cj;/ l;hg{ f ug{ ljb]zL nufgL leœofpg'kg]{ s/' f
ug'e{ of] . of] t ;/f;/ cfkm" sdhf/] x'g] s/' f ePg / ;efWoIf dxf]bo Û hg' bz]
g]kfndf nufgL ug{ cu|;/ xG' 5 . p;sf klg cfˆg} ;t{x¿ xg' ;S5g\ . cfˆg} c8fg xg'
;S5g\ . p;n] nufgL ug]{ /sdsf ;fydf cfˆgf ;kgf klg lnP/ cfPsf] xG' 5 . p;n]
oxfF cfˆgf] gLltlgod nfu' ug{] ko| f; ug{ ;S5 . pm nufgLstf{ ePsfn] :jtM sDkgLsf]
k|dv' xg' ] / xfdL gk] fnL p;sf sfdbf/ xg' k' g]{ eof] . cGo ljsl;t d'n'sdf ko| fu] xg' ]
u/]sf gofgF ofF kl| jlwx¿ g]kfnsf] jftfj/0f / ef}ufl] ns cj:yf cg's'n xG' 5g\ g} eg/]
7fs] 'jf ug{ klg ;lsFbg}  . oL ;a} s/' f gk] fn / g]kfnLsf nflu pooQ' m g} eP5g\ eg] klg
sDkgLsf dflns ljbz] L gful/s xg' ] x'gfn] sDkgLaf6 k|fKt cfDbfgL sfnfGt/df ljb]zdf
g} kms{g] lglZrt 5 . -hgfp 3G6L aH5_

;efWoIf dxf]bo, olb j}bl] zs /f]huf/Ln] s'g} klg JolQmsf] hLjg:t/ psf:g ;xof]u
k'¥ofp5F eg] p;nfO{ /f]huf/Lsf nflu ljb]z hfgaf6 jl~rt u/fpgx' 'Gg . p;n] ljZjsf
hg' ;s' } s'gfdf ku' /] sfd ug{ kfpg'k5{ eGb} d]/f] egfO oxLF 6Ë' ofpF5' . wGojfb .

pb\3fi] fs

Dffgaxfb/' rflDnªnfO{ wGojfb 5 . ca d ljifosf kIfdf cfˆgf tsx{ ¿ k:| tt' ug{ dgLiff
s'n'ªnfO{ d~rdf af]nfpF5 ' .

nufgLstf{ – pBfu] , Jofkf/ cflbdf k;} f nufpg] JolQm jf ;:+ yf

efiff au}rF f – & 129

zAb / c {ydgLiff sn' ª'

;efWoIf dxf]bo, lg0ffo{ s d08n, u?' , u'?cfdf kl| tof]uL ;fyLx¿ / cGo pkl:yt
dxfge' fjx¿ Û d cfhsf] jfbljjfb k|ltofl] utfsf] ljifosf kIfdf cfˆgf ts{ k]; ug{
oxfxF ¿ ;dIf k:| t't ePsL 5 ' . dnfO{ nfU5 dflg; cfˆgf] lghL :jfy{sf kl5 dfq
bu'¥of] eg] of] ;;+ f/df bof, dfof h:tf efjgfTds s/' f g} /xFb}gg\ . d]/f ljkIfL ldqsf
ts{x¿ :jfyL{ 5g \ . ;:+ st[ df Pp6f egfO 5 …hggL hGdel" dZr :juf{blk u/Lo;LÚ
cyf{t\ hGd lbg] cfdf / hGde"ld :ju{eGbf Kof/f] xG' 5 . o;/L jb} l] zs /f]huf/Lsf gfddf
hGde"ldnfO{ la;{g' egs] f] cfkmF}nfO{ la;{g' xf ] .

s]xL jifo{ tf g]kfnsf] ;ªj\ |md0fsfnLg cj:yfsf sf/0f :yfgLo:t/df /fh] uf/Lsf cj;/
l;h{gf xg' ;ss] f 5g} g\ . o;sf/0f a;g]{ L oj' f hgzlQm /f]huf/Lsf nflu ljbl] zg] jm| d
;'? ePsf] 5 . o;nfO{ a/] f]huf/L ;d:ofsf] ;'/lIft, Jojl:yt / bL3{sfnLg ;dfwfg eg]
k6Ss} dfGg ;lsFb}g . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ln] lgDTofPsf sxfnLnfUbf 36gf, b3' {6gfx¿nfO{
aj] f:tf ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf klg 5g}  . jb} l] zs /f]huf/ sDkgL / bnfnx¿n] ;f]emf
sfdbf/x¿nfO{ lbgxF' 7lu/x]s} 5g\ . >d :jLs[ltljgf g} ;;+ f/sf ljleGg b]zdf sfdbf/
k7fO/xs] } 5g\ . o;/L /fh] uf/ sDkgL / bnfnsf] zfi] f0fdf k//] ljb]lzg] sltko sfdbf/x¿
hg' sDkgLsf nflu k7fOPsf xg' Ù\ pQm sDkgL g} gePsf sf/0f cnkq kg{] u/s] f] xfdLn]
;G' b} cfPsf 5f }F . pgLx¿ tfl] sPeGbf Hofbf ;do hf]lvdk0" f{ sfd ug{ afWo 5g \ . sltko
xfd|f lbbLalxgLx¿ 3/n] ' sfdsf] af]em tyf ofg} hGo lx+;fsf] l;sf/ eP/ dfgl;s ¿kdf
ljlIfKt eP/ kmsg{ 'k/s] f] tLtf] oyfy{ klg xfdf| ;fd' P]gf h:t} 5nË{ 5 . u/} sfg'gL
9Ën] ljbz] ku' ]sfdWo] b'36{ gfdf k/L cËeË eP/ g]kfn kmsg{ ] / dT[ o' x'g]x¿sf]
kl/jf/nfO{ b'3{6gf ladfsf] plrt aGbf]aGt x'g ;ss] f] 5g}  .

o; kl/kI]| odf j}bl] zs nufgL g]kfnsf nflu j/bfg ;fljt x'g ;S5  . j}b]lzs nufgLdfkm{t
g]kfndf 7"nf7n" f cfofh] gf ;~rfng ug{ ;lsof] eg] g]kfnsf] efl} ts ljsf; x'g]
lglZrt 5 . sdhf/] cyt{ Gqsf sf/0f gk] fnsf oftfoft, ljB't\, vfgk] fgL h:tf
cfwf/e"t ljsf;df klg ljbz] L g} cu|;/ x'g'kg{] bl] vG5 . cfofh] gfsf] ;~rfng;uF }
:yfgLo Jofkf/ Joj;fon] km:6fpg] dfs} f kfp5F  . Jofkf/ Joj;fodf ;+nUg ePsfx¿sf]

efjgfTds – efjgfn] el/Psf,] efjgf;Fu ;DalGwt
bnfn – larfl} nof, bO' { kIfaLr s/' f ldnfO{ gfkmf vfg] JolQm
>d :jLsl[ t – sfd ug{] cgd' lt
hf]lvdk0" f{ – vt/fn] el/Psf]

130 efiff aurF} f – &

zAb / c {ykl/jf/df cfly{s ;dl[ 4 cfpF5 . Tof] /sd ;Gtltsf] lzIff / :jf:Yosf] :t/
pGgltdf vr{ ug{ ;lsG5 . /l] d6\ofG;sf ¿kdf lelqPsf] ;Lldt cfDbfgLsf] t'ngfdf
:jbz] df ul/Psf] nufgL sg' } klg b]zsf nflu lbuf] / k|efjsf/L x'G5 . o;n] ubf{
gk] fnsf] cfly{s jl[ 4b/ klg pRr xg' hfG5 . o;n] gk] fnL cy{tGqdf alnof] 6]jf
k¥' ofp5F  . Ps k6s nufgL u//] ;~rfng ul/Psf cfof]hgfn] a;fF}jif{;Dd oxfsF f
hgtfnfO{ kmfObf k'U5 . j}b]lzs nufgL gk] fn lelqg] xf] eg] cfˆgf cfdf aa' f, ;Gtfg
/ dft[el" dnfO{ r6Ss 5f]8/] ljb]lzgk' g{] lyPg . cfdfa'afn] a'9;] sfndf / ;Gtfgn]
afNosfndf a];xf/f xg' 'kg]{ lyPg . xfdf| lbbLalxgLsf] cl:dtfdf cfrF cfpg] jftfj/0f g}
l;h{gf x'g] lyPg . To;}n] d j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf t'ngfdf j}b]lzs nufgL g} plrt xG' 5
egL 7f]sj' f ug{ rfxG5 ' . -hgfp 3G6L aH5_

:jbz] df leœofOPsf] jb} ]lzs nufgL g]kfnL cyt{ Gqsf] lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu ;jf]{Qd
ljsNk xf] . o;sf ;fy} j}b]lzs /fh] uf/Ln] lgDTofPsf cg]sf}F ;d:ofsf] lg/fs/0fsf nflu
j}bl] zs nufgL crs' cfi} fwL 7xl/G5 eGb} d]/f] egfO oxL 6Ë' ofpF5' . wGojfb . -clGtd
3G6L aH5_

pb3\ fi] fs

dgLiff s'n'ªnfO{ wGojfb Û ca d ljifosf ljkIfdf afN] g ;/:jtL b'an] fO{ cfdGq0f ub{5' .

;/:jtL b'a]

cfb/0fLo ;efWoIf dxfb] o, lgikIf lg0ffo{ s d08n, u?' , u?' cfdf, k|ltofu] L ldq tyf oxfF
pkl:yt ;Dk"0f{ JolQmTjx¿ Û d ljifosf ljkIfdf cfˆgf ts{x¿ k:| tt' ug{ oxfF pkl:yt
ePsf] x F' . :jbz] elQmsf] gfddf ku| lt ug{ rfxg] dflg;nfO{ ;fgf] kl/lwdf ;Lldt ug]{
s/' f :jLsf/ofU] o x'Fb}g . bz] df ef}lts ljsf;sf nflu bL3{sfnLg of]hgf agfpg w/] }
;do sg' k{' g{] x'G5 . a]/fh] uf/L ;d:of cfuf] ag]/ xfd|f ;fd' bv] fkl/;ss] f] 5 . o;
;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf ¿kdf cufl8 cfPsf] j}bl] zs /f]huf/Lsf] ljsNk s] t < gk] fndf
ePsf] afx| jif]{ hgo4' sf] cjlwdf /]ld6\ofG;sf] ¿kdf j}bl] zs d'b|f glelqPsf] eP xfdf| ]
b]zdf cflys{ ;Í6sf] 3fi] f0ff ugk'{ g]{ l:ylt cfpg] lyof] . j}bl] zs /fh] uf/Lsf sf/0f
gk] fnLsf] jflif{s cfodf ;w' f/ cfPsf] 5 . cfˆgf] JolQmut ;DklQ gePsfx¿n] klg

;dl[ 4 – ;DkGgtf
crs' – slxNo} v/] ghfg,] grS' g ]
kl/lw – 3/] f

efiff aur}F f – & 131

zAb / c {yjb} ]lzs /fh] uf/Ldf uPkl5 ;lhn} b}lgs 5fs 6fg{ kfPsf 5g\ . /fd|f n'uf nufpg kfPsf
5g \ . 3/sf] rl' xg] 5fgf]nfO{ l6gn] 5fPsf 5g\ . 5f/] f5f]/LnfO{ ljBfnodf k9fPsf 5g \ .
;efWoIfHo," j}bl] zs /f]huf/Ldf ;d:of t 5g,\ 5g} g\ eGg ;lsg] cj:yf 5g}  . ;d:of
gePsf] If]q g} sxfF xG' 5 / < ;d:ofsf] lg/fs/0ftkm{ cu;| / x'g'sf] ;§f ;d:of 5 eg]/
ToxfFaf6 efUg' egs] f] knfogjfbL ;f]r xf ] . xfdf| ] b]zn] jb} l] zs nufgLnfO{ lgodg ug{
jb} ]lzs /f]huf/L Pg] @)^@ hf/L ul/;s]sf] cj:yf 5  . ;/sf/n] /f]huf/Lsf nflu ;'/lIft /
c;'/lIft bz] x¿ klg 5'6o\ fOlbPsf] 5 . ljb]z hfg] sfdbf/x¿ bnfnx¿sf rËn' df
km:gx' F'b}g . gk] fn ;/sf/n] >d :jLsl[ t glbPsf /fi6«df hfg'xFb' }g . cfkm" s'g sDkgLdf
s] sfd ug{ hfFb}5' < ToxfF kf| Kt xg' ] Hofnf slt xf] < Tof] ;as} f] hfgsf/L lnP/ / >d
ljefusf] :jLs[lt lnP/ dfq hfg'k5{ . ;/sf/n] ljb]z hfg]sf nflu ;rt] gf sfoj{ |mdsf]
Joj:yf klg ug{'kg{] bl] vG5  . To:t} ;f]emf hgtfnfO{ km;fpg] bnfn tyf /f]huf/ sDkgLnfO{
sf/jfxL ugk{' 5{ . -hgfp 3G6L aH5_
jb} l] zs /f]huf/LnfO{ ;/' lIft / Jojl:yt agfPdf To;n] bz] sf] a/] f]huf/L ;d:of lg/fs/0f
x'g] lglZrt 5 . of] g} b]zsf] kl| tJolQm cfo a9fpg] lgljs{ Nk pkfo xf] eGb} oxfaF f6 labf
xG' 5' . wGojfb Û -clGtd 3G6L aH5_
-jfbljjfb sfo{j|mdsf ;xefuLx¿n] afl] n;s]kl5 lg0ffo{ sn] kl| tof]lutfdf ky| d, låtLo /
t[tLo x'gs] f] gfd k9]/ ;'gfP . To;kl5 k/' :sf/ ljt/0fsf] sfo{jm| d eof] / cGTodf ;ef
lj;hg{ eof ] ._

u/, 3/

z4' pRrf/0f

lgljs{ Nk – ljsNk/lxt, ljsNk gePsf]

lbPsf zAb ;g' / eg M
lg0ffo{ s kl| tofu] L kw| fgfWofks ;efWoIf ux| 0f ;ª\jm| d0fsfnLg /l] d6\ofG;
kj" j{ Qmf vD' RofP/ cfs'nJofs'n lglj{sNk jl~rt ljlIfKt efjgfTds

132 efiff aurF} f – &

af]w / cleJolQm

!= lbPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ b]pm M
s= g]kfndf jb} l] zs /f]huf/Lsf If]qdf b]lvPsf ;d:of s]s] x'g\ <
v= g]kfndf j}b]lzs nufgL eof] eg] s:tf kmfObf x'G5g\ <
u= jb} l] zs /f]huf/Lsf sg' } kfrF j6f kmfObf n]v .
@= j}bl] zs nufgL ls j}bl] zs /f]huf/L eGg] zLifs{ df s'g} Pp6fsf] ;dy{g u/L Pp6f

cgR' 5b] nv] M
#= efj lj:tf/ u/ M
efs] nfO{ bz] elQmsf] gf/fn] d]6fpg ;Sb}g .

cfˆgf cg'ej ;f6f;f6 u/ M
ltd|f] kl/jf/sf ;b:odWo] sf]xL j}b]lzs /fh] uf/Ldf hfge' Psf] 5 < pxfF ljbz]
uPkl5 ltd|f] kl/jf/df s] s'/fdf ;xofu] ku' s] f] 5 <

?

;fr] / eg M
Kff7df lbPsf] jfbljjfb k|ltofl] utfdf sf] k|yd x'G5 xfn] f / lsg <

>l' t n]vg

lbPsf] x/km ;g' / nv] M
…hggL hGdel" dZr :jufb{ lk ul/o;LÚ cyf{t\ hGd lbg] cfdf / hGde"ld :ju{eGbf klg
dxfg\ xG' 5g\ .

efiff au}Frf – & 133

z'4 nv] g

lbPsf jfSo z4' agfO{ sfkLdf ;f/ M
s= j}bl] ;s nufgLnfO s[lif If]qdf nufO g]kfnnfO{ cfTdflge{/ jgfpg ;sLG5 .
v= zefWoIf dxfb] P dnfO t /f]huf/Lsf gfddf cfk'm hGdLo]sf] w/ltnfO r6Ss} 5f8] ]/

hfg' /fD/f] s'/f xf]Og eGg] nfu5 .

zAbe08f/

!= zAb / cys{ f] hf]8f ldnfpm M

rË'n xf/lhtsf] k|ltof]lutf

k|lt:kwf{ if8o\ Gq

efUodfgL ;dy{g

:jLsl[ t ;v' L

bL3{sfnLg ljb]zdf uP/ sdfPsf] k};f

/l] d6o\ fG; w/] } ;do /xg]

cefj b[9tf

c8fg s'g} j:t' gxFb' fsf] l:ylt

cy{tGq ;aeGbf pTs[i6

;jf{]Qd cyJ{ oj:yf

@= pbfx/0fdf b]vfP h:t} u/L lbPsf zAbaf6 gofF zAb agfpm M
;~rfng, ;Dej, ljsf;, Joj:yf, ;/' Iff, zf]if0f, lje"if0f, ;Dkfbg
pbfx/0f M ;~rfng ± Ot – ;~rflnt
#= lbPsf 6S' sfnfO{ cy{ vN' g] u/L jfSodf ko| fu] u/ M
k|f/De x'g', ldt]/L ufF:g', cfs'nJofs'n x'g', cu|;/ x'g', ;d:of;Fu h'Wg', 7f]s'jf

ug'{

$= lbPsf pvfg / ltgsf cy{sf] hf]8f ldnfpm M

Nxf;fdf ;g' 5 sfg d]/f] a'Rr } cofU] o JolQmn] w/] } km' tL{ b]vfp5F

134 efiff aur}F f – &

sfu s/fpbF } 5 lkgf ;'Sb} 5 s'/fnfO{ hlt df]8g\ klg ;lsG5

s/' f] / sn' f] htf nu] klg hfG5 eGgn] ] h] eg] klg cfˆgf] sfd g5f8] g\ '

gdlRrg] lkªsf] ;o em6s\ f dV' o sfd 5f]8L ;fdfGo sfdlt/ nfUg'

sfd s'/f] Psflt/ s'Dnf] afs] L l7dLlt/ csfs{ f] wg cfkm" nfO{ sfd gxg' '

pbfx/0f M Nxf;fdf ;g' 5 sfg d]/f] a'Rr} – csf{sf] wg cfkm" nfO{ sfd gx'g'

%= kf7af6 …aÚ / …jÚ k|of]u ePsf zAb vf]h/] nv]  .

Jofs/0f

sfod{ "ns Jofs/0f

!= s= lbPsf jfSo k9 M
lgzfn] sfoj{ m| d ;'? ul/g\ .
/fhz] n] sfoj{ m| d ;?' u¥of] .
dgLifn] sfdbf/nfO{ bnfnn] 7u]sf] s/' f atfP .
dgLiffn] sfdbf/nfO{ bnfnn] 7us] f] s/' f atfOg \ .

efn] jf kf]yL a'emfpg] zAbnfO{ lnË elgG5 . lnË b'O{ k|sf/sf 5g\ M
c= kl' nË
cf= :qLlnË
efn] jf k?' if hfltnfO{ a'emfpg] zAbnfO{ k'lnË elgG5 . kfy] L jf :qL hfltnfO{
a'emfpg] zAbnfO{ :qLlnË elgG5 . dflysf jfSodf kl' nËnfO{ :qLlnË / :qLlnËnfO{
kl' nËdf kl/jt{g ul/Psf] 5 .

v= lbPsf jfSo lnË kl/jt{g u/L nv] M
c= wdz]{ u'Ktfn] ljifosf] kIfdf cfˆgf ts{ k:| tt' u/ ] .
cf= ufpsF f] o'jf j}b]lzs /fh] uf/Ldf uof ] .
O= ;/:jtL ba' ]n] jb} ]lzs nufgLsf] kIfdf af]lng \ .
O{= dlxnfn] dfq 3/sf] sfd ul/g \ .
p= dgaxfb'/n] ;ae} Gbf pTs[i6 ljrf/ JoQm u/] .
pm= xl/ sfsf k};f sdfpg ljbz] uPsf 5g \ .

efiff au}rF f – & 135

@= lbPsf] cg'R5]bdf ‘d‘ ePsf 7fpFdf ‘ltdL’, ‘pm’, ‘pxfF‘ /fv]/ cfjZos
kl/jt{g;lxt k'gn]{vg u/ M
d j}bl] zs nufgLdf hf]8 lbg'k5{ eGg] kIfdf afN] g pkl:yt ePsf] 5 ' . dnfO{ hGde"ldsf]
sfv 5f8] /] ljbl] zg] dg 5}g . d cfˆgf] kl;gf bz] sf] pGglt, ku| lt / ljsf;df kf]Vg
rfxG5' . dnfO{ ljbz] Lsf] sdf/f] aGg dg 5}g . d g]kfn cfdfsf] dx' f/ xF;fpg rfxG5' .
o; sfddf d]/f ;fyLn] klg ;fy lbG5g\ eGg] dnfO{ nfus] f] 5 .
#= cs/0f ljm| ofkbsf] ko| fu] u//] hLjgdf slxNo} ug{ gxg' ] sfdsf] af/d] f cf7 jfSo
nv]  .

;d"xsfo{
tLgj6f ;d"x agfpm . lstfa x]/L wd]{z u'Ktfn] af]n]sf ;'?sf kfFr jfSo Pp6}
l8sf] lbP/ sfkLdf n]v . lstfa aGb u/ . ca tL jfSodf ePsf zAbnfO{
l8sf] 5'6o\ fP/ nv]  . ;dx" ;d"xaLr sfkL ;f6f;f6 u/ . lstfa x]/]/ 7Ls
7fpdF f l8sf] lbP glbPsf] hfrF  . h'g ;d"xsf sfkL x'g,\ p;n} fO{ lkmtf{ u/ .
lstfa x/] ]/ l8sf] ldnfO{ k'gn{]vg u/ .

nv] g cEof;

cg'nv] g

!= kf7df pb3\ fi] fsn] ;?' df afn] ]sf s'/f h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ .
@= lbPsf] cgR' 5]b h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ M
xfdf| ] b]zdf w]/} oj' f /f]huf/Lsf nflu ljbz] uPsf 5g \ . b]zdf /fh] uf/Lsf] cj;/
pknAw gx'gfn] pgLx¿ ljb]z hfg afWo 5g \ . ljbz] hfgl] alQs} k;} f 6Gg sdfOG5 eGg]
;f]Rg' unt xf ] . ljbz] hfg]x¿n] lgs} bM' v efU] g'kg{] t 5Fb5} , pgLx¿sf] >d / kl;gfaf6
csf]{ b]zn] kmfObf lnG5 . xfdf| ] b]zdf nufgLsf kz| :t ;Defjgf 5g \ . cfˆg} bz] n] x/]s
If]qdf nufgL ug{ cln ufxf| ] 5 . ljbz] af6 nufgL leœofpFbf klg ljb]zLn] cfˆgf :jfy{

136 efiff aur}F f – &

/ lgod nfu' ug]{ lglZrt 5 . jb} l] zs nufgL / j}b]lzs /f]huf/L b'js} f sx] L kmfObf /
a]kmfObf 5g\ . jb} l] zs /f]huf/Ln] b]zsf] cyt{ GqnfO{ 7"nf] 6]jf k'¥ofPsf] 5 . j}b]lzs
/fh] uf/Ldf hfg] JolQmsf] kl/jf/sf ;b:on] /fdf| l] ;t vfg / nufpg kfPsf 5g\ . jb} l] zs
nufgLn] bz] df bL3s{ fnLg /f]huf/L / ljsf; leœofpF5 . ;a} s'/fsf ;d:of / ;Defjgf
a/fa/L xG' 5g \ . To;}n] j}b]lzs nufgL / jb} ]lzs /fh] uf/L b'j}sf ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{
;lsof] eg] bz] sf] cfly{s cj:yf dhat' x'g] lglZrt 5 .

l;h{gfTds nv] g

s= …;GtfgnfO{ c+z ls lzIffÚ eGg] ljifosf] kIfdf cfˆgf tsx{ ¿ nv]  .
v= …lj1fg clezfk ls j/bfgÚ eGg] ljifosf] kIf / ljkIfdf tsx{ ¿ nv]  .
u= …efUoeGbf kl/>d 7n" f]Ú eGg] ljifosf] kIf / ljkIfdf cfˆgf tsx{ ¿ n]v .

vN] bfv]Nb}

‘lj1fg clezfk xf] ls j/bfg’ eGg] ljifodf ljBfnodf Pp6f jfbljjfb sfo{j|md
cfofh] gf u/ .

efiff aurF} f – & 137

!)PsfO k/f]ksf/ u/f}F x}

cfvF Lˆofn

j[4n] egs] f s'/faf6 s] al' emG5 <

olt nfdf] hLjgdf d}n] vfnL
cfˆg} nflu dfq ;fr] ]F . clxn] clGtd cj:yf
eO;Sof] . dn} ] sdfPsf] wg d;Fu hfbF g} , a?
;dfh;j] f u/]sf] eP d/]kl5 klg dnfO{ ;Demg]
b'Or{ f/ hgf t x'Gy] . d d/] klg d]/f] ;DklQsf]

cfwf efu ;dfh;]jfdf
nufOb]pm x} Û

138 efiff au}Frf – &

zAb / c {yk!f7 labfOsf] If0f

– nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f

nIdLk;| fb b]jsf]6fsf] hGd lj= ;=+ !(^^ sflt{s @& ut] sf7df8fsF} f] wf]aLwf/fdf
ePsf] xf] . pgL gk] fnL ;flxTosf dxfslj x'g \ . pgsf k'tnL, ;g' sf] laxfg, 5fFuf;uF
s/' f afn sljtf ;ª\u|xnufot bhg{ fF} sl[ t k|sflzt 5g\ . pgn] …lqe'jg k1| f k/' :sf/Ú
nufot yk' }| k/' :sf/ kf| Kt u/]sf 5g\ . pgsf sljtfdf ks| l[ t lrq0f, dfgjtf, af}l4stf
/ Joª\Uo kfOG5 .

b'O6f dn} f ;g' sf yn} f jgdf uf8]sf,]
of6} f xf] ltd|f] of}6f xf] d]/f] u'gn] af8F s] f],
of] ltdL np] m labfO b]pm, d 3/ lx8F \b5',
of] ltdf| ] ug' ;wFs} f] ;DemL cufl8 a9b\ 5 ' .Æ
ef]6n] ] eG5, æs] u5{ dn} ] kx]nF f] ;g' n] <
/fk] /] ;g' pdG| g Sof/ < s] u5{ ;'gn] <
/fk] /] /fVof,] kl5 kf] vfG5 of] ltdf| ] u'gn,]
afns d]/f oL 5f]/f5f]/L, cfdfn] 5f8]sf],
s] ug{' ;'g < s] ug{' wg < bj} n] r8'F s] f],
of] s6] fs6] L vfFbg} ;'g, nfpFb}g uxgf,
cfsfzdfly hxfg d]/f] afbn 5 uxgf ÛÆ
ef6] s] f aRrf sfvdf /fvL, skfn d';f/L,
k'5]/ cfFvf km"nsf] yË' f sz] df 3';f/L,
k'5]/ cfvF f Tof] ef]6;] Fu dbg eGb5g,\

ug' – s;s} f] enfO pksf/
b}j – efUo, tslb/

efiff au}rF f – & 139

ælabfOsf] an] f cf;F n' ] cfFvf emg\ e/L aGb5g\, -d'gfdbgaf6_
ufxf/f] eof] 5f8/] hfg u'gsf] cfFug Û
of] ug' sn} ] d ltg{ ;S5' tk} lg dfu g,
bfh' Û sx] L tf dfu g ÛÆ
ef6] ]n] eG5, ædf}sfn] kfof] Tof] ug' nfpg,
ug' sf] ;§f lnFbg} xfdL, ;Dem/] hfpm g,
cfkm}Fn] vG5 cfkmn}F ] vfG5, l;Qd} f 5F'b}g,
Sof lbG5 ltDn] < Sof lnG5 dn} ] < dfu]/ lnbF g} ,
Rofªa\ fsf] gfpF ;Dem/] hfpm 3/df ;'gfpm
a"9Lcfdfsf] cfl;s oL s]6fs6] Lx¿df k7fpm .Æ
/f]P/ lx8F ,] hËn 5]p, ck9, chfg,
Tof] ef]6]leq bv] ]/ To:tf] dgsf] d'xfg .

zAb / c {ycfl;s – cfzLjf{b, cflzif

u/, 3/ kxn]F f] yË' f l;Qd} f
cfFug hxfg Rofªa\ f
z'4 pRrf/0f

lbPsf zAb ;g' / eg M
If0f pdG| g
ufxf/f] rF8' s] f]

afw] / cleJolQm

!= lbPsf kZ| gsf] ;ªl\ IfKt pQ/ n]v M
s= ef6] n] ] u/s] f] ug' sf] abnfdf dbgn] s] lbP <
v= dbgn] lbPsf] ;'g ef]6n] ] lsg lnPg <

140 efiff aur}F f – &

u= dbgnfO{ labfOsf] an] fdf ?g dg nfUgfsf] sf/0f s] xf] <
3= sljtfsf] cGTodf s:tf] 36gfsf] k:| t'lt 5 <
ª= o; sljtfaf6 s] lzIff kfOG5 <
@= lbPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ nv] M
s= …labfOsf] If0fÚ sljtfdf dflg;n] ug{'kg{] s:tf] st{JonfO{ b]vfOPsf] 5 <
v= s:tf u'0fnfO{ dfgjLo u0' f elgG5 <
#= efj lj:tf/ u/ M
/f]k]/ ;g' pdG| g Sof/ Û s] u5{ ;'gn] <
/fk] ]/ /fVof], kl5 kf] vfG5 of] ltdf| ] u'gn]

cfˆgf cg'ej ;f6f;f6 u/ M
dbgnfO{ cK7o\ f/f] kbf{ ef]6]n] ;xof]u u/s] f] 5 . s] ltdLnfO{ cK7\of/f] k/]sf]
an] f ;fyLn] ;xof]u u/]sf 5g\ < 5g\ eg] s;/L <

?

;fr] / eg M
wgn] s]s] kf| Kt ug{ ;lsG5 < ss] ] kf| Kt ug{ ;lsbF g} <

>'lt nv] g 141

lbPsf kªl\ Qm ;'g / n]v M
ufxf/f] eof] 5f8] /] hfg u'gsf] cfuF g Û
of] ug' sn} ] d ltg{ ;S5' t}klg dfu g,
bfh', s]xL tf dfu g Û
ef6] n] ] eG5, ædf}sfn] kfof] Tof] ug' nfpg
ug' sf] ;§f lnbF }g xfdL ;De]m/ hfpm g .

efiff aur}F f – &

z4' nv] g

lbPsf kª\lQm z'4 agfO{ sfkLdf ;f/ M
s= ef]6n] ] eG5, æs] u5{ dn} ] kxn]F f] ;'gn] <Æ
v= of] s]6fs]6L vfFbg} ;g' , nfpFbg} uxgf
u= ug' sf] ;§f lnbF }g xfdL, ;Dem] / hfpm g
3= Sof lbG5 ltDn] < Sof lbG5 dn} ] < dfu/] lnbF g}

zAbe08f/

!= lbPsf zAbsf] ljk/LtfyL{ zAb n]v M
labfO, cufl8, ug' , cfzf, hl6n, ljåfg\

@= lbPsf zAbsf] PseGbf a9L cy;{ Fu hf8] f ldnfpm M

hxfg an] f ;bg

afbn kl/jf/ jg

skfn s]z cnÍf/

uxgf sl' x/f ] d"n

dfs} f cfei" f0f ge

3/ cfjf; d]3

hËn ;|f]t wg

d'xfg k};f /fF}

cfsfz ;u/ kTgL

cy{ emf8L cj;/

#= cGTodf p:t} ;l' gg] zAb kf7af6 vf]h]/ nv] M
pbfx/0f M uf8]sf] – af8F ]sf]

$= sljtf ± ;ªu\ x| – sljtf ;ª\ux| eP h:t} lbPsf zAbaf6 aGg] zAb n]v M
syf, lgaGw, sljtf, gf6s, n]v

%= yn} f], 3n} f,] d}nf] h:t} cGo b;j6f zAb sIffdf 5nkmn u//] nv] M

142 efiff aurF} f – &

nv] g cEof;

cg'n]vg

lbPsf kªl\ Qm h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ M
bO' 6f d}nf ;'gsf y}nf jgdf uf8s] f]
of}6f xf] ltd|}] of}6f xf] d/] f] ug' n] af8F s] f]
of] ltdL np] m labfO bp] m d 3/ lx8F b\ 5'
of] ltd|f] ug' ;w}sF f] ;DemL cufl8 a9\b5' ,
ef6] ]n] eG5, æs] u5{ dn} ] kxnF] f] ;'gn] <Æ
/f]k/] ;'g pdG| g Sof/ < s] u5{ ;g' n] <

l;h{gfTds nv] g

s= …dfgjtfÚ zLif{sdf Pp6f sljtf nv]  .
v= lbPsf] sljtf k/" f u/ M
dflg; eO{ =========== xk] ]/ =========== -gaf]nf}F, dflg;nfO_{
c5't, =========== pFRff] / =========== s;n} fO{ g egfF} -tNnf], lgr_
k/s] f] a]nf =========== ldnL =========== 6f/f}F g -;an} ,] ;d:of_
=========== xfdL =========== / wd{ e]befj 5f8] f}F g -hft, gk] fnL_

yk cEof;

lbPsf] sljtf no xfnL k9 M
lzIff d/] f] hute/sf] ug{' /Iff ;b}j
bLIff o} xf] k/lxt u¿F cflv/L Zjf;;Dd
Hjfnf bGsf;] \ bgbg hxfF dT[ o' NofO{ k'mss] f]
cTofrf/L olb 5 t sxLF dfy g} tfS5' To:sf ] ..

efiff au}rF f – & 143