k@f7 5f/] LnfO{ lr7L
ldlt M @)&!÷)^÷#)
Kof/L 5f]/L k/]| 0ff,
ze' cfzLjfb{ .
oxfF dnfO{ ;Gr} 5 . ToxfF ltdLnufot kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:onfO{ cf/fd} xfn] f eGg] cfzf
ub{5 ' . ltdLn] k7fPsf] lr7L k9] F . ltdLn] ;dfh;j] fdf nfUg] ljrf/ ul/5\of} . of] s'/fn]
d cToGt xlift{ ePsf] 5' . o; ;DaGwdf ltdLn] d;Fu ;Nnfx / ;e' mfpsf] ckI] ff u/s] L
/lx5\of} .
sg' } JolQmn] cfˆgf] ?lr / rfxgfcg';f/ ;fj{hlgs lxt jf enfOsf nflu ug{]
pksf/sf] sfo{ g} ;dfh;]jf xf ] . cfˆgf] lghL :jfyn{ fO{ ltnf~hnL lbO{ ;a} hgfsf] sNof0fdf
;dlkt{ xg' 'df g} ;dfh;]jfsf] ;fy{stf l;4 xG' 5 . ;dfh;]jfnfO{ Hofb} hl6n Jofks /
uxg sfo{ dflgG5 . ;dfh;j] fdf ;+nUg xFb' } hfFbf cg]s ;d:of;uF hW' gk' g]{ x'G5 . o;sf]
cy{ d}n] ltdLnfO{ xtfT] ;flxt tN' ofpg vfh] s] f] rflxF xfO] g . ;dfh;]jfdf xft xfNg'cl3
/fd/| L ljrf/ k'¥ofP/ sfd ug{k' 5{ eGg] d/] f] cfzo xf] .
efl} ts ;DklQ / dfgj z/L/ gfzjfg\ 5 . dflg; vfnL xft o; ;;+ f/df cfpF5, afrF ~' h]n
;DklQ ;ªu\ |x u/]/ /fV5 . dT[ o'kZrft\ pQm ;ªu\ |lxt ;DklQ oxLF 5f8] /] hfg'k5 { .
To:tf] ;DklQnfO{ dflg;n] ;dfh;]jfdf nufof] eg] To;af6 p;sf] sLlt{ /xG5, p;n]
cd/Tj k|fKt ub5{ .
dflg;n] cfkm" n] >d / kl;gf aufP/ sdfPsf] ;DklQsf] sx] L kl| tzt /sd 5'6\ofpg]
ug{k' 5{ . To;/L 56' o\ fPsf] /sdaf6 cgfyfno, j[4 cf>d, wdz{ fnf, c:ktfn, ;fj{hlgs
ejg, ljBfno, dlGb/ lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . JolQmut vr{af6 s'nf], rf}tf/f,]
wf/f,] s'jf, af6f3] f6f], kf6L, kf}jf cflbsf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
zAb / c {y xlift{ – cfglGbt, k;| Gg ePsf]
ltnf~hnL – Tofu, ;dk0{ f, ;wsF} f nflu s'g} j:t' 5f8] \g] sfd ;fy{stf – ;kmn xg' s' f] efj
xtf]T;flxt – pT;fx x/fPsf], cf6F gePsf]
sLlt{ – Voflt, k|l;l4 j4[ cf>d – a9" fkfsfx¿nfO{ /fVg agfOPsf] 3/
144 efiff aur}F f – &
zAb / c {y;dfh;]jfaf6 Ps b'O{ hgfsf] dfq geP/ ;dfhsf ;ah} ;f] ;b:ox¿sf] enfO xG' 5 .
To;n} ] ;dfh;]jfnfO{ ;j>{ ]i7 sfo{ elgG5 . ljåfg\x¿ t o;nfO{ ;;+ f/sf wd{x¿dWo]
;j{>i] 7 wd{ dfGb5g \ . pgLx¿ ;dfh;j] fnfO{ …;]jf wdÚ{ eGg] ub5{ g \ .
;dfh;j] f JolQmut / ;fd"lxs b'j} lsl;daf6 ug{ ;lsG5 . JolQmut jf ;:+ yfut
h'g;s' } tl/sfn] u/] klg Tof] ;dfh;j] f ljz4' kf/dflys{ sfdgfåf/f clekl]| /t xg' k' 5 { .
;+;f/df y'k|} To:tf JolQmx¿ 5g\ hf] lghL :jfy{ TofuL ;fj{hlgs lxtdf nfuL k/]sf
5g\Ù ;dfh;j] fdf cfˆgf] hLjg ck0{ f ul/;s]sf 5g\ . ;dfh;]jfdf nfUgn] ] ;dfhsf]
enfOsf nflu tg, dg, wg dfq xfO] g, jrg / sdn{ ] ;d]t ;j] fdf nfUgk' b{5 . o;/L
…;j] f lx k/dfw] d{Ú sf] efjgfn] clekl]| /t eO{ ;dlkt{ xg' 'df g} ;dfh;j] fsf] d"No 5 .
ltdLn] klg tR' 5 Pjd\ ;Í'lrt :jfyn{ fO{ Tofu]/ ;fdl" xs :jfy{df nfUg" . ltd|f] aa' fsf]
tkm{af6 oxL cfzLjf{b lbg rfxG5 ' .
ltdLnfO{ dfof ug]{ aa' f
clgnsd' f/ zdf{
kf/dfly{s – ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ ljifo ;DaGwL
;dfh;j] f – ;dfhsf] sfd ug]{
t'R5 – tNnf] :t/sf]
;Íl' rt – ;f3F '/f,] v'lDrPsf]
efiff au}Frf – & 145
ki|] fs vfdsf] gdg" f
clgns'df/ zdf{
uf/] vfkq ;:+ yfg k|fks
wdk{ y, sf7df8fF} k/]| 0ff zdf{
>L dfWolds ljBfno
df8L, lrtjg
u/, 3/ ;fjh{ lgs l;4 xtfT] ;flxt
j4[ f>d ltnf~hnL clek]|l/t
z4' pRrf/0f
lbPsf zAb ;'g / eg M
xlif{t ul/5o\ f}
;ªu\ |x ;fys{ tf
afw] / cleJolQm
!= lbPsf k|Zgsf] ;ªl\ IfKt pQ/ n]v M
s= ;dfh;]jf eg]sf] s] xf] <
v= ;dfh;j] fdf nfUg' lsg cfjZos 5 <
u= bl} gs vra{ f6 5'6o\ fPsf] yf/] } /sdaf6 ;dfh;j] fsf sg' sg' sfd ug{ ;lsG5 <
3= ;dfh;j] f s'gs'g tl/sfn] ug{ ;lsG5 <
ª= kf7sf] lr7L k9/] ltdLn] s] lzIff kfof} <
@= xfd|f] bz] df xfdLn] ;dfh;j] fsf ¿kdf ug{k' g{] sfdx¿ sg' sg' xg' \ <
#= cfgf] ufpFdf ePsf ko6{ sLo :ynx¿sf] pNn]v ub{} ToxfF ko6{ sLo ;Defjgf ePsf]
b]vfP/ ko{6s leœofpg ufpdF f sg' } Pp6f sfoj{ |md ug{] cg'/f]w ub}{ ;x/df a:g]
lbbLnfO{ lr7L nv] .
146 efiff aurF} f – &
$= cfˆgf] ljBfnoaf6 zl} Ifs ed| 0fsf j|mddf ljleGg afnux[ df uPkl5 ltd|f] dgdf
nfus] f s/' f ;d]6L cfkmg\ L cfdfnfO{ lr7L nv] .
cfˆgf cge' j ;f6f;f6 u/ M
ltdL sg' } j[4f>dsf] e|d0f u/ . ToxfF a9" fa9" LnfO{ e]6 . To;sf] cg'ej ;fyLnfO{
atfpm .
?
;fr] / eg M
wdz{ fnf, c:ktfn, ljBfno cflb lgdf0{ f u//] ;dfh;]jf ug{ ;lsG5 . ltdL
;dfh;]jfdf nfUof} eg] s:tfs:tf sfd u5f}F <
>'lt n]vg
lbPsf] cg'R5b] ;'g / n]v M
sg' } JolQmn] cfˆgf] ?lr / rfxgfcg';f/ ;fjh{ lgs lxt jf enfOsf nflu ug{] pksf/ g}
;dfh;]jf xf] . cfˆgf] lghL :jfy{nfO{ ltnf~hnL lbO{ ;a} hgfsf] sNof0fdf ;dlkt{ x'g'df
g} ;dfh;]jfsf] ;fys{ tf l;4 xG' 5 . ;dfh;]jfnfO{ Hofb} hl6n, Jofks / uxg sfo{
dflgG5 . ;dfh;]jfdf ;n+ Ug x'Fb} hfbF f cg]s ;d:of;Fu hW' gk' g{] x'G5 .
z4' n]vg
lbPsf jfSonfO{ z'4 agfO{ sfkLdf nv] M
efl} ts ;DktL / dfgj ;/L/ gf;jfg\ 5g \ . dfgL; vfnL xft o; ;G;f/df cfp5,
afFr'Grn] ;DkQL ;u+ x| u/]/ /fV5 . cGTodf d[Tok' l5 p:n] ;j} 5f]8/] hfgk' 5{ . t]:tf]
;DkQLnfO{ ;dfh;]afdf nufof} eg] t;] af6 lstL{ /xG5 .
efiff auF}rf – & 147
zAbe08f/
!= zAb / cys{ f] hf]8f ldnfpm M
;fj{hlgs sg' } j:t' r9fpg] sfd
lghL:jfy{ enfO
sNof0f ;a};uF ;DaGw ePsf]
;fys{ tf cfkm" ;Fu ;DalGwt rfxgf
gfzjfg \ ;fys{ x'gfsf] efj
dT[ o'kZrft \ cltlyx¿ a:g] 7fpF
;Ël7t gfz x'g]
wd{zfnf d[To'kl5
ck0{ f Pslqt ul/Psf]
@= lbPsf kT| o]s zAbdf …cfnoÚ yk]/ gofF zAb agfpm M
ljBf, ;ªu\ |x, cgfy, k':ts, zf}r, sfo{, b]j, lZfIff, lrlsT;f
pbfx/0f M ljBf ± cfno – ljBfno
#= enf] ± cfO – enfO eP h:t} lbPsf zAbaf6 aGg] gofF zAb nv] M
cUnf,] rf}8f, nfdf], ufn] f], prf], sl7g, ;kmf, sfd, ulx/f], rfy} f]
$= ldNbf] zAb;uF hf8] f ldnfP/ n]v M
dflg; 8Ë/'
kz' em' Kkf]
kmf]xf/] rfª
tf/f le8
k:' ts tfFtL
sldnf k~' h
cË'/ ayfg
%= lbPsf zAbnfO{ cy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf ko| f]u u/ M
;e' mfp, ;fjh{ lgs lxt, ;dlkt{ , efl} ts ;DklQ, cd/Tj, wdz{ fnf, cfzLjfb{
148 efiff au}Frf – &
Jofs/0f
sfo{dn" s Jofs/0f
!= lbPsf jfSo k9 M
tF :jfy{ Tofu \ . ltdL ;dfh;]jf u/ . tkfO+{ cfzLjf{b lbg'xf]; \ .
dflysf jfSodf k|ofu] ePsf …TofuÚ\ …u/Ú / …lbgx' f;] Ú\ h:tf lj|mofkbn] cf1fy{ hgfp5F g\ .
cf1fy{ ;Gbec{ g';f/ cg'/fw] , k|fyg{ f, ;Nnfx jf sfdgf a'emfpgsf nflu k|of]u ul/G5 .
@= lbPsf jfSodf ‘ltdL’ ePsf 7fpdF f Ps k6s ‘t’F / csf{] k6s ‘tkfO+{’ /fv/]
cfjZos kl/jt{g;lxt nv] M
s= ltdL ;fj{hlgs enfOdf nfu .
v= ltdL ;dfhdf ljBdfg 5j' f5t' / s'/Llt x6fpm .
u= ltdL ;dfh;j] fdf ljz'4 kf/dflys{ sfdgfn] clek|]l/t eP/ nfu .
3= ltdL c¿sf] efjgf ae' m/] cufl8 a9 .
ª= ltdL JolQmut / ;+:yfut b'j} lsl;daf6 cufl8 a9 .
r= ltdL ;dfh;]jfdf tg, dg, wg, jrg / sdn{ ] ;dlkt{ xfp] m .
#= cf1fy{ hgfpg] ljm| ofkbsf] k|of]u u/L kfrF jfSo nv] .
$= kf7sf] bf];f| ] cgR' 5b] df ePsf jfSonfO{ et" / eljiot\ sfndf abn M
pbfx/0f M efl} ts ;DklQ / dfgj z/L/ gfzjfg\ 5 .
ef}lts ;DklQ / dfgj z/L/ gfzjfg\ lyof] .
efl} ts ;DklQ / dfgj z/L/ gfzjfg\ xg' ]5 .
;d"xsfo{
tLgj6f ;d"x agfpm . kT| o]s ;dx" n] gd:sf/, cf]xf], xQ/] L, wt,\ cfa'O, lar/f,
3Go, wGojfb, /fd/fd cflb zAb /fv/] Ps cgR' 5]b nv] . cgR' 5]bdf oL zAb
/]vflÍt u/ . ;d"xsf] kl| tlglw cufl8 hfpm . cfˆgf] ;d"xn] tof/ kf/]sf]
cgR' 5b] kfn}kfnf] k9/] ;g' fpm .
lzIfs ;fyL, ljBfyLn{ fO{ /v] fÍg u/]sf zAb lj:doflbafw] s x'g\ elglbg'xf;] \ .
efiff aur}F f – & 149
nv] g cEof;
cg'n]vg
!= kf7sf] t;] f| ] cg'R5b] h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ .
@= lbPsf] cg'R5b] h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ M
x/]s JolQm ;;+ f/df hGdG5 . p;n] cfˆgf] nflu sfd u5 { . Pslbg p;sf] d[To'
xG' 5 . d[To'kl5 p;n] ;a} s/' f oxLF 5f8] ]/ hfg'k5 { . p;nfO{ s;n} ] ;lDemb}g . olb
afFr'Gh]n sdfPsf] ;DklQaf6 sx] L bfg ul/of] eg] p;nfO{ ;Demg] dflg; w/] } x'G5g\ .
p;sf] gfd cd/ x'G5 . w]/} dflg; cfˆgf] lghL :jfy{nfO{ ltnf~hnL lbP/ ;dfh;j] fdf
nfus] f x'G5g \ . dxfslj nIdLk;| fb bj] sf6] fn] …labfOsf] If0fÚ sljtfdf dbg la/fdL
ePsf] a]nfdf ef]6n] ] v'nf x[bon] ;xofu] u/]sf] k|;Ë pNn]v u/]sf 5g \ . ;;+ f/df dg,
jrg / sdn{ ] ;dfh;]jf ug{] yk' }| dflg;x¿ 5g \ . xfdL klg afnaflnsf / a9" fkfsfsf]
;j] f u/]/, ljBfno, af6f3] f6f], c:ktfn, dlGb/ agfOlbP/ ;dfh;j] f ug{ ;S5f} F .
l;hg{ fTds nv] g
!= lbPsf] z'esfdgf kq k9 M
hGdf]T;jsf] pknIodf z'esfdgf
Kof/f] ;fyL nId0f a'9fyf]sL
Eff]ln sflts{ @* utb] ]lv ltdL t]x| jif{ k/" f u/L rfw} jifd{ f k|jz] ug{ nfu]sf] z'e
hGdfT] ;jsf] pknIodf ltdf| ] ;:' jf:Yo, pGglt Pjd\ bL3{ hLjgsf] xflb{s dËndo
z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5 ' .
>L/fd u/} ]
sIff &
@= dflysf] ze' sfdgf kq x/] L gofF jif{sf] pknIodf ;fyLnfO{ lbg] z'esfdgf kq tof/
u/ .
150 efiff au}Frf – &
yk cEof;
cfˆgf] 6fn] glhs} ePsf] ckfË afnaflnsf k'g:yf{kgf s]Gb|df cflys{ ;xof]u ugs{ f nflu
k;} f ;Íng ug'k{ ¥of] eg] ltdL s;/L u5f{} < To;sf] af/d] f n]v .
v]NbfvN] b}
zAbhfnaf6 afs;df lbPsf zAbsf kofo{ jfrL zAb vfh] /] 3/] f nufpm M
-s]z, afbn, enfO, cfsfz, cfzLjf{b, ks| f/,
hn] , ;DklQ, lghL, sLlt{, k;} f, tg, sfd, ck{0f, uxgf_
d] 3 z sf lx w o
/ s d cf /f g z
lz l; s kf n uf /L
ls s cf d{ Jof] ; /
e' if e' lQm d d] if
cf lz if k{ w e lx
; d 0f Jo lQm u t
efiff au}rF f – & 151
!!PsfO j}1flgs JolQmTj
cfvF Lˆofn
lrqdf bv] fPsf] s]6f] s] ul//xs] f] 5 <
152 efiff auFr} f – &
k!f7 yfd] ; PNaf Pl8;g
cf}krfl/s lzIff lng] cj;/af6 jl~rt ePsf
dflg;x¿n] s]xL ug{ ;Sb}gg\ eGg] ;f]rfO unt
xf] . ljBfnodf slxNo} egf{ gePsf dflg;n] klg
;+;f/nfO{ g} rlst t'Nofpg] sfd u/]sf k|z:t
pbfx/0fx¿ 5g\ . To:tf pbfx/0fLo dflg;x¿dWo] yf]d; PNjf Pl8;gn] Nofjdf
yf]d; PNaf Pl8;g klg Ps x'g\ . Pl8;gsf] hGd 6:] 6 ul//xs] f] lrq .
;g\ !*$& km]a'|c/L !! tfl/vsf lbg cd]l/sfsf]
ldnfg ;x/glhs} cf]lxcf] eGg] 7fpFsf] Ps ul/a
kl/jf/df ePsf] lyof] . pgL afa' :ofd'cn Pl8;g
/ cfdf gfG;L Pl8;gsf ;ftf}F ;Gtfg lyP . sfg
sd ;'Gg] x'gfn] afNosfndf pgsf sf]xL ;fyL
ePgg\ . pgsf Ps bfh' / b'O{ lbbL pd]/n] pgLeGbf lgSs} h]7f lyP . To;}n] pgL PSn}
v]ln/xGy] . o;n] pgnfO{ PsfGtk|]dL agfof] .
Pl8;g ;ft jif{sf] x'Fbf pgsf] kl/jf/ ul/aLsf sf/0f ldlrugsf] kf]6{ x'/f]gdf a;fOF
;¥of] . a'afn] pgnfO{ :yfgLo :s'ndf egf{ ul/lbP . pgL ;w}F :s'n hfGy] t/ pgnfO{
:s'n hfg eg] k6Ss} dg nfUb}gYof] . pgL lh1f;' x'gfn] lzIfsnfO{ af/Daf/ cg]s k|Zg
;f]lw/xGy] . pgdf s;}n] eg]sf] s'/f ljZjf; ul/xfNg] afgL lyPg . pgL lzIfsn] eg]sf]
s'/f klg cfkm}F hfFr]/ gx]l/sg kTofpFb}gy] . pgsf] afgLaf6 lzIfsx¿ lrl9Psf lyP .
To;}n] lzIfsx¿n] pgnfO{ k6d"v{ 7fGy] . pgsL cfdfnfO{ cfˆgf] 5f]/f] k|ltefjfg\ 5
/ p;sf] k|ltefnfO{ c¿n] a'‰g ;s]gg\ eGg] nfUof] . To;}n] egf{ ePsf] tLg dlxgfd}
cfdfn] pgnfO{ ljBfnoaf6 lgsflng\ . To;kl5 Pl8;g slxNo} ljBfno uPgg\ . pgsL
cfdf lzIfs lyOg\ . cfdfn] pgnfO{ 3/df g} k|f/lDes lzIff lbOg\ . pgL cª\u|]hL /fd|/L
zAb / c {y lrl9Psf – l/;fPsf, lbSs ePsf
k6dv" –{ s]xL ghfGg], hlt ;DemfP klg g;Demg]
k|ltefjfg\ – k|ltefzfnL, al' 4 ePsf]
efiff aur}F f – & 153
zAb / c {yn]Vg hfGb}gy]Ù ul0ftdf klg cToGt sdhf]/ lyP . gf} jif{ k'u]kl5 pgdf lj1fg;DaGwL
lstfa k9\g] ?lr hfUof] t/ pgL;Fu lstfa lsGg] k};f lyPg . pgL c¿;Fu k':ts
dfuLdfuL k9\y] .
pgn] 3/d} a;]/ ;]S;lko/sf gf6s / k|frLg lu|;]nL bfz{lgssf s[ltx¿ k9] . cfdfn]
pgs} sf]7fdf ;fgf] k|of]uzfnf agfOlbPsL lyOg\ . pgL d}gaQLsf] pHofnf]df a;]/
/ftel/ k|of]u ul//xGy] . pgL /ftnfO{ lbg s;/L agfpg] eg]/ ;f]lr/xGy] . pgdf
gofFgofF j:t' agfpg ;Sg] Ifdtf lyof] . pgn] ;ft jif{sf] pd]/df g} Aof6«Laf6 rNg]
6]lnu|fd agfP/ To;sf] tf/ ;fyLsf] 3/;Dd k'¥ofPsf lyP . To;}a]nf pgn] k|];/ s's/
h:t} jfik OlGhg klg agfP .
pgL !) jif{sf] pd]/df Eo'n]s 3'Dg cfpg] ko{6sx¿nfO{ l6s6 a]Ry] . 3f]8fn] tfGg] 7]nfdf
/fvL 3/3/} k'u]/ t/sf/L klg a]Ry] . o;af6 cfPsf] k};fn] cfk"mnfO{ rflxg] kf6k'hf{ /
/;fog kbfy{ lsGy] . ;g\ !*%( df pgLx¿ a;]sf] 7fpFdf /]n ;]jf ;~rfng eof] . pgL
/]nsf ofq'nfO{ vfhf, t/sf/L, ld7fO a]Rg 3/af6 laxfg ;ft ah] g} lg:sGy] / ;fFem ;f9]
5 ah]dfq kms{Gy] . pgnfO{ /]naf6 ;x/ hfg / cfpg 5 306f nfUYof] . To;}n] pgn]
/]nsf] ;fdfg /fVg] l8Aafdf k|of]uzfnf vf]n] . ToxfF pgL 6]lnu|fkm;DaGwL k/LIf0f
uy]{ . km';{bsf] ;dodf pgL 6]lnu|fkm clkm;df hfGy] / tf/sf] ;xfotfn] va/ cfPsf] /
k7fPsf] x]/]/ a:y] . o;n] s;/L sfd u5{ eGg] af/]df ck/]6/;Fu s'/f ul//xGy] . pgn]
dfOsn kmf/f8]sf] af/]df k9] / lah'nL s;/L lg:sG5 eGg]af/] klg lj:t[t cWoog u/] .
kmf/f8]n] :jfWoogaf6 g} ;kmntf k|fKt u/]sf] s'/faf6 pgL k|]l/t lyP .
pgL rf}w jif{sf x'Fbf ;g\ !*^! df cd]l/sfdf :jtGqtf ;ª\u|fd eof] . ToxfFsf
dflg;x¿ o'4af/] tfQftf] va/ kfpg nfnflot eP . To;}a]nf pgLåf/f ;+zf]wg ul/Psf]
6]lnu|fkmsf] k|yd k/LIf0f ul/of] . k/LIf0f ;kmn ePkl5 pgnfO{ o;df Jofkfl/s
;Defjgf klg 5 eGg] nfUof] . pgn] /]nuf8Ldf g} u|ofG8 6«Í x]/fN8 gfds ;fKtflxs
klqsf lgsfn] . of] klqsf /]nuf8Ldf lg:sg] ljZjsf] klxnf] klqsf aGof] . pgdf Ps
k6s cfFvfn] b]v]sf s'/f xQkQ gla;{g] ljnIf0f k|ltef lyof] . pgL o'4sf ;a}h;f] 36gf
;d]6]/ klqsfdf 5fKg yfn] . To;}n] pgsf] of] klqsf ;'?sf] eGbf cf7 u'0ff a9L ;+Vofdf /
bf]Aa/ d"Nodf laSof] . o;af6 cfPsf] k};fn] pgn] /]ndf g} d'b|0f 5fkfvfgf ;~rfng
u/] .
bfzl{ gs – bzg{ hfGg,] uxg lrGts
k|ofu] zfnf – k/LIf0f ug]{ 7fpF
;z+ f]wg – uNtL ;Rofpg] sfd
154 efiff auF}rf – &
zAb / c {yPslbg pgsf] k|of]uzfnfleq /x]sf] /]nsf] l8Aafdf cfunfuL eof] . /]nsf] sG8S6/n]
Pl8;gsf] 5fkfvfgf / k|of]uzfnf b'j} /]naf6 aflx/ ˆofFlslbof] . sG8S6/n] l/;n] r'/
eP/ Pl8;gnfO{ hf]8n] d'Ssf lxsf{of] . Pl8;gsf] sfgsf] hfnL km'6\of] / pgL ;bfsf
nflu sfg g;'Gg] eP .
;g\ !*^@ sf] Ps laxfg Pl8;g klxn]s} /]Nj] :6];gdf sfFwdf cvaf/sf] yfs af]sL
pleO/x]sf lyP . crfgs pgn] u?Ëf] ef/L af]s]/ tLj| ultdf cfO/x]sf] 6«ssf nfOgdf
Ps afnsnfO{ b]v] . pgL t'?Gt} sfFwsf] klqsf kmfn]/ To; afnsnfO{ arfpg k'u] .
Pl8;gn] cfˆgf] Hofgsf] kjf{x gu/L arfPsf] pQm afns :6];g df:6/sf] 5f]/f] /x]5 .
:6];g df:6/n] pgnfO{ t'?Gt} 6]lnu|fkm ck/]6/ agfOlbP .
Pl8;gn] ;f]x| jif{sf] x'Fbf 3/ 5f]8\g] lg0f{o u/] . pgL ;g\ !*^# b]lv !*^* ;Dd 3'dGt]
eP/ b]zel/ 3'd] . To;a]nf pgL /flt 6]lnu|fkmsf] sfd uy]{ / lbpF;f] lj1fgsf syf k9\y] .
;g\ !*^* df pgL af]:6g uP . pgn] d'=P;= 6]lnu|fkm sDkgLdf hflu/ kfP . ToxfF pgn]
dt /]s8{ ug]{ d]l;g agfP . ToxfFsf /fhgLltsdL{x¿n] Tof] d]l;g k|of]u ug{ dfg]gg\ .
To;}n] pgn] ;g\ !*^( sf] cGTolt/ ToxfFsf] hflu/ 5f]8] .
;g\ !(^( df pgL Go'of]s{sf] uf]N8 OlG8s]6/ sDkgLdf k'u] . ;'Tg] 7fpF geP/ pgL ToxfFsf]
Aof6«L /fv]sf]sf]7fdf b'O{ lbg ;'t] . t];|f] lbg ToxfFsf lalu|Psf 6«fG;ld6/ dd{t ul/lbP .
Pl8;gsf] sfdaf6 k|efljt eO{ sDkgL k|d'vn] pgnfO{ Joj:yfkssf] kb lbP . pgn]
s]xL ;do sfd u/]kl5 pQm sDkgL 5f]8] . Pl8;gn] klZrdL ;+3 gfds sDkgLsf
cWoIfsf] cg'/f]wdf 6]lnu|fkmsf] ce}m ljsl;t ¿k tof/ kf/] . ToxfFaf6 pgn] rfnL;
xhf/ 8n/ cfDbfgL u/] .
pgn] ;g\ !*&) df cfˆg} nufgLdf Go'of]s{df Pp6f 7"nf] sfo{zfnf vf]n] . Toltv]/ pgL
t]O; jif{sf lyP . ToxfF pgn] :6sl6s/ eGg] 6]lnu|fkm d]l;g agfP/ a]r] . ;g\ !*&$ df
pgn] Ps} tf/af6 Ps} ;dodf b'O{ ljk/Lt lbzfdf b'O{ cnu cnu ;Gb]z k7fpg ldNg] u/L
6]lnu|fkmdf bf]xf]/f] k|0ffnLsf] cfljisf/ u/] . pgn] 6fOk/fO6/nfO{ ljsl;t ug]{ j|mddf
kmf]6f]skL d]l;gsf] k|f/lDes ¿ksf] klg cfljisf/ u/] . pgn] To; d]l;gsf] gfd …On]lS6«s k]gÚ
/fv] . To:tf] Pp6f d]l;gn] ;oj6f ;Dd gSsn k|lt agfpg ;SYof] . ;g\ !*^% df
pgn] tf/ljxLg 6]lnu|fkm agfP . o;n] /]l8of]sf] cfljisf/ ug{ d2t k'¥ofof] . ;g\ !*&^
df pgn] d]Gnf] kfs{ eGg] 7fpFdf ljZjsf] klxnf] cf}Bf]lus cg';Gwfg s]Gb| :yfkgf u/] .
Joj:yfks – Joj:yfkg ug]{ JolQm
efiff aurF} f – & 155
;g\ !*&& df cfjfh /]s8{ ug]{ d]l;g agfP .
olt w]/} cfljisf/ ul/;Sbf klg pgL yfs]gg\ . pgL cem} /ftnfO{ lbg s;/L agfpg
;lsG5 eg]/ ;f]lr/xGy] . pgL gofFgofF k|of]udf o;/L x/fpFy] ls d'l:snn] tLgrf/ 306f
dfq ;'Tg] uy]{ . vfg' / lkpg'ljgf 3G6fF};Dd k|of]uzfnfdf latfpFy] . cg';Gwfgk|ltsf]
Psf]xf]/f] k|]dn] ubf{ pgL 3/L3/L cfˆgf] gfd} lal;{Gy] . pgn] Pp6f ;d"xsf] ;xof]u lnO{
;of}F l;;fsf aNa agfP/ k/LIf0f u/] . o; sfddf pgsf] hLjgsf w]/} jif{ vr{ eP . ;g\
!*&( df pgn] rf}aL;} 306f aNg] aNa agfP . o;cl3 Pp6} ljB'tLo nfOgdf w]/} aQL
/fVg ;lsPsf] lyPg . pgn] u/]sf] cfljisf/n] Pp6} nfOgdf ToxL ljB'tLo pmhf{af6
plQs} k|sfz lbg] w]/} ljB'tLo aQL afNg ;lsg] eof] . ;g\ !**@ df pgn] Go'of]s{df
Go'of]s{ kfj/ :6];g vf]nL Go'of]s{ ;x/nfO{ emndNn kl/lbP . o;/L pgsf] /ftnfO{ lbg
agfpg] ;kgf k"/f eof] . pgn] ;g\ !*** df …s]g]6f]u|fkmÚ gfds Sofd/f / k|f]h]S6/sf]
cljisf/ u/] . of] Sofd/fdf b[Zox¿ /]s8{ u/]/ x]g{ ldNYof] . o;}a]nf pgn] klxnf] k6s
() ;]s]G8;Dd rNg] rnlrq agfP .
Pl8;g k/LIf0f / cfljisf/ u/]/ slxNo} yfs]gg\ . pgL c;L jif{sf] x'Fbf klg /a/sf]
j}slNks ;|f]t vf]hL ug{ #))) k|sf/sf la?jfx¿df k|of]u ul//x]sf lyP . cfljisf/sf]
hutsf rj|mjtL{ ;d|f6\ dflgPsf Pl8;gsf] rf}/f;L jif{sf] pd]/df ;g\ !(#! cS6f]a/
!* tfl/vdf j]:6 cf]/]Ghl:yt cfˆg} lgjf;df lgwg eof] . pgsf] hLjgsfndf ;+;f/df
dxŒjk"0f{ kl/jt{gx¿ eP . tL kl/jt{g x'g'df pgsf] ljlzi6 of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . pgn] lbof]
/ d}gaQLsf] b'lgofFnfO{ lah'nLsf] lemnLldnL;Dd k'¥ofOlbP . clxn] xfdLn] k|of]u ul//x]sf
dtbfg ug]{ d]l;g, kmf]6f]skL d]l;g, cfjfh lgsfNg] v]nf}gf, ljB'tLo /]n / sf/,
6]k/]s8{/ h:tf xhf/f}F j:t'x¿ pgs} ;fwgfsf pkh x'g\ .
zAb / c {y rjm| jtL{ ;df| 6\ – cfˆgf] /fHosf] rf/}lt/sf /fHo lhTg] /fhf
;fwgf – tk:of, ;kmntfsf nflu ul/g] lg/Gt/ ko| f;
u/, 3/
z4' pRrf/0f
lbPsf zAb ;'g / eg M k|ltefjfg\ 6l] nuf| d b[Zo rjm| jtL{
sG8S6/ ;ªu\ |fd Onl] S6«s k]g ;df| 6\
jl~rt kf]6{ x'/f]g
6«Í x/] fN8 ljnIf0f
156 efiff auF}rf – &
af]w / cleJolQm
!= lbPsf kZ| gsf] ldNbf] pQ/df 7Ls -√_ lrXg nufpm M
s= Pl8;gsf] hGd slxn] ePsf] lyof] <
c= ;g\ !*$& km]a|'c/L !! cf= ;g\ !*$* km] a|'c/L !! O= ;g\ !*@& hgj/L !!
v= Pl8;gsf] :jefjnfO{ s;n] /fd/| L a'‰of] <
c= lktfn] cf= dftfn ] O= lzIfsn]
u= Pl8;gn] slt jif{sf] pd/] df k|];/ s's/ h:t} jfik OlGhg agfP <
c= @! cf= !) O= &
3= Pl8;gn] slxn] cfB} f]lus cg';Gwfg sG] bs| f] :yfkgf u/] <
c= ;g\ !*^% cf= ;g\ !*&^ O= ;g\ !*&&
ª= Pl8;gn] agfPsf] Sofd/fsf] gfd s] lyof] <
c= 6l] nuf| km cf= l;:dfu] f| km O= s]g6] f]u|fkm
r= Pl8;gn] agfPsf] rnlrq slt ;do rNYof] <
c= gAa] ;]s]G8 cf= c;L ;]sG] 8 O= ;f7L ;s] ]G8
5= Pl8;gsf] dT[ o' slt ;fndf eof] <
c= ;g\ !(#) cf= ;g\ !(#! O= ;g\ !(#@
@= kf7sf cfwf/df ldNbf] zAb /fv]/ vfnL 7fpF e/ M
s= Pl8;gsL cfdfn] cfˆg} 3/sfs] f7] fdf ======================agfOlbPsL lyOg\ .
v= Pl8;gn] /]nsf] l8Aafdf k|ofu] zfnf / ==============================agfP .
u= kmf]6f]skL d]l;gsf] k|f/lDes ¿ksf] gfd============================ lyof] .
3= ;g\ !**@ df Go'ofs] ={ =============================vfn] L Go'ofs] {nfO{ emndNn kfl/lbP .
ª= Pl8;g==============================sf] hutdf ===========================;df| 6\ dflgG5g \ .
#= lbPsf] cgR' 5]bsf cfwf/df ;f]lwPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ nv] M
Pl8;g b; jif{sf xF'bf Eo'n]s 3'Dg cfpg] ko6{ sx¿nfO{ l6s6 aR] y] . 3f8] fn] tfGg]
uf8fdf /fvL 3/3/} k'u/] t/sf/L klg aR] y] . o;af6 cfPsf] k};fn] cfkm" nfO{ rflxg]
kf6kh' f{ / /;fog kbfy{ lsGy ] . ;g\ !*%( df pgLx¿ a;s] f] 7fpdF f /]n ;]jf ;~rfng
eof ] . pgL /]nsf ofqn' fO{ vfhf, t/sf/L / ld7fO aR] g laxfg ;ft ah] g} lg:sGy] /
a]ns' L ;f9] 5 ahd] fq kms{Gy] . pgnfO{ /n] af6 ;x/ hfg / cfpg ^ 306f nfUYof] .
To;}n] pgn] /]nsf] ;fdfg /fVg] l8Aafdf k|of]uzfnf vfn] ] . ToxfF pgL 6]lnuf| km;DaGwL
efiff auF}rf – & 157
k/LIf0f uy{ ] . km' ;{bsf] ;dodf 6l] nu|fkm clkm;df hfGy] / tf/sf] ;xfotfn] va/ cfPsf]
/ k7fPsf] x]/]/ a:y ] . o;n] s;/L sfd u5{ eGg] af/d] f ck/]6/;uF s'/f ul//xGy] . pgn]
dfOsn kmf/f8]sf] af/]df k9] / lah'nL s;/L lg:sG5 eGg]af/] klg lj:tt[ cWoog u/] .
kmf/f8]n] :jfWoogaf6 g} ;kmntf k|fKt u/s] f] s'/faf6 pgL k]|l/t lyP .
k|Zfgx¿ M
s= Pl8;gn] ko{6snfO{ lsg l6s6 a]Rgk' ¥of] <
v= Pl8;gnfO{ kf6kh' f{ / /;fog lsg rflxGYof] <
u= Pl8;gn] lsg /]nsf] l8Aafdf k|of]uzfnf vfn] ] <
3= Pl8;g kmf/f8s] f] sg' s/' faf6 ke| fljt lyP <
ª= Pl8;g 6]lnuf| km clkm; lsg hfGy] <
$= lbPsf pQ/;Fu ldNg] k|Zg agfpm M
s= Pl8;gnfO{ lzIfsx¿n] k6d"v{ 7fGy] .
v= pgsf] k|of]uzfnfleq /xs] f] /]nsf] l8Aafdf cfunfuL eof] .
u= pgL sfFwsf] klqsf kmfn]/ afnsnfO{ arfpg k'u ] .
3= Onl] S6s« kg] n] ;oj6f ;Dd gSsn k|lt agfpg ;SYof] .
ª= Pl8;g k/LIf0f / cfljisf/ u/]/ slxNo} yfsg] g \ .
r= pgsf] hLjgsfndf ;+;f/df dxŒjk"0f{ kl/jtg{ x¿ eP .
%= lbPsf k|Zgsf] ;+lIfKt pQ/ n]v M
s= Pl8;gsf] afNosfnsf] :jefj s:tf] lyof] <
v= Pl8;gn] s:tf sl[ tsf] cWoog u/s] f lyP <
u= Pl8;gn] afNosfndf s:tf b'Mv efu] ] <
3= Pl8;gsf] hLjgLaf6 s] l;Sg ;lsG5 <
ª= Pl8;gsL cfdfn] pgsf] :jefjnfO{ gae' ]msf] eP s] x'GYof] xf]nf <
^= kmf]6f]skL d]l;gsf] k|f/lDes ¿ksf] cfljisf/ s;/L eof] <
&= nfdf] pQ/ n]v M
s= yfd] ; PNaf Pl8;g xfdf| ] hLjgdf pkofu] xg' ] ;ofF} j:t' cfljisf/ ug{ ;kmn eP . pgL
;kmn x'gs' f k5fl8 s]s] sf/0f 5g\= <
v= cfh xfdL ;"rgfsf] ou' df 5f} F . lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;df Pl8;gsf] s:tf]
el" dsf /x]sf] 5 <
158 efiff au}Frf – &
cfˆgf cge' j ;f6f;f6 u/ M
ltdLn] slxNo} gofF sfd u/s] f 5f} < Tof] sfd ubf{sf cg'ej ;fyLnfO{ ;'gfpm .
?
;fr] / eg M
Pl8;gn] ljBfnosf] lzIff k"/f ug{ gkfP klg ljleGg cfljisf/ ug{ ;kmn
eP . cGo JolQmnfO{ ljBfno lzIff kfpFbf / gkfpFbf s] km/s k5{ xfn] f <
;dx" sfo{
kf7sf] kfrf}bF l] v P3f/fF} cgR' 5]b -pgL rfw} jifs{ f] xb'F f ====== rNg] rnlrq
agfP_ ;Dd k9 . Pl8;gsf] hLjgsf dxŒjk0" f{ 36gf ePsf kfrF j6f jfSo
/]vfÍg u/ . 36gf tndfly kf//] sfkLdf l6k . ;d"x;dx" aLr sfkL ;f6f;f6
u/ . lstfadf gx/] L 36gfj|md ldnfpm . k|Tos] ;dx" sf] kl| tlglw cufl8 hfpm .
cfˆgf] ;dx" n] 36gfj|md ldnfPsf jfSo k9/] ;'gfpm . ;xL tl/sfn] j|md
ldnfpg] ;dx" nfO{ ljhoL 3f]if0ff u/ . uNtL ug{] ;dx" n] lstfa x/] L ;Rofpm .
>'lt nv] g
lbPsf] cg'R5b] ;'g / n]v M
Yffd] ; PNaf Pl8;g olt w]/} cfljisf/ ul/;Sbf klg yfsg] g \ . pgL ce}m /ftnfO{ s;/L
lbg agfpg ;lsG5 eg]/ ;fl] r/xGy] . pgL gofgF ofF k|of]udf o;/L x/fpFy] ls dl' :snn]
tLgrf/ 306f dfq ;'Tg] uy{ ] . vfg' / lkpg'ljgf 3G6f};F Dd ko| f]uzfnfdf latfpyF ] .
cg;' Gwfg k|ltsf] Psf]xf/] f] k|]dn] ubf{ pgL 3/L3/L cfˆgf] gfd} la;G{ y] .
efiff auFr} f – & 159
z'4 nv] g
lbPsf jfSodf ePsf zAbx¿ Pp6} l8sf]df x'gk' g{]nfO{ aU] n} l8sfd] f lbOPsf] 5 . aU] n}
l8sf]df xg' k' gn]{ fO{ Pp6} l8sfd] f lbOPsf] 5 . z'4 agfO{ sfkLdf ;f/ M
Pslbg pgsf] ko| fu] zfnf leq /xs] f] /]nsf] l8Aafdf cfunfuLeof ] . /]nuf8Lsfs] G8S6/n]
Pl8;gsf] 5fkf vfgf/ k|of]uzfnf bj' }/n] uf8Laf6 aflx/ˆoflF s lbof ] . l/;n] r'/ePsf]
sG8S6/n] Pl8;g nfO{ hf8] n] d'Ssflxsfo{ f] . pgsf] sfgsfh] fnL k'm6o\ f] / pgL ;bfsfnflu
sfgg;G' g] eP .
zAbe08f/
!= zAb / cy{sf] hf]8f ldnfpm M
nfnflot ef6] v;fNg] sfd
PsfGtk|]dL pBf]u Jofkf/ cflb Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{] ;+:yf
k|ofu] zfnf lah'nLsf] ;xfotfn] 6f9f;Dd va/ k7fpg] oGq
dtbfg lj1fg;DaGwL tYox¿ hfrF ae' m ug]{ 7fpF
5fkfvfgf nf]lePsf]
6l] nu|fkm l;hg{ fTds jf sfNklgs Ifdtf
sDkgL sf]xL gePsf] 7fpFdf a:g ?rfpg]
k/LIf0f PseGbf a9L ljsNk ePsf]
js} lNks hfFr k8t\ fn
kl| tef klqsf cflb 5fKg] 3/
@= kofo{ jfrL zAbsf] hf8] f agfO{ n]v M
dflg;, kf| /De, pbfx/0f ;Gtfg, ;xfotf, lg0fo{ , yfngL, cfo:tf, vr,{ sl7g,
pT;s' tf 5fglag, cfDbfgL, lgwf], ;xof]u, 5f/] f5f/] L, bi[ 6fGt, dg'io, nufgL, dl' :sn,
lh1f;', cg;' Gwfg
#= kf7sf cfwf/df vfnL 7fpdF f ldNg] zAb e/ M
s= Pl8;gsf] kZ| g ;f]lw/xg] afgLaf6 lzIfs ================= lyP . -lrl9Psf, v;' L
160 efiff aurF} f – &
ePsf_
v= lzIfsx¿ Pl8;gnfO{ =================== 7fGy] . -ljåfg,\ k6dv" _{
u= dflg;x¿ o4' af/] =================== va/ kfpg rfxGy ] .-k/' fgf], tfQftf_]
3= pgn] /n] df g} d'b0| f =================== ;~rfng u/ ] . -klqsf k;n, 5fkfvfgf_
ª= pgn] ljZjsf] klxnf] =================== cg;' Gwfg sG] b| :yfkgf u/] . -cfB} f]lus,
Jofkfl/s_
r= Pl8;g =================== / cfljisf/ u//] slxNo} yfsg] g\ . -/]s8{, k/LIf0f_
$= lOPsf k|To]s zAbdf cgLo yk]/ gofF zAb agfpm M
pbfx/0f M b[z\ ± cgLo – bz{gLo
pbfx/0f ± cgLo –
dfg\ ± cgLo –
kh' \ ± cgLo –
cfb/ ± cgLo –
%= kf7af6 zAbsfa] Lrdf x|:j Osf/ -l_ nfu]sf zAb vfh] /] nv] M
pbfx/0fM bfz{lgs, k|efljt
Jofs/0f
sfod{ "ns Jofs/0f
!= s= kf7sf kfrF fF} / 56} fF+} cgR' 5]b k9L ldNg] ljelQm e/ M
pgL o4' sf ;ah} ;f] 36gf ;d]6/] klqsfdf 5fKg yfn ] . pg =========== of] klqsf ;?'
=========== eGbf cf7 u'0ff a9L ;+Vof =========== / bf]Aa/ dN" o =========== laSof] . o; ===========
cfPsf] k};f =========== pgn] /n] =========== g} d'b|0f 5fkfvfgf ;~rfng u/ ] . Pslbg
pg ===========k|ofu] zfnf /xs] f] /n] =========== l8Aafdf cfunfuL eof] . l/; =========== r/'
eP/ sG8S6/ =========== Pl8;g =========== hf]8 =========== dS' sf lxsf{of ] . Pl8;gsf] sfg
=========== hfnL km6' \of] / pgL ;bfsf =========== sfg g;G' g] eP .
ljelQmn] gfd, ;jg{ fd / ljzi] f0f;uF k|ToIf ;DaGw /fV5 .
v= n,] nfO,{ åf/f, nflu, bl] v, sf,] df ljelQmsf] ko| fu] u/L ldNg] ;fyLsf] j0fg{ u/ .
efiff au}rF f – & 161
@= ldNg] ljm| ofkb /fvL jfSo k"/f u/ M
s= kmf/f8]sf] :jfWoogaf6 PNaf Pl8;g ================= . -k|l] /t lyP ÷;zlÍt lyP_
v= :6];g df:6/n] pgnfO{ t'?Gt} 6]lnu|fkm ck/6] / ================= . -agfOlbP÷/flvlbP_
u= cg';Gwfgkl| tsf] Psfx] f/] f] k]d| n] ubf{ Pl8;g 3/L3/L cfˆgf] gfd} ================= .
-la;{Gy]÷;DemGy_]
3= Pl8;gn] aNa agfpgc' l3 Pp6} ljBt' Lo nfOgdf w/] } aQL /fVg ================= .
-;lsPsf] lyPg÷agfOPsf] lyPg_
ª= Pl8;gn] klxnf] k6s gAa] ;s] G] 8 rNg] rnlrq ================= . -agfPsf
lyP÷;DemGy]_
#= v]ln/xGy], nfUbg} Yof], rln/xGYof,] kl9/xGy,] lblGyg\ ljm| ofkb /fv/] jfSo agfpm .
$= lbPsf jfSo pbfx/0fdf bv] fP em}F bO' { lsl;dn] nv] M
pbfx/0f M ;fdfGo kIf M Pl8;gn] jfik OlGhg agfP .
cEo:t kIf M Pl8;g jfik OlGhg agfpFy] .
c1ft kIf M Pl8;gn] jfik OlGhg agfP5g\ .
s= Pl8;gn] ko{6snfO{ l6s6 ar] ] .
v= Pl8;gn] /]ndf db' 0| f 5fkfvfgf vfn] ] .
u= Pl8;gn] rfnL; xhf/ 8n/ cfDbfgL u/ ] .
3= Pl8;gn] ko| f]uzfnfdf 3G6f}F latfP .
nv] g cEof;
cgn' ]vg
!= kf7sf] bf];f| ] cg'R5]b h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ .
@= lbPsf] cgR' 5b] h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ M
ljZjnfO{ cfw'lgstfdf kl/jtg{ ug{] sfddf ljleGg j}1flgsx¿sf] xft 5 . tLdWo]
j1} flgs yf]d; PNaf Pl8;g klg Ps x'g \ . ;fg}b]lv pgsf] ?lrsf] If]q lj1fg lyof ] .
pgL /ftnfO{ s;/L lbg agfpg ;lsG5 cyf{t\ /ftdf klg lbpF;f] h:t} s;/L pHofnf]
162 efiff aur}F f – &
kfg{ ;lsG5 eg/] ;f]lr/xGy] . pgL vfg / ;T' g;d]t lal;{P/ Psfx] f]/f] sfddf h'l6/xGy] .
pgL lbg/ft ljleGg j:td' f ko| f]u ul//xGy] . ko| fu] sf l;nl;nfdf pgn] ;of}F j:tx' ¿sf]
cfljisf/ u/ ] . /ftnfO{ lbg agfpg km/skm/s k|sf/sf cgluGtL lrddf ko| fu] u/ ] .
cGTodf lahn' Lsf] ko| fu] u/L lrd afNg ;kmn eP . pgn] cfˆgf] k|ofu] hf/L /fv] . pgn]
Pp6} nfOgaf6 klg plQs} ks| fz lbg] w]/} aNa afNg ;lsG5 eGg] s/' f klg kQf nufP .
pgsf] cfljisf/af6 ;+;f/sf dflg;n] pHofnf] kfP . pgsf] nugzLntfn] xfdLnfO{ klg
nugzLn aGg] k]/| 0ff lbG5 .
l;hg{ fTds nv] g
lbPsf abF' fsf cfwf/df 5f]6f] hLjgL tof/ kf/ M
gfd M Dof8d So/' L
vf; gfd M Dof/L :snf]bf]af:sf
hGd M & gfe] D] a/ !*^&
hGd:yfg M kf]NofG8, jf;f{
klt M lko/] So/' L
lzIff M ljBfno lzIff kf]NofG8
– kl] /; ljZjljBfno, km| fG;af6 pRr lzIff
ofu] bfg M kf| ]k]m;/ xg] /L a}s/sL ;xofu] L eO{ sfd u/]sL
– /]l8od kQf nufpg lg/Gt/ cg';Gwfg
– o'/]lgod tŒjsf] lkr AnG] 8af6 ls/0f lg:sG5 eGg] kQf nufPsL
– ;g\ !()# df gfa] ]n k/' :sf/ kf| Kt
– /]l8of] ljls/0fn] ubf{ SofG;/ /f]uaf6 u:| t
– ;g\ !(#$ hn' fO{ ^ sf lbg bx] fj;fg
vN] bfv]Nb}
ltdLx¿sf] lj1fg lstfadf lbPsf] k|ofu] fTds cEof;dWo] cfk"mnfO{ dg k/]sf] Pp6f
cEof; 5fg . To;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;fdfgx¿sf] gfd n]v ;fy} ;fdfg k|ofu] ug{]
tl/sfsf] af/d] f Ps cgR' 5]b nv] .
efiff aurF} f – & 163
!@PsfO xfd|f] bz] sf] Oltxf;
cfvF Lˆofn
lbPsf] gS;f x/] / To;leq gk] fnsf] gS;f agfpm M
clxns] f] gk] fnsf] ;Ldfgfafxs] sf] ee" fu gk] fnn] lsg ud' fpgk' ¥of] xfn] f <
164 efiff auFr} f – &
k!f7 df6f] kH' g] vs' '/Lsf]
– efjz] ed' /L
uLtsf/ efj]z ed' /Lsf] vf; gfd h4' axfb'/ k'g du/ xf ] . pgL lj= ;+= @)#@ ;fpg
!% ut] wjnflu/L c~rn Ko7' fg lhNnfsf] d/G7fgf eGg] 7fpFdf hlGdPsf x'g\ .
gk] fnL ljifodf :gftsfQ] / pQL0f{ u/s] f pgL uLt / sljtf n]vgdf ;lj|mo 5g \ . pgsf
le/kmn" sf] 5fof, leh]sf] lr7L, nufot cfwf bhg{ sl[ t ks| flzt 5g\ . pgsf e/f;] f,
efjgf cflb uLlt PNad klg cfO;ss] f 5g\ . pgn] …gj sljtf k|ltef k/' :sf/Ú nufot
yk' |} k'/:sf/ kf| Kt u/]sf 5g\ . pgsf uLtdf b]zkd]| / dfgj hLjgsf b'Mv;v' sf] k:| t'lt kfOG5 .
df6f] k'Hg] vs' '/Lsf] jL/ kfNg] lz/
kl/cfP rlDslbG5 wf/ zql' t/
kfOgsf] j/ dfuF] d/] L cfdfl;t
zlQm d]/} cr{gf xf] hLjg eGg' lht
nfe] :jfy{ sfl6lbG5' dfof Gofodfly
;a} 7fpdF f gem' s]/ ;w}F afRF g] hflt .
sfuF 8fn] ;f; k]m5{ l6:6f bfkdf /fVbf
d/] L cfdf ;'tfp{ gl] 5g\ pN6} jf; dfUbf,
jL/tfn] …vfh] Ú eG5 /lËPsf] wf/
b':dgsf] lz/ 5]bg\ ] d]/f] clwsf/ .
zAb / c {y wf/ – v's'/L, t/af/ cflb xltof/sf] sf6g\ ]lt/sf] ltvf] efu
kfOg – xftxltof/ s8f kfgs{ f nflu r9fOg] kfgL j/ – b]jtf;uF dflug] dgsf] OR5f, j/bfg
bfk – v's/' L / t/af/sf] vfn] 5]bg\ ] – sf6\g,] l5gfpg ]
efiff aurF} f – & 165
u/, 3/
z4' pRrf/0f
lbPsf zAb ;g' / eg M d/0f cf/fwgf b':dg
ldq of]4f :jfy{ /lËPsf]
:jfldTj
afw] / cleJolQm
!= kf7sf] uLt no xfn/] ufpm .
@= lbPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]v M
s= vs' '/L stf rlDslbG5 <
v= uLtsf/n] sf]l;t j/ dfu] <
u= uLtsf/n] zlQm / hLjg s]sn] fO{ eGg]sf 5g\ <
3= g]kfnL s:tf] hflt xf] <
ª= vs' '/Ln] s] vfh] eG5 <
r= uLtsf/n] cfˆgf] clwsf/ sn] fO{ dfg]sf 5g\ <
#= efj lj:tf/ u/ M
sfF u8fn] ;f; km] 5{ l6:6f bfkdf /fVbf
d]/L cfdf ;'tf{pgl] 5g\ pN6} jf; dfUbf
$= sljtfsf] d"nefj cfˆg} zAbdf n]v .
%= uBdf nv] M
s= kl/cfP rlDslbG5 wf/ zq'lt/ .
v= kfOgsf] j/ dfu]F d]/L cfdfl;t .
u= zlQm d]/} cr{gf xf] hLjg eGg' hLt
3= nfe] :jfy{ sfl6lbG5' dfof Gofodfly .
ª= d]/L cfdf ;t' fp{ g]l5g\ pN6} jf; dfUbf .
cfˆgf cg'ej ;f6f;f6 u/ M
ltdLn] bz] elQmsf uLt ;'gs] f jf k9s] f 5f} xf]nf . To:tf kf7 ;'Gbf jf k9b\ f
ltdLnfO{ s:tf] cge' j x'G5 <
166 efiff aur}F f – &
?
;f]r / eg M
g]kfnn] ;'uf}nL ;lGwdf dr] Lbl] v k"j{ / dxfsfnLb]lv klZrdsf] e"efu
u'dfpg'k/]sf] Oltxf;df pNn]v 5, To;an] f ;lGw gu/]sf] eP s] xG' Yof] xfn] f <
>l' t nv] g
lbPsf kª\lQm ;g' / nv] M
nfe] :jfy{ sfl6lbG5' dfof Gofodfly
;a} 7fpFdf ge'ms]/ ;w}F afRF g] hflt .
z4' n]vg
lbPsf zAb z4' agfO{ sfkLdf n]v M
v's'l/, lj/, zL/, zStL, lhjg, cwLsf/, b':dg, zq"
zAbe08f/
!= lbPsf zAbsf] ljk/LtfyL{ zAb kf7af6 vfh] ]/ nv] M
leq, d/0f, cf/wgf, lg;fkm, :jfleTj, of]4f, ljho
@= jL/, wL/ h:tf zAbsf] ;?' df bL3{ Osf/ xg' ] b;j6f zAb ;fyL;uF 5nkmn u//] nv] .
#= lbPsf zAbnfO{ j0ff{g'jm| ddf ldnfP/ /fv M
:jfy{, Gofo, l6:6f, clwsf/, ;f;, afFRg,] jL/tf, v's/' L
$= kf7af6 …sfuF 8fÚ …7fpÚF h:tf rGbl| jGb' nfus] f b;j6f zAb vf]h . tLdWo] s'g} kfrF j6f
zAb /fv]/ jfSo agfpm .
efiff auFr} f – & 167
nv] g cEof;
cg'nv] g
lbPsf kª\lQm h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ M
sfuF 8fn] ;f; k]m5{ l6:6f bfkdf /fVbf
d]/L cfdf ;t' fp{ g]l5g\ pN6} jf; dfUbf
jL/tfn] …vfh] Ú eG5 /lËPsf] wf/
b:' dgsf] lz/ 5]b\g] d]/f] clwsf/ .
l;hg{ fTds n]vg
s= …jL/tfÚ zLifs{ df sljtf nv] /] lzIfsnfO{ bv] fpm .
v= ldNbf] zAb /fvL sljtfsf] Znf]s k/" f u/ M
;do, Joy{df, eG5, wg, olb, km] l/
l6s l6s l6s ub}{====================== a]nf atfO{
============== ltdL u/fn} f ==================gi6 efO{
;do ======================= u/d] f Joy{df gi6 P]n]
lbO{==================kl5 ==============kfOg] 5g} s}n ] .
168 efiff aur}F f – &
zAb / c {yk@f7 lg0f{o
– ;'ifdf af;F sf6] f a/fn
syfsf/ ;i' fdf afF;sf6] f a/fnsf] hGd @)!* ;fn dªl\ ;/ % ut] afudtL c~rn,
sf7df8f+} lhNnfsf] sLlt{k/' df ePsf] xf] . /fhgLltzf:qdf :gftsf]Q/ / sfgg'
ljifodf :gfts tx pQL0f{ u/s] L afF;sf6] fsf kT| os] JolQm Pp6f syf syf;ª\ux| /
g]kfnsf] sfg'g M Oltxf; / ;Gbe{ gfds k':ts k|sflzt 5g\ . pgn] …tGg/] L ;DdfgÚ /
…g]kfn af/ P;fl] ;Pg :j0f{ dxfT] ;j k|z+;fkqÚ kf| Kt u/s] L 5g \ . ;d;fdlos ljifonfO{
6kSs l6k/] kf7ssf] dg 5g' ] tl/sfn] syf ;[hgf ug{ ;Sg' pgsf] ljzi] ftf xf ] .
kj" {df l6:6f / klZrddf sfFu8f, pQ/df a|Dxkq' clg blIf0fdf uËf;Dd kml} nPsf]
g]kfn lj= ;=+ !*&! ;fndf o4' ¿kL dxf/fu] af6 u|:t lyof] . xgd' fg9\ fs] f b/af/n]
lnPsf] lg0f{on] of] /f]u pAhfPsf] lyof ] . o; ;Gbe{df ;]gfklt cd/l;+x yfkfn]
egs] f lyP, æh;/L ;xL cfi} flw geP /f]u lgsf] xb'F g} To;/L g} ;'b9[ ;g] f / kz| :t
xltof/sf] Joj:yf ug{ g;s] o4' lhTg ;lsFbg} .Æ pgn] k|wfgdGqL eLd;]g yfkfnfO{ klxnf
;]gfnfO{ tflnd lbcfF}Ù ;G} oan a9fcfFÙ} xftxltof/sf] /fd|f] Joj:yf u/f}F egs] f lyP . cge' jL
kmf}hL ;/bf/ elQm yfkfn] klg …clxn] cflys{ cefj 5, ef]sf] k6] df Odfg 8udufpg
;S5 . cª\u]h| x¿ wt" { 5g\ . cfˆgf] lxtsf nflu h] klg ug{ ;S5g\ . To;n} ], clxn] o4'
gu/f}FÚ egs] f lyP . t/ s] ug{' < /fhf uLjf0{ fo4' jL/ljj|md zfxn] …xfl/of] eg] <Ú eg]/ zÍf
JoQm ubf{;dt] pgnfO{ lhltG5 eGg] em"7f] cfZjf;g lbOof] / o4' sf] 3f]if0ff ul/of] .
jL/x¿sf] ;Nnfx ;e' mfpnfO{ dflgPg . ;a} cge' jLx¿sf] ;Nnfx ;'emfpdf /fHo
rnfpgk' g{] kw| fgdGqLn] cfˆgf] lh2Ldf rnfpg vf]h] . o'4 eP/} 5f8o\ f ] .
k"0f{ tof/Lsf ;fy a;s] f cª\u]h| x¿n] w/] } 7fpaF f6 Ps} k6s cfj|md0f u/] . gk] fn
cfdfsf cËcË l5ofl5of xg' ku' ] . g]kfn cfdfsf ;Gtfgx¿ Pskl5 csf]{n] jL/ult kf| Kt
ub{} uP . o'4sf] 3fp alNemb} uof ] . pkrf/¿kL b"/blzt{ f gx'gfn] 3fp lgsf] x'g'sf]
dxf/f]u – lgsf] x'g sl7g /f]u
b/" blz{tf – kl5;Ddsf] ljrf/
efiff auFr} f – & 169
;f6f] emg\emg\ a9b\ } uof ] . l;dnf, u9jfn, s'dfp h:tf el" dx¿ g]kfnn] u'dfpgk' ¥of ] .
h}ts sdhf]/ aGof], b]x/fb"gn] ;xof]u kfPg . gk] fnL kmf}h vfgf / kfgLljgf g} o4' ug{
afWo eof] . xltof/ gkfP/ cl/Ëfnsf] ufn] f / l;:gfs] f] emf/nfO{ ;dt] gk] fnL ;]gfn]
k|ofu] ug{k' ¥of] . tlNt/af6 cfPsf j/} LnfO{ eufpg ;kmn ePsf gk] fnL jL/x¿ ;g] fsf]
sdLn] cflQPsf lyP . of] ae' m]sf rt'/ cª\uh]| x¿n] rf/l} t/af6 w/] } 7fpdF f Ps} k6s
cfj|md0f u/ ] . gu0o ;g] f lnP/ o'4 ug{ afWo gk] fnL jL/x¿nfO{ ;xofu] ug{ cfOdfO{ /
s6] fs]6Lx¿ klg 9Ë' f / d'9f lnP/ o'4 ug{ d}bfgdf plqP . o;/L slt lbg l6Sg' < emg\
kfgLsf] dx' fg g} aGb u/]kl5 t s] ug{" < To;n} ] t gfnfkfgLsf sKtfg aneb| sF'j/ o'4
g} 5f]8/] lxF8]sf lyP .
o;/L lsNnflsNnfdf gfsfaGbL ub{} ;lGwsf nflu ljjz agfpg cªu\ ]|hx¿ cgs] fF}
/0fgLlt ckgfpb} lyP . rf/l} t/af6 cfjm| d0f x'Fb} lyof ] . ;]gfklt cd/l;x+ yfkf lsNnflsNnf
3D' b} lyP . pgL cfsL{, l8a",| gfnfu9, ;/' hu9 h:tf u9x¿ 3'Db} dnfp cfOku' ]sf
lyP . pgsf] 7"nf] kmfh} dnfpdf g} lyof] t/ o'4n] ;a}nfO{ q:t kf/]sf] lyof ] . ;g] fx¿
o'4 5f8] f}F eGg yfn]sf lyP . o:tf] bogLo cj:yfdf dnfpsf] lsNnfleq elQm yfkf,
xb[ ol;+x yfkf / cd/l;+x yfkf o4' sf af/]df ;/;Nnfx ub{} lyP .
elQm yfkfn] eg,] ækmf}h cfh;Dd t cfO;Sg'kg]{ x}g / sfhL <Æ ;fr] dUg aGb}
cd/l;x+ yfkfn] eg,] æToxL t eg]sf,] lsg gcfOku' s] f] xf]nf < g xltof/ 5 g ;]gf g} 5g\ .
sflGtk/' n] lsg l9nfO{ u/s] f] xf] sl' Gg <Æ elQm yfkfn] kl/l:yltsf] af/d] f hfgsf/L lbbF }
eg,] ævfg]s/' f ;lsO;Sof] . ca s] ug]{ xfn] f < ef]sf] k]6df l;kfxL s;/L n8\nfg\ < ;f/}
ufx|f] kg{] ef] sfhL, l;kfxLx¿ /0f 5f]8\g vfH] b}5g\ s] ug{] xfn] f <Æ oL bO' { jL/nfO{ cª\u|]hL
kmf}hn] rf/}lt/af6 lsNnf 3]l/;ss] f] 5 eGg] yfxf lyPg . g t kmfh} k7fpg g;s]sf]
kL8fn] sfhL aVt/l;x+ sf] d[To' ePsf] eGg] s'/f g} yfxf lyof] . ka| n /fgfn] NofPsf] yk
;]gfnfO{ ad zfxn] cfkmsF} xfF cyf{t\ cndf8] flg/ sd' fpdf g} /f]Sgk' /]sf] ;dfrf/ klg
dnfpsf] lsNnfleq cfOk'u]sf] lyPg . aflx/L ;"rgfaf6 a]va/ of] lsNnfleqsf jL/x¿
eg] ;g] fsf] kt| LIff ub{} /fhwfgLsf] s'/f ub{} lyP . lsNnfleq Pp6f cª\uh]| bt" sf] k|j]z
eof] . b"tsf] xftdf lr¶L lyof] . p;n] cd/l;x+ yfkflt/ nIo ub}{ :ofn'6 7f]Sof] / xftsf]
lr¶L lbof ] .
zAb / c {y lsNnf – zqa' f6 arfpg rf/l} t/ 3/] L ;/' lIft kfl/Psf] 7fp F q:t – 8/fPsf,] eoeLt
gfsfaGbL – d'Vo af6f]df v8f ul/g] cj/fw] kt| LIff – kvf{O, s;}nfO{ kv{g] sfd
ljjz – OR5f eP klg sx] L ug{ g;Sg,] afWotfdf k/]sf], nfrf/
170 efiff aurF} f – &
cd/l;+x yfkfn] lr7L vf]n]/ dgdg} k9 ] . lr7L k9\bfk9\b} pgsf] cg'xf/sf] /Ë ablnof] .
af]nLsf] 9Ë ablnof ] . pgL slDkt :j/df elQm yfkflt/ x/] /] s/fP, ædnfO{ u9jfnsf]
/fhf agfpg] /] clg w]/} vt] klg d]/f] kl/jf/sf nflu lbg] /] ÛÆ cd/l;x+ Joª\UofTds 9Ën]
d':s'/fP t/ t'?Gt} pgL pQ]lht eP/ jm| fw] n] /ftf/ftf cfFvf kfb{} hlËP .
æs] d uNnLsf] e':ofxf ss' '/ x'F < r]O rO] ug]l{ alQs} bu/' ]/ htf afn] fof] Tot} vfg hfg] Û
s] eG7fgs] f ltgLx¿n] dnfO{ <Æ pgn] dgdg} ;Dem], æd]/f] hLjg d/] f] bz] sf nflu xf ] .
ljgfb]z d]/f] klxrfg 5g} . d d5{', Pslbg ;a}n] dg}{k5{ t/ d d/] f] bz] nfO{ wfs] f lbg]
sNkgf;Dd klg ug{ ;lSbgF .Æ To;kl5 pgn] cfj]zdf b"tlt/ x/] ]/ eg], ækT| o]s k|f0fL
If0fIf0f dl//x]5, d[To' hLjgsf] cleGg ldq xf] . To;}n] d[To';Fu lsg 8/fpg' < lsGg vfH] bf
lajm| L eOlbg] j:t' x'G5, dfG5] xfO] g . clg Tof] laS5 h;n] b]zsf] dxŒj a'‰b}gÙ
hLjgsf] dxŒj a‰' bg} clg cfkmnF} fO{ lrGbg} .Æ kmtkmtfpFb} xftsf] lr7L kmfn/]
t/af/n] w'hfw'hf kf/]/ sf6b\ } pgn] bt" tkm{ kms/{] eg,] æ;g' \ ÛÆ bt" n] eGof,] ædn} ] hjfkm
kfO;s]F o4' hf/L g} /fVg] xg} t <Æ olt eg]/ pm t?' Gt} aflx/ lgl:sof ] . To;a} n] f elQm
zAb / c {y pQl] ht – pQ]hgf jf cfj]zdf cfPsf] jm| f]w – l/;, emf]s
wfs] f – ljZjf;3ft cfj]z – dgdf cs:dft\ p7g\ ] vnan
b"t – ;Gb]z Nofpg] nh} fg] JolQm, uK' tr/
efiff aurF} f – & 171
yfkf klg s]xL gaf]nL leq k;] . Ps l5g ;Ggf6f 5fof ] . z"GotfnfO{ lrb}{ s]xL k/
a;s] f x[bol;+x yfkflt/ x]b}{ cd/l;+x af]n], æafa,' d o'4 d}bfgdf hfG5' / ckdfgsf]
abnf lnbF } /fi6s« f] C0f lt5{' .Æ x[bo hjfkm lbg vf]Hb} lyP . o4' df hfg] tof/Lsf ;fy
elQm yfkf / pgsf b'O{ kTgLx¿ lgl:sP . pgsf bj' } kTgLx¿n] xftdf dfnf lnPsf
lyP . of] bv] /] xtf/xtf/ cd/l;+xn] eg], æo4' df d hfG5' . dnfO{ hfg lbgf;] \ ;/bf/ ÛÆ
hjfkmdf elQm yfkfn] xfF:b} eg], æpd/] df d h7] f] 5Ù' ;Q/L jifs{ f] eO;s,F] h]7f] g} klxnf
hfg'kg{] xg} / <Æ
cd/l;x+ yfkfn] elQm yfkfsf kTgLx¿ / 5f]/f x[botkm{ x]b}{ ljlgt efjn] af]n], æafa', nf} g
afnfO{ ;Demfpg . afnfO{ /f]s .Æ elQm yfkfn] cd/l;x+ yfkflt/ x]b{} cg'/fw] sf] zn} Ldf afn] ,]
æcfh d]/f] lhp km'lt{nf] 5 sfhL, cfh dnfO{ g/f]Sg;' \ . cfh d o4' d}bfgdf hfG5', hfG5' .
ghf geGgf;] \ sfhL .Æ x[bol;x+ yfkfn] afa'sf] lh2L / km'lt{ b]v/] cd/l;x+ yfkfnfO{
;Demfpg] z}nLdf eg,] æcfh af o'4sf nflu a9L pQl] ht x'ge' Psf] 5 . pxfnF fO{ hfg
lbgf;] \ . sfhL, cfh g/fS] gf];\ .Æ elQm yfkfsf] lh2L / x[bosf] cg'/f]wnfO{ pgn] gsfg{
;s]gg\ . pgL 6\jfNn k//] x]l//x] . elQm yfkfsf kTgLx¿n] ef/L :j/n] …ho g]kfn, ho
g]kfnÚ, eGb} elQm yfkfnfO{ dfnf nufOlbP . sfG5L kTgLn] vs' /' L sDd/df le/fOlbOg\ .
cd/l;+x yfkflt/ x]b{} elQm yfkfn] eg,] æsfhL, x]gx'{ f];\ t, dl' vgLx¿n] dfnf nufOlbP/
o'4sf nflu ;fOt u/s] f 5g\ . s] d o4' lhTg ;S5' t <Æ pQ/df cd/l;x+ yfkfn]
o'4 cfF6n] lhltG5 an / 5nn] xfO] g eGb} b"af] / km"n 5//] ;fOt u/] / cem eg,]
æcfh;Dd jL/ult k|fKt ug]{ jL/x¿sf] an klg lnP/ n8\g'xf;] \ . g]kfn cfdfnfO{ zqa' f6
dQ' m ug{ ;kmn aGgx' f;] \ .Æ cd/l;x+ n] yk lgbz]{ g lbP, ækmfh} L ;/bf/, tkfO+{F nf]xf/
eGHofªtkm{af6 hfg " . klZrd OGb|Bfl} t/af6 l;x+ gfy u0f hfg" clg kj" a{ f6 /fdbn u0f
hfg" .Æ elQm yfkf cfbz] :jLsfb}{ ;g] fx¿nfO{ æn a9fÆF}
eGb} cl3 a9 ] . To;a} ]nf afhf aHg yfNof] . kv{, ;fr] / eg M
elQm yfkfn] o4' df ljho
sfhL cd/l;+x yfkfsf] ho Û g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ho Û kf| Kt unf{g\ t <
g]kfn dftfsf] ho Û eGb} g]kfnL ;g] f klg pgsf]
kl5kl5 nfUof] . lsNnfdf cd/l;x+ yfkf / elQm yfkfsf 5f/] f x[bol;+x yfkf dfq afFsL
eP . cd/l;x+ yfkfn] x[bol;t eg,] æx[bo, x/] t, zqs' f nflu Hjf/ef6f eP/ elQm
zAb / c {y zG" otf – l/Qfk] g, vfnLkg
pQ]lht – k|fT] ;flxt, k/|] 0ff ldn]sf]
172 efiff auFr} f – &
uPsf 5g\ . kz| :t ;]gfn] tLglt/af6 Rofk]/ o4' ug{ kfPsf] eP kSsf ljho xfdf| ]
kf]N6fdf lyof ] t/ klg d cfzfjfbL 5' elQm;uF , ltdL s] eG5f} <Æ xb[ ol;x+ yfkfn] eg],
æo'4 xf,] s;/L eGg' t/ af cfh lgs} hf]l;g'ePsf] 5 . pxfsF f] t]h cfh lgs} a9s] f]
5 . sfhL, o4' nfO{ rflxg] hf]; / xf]; b'j} af;uF zt kl| tzt b]lvPsf] 5 cfh =======.Æ
x[bo afN] b} lyP . aflx/ a;] /L tf]k k8\s]sf] cfjfh cfof] . cd/l;+xsf] dg h:t} cfsfz
klg w'Dd lyof], kfgL a];/L al;{Pnf h:tf] lyof] t/ ToxfF kfgL geO{ tfk] al;{/x]sf lyP .
jL/x¿ nl8/x]sf lyP . nfUYof,] xfjfn] klg rNg la;s{] f] lyof ] . ;o" {n] klg lxF8\g la;{]sf
lyP . ult g} /f]lsP h:tf] nfUb} lyof ] .
Ps} l5gdf aflx/ /f]Psf] s/fPsf] ;'lgof] . xb[ ol;x+ cflQP . s] ef] nf} g Û eGb} ;a} aflx/
xg] { yfn] . Ps hgf l;kfxL /ut rx' fpbF } bub' }{ cfof] / ?Fb} eGof], æ;/bf/, ;a} uof ] . elQm
yfkf 9Ng'eof ] . 7n" f] j[If 9Nof] . xfdLnfO{ cf>o lbg] rft} f/L n8o\ f] .Æ æclg s] eof] <Æ
e/v/ cfOk'us] f] ;]gfkltsf] 5f]/f] /fdbf; l;kfxLnfO{ ;dfpFb} s/fof] . l;kfxLn] lbSs xFb' }
eGof,] æclg kf| 0f uof ] . s] x'g' < xfd|f] lsNnf uof] . xfd|f] ;j:{ j uof] .Æ afa'n] jL/ult
k|fKt u/]sf] va/n] Jofs'n ePsf x[bo æcfdf cfdfÆ eGb} leq k;] .
afhf la:tf/} glhs cfof ] . afhf;Fu} cfwf ems' fOPsf] /fli6«o emG8f / /fli6«o lgzfgx¿
af]ss] f l;kfxLx¿ cfP clg pN6f] aGbs' afs] /] lz/ em'sfPsf l;kfxLx¿ cfP clg elQm
yfkfsf] nfz afs] ]sf dflg;x¿ cfP . lxhfs] f pgsf s/' f / cfhsf] pgsf] cj:yf ;lDemb}
cd/l;+x dfg} eP . pgsf] df}gtfleq sf]nfxn dlRrg yfNof ] . o;a} n] f Ps uf]/f b"t
cfOku' ] . :ofn'6 ub{} eg], æ;/ cS6/nfg] Ln] k7fpg'ePsf] .Æ hjfkmdf cd/l;x+ n] df}gtfleq}
cfvF fn] lsg < sf] efjn] x]/] . æof] bf;] Nnf jL/ elQm yfkfkl| t xfd|f] >4f / ;Ddfg pxfFnfO{
k/' :sf/ . of] pd]/df o:tf] jL/tfsf ;fy n8g\ ] jL/sf] cd/ nfzdf cf9] fOlbgx' f]; \ . laGtL
5, xfdf| ] ;Ddfg :jLsfg'{xf;] \Æ b"tn] eGof] . b"tsf] of] egfOnfO{ :jLsf//] cd/l;x+ n] bf;] Nnf
lnP / cf9] fOlbP clg ;f]rdf x/fP . pgn] dgdg} eg], æzqn' ] ;Ddfg u¥of] jL/ eg]/,
xfd|f] jL/tfdf zÍf ug{] 7fpF 5g} .Æ
o'4 /f]s]/ ;lGw ug{] va/n] cd/l;+x 5Ss k/] . b/af/n] of4] f w/] } 5g} g\ eg]/ w/] }
jL/x¿n] jL/ult kf| Kt u/k] l5, w/] } 7fpF u'dfPkl5 o'4 /f]Sof] . pgn] nfdf] ;f; tfg ] .
zAb / c {y cfzfjfbL – sg' } s/' f xf]nf eGg] cfzf jf ckI] ff /fVg ] ;j:{ j – ePe/sf]
cf>o – s'g} j:t' jf JolQmsf] cf8, cfwf/, e/ dfg} – r'krfk
sf]nfxn – xf]xNnf, w/] } dflg;x¿ s/fPsf] c:ki6 cfjfh
bf];Nnf – lsgf/fdf a'§f el/Psf] pmgsf] b'O{ ;/f] vf:6f]
efiff auFr} f – & 173
cfh ae' m]/ s] ug'{ < lxhf] ;DemfpFbf g} ;lDemP/ lg0fo{ lnPsf] eP gk] fn cfdfsf]
cfsf/ 36g\ ] lyPg, g jL/x¿n] jL/ult kf| Kt ug'{kYof {] . pgn] ;a} a'em/] ;xL ;Nnfx
lbg,] xf;F LxfF;L o4' ug{ tlD;g] dxfg\ of4] f elQm yfkfnfO{ ;lDemP . ;fF Rr} lg0f{o eGg]
7"nf] s'/f /x5] . emg\ b]zsf] g]t[Tj ;DxfNg] g]tfsf] lg0fo{ sf] t s] s/' f ug{' / < pgn]
nfdf] ;f; tfg ] . ;dodf ;xL ;Nnfx lng ;ss] f] eP elQm yfkf / c¿ w]/} ;k'tx¿
dg]{ lyPgg,\ g w]/} jL/sf] /utn] lxhf] hf]8]sf] e"ld g} cfh u'Dg] lyof] . To;}n] xtf/df
lg0f{o u//] km';b{ df k5'tfpg] sfdn] ;dfwfg xf]Og ;d:of g} a9fOlbG5 . cd/l;x+ n] ;'b/"
eljio;Dd lgofNb} eg], æcabl] v s;n} ] slxNo} klg o;/L lg0f{o lng] gu/f;] \ .Æ
u/, 3/
z'4 pRrf/0f
lbPsf zAb ;'g / eg M
a|Dxk'q alNemF b} b/" blzt{ f cl/Ëfn lg0f{o cfZjf;g
cfj|md0f ;j:{ j OGb|Bf} gu0o Jofsn' l;x+ gfy
af]w / cleJolQm
!= kf7sf] syfsf ;?' b]lv t];|f] cg'R5b] ;Dd kfnk} fnf] k9 .
@= lbPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ eg M
s= lj= ;=+ !*&! ;Dd g]kfnsf] ;Ldf sxf;F Dd k}mlnPsf] lyof] <
v= Toltv]/ o4' ug]{ lg0fo{ s;n] lnPsf] lyof] <
u= o'4sf] 3fp alNemFb} hfg'sf] sf/0f s] lyof] <
3= g]kfnL ;]gfn] Toltv]/ s]nfO{ xltof/ agfPsf] lyof] <
ª= lr7L lnP/ cfPsf] bt" n] cd/l;x+ nfO{ s] eGof] <
r= cd/l;x+ nfO{ /f]s/] o4' df sf] uof] <
#= ldNbf] pQ/df 7Ls -√_ lrXg nufpm M
s= lj= ;+= !*&! Dff g]kfnsf /fhf sf] lyP <
174 efiff au}Frf – &
c= k|tfkl;x+ zfx cf= /0faxfb/' zfx O= uLjf{0fo'4 jL/ljj|md zfx
v= ;'?df elQm yfkfn] lsg o'4 gu/fF} egs] f lyP <
c= cªu\ |h] x¿ wt" { ePsfn] cf= cfly{s cefj ePsfn] O= ;fx; gePsfn]
u= o4' df hfFbf elQm yfkf slt pd]/sf lyP <
c= ;Q/L cf= PsxQ/ O= axQ/
3= Toltv/] cd/l;+x yfkfsf] kb s] lyof] <
c= ;/bf/ cf= sfhL O= k|wfgdGqL
ª= To; o4' df cªu\ ]h| ;g] fsf] g]t[Tj s;n] u/s] f] lyof] <
c= ;/ cn]Sh]G8/ cf= ;/ lkmlnk O= ;/ cS6/nf]gL
$= s;n] s;nfO{ eg]sf] xf] <
s= clxn] cfly{s cefj 5, ef]sf] k6] df Odfg 8udufpg ;S5 .
v= g xltof/ 5 g ;g] f g} 5g\ . sflGtk'/n] lsg l9nfO u/]sf] xf] sl' Gg <
u= kT| o]s kf| 0fL If0fIf0f dl//x5] , d[To' cleGg ldq xf] hLjgsf ] .
3= dn} ] hjfkm kfO;sF,] o'4 hf/L g} /fVg] xg} t <
ª= o4' df d hfG5' . dnfO{ hfg lbg'xf];\ ;/sf/ Û
r= cfh af o'4sf nflu a9L pQ]lht xg' 'ePsf] 5 .
5= xfdLnfO{ cf>o lbg] rft} f/L n8\of ] .
%= lbPsf k|Zgsf] ;ª\lIfKt pQ/ nv] M
s= eLd;]g yfkfn] cd/l;+x yfkf / elQm yfkfsf s'gs'g ;Nnfx dfg]gg\ <
v= o4' df g]kfnL ;]gfsf] s:tf] cj:yf lyof] <
u= cd/l;+x yfkfn] /fhf agfOlbG5' eGg] cª\u|hsf] cfZjf;g lsg dfgg] g\ <
3= elQm yfkfn] jL/ult k|fKt u/]kl5 lsNnfleq ss] ] eof] <
ª= b/af/n] ;dodf lg0f{o glnbF f s] eof] <
r= ;dodf lg0fo{ lbg ;lsPg eg] s] xG' 5 <
5\= cª\u|h] n] cfˆgf] zq' eP/ klg elQm yfkfnfO{ lsg ;Ddfg u/]sf] xf] <
^= syfdf k|:tt' ul/Psf] 36gfkl5 gk] fnsf] Oltxf;df s:tf] 36gf 36\of] xf]nf <
&= efj lj:tf/ u/ M
lsGg vfH] bf lajm| L eOlbg] j:t' xG' 5, dfG5] xfO] g . clg Tof] laS5 h;n] bz] sf] dxŒj a‰' bg} .
*= kf7sf cfwf/df elQm yfkf / cd/l;+x yfkfn] bz] kl| t u/]sf] ofu] bfgaf/] nV] gx' f]; \ .
efiff auF}rf – & 175
cfˆgf cg'ej ;f6f;f6 u/ M
ltdLnfO{ elQm yfkfsf] :jefj dg k¥of] ls dg k/]g < dg k/] lsg dg k¥of]
/ dg gk/] lsg dg k/g] < eg .
?
;fr] / eg M
b/af/n] t ;dodf lg0fo{ ug{ ;sg] . gk] fnn] cfˆgf w/] } ee" fu ud' fof ] . ltdLnfO{
klg t?' Gt} lg0fo{ lngk' g{] cj:yf cfof] t/ ltdLn] lg0fo{ ug{ ;sg] f} eg] s] u5f{} <
>l' t nv] g
lbPsf] cgR' 5b] ;g' / nv] M
cd/l;x+ Joª\UofTds 9Ën] d':s/' fP t/ t'?Gt} pgL pQ]lht eP/ j|m|fw] n] /ftf/ftf
cfvF f kfb}{ hlËP, æs] d uNnLsf] e:' ofxf ss' '/ xF' < rO] rO] ug{]lalQs} bu'/]/ htf
afn] fof] Tot} vfg hfg] Û s] eG7fg]sf ltgLx¿n] dnfO{ < pgn] dgdg} ;Dem] , æd]/f] hLjg
d/] f] bz] sf nflu xf ] . ljgfb]z d]/f] klxrfg 5g} . d d5,'{ Pslbg ;an} ] dg{}k5{ t/ d d/] f]
b]znfO{ wfs] f lbg] sNkgf;Dd klg ug{ ;lSbg F .Æ
z4' nv] g
lbPsf jfSodf cfjZos lrXg;dt] /fv/] z4' agfO{ sfkLdf nv] M
xftsf] lrl7 kmfn]/ cd/l;x t/af/n] wh' fw'hf kf/]/ sf6b\ } bt' tkm{ kms{]/ eg] ;'g\ b'tn]
eGof] d}n] hjfkm kfO;s] o'4 hf/L g} /fVg] x}g t otL eg/] p t'?Gt} afxL/ lg:sLof] .
176 efiff auF}rf – &
zAbe08f/
!= zAb / cys{ f] hf8] f ldnfpm M
jL/ult k/:k/df d]nldnfk
;lGw s'g} nIodf ;kmn xg' ckgfOg] sfo{gLlt
/0fgLlt o'4df xg' ] of]4fsf] d[To'
;Ggf6f 9frF f, tl/sf
o4' db} fg sfFks] f] :j/
;'b9[ 7n" f] gfnaf6 ufn] f xflgg] bO' { kfËf| hl8Psf] Ps ks| f/sf] k/' fgf] c:q
zn} L ;'g;fg
slDkt :j/ dha't, alnof]
tfk] o4' ePsf] 7fpF
@= 7Ls zAb /fvL vfnL 7fpF e/ M
-kt| LIff, lg0f{o, ;dfwfg, l5ofl5of, cfjm| d0f_
s= cª\uh]| x¿n] w]/} 7fpaF f6 Ps} rfl] 6===============u/] .
v= jL/x¿n] ;g] fsf] ================ ub{} /fhwfgLsf] s/' f u/s] f lyP .
u= xtf/df lg0fo{ u//] km' ;{bdf k5'tfpg] sfdn=] =================== xf]Og ;d:of a9fpF5 .
3= xg'dfg\9f]sf b/af/n] lnPsf=] ==========================n] /fu] lgDTofPsf] lyof] .
ª= gk] fn cfdfsf] cËcË ================== aGg kU' of ] .
#= pbfx/0fdf bv] fPh:t} u/L lbPsf zAbaf6 gofF zAb agfpm M
s= xft, u7' L, ;fwF , c+z, dt, xf];
pbfx/0f M xft ± Oof/ – xltof/
v= xf/, ¿k, s/0f, dfg, ej, jfb
pbfx/0f M cg' ± xf/ – cg'xf/
$= lbPsf 6S' sf /fv/] jfSo agfpm M
6\jfNn kg,{' lh2L ug{', lbSs x'g,' sf]nfxn dlRrg', df}gtf 5fpg', o'4 lhTg,' cfj|md0f
ug{', ufxf| ] kg{', pQ]lht xg' ', Jofs'n x'g'
%= kf7df k|of]u ePsf cª\u]h| L zAb vfh] ]/ n]v .
efiff auFr} f – & 177
Jofs/0f
sfod{ "ns Jofs/0f
!= s= lbPsf jfSo k9 M
d d]/f] bz] nfO{ wf]sf lbGgF .
xfdL hGde"ldsf] /Iff u5f}F { .
tF t'?Gt aflx/ lg:sL .
ltdL aa' f;Fu} db} fgdf hfpm .
tkfO{+ xfd|f] ;Ddfg :jLsf/ ug{'xf;] \ .
pm lr7L lnP/ lsNnfleq kj| ]z u¥of ] .
pgL slDkt :j/df elQm yfkflt/ x]/]/ s/fP .
pxfnF ] ;dodf lg0fo{ lng ;Sg'ePg .
dflysf jfSodf ePsf d, xfdL, tF, ltdL, tkfO{+, pm, pgL, pxfF h:tf ;j{gfd zAbn]
…k?' ifÚ klg a'emfp5F g\ . k'?if tLg k|sf/sf 5g\ M
ky| d k'?if – h;n] afN] 5 – d, xfdL
låtLo k?' if – h;n] ;'G5 – t,F ltdL, tkfO{+, xh/'
tt[ Lo k?' if – h;sf] af/]df s'/f ul/G5 – pm pgL, pxf,F Tof], ltgL, of], logL
v= lbPsf jfSo leGg} k?' ifdf kl/jt{g u/ M
pbfx/0f M d g]kfn cfdfsf] jL/ ;k't xF' .
ltdL gk] fn cfdfsf jL/ ;k't xf} .
pgL gk] fn cfdfsf jL/ ;k't xg' \ .
c= p;n] cd/l;+x yfkfnfO{ :ofn6' u¥of ] .
cf= tFn} ] cfdfsf] ks' f/ ;'Ggk' 5{ .
O= ltgLx¿ lsg ;dodf lg0f{o ubg}{ g\ <
O{= xfdL Ps eO{ cufl8 a9g\ k' 5{ .
p= pgLx¿ bz] sf] /Iff ug{ ;kmn eP .
@= ky| d, låtLo / t[tLo k'?ifsf] k|ofu] u/L b]zsf af/]df Ps cg'R5]b nv] .
#= lbPsf jfSo st[{jfRodf abn M
pbfx/0f M cª\uh|] åf/f cfj|md0f ul/of ] .
178 efiff aur}F f – &
cªu\ |]hn] cfjm| d0f u/ ] .
s= cd/l;+x yfkfåf/f lsNnflsNnf 3'ldof ] .
v= l;kfxLåf/f xftsf] lr7L lbOof ] .
u= elQm yfkfåf/f sx] L gafn] L leq kl;of] .
3= kTgLåf/f v's/' L le/fOof ] .
ª= dl' vgLåf/f o4' sf] ;fOt ul/of ] .
$= lbPsf s/0f jfSonfO{ cs/0f jfSodf abn M
pbfx/0f M tfk] k8s\ s] f] cfjfh cfp5F .
tf]k k8\s]sf] cfjfh cfpbF g} .
s= gk] fnL jL/ ;]gfsf] sdLn] cflQPsf lyP .
v= cª\u]|hx¿ cgs] /0fgLlt ckgfpbF } lyP .
u= ;dfrf/ dnfpsf] lsNnfleq cfOk'us] f] lyof ] .
3= d o4' db} fgdf hfG5 ' .
ª= cd/l;+x yfkfn] dgdg} lr7L k9 ] .
n]vg cEof;
cgn' ]vg
!= kf7sf] bf;] f| ] cg'R5b] h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ .
@= lbPsf] cgR' 5]b h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ M
xfd|f] b]zsf] Oltxf; uf/} jzfnL 5 . uf/] vfdf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx /fhf ePsf] a]nf
gk] fndf cGo ;fgf;fgf /fHo lyP . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] gk] fn PsLs/0f cleofg ;'? u/ ] .
pgsf] cleofgnfO{ pgLeGbf kl5sf /fhfx¿n] klg lg/Gt/tf lbP . Toltv]/ gk] fnsf]
;Ldfgf k"j{df l6i6f gbL;Dd / klZrddf sfuF 8f;Dd k'u]sf] lyof ] . To;tfsf ef/tdf
an] fotn] zf;g rnfPsf] lyof] . cªu\ ]h| x¿ g]kfnnfO{ klg cfˆgf] cwLgdf Nofpg rfxGy] .
To;n} ] g]kfn / cªu\ |h] ;]gfaLr 7"nf] o'4 eof ] . cfˆgf] b]znfO{ :jtGq /fVg sof}F g]kfnL
jL/ / jL/Ëgfx¿n] alnbfg lbP . gk] fnL;Fu Toltv]/ kof{Kt xltof/ lyPgg\ . v's/' Lsf]
efiff auFr} f – & 179
e/df gk] fnLx¿ n8fOF uy {] . gk] fnL ;]gfsf] ;ªV\ of klg yf/] } lyof] t}klg clGtd ;do;Dd
gk] fnLn] cª\u|]hl;t n8fOF ul//x] . gk] fnl;t ;g] f Psbd yf/] } lyP . To;}n], gk] fnn]
cªu\ h|] ;Fu ;'ufn} L eGg] 7fpFdf ;lGw ug{ afWo x'g'k¥of] . o4' /fS] g] lg0fo{ sf7df8fd}F f
ePsf /fhf / k|wfgdGqLn] lngk' Yof]{ t/ pgLx¿n] l9nf] u//] lg0fo{ u/ ] . plrt ;dodf
lg0f{o gx'bF f gk] fnn] w/] } wghgsf ;fy} jL/ of]4f elQm yfkfnfO{ klg u'dfpgk' ¥of ] . lg0f{o
syfaf6 xfdLn] ;xL ;dodf ;xL lg0fo{ lngk' 5{ eGg] kf7 l;Sg ;S5f}F .
l;hg{ fTds nv] g
lbPsf aF'bf /fv]/ syf tof/ kf/ M
kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfx uf]/vfsf /fhf ===============, pgn] afO;L rf}la;L /fHonfO{ PsLs/0f
u/L Pp6} /fHo agfpg] cleofg yfns] f =======================, pgn] ;ae} Gbf alnof] /fHo
sflGtk/' xfGg] tof/L u/]sf ======================, uf/] vfdf xltof/ ;lsPsf] =======================,
9s' 6' Ldf xltof/ lsGg] k;} f klg ;lsPsf] ========================, k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx s] u¿F s]
u¿sF f] cj:yf ePsf ====================, pgL cfˆgf nu' f l;nfpg] la;] gurLs{ xfF ;Nnfx
dfUg uPsf ==================, la;] gurL{n] /fhfsf] cf/fdsf] xfnva/ ;f]ws] f] ===========,
/fhfn] cfk"mnfO{ k/s] f] ;d:of la;n] fO{ atfPsf =====================, la;]n] Ps l5g
;f]r]sf] ===================, la;n] ] /fhfnfO{ Ps ?lkofF lbPsf]===================, p;n] sfzL uP/
xltof/ Nofpg egL Ps ?lkofF lbPsf] ===============, k[YjLgf/fo0f l/;fPsf =====================,
…d /fhf h:tf] dfG5n] fO{ hfaf] Ps ?lkofF lbP/ sfzL k7fpgÚ] egs] f ===================, la;n] ]
…Vjfldt\, dfkm ul/aS:of];Ú\ eg]sf] ==================, la;n] ] uf/] vf /fHodf slt 3/ w'/L 5g\ < eg/]
/fhfnfO{ ;f]w]sf] ================, /fhfn] Ps xhf/ hlt xfn] fg\ eg]sf =================, /fhfn] s'/f
a'em] sf ============================, la;]nfO{ /fdf| ] ;Nnfx lbO;\ la;,] dn} ] s'/f ae' m] F eGb} /fhf
b/af/ kmls{P .
180 efiff aurF} f – &
;d"xsfo{
rf/j6f ;dx" df a; . kT| os] ;dx" n] pQL;, ljjfx, dg, s6] L xg] ,{ jg/fhf, 5f/] L,
nfnL u/' f;F , aflËPsL, c:jLsf/, dlxgf kml] /Psf,] jz} fv, jgel/ km' ns] L, dfUg
uPsf,] l/;fPsL, wsl] nlbPsL, 8f8F faf6, vfN] ;fdf, pdg| ] zAbx¿ /fv/] syf agfpm .
syfsf] zLifs{ klg /fv . kT| os] ;dx" sf] kl| tlglw cufl8 hfpm . syf k9/] sIffdf
;g' fpm . pTsi[ 6 syf nV] g] ;dx" nfO{ ljhoL 3fi] f0ff u/ .
vN] bfvN] b}
ltdLnfO{ dg k/s] f] s'g} Pp6f /fli6o« uLt 5fg . To;sf] afn] , To;sf /rgfsf/,
;ËLtsf/ / ufossf] gfd sfkLdf l6k / sIffdf ufP/ ;g' fpm .
F ufpF vfg] syfsf] pQ/ 181
cfvF f, ¿v, lrKn]ls/f, xft, /fF}, hfFtf,] afF;, km;L{
efiff auFr} f – &
!#PsfO zl} Ifs ed| 0f hfg
cgd' lt lngk' 5{
cfFvLˆofn
lbPsf] ;+jfbaf6 s] a'lemG5 <
-Pp6L s6] L / s6] f] ljBfnoaf6 kmsF{bf af6fdf s/' f ub{} 5g \ ._
s]6L M cfh u?' n] nD' nd] f /xs] f afujfgL ljsf; s]Gb|sf] s/' f ubf{ dnfO{ ;f/} /dfOnf]
nfUof] .
s]6f] M ToxLF uP/ xg] { kfP kf] w/] } s/' f hflgg] lyof] t .
s]6L M x'g t xf] t/ xfdL Toxf;F Dd slxn] hfg] < slxn] b]Vg] <
s6] f] M z}lIfs e|d0f hfg] lg . ef]ln To;af/] sIffdf s'/f u/fF} g Û
s]6f] M P xf] t lg . xG' 5, x'G5, efl] n s'/f u/fn}F f .
182 efiff aurF} f – &
k!f7 kw| fgfWofksnfO{ lgj]bg
ldlt M – @)&! . !! .@)
>L k|wfgfWofksHo",
eLd]Zj/ pRr df=lj=
rl/sf]6, bf]nvf .
ljifo M z}lIfs ed| 0faf/] .
dxfb] o,
z}lIfs e|d0fnfO{ lzIf0f l;sfO ljm| ofsnfksf] cltl/Qm cË dflgG5 . o;n] sIffsf7] fdf
l;s]sf ;4} flGts 1fgnfO{ Jojxfl/s 1fgdf kl/0ft ugd{ f dxŒjk0" f{ e"ldsf lgjfx{
ub5{ . o;n} ], ljBfnosf] jflifs{ sfo{tflnsfdf plNnlvt zl} Ifs e|d0f sfo{j|mdcGtu{t
sIff ;ftsf xfdL ;a} 5fq5fqfx¿ Kffv] /f pkTosfsf] ed| 0f ug{] ePsf 5fF} . ToxfsF f]
cnf}lss efu} fl] ns Pjd\ k|fsl[ ts bZ[ osf] cjnfs] g ug{ xfdLn] rf/ lbg 5'6o\ fPsf
5f} F . ToxfsF f] cfB} fl] us Ifq] sf] cjnf]sgaf6 xfdLn] kf]v/fdf pTkfbg x'g] j:tx' ¿sf]
af/d] f hfgsf/L xfl;n ug{5] f} F . ToxfF xfdL xftn} ] 5'g ;lsPnf eFm} glhs b]lvg]
lxdzÎ[ nfx¿ xb] }{ /dfpg] 5fF } . cfZron{ fUbf u'kmfx¿ / tfnx¿ 3'Dg]5fF } . xfdL ToxfF
hnljxf/ u/]/ cfgGb lng]5fF} . ue{lt/ aus] f] ;]tLsf] vf]Fr xg] {5] f}F . kfv] /f gu/n] ko6{ g
Ifq] df k¥' ofPsf] dxŒjsf] cWoog ug5]{ f }F . o;sf nflu cfjZos aGbfa] :t ldnfOlbgx' 'g
oxfF ;dIf ljgd| cg/' f]w ub5{ fF} .
6f]nL k|d'v
;'sG' 8f >]i7
sIff &
zAb / c {y ;}4flGts – l;4fGt;uF ;DalGwt kl/0ft – ¿kfGtl/t, kl/jlt{t
sfot{ flnsf – sfdsf] ljj/0f cjnf]sg – xg] ]{ sfd
lxdz[Înf – lxdfnsf lzv/x¿sf] tfFtL hnljxf/ – dgf/] ~hgsf nflu ul/g] hnofqf
efiff aur}F f – & 183
u/, 3/
z'4 pRrf/0f
lbPsf zAb ;'g / eg M
e|d0f ljm| ofsnfk ;4} flGts plNnlvt k|wfgfWofks
cnfl} ss lxdz[Înf vfFr] kl/0ft 5fq5fqf
af]w / cleJolQm
!= lbPsf k|Zgsf] Ps jfSodf pQ/ bp] m M
s= lgj]bg s] ljifodf n]lvPsf] 5 <
v= lgjb] g slt sIffsf ljBfyLs{ f] tkm{af6 n]lvPsf] xf] <
u= lgjb] gdf s;nfO{ ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] 5 <
3= lgjb] gdf stfkl§ ldlt n]lvPsf] 5 <
ª= ;Daf]wgdf s]s] s/' f ;dl] 6Psf] 5 <
r= ljBfyL{x¿ zl} Ifs e|d0fdf sxfF hfg] ePsf 5g\ <
@= lbPsf kZ| gsf] ;ªl\ IfKt pQ/ b]pm M
s= zl} Ifs ed| 0f hfg' lsg cfjZos 5 <
v= kfv] /fdf e|d0f hfg ss] ] s/' fsf] aGbfa] :t ug{' cfjZos 5 <
#= lgjb] gdf ss] ] s'/f sg' s'g efudf stfkl§ n]Vg'k5{ < Pp6f 9fFrf tof/ u/ .
$= lzIff lbj;sf] cj;/df lzIff dGqfnoåf/f cfofl] ht lgaGw k|ltofl] utfdf ljBfnosf]
tk{maf6 efu lng hfgsf nflu cfjZos kg{] l;kmfl/; agfOlbg cg/' f]w ub}{ cfˆgf]
ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofksnfO{ lgj]bg n]v .
%= cfˆgf] ljBfnodf >Job[Zo dfWoddf k9fO xg' k' g]{ dfu ub}{ sIff ;ftsf ljBfyLx{ ¿sf]
tk{maf6 kw| fgfWofksnfO{ lgj]bg nv] .
184 efiff auF}rf – &
cfˆgf cge' j ;f6f;f6 u/ M
ltdL 3'Dg uPsf] 7fpdF f s]s] bV] of} ;fyLnfO{ eg .
?
;fr] / eg M
;'sG' 8f >]i7 h:t} ltdL klg z}lIfs ed| 0f sfo{j|mdsf] aGbfa] :t ldnfpg] 6fn] L
k|dv' eof} eg] s] u5f{} <
>l' t nv] g
lbPsf jfSo ;'g / n]v M
z}lIfs ed| 0fnfO{ lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfksf] cltl/Qm cË dflgG5 . o;n] sIffsf]7fdf
l;ss] f ;}4flGts 1fgnfO{ Jojxfl/s 1fgdf kl/0ft ug{df dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjfx{ ub5{ .
z4' n]vg
lbPsf jfSo z4' agfO{ sfkLdf n]v M
Toxfsf cnfs} Ls efu} f]nLs Pjd\ k|fljm| lts bi[ osf] canf]sg ug{ xfldn] rf/ bLg
56' \ofPsf 5f } . Toxfsf] cfB} fl] us If]qsf] canf]sgaf6 xfldn] kf]v/fdf pTkfbg x'g]
j:t'x¿sf] af/]df hfgsfl/ xf;Ln ug5{] f} .
efiff au}Frf – & 185
;d"xsfo{
sIffsf ;fyLdWo] Ps hgf k|ltlglw 5fg . kl| tlglw afxs] sf ;fyL rf/j6f
;d"xdf a; . kl| tlglwn] lstfa x/] ]/ lgjb] gsfa] Lr v08 …zl} Ifs e|d0fnfO{
bl] v rf/ lbg 56' \ofPsf 5fF}Ú, ;Dd c¿n] ;G' g] u/L k9 . c¿n] sfkLdf
n]v . ;dx" ;d"xaLr sfkL ;f6f;f6 u/ . lstfa x]/]/ z4' zAbdf -_ lrXg
/ cz4' zAbdf -_ lrXg b]pm . sfkLsf] 5]pdf uNtL ;ª\Vof klg nv] . sfkL
lkmtf{ b]pm . lstfa x]/]/ -_ lrXg nufPsf zAb ;Rofpm . ;a} sfkL Ps 7fpF
hDdf u/ . k|To]s ;dx" sf] Ps hgf cufl8 hfpm . ;a}eGbf sd uNtL ug]{sf]
sfkL 5fg . pQm sfkL xg' ] ;fyLnfO{ ljhoL 3fi] f0ff u/ .
zAbe08f/
!= lbPsf cy;{ Fu ldNg] zAb kf7af6 vf]h]/ nv] M
bO' { kxf8sf aLrsf] ;f3F /' f] 7fp,F 3d' lkm/, ljz]if ultljlw, hfGg] a‰' g] sfd, k|;Ggtf,
k9\g] sfd
@= pbfx/0fdf b]vfP h:t} u/L lbPsf zAbaf6 gofF zAb agfpm M
s= nfs] g, xn] gf, u'0f, ut, /fw] , wf/0ff
pbfx/0f M cj ± nfs] g – cjnfs] g
v= gd,| lzi6, ho, ofu] , bz] , u|x, sNk
pbfx/0f M lj ± gd| – ljgd|
#= lbPsf zAbnfO{ cy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf ko| fu] u/ M
e"ldsf lgjf{x, lzIf0f l;sfO, z}lIfs ed| 0f, sfoj{ m| d, k|fs[lts b[Zo, cf}Bf]lus Ifq] ,
aGbfa] :t
$= kf7af6 …;}4flGtsÚ, …cf}Bf]lusÚ h:tf aLrdf cfwf cIf/ ePsf b;j6f zAb vf]h .
tLdWo] sg' } kfFrj6f zAb /fvL jfSo agfpm .
%= …b[ZoÚ, …s[lifÚ h:tf Csf/ nfu]sf b;j6f zAb ;fyL;uF 5nkmn u//] nv] .
186 efiff aur}F f – &
Jofs/0f
sfod{ n" s Jofs/0f
!= s= lbPsf jfSo k9 M ;dx" …vÚ
;dx" …sÚ ;s' 'G8fn] lgj]bg n]vL .
;'sG' 8fn] lgj]bg n]Vof] . 5fqfx¿ zl} Ifs ed| 0f uP .
5fqfx¿ z}lIfs ed| 0f uof ] . p;n] hnljxf/ u¥of] .
p;n] hnljxf/ u/] F . k|wfgfWofks cgd' lt lbg'x'G5 .
k|wfgfWofks cg'dlt lbG5 .
dfly ;d"x …sÚ sf jfSodf stf{ / ljm| ofaLr dn] ePsf] 5g} . ;dx" …vÚ sf jfSodf
stf{ / lj|mofaLr dn] ePsf] 5 . o; k|sf/sf] stf{ / ljm| ofaLrsf] d]nnfO{ kb;Ëlt
elgG5 . jfSodf stfs{ f] lnË, jrg, k?' if / cfb/cg;' f/ ljm| ofkb k|ofu] ug{'k5{ .
v= lbPsf jfSo kb;Ëlt ldnfP/ nv] M
c= 5fq kf]v/f pkTosf 3D' g uO{ .
cf= pgLx¿n] rf/ lbg 56' \ofPsf] 5 .
O= xfdL jz} fv dlxgfdf zl} Ifs e|d0f hfG5 .
O={ u?' n] ;an} fO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ u5{ .
p= pgL lgj]bg nV] g yfNof] .
pm= ljBfyLn{ ] 8'Ëf rnfpge' of] .
@= lbPsf jfSonfO{ ;fdfGo et" sfn / ;fdfGo jtd{ fg sfndf kl/jtg{ u/ M
s= 5fq5fqfx¿n] kf]v/f pkTosfsf] e|d0f ug]5{ g \ .
v= pgLx¿n] kfv] /fdf pTkfbg xg' ] j:ta' f/] a'‰g5] g \ .
u= zl} Ifs e|d0fdf sIff ;ftsf 5fq5fqfx¿ ;xefuL x'g]5g\ .
3= e|d0fsf] p2Z] o Jojxfl/s 1fg xfl;n ug'{xg' ]5 .
ª= k|wfgfWofksn] ;a} aGbf]a:t ldnfpgx' g' 5] .
r= ljBfyL{x¿ kf]v/fsf] cfB} f]lus If]q klg kU' g5] g\ .
#= lbPsf jfSonfO{ ‘d’ sf 7fpdF f ‘ltdL’ / ‘pm’ /fv]/ k'gnv{] g u/ M
d/] f] ljBfnon] k|Tos] jif{ zl} Ifs ed| 0fsf] cfofh] gf u5 { . d/] f ;fyL ;w}F zl} Ifs ed| 0fdf
;xefuL xG' 5g \ . d klg z}lIfs e|d0fdf ;xefuL xG' 5' . d e|d0fnfO{ lzIf0f l;sfO
ljm| ofsnfksf] cË dfG5 ' . o;n] ;4} flGts 1fgnfO{ Jojxfl/s 1fgsf ¿kdf kl/jt{g u5{
eGg] s'/fdf d ljZj:t 5 ' .
efiff auF}rf – & 187
nv] g cEof;
cgn' ]vg
!= kf7df lbPsf] lgj]bg h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ .
@= lbPsf] cgR' 5]b h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ M
lstfadf l;ss] f] 1fgnfO{ Jojxf/df ko| f]u ug{ hfg'k5{ . ljBfyL{n] lstfaL 1fgsf
cltl/Qm z}lIfs e|d0f, v]ns'b h:tf cltl/Qm lj|mofsnfkdf klg ;xefuL x'gk' 5 { .
z}lIfs e|d0faf6 cfk"mn] k:' tsdf k9]sf] 7fp,F k|fsl[ ts b[Zo, ef}uf]lns cj:yf /
cf}Bf]lus Ifq] cflbsf] af/d] f klg 1fg lng ;lsG5 . To;}n] zl} Ifs ed| 0fnfO{ k9fOsf]
Pp6f cË dflgG5 . z}lIfs e|d0f eg]/ cfˆg} ;/' n] hxfF kfof] ToxLF uP/ x'bF g} . o;sf
nflu ljBfnosf lzIfs, kw| fgcWofks / Joj:yfkg ;ldltl;t cgd' lt lng'k5 { . cg'dlt
lngsf nflu lgj]bg lbg'k5 { .
l;h{gfTds n]vg
ljBfnoaf6 z}lIfs ed| 0f hfbF fsf cge' j ;d]6/] Pp6f nv] tof/ kf/ .
v]NbfvN] b}
zAbhfnaf6 g]kfnsf sDtLdf afxj| 6f wflds{ tLy{:ynsf] gfd vfh] /] 3]/f nufpm M
z} n] Zj /L gf d' lQm gf y
lj GWo Zj d 7f s' / åf /f
p Xo] sf p eL d] Zj / jf
u' g wf u| :j u{ åf /L df}
d j b tf lq j] 0fL / nf
b] r t /f df /f] z g sf
k z' e d' lQm b Q sf ln
:j yL u] /f a 8L df ln sf
kf k z' k lt gf y kf ly
188 efiff aurF} f – &
!$PsfO snf / snfsf/
cfFvLˆofn
lbPsf k|Zgdf 5nkmn u/ M
!= lrqdf bv] fPsf ejg s:tf z}nLdf ag]sf 5g\ <
@= dflysf lrq s:tf ks| f/sf xg' \ < 189
efiff au}rF f – &
zAb / c {yk!f7 jf:t'snf
– hLj/fh kf]vn|]
lgaGwsf/ hLj/fh kfv] n]| sf] hGd lj= ;=+ @)!) dl+ ;/ @$ ut] ;u/dfyf c~rn vf6] fª
lhNnfsf] lkkn8f8F f, vfkf{ eGg] 7fpdF f ePsf] xf ] . jf:ts' nf ;/+ If0f zLifs{ df ljBfjfl/lw
pkflw xfl;n u/s] f kfv] n]| kf| Wofkg k;] fdf ;n+ Ug 5g \ . kfv] n]| ;flxTo / ;flxTot] / bj' }
Ifq] df snd rnfp5F g \ . pgsf kf6gsf] si[ 0f dlGb/, a4' rl/q, dg} f, an' an' h:tf
sl[ tx¿ ks| flzt 5g \ . kfv] n]| n] …dxG] b| ljBf ei" f0f kbsÚ, …ka| n uf/] vf blIf0f afxÚ' h:tf
yk' }| k/' :sf/ / kbs kf| Kt u/s] f 5g \ . pgL jf:ts' nfnfO{ dn" ljifo agfP/ sl[ t l;hg{ f ug{] lgaGwsf/ xg' \ .
Uff;, jf; tyf skf; dfgj hLjgsf cfwf/et" cfjZostf xg' \ . oLljgf hLjg lgjf{x
ug{ kf| ozM c;Dej g} xG' 5 . jf:ts' nf jf;l;t ;DalGwt snf xf ] . kfgL xfO8«fh] g tyf
clS;hgaf6 ag] h:t} jf:t'snf zG" o tyf lk08af6 lgdf{0f ePsf] xG' 5 . zG" onfO{ lk08n]
ljlzi6 ¿kdf kl/jl] i7t u/k] l5 jf:ts' nfsf] l;h{gf x'G5 . lk08 / z"Gosf] ;fwf/0f
ofu] 3/ xf ] . jf:t'snf c;fwf/0f vfnsf] xg' k' b5{ . ;a} ljZj ;'Gb/L dlxnf xG' 5g\ t/ ;a}
dlxnf ljZj ;'Gb/L xF'bg} g \ . To;} u/L ;a} jf:t'snf 3/df ljBdfg x'G5 t/ ;a} 3/df
jf:ts' nf gx'g klg ;Qm5 . jf:t'snf z"Go tyf lk08sf] ;+of]lht :j¿k xf] . lk08nfO{
:kz{ ug{ ;lsG5 . zG" o lk08aLr /xs] f] x'G5 .
Jff:t'snf alnof] cyjf ;an xg' 'kb{5 . o;sf] lgdf{0f ePkl5 of] w]/} ;do;Dd l6Sg'kb5{ .
;fdu|L tyf ;/+ rgfdf ;fd~h:o eof] eg] ;an j:ts' f] l;h{gf x'G5 . of] es" Dk
kl| t/f]ws klg xg' k' b5{ . ljzi] f u/]/ xfd|f] b]zdf &% b]lv !)) jif{df 7"nf] es" Dk cfpg]
ePsf] xg' fn] o; kIfnfO{ w]/} Wofg lbg'kb{5 . jf:ts' nf ;l' jwfhgs klg xg' k' b{5 .
;l' jwfhgs Tof] j:t' x'G5 h'g pkof]u ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu sg' } ejgsf]
prfO sd eof] eg] of] ;'ljwfhgs xb'F }g lsgeg] leqaflx/ ubf{ lz/ 7fl] sP/ 3fOt] x'g
;lsG5 . clg of] x]bf{ klg ;'Gb/ xg' 'kb5{ . sg' } klg j:t' ta ;G' b/ x'G5 ha o;sf
hLjg lgjf{x – hLjg rnfpg] sfd, hLjgofkg, u'hf/f z"Go – sx] L gePsf], l/Qf]
kl/j]li7t – rf}/lt/af6 3l] /Psf], 9flsPsf]
;fd~h:o – dn] ldnfk, pkoQ' mtf cgk' ft – s'g} j:t'sf] dfqf jf kl/df0f, bfFhf]
190 efiff auFr} f – &
ljleGg efusf] aLrsf] cgk' ft /fd|f] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu s'g} rte' h'{ Toltan] f /fd|f]
x'G5 ha o;sf] e'hfsf] ;dfg'kft ! tyf !=^ xG' 5 . o;nfO{ :jl0fd{ v08 klg elgG5 .
jf:ts' nfnfO{ :yfkTo klg elgG5 . To;sf/0f :yfkTo ;an, ;'ljwfhgs tyf ;G' b/
xg' 'kb5{ .
Jff:t'snfnfO{ ;fdu|Ldf n]lvPsf] sljtf klg elgG5 . o;}cg¿' k kf6gsf]
si[ 0fdlGb/nfO{ kTy/df /rgf ul/Psf] sljtf eGg ;lsG5 . To;} u/L kf6gl:yt kfrF tn
sD' eZ] j/ dlGb/nfO{ OF6 / sf7df l;hg{ f ul/Psf] sljtf eGg ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ obfsbf
hds] f] ;ËLt klg elgG5 . ;ËLtdf lglZrt tfn bf]xf]l/Psf] xG' 5 . To;} u/L ejgdf
klg ljleGg tŒjx¿ bfx] f]l/Psf x'G5g \ . OF6x¿ lglZrt tfndf bf]xf]l/O/x]sf x'G5g \ .
To;} u/L ‰ofnnfO{ klg lglZrt k|sf/n] ;dfg tl/sfn] bf]xf¥] ofP/ /flvPsf] xG' 5 .
ljzi] f u//] ejgsf yfd a/fa/ b/' Ldf /flvgfn] ;ËLtdf h:t} tfnsf] cge' "lt xG' 5 .
o;sf] cltl/Qm jf:ts' nfnfO{ …vfj] |mf] d"ltÚ{ klg elgG5 . o;sf] dfx] 8f d"lt{sf] h:t}
/fd|f] x'G5 t/ o;sf] leqL efudf cfjthfjt ug{ ;lsg] ePsfn] o;nfO{ vfj] m| f] dl" t{sf]
;ª\1f lbOPsf] xf ] . d"lt{ ;ldltt x'G5 . ;ldltt eg]sf] ;dfg j:t' b'Ol{ t/ eP/ of Pp6f
j:t' aLrdf /x/] b]lvPsf] ;Gt'ng xf] . o;sf nflu dfG5]sf] cgx' f/df cjl:yt cfvF f tyf
gfsnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . ejg klg o;} u/L axw' f ;ldltt ¿kdf agfOPsf] xG' 5 .
Dfxfslj b]jsf]6fn] snf eg]sf] sg' } klg j:t'sf] ;To tyf l;hg{ fTds ks| fz xf] eg]/
n]vs] f 5g \ . sg' } klg j:t' l;hg{ fTds ta xG' 5 ha of] clns ky[ s\ vfnsf] x'G5 .
eQmk'/sf] Goftkfn] dlGb/ snf xf] lsgeg] of] cGo dlGb/eGbf km/s vfnsf] 5 . clg
zAb / c {y :yfkTo – 3/, dlGb/ cflb agfpg] tl/sf ljj]rgf ul/Psf] zf:q
kTy/ – 9Ë' f, lznf vfj] |mf] – vfnL
axw' f – w/] h} ;f,] kf| oM k[ys\ – leGg cnu
s[lqd – jf:tljs gePsf,] agfj6L
efiff aurF} f – & 191
;+;f/sf] ;ae} Gbf cUnf] uugrD' aL ejg vlnkmfxf]
o;df ;Totf klg emlNsG5 lsgeg] o;df s[lqdtf 5}g . sf7 tyf O6F sf] k|of]uaf6
o;sf] lgdf0{ f ePsf] 5 . lgdf0{ f ;fduL| nfO{ k|fs[lts ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . s'g}
j:t'n] ha lbn 5'G5 clg Tof] snfdf ¿kfGtl/t xG' 5 . kz'kltsf] dlGb/ snf xf] lsgeg]
o;nfO{ x]bf{ hf;] 'ss} f] lbnnfO{ klg o;n] 5f]Psf] xG' 5 . cgk' d vfnsf] cge' j x'G5 .
/fdf| ] snfsf] cufl8 s]xLa]/sf nflu dflg;n] cfkmFn} fO{ klg e'n]sf] x'G5 .
jf:ts' nfsf] k:| yfg ljGb' uk' mf xf ] . cflbd dflg;nfO{ ejg lgdf{0f;DaGwL 1fg lyPg . v'nfdf
lzlz/ ofddf hf8f] x'g] / uL| id Ctd' f udL{ xg' ] ePsfn] dflg;n] u'kmfsf] ;xf/f lnof ] .
To;sf/0f jf:t'snfn] df};dnfO{ g/dLs/0f ug]{ sfd klg ub5{ . uk' mfaf6 cf/De ePsf]
jf:t'snfn] clxn] uugr'DaL ejgsf] ¿k wf/0f u/]sf] 5 . of] 7n' } 5nfª xf ] . clxns] f]
;;+ f/s} ;ae} Gbf cUnf] uugr'DaL ejg ah' { vlnkmfxf] xf ] . of] b'aOdf cjl:yt 5 .
Gf]kfn jf:t'snfsf] Ifq] df clt g} pNn]vgLo 5 . ;ftf}F ztfAbLdf g]kfn cfPsf
lrlgof ofqLn] gk] fnsf] lnR5ljsfnLg jf:t'snfsf] w/] } kz| +;f u/]sf lyP . pgn]
sn} fzs6" ejgsf] j0f{g clt g} 3tnfUbf] ¿kdf u/]sf 5g \ . gk] fnnfO{ dflg;eGbf dl" t{ /
dxneGbf dlGb/ a9L ePsf] bz] sf] ¿kdf klg lrq0f u/s] f] kfOG5 .
zAb / c {y ¿kfGtl/t – cfsf/ ablnPsf,] csf{] ¿kdf kl/jtg{ ePsf ] cg'kd – t'ngf x'g g;Sg,] ctn' gLo
k|:yfg ljGb' – cf/De ljGb,' ;'?jft ePsf] 7fpF 5nfª – PSsf;L pGglt xg' ' jf ljsf; ug{'
g/dLs/0f – g/d agfpg] sfd, sdnf] kfg{] sfd
192 efiff au}rF f – &
xfdf| ] ufx:{ y jf:t'snf klg clt g} /d0fLo 5 . dwz] df sf7sf] yfddf agfOPsf, e'OF tnfdf
v'nf ePsf 3/x¿ bV] g ;lsG5 . o;df sf7, af;F , df6f,] v/ h:tf :yfgLo ;fdu|L tyf
;Lksf] k|of]u k0" f¿{ kdf ePsf] bV] g ;lsG5 . To;} u/L kxf8sf ejg klg sf7, 9Ë' f, df6f],
v/, :n6] cflbn] ags] f x'G5g \ . logLx¿ Afx'wf rt'e'{hfsf/ xG' 5g\ t/ ljz]if u/]/ klZrdlt/
uf]nfsf/ :j¿ksf klg xG' 5g\ . lxdfnL If]qsf ejgsf] cfˆg} klxrfg b]Vg ;lsG5 . ljz]if u/]/
hD' nflt/sf 3/df ;dtn 5fgf] kfOG5 ha ls cGo 3/sf] le/fnf] 5fgf] x'G5 .
P]ltxfl;s jf:t'snf xfdf| ] w/f]x/ xf], xfd|f] cl:dtf xf ] . To;}sf/0f ljutdf afXo
zf;sx¿n] o;nfO{ Wj:t agfPsf] bV] g ;lsG5 . l;df| g} u9df d;' ndfg zf;s
3of;'l2g t3' nsn] 7"nf] ljgfz u/]sf lyP . Tolta]nfsf /fhf xl/l;x+ b]jn] efUgk' /s] f]
lyof ] . zf;sx¿n] ;Qf xfl;n u/k] l5 jf:t'snfsf] ;xf/f lnP/ cfkmgf] sLlt{ km}nfpg]
sfd ljleGg u/s] f] kfOG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu ;d|f6\ czf]sn] :tk' / :tDe lgdf{0f u//]
cfˆgf] sLlt{ k/k/;Dd km}nfP . pgn] g]kfnsf] nl' DagLdf, uf]l6xjf tyf lglUnxjfdf
:tDe lgdf0{ f u/] h'g clxn] klg ljBdfg 5g \ .
xfdf| ] kf/Dkl/s jf:ts' nf o:tf] ljljwtfk"0f{ tyf ;G' b/ eP/ klg xfdLn] o;nfO{ cfw'lgs
jf:t'snfdf k|ltlalDat ug{ rflxP hlt ;ss] f 5g} f} F . xfdLn] kfZrfTo d'ns' sf] jf:ts' nfnfO{
cfwl' gstfsf] gfddf cGwfg';/0f ul//x]sf 5f}F . To;n] xfd|f] klxrfg, kl/ro tyf cfˆgf]kgnfO{
phfu/ ug{ g;ss] f] kb| z{g u/]sf] 5 . wfld{s jf:ts' nfnfO{ klg xfdLn] /fd|/L ;/+ If0f ug{
;ss] f 5g} f }F+ . k/fk"js{ fndf ;+/If0f ugs{ f nflu u'7Lsf] :yfkgf ug]{ rng lyof ] . clxn]
u7' Lx¿ klg nfk] x+'bF } uO/xs] f 5g \ . o:tf u'7Lsf] kg' M:yfkgf u/L xfdf| k"j{hx¿n] xfdLnfO{
x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] gf;fn] fO{ /fd/| L htg ug{'kb{5 . xfdf| k"vfx{ ¿n] ;DkbfnfO{ l;lht{
:j¿kdf x:tfGt/0f u/] h:t} xfdLn] klg xfdf| ;Gtltx¿nfO{ ToxL ¿kdf x:tfGt/0f ug{
;Sgk' b{5 .
o;sf] nflu ;Dkbfsf] b}lgs /v] b]v tyf ;/+ If0f ug{ ;Sgk' b{5 . ;+/If0f ubf{ Go"gtd
kl/jt{g / clwstd kj" {kgnfO{ hf8] lbg'kb{5 . ;+/rgf, ;fdu|L, /ª tyf ¿k ;a}nfO{
ufx{:y – b]zleqsf ] ax'wf – w/] h} ;f]
zAb / c {y Wj:t – lau]|sf], gfz ePsf] cl:dtf – cl:tTj, klxrfg, OHht
sLlt{ – oz, c;n sfdaf6 ePsf] Voflt kl| tlalDat – 5fof k/s] f], csf{sf] 5fk k/s] f]
cGwfg;' /0f – ljgf;f]r ljrf/ cg';/0f ug' { ;+/If0f – hfu] fpg] sfd, lxkmfht
gf;f] – kl5 lkmtf{ ug{] u/L /fVg lbPsf] j:t'
x:tfGt/0f – Ps;uF ePsf] j:t' csf{n] fO{ lbg] sfd
;Dkbf – dfgj lgld{t k/Dk/fut snfsl[ t jf axd' "No j:t,' bz] df ePsf dxŒjk"0f{ k|fs[lts j:t'
efiff auFr} f – & 193
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