k"jj{ t\ l:yltdf /fVgk' b{5 . gk] fndf slt ljkb\ cyjf cGo sf/0fn] k|efljt ;Qn
z}nLsf ejgx¿nfO{ ;lhnfs] f nflu u'Dah z}nLdf ¿kfGtl/t ul/of] . o:tf] ug'{ sbflk
x'bF g} . slt o:tf dlGb/nfO{ ;/+ If0f ubf{ klxns] } :j¿kdf kmsf{OPsf pbfx/0fx¿ klg
5g \ .
u/, 3/
z4' pRrf/0f
lbPsf zAb ;g' / eg M ;o+ f]lht ;fd~h:o :yfkTo cltl/Qm
l;df| }gu9 cGwfg;' /0f k:| yfg ljGb' x:tfGt/0f
kl/j]li6t ljBdfg
l;h{gfTds ufx{:y
afw] / cleJolQm
!= lbPsf kZ| gsf] ldNbf] pQ/df 7Ls -√_ lrXg nufpm M
s= jf:t'snf sl] ;t ;DalGwt snf xf] <
c= uf; cf= jf; O= skf;
v= jf:t'snfsf] k:| yfg ljGb' s]nfO{ dflgG5 <
c= 3/ cf= lrq O= uk' mf
u= ;+;f/s} cUnf] ejg sxfF 5 <
c= ba' O cf= gk] fn O= kfls:tfg
3= kf6gsf] si[ 0fdlGb/nfO{ s]df /lrPsf] sljtf eGg ;lsG5 <
c= O6F df cf= sf7df O= kTy/df
@= 7Ls a]7Ls 56' \ofpm M
s= lk08 / z"Gosf] ;fwf/0f of]u 3/ xf] .
v= ;a} 3/df jf:ts' nf x'G5 .
194 efiff aur}F f – &
u= jf:ts' nf es" Dk kl| t/fw] s x'g'kb5{ .
3= eQmk/' sf] Goftkfn] dlGb/ sl[ qd vfnsf] bl] vG5 .
ª= ejgsf] lgdf0{ f klg d"lt{sf] h:t} ;ldltt ¿kdf ul/Psf] x'G5 .
r= g]kfnsf] jf:ts' nf Tolt pTsi[ 6 vfnsf] 5}g .
#= kf7sf cfwf/df ldNbf] zAb /fvL vfnL 7fpF e/ M
s= lk08 / z"Gosf] =================of]u ===================================dfq xf] .
v= ;fdu|L tyf ==================== ;fd~h:o eof] eg] ================== j:ts' f] l;h{gf xG' 5 .
u= jf:ts' nfnfO{ ================= n]lvPsf] sljtf klg elgG5 .
3= sg' } j:tn' ] ha ==============x'G5 clg Tof] ========================= ¿kfGtl/t x'G5 .
ª= P]ltxfl;s jf:ts' nf xfd|f] ============================xf ] .
$= lbPsf k|Zgsf] Ps jfSodf pQ/ bp] m M
s= jf:t'snfsf] lgdf0{ f s]sa] f6 xG' 5 <
v= jf:t'snf sltv]/ ;'Gb/ xG' 5 <
u= jf:t'snfnfO{ lsg …vf]jm| f] d"ltÚ{ elgPsf] xf] <
3= jf:t'snfn] s] sfd ub{5 <
ª= s;n] g]kfnsf] lnR5ljsfnLg jf:t'snfsf] k|z+;f u/s] f] lyof] <
r= ;d|f6\ czfs] n] s]sf] lgdf0{ f u/] <
5= k/fkj" s{ fndf jf:ts' nfsf] ;/+ If0f ug{ ss] f] :yfkgf ul/GYof] <
h= ;Qn z}nLsf ejgnfO{ lsg u'Dah zn} Ldf ¿kfGtl/t ul/of] <
%= lbPsf kZ| gsf] ;ªl\ IfKt pQ/ nv] M
s= jf:t'snfsf] l;hg{ f s;/L xG' 5 <
v= jf:ts' nf lgdf{0f ubf{ ss] ] s'/fdf Wofg lbg'kb5{ <
u= jf:ts' nfnfO{ …hd]sf] ;ËLtÚ lsg elgPsf] xf] <
3= jf:ts' nf s;/L kl/jltt{ xbF' 5} <
ª= g]kfnsf] ufx{:y jf:t'snfdf s] s:tf ljljwtf kfOG5g\ <
r= g]kfndf jf:ts' nfsf] l:ylt s:tf] 5 <
5= jf:t'snfsf] ;+/If0f s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
^= lbPsf] cgR' 5]b k9L ;fl] wPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ bp] m M
xfdf| ] kf/Dkl/s jf:ts' nf o:tf] ljljwtfk0" f{ tyf ;G' b/ eP/ klg xfdLn] rflxP hlt
efiff au}rF f – & 195
o;nfO{ cfwl' gs jf:ts' nfdf kl| tlalDat ug{ ;ss] f 5g} f F} . xfdLn] kfZrfTo dn' s' sf]
jf:ts' nfnfO{ cfwl' gstfsf] gfddf cGwfg;' /0f ul//xs] f] bl] vG5 . To;n] xfdf| ] klxrfg,
kl/ro tyf cfˆgfk] gnfO{ phfu/ ug{ g;ss] f] kb| zg{ u/s] f] 5 . wflds{ jf:ts' nfnfO{ klg
xfdLn] /fd/| L ;/+ If0f ug{ ;ss] f 5g} f F} . k/fkj" s{ fndf ltgsf] ;/+ If0f ugs{ f] nflu u7' L :yfkgf
ug{] rng lyof ] .
kZ| gx¿ M
s= xfdLn] cfwl' gs jf:t'snfdf s] k|ltlalDat ug{ ;s]sf 5}gfF} <
v= xfdLn] kfZrfTo jf:t'snfsf] cg';/0f lsg u¥of}F <
u= cfw'lgs jf:t'snfn] xfd|f] s] s'/f phfu/ ug{ ;sg] <
3= k/fk"j{sfndf lsg u'7Lsf] :yfkgf ul/GYof] <
cfˆgf cg'ej ;f6f;f6 u/ M
ltdLn] s:tfs:tf zn} Ldf ag]sf dlGb/x¿ bv] s] f 5f} <
?
;f]r / eg M
xfdf| k/Dk/fut wflds{ jf:ts' nfnfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ s]s] ugk{' nf{ <
>'lt nv] g
lbPsf] cgR' 5b] ;'g / n]v M
Jff:ts' nfsf] k|:yfg ljGb' u'kmf xf ] . cflbd dflg;nfO{ ejg lgdf{0f;DaGwL 1fg lyPg .
v'nfdf lzlz/ ofddf hf8f] x'g] / uL| id Ctd' f udL{ xg' ] ePsfn] dflg;n] uk' mfsf] ;xf/f
lnof ] . To;sf/0f jf:ts' nfn] clxn] uugr'DaL ejgsf] ¿k wf/0f u/s] f] 5 .
196 efiff au}Frf – &
z'4 nv] g
lbPsf jfSo z'4 agfO{ sfkLdf nv] M
dxfsjL b]asf]6fn] snf eg]sf] s"g} kgL j:t'sf] ;TP tyf ;Lh{gfTds ksf{; xf] eg/]
n]v]sf 5g . s"g} kgL j:t' ;Lhg{ fTds tj xG' 5 ha of] cnLs lky{s\ vfnsf] x'G5 .
zAbe08f/
!= zAb / cys{ f] hf8] f ldnfpm M
uD' ah z}nL ;g' fn} f]
df]x8f ;fdgf ug]{
cfwf/e"t cg'ej ul/Psf]
;+of]lht ;dfhdf wflds{ ;fdflhs sfos{ f nflu agfOPsf] ;+:yf
kl| t/fw] s rfFhfk] fFhf] ldnfPsf ]
:jl0fd{ dxŒjk0" f{
cge' t" u'Dafh:tf] cwj{ [Qfsf/ zn} L
u'7L ;fd'Gg] b]lvg] efu
@= lbPsf ljk/LtfyL{ zAbsf] hf8] f agfO{ sfkLdf nv] M
pbfx/0f M ;an – b'an{
c;fwf/0f, c;Dej, ;+/If0f, k|efljt, ;an, ;lhnf,] clglZrt, kf| rLg, c;lhnf],
cke| fljt, ljgfz, ;Dej, ;fwf/0f, lglZrt, cfw'lgs, ;'ljwf, alnof], ;DalGwt,
c;'ljwf, ba' {n, sdhf/] , c;DalGwt
#= pbfx/0fdf b]vfP h:t} u/L lbPsf zAbaf6 gofF zAb agfpm M
s= dl" t,{ lx+;f, zf]w, jfb, laDa, JolQm, jb] g, lnlk of]uL
pbfx/0f M kl| t ± /fw] s – k|lt/fw] s
v= xf/, dfg, ¿k, ;f/, zf;g, /f]w, dlt
pbfx/0f M cg' ± xf/ – cgx' f/
efiff auFr} f – & 197
$= lbPsf zAbnfO{ cy{ vN' g] u/L jfSodf ko| fu] u/ M
cjl:yt, ;Gt'ng, l;h{gfTds, phfu/ ug{,' 3t nfUbf], vfj] |mf] d"lt{, uugr'DaL,
ljljwtfk0" f{
%= kf7af6 ;ËLt, g/dLs/0f h:tf zAbsf] aLrdf bL3{ Osf/ nfu]sf b;j6f zAb
vfh] ]/ nv] . tLdWo] s'g} kfFrj6f zAb /fvL jfSo agfpm .
Jofs/0f
sfo{d"ns Jofs/0f
!= s= lbPsf jfSo k9 M
jf:ts' nf uk' mfaf6 cf/De eof] / uugr'DaL dxn;Dd kU' of ] .
;a} jf:ts' nf 3/df x'G5 t/ ;a} 3/df jf:ts' nf gxg' ;S5 .
P]ltxfl;s jf:t'snf xfd|f w/f]x/ x'g\ t/ lognfO{ hfu] fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g .
Goftkfn] dlGb/ snf xf] lsgeg] of] cGo dlGb/eGbf km/s 5 .
Tof] j:t' ;'ljwfhgs x'G5 hg' pkof]u ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .
dfly /v] fÍg ul/Psf zAb ;o+ fh] s xg' \ . ;o+ fh] sn] zAb jf jfSonfO{ hf8] g\ ] sfd u5g{ \ .
v= kf7af6 ;+ofh] sn] hf]8]sf 5j6f jfSo vfh] ]/ n]v .
u= lbPsf ;o+ f]hs /fv/] jfSo agfpm M
To;n} ,] cyjf, clg, gq, tfklg
@= ‘o’ / ‘P’;DaGwL cz'4L ;RofP/ nv] M
P;sf] leqL efudf cfjthfjt ug{ ;lsg] eosfn] P;nfO{ vf]jm| f] d"lt{sf] ;ª\1f
lbOosf] xf] . ;ldltt eg]sf] ;dfg j:t' b'O{lt/ eo/ jf op6f j:t'aLrdf /x/]
b]lvosf] ;Gtn' g xf ] . P;sf nflu dfG5s] f] cg'xf/df cjl:yt cfvF f tyf gfsnfO{
lng ;lsG5 . ejg klg ax'wf ;ldltt ¿kdf agfOosf] xG' 5 .
#= /xs] f] lyof], u/]sf lyP, ahs] f] 5, ag]sf] lyof], /flvPsf 5g,\ ahfPsf 5g,\
;s]sf xg' ]5g\, ePsf] x'g]5, en' s] f x'g]5g\ h:tf k0" f{ kIfsf ljm| ofkb k|of]u u/L
ltdLn] b]vs] f] sg' } Pp6f dlGb/sf] j0fg{ u/ .
198 efiff auFr} f – &
n]vg cEof;
cgn' ]vg
kf7sf] bf];|f] cgR' 5b] h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ M
l;h{gfTds n]vg
lbPsf aFb' f ;d]6L Pp6f lgaGw tof/ kf/ M
g]kfndf ljleGg j+zsf /fhfx¿n] /fHo u/s] f ====================, tL /fHox¿n] b/af/sf]
lgdf0{ f u/s] f =====================, ls/fFt /fhfn] kf6gdf b/af/ agfPsf ========================,
slknj:t'df /fhf z'4fw] gn] b/af/ agfPsf ========================, gk] fnsf w]/} 7fpFdf kf| rLg
/fhfsf b/af/sf] eUgfjz]if kfOPsf] ==================, xfnsf] 88N] w'/f lhNnfsf] chod]?
eGg] 7fpdF f klg eUgfjz]if /xs] f] ===========================, Tof] b/af/ 8f]6L /fHosf /fhfsf]
zf;g:yn========================, 8f]6L /fHosf clGtd /fhf gfuL dNn ==========================,
chod?] sf]6sf] eUgfjzi] f;dt] elTsbF } uPsf] ===========================, xfn;Dd ToxfF
tTsfnLg /fhfn] kfgL vfg] Gjfnf] -s'jf_ bV] g kfOg] ============================, s'jfdf
ko| fu] ePsf 9'Ëfdf snfTds / cfZro{nfUbf a§' f sFl' bPsf] ==========================, Gjfnfdf
ko| fu] ePsf 7"nf 9Ë' f / 9Ë' fs} uh'/ cem} kfOg] ========================, tTsfnLg /fhk|f;fbdf
ko| f]u ePsf ;fdfgsf] ;d]t eUgfjz]if ==================================, cr]n dflg;n]
JolQmut sfdsf nflu tL 9Ë' f nfg] u/]sf ==============================, To;sf] ;DalGwt
lgsfon] ;/+ If0f ug{k' g]{ ===========================, To;sf nflu :yfgLo lgsfosf] hfu?stf
cfjZos ===========================, :yfgLo ;3+ , ;+:yf / Snax¿n] klg To; sfo{ ug{ ;Sg]
====================.
efiff au}Frf – & 199
k@f7 ux] G] bd| fg cdfTo
ux] G] b|dfg cdfTosf] hGd lj= ;+= !(($ ;fn ;fpg !)
ut] sf7df8f}sF f] lvrfkfv] /Ldf ePsf] lyof] . pgL df]bdfg
cdfTosL bf];|L kTgL lx/flkofsfs] fv] af6 rf}yf] ;Gtfgsf
¿kdf hlGdP . pgsf xh/' a'af hËdfg cdfTo tTsfnLg
>L # dxf/fh bj] zdz/] sf] b/af/df lzIfssf] ¿kdf ux] G] bd| fg cdfTosf] lrq
sfd uy {] . pgsf a'af Jofkf/L lyP . pgsf xh/' a'af /
/fhfx¿aLr lgs6sf] ;DaGw lyof ] . To;sf/0f pgsf
aa' f /f0ffx¿n] dfu u/]cg;' f/sf ;fdfg ljb]zaf6 lemsfO{
/f0ffx¿sf] 3/3/df k¥' ofOlbg] sfd uy{ ] . u]xG] b|dfg
;fg}bl] v cfˆgf a'afsf] Jofkf/ Joj;fodf ;xofu] uy{ ] . pgsf a'afsf] cfFvfdf dft] LljGb'
eP/ gb]Vg] ePkl5 pgn] g} aa' fsf] ;Dk"0f{ sfoe{ f/ cfˆgf] sfwF df lngk' ¥of ] .
pgL ;fgb} l] v cToGt ;/n ldng;f/ / tLI0f al' 4sf lyP . afNofj:yfbl] v g} pgsf]
hLjgsf] pRrtd clenfzf snfsf] If]qdf gfd sdfpg' lyof] . lj= ;+= @))! ;fndf
ng} rf/} df Pp6f k|bz{gL cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof ] . To; kb| z{gLdf /x]sf] snfsIfdf Pp6f
snfsl[ t b]vk] l5 pgdf snfsf/ aGg] OR5f hfu[t ePsf] xf] . dNn sfndf hol:ylt
dNnn] …kF'Ú hfltn] dfq lrqsfl/tfsf] sfd ug{ kfpg] sfg'g agfPsf lyP . tTsfnLg
gk] fndf To; hfltnfO{ tNnf] hflt dflgGYof] . To;}n] Toltv]/;Dd lrq agfpg] sfd
eg]sf] tNnf] hftn] ug{] sfd xf] eGg] wf/0ff ;a} dflg;df lyof] . pgsf aa' f / bfO lrqsf/
aGg' x'GgÙ lrlsT;s, OlGhlgo/ jf 7n" f] kz| f;s aGg'kb5{ elg/xGy ] . pgnfO{ lrq agfpg
cfjZos kg]{ /ª, a;| / sfuh lsGg] k;} f klg lbbF }gy ] . pgL ;fyLx¿;Fu k;} f dfu/]
;fdfgx¿ lsGy] / ns' Ln'sL lrq agfpy ] . kl5 ;:+ s[ltljb\ ;Todfx] g hfz] L, pgsf efGbfO
zAb / c {y dft] LljGb' – cfvF fsf] gfgLdf ;t] f] hDg] Ps lsl;dsf] /fu]
sfo{ef/ – sfdsf] afe] m clenfzf – OR5f, rfxgf
snfsl[ t – snfsf/n] lgdf0{ f u/s] f] j:t,' snfTds lrq
k|zf;s – k|zf;gsf] clws[t, Joj:yfks, kz| f;g rnfpg] lhDdf kfPsf] JolQm
;+:s[ltljb\ – snf, ;flxTo, Oltxf;, efiff cflbsf] af/d] f hfGg] JolQm
200 efiff aur}F f – &
s]z/axfb'/ sdf{rfo{ / hubLzzdz/] ha/fn] pgnfO{ o; If]qdf nfUg xf;} nf lbg'sf
;fy} cflys{ ;xof]u klg u/] .
pgn] lzIff/De ug]{ ;dodf b/af/ xfO:s'n dfq lyof ] . ToxfF egf{ xg' /f0ffx¿sf]
l;kmfl/; rflxGYof] . l;kmfl/; gePsf sf/0f pgsf] lzIff/De hg;ª\Vof ljefuaf6
eof] . To;an] f pgsf efGbfO To; ljefusf clws[t lyP . pgL lbgx'F b; ah]
efGbfO;Fu} sfofn{ o hfGy] / a]ns' f kfFr ah];Fu} 3/ kms{Gy ] . wL/axfb'/ /fodfemL, g/sfGt
clwsf/L, ;Todfx] g hfz] L, 3gaxfb/' yfkf klg To;} sfofn{ odf clwst[ lyP .
To;}n] pgn] oL ;a} hgfnfO{ u?' agfpg] cj;/ kfP . pgn] ToxfF lj= ;+= @))# ;Dd
cWoog u/ ] . To;kl5 pgL h'4 ;8sl:yt h'4f]bo klAns xfO:sn' df sIff tLgdf
egf{ eP . ToxfF sIff gf};Dd cWoog u/]sf pgn] k'tnL;8sl:yt kßfb] o dfWolds
ljBfnoaf6 lj= ;=+ @)!! ;fndf kj| l] zsf k/LIff pQL0f{ u/] . To;kl5 lqrGb| sn]hdf
egf{ eO{ aL= sd= ;Dd pQL0f{ u/] . pgsf] cf}krfl/s lzIff oltd} ;Lldt /Xof ] .
pgL lj= ;=+ @))@ ;fndf rfFug' f/fo0fdf s'n k"hf ug{ uP . ToxfF pgn] l5Ggd:tf bj] Lsf]
dlGb/sf] cl3lNt/ Hofk"x¿n] Pp6f /fFufn] fO{ 6fpsf] k5fl8 kmsf{P/ rf/v'§f afFwL n8fO{
/fvs] f] bv] ] . /fFufsf] 6fpsf]b]lv k'R5/;Dd 8f/] Ln] afFlwPsf] lyof ] . pgLx¿ /fuF fsf] 3fF6L
tGsfP/ r'kLn] /6] L /utsf] l;sf]{ l5Ggd:tf b]jLsf] dl" t{df r9fO/x]sf lyP . Tof] /fFufsf cfvF f
6lNs/x]sf lyPÙ To;n] aflx/ lgl:sPsf] lhaf| nfO{ bfFtn] 6f]ls/xs] f] lyof ] . /fuF fn] dnåf/af6
ufa] / / dq' åf/af6 lk;fa rx' fO/xs] f] lyof ] . Tof] /fuF f] kL8fn] 56\k6fO/x]sf] lyof] . alnsf
gfddf o;/L lgbf]i{ f kzs' f] aLeT; xTof u/s] f] b[Zon] pgsf] dgdf ulx/f] 5fk k¥of] . pgn] 3/df
kmsk]{ l5 t'?Gt} Tof] bZ[ onfO{ sfuhdf ptf/ ] . of] g} pgsf] hLjgsf] ky| d lrqsnf lyof ] .
pgn] lj= ;+= @))& ;fnlt/ /f0ff zf;g lj?4sf] cfGbf]ngsf a]nf tTsfnLg j|mflGtsf/L
kf6L{sf] emG8fsf] lrq xft}n] agfPsf lyP . tL lrq cfGbf]ngsf/Ln] 5ftLdf 6fF;/] h'n';df
hfg] ub{y ] . pgn] k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] lj/f]wdf klg y'k}| lrq / sf6{'g agfP . To;n} ]
tTsfnLg ;/sf/n] pgnfO{ k6sk6s h]n xfNof] .
lj= ;+= @))* ;fndf Go'/f8] l:yt …cd]l/sg nfOa]|/LÚ df pgn] cd]l/sfsf] jfl;ª\6gaf6
ks| flzt …nfOkm On:6«]6]8 DofulhgÚ gfds snf;DaGwL klqsf k9 ] . To;df pgn] lksf;f,]
zAb / c {y clwst[ – clwsf/ k|fKt JolQm lgbfi{] f – bf]if gePsf], ck/fw gu/]sf ]
lbgxF' – lbglbg,} k|To]s lbg aLeT; – l3gnfUbf], 3[0ff pGkGg u/fpg]
l5Ggd:tf – 6fpsf] sfl6PsL bj] L, bz cfGbf]ngsf/L – cfGbf]ng ug,{] ;dfhdf xnrn
dxfljBfcGtu{t Ps bj] L Nofpg]
efiff aur}F f – & 201
Eofguu, dflt; / lnofg] fbf]{ bf
leGrLsf cfwl' gs lrqsnf;DaGwL
s[ltx¿ b]v ] . pgn] tL snfsf/sf
hLjgL klg k9g\ ] df}sf kfP . pgn]
gk] fndf o:tf cfwl' gs lrqsnf
gePsf] dx;;' u/] . pgn] cfkm} To:tf
s[lt l;h{gf ug{] ;ÍNk u/L ToxfaF f6
kmlsP{ . pQm ;ÍNkn] g} pgnfO{
gk] fns} klxnf] cfwl' gs snfsf/ aGg]
cj;/ kb| fg u¥of ] . pgn] cu|h snfsf/
rGbd| fgl;x+ df:s]sxfF rf/ jif{;Dd /]vflrq / /ªsf] ;+ofh] g;DaGwL tflnd lnP . lj=
;+= @))( ;fndf ef/tsf] gofF lbNnLdf cfof]lht afn lrqsnf k|ltofl] utfdf ky| d
ePkl5 t pgdf emg\ pmhf{ ylkof ] . pgdf gofF lrq agfpg] hf]z / hfuF / a9\of] .
To;kl5 pgn] gk] fn e|d0fdf cfPsf km| fG;n] L snfsf/ lgsfn] fO{ ldrf6o\ l' Rsgl;t 5
dlxgf;Dd cfw'lgs lrqsnf;DaGwL tflnd lnP .
lj= ;+= @)!@ ;fn df3 @) ut] pgs} ;lj|motfdf gk] fn ef/t ;f+:sl[ ts s]Gbd| f pgsf
cfw'lgs lrqsnfx¿sf] Psn snf k|bzg{ L ;DkGg eof] . of] k|bz{gL pgsf] hLjgsf]
dfq geP/ gk] fnL snf huts} ky| d cfwl' gs snf kb| z{gL lyof ] . lj= ;+= @)!* ;fndf
ssgLdf ePsf] g]kfnsf] klxnf] snf sfoz{ fnfdf l;l4r/0f >i] 7 / n}gl;x+ afª\b]n;Fu}
pgn] klg efu lnPsf lyP . lj= ;=+ @)!& ;fn;Dd 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljefu,
lqk/' ]Zj/df kmf]8{ kmfpG8];g 6l«] gª ;]G6/n] snf kl| zIf0f u/s] f] lyof] . ToxfF pgn]
hd{gn] L snf lzIfs PnS] ; jfN8/ dfggaf6 rf/ jif;{ Dd cfwl' gs Joj;flos snf
l;ss] f lyP . pQm k|lzIf0f snf ljifosf] :gfts ;/xsf] lyof] .
pgn] snf;Fu ;DalGwt ;‹;:+ yfx¿df ljleGg kbdf a;]/ sfd ul/;s]sf 5g\ . pgsf
snf / ;:+ sl[ t;DaGwL ;fx] j| 6f k':ts / cf7 ;oeGbf a9L n]v /rgf ks| flzt 5g \ .
pgn] kfrF xhf/eGbf a9L snfsl[ t l;h{gf u/]sf 5g \ . pgn] xhf/eGbf a9L sf6'g{ lrq
zAb / c {y cfw'lgs – gof,F ev{/ rNtLdf cfPsf] ;ÍNk – alnof] c7f6] , b9[ lgZro
sfoz{ fnf – oflGqs ;fdfg lgdf0{ f tyf k/LIf0f ug{] 7fp F
pBfu] – sg' } ;fdfg pTkfbg ug{] sn sf/vfgf k|lzIf0f – ;Lk l;sfpg] sfd
202 efiff au}Frf – &
klg agfO;ss] f 5g \ . ljZjsf rfnL;eGbf a9L b]zdf pgsf sl[ t kl' u;ss] f 5g \ .
ux] ]Gbd| fgn] cdt" { / 3gjfbh:tf zn} LnfO{ cfˆgf] cleJolQm agfpbF } cfPsf 5g\ .
o;afx]s pgn] a]nfavt xg' ] gf/L xTofsf 36gf / b3' 6{ gfx¿nfO{ cfwf/ agfO{
cleJo~hgfjfbL l;h{gf klg ug{] u/s] f 5g\ . ljz]if u/L pgn] lgbfi{] f kz'kIfLnfO{
aln r9fPsf], b'36{ gfdf k/L cËeË ePsf nf;sf], ad lj:kmf6] df k/L cËeË ePsf
dflg; / bZ[ osf lrq agfPsf 5g \ . o;sf ;fy} pgn] dfcf]jfbL hgo'4df d/]sf
dflg;x¿sf sfNklgs lrqx¿ klg Sofgef;df ptf/s] f 5g \ . tLdWo] Ps ;o cf7j6f
lrq lj= ;=+ @)^) df hgo'4 /f]Sgk' 5{ eGg] ;Gb]z lbgsf nflu Psn kb| z{gLdf
b]vfPsf lyP .
lrqsnfsf If]qdf pgn] k'¥ofPsf] ct'ngLo of]ubfgsf nflu pgnfO{ …cGt/f{li6«o
afn lrqsnf kl| tof]lutf ky| d k/' :sf/Ú -@))(_, …uf/] vf blIf0f afx'Ú -@)$!_ …;fs{
kbsÚ -@)$^_, …bL3{ ;]jf kbsÚ -@)$%_, …/fli6«o k|ltef k/' :sf/Ú -@)&)_ nufot
kRrL; k/' :sf/ tyf kbs kf| Kt u/s] f 5g\ . To;} u/L pgn] b'O{ ;oeGbf a9L
clegGbgkq, ;Ddfgkq / k|z+;fkq kb| fg ul/Psf] 5 . xfn pgL lqdl" t{ lgst] g / l;hg{ f
snh] sf dfgfy{ ;b:osf ;fy} kRrL;j6f ;‹;+:yf;uF cfa4 5g \ . pgL …snfbl[ i6Ú
gfds snf;DaGwL ;fKtflxs klqsfsf ks| fzs / k|wfg ;Dkfbssf] ¿kdf klg
sfo/{ t 5g\ . lgbf{]if /fFuf]nfO{ aln r9fPsf] aLeT; bZ[ oaf6 ;?' ePsf] pgsf] snfofqf
lg/Gt/ cl3 al9/x]sf] 5 . pd/] n] ;txQ/ j;Gt kf/ ul/;Sbf klg pgL snf l;h{gf /
snf;DaGwL nv] g sfod{ f plQs} ;lj|mo 5g\ . hLjgdf cfOk/]sf bM' vsi6 emN] b} cfˆgf]
sfd lg/Gt/ u¥of] eg] nIo k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f pgsf] hLjgaf6 l;Sg ;lsG5 .
cdt" { – cfsf/ gePsf] 3gjfb – lrqsnfdf rns] f] Ps zn} L
zAb / c {y cleJo~hgfjfb – lrqsnfdf rns] f] Ps zn} L lj:kmf6] – 7n" f] cfjfh cfpg] u/L k8s\ fpg] sfd
hgo4' – hgtfåf/f ;Qf lj?4 ul/Psf] o4'
Sofgef; – lrq sfl] /g] sk8f, sf7, sfuh cflb ctn' gLo – tn' gf ug{ g;lsg,] a]hf8] sf]
of]ubfg – ljzi] f el" dsf, s'g} sfddf pNn]vgLo of]ubfg
;fKtflxs – ;ft lbgsf,] k|To]s xKtfdf x'g]
efiff aur}F f – & 203
u/, 3/
z'4 pRrf/0f
s= lbPsf zAb ;g' / eg M
;DaGw afNofj:yf lg?T;flxt lrlsT;s ;:+ s[ltljb\
aLeT; 6]l« gª
cleJo~hgfjfb l5Ggd:tf bj] L lzIff/De
v= lbPsf gfd ;g' / eg M
nfOkm On:6]«88] Dofulhg, lksf;f,] Eofguu, lnofg] fbf]{ bf leGrL, lgsfn] fO{
ldrf6o\ 'lsg, kmf]8{ kmfpG8;] g 6]«lgª ;]G6/
;dx" sfo{
b'Ob{ 'O{ hgfsf] ;dx" agfpm . kf7sf] bf;] |f] cg'R5]b kfnk} fnf] k9 . Psn]
k9\bf csfn{ ] lstfa x/] . ;fyLn] pRrf/0f ubf{ uNtL u/s] f zAbdf /]vfÍg
u/ . Psn] uNtL u/s] f zAb csf{]n] k9/] ;'gfpm . uNtL ugn{] ] zAb bfx] f¥] ofpm .
bj' n} fO{ pRrf/0f ug{ sl7g ePsf zAb lzIfssf] ;xfotf lnO{ pRrf/0f u/ .
afw] / cleJolQm
!= lbPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ eg M
s= u]xG] bd| fgsf] hGd slxn] / sxfF eof] <
v= ux] ]Gb|dfgsf] afNofj:yfsf] :jefj s:tf] lyof] <
u= ux] ]Gb|dfgn] klxnf] lrq ss] f] af/]df agfPsf lyP <
3= u]xG] bd| fgn] cfwl' gs lrq agfpg] k]|/0ff s;/L kfP <
ª= ssgLdf cfofl] ht klxnf] snf sfo{zfnfdf sfs] f] ;xefuL lyP <
r= ux] ]Gbd| fgn] sxfaF f6 lzIff/De u/] <
5= u]x]Gbd| fgn] sg' s'g zn} LnfO{ cleJolQmsf] dfWod agfP <
204 efiff aur}F f – &
@= 7Ls a7] Ls 5'6\ofpm M
s= ux] G] b|dfgsf lktf Jofkf/L lyP .
v= u]xG] b|dfgsf] hLjgsf] clenfiff 8fS6/ aGg' lyof] .
u= u]xG] bd| fg cdfTon] b/af/ xfO:sn' af6 lzIff/De u/ ] .
3= u]x]Gbd| fgn] cdl] /sg nfOa|]/Ldf …nfOkm On:6]«8]8 DofulhgÚ gfds snf;DaGwL
klqsf k9] .
ª= ux] G] bd| fgn] @))& ;fnlt/ tTsfnLg jm| flGtsf/L kf6Ls{ f] lj/fw] u/] .
r= ux] G] bd| fg …snfb[li6Ú gfds klqsfsf ;Dkfbs 5g \ .
#= hf8] f ldnfpm M dfgfy{ ;b:o
k|yd k'/:sf/
Affn lrqsnf kl| tof]lutf kw| fg ;Dkfbs
lqd"lt{ lgst] g cª\uh]| L klqsf
nfOkm On:66« 8] Dofulhg @)$%
bL3{ ;j] f kbs @)!@
snfbl[ i6 ssgL
k|yd snf sfoz{ fnf
ky| d cfw'lgs snf kb| z{gL
$= lbPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ nv] M
s= ux] G] bd| fgsf] kfl/jfl/s cj:yf s:tf] lyof] <
v= u]x]Gbd| fgdf snfsf/ aGg] OR5f s;/L hfu[t eof] <
u= u]x]Gb|dfgn] ;'?;'?df lrq agfpg] ?lrnfO{ s;/L cufl8 a9fP <
3= u]xG] b|dfgn] sn' kh" f ug{ hfFbf s:tf] bZ[ o b]v] <
ª= u]x]Gbd| fg lsg h]n k/] <
r= ux] ]Gb|dfgn] sxfFsxfFaf6 lrqsnf;DaGwL tflnd lnP <
5= u]x]Gb|dfgn] lrq agfpg] ljifox¿ ss] ] x'g\ <
h= u]x]Gbd| fgsf] hLjgLaf6 s] k|/] 0ff lng ;lsG5 <
em= u]x]Gb|dfgn] k|fKt u/]sf dxŒjk0" f{ k/' :sf/ s'gs'g xg' \ <
cfˆgf cg'ej ;f6f;f6 u/ M
ltdL sg' } lrqsnf kb| zg{ Ldf uPsf 5f} < ltdLn] ToxfF s:tfs:tf lrqx¿ bV] of} <
efiff au}Frf – & 205
?
;fr] / eg M
u]xG] bd| fgn] cfˆgf] hLjgsf] w]/} ;do snf Ifq] df nufP . o;/L snfsf/ ag/] }
hLjgofkg ug{ ;lsPnf t <
>l' t n]vg
lbPsf] cg'R5]b ;g' / nv] M
afNofj:yfb]lv g} pgsf] hLjgsf] pRrtd clenfiff snfsf] Ifq] df gfd sdfpg' lyof] .
lj= ;+= @))! ;fndf ng} rf/} df Pp6f k|bzg{ L cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof ] . To; k|bzg{ Ldf
/xs] f] snf sIfdf Pp6f snfsl[ t bv] k] l5 pgdf snfsf/ aGg] OR5f hfut[ ePsf] xf] .
z'4 nv] g
lbPsf] jfSo z4' agfO{ sfkLdf nv] M
plg lbgx' bz ah] efGbfO{ ;u} sf{ofno hfGy] / j]ns' f kfr ah] ;u} 3/ kmsGy ] .
zAbe08f/
!= zAb / cy{sf] hf8] f ldnfpm M sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf nflu ul/g] cg'/fw] kq
b[Zo ;DalGwt ljifodf cEof; u/fO{ kl| zIf0f lbg] sfo{
cfofl] ht xnrn
l;kmfl/; x]g{ ;lsg]
dfgfy { Toltv]/sf]
cfGbfn] g dfgsf nflu lbOg]
tTsfnLg k|aGw ldnfOPsf]
sfo{zfnf
206 efiff aurF} f – &
@= kofo{ jfrL zAb;Fu hf8] f ldnfpm M
;ÍNk h]7f]
lj?4 kl| t1f
cu|h ljk/Lt
eË pT;fx
xf;} nf ljrf/
kL8f ljgfz
;fdfg bb{
wf/0ff ;fdu|L
#= ;d\ ± k0" f{ – ;Dk"0f{ eP e}mF lbPsf zAbaf6 gofF zAb agfpm M
j]u, /rgf, nUg, o'Qm, od, jb] gf, ej, aGw, rf/
$= lbPsf zAb k|ofu] u/L jfSo agfpm M
Joj;fo, sfo{ef/, pRrtd, cflys{ , cfw'lgs, cleJolQm, z}nL
Jofs/0f
sfo{d"ns Jofs/0f
!= s= lbPsf jfSo k9 M
c= u]xG] bd| fgn] kßf]bo df= lj= af6 P;Pn;L pQL0f{ u/ ] .
cf = pgn] k|mfG;]nL snfsf/;Fu lrqsnf;DaGwL tflnd lnP .
O= pgsf snf / ;:+ sl[ t;DaGwL y'k}| k':ts k|sflzt 5g \ .
O={ pgn] kfFr xhf/eGbf a9L snfs[lt l;h{gf u/]sf 5g \ .
p= pgsf] snfofqf lg/Gt/ cl3 a9\g]5 .
pm= pgL snf;DaGwL n]vg sfo{df ;lj|mo x'g5] g \ .
dflysf …cÚ / …cfÚ df ePsf jfSon] lat]sf] ;dodf sfd ePsf] hgfp5F g\ . To;n} ]
oL e"t sfnsf jfSo x'g \ .
dflysf …OÚ / …OÚ{ df ePsf jfSon] clxn]sf] ;dodf sfd ePsf] hgfp5F g \ . To;}n]
oL jtd{ fg sfnsf jfSo x'g\ .
dflysf …pÚ / …pmÚ df ePsf jfSon] kl5sf] ;dodf sfd x'g] hgfpF5g \ . To;n} ] oL
eljiot\ sfnsf jfSo x'g\ .
efiff aur}F f – & 207
v= lbPsf jfSonfO{ jt{dfg sfn / eljiot\ sfndf kl/jt{g u/M
c= pgn] lqrGb| sn]haf6 aL= sd= pQL0f{ u/ ] .
cf= pgn] /fuF fsf] k'R5/ 8f]/Ln] afFw]sf] b]v ] .
O= pgn] /f0ff zf;gsf an] f jm| flGtsf/L kf6Ls{ f] emG8f agfP .
O={ pgn] lnofg] fbf]{ bf leGrLsf] hLjgL k9] .
p= pgn] lrqdfkmt{ hgo4' /fS] gk' g]{ ;Gbz] lbP .
pm= pgn] yk' }| k/' :sf/ kf| Kt u/] .
@= s= lbPsf jfSo k9 M
p;n] snf;DaGwL sfd u¥of] .
pgn] snf;DaGwL sfd u/] .
pxfFn] snf;DaGwL sfd ug{e' of] .
dflysf] klxnf] jfSon] lgDg cfb/, bf];f| ] jfSon] dWod cfb/ / t;] |f] jfSon] pRr
cfb/ ae' mfPsf 5g\ .
v= lbPsf jfSo b'O{ lsl;dn] kl/jtg{ u/ M
pbfx/0f ! M ux]Gbd| fg cToGo tLI0f al' 4sf lyP .
u]x]Gbd| fg cToGt tLI0f a'l4sf] lyof] .
ux] ]Gbd| fg cToGt tLI0f a'l4sf x'g'x'GYof ] .
pbfx/0f @ M pgsf] pRrtd clenfiff snfsf] Ifq] af6 gfd sdfpg] lyof] .
p;sf] pRrtd clenfiff snfsf] Ifq] af6 gfd sdfpg] lyof ] .
pxfFsf] pRrtd clenfiff snfsf] If]qaf6 gfd sdfpg] lyof] .
ux] G] bd| fg cToGt tLI0f a'l4sf lyP . pgsf] pRrtd clenfiff snfsf] Ifq] af6 gfd
sdfpg] lyof] . pgL ;fyLx¿;uF k;} f dfu/] lrq agfpg] ;fdfg lsGy] . pgL ns' Lns' L
lrq agfpFy ] . pgsf] lzIff/De hg;ªV\ of ljefuaf6 eof ] . pgn] y'k}| lrq / sf6{g'
agfP . pgsf snfs[lt rfnL;eGbf a9L b]zdf k'us] f lyP . pgsf] snfofqf lg/Gt/ cl3
al9/xs] f] lyof] .
208 efiff aurF} f – &
n]vg cEof;
cgn' ]vg
!= kf7sf] klxnf] cgR' 5b] h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ .
@= lbPsf] cg'R5b] h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ M
dfgjn] hLjgdf u/]sf cge' jnfO{ JoQm ug]{ j|mddf snf hlGdPsf] xf] . snfdf
;G' b/tf xG' 5 . uLt ufpg,' gfRg,' ahfpg', clego ug'{, ;flxTo nV] g,' lrq agfpg,' dl" t{
agfpg,' ejg agfpg' cflb snfsf ljifo xg' \ . ejg lgdf0{ f;uF ;DalGwt snfnfO{
jf:ts' nf elgG5 . jf:t'snf km/skm/s k|sf/sf] xG' 5 . xfdLn] ljleGg 7fpdF f ag]sf
b/af/, dlGb/, 3/ b]vs] f 5f }F . ltgLx¿sf] agf]6, To;df k|of]u x'g] a'§f, To;sf] cfsf/
cflbdf snfTdstf kfOG5 . lrq agfpg;] DaGwL snf lrqsnf xf] . lrqsnf k/Dk/fut
/ cfwl' gs u/L bO' { k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . ljleGg hflt, wd{ / ;:+ s[ltdf cfwfl/t lrqsnf
k/Dk/fut xf] eg] dfgjdgsf cge' jnfO{ tTsfn} lrqsf] dfWodaf6 JoQm ug'{ cfwl' gs
lrqsnf xf] . g]kfndf hËaxfb/' sf] kfnfb]lv kf6] 6«] agfpg] k/Dk/f ;?' ePsf] xf ] .
Toltv/] s;s} f] cgx' f/ x]/]/ h:tfsf] To:t} lrq agfOGYof] . gk] fndf cfw'lgs lrqsnf
;'? ug]{ JolQm ux] ]Gb|dfg cdfTo xg' \ . pgn] afNosfndf g} cfk"m lrqsnfdf nfUg] k|0f
u/] . pgn] o;} Ifq] df nfu]/ gfd klg sdfP .
l;h{gfTds n]vg
abF' fsf cfwf/df hLjgL tof/ u/ M
gfd M ng} l;+x afª\b]n
hGd:yfg M bfhL{lnª, nse/ lrofsdfg
hGdldlt M lj= ;+= !(*)
lktfsf] gfd M /Ënfn
dftfsf] gfd M rGbb| j] L
:jefj M uDeL/, nugzLn
efiff auFr} f – & 209
M ljBfnobl] v g} lrqsnfdf ?lr
M lrqsnfdf g} :gfts pQL0f{
M lzIffsf] l;nl;nfdf snsQf, a]nfot / km| fG;sf] k]l/;;Dd
k'us] f
M ;o" l{ jj|md 1jfnL, w/0fLw/ sf]O/fnf / kf/;dl0f k|wfgaf6 k]|/0ff
k|fKt
M ky| d syf …g6gfu/ >Ls[i0fÚ ljBfnosf] klqsfdf ks| flzt
M …cn OlG8of cf6{ PG8 j|mfˆ6Ú snf k|bzg{ Ldf k|yd k'/:sf/ kf| Kt
dT[ o' M ;g\ !(^% df sf7df8fFd} f ePsf] /fli6o« snf kb| z{gLdf jL/G] b|
:j0fk{ bs k|fKt
M kf| rLg gk] fnL snf, gk] fnL d"lt{ snfsf] Oltxf;, g]kfnL wfts' f
d"lt{, g]kfnL snfsf] kRrL;fF} jif{ cflb snf;DaGwL k':tssf]
/rgf u/]sf
M @)#^ b]lv @)$^ ;Dd g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fgsf sn' klt
M lj= ;=+ @)#( df uf/] vf blIf0f afx' bf;] f| a] f6 ljel" ift
M lj= ;+= @)%( c;fh] @( ut]
vN] bfvN] b}
Pslbgdf 3'd]/ kmsg{ ;lsg] 7fpsF f] e|d0f u/ . ToxfF s:tfs:tf z}nLdf ags] f ejgx¿
5g\ x]/ / ltgsf] af/]df Ps cgR' 5]b n]v .
210 efiff auF}rf – &
!%PsfO afnsn] klg 7"nf
sfd ug{ ;S5g\
cfvF Lˆofn
tl:a/df ePsf afnaflnsf s] sfd u//] k|Voft eP <
sdn g]kfnL
dnfnf o';'km hfO{ 211
efiff auFr} f – &
zAb / c {yk!f7 k/fj|mdL afnsx¿
– ;?eQm >i] 7
gf6ssf/ ;?eQmsf] vf; gfd eQm >]i7 xf ] . pgsf] hGd lj= ;=+ @)!# df u08sL
c~rnÙ sf:sL lhNnfsf] kf]v/fdf ePsf] xf] . pgsf afnaflnsfx¿sf gf6s kfun
a:tL, o'4 pxL Uof; RofDa/leq h:tf emG8} bO' { bh{g s[ltx¿ k|sflzt 5g \ . pgn]
…dbg k/' :sf/Ú, …oj' f jif{ df]tL k'/:sf/Ú nufot sl/a Ps bhg{ k/' :sf/ tyf ;Ddfg
k|fKt u/]sf 5g \ . pgsf w/] }h;f] gf6s lj1fg ljifodf 5g\ . ;dfhsf ljsl[ t /
;DefjgfnfO{ cfFN} ofP/ gf6s n]Vg' pgsf] ljzi] ftf xf ] .
cWF of/f] /Ëd~r . ;al} t/ ;'g;fg . crfgs Ps aflnsfsf] cfjfh u'~hfodfg xG' 5 .
aflnsfsf] cfjfh c;fWo} dL7f,] :ki6 / efjk0" f{ ;'lgG5 .
aflnsfsf] cfjfh M plxn]plxn]sf] s/' f xf] . Psfb]zsf] Pp6f ;x/df rf/ hgf
afns a:y] . pgLx¿ ;a} Pp6} ljBfnosf] Pp6} sIffdf k9y\ ] . pgLx¿sf] gfd
/fh,' Zofd, cg'k / ;fu/ lyof] . PskN6 lxpbF ] labfdf pgLx¿ rf/} hgf 3'Dg
lg:s] . 3'Dbf3'Db} pgLx¿ Pp6f crDdsf] bz] df ku' ] . ToxfF dflg;x¿ Pscsfl{ ;t
8/fP e}Fm bl] vGy ] . lx8F b\ flxF8\bf ;fFem k/k] l5 pgLx¿n] Pp6f 3/df jf; dfu] .
-/Ëd~rdf pHofnf] x'G5 . /fh', Zofd, cg'k / ;fu/ Pp6f 3/5]p plePsf bl] vG5g\ ._
/fh' M -af]nfP/_ leq sf] xg' 'xG' 5 <
Zofd M -af]nfP/_ leq sf] x'gx' G' 5 <
cgk' M xfdL 6f9faf6 cfPsf k/b]zL afnsx¿ xfF} ===.
;fu/ M jf; a:g lbg'xG' 5 ls < -3/sf] 9f]sf xb] }{ kvG{ 5g \ . Ps l5gkl5 9f]sf vN' 5 . Pp6L
a9" L dlxnf 9f]sfaf6 aflx/ lgl:slG5g \ . pgL s'k|L l5g \ ._
u~' hfodfg – dw'/ cfjfh cfO/xs] f]
212 efiff aur}F f – &
zAb / c {ya"9L M -pgLx¿nfO{ lgofn/] xb] {}_ sf] <
/fh' M lxF8b\ flxF8b\ f /ft kg{ nfUof] ===.
cgk' M xfdLn] oxfF lrgs] f] 7fpF st} 5g} To;}n] ===.
;fu/ M jf; lbgf;] \ x} aHo} <
a"9L M -em:s/] _ xF Û sf] < d/] f gfltx¿ < === -emg\ glhs cfO{ pgLx¿nfO{ lgofn/] x]l5{g\ ._
xf]Ogg=\ ==.
=====pgLx¿nfO{ t === pgLx¿nfO{ t=== -bM' vL xl' G5g \ . Ps l5gkl5 ;DxflnlG5g\ ._
ltdLx¿ oxfF lsg cfPsf===< o:tf] bz] df === o:tf] 7fpdF f===<
/fh' M aHo} xfdLx¿ t 3'Dg cfPsf===.
Zofd M gofgF ofF s/' f l;Sg cfPsf===.
;fu/ M jf; a:g lbgf];\ x} aHo} <
a9" L M nf}nf} Û cfh /ftnfO{ oxLF jf; a; clg efl] n laxfg ;a]/} cfˆgf] bz] kmls{xfn .
/fh' M lsg aHo} <
a"9L M of] b]zdf Hofgsf] vt/f 5 . 8/ 5 . otfplt 3d' 3fd t ug{} xG' g . slta]nf dl/G5
dl/G5 .
Zofd M -cfZro{ dfGb}_ xf] / aHo} <
a"9L M d lsg e"m7f] af]Ny] / Û ltdLx¿h:tf s]6fs6] Lx¿ t oxfF ;a} lglv;| s] . sf]xL afFrs] f
5}gg\ . ;a}sf] sfn cfPsf] eGg' ls s] eGg' vfO] Û 7"nf dfG5]x¿ klg cfwf 3l6;s] . -afnsx¿
cfZro{ dfGb} Pscsfs{ f] d'v x]5{g \ ._ n ;a} leq hfcf,}F oxfF cfuF gdf w/] }a/] a:gx' Fb' g} . -a9" L
9f]sfleq kl:5g \ . afnsx¿ cfFvfel/ kZ| g afs] /] a9" Lsf] kl5 nfU5g \ . 9fs] f aGb xG' 5 ._
/ft k5 { . /Ëd~r cWF of/fdf 8'A5 / k/k/ gk] Yodf la/l;nf / 8/nfUbf cfjfhx¿ ;l' gG5g\ .
kl5 tL cfjfhx¿ x/fpFb} hfG5g\ . -/Ëd~r pHofnf] x'G5 . 3/sf] 9fs] f vf]n]/ afnsx¿
aflx/ lg:sG5g\ . a"9L pgLx¿sf] kl5kl5 aflx/ lgl:slG5g\ ._
la/l;nf – ?vf], g/dfOnf] nfUg] vfnsf
efiff auF}rf – & 213
/fh' M aHo,} xh/' n] xfdL k/b]zL afnsx¿nfO{ jf; a:g lbge' of] . dL7fd] L7f] vfgs] '/f
v'jfpge' of] . xfdL cfef/L eofF } . xh/' sf] of] u'0f xfdL slxNo} klg la;g{ ;Sg] 5}gfF} . ca
xfdL af6f] nfU5fF}, labf lbg'xf]; \ . -afnsx¿ cfb/kj" s{ a"9Lsf] kfp ;dftL 9f]U5g\ . a9" L
dg yfDg g;s/] cs:dft\ ?lG5g \ ._
Zofd M s] eof] aHo} <
cgk' M s] eof] aHo} <
;fu/ M lsg ?g'ePsf] aHo} <
/fh' M g?g;' \ aHo} Û
a"9L M -?bF }_ afax' ¿ cfh Pslbg oxLF jf; al;lbP xG' Yof] . afax' ¿nfO{ bV] bf dnfO{ d/] f
gfltx¿ o; ;;+ f/df kmls{cfP h:tf] nfus] f] lyof] .
Zofd M aHo,} xfdL xh'/sf gflt t xfF} lg Û
cg'k M xf] t lg Û
;fu/ M xf] t lg Û
/fh' M xf] t lg Û
214 efiff au}Frf – &
zAb / c {ya"9L M cfh cGt st} guP/ oxLF al;lbP x'GYof] . d sfn kv]{/ a;]sL a9" L d]/f] cflzif}
nfUYof] . -afnsx¿ d'vfd'v u5g{ \ clg cfFvc} fvF f / ;Ít] ;Í]tn] Pp6f lg0fo{ df kU' 5g\ ._
Zofd M eOxfN5 lg aHo} Û xh/' n] eGg' ePkl5 xfdL cfh oxLF a:5f F} .
;fu/ M ca g?gf;] \ . aHo} laGtL 5 .
cgk' M xf] aHo} laGtL 5, g?gf;] \ .
/fh' M xfdLnfO{ klg xh'/ cfˆg} aHo} h:tf] nfu]sf] 5 . xfdL k/bz] L afnsx¿ eP/ s]
eof] / < dfG5]sf] dfof slxn] klg k/b]zL x'Fbg} . -a9" LnfO{ ;dfT5 ._ cfh xfdL xh'/;uF }
a:5f}F Û
a"9L M ;fFRr} afa' <
/fh' M ;fFRr} Û -a"9L d':s'/fpFl5g\ ._
Zofd M aHo}, ca xh'/ cf/fd u/L lkF9Ldf a:g'xf;] \ clg xfdLnfO{ cfˆgf] / cfˆgf] b]zsf]
syf ;'gfpg'xf]; \ . xfdLnfO{ ;G' g] clwsf/ 5 .
;fu/ M xf,] 5 Û
cg'k M kSsf 5 Û
/fh' M kSsf Û ls 5}g aHo} <
a"9L M 5 afa,' ;a} s'/f ;'Gg] clwsf/ 5 . d eG5 ' . d a"9Ln] cfˆgf] / cfˆgf] bz] sf]
syfJoyf ns' fO{ d/]/ s;nfO{ s] kmfObf x'G5 / Û d afa'x¿nfO{ ;a} s/' f eG5' Û -a9" L syf
eGg lk9F Ldf a;]/ cfkm" nfO{ WofgdUg kfl5g{ \ ._ afax' ¿nfO{ yfxf 5 ls 5g} , åfk/ ou' df
sf/} j / kf08jx¿aLr dxfef/tsf] o4' ePsf] lyof] .
/fh' M xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5 aHo,} xfdLn] lstfadf k9]sf 5fF } .
Zofd M dxfef/t o'4 s?' If]q eGg] 7fpFdf ePsf] lyof,] xfO] g aHo} .
a9" L M xf] afa,' ToxL 7fpdF f ePsf] lyof ] . Tof] dxfef/t o'4 xg' e' Gbf w/] } jif{cufl8
kf08jx¿ nfxfsf] 3/af6 efu/] cfˆgL cfdf s'GtLsf ;fy 6f9f uPsf lyP . ToxfF jsf;'/
WofgdUg – sg' } sfddf ?lr lnO{ Psfu| ePsf] cj:yf
åfk/ o'u – k/' f0fcg;' f/ rf/ ou' dWo] t;] f| ] ou'
efiff auFr} f – & 215
zAb / c {yeGg] Pp6f eofgs /fIf;n] lbglbg} Pp6fPp6f 3/sf] kfnf] kf/L dfG5] vfO{ cftÍ dRrfO/
fvs] f] lyof ] . afa'x¿nfO{ of] s'/f yfxf 5 <
;fu/ M yfxf 5 aHo } .
cg'k M yfxf 5 aHo} .
Zofd M clg of] jsf;'/nfO{ kf08jx¿df ;aeGbf alnof dflxnf efO eLd;]gn] nnsf//]
df/s] f lyP, xfO] g aHo} <
a"9L M -v;' Ln] pT;flxt eP/_ xf], ltdLx¿nfO{ ;a} s/' f yfxf /x]5 . -p7l\ 5g \ ._ cfdf
s'GtLn] jsf;/' n] vfg] kfnf] k/]sf] 3/sf dfG5]x¿nfO{ ;DemfOa{ e' mfO{ eLd;g] nfO{ k7fOg \ .
eLd;g] n] Tof] /fIf;nfO{ df/]/ ;a}sf] p4f/ ul/lbP . clxn] xfdf| ] b]zdf klg jsf;/' h:t}
/fIf;n] 3/3/ k;L dfG5] df/]/ vfO/xs] f] 5 . To;}n] ;a} cftlÍt 5g \ . b'Mv / zf]sn]
kLl8t 5g \ . To; /fIf;n] d]/f] 3/df 3;' ]/ d]/f] 5f/] fnfO{ df¥of ] . km] l/ a'xf/LnfO{ df¥of] .
d/] f gfltx¿nfO{ df¥of] . …tF a"9Lsf] x•L / 5fnf clxn] g} s] vfg' ÛÚ eg]/ To;n] dnfO{
5f]l8/fvs] f] 5 . a? df/s] f] eP dnfO{ cln ;v' x'GYof=] == d ceflugL a9" L=== g dg{ ;S5'
g afFRg ;S5' Û -cltzo jb] gfn] ?g yflN5g\ ._ === s] ug]{ afa'x¿, jsf;'/ /fIf;nfO{
t eLd;]gn] dfl/lbPsf lyP, ca of] /fIf;nfO{ df//] s;n] ;as} f] p4f/ ul/bn] f .
eLd;]g h:tf] k/fjm| dL, z/' jL/ cfhefl] n hlGdb}gg\ .
/fh' M -a"9LnfO{ ;dft/] _ aHo} w]/} g?g'xf;] \ . wo} { wf/0f ug{x' f;] \ . of] bz] df /fIf; cftÍ /
cTofrf/ rln/xG5 eGg] xfdLnfO{ yfxf lyPg . yfxf kfpbF f xfdLnfO{ c;fWo} b'Mv nfUof] .
a? Pp6f s'/f elglbgx' f;] \ .
a"9L M s] afa' <
/fh' M Tof] cTofrf/L /fIf; sxfF a:5 <
a9" L M -g]kYodf bv] fP/_ pM Tof] kxf8sf] 7n" f] cf8] f/df a:5 .
/fh' M P ÛÛ -pm /x:odo cGbfhdf ;fyLx¿l;t cfvF f hw' fp5F . cfvF fsf] efsfdf
sx] L eG5 . ;fyLx¿ a'‰5g\ / d:' s'/fp5F g\ ._ aHo} leq hfpFm Û oxfF cfFugdf w]/}a/]
a:g'xb'F }g, /fIf;sf] cfvF f kg{ ;S5 .
cftlÍt – 8/fPsf, cftÍn] cGof]ndf k/]sf
z/' jL/ – axfb'/, ;fx;L of]4f
216 efiff au}Frf – &
a"9L M -cs:dft\ ;De]m/_ P, xf] t lg Û nf} nf} leq hfcf}F afax' ¿ Û oxfF a:g'x'bF g} Û lhpFbf] dfG5s] f]
uGw yfxf kfPkl5 /fIf;sf d'v ;s;sfOxfN5g \ . -sx] L xtf/ u/L 3/l3q kl:5g\ . afnsx¿
klg 3/leq k:5g \ . 3/sf] 9fs] f aGb xG' 5 . sx] L ;dokl5 la/l;nf / 8/nfUbf ;ËLtx¿
;l' gG5g \ . pHofnf] x/fpFb} hfG5 . cFWof/fdf afnsx¿ 3/sf] 9fs] f vf]nL aflx/ lg:sG5g\
clg rfn df/]/ g]kYodf nfU5g\ . la/l;nf / 8/nfUbf Wjlgx¿ ul' ~h/xG5g \ . sx] L ;dokl5
;a} Wjlgx¿ x/fpF5g\ . cFWof/fdf eO' F vg]sf] cfjfh cfp5F . Tof] cfjfh j|mdzM a9\b} hfG5 .
cFWof/fd] f ¿vsf xfFufx¿ sf6]sf] / kftx¿ rnfPsf] cfjfh cfp5F . pHofnf] x'G5 .
/Ëd~rdf Pp6f ;dy/ db} fg / 6f9f ki[ 7el" ddf cf8] f/ b]lvG5 . afnsx¿ cf8] f/lt/
kmsL{ d}bfgdf pleO/x]sf xG' 5g\ . pgLx¿sf lhp / nu' fdf w'nf]df6f] nfus] f] x'G5 ._
/fh' M -hf8] n] s/fP/_ P /fIf; ÛÛ
Zofd M -hf8] n] s/fP/_ P /fIf; ÛÛ
cgk' M -hf8] n] s/fP/_ P /fIf; ÛÛ
;fu/ M -hf8] n] s/fP/_ P /fIf; ÛÛ
-/fIf;sf] uh{g ;l' gG5 t/ pm b]lvFb}g ._
/fIf; M -uh{]/_} sf] xf] dnfO{ af]nfpg] <
/fh' M -hf8] n] s/fP/_ xfdL afns xf}F ÛÛ
/fIf; M -uh]{/_} P Û d/] f cfxf/f Û cfh s] eP/ d]/f] cfxf/fx¿ dv' d} f kg{ cfP < c¿ lbgdf
t vfH] g hfgk' Yof ]{ .
Zofd M -hf]8n] s/fP/_ xfdL t]/f] cfxf/f xfO] gf,F} t/] f] sfn xf}F ÛÛ
cg'k M -hf]8n] s/fP/_ tfut eP xfdLl;t n8g\ cfOh ÛÛ lg:sL cf8] f/af6 ÛÛ
;fu/ M -hf8] n] s/fP/_ tF}n] w/] } dfG5x] ¿nfO{ df/]/ vfO;\, cfh xfdL t/] f] ldlt k¥' ofOlbG5fF} Û
-afnsx¿sf] nnsf/ ;g' /] /fIf; uhF{b} cf]8f/af6 aflx/ lg:sG5 . pgLx¿nfO{ x5] { clg
db} fgtkm{ nDsG5 . afnsx¿eGbf sx] L k/sf] b/' Ldf cfOku' L cl8G5 ._
/fIf; M ltdLx¿ h:tf e';g' f dl;t n8\g] ÛÛ
-c§xf; u5 { ._ ltdLx¿ t d/] f] k]6el/sf] vfgf klg xfO] gf},F vfhf dfq} xf} ÛÛ
/fh' M gxf;F \ P /fIf; Û /fIf;x¿ c¿nfO{ cfˆgf] l;sf/ agfp5F g\ t/ Pslbg pgLx¿ cfkm}
efiff aur}F f – & 217
F l;sf/ aG5g\ ÛÛ
Zofd M cfh t]/f] bi' sd{sf] Oltxf; ;lsG5 ÛÛ
cg'k M dfG5]x¿n] t]/f] cftÍaf6 dl' Qm kfpg5] g\ ÛÛ
;fu/ M P nt' ] /fIf; Û lsg ToxfF 8/fP/ pleO/xs] f] < rfF8f] n8g\ cfOh Û oxfF xfd|f] xft
lrnfO;Sof] ÛÛ
-/fIf; ckdfg ;xg g;s]/ 7"nf] :j/n] uhG{ 5 clg cfjm| fds eO{ afnsx¿lt/ nDsG5 .
To;/L l/;n] cGwf] eO{ nlDsbf pm db} fgdf emf/kftn] 5fl] k/fvs] f] vfN6f] bV] b}g . pm
vfN6fd] f hflsG5 . afnsx¿ /dfpFb} vfN6f]df 9'Ëfdf6f] kmfNb} /fIf;nfO{ k'g{ yfN5g\ .
la:tf/} p;sf uh{gx¿ x/fpFb} hfG5g \ . -/fIf; vfN6fd] f kl' /P/ d5{ Û_
/fh' M -v';Ln] plkF|mb_} /fIf; d¥of] ÛÛ
Zofd M -v';Ln] plk|mF b_} /fIf; d¥of] ÛÛ
cg'k M -v;' Ln] plkm|F b_} /fIf; d¥of] ÛÛ
;fu/ M -v';Ln] plkFm| b_} /fIf; d¥of] ÛÛ
-pgLx¿sf] s/' f ;'gL gk] Yoaf6 dflg;x¿ bu'b{} cfpF5g\ . afnsx¿sf] k/fj|mdb]lv bË
k5g{ \ . cGtdf a"9L klg x:ofªkm:ofª ub}{ ToxfF cfOkl' U5g \ .+
a"9L M -pT;fxk"j{s_ vf]O /fIf; < vf]O /fIf; < vf]O /fIf; <
/fh' M oxfF vfN6fl] eq 5 aHo} Û xfdLn] /fIf;nfO{ vfN8f]leq k/' /] df¥of}F .
a9" L M -efjfj]un] cfF;' emfb}_{ cflv/ d]/f gfltx¿n] /fIf;nfO{ dfl/5f8] Û
-afnsx¿ a9" LnfO{ ;dfT5g\ . a"9L ;a}nfO{ ddtfk"js{ cuF fnf]df lnlG5g\ . /fIf;
dfl/Psf] v;' LofnLdf dflg;x¿ gfRg yfN5g \ . Ps l5gkl5 ;a} lgZrn xG' 5g\ .
cWF of/fdf aflnsfsf] cfjfh ;l' gG5 ._
aflnsfsf] cfjfh M /fIf;nfO{ tL rf/ hgf afnsn] df/] . To; bz] sf dflg;x¿n] tL rf/
hgf afnsnfO{ w/] }w/] } wGojfb lbP . pkxf/ lbP . To;lbgkl5 tL afnsx¿ ;;+ f/e/
k/fjm| dL afnsx¿ egL kl| ;4 eP .
218 efiff au}rF f – &
u/, 3/
z4' pRrf/0f
lbPsf zAb ;g' / eg M
/Ëd~r k/fj|mdL u'~hfodfg lglv;| s] WofgdUg
cftlÍt dRrfO/xs] f] wo} {wf/0f g]kYo ki[ 7e"ld
afw] / cleJolQm
!= ldNg] pQ/df 7Ls - √ _ lrXg nufpm M
s= afnsx¿ crDdsf] b]zdf s;/L ku' ] <
c= /fIf;nfO{ e]6g\ cf= a"9LnfO{ e]6g\ O= To;} 3'Dbf3'Db}
O= /fIf;n] vfPsfn]
v= Tof] ufpdF f s]6fs6] L lsg lyPgg\ < O= kfnf] gcfP/
O= vfN8fd] f k/' ]/
c= ;a} d/s] fn ] cf= s'g} ghGd]sfn]
u= /fIf;n] a9" LnfO{ lsg vfPg <
c= clxn] g} s] vfg' eg]/ cf= dfof nfu/]
3= afnsx¿n] /fIf;nfO{ s;/L df/] <
c= gbLdf aufP/ cf= 9Ë' fn] xfg]/
@= lbPsf kZ| gsf] Ps jfSodf pQ/ nv] M
s= gf6ssf] ;'? s]af6 ePsf] 5 <
v= rf/ hgf afnsnfO{ bv] ]/ a"9L lsg eml:sOg\ <
u= a9" LnfO{ afnsx¿ ToxLF al;lbP x'GYof] h:tf] lsg nfu]sf] xf] <
3= To; ufpdF f s] xg' ] u/s] f] /x]5 <
ª= dxfef/tsf] syfsf] cz+ nfO{ o; gf6sdf lsg NofOPsf] xf] <
r= afnsx¿n] lsg vfN8f] vg] <
#= tnsf k|Zgsf] ;ª\lIfKt pQ/ b]pm M
s= dxfef/t sfndf jsf;/' n] s:tf] cTofrf/ u/s] f] lyof] <
v= jsf;/' nfO{ s;n] df¥of] <
efiff aurF} f – & 219
u= afnsx¿n] /fIf;nfO{ s;/L df/] <
3= gf6ssf] cGTo s;/L ePsf] 5 <
ª= …k/fj|mdL afnsx¿Ú Gff6ssf] d'Vo ;Gb]z s] xf] <
$= nfdf] pQ/ n]v .
xfd|f] b]zdf xfdLnfO{ bM' v lbg] s:tfs:tf ;d:of 5g\ < ltgsf] ;dfwfg s;/L ug{
;lsG5 <
cfˆgf cge' j ;f6f;f6 u/ M
kf7sf] gf6s ;a} ;fyL ldn/] kfnk} fnf] clego u/ / To;sf] cge' j ;fyLnfO{ atfpm .
?
;fr] / eg M
k/fjm| dL afnsx¿sf] 7fpdF f ltdL ePsf] eP /fIf;nfO{ s;/L dfYof{} <
>'lt n]vg
lbPsf] ;j+ fb ;'g / n]v M
Zofd M aHo,} ca xh/' cf/fd u/L lkF9Ldf a:gx' f];\ clg xfdLnfO{ cfˆgf] / cfˆgf] bz] sf]
syf ;'gfpgx' f;] \ . xfdLnfO{ ;'Gg] clwsf/ 5 .
;fu/ M xf,] 5 .
cgk' M kSsf 5 Û
/fh' M kSsf Û ls 5}g aHo} <
a"9L M 5 afa,' ;a} s'/f ;G' g] clwsf/ 5 . d eG5 ' . d a"9Ln] cfˆgf] / cfˆgf] bz] sf]
syfJoyf n'sfO d//] s;nfO{ s] kmfObf x'G5 / Û d afa'x¿nfO{ ;a} s/' f eG5' Û -a"9L syf
eGg lkF9Ldf a;/] cfk"mnfO{ WofgdUg kfl5{g \ ._ afa'x¿nfO{ yfxf 5 ls 5}g, åfk/ o'udf
220 efiff aurF} f – &
sf}/j / kf08jx¿aLr 7"nf] dxfef/t o'4 ePsf] lyof ] .
Zofd M dxfef/t o'4 s?' If]q eGg] 7fpFdf ePsf] lyof], xfO] g aHo} <
a"9L M xf] afa' . ToxL 7fpdF f ePsf] lyof ] . Tof] dxfef/t o4' xg' e' Gbf w]/} jif{cufl8
kf08jx¿ Nffxf3/af6 efu/] cfˆgL cfdf sG' tLsf ;fy 6f9f uPsf lyP . ToxfF jsf;/'
eGg] Pp6f eofgs /fIf;n] lbglbg} Pp6fPp6f 3/sf] kfnf] kf/L dfG5] vfP/ cftÍ
dRrfO/xs] f] lyof] . afa'x¿nfO{ of] s'/f yfxf 5 <
;dx" sfo{
kfrF j6f ;d"xdf a; . ;an} ] kf7sf] bf];|f] cg'R5b] k9 . cfˆgf] ;dx" sf] Ps
hgf kl| tlglw 5fg . k|ltlglwn] pQm cgR' 5b] lstfa x/] ]/ eg . c¿ ;a}n]
lstfa gx/] L n]v . ;d"x;dx" aLr sfkL ;f6f;f6 u/ . kT| os] ;d"xsf k|ltlglw
a;]/ sfkL hfFRg] lgod agfpm . Tof] lgod sIffdf ;g' fpm . lgodcg;' f/ n]v]
gn]v]sf] lstfa x]/L hfrF . uNtL ePsf 7fpdF f /v] fÍg u/ . k|Tos] ;dx" nfO{
sfkL lkmtf{ b]pm . cfˆgf] sfkL kfPkl5 lstfa x]//] 7Ls hfrF ] ghfFrs] f] kQf
nufpm . uNtL ePsf 7fpFdf lstfa x/] /] ;Rofpm .
efiff aurF} f – & 221
z'4 n]vg
!= lbPsf zAb z4' agfO{ nv] M
a'9L, 7'nf], 4fk/, yfx, lar, c?, a?, ?v
@= tnsf jfSodf cfjZos lrXg /fv/] z4' agfO{ sfkLdf ;f/ M
a"9Ln] elgg\ d lsg em' 6f] af]Ny] / ltdLx¿ h:tf s6] fs6] Lx¿ t oxfF ;a}
lglv;| s] ;as} f] sfn cfPsf] eGg' ls s] eGg' vf]O 7'nf dfG5x] ¿ klg cfwf
3l6;s] .
zAbe08f/
!= zAb / cys{ f] hf]8f ldnfpm M
cfZro{ r'gf}tL lbg'
nnsfg'{ 5Ss
g]kYo 8/nfUbf]
eofgs kbf{k5fl8
cefuL Hofb}
cltzo efUo gePsf]
jb] gf axfb'/
z"/jL/ dgdf xg' ] kL8f
cf]8f/ Ps 7fpaF f6 csf]{ 7fpFaLrsf] cGt/
ki[ 7e"ld u'kmf
b/" L sg' } j:t' jf sfo{ cflbsf] cfwf/
@= ljk/LtfyL{ zAbsf] hf8] f ldnfpm M
la/l;nf lgwf{]
:ju { 30[ ff
222 efiff auF}rf – &
dfof gs{
kmfObf zflGt
o4' a]kmfObf
alnof ] cw}o{
w}o{ /l;nf
#= 3D' bf ± 3D' bf – 3D' bf3D' b} eP h:t} tnsf zAbaf6 aGg] zAb nv] M
lxF8\bf ± lxF8b\ f –
k/ ± k/ –
dL7f] ± dL7f] –
3/ ± 3/ –
lbg ± lbg –
$= lbPsf zAb /fvL jfSo agfpm M
/Ëd~r, vfN6f], k/fjm| d, x:ofªkm:ofª, cfZro,{ w}o{ wf/0ff, bi' sd{
%= kf7af6 cf;F ,' cFWof/f] h:tf rGb|ljGb' nfus] f zAb vf]h]/ nv] M
Jofs/0f
sfo{d"ns Jofs/0f
s= lbPsf jfSo k9 M
c= aHo}, xfdL t 3'Dg cfPsf xfF } .
cf= af; a:g lbgx' f;] \ x} aHo} .
O= nf} nf} ca leq hfcf} F .
O={ ltdLx¿ cfh oxL a; g .
dflysf jfSodf ePsf t, x,} lg, nf}, g, lgkft x'g \ . o:t} kf], /,] c/,] Sof/], Aof/,] /,
nf klg lgkft x'g\ .
v= vfnL 7fpFdf ldNbf] lgkft /fvL jfSo k/" f u/ M
-Sof/,] x}, kf], t, g, lg_
efiff au}Frf – & 223
c= ltdLx¿ h:tf s6] fs6] Lx¿ ============== oxfF ;a} lglv;| s ] .
cf= pgLx¿ 3D' bf3'Dbf Pp6f crDdsf] bz] df ============== ku' ] .
O= ltdL cfh /flt oxLF a; ============== .
O={ cfh xfdL xh'/;uF } a:5f+} ============== .
p= kf08jx¿ nfxf 3/af6 efu/] cfkmg\ L cfdf sG' tLsf ;fy oxfF cfPsf lyP ===== .
pm= xfdL ;a} ldnL /fIf;nfO{ dfg{ hfcf}F ============== .
u= lbPsf lgkft /fv]/ jfSo agfpm M
n, /, lg, nf,} t, Sof/]
@= s= lbPsf jfSo k9 M
wt\ Û To;/L 8/fpg x'G5 <
cfa'O Û s:tf] 8/nfUbf] syf Û
Hof Û aHo}n] t e';S' s la;g{ 'eP5 .
:ofaf; Û ltdLx¿n] /fd|f] sfd u¥of } .
dflysf jfSodf ePsf wt,\ cfa'O, Hof, :ofaf; zAb lj:doflbaf]ws x'g\ .
lj:doflbaf]ws zAbkl5 lj:do ;"rs lrXg jf pb\uf/ lrXg -Û_ k|of]u ug{k' 5{ . yS' s,
P]oo\ f, cfTyf, l5, 5\of, cfxf klg lj:doflbaf]ws zAb xg' \ .
v= kf7af6 lj:doflbaf]ws zAb vf]h]/ nv] .
u= sg' } kfFrj6f lj:doflbaf]ws zAb ko| fu] u/]/ sg' } /dfOnf] 7fpsF f] j0fg{ u/ .
224 efiff auF}rf – &
n]vg cEof;
cg'nv] g
!= kf7df ePsf] æa"9L M -cs:dft\ ;Dem]/_ P, xf] t lg ⁄ ‘nf} nf} b]lv====wn" f] df6f]
nfu]sf] x'G5’ ;Dd h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ .
@= lbPsf] cgR' 5]b h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ M
afnaflnsf eljiosf s0ff{wf/ x'g \ . pgLx¿sf] :jefj lh1f;' xG' 5 . pgLx¿ cfˆgf]
lh1f;f tTsfn d]6g\ rfxG5g\ . sltko afnaflnsfx¿ ljnIf0f k|ltef ePsf x'G5g\ .
pgLx¿ slxns] fxLF 7"nf dflg;n] klg ug{ g;Sg] sfd u/]/ bv] fpF5g \ . pgLx¿df 5nkmn
u/]/ lgisif{ lgsfNg ;Sg] Ifdtf x'G5 . pgLx¿nfO{ ;xL ;dodf ;xL af6f] b]vfOlbgk' 5 { .
o;sf nflu lzIfs / cleefjs bj' } cu;| / x'gk' 5{ . afnaflnsf ;lj|mo eP/ nfu]sf]
v08df ;dfhdf ljBdfg s/' Llt, s';:+ sf/ x6fO{ gofF ;f]rsf] aLhf/f]k0f klg ug{ ;S5g \ .
l;h{gfTds nv] g
s= ltdLn] ;'gs] f] sg' } syfnfO{ gf6sdf kl/jtg{ u/ .
v= kf7sf] gf6snfO{ syf agfP/ nv] .
v]NbfvN] b}
sIffsf ;a} ;fyL ldn/] d~r tof/ u/ / kf7sf] gf6s clego u/]/ bv] fpm .
efiff au}rF f – & 225
ax' cfoflds k|ltefsf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t lj|mofsnfk
PsfO @, kf7 @, sfod{ "ns Jofs/0f -ljz]if0fsf] klxrfg_
!= eflifs ljm| ofsnfk
lbPsf] cgR' 5]baf6 ljzi] f0f zAbx? vfh] M
au}rF fdf /ftf, gLnf, kxF]nf, ;]tf km"n km'Nbf xl/of kft klg ;G' b/ bl] vG5g\ . auFr} f
agfpgn] ] 7fpcF g;' f/ k"/f aur}F fnfO{ cfwf, rfy} fO, Ps ltxfO u/]/ ljefhg u5{g\ /
/fd|f] b]lvg] lsl;dn] kmn" /fK] 5g \ . tL km"n km' nk] l5 aurF} f ;'Gb/ / dgdf]xs b]lvG5 .
c¿ cUnf, xfr] f af6] nfO{ ldnfP/ sf6F 5f6F u/s] f] 5 eg] t au}rF f emg\ zf]egLo b]lvG5 .
aurF} fdf kmn" /fK] bf klg klxnf] 8\ofªdf s'g /fK] g], bf;] f| ]df sg' /fK] g], t;] f| d] f sg' /fK] g] eGg]
ofh] gf xg' 'k5 { . sg' km"nsf] af]6 Pp6f dfq nufpg,] sg' kmn" sf af6] b'Oj{ 6f nufpg,]
sg' km"nsf af]6 ;oj6f nufpg] eGg] s'/fsf] ;d]t ofh] gf agfP/ /fl] kof] eg] dfq ;G' b/
au}Frf lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
@= ;fËLlts ljm| ofsnfk
lbPsf] sljtf no xfnL k9 M
/ftf,] gLnf,] kx]Fnf], ;]tf,] sfnf,] xl/of]
cfwf, k/" f, rfy} fOn], ef8F f] k/' } el/of]
clnslt stf /fVg] < yf]/} eP klg
7n" f, ;fgf, cUnf, xf]rf efF8f /x] klg .
/Ë/} Ë ld;fP/ kfgL e/fF} cfh
sfnf, uf]/f, df6] f b'Anf ;Fu} a;fF} cfh
xf]nL vn] fF} ldnL ldnL ;Fu} a;f}F cfh
klxnf], bf];|f,] t;] f| ] rfFy} f] Ps bO' { ;o
xfn] L vn] L ;a} dflg; 3/3/ uP .
kZ| gM sljtfdf ljz]if0f zAb vfh] .
#= b[ZofTds ljm| ofsnfk
sIffsf ljBfyLd{ Wo] ;aeGbf cUnf,] ;aeGbf xfr] f], ;aeGbf df6] f] / ;aeGbf bA' nf] u/L
rf/ hgf 5flgP/ cufl8 hfpm . k|To]ssf] xftdf j|mdzM ? Ps, ? bO' ,{ ? ;o / ?
xhf/sf] gf6] /fv . ;aeGbf cUnf] ljBfyLn{ ] sfnfk] f6Ldf Pp6f jQ[ agfpm / To;df
/ftf] /ª e/ . xf]rf] ljBfyLn{ ] csf{] j[Q agfpm / cfwfdf gLnf]Ù cfwfdf xl/of] /ª e/ .
;aeGbf df]6f] ljBfyL{n] csf]{ jQ[ agfpm / jQ[ sf] rf/ efudWo] tLg efudf kx]nF f] /
Ps efudf sfnf] /ª nufpm . ;aeGbf bA' nf] ljBfyL{n] klg Pp6f 5'§} j[Q agfpm / tLg
226
efudf afF8 . Ps efudf KofhL /ª / c¿df ;t] f] /ª e/ . afsF L ljBfyLd{ Wo]af6 Ps
hgf cufl8 cfpm . sfnfk] f6Ldf ePsf j[Qdf s:tf]s:tf] /ª nufOPsf] 5 < egL ;fw] .
km] l/ csf{] kl| tlglw 5flgP/ cufl8 cfpm …cufl8 plePsf ;fyLx¿ s:tfs:tf 5g\ < egL
;fw] . t];|f] kl| tlglw cufl8 cfpm / ;fyLx¿sf] xftdf sltslt k;} f 5 < eg]/ ;f]w .
rf}yf] kl| tlglwn] sfnfk] f6Ldf agfOPsf lrqdf sltslt kl/df0f bv] fOPsf] 5 eg/]
;f]w .
lzIfs ;fyL, ljBfyL{n] lbPsf pQ/x¿ …ljzi] f0fÚ zAb xg' \ elglbg'xf;] \ .
$= tflss{ lqmofsnfk
sIffsf ljBfyL{dWo] Ps hgf cufl8 hfpm . Pp6f j[Q agfP/ …of] slt xf] <Ú eg/]
;fw] . pgLx¿nfO{ pQ/df …k"/fÚ eGg] zAb ;fR] g] ;do b]pm . ;fyLx¿nfO{ pQ/ gcfP
cfkm} F elgb]pm . To;nfO{ s;/L cfwf agfpg] < eg]/ ;f]w . pQ/ gcfP 7f8f] wsf{ tfg/]
bv] fObp] m . To;nfO{ …rfy} fO s;/L agfpg] <Ú eg/] ;f]w . To;sf] pQ/ gcfP t;] f{] wsf{
tfg]/ bv] fOb]pm . To;kl5 ;fyLnfO{ PsltxfO s;/L agfpg] < eg]/ ;fw] . k]ml/ …Ps
rfy} fOaf6 Ps ltxfOsf] efu lemSbf slt cfp5F < eg]/ ;fw] . ;fyLx¿n] hlt pQ/ lbP
klg ltdLn] …clnsltÚ eGg] pQ/ b]pm, To;kl5 sIffsf ;fyLx¿nfO{ rf/j6f ;d"xdf
ljefhg u/ / tnsf k|Zg ;fw] .
s= /ª hgfpg] 5j6f zAb eg .
v= dfqf -kl/df0f_ hgfpg] kfrF j6f zAb eg .
u= u0' f jf ljzi] ftf hgfpg] cf7j6f zAb eg .
3= ;ª\Vof hgfpg] cf7j6f zAb eg .
%= clegofTds lj|mofsnfk
lbPsf] ;+jfb clego u/]/ bv] fpm M
Ps M -b'O{lt/ x/] /] dhf dfGb}_ xf]nL klg cfpg} nfUof] . o;kfln t dhfn] xf]nL vN] gk' 5{
x} Û
b'O{ M -pT;flxt eP/_ x'G5, xG' 5 . d /ftf], gLnf,] xl/of,] kx]Fnf] /ª lsg/] Nofp5F ' .
Ps M d t ;t] f] rlDsg] / sfnf] WjfF;f] klg lnP/ cfp5F ' . To:tf] /ª blnlbof] eg] aNn
dhf xG' 5 .
b'O{ M xf]Og xfO] g . -;Dem] h:tf] ub{_} rf8kj{ dgfpFbf c¿nfO{ bM' v lbg] sfd ug'{x'Gg . a?
/ftf] /ª cfwf, gLnf] /ª cfwf, xl/of] /ª Ps ltxfO, kxnF] f] /ª clnslt kfgLdf ld;fcf}F
clg lkrsf/Ldf e//] ;fyLx¿nfO{ lehfOlbcf}F .
Ps M /ª lsGg slt k;} f rflxPnf <
bO' { M xhf/ t rflxbF g} Sof/ ] . Ps bO' { ;o eP t kl' uxfN5 . Tolt t ltdLl;t klg xfn] f .
Ps M 5, 5 . -;Dem] h:tf] ub}{_ c,F kfgL eg]{ ;fgf7n" f afN6L klg rflxG5 x} Û
227
bO' { M cUnf] ef8F fdf eGbf xf]rf] ef8F fdf kfgL /fVof] eg] kfgL tfGg v'a ;lhnf] xG' 5 .
Ps M -xftn] kf/ nufpFb_} klxnf]df /ftf,] bf];|fd] f gLnf], t];|f]df xl/of] ld;fPsf] /
rf}Fyf]df ;a} /ª ld;fPsf] kfgL /fvf}F clg h'g dg nfU5, ToxLaf6 lems]/ 5\oflklbg]
xG' g <
b'O{ M x'G5, xG' 5 . o;kfln dhfn] xfn] L v]Ngk' 5{ x} Û
Ps M xG' 5, xG' 5 .
k|Zg M ;+jfbdf k|of]u ePsf ljzi] f0f zAb n]v .
^= cGt/ jo} lQms ljm| ofsnfk
rf/j6f ;d"xdf a; . klxnf] ;dx" n] /ª hgfpg] ^ j6f zAb n]v . bf;] |f] ;dx" n]
ljz]iftf hgfpg] kfrF j6f zAb n]v . t];f| ] ;dx" n] dfqf ae' mfpg] kfrF j6f zAb n]v .
rfy} f] ;d"xn] ;ª\Vof hgfpg] cf7j6f zAb nv] . ;dx" sf] k|ltlglw 5fg . kl| tlglwn] ;a}
;dx" dWo] ;aeGbf l56f] nV] g] ;dx" nfO{ klxnf], To;kl5 nV] gn] fO{ j|mdzM bf;] |f], t;] f| ] /
rfy} f] 3fi] f0ff u/ .
lzIfs ;fyL, ;a} ;dx" n] n]v]sf zAb / jm| d hgfpg] zAb h:tM} klxnf], bf;] f| ], t;] f| ],
rfyF} f] klg ljzi] f0f xg' \ elglbg'xf];\ .
&= cGtM jo} lQms ljm| ofsnfk
k|To]s ljBfyL{ PSnfPSn} cln k/k/ a; . /ftf,] gLnf], ;]tf], kxnF] f], xl/of], cUnf], xf]rf],
b'AnL, df]6L, k/" f, cfwf, rf}yfO, ltxfO, clnslt, klxnf], bf;] f| ], t];|f,] rf}yF f] zAb /fv/] ut
tLg lbgbl] v cfkm" n] u/]sf sfd ;d6] L 8fo/L n]v / glhs} a:g] ;fyLnfO{ ;'gfpm .
228
lj:tt[ ljifo;"rL
z'4 afw] / z4' n]vg cEof; yk
pRrf/0f cleJolQm nv] g cEof;
PsfO cfvF L‰ofn kf7 kf7 zLifs{ zAbe08f/ Jofs/0f >l' tnv] g cgn' v] g l;hg{ fTds ;d"xsfo{ vN] bfvN] b}
n]vg
lrq;lxt dxfanL cfwf/ cIf/ j:tu' t kZ| g, zAb / cy,{ gfd zAb, lrXg lrXg k|of]u kf7sf syf k"/f ug{] afw] k|Zg zAbe08f/ lrq syf
! l;h{gfTds ! afbª ePsf zAb ljifout kZ| g, kofo{ jfrL, ;fdfGo ko| f]u ePsf cgR' 5]b / nv] g
cfnfr] gfTds / ljk/LtfyL{ / et" af6 dn" efj
kZ| g l;h{gfTds kZ| g cg's/0ffTds jt{dfg sfn jfSox¿
zAb
ljifout kZ| g, n]Vo / sYo,
x/km k"/f ljk/LtfyL{ / Osf/ / efj
psf/ sljtf n]vg lj:tf/
@ l;hg{ fTds ! wtL{dftf cfwf cIf/ ug]{, efj lj:tf/, kofo{ jfrL – sljtfsf] nfu]sf zAb sljtfsf
k|Zg ePsf zAb d"nefj n]Vg], zAb bL3{ Znfs] Znf]s sf] gdg' f
;dfnf]rgfTds / Osf/ nfu]sf
229 l;hg{ fTds zAb
j:t'ut /
@ dxŒjk0" f{ /]km nfus] f, …/Ú ljifout kZ| g, efj k|Too nfus] f ljzi] f0f lrXg x:| j, bL3{ kf7sf] lgaGw k"/f – af]w / zAbhfn
af6] la?jfx¿ pRrf/0f x'g] lj:tf/ ug,{] zAb, jfSodf k|ofu] ePsf Osf/ cgR' 5]b / ug]{ cleJolQm
k|ofu] , pvfg
zAb ;dfnf]rgfTds jfSox¿ nfus] f zAb dn" efj
/ l;hg{ fTds
k|Zg
# kl| ;4 cfª ;fª cfwf cIf/ j:tu' t, ljifout, ljk/LtfyL{ ljzi] f0f / kf7sf ;, z / kf7sf] hLjgL k/" f – Jofs/0f sf]7k] b
JolQmaf/] ! ;'sL ko| f]u ePsf ;dfnfr] gfTds / zAb, zAb / gfd, ck0" f{ jfSox¿ if sf] cgR' 5b] / ug{]
5nkmn ug{] tLgb]lv ;ft l;hg{ fTds kZ| g cy{, pk;u{ jtd{ fgaf6 k"0f{ k|of]u ePsf d"nefj
cIf/;Ddsf / x|:j Osf/ jfSo
nfu]sf zAb jt{dfg
zAb
$ lrq j0fg{ ! cfwf/ cIf/ j:tu' t / kofo{ jfrL, – kf7sf lrx|g kf7sf sljtf k/" f –
ePsf zAb ljifout k|Zg, ljk/LtfyL{ / kª\lQm ko| f]u, x|:j Znf]s ug,]{ sljtf
efj lj:tf/ ug{,] kT| oo nfus] f / bL3{ Osf/
;dfnfr] gfTds zAb, 6'Ssf nfus] f zAb nv] g
/ l;h{gfTds jfSo lgdf0{ f
k|Zg
zAb / cy{
j:tu' t / pk;u{
! hGt'x¿sf] cfwf cIf/ ljifout k|Zg, nfu]sf zAb, ;jg{ fd, k0" f{ lrXg k|ofu] lrXg k|ofu] kf7sf] syf lgdf{0f syf l;h{gfTds r'6\lsnf
dn] hfn] k|of]u ePsf / efj lj:tf/, jfSo lgdf{0f, kIf ePsf jfSo cg'R5b] / jfrg nv] g
tT;d zAb ;dfnfr] gfTds / låTj zAb, d"nefj
l;hg{ fTds k|Zg kT| oo nfu]sf
zAb
zAb / cy{,
% :yfgLo kjs{ f] ! l5kf| df cfwf cIf/ ljifout kofo{ jfrL / x:| j / bL3{ kf7sf] z'4 sf]7k] b
lrq cgGt] ko| f]u ePsf kZ| g, afw] kZ| g, ljk/LtfyL{ lgDg cfb/af6 lrXg ko| fu] Osf/ cgR' 5b] / lgofqf nv] g afw] k|Zg pRrf/0f
k"l0fd{ fsf] ;dfnf]rgfTds / zAb, k|Too pRr cfb/df ePsf jfSo
hfqf zAb l;hg{ fTds kZ| g nfus] f zAb nfus] f zAb d"nefj
jfSo lgdf{0f
j:tu' t / kof{ojfrL,
230 ^ lrq j0fg{ ! Csf/ nfu]sf / ljifout k|Zg, ljk/LtfyL,{ – kf7sf] Znf]s bZ[ o / sljtfsf] sljtf k"/f –
gf/L …kÚ| k|of]u ePsf efj lj:tf/, cg]sfyL{ / n]Vo Znf]s ug,{] sljtf
zAb ;dfnfr] gfTds / k|Too nfus] f n]vg
l;hg{ fTds k|Zg zAb
kofo{ jfrL,
@ d}n] cfwf cIf/ ljifout, låTj / ;d:t lrx|g ko| f]u lrXg sYo / kf7sf – >l' t lrq syf
glx8F ]sf] k|ofu] ePsf ;dfnf]rgfTds / zAb, 6S' sf / ;Defjgfy{ k|ofu] ePsf] nV] o zAb cg'R5]b / syf k"/f ug{] nv] g
l;hg{ fTds kZ| g cg's/0ffTds d"nefj
af6f] zAb cg'R5b]
zAb
zAb / cy{,
k|Too gfdof]uL,
& zAbe08f/ ! ;Todf]xg ;lGwoQ' m tT;d j:tu' t, ljifout, nfus] f / s/0faf6 cfwf cIf/ x:| j / bL3{ cg'R5b] / hLjgL tof/ afw] k|Zg zAb sf7] ]kb
hf]zL zAb ;dfnf]rgfTds / z,if,; sf] cs/0fsf] ePsf zAb Osf/ d"nefj ug{] e08f/
l;hg{ fTds k|Zg k|of]u ePsf k|of]u u/L
nfus] f zAb
zAb, jfSo cgR' 5b] n]vg
lgdf0{ f
* lrq j0f{g ! lj1fgsf] Pp6} zAbdf zAb / cy{, cEo:t kf7sf] x|:j / bL3{ kf7sf] cg'R5]b –
s}bL b'Oj{ 6f cfwf j:t'ut, ljifout, kofo{ jfrL, kIf / c1ft cg'R5]b Osf/ cg'R5b] n]vg, syf
cIf/ ePsf ;dfnf]rgfTds / pk;u{ kIfsf lj|mof,
l;h{gfTds k|Zg nfus] f / nfus] f zAb k/" f ug]{
zAb s/0faf6
;d:t zAb cs/0f
@ xfd|f] cfwf/ cIf/ j:t'ut, ljifout cg's/0ffTds kf7sf] ; / zsf] kf7sf] lgaGw k/" f cg'nv] g ufpF vfg]
aX| df08 k|of]u ePsf k|Zg / af]w kZ| g, zAb, zAb axj' rg, jfSo cg'R5b] ko| fu] ePsf cgR' 5]b / ug]{ syf
;dfnf]rgfTds / 5gf6} , kl/jtg{
zAb l;h{gfTds kZ| g cg]sfyL{ zAb zAb dn" efj
l;h{gfTds j}b]lzs ljifout k|Zg, zAb / cy{, lnË kl/jt{g, tT;d Osf/ / kf7sf] jfbljjfb
kZ| gdf efj lj:tf/ k|Too nfus] f k|yd k?' ifaf6 zAbsf] k|of]u psf/ cg'R5b] /
( 5nkmn ! /fh] uf/L ls If / 0f k|of]u ;dfnfr] gfTds zAb, pvfg, låtLo / t[tLo ePsf] jfSo nfu]sf zAb d"nefj jfbljjfb sfoq{ md Jofs/0f jfbljjfb
jb} l] zs ePsf zAb / l;h{gfTds n]vg cfofh] gf ug]{
6S' sf k'?ifdf
nufgL kZ| g kl/jtg{ ug{]
231 !) lrq j0f{g ! labfOsf] If0f If / C sf] ljifout kZ| g, ljk/LtfyL{ – sljtfsf] kb ;Ëlt sljtfsf sljtf n]vg, noaf]w Jofs/0f zAbhfn
k|of]u ePsf efj lj:tf/, / cgs] fyL{ Znfs] ldnfpg] / Znf] s sljtf k/" f
;dfnfr] gfTds / zAb, p:t} sYonfO{
zAb l;h{gfTds k|Zg ;l' gg] zAb nV] o agfpg] ug{]
@ 5f/] LnfO{ cfwf cIf/ ljifout, zAb / cy{, cfb/ kl/jt{g kf7sf] Znf]s sYoaf6 kf7sf] ze' sfdgf cgG' 5]b
lr7L k|of]u ePsf ;dfnfr] gfTds / ;lGw ePsf n]Vo agfpg] cg'R5b] / kq agfpg] n]vg
l;h{gfTds k|Zg d"nefj
zAb / kT| oo
nfu]sf zAb
!! kl| jlw;DaGwL ! yfd] ; PNjf cªu\ ]h| L efiffsf j:tu' t, ljifout zAb / cy,{ ljelQm kf7sf] kbof]u / kb kf7sf] hLjgL tof/ – afw] / cgR' 5]b
lrq j0f{g Pl8;g zAb ;dfnf]rgfTds / k|Too nfus] f ko| fu] , cEo:t cgR' 5b] ljofu] cg'R5b] / kfg{] cleJolQm nv] g
l;h{gfTds k|Zg kIf, lqmofkb d"nefj
zAb
g]kfnsf] df6f] k'Hg] cfwf cIf/ j:t'ut, ljifout, ljk/LtfyL,{ – kf7sf x:| j / bL3{ kf7sf sljtf k/" f – l;hg{ fTds uLt n]
!@ gS;f;DaGwL ! vs' /' Lsf] ko| fu] ePsf ;dfnf]rgfTds / bL3{ Osf/ kªl\ Qm Osf/ kª\lQm ug],{ sljtf nv] g Vg] /
l;h{gfTds kZ| g, nfu]sf, ufpg]
lrq zAb rGbl| jGb' nv] g
uBdf nv] g nfus] f zAb
j:t'ut / zAb / cy{, jfRo lrXg
ljifout k|Zg, zAb 5gf]6, kl/jtg{ ,
@ lg0fo{ cfwf cIf/ efj lj:tf/, kT| oo nfu]sf s/0faf6 kf7sf] k|ofu] , x|:j kf7sf] syf k/" f ug{] tflnsf
k|of]u ePsf ;dfnfr] gfTds / zAb, 6'Ssf cs/0f cgR' 5b] / bL3{ Osf/ cgR' 5]b / agfpg]
!# ;+jfb ! l;hg{ fTds kZ| g dn" efj
zAb / psf/
jf:t'snf /
nfus] f zAb
!$ lrqsnf;DaGwL !
;fdfGo
5nkmn
kw| fg cfwf cIf/ ljifout, zAb / cy,{ e"taf6 kf7sf …CÚ sf/ kf7sf] nv] tof/ – z'4 zAbhfn
@ cWofksnfO{ ko| f]u ePsf ;dfnfr] gfTds / pk;u{ ;fdfGo jfSox¿ nfus] f x|:j cgR' 5b] / kfg{] nv] g
l;hg{ fTds kZ| g jt{dfgdf / bL3{ Osf/ d"nefj
;fx;L lgjb] g zAb nfus] f zAb, kl/jt{g, nfus] f zAb
!% afnaflnsfsf] ! jfSo lgdf{0f k|ydaf6 tt[ Lo
tl:a/ k?' if
232 jf:ts' nf zAb / cy,{ k0" f{ kIfsf] kf7sf] a / j sf] kf7sf] lgaGw tof/ –
k~rd j0f{sf] j:t'ut, ljifout, pk;u{ ko| f]u, jrg cg'R5]b k|of]u cg'R5b] kfg{]
ko| fu] ePsf ;dfnf]rgfTds / nfu]sf /
kl/jt{g
zAb l;h{gfTds k|Zg ljk/LtfyL{
zAb
cfb/
u]x]Gbd| fg cfwf cIf/ j:tu' t, ljifout, zAb / cy{ kl/jt{g, kf7sf] lrXg ko| fu] kf7sf] c+z hLjgL tof/ – z'4 cgR' 5]b
cdfTo k|ofu] ePsf ;dfnf]rgfTds / kof{ojfrL, ;fdfGo k"0f{ / cgR' 5]b a / ; sf] / dn" efj kfg{] pRrf/0f n]vg
zAb / cfuGt's l;hg{ fTds k|Zg pk;u{, jfSo cEo:t et" ,
ko| fu]
zAb lgdf0{ f ;fdfGo
jtd{ fg /
eljiot\
k~rd j0f{sf] j:t'ut, ljifout, zAb / cy,{ psf/ syfnfO{
k|ofu] ePsf ;dfnfr] gfTds / ljk/LtfyL,{ gf6sdf
k/fjm| dL l;hg{ fTds kZ| g låŒj, jfSo lgkft, kf7sf] ;j+ fb nfu]sf zAb kf7sf] c+z kl/jt{g ug{] – >l' t n]vg clego
afnsx¿ zAb ;o+ f]hs / lrXg / dn" efj ug]{
lgdf{0f
k|ofu]
lzIfsnfO{ lgb{]zg
lzIfs ;fyLx¿, gk] fnL efiff au}Frf z[Înfsf k':tsnfO{ ;s;] Dd gjLg / dgf]/~hgk"0f{ tl/sfn]
l;sfO cEof; u/fpg ldNg] u/L tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . o; k:' tssf kf7nfO{ dfWod agfP/
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ eflifs ;Lk / hLjgfk] of]uL ;Lk l;sfpg' xfd|f] p2Z] o xf ] . oxfF ;dflji6 ljwf,
Ifq] tyf qmd cl3Nnf / kl5Nnf sIffdf /flvPsf kf7 / cEof;sf :t/cg;' f/ /flvPsf] 5
tfklg kf7k5fl8 lbOg] cEof;sf zLifs{ x¿df Ps¿ktf NofOPsf] 5 . kf7df lbOPsf cEof;x¿
gd'gf dfq xg' \ . tkfO{x+ ¿n] To:t} vfn] cGo lqmofsnfk u/fP/ lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfk ug{
;Sgx' 'G5 .
sIffdf kf7 k9fpg ;?' ug'{cl3 ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ kf7kl| t hfu?s agfpg, To; PsfOleqsf kf7df
l;Sg'kg]{ s/' fsf] ;"rgf lbg cfvF L‰ofn /flvPsf] xf] . ToxfF lbOPsf lqmofsnfk u/fpFb} To;;} Fu
;DalGwt To:t} vfn] cGo s/' fsfgL / cEof; klg oxfxF ¿n] u/fpg' pko'Qm x'G5 .
k7gqmdsfaLrdf sg' } sg' } kf7df kv{, ;f]r / eg /flvPsf] 5 . ljBfyLn{ fO{ kf7sf] cfufdL
cz+ k|lt pT;'stf hufpg / kf7 k9\bf cN5Lsf] cg'el" t x6fpg o:tf] lqmofsnfk /flvPsf] xf] .
…kv{, ;f]r / egÚ cGtut{ /flvPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ ljBfyL{af6 h] cfP klg To;nfO{ v;' L;fy
l:jsfg{'xf;] \ / cGo pQ/sf nflu pgLx¿nfO{ pTk|]l/t ul//xgx' f];\ . ljBfyL{n] klxn] g} kf7
kl9;s]sf] /x5] / ;xL hjfkm lbP5 eg] klg To;nfO{ cGo pQ/ h;/L g} l:jsfgx{' f;] \ / kf7
cufl8 a9fpgx' f;] \ .
x/]s kf7sf] cEof;df z4' pRrf/0fsf nflu s]xL zAb lbOPsf 5g \ . gk] fnL dft[efifL
ljBfyL{eGbf cGo dft[efifL ljBfyLn{ fO{ z'4 pRrf/0f ug{ ufx|f] xg' ] x'Fbf pgLx¿nfO{ af/Daf/
pRrf/0f cEof; u/fpg'xf]; \ . To;an] f ljBfyL{ s'g eflifs ;db' fosf] xf] To;cg;' f/ cEof;
u/fpgk' 5 { . h:t} yf¿ / gj] f/ ;d'bfosf ljBfyL{nfO{ …tÚ sf] pRrf/0fdf, u'?ª, du/ ;d'bfosf
ljBfyL{nfO{ …cÚ sf] pRrf/0fdf a9L Vofn ug{k' 5 { . pRrf/0f ug{ ufxf| ] x'g] cGo :j/ / Jo~hg
j0f{ kQf nufpgx' f;] \ . ljBfyLn{ fO{ kfnk} fnf] kf7 k9\g nufpgx' f;] \ / pRrf/0f ug{ ufxf| ] ePsf
zAb l6k/] tTsfn} pRrf/0f cEof; u/fOxfNgx' f;] \ .
af]w / cleJolQmsf] v08df klg kf7sf] cy{ nufpbF } hfbF f j:t'ut pQ/ cfpg] / Ps jfSodf
pQ/ cfpg] h:tf 5f6] f k|Zgx¿ ;fW] b} hfgx' f];\ . o; v08df axj' }slNks, ;ª\lIfKt / lj:tt[
pQ/ cfpg] vfnsf kZ| g klg ;dflji6 5g \ . ljBfyL{df l;h{gfTds / cfnfr] gfTds tl/sfn]
;fR] g ;Sg] Ifdtf ljsf; ugs{ f nflu cge' j ;f6f;f6 u/, ;fr] / eg zLifs{ df kZ| gx¿
/flvPsf 5g \ . cg'ej ;f6f;f6 ug{] kZ| gdf ljBfyL{sf JolQmut cge' j Pscsfn{ fO{ ;g' fP/ To;}
cg;' f/ 5nkmn u/L pQ/ lgsfNg pgLnfO{ k|fT] ;fxg ug{x' f];\ . …;fr] / egÚ zLif{ssf kZ| gdf
kf7sf] ;Gbe{nfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ clns km/s tl/sfn] pQ/ lgsfNg k|f]T;flxt ugx{' f;] \ . o:tf
kZ| gsf] pQ/ ;a} ljBfyL{x¿af6 Ps} lsl;dn] cfpbF }g . pgLx¿af6 hlt km/skm/s vfnsf pQ/
cfpF5g\, Tolt g} pgLx¿sf] l;hg{ fTds / cfnf]rgfTds Ifdtf j[l4 xb'F } hfG5 . To;n} ] ;s];Dd
km/s / cfnfr] gfTds pQ/sf nflu k|fT] ;flxt ugx{' f]; \ .
k':tsdf ;dx" sfos{ f nflu ljBfyL{ cfkm} Fn] ug'{kg{] lqmofsnfk /flvPsf 5g \ . tL lqmofsnfk
233
u/fpbF f ;dx" agfpgb] l] v lgisif{ lgsfNg];Ddsf ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ pgLnfO{ g} ug{ lbg'xf];\ . ;dx" agfpFbf
km/sm/s tl/sfn] l;Sg] Ifdtf ePsf ljBfyLn{ fO{ ;s;] Dd Pp6f ;d"xdf kg{] u/L /fVg nufpgx' f];\ .
;d"xsf] k|ltlglw 5gf6} ubf{ klg ;w}F Ps} hgfnfO{eGbf kfnk} fnf] cj;/ lbg nufpgx' f;] \ . Pp6}
;d"xdf ;wF} pxL ljBfyLn{ fO{ /xg glbO{ km/s ;dx" df /xg kf| ]T;fxg ug{x' f;] \ . ljBfyL{n] ;fdl" xs
cEof; ubf{ lzIfsaf6 ;s];Dd x:tIfk] gxf;] \ t/ cfjZos 7fpFdf ;xofu] ul/of;] \ .
Jofs/0fsf cEof;x¿ sfod{ n" s agfOPsf 5g\ . l;4fGteGbf Jojxf/df a9L hf8] lbOPsf
sf/0f Jofs/0f lzIf0fdf kf7nfO{ cfwf/ agfpg'xf];\ . kf7df lbPsf cEof; gd'gf dfq xg' \ .
To;n} ] oxfFx¿ Pp6} kf7af6 Jofs/0fsf cGo kIfx¿sf] klg lzIf0f ug{ :jtGq xg' x' G' 5 .
>'lt nv] gsf] cEof; ;'gfO ;Lk ljsf; u/fpgsf nflu lbOPsf] xf] . cEof; u/fpbF f lzIfsn]
eGg] / ljBfyLn{ ] gx/] Lsg n]Vg] ug{'k5 { . ljBfyLn{ ] n]v]kl5 sfkL ;f6f;f6 u/fO{ k':ts x]//]
hfFRg lbg ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ ;dx" cEof;åf/f klg u/fpg ;lsG5 .
z'4 nv] gsf] cEof; klg ljBfyLn{ fO{ gx]/Lsg nV] g nufO{ kf7 x/] /] hfFRg nufpg ;lsG5 .
ljBfyL{nfO{ g} hfRF g nufpbF f ql' 6 ug{ ;Sg] :yfgsf] af/]df pgLx¿nfO{ 1ft xG' 5 / pgLx¿
:jod\ ;r]t xg' kU' b5g \ .
x/s] kf7df cgn' ]vgsf cEof; /flvPsf 5g\ . ltgdf lbOPsf cEof; ljBfyL{nfO{ /fd|f, afGsL
ldn]sf / ;kmf cIf/ nV] g] afgL a;fpg, ;fe] mf] l8sf] lbg / ljz]iftM kf7df k|ofu] ePsf
lrXgx¿ ofb u/]/ tbg¿' k lrXg ko| f]u ug{ ;Sg] agfpg lbOPsf] xf ] . cgn' ]vgsf] bf];f| ]
cEof;df PsfOdf k:| t't kf7x¿sf] d"n efjnfO{ g} ;fg{ lbOPsf] 5 . PsfOdf k|:tt' kf7x¿sf]
p2]Zo, dn" efj / ;Gb]zaf/] ljBfyL{nfO{ a'emfpg] / efj lj:tf/ ug{] vfnsf cEof;nfO{ ;xofu]
xf;] \ eGg] xt] n' ] To;f] ul/Psf] xf] . To;}n] cgn' v] gsf] lqmofsnfk u/fpg lgwf{/0f ul/Psf
eGbfafx]s cGo cgR' 5]b jf kf7åf/f klg cEof; u/fpg ;lsg] 5 .
;flxTo l;hg{ f tyf Jofjxfl/s nv] g sfo{ ug{;Sg] Ifdtf a9fpg l;h{gfTds nv] gsf] cEof;
/flvPsf] xf ] . ljBfyL{n] u/]sf ;a} l;h{gfnfO{ ;sf/fTds ¿kn] lnP/ xf;} nf lbgk' 5{ . k':tsdf
cGo Jofjxfl/s cEof;sf nflu cfjZostfcg';f/ yk cEof;x¿ klg /flvPsf 5g\ .
plNnlvtafx]s x/]s PsfOsf] cGTodf v]Nbfv]Nb} zLif{sdf lqmofsnfk lbOPsf] 5 . l;sfOnfO{
dgf]/~hgk"0f{ agfpg o:tf] lqmofsnfk /flvPsf] xf ] . o;n] klg km/sm/s l;sfO Ifdtf ePsf
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ l;Sg k|f]T;flxt ub5{ .
x/s] ljBfyLs{ f] l;Sg] Ifdtf / l;Sg] tl/sf km/s x'G5 eGg] axk' |ltefsf] l;4fGtnfO{ cfwf/
agfP/ k:| t't k:' tsdf ax' k|ltef a9fpg] vfnsf lqmofsnfk /flvPsf 5g\ . tL lqmofsnfk
klg ljBfyL{ cfkm} nF fO{ ug{ kf| ]T;flxt ug'{k5{ . o;sf nflu k|:tt' k:' tssf] cGTodf gd'gf
lqmofsnfk lbOPsf] 5 . To;nfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ cGo lqmofsnfk agfO{ eflifs ;Lk / efiffsf
cGo kIfx¿ l;sfpg ;lsG| 5 .
lzIfs ;fyLx¿, k':tsdf kj| ]z ug'{cl3 o; lgb]{zgnfO{ /fd|/L k9L tbg¿' k lzIf0f l;sfO
lqmofsnfk ug'{x'g xflbs{ cg/' f]w ub{5fF} / cWofkgsf qmddf cfpg] kl| tlqmofnfO{ xfdL;dIf
k'¥ofOlbO{ ;xofu] ul/lbgx' 'g klg ljgd| cg'/fw] ub{5fF } .
n]vs tyf ;Dkfbs
234
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