BhasaBagaincha 7

zAb / c {yu?' sf dfg x'g\ lzio :jfledfg lg lzio x'g\
u?' sf ;fg x'g\ lzio ;Ddfg klg lzio x'g \ .

d klg u'? x'F of}6f lziodfly 5' lge/{
lzio xf] Û ljZj of] kmg] { gfn} f] ofqf ltdL u/
ltd}| dfWodn] gfn} f af6f d klxNofpnF f
hxfhF xfF ltdL hfG5f} ltd|f] ;fy v8f xFn' f .
hxfF a; hxfF hfpm ;v' kfpm ;a} lbg
slxNo} gk/f;] \ b'Mv slxNo} gk/f];\ ?g
1fgn] sd{n] aG5f} dxfg\ ltdL dxfg\ d 5'
ltdL dxfg\ ag] dfq} dn} ] u'?Tj kfp5F  ' .

:jfledfg – uf/} j, cfTd;Ddfg
v8f – plePsf], ;f]emf] eP/ /xs] f]
u?' Tj – u'?df x'g] u0' f jf ljlzi6tf

u/, 3/

z4' pRrf/0f

lbPsf zAb ;'g / eg M lzlIft kfp5F g\ xf:F b5g\ k|Zjf;
lzio u'?Tj n8\v8fp5F g\ ljZjf; klxNofpFnf dfWod
:jfy{ :jfledfg

af]w / cleJolQm

!= kf7sf] sljtf lzIfsn] h:t} no xfn]/ k9 .
@= 5f6] f] pQ/ nv] M
s= …u'?sf dfg xg' \ lzio, :jfledfg lg lzio xg' \Ú eg]/ sljn] s] eGg vfh] s] f xg' \ <
v= u?' sf] dxŒj s]df x'G5 <
u= …u?' sf] afn] Lsf cy{ lzio xg' Ú\ eGgs' f] cy{ s] sf] <

44 efiff au}Frf – &

#= lbPsf kªl\ QmnfO{ uBdf n]v M
s= ghfGbf lzion] lxF8\g u'? g} n8v\ 8fp5F g\
v= en' ]df lzion] af6f] u'? af6f] la/fpF5g\
u= slxNo} gk/f];\ bM' v slxNo} gk/f;] \ ?g
3= d klg u'? xF' of6} f lziodfly 5' lge{/
ª= ltd|} dfWodn] gf}nf af6f d klxNofpFnf
r= 1fgn] sd{n] aG5f} dxfg\ ltdL dxfg\ d 5' .
$= efj lj:tf/ u/ M
u'? af]n] lgÚ afn] Lsf ulx/f cy{ lzio xg' \
u?' sf ;kgf, cfzf, ljkgf, :jfy{ lzio xg' \
lzio /f]of] egL ;'Gbf u?' cfvF f lehfpF5g \ .
lzio xf:F of] egL ;G' bf u?' xf;F f] k'm/fp5F g\ .

$= sljtfsf] dV' o ;Gbz] s] xf] <

cfˆgf cge' j ;f6f;f6 u/ M
ltdf| ] cfˆgf u'?l;t s:tf] ;DaGw 5 < ltdL u?' nfO{ lsg cfb/ u5f}{ <

?

;f]r / eg M
cfkm" nfO{ cK7o\ f/f] kbf{ u'?, dftf / lktf;uF ;Nnfx dfUg] kr| ng 5 . ltdLnfO{
cK7\of/f] k/s] f] a]nfdf ;Nnfx lbg] sfx] L ePgg\ eg] s] x'G5 <

>'lt n]vg

lbPsf] sljtf ;'g / n]v M
d klg u?' x'F of6} f lziodfly 5' lge/{
lzio xf] Û ljZj of] k]mg{ gfn} f] ofqf ltdL u/

efiff auFr} f – & 45

z'4 n]vg

lbPsf zAb z4' agfO{ sfkLdf nv] M
lz:o], lt¥vf, lzlR5t, gLe{/, cfvf, xf;f,] kfp5,' kfp5g\, xf;d] f, lkpbf

zAbe08f/

!= pxL cy{ x'g] zAb;uF hf8] f agfO{ nv] M

af]w, ltvf,{ af6f,] ;Ddfg, cfFvf, zzL, cxÍf/, ofqf, cd[t, cfb/, gog, e|d0f, ;'wf,
k':ts, Kof;, 3d08 rGbd| f, dfu,{ 1fg, uG| y

pbfx/0f M af]w – 1fg

@= lbPsf ljk/LtfyL{ zAbsf] hf]8f agfO{ sfkLdf nv] M

pRr, cfzf, cf/De, pbo, lgDg, ljåfg\, clzlIft, cGTo, dv" ,{ c:t, b'h{g, lzlIft,
d/0f, cgfb/, b'u{d, cfb/, hLjg, ;u' d, ;Hhg, lg/fzf

pbfx/0f M pRr – lgDg

#= lzIff ± Ot – lzlIft eP h:t} lbPsf zAbaf6 aGg] gofF zAb n]v M
ke| fj, dof{bf, lnv,\ ;r" ,\ ;Ddfg, kd| f0f, xif,{ cfgGb, ;'/Iff, lrGtf,

$= ldNbf] zAb;uF hf]8f ldnfO{ sfkLdf n]v M

kfgL la/fpg'
ltvf{ lehfpg'
af6f] kfpg'
1fg d]6fpg'
cfFvf x'g'
lge/{ ug'{
lzlIft lkpg'
ofqf aGg'

%= …u?' Ú …k'mkfhÚ' h:tf cGTodf x|:j psf/ xg' ] b;j6f zAb vfh] /] n]v M

46 efiff aur}F f – &

^= lbPsf zAbnfO{ cy{ vN' g] u/L jfSodf ko| f]u u/ M
ljZjf;, n8v8fpg', cy{, Zjf;kZ| jf;, dfWod, sd,{ 1fg

nv] g cEof;

cg'n]vg

sljtfsf] bf];|f] Znf]s h:tfsf] To:t} ;f/ M

l;h{gfTds n]vg

s= cfk"mnfO{ ldNg] h:tf] nfu]sf] kªl\ Qm /fvL sljtf k/" f u/ M
y?gL lbbL nfpFl5g\ 3fF3/ emdemd k/s] f]
============================================================
;'xfpF5 w]/} u'?ª bfOnfO{ ufbf] / s5f8
=======================================================
v= …1fgsf] dxŒjÚ zLif{sdf sljtf n]v/] sIffdf ;'gfpm .

efiff aurF} f – & 47

zAb / c {yk@f7 hGt'x¿sf] d]nhf]n

blIf0f lbzflt/ kg{] dlxnf/fK] o gu/glhs} Pp6f 7n" f] j/sf] ¿v lyof] . To;df n3k' tgs
gfpF u/]sf] sfu a:Yof] . Pslbg Tof] sfu rf/f] vfH] g ;x/lt/ hfg egL p8/] sx] L k/
k'Uof] .
p8b\ } hfbF f d';fsf /fhf lx/0os ePsf] 7fpdF f k'Uof] . p;n] c¿ sfux¿af6 lx/0ossf
af/]df w]/} kz| ;+ f ;'g]sf] lyof ] . p;nfO{ lx/0os;uF d}qL ;DaGw sfod ug]{ ka| n OR5f
hfUof] . p;n] ldqsf] ;xofu] af6 7N" 7n" f ljklQ 6g{ ;Sg] ae' ms] f] lyof] . pm lx/0os a:g]
b'nfsf] 5p] df uof] clg lrquL| jsf] h:tf] cfjfh kf/]/ lx/0osnfO{ afn] fof] . lx/0osn]
b'nfleqa} f6 cfk"mnfO{ afn] fpgs] f] kl/ro dfUof ] . n3'ktgsn] pQ/ lbof], æd n3k' tgs
gfpF u/s] f] sfu xF ' . d tkfO{+sF f] ;Hhgkgfaf6 k|efljt 5' . dnfO{ tkfOF+{;uF ldqtf ufF:g
cfw} L dg 5 .Æ
To;kl5 tL bj' } ger/ / :ynr/ 3lgi6 ;fyL ag ] . bj' } cfk;df dL7fdL7f s'/f u//]
;do latfpg yfn ] . n3k' tgs df;+ flb efh] g vf]h]/ NofO{ ldqnfO{ lbGYof] / lx/0os
klg rfdn tyf cGo vfBkbfy{ vf]hdn] u/L NofP/ n3'ktgsnfO{ lbGYof] . gLltdf ldq
agfpgsf nflu 5j6f u0' f lglZrt ul/Psf 5g\ . tL x'g\ M lbg,' lng,' vfg', v'jfpg,'
uf]Ko s'/f ;f]Wg' / eGg ' . n3k' tgs / lx/0os bj' d} f o:tf u0' f ljBdfg lyP . To;}n]
ltgLx¿aLrsf] ldqtfn] l56} k0" ft{ f kfof] . lx/0os klg b'nfaf6 aflx/ lg:sg yfNof] . pm
n3k' tgssf kv]6fdf 3';|]/ a;L jftf{nfk ug]{ tyf syf ;G' g] ug{ yfNof] .
Pslbg n3'ktgsn] lx/0osnfO{ eGof,] æblIf0f lbzflt/ hËnsf] aLrdf Pp6f 7n" f] tnfp
5 . ToxfF dGy/s gfpF u/]sf s5j' f a:5g \ . pgL d/] f cfTdLo ldq x'g \ . d afsF L hLjg
pgs} ;fy a;/] latfpg] lgisif{df ku' ]sf] 5' .Æ
n3'ktgsn] Pp6f gLltjfSo klg :d/0f u/fof] M–

k|z;+ f – s;}sf] u0' fsf] avfg ug{] sfd, u'0fufg dq} L ;DaGw – ldqtfk0" f{ ;DaGw, cfTdLo ;DaGw
ke| fljt – c;/ ePsf,] ke| fj k/s] f ]
gLlt – Jojxf/ rnfpg lglZrt ul/Psf] lgod, k4lt

48 efiff au}Frf – &

:jb]zel/ ;df| 6nfO{ ;Ddfg ul/G5

;+;f/df g} ljåfgn\ fO{ >4fn] k'lhG5 .

n3'ktgs ;fFlRrs} ljåfg\ lyof ] . To;n} ] lrq sfun] lk7o\ 'df d;' f] afs] /] 6s] s] f], cufl8 Eofut' f] Eofu'tf] / sfu s/' f
lx/0osn] n3'ktgssf] ;fy g5f]8\g] lg0fo{ ul//x]sf] h;tf] b]lvg] lrq
u¥of] . n3'ktgs lx/0osnfO{ cfˆgf] lk7\o'Fdf
/fv/] dGy/s a;]sf] tnfplt/ p8o\ f ] .

n3k' tgsn] lx/0osnfO{ ¿vsf] 6f]8\sfdf /fVof]
/ dGy/sn] ;G' g] u/L eGof,] ældq dGy/s, kfgLaf6 aflx/ lg:sgx' f];\ . d tkfOFs{ f] ldq
n3'ktgs x'F .Æ

n3'ktgs afn] ]sf] ;g' /] xlif{t xbF' } dGy/s kfgLaf6 aflx/ lg:Sof ] . b'j} ldqx¿ e]63f6
u/L xb[ o vfn] ]/ aftlrt ug{ Jo:t eP . Ps l5gkl5 lx/0os klg ToxLF cfOkU' of] .
pm dGy/snfO{ gd:sf/ u//] n3'ktgssf 5]pdf a:of ] . Pp6f sfun] cfˆgf] eIo
hfltsf] k|f0fLnfO{ lk7\oF'df afs] ]/ NofPsf] yfxf kfP/ dGy/s cfZro{df k¥of] . n3'ktgsn]
d;' fsf /fhf lx/0osnfO{ cfˆgf] 3lgi6 ldq egL lrgfof] . p;n] eGof], ælogsf] dgdf
lj/lQmsf efjx¿ 5g\ . logL tkfOF{s+ f ;fy /x]/ dL7f jftfn{ fkåf/f cfˆgf] dg xn'Ëf] kfg{
rfxG5g\ .Æ dGy/s;uF sf] cf}krfl/s ;DaGw cfTdLotfdf kl/0ft eof] .

lx/0osn] hLjgdf lgs} xG8/ vfO;ss] f] lyof] . pm cfk"mnfO{ c;kmn k|f0fL 7fGbYof ] .
n3'ktgs;Fu e6] ePkl5 p;n] cfkmd" f gjhLjg ;~rf/ ePsf] dx;;' u¥of ] .
dGy/sn] kf| s[lts ¿kn] g} zq' dflgg]x¿sf aLrdf klg 3lgi6 ldqtf ufFl;Psf]
b]v]/ eGof,] ætkfOF{x+ ¿sf aLrdf d]nldnfk ePsf] bV] bf dnfO{ cfZro{ nfus] f]
5 . d kf| sl[ ts zq'x¿ cfk;df ldNbg} g\ eGg] 7fGy ]F . d]/f] ;fr] nfO{ tkfO{xF ¿n] em'6f]
;flat ul/lbg'eof ] . jf:tjdf ¿k / hftn] zq' / ldq g5l' §g] /x]5 . dnfO{ klg of] lbJo
1fg tkfO{+Fx¿s} sf/0fn] k|fKt eof ] . d tkfO+F{x¿sf] ;DaGwnfO{ cgk' d 7fGb5' .Æ

dGy/sn] lx/0osnfO{ eGof,] ældq, tkfOF{+ ;DklQ u'd]sfdf lkmj|mL gugx'{ f];\ .
;DklQ g} hLjg xg}  . hLjgsf] dxŒj xf;F Lv;' Lsf ;fy afFRgd' f 5 . wg;DklQ t

zAb cy{

zAb / c {y eIo hflt – vfg'kg]{ hflt jftfn{ fk – s'/fsfgL, aftlrt

cfTdLotf – dg k/]sf] cj:yf, xflbs{ tf kf| sl[ ts zq' – ks| l[ tn] g} agfOlbPsf] j/} L

kl/0ft – ¿kfGt/0f, Pp6f j:t' csf{] j:td' f ablng'

efiff auF}rf – & 49

zAb / c {ycgs] fF} ljklQx¿sf] e08f/ xf] . tkfO+F{ ca oxLF a:g'xf]; \ . oxL tnfpnfO{ cfˆgf] 3/
7fGgx' f]; \ . tkfO+{F :jod\ al' 4dfg\ x'gx' 'G5 . tkfOF;{+ Fusf] ;xjf;af6 d klg cfglGbt
xg' 5]  ' . xfdLn] wgsf kl5 nfu]/ hLjgnfO{ b'MvL agfpg'xbF' g}  . wg t h'/]sfnfO{
cfkmF} cfOnfU5 eg] cefuLsf] xftaf6 TolQs} klg x/fp5F  .Æ efUodfgLn] dfq ;Rrf ldq
kfpF5 .

To;}a]nf Jofwfåf/f nvl] 6Psf] lrqfË gfpF u/s] f] xl/0f ltgLx¿ ePlt/ cfof ] .
sx] L clgi6 xg' nfus] f] a'em]/ n3'ktgs ¿vdf uof] . lx/0os emf/df n'Sof] . dGy/s
kfv] /Lleq k:of ] . s]xLa/] kl5 n3k' tgsn] n's]sf] dGy/snfO{ eGof,] æ;fyL dGy/s, Tof]
bf8} bF } cfPsf] xl/0f t kfgL vfg] p2]Zon] g} cfPsf] /x5]  . ltdL 8/ gdfgLsg kfgLaflx/
cfpm .Æ

dGy/s kfgLaflx/ lg:Sof ] . xl/0fn] :jf:F jfF ub}{ k5fl8 x/] ]sf] bv] ]/ p;n] n3'ktgsnfO{
;fjwfg /xg ;Nnfx lbof ] .

lrqfËnfO{ dGy/ssf] s'/f lrQ a‰' of ] . jf:tjdf pm Jofwfsf] k|xf/af6 aRg g} efu]sf]
lyof ] . p;n] cfˆgf ayfgsf ;fyLx¿ dfl/Psf] cgd' fg u¥of] . pm :jod\ klg eolet
lyof ] . To;}n] p;n] nS' gsf nflu Jofwfn] ge]6g\ ] 7fpF bv] fOlbg dGy/s;Fu cfux| u¥of ] .
dGy/sn] p;nfO{ Jofwfx¿ cfpg'eGbf klxn] g} hËnleq k:g ;Nnfx lbof ] . lrqfË klg
xtfl/bF } jgleq k:of] . n3k' tgsn] ¿vaf6 lrqfËnfO{ nv6] g\ ] Jofwfx¿ k|z:t df;' af]s]/
3/lt/ nfus] f] b]Vof] . p;n] lrqfËnfO{ tTsfnsf nflu Jofwfaf6 vt/f 6/s] f] x'Fbf jgaf6
aflx/ cfpg ;e' mfp lbof] . lrqfË kf]v/Lsf] l8ndf cfof] . rf/j6f k|f0fLx¿ Ps} 7fpdF f
en] f eP . To; lbgbl] v ltgLx¿ cleGg ldqsf] ¿kdf ToxL kf]v/Lsf] lsgf/df cfgGbsf
;fy dL7fdL7f s'/fsfgL u//] ;do latfpg yfn ] .

Pslbg /dfOnf ukmufkm ug{] a]nfdf lrqfË pkl:yt ePg . ltgLx¿nfO{ lrqfË
s'g} ljklQdf km;]sf] zÍf nfUof ] . c¿eGbf l56f] ofqf ug{ ;Sg] x'gfn] dGy/sn]
n3'ktgsnfO{ lrqfËsf] af/d] f oyfy{ va/ lnO{ cfpg cfux| u¥of ] . n3k' tgs klg
t?' Gt} lrqfËsf] vfh] L ug{ p8\of] . p;n] s]xL k/sf] kfv] /Lsf] 5p] df lrqfË kf;fd] f
k/]sf] b]Vof ] . pm jf:tljstf a'‰g glhs} uof ] . n3k' tgsnfO{ b]v]/ lrqfËn] dg yfDg
;s]g . p;n] ?bF } eGof,] ældq ca d d5 {' . ;dodf tkfOF;{+ uF e]6 eof ] . ldq;uF bO' r{ f/

cg'lrt – plrt gePsf], cgk' oQ' m

50 efiff aurF} f – &

s/' f ug{ kfpbF f dnfO{ v';L nfu]sf] 5 . obfsbf d}n] s]xL cg'lrt afn] s] f] eP dfkm
kfpm F .Æ

n3k' tgsn] lrqfËnfO{ eGof,] æd tkfOnF{+ fO{ lx/0ossf] ;xof]u lnP/ arfp5F  ' . tkfOF{+
cflQgk' bg}{  . ljkts\ f anfdf w}o{ ug{' ;Sg' g} ;Hhgsf] nIf0f xf ] .Æ

n3'ktgs lrqfËnfO{ ;fGTjgf lbP/ c¿ ;fyLx¿ ePsf 7fpFdf uof ] . p;n] lrqfË
kf;fd] f k/]sf] ;g' fof] . clg pm lrqfËsf] kf;f] sf6g\ sf nflu lx/0osnfO{ lk7o\ d'F f
af]s/] uof ] . lx/0osnfO{ bv] k] l5 lrqfËdf afFRg] cfzf knfof ] . p;n] cflQPsf] :j/df
lx/0osnfO{ eGof,] ældq, c¿ s/' f ub}{ u/f}Fnf . klxn] d]/f] kf;f] sfl6lbgx' f]; \ .Æ

lx/0osn] lrqfËnfO{ cfZj:t kfb{} eGof], ætkfO{+F ca 9S' s x'gx' f;]  \ . tkfOnF{+ ] k'gh{Gd
kfpg'eof ] . tkfO{hF+ :tf] gLltzf:qsf] 1ftf klg kf;fd] f kg{' d/] f nflu klg lh1f;fsf] ljifo
ags] f] 5 .

lrqfËn] pQ/ lbof,] æbj} nfu]kl5 a'l4 klg x/fpg] /x5]  .Æ

lx/0os / lrqfË s/' fsfgL ul//x]sf] an] fdf dGy/s klg cfOk'Uof] ;fyL kf;fd] f
k/]sf] ;'gk] l5 pm ToxfF PSn} a:g ;sg]  . lx/0osnfO{ eg] dGy/s cfPsf] dg k/]g .
n3'ktgsn] klg cfˆgf] c;Gt'li6 hfx]/ u¥of,] æof] 7fpFdf xfdL ;/' lIft 5g} fF} . hg' ;s' }
a]nf klg xfdLdfly cfklQ cfOkg{ ;S5 . tkfO+{Fh:tf] hnr/nfO{ hldgdf lx8F g\ ;xh
x'Fb}g . tkfOnF+{ ] oxfF cfP/ 7Ls ug'e{ Pg . tkfOF{ tTsfn} kmls{xfNgf;] \ .

dGy/sn] pQ/ lbof,] æ;fyLnfO{ ;Í6 k/]sf] ;g' ]kl5 d ToxfF a:g ;lsg,F clg oxfF cfPF .
;fyLsf] dv' gbv] 'Ghn] ;Dd dnfO{ zflGt ldn]g .Æ

To;a} ]nf wg'ifdf af0f r9fP/ Pp6f Jofwf cfpFb} u/s] f] b]lvof ] . n3k' tgsn] xQkQ u//]

lrqfËsf] kf;f] sfl6lbof] . lrqfË x8a8fpFb} jglt/ efUof] . d';f] glhss} f] e'OFsf] b'nfd] f

k:of ] . xl/0f pDs]sf] b]v]/ Jofwf lvGg eof ] . p;n] kf;f] kv{, ;fr] / eg M
sf] 5]pdf dGy/snfO{ b]Vof ] . dGy/s c:ofË|f] xg' fn] efu] ca pgLx¿n] dGy/snfO{
sf] lyPg . Jofwfn] xl/0f gkfPsf] emfs] df dGy/snfO{ g} s;/L arfpnfg\ <
kjm| ]/ cfˆgf] wgd' f afFWof] . Tof] lbgsf] 5fs dGy/saf6

zAb / c {y zAb cy{

cfZj:t – 9'Ss, 8/, qf; gePsf]

kg' hG{ d – d/k] l5 km] l/ xg' ] hGd, km] l/ hGd lng] sfd
wg'if – af0f xfGg agfOPsf] xltof/ ljz]if

efiff au}Frf – & 51

zAb / c {y6fg{] ljrf/ u/]/ pm 3/lt/ nfUof] . dGy/s Jofwfsf] k~hfdf k/s] f] b]v/] lx/0os lrlGtt
eof] lsgeg] p;n] dGy/snfO{ Pp6f c;n ldq 7fgs] f] lyof] .
n3'ktgs / lrqfË klg ?Fb} s/fpFb} lx/0os ePsf 7fpFdf cfOk'u ] . lx/0osn] ljnfk
ug{'sf] ;§f dGy/snfO{ d'Qm ug]{ pkfo ;fR] g cg/' f]w u¥of ] .
n3'ktgs Ps l5g 3fl] /of]  . p;n] Pp6f ofh] gf k|:tt' ub{} eGof,] ælrqfËn] Jowfsf] af6fdf
kg{] s'g} kf]v/Lsf] glhs} d/] h:tf] eO{ ;'Tg" . d lrqfËsf] 6fpsfdf rR' rfn] 7Fu' ] h:tf] u5{' .
To;f] ubf{ JofwfnfO{ lrqfË d/]sf] /x5] eGg] efg k5{ . pm ultnf] l;sf/ kfPsfdf bË kb{}
aGwgdf k/]sf] dGy/snfO{ e'OdF f ldNsfP/ lrqfË ePlt/ nlDsG5 . ToxL df}sfdf
lx/0osn] dGy/ssf] 8f]/L sfl6lbg " . dGy/s t'?Gt} kf]v/Llt/ nfUg " . lx/0os b'nflt/
k:g" . d/] f] O;f/f kfPkl5 lrqfË klg at] f8] n] hËnlt/ bf8} /] Hofg arfpg " . d Toltv/]
pl8xfN5' .Æ
To;kl5 k"j{lgwfl{ /t ofh] gfcg;' f/ tLgj6} k|f0fLx¿ cfcfˆgf] bfloTj lgefpg oyf:yfgdf
a; ] .

d'Qm – s;}sf] aGwgaf6 5'6]sf], :jtGq
ofh] gf – sfd k/" f ug{ agfO{Psf] k"j{lglZrt tof/L

52 efiff au}Frf – &

af6f]glhs} kg{] kfv] /Lsf] 5p] df sfun] xl/0fnfO{ 7U'F b} u/s] f] b]v/] Jowf v';L eof] . p;n]
cfˆgf] kf;f]af6 pDs]sf] xl/0f efUbfefUb} d/]sf] 7x¥ofof] . pm aflF wPsf] dGy/snfO{ eO' dF f
/fv]/ xl/0flt/ nDSof] . ToxLa]nf lx/0osn] dGy/snfO{ aGwgdQ' m kf¥of] . dGy/s tTsfn}
glhss} f] kfv] /Ldf k:of] . xl/0f efUofÙ] sfu klg p8o\ f] . cfkm" n] ;fr] h] :tf] gePkl5
Jofwf kmSof ]{ . p;n] wg'df aflF wPsf] s5'jf klg ufoa ePsf] bV] of ] . pm lvGg eP/
3/lt/ nfUof] . To; lbgb]lv rf/j6} k|f0fLx¿ k/' fg} ynfd] f uP/ kg' M cfgGbkj" s{ a:g
yfn ] .

u/, 3/ -k~rtGqsf syfaf6_

z4' pRrf/0f

lbPsf zAbx¿ ;'g / eg M

dlxnf/f]Ko lx/0os lrquL| j ;Hhgkgf k|oTgzLn dq} L
lgwfl{ /t aGwgd'Qm 3lgi6 ;DaGw
gLltzf:q k"0f{

afw] / cleJolQm

!= pQ/ eg M
s= n3'ktgsn] lsg lx/0osl;t d}qL ;DaGw sfod ug{ rfXof] <
v= ldq agfpgsf nflu rflxg] 5j6f u0' f s]s] xg' \ <
u= dGy/s lsg cfZro{df k¥of] <
3= dGy/s s;/L Jofwfsf] hfndf k¥of] <
ª= dGy/ssf] hLjg arfpg lrqfË s:tf] cj:yfdf a:of] <

@= s;n] s;nfO{ egs] f] xf,] kf7sf cfwf/df nv] M
s= dnfO{ tkfO+;{ Fu ldqtf uf:F g cfw} L dg 5 .
v= tkfO{xF ¿sf] aLrdf d]nldnfk ePsf] bV] bf dnfO{ cfZro{ nfu]sf] 5 .
u= efUodfgLn] dfq ;Rrf ldq kfpF5 .
3= tkfO+{ ca 9'Ss xg' 'xf;] \ .
ª= tkfO+{ tTsfn} kmlsx{ fNgf;] \ .
r= d lrqfËsf] 6fpsfdf 7Fu' h] :tf] u5 {' .

efiff auF}rf – & 53

#= lbPsf kZ| gsf] ;ªl\ IfKt pQ/ nv] M
s= n3k' tgs / lx/0osaLr 3lgi7 ldqtf x'gs' f sf/0f ss] ] xg' \ <
v= kz'kG5Lsf aLrdf klg s:tf] Jojxf/ x'bF f] /x]5 <
u= dGy/snfO{ n3'ktgs / lx/0ossf] aLrdf ePsf] ldqtf bv] /] cfZro{ nfUgfsf]

sf/0f s] xf] <
3= dGy/sn] lx/0osnfO{ wgsf] ljifodf s] 1fg lbof ] .
ª= dGy/s s;/L ckx/0fdf k¥of] <
r= n3k' tgsn] dGy/snfO{ arfpg s:tf] pkfo lgsfNof] <
$= Effj lj:tf/ u/ M
s= ljkt\sf an] fdf w}o{ ug{ ;Sg' g} ;Hhgsf] nIf0f xf ] .
v= wg t h/' ]sfnfO{ cfkm} F cfOnfU5 eg] cefuLsf] xftaf6 TolQs} klg x/fp5F  .
%= syfdf rf/ hgf ldqx¿ bv] fOPsf] 5 . ltdL s'g} tLg hgf ldq ePsf] syf n]v]/

lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm .
^= Nffdf] pQ/ nv] M
o; syfn] xfdLnfO{ s] ;Gb]z lbG5 <

cfˆgf cge' j ;f6f;f6 u/ M
ltdL cfˆgf ;fyLnfO{ s:tf] cj:yf cfof] eg] ;xofu] u5f}{ <

?

;fr] / eg M
syfdf s5'jfnfO{ arfpg xl/0f, sfu / d;' fn] sfd u/s] f 5g\ .
tLdWo] s;sf] el" dsf ;aeGbf dxŒjk0" f{ 5 / lsg <

54 efiff auFr} f – &

>'lt n]vg

lbPsf] cg'R5]b ;'g / nv] M
dGy/sn] lx/0osnfO{ eGof], ældq, tkfO{+F ;DklQ u'd]sfdf lkmjm| L gugx'{ f];\ . ;DklQ
g} hLjg xf]Og . hLjgsf] dxŒj xf;F Lv';Lsf ;fy afFRg'df 5 . wg;DklQ t
cgs] fF} ljklQsf] e08f/ xf] .Æ

z'4 n]vg

lbPsf jfSo z'4 agfO{ sfkLdf n]v M
n3'ktgn] lrqfËnfO{ eGof] d tkfOnfO{ lx/0ossf] ;xofu] lno/] arfpF5' tkfO cflQg'
kb{g} lakt\sf] an] fdf w}o{ ug;{ Sg" g} ;Hhgsf] nR50f xf] .

zAbe08f/

!= zAb / cy{sf] hf]8f ldnfpm M
ckxl/t lgrf8]
emGem6 ckx/0f ePsf]
ger/ cGgsf] cefjn] x'g] xfxfsf/
clgsfn cgfjZos af]em
jftfn{ fk cfsfzdf p8g\ ] r/fr'?ËL
kf;f] k|of;df nfu]sf]
ko| TgzLn hldgdf a:g] k|f0fL
lgisif { kmGbf, hfn
Jofwf s'/fsfgL
:ynr/ l;sf/L

@= lbPsf zAbdf …cÚ hf8] /] ljk/LtfyL{ zAb agfpm M
;kmn, leGg, bZ[ o, efj, 1ft, ;Gtn' g, kf| sl[ ts, k|sflzt, zflGt, ;lhnf,] ;xdt,

efiff aur}F f – & 55

ljsl;t, k"0f{ .
pbfx/0f M– ;kmn – c;kmn

#= ldq ± tf – ldqtf ag] h:t} lbPsf zAbaf6 aGg] gofF zAb nv] M
cfTdLo, 3lgi6, jf:tljs, dv" {, c;kmn, ljljw, gl} ts, jL/, ;'Gb/, ljzi] f

$= lbPsf zAb /fv]/ cy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSo agfpm M
ka| n OR5f, ljklQ, vfBkbfy{, lk7\o,'F kf| s[lts zq', lh1f;f

%= ;fgf ± ;fgf – ;;fgf eP eFm} lbPsf zAb bfx] f]l/P/ aGg] zAb n]v M

7n" f ± 7n" f – xNnf ± xNnf –
cfˆgf ± cfˆgf – uxgf ± uxgf –
s;sf ± s;sf – emNsf] ± emNsf] –
;Nnfx ± ;Nnfx – emu8f ± emu8f –

Jofs/0f

sfod{ "ns Jofs/0f

!= lbPsf] cg'R5]b k9 M
n3'ktgs / lx/0os c;n ldq lyP . ltgLx¿ Pscsfl{ ;t ;Nnfx u/]/ dfq sfd
uy ]{ . pgLx¿n] hf] htf uP klg ;dod} 3/ kmlsg{ ] ;Nnfx u/]sf lyP . pgLx¿ h] kfpFy],
Tof] afF8]/ vfGy] . Pslbg n3'ktgsn] lx/0osnfO{ s] Nofof} < egL ;fW] of ] . lx/0osnfO{
p;n] …dn} ] h'g s'/f kfP,F ToxL NofPÚF eg/] pQ/ lbof ] .

dflysf] cgR' 5b] df ko| fu] ePsf d, pm, pgLx¿, ltgLx¿, h,] hf,] hg' , ToxL h:tf zAb ;jg{ fd
xg'  \ . gfdsf] ;§fdf ko| fu] xg' ] zAb ;jg{ fd xf ] . Tof,] of,] logL, oxf,F cfkm," sf,] s] klg ;jg{ fd xg'  \ .

@= lbPsf ;j{gfdsf ax'jrgsf ¿k n]vM
pbfx/0f M d – xfdL
tkfO,+{ cfkm", of], logL, t,F ltdL, Tof,] ltgL

56 efiff au}Frf – &

#= lbPsf ;j{gfd ko| fu] u/L Ps cgR' 5]b nv] M
d, xfdL, ltdL, ltgLx¿, of], logL, hf,] h,] hg'

$= daf6 d/] f] / pmaf6 p;sf] eP em}F lbPsf ;j{gfdaf6 s] xG' 5 <
cfkm", xfdL, ltdL, tF, pgL, of,] sf], hf]

%= pbfx/0f x]/L lj|mofsf] ¿k kl/jt{g u/ M
yfn]sf] lyof] yfns] f] 5 yfn]sf] xg' ]5
lx8]sf lyP lxF8s] f 5g\ lx8F ]sf x'g5] g\
================== k9s] f] 5 ==================
================== ================== x/] s] f x'g]5g\
yfn]sf] lyof] ================== ==================
lbPsf lyP ================== ==================

nv] g cEof;

cg'n]vg

!= kf7sf] pGgfO;f}F cg'R5b] h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ .

@= lbPsf] cg'R5]b h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ M

xfdL ;al} ;t ldn]/ a:gk' 5{ . afac' fdf, bfhe' fO, lbbLalxgL, u?' , ldq /
cfkmGtl;t /fd|f] ;DaGw x'g'k5 { . ;DaGw /fd|f] agfpg dfof / ;xof]u h?/L x'G5 . u?' n]
cfˆgf lziosf] ;b}j enf] ;fr] s] f xG' 5g \ . lziosf] pGglt ku| ltn] u'?sf] cf7] df d':sfg
Nofp5F   . lziokl| t u?' n] ljZjf; /fv]sf x'G5g\  . pgLx¿n] lziosf] hLjgsf nflu c;n dfu{
lgb{z] g u5g{ \ . lziox¿ 1fg / sdn{ ] dxfg\ ag] klg ltgLx¿nfO{ dxfg\ agfpg] u?' g}
x'g\ . u?' l;t h:t} ;fyLl;t klg /fd|f] ;DaGw sfod ugk{' 5{ . gLltsf s'/f hfg] klg k/s] f]
a]nfdf ;fyLnfO{ ;xof]u ul/Pg eg] To;sf] s'g} cy{ /xbF g}  . hLjgdf cfOk/]sf
;d:ofnfO{ PSn} ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsFb}g . Toltv]/ xfdLnfO{ c¿sf] ;xofu] rflxG5 . c¿sf]
bM' vdf ;xofu] ug'{ g} dfgjsf] ;Rrf sd{ xf] .

efiff aur}F f – & 57

l;hg{ fTds n]vg

36gfjm| d ldnfP/ syf agfpm / zLif{s klg /fv M
abF n] sf] df;' bv] /] Jofwf nf]leof ] .
klxn] JofwfnfO{ aFb]n dfg{] cf6F cfPg .
sg' } jgdf Pp6f Jofwf a:tYof ] .
p;n] OZ{ j/nfO{ wGojfb lbof ] .
Pslbg jgdf l;sf/ v]Ng hfFbf p;n] Pdfgsf] abF n] bV] of ] .
Jofwfn] aFb]nnfO{ af0fn] kx| f/ u¥of ] .
Jofwf d¥of ] .
:ofnn] lwt k¥' ofP/ df;' vfg kfOg] eof] eGg] ;fR] of] .
:ofn k;| Gg eof ] .
abF n] 56k6fpbF } Jofwfsf] glhs cfof ] .
aFb]nsf] k|xf/n] Jofwfsf] km'F 8L km' 6\of] .
Jofwf d/]kl5 abF ]n klg d¥of ] .
l;sf/sf] vfh] Ldf ToxfF Pp6f :ofn cfof] .
:ofn klg d¥of] .
:ofnn] abF ]nsf] e'F8Laf6 af0f lgsfNg vfH] of] t/ ;s]g .
:ofnn] an nufP/ af0f lgsfNbf af0fn] p;}nfO{ nfUof] .

;d"xsfo{
sIffleq sljtf k|ltofl] utf u/ . To;sf nflu sIffsf ;fyLdWo] Ps hgfnfO{
pb3\ fi] fs agfpm . csf]{ Ps hgfnfO{ ;efklt agfpm . tLg hgfnfO{ lg0ff{os
5fg . g]kfnL k9fpg] lzIfsnfO{ cltly agfpm . cGo ljBfyL{ rf/j6f ;d"xdf
a; . k|Tos] ;dx" n] …jghËnÚ zLif{sdf sljtf tof/ kf/ . k|To]s ;d"xsf] Ps
hgf k|ltlglw cufl8 hfpm . cfˆgf] ;dx" n] tof/ kf/]sf] sljtf jfrg u/]/
sIffdf ;g' fpm . lg0ffo{ sx¿n] klxnf] / bf];|f] xg' ] ;dx" 3f]if0ff u/ . cltlynfO{
dGtJosf nflu cufl8 afn] fpm . ;efkltn] ;ef lj;h{g u/ .

58 efiff au}Frf – &

yk cEof;

ltdLn] hfgs] f] nfs] syf sIffdf ;'gfpm M

v]Nbfv]Nb}

lbPsf r6' l\ snf k9 / ltdL klg cfkm" n] hfgs] f] r'6l\ snf ;g' fpm M
!=

xl/ M Zofd, olt /flt hg" sf] pHofnfd] f s] vfl] h/fvs] f] <
Zofd M x/] g, d]/f] k};f x/fof] Sof .
xl/ M ot} v;s] f] lyof] <
Zofd M v:g t pM ToxfF v;s] f] lyof] t/ oxfF pHofnf] 5, To;n} ] oxLF vfl] h/fvs] f ] .
-xf M xf M xf M_

@=

l56f] xfd] js{ ug'x{ f];\ g
afaf Û a; 56' \5 Sof

km] l/ .

efiff au}rF f – & 59

%PsfO

xD' nL ;+:s[lt

cfFvLˆofn

lbPsf] lrq x/] / g]kfnsf] s'g lhNnfdf o:tf] kj{ dgfOG5 < eg M

dflysf] lrqdf b]vfP h:t} ltd|f] ufpFdf jf lhNnfdf s:tf :yfgLo kj{ dgfOG5 < eg .

60 efiff aurF} f – &

l5k|fdf cgGt] kl" 0fd{ fsf]

k!f7 hfqf

– bfdfb] / k8' f;}gL ‘lszf/] ’

bfdfb] / k'8f;g} L …lszf]/Úsf] hGd lj= ;=+ @)!( h7] !* ut] afudtL c~rn sf7df8f}F
lhNnfsf] lhtk/' k]mbLdf ePsf] xf ] . Joj:yfkg / hg kz| f;g ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ pkflw
xfl;n u/]sf pgL dxfnv] f k/LIfssf] sfofn{ odf sfo/{ t 5g \ . k8' f;}gLsf cfkmGtsf
cgx' f/x¿, ofqfsf kl]| dn t/Ëx¿, dfofn' x'Dnf nufot y'k}| sl[ t ks| flzt 5g\ . pgn]
…pQd zflGt k'/:sf/Ú, …Jolyt sfJo k/' :sf/Ú nufot 8]9 bhg{ hlt k'/:sf/ tyf ;Ddfg
kf| Kt u/]sf 5g\ . pgL cfkm"n] ed| 0f u/]sf 7fpsF f] k|fsl[ ts / ;f+:sl[ ts oyfyn{ fO{ /f]rs zn} Ldf k|:t't
ug{] lgaGwsf/ x'g\ .

dl0fhª xdfn bDklQn] dnfO{ l5kf| df cgGt] kl" 0f{df dn] f xg] { æh;/L klg hfg'k5 { . of]
xD' nLx¿sf] ;a}eGbf 7n" f] rf8 xf,] x'DnL ;:+ sl[ t a'‰g] of] /fdf| ] cj;/ klg xfÆ] eGge' Psf]
lyof ] .

cgGt] k"l0f{dfdf bz] k/bz] k'Ugx] ¿ klg v;' L ;f6f;f6 ug{ kms{g] /x]5g\ . dl0fhª klg
efb| k"l0f{dfdf kg{] Tof] hfqfdf efu lng sf7df8fb}F ]lv ToxfF k'Uge' Psf] /x5]  . pxfxF ¿sf]
3/ l5k|fd} kg{] ePsfn] d/] f nflu Tof] hfqf xg] {] /fd|f] df}sf lyof]  .

xfdL x'Dnfs} s]xL sdr{ f/L ;fyL lnP/ xD' nfsf] ;b/d'sfd l;dsf6] af6 l5kf| ufplF t/
nfUof F} . Tof] lj= ;=+ @)^% efb| @( ut]sf] lbg lyof ] .

l5k|f hfgsf nflu s0ffn{ L gbL t/k] l5 psfnf] r9\gk' g{] /x]5 . xfdL laxfg gf} ah] g}
l;dsf6] af6 cf]/fnf] em¥of} F . ;fFem kfrF ah];Dd psfnf] r9o\ f}F . s0ff{nL lsgf/df afoflF t/
vfkg{' fy dlGb/ b]lvof ] . vfk'{gfy cl3lNt/ pQ/lt/af6 em/s] f] bfH] ofd vf]nf ldl;O/xs] f]
lyof] . bfH] ofd vf]nf ljzfn bl] vG5 . ljzfn s0ffn{ Ldf ldnk] l5 klg s0ffn{ Lsf] cfsf/df
eg] vzf;Ab} kcl/yjt{ {g bl] vbF }g . jl/kl/ ;'n'Q k/s] f xl/of 8f8F fx¿ 5g\  . r/f;dt] u'lN6g] tL
le/x¿df 3f]8f / ufOx{ ¿ rl//x]sf b]lvG5g \ . xfd|} afofkF l§ kxf8sf] aLrdf 58\s] k6'sL
h:tf] Pp6f uf]/6] f] eml//x]sf] lyof] .

efiff auF}rf – & 61

zAb / c {ys0ffn{ L gbL 5f]8/] 8]9 306f psfnf] r9k] l5 le/sf] :ofgf] yfKnfd] f ufpnF x] ¿sf] le8
e]l6of] . xD' nf k'u]kl5 dn} ] klxnf] k6s Ps} 7fpFdf Tolt 7n" f] le8 bv] s] f] lyP F . ToxfF
8fF8fk}mof, a'/fp;F ], bfdf{, 7x] ], >Lgu/b]lv dfG5]x¿ en] f ePsf /x]5g \ . nf]xf;'/ dlGb/
le/d} 6fFl;Psf] /x]5 .

dlGb/jl/kl/ /ut n5Kk} lyof ] . ufpFnx] ¿n] aln lbPsf af]sfx¿ eg] dlGb/af6
cf;] fl/;s]sf /x]5g \ .

cgGt] k"l0f{dfsf] lbg xD' nfsf ufpFufpdF f wfdL sfDg,] dfG5n] ] bftF n] 6f]s/] af]sfsf] ub{g
l5gfNg], la/fdL / cfˆgf OR5f k/" f ug{ rfxg] dfG5]x¿n] wfdL ;dIf k'sf/f ug]{ /
bp] 8f gfRg] rng /x]5 . clxns] f] PSsfO;fF} ztfAbLdf klg bfFtn] afs] fsf] ubg{ l5gfNg]
/ wfdL emfjF m| L k'sf//] cfˆgf OR5fx¿ k/" f u/fpg] rng b]Vbf dnfO{ cgf}7f] nfUof] .

;feF m kg{} nflu;ss] f] lyof] . wfdLnfO{ Joyf bv] fpg] dfG5]x¿sf] wO' /f] lyof ] . hxfg
kl/jf/sf] :jf:Yo lalu|Psf], kfNt' kz' / v]tLkftL /fdf| ] x'g gkfPsf] ug' f;f] ;'gfpg]x¿ vrfvr
lyP . dflg;x¿ wfdL;Fu Gofo dfUbf / :jf:Yosf] sfdgf ubf{ dv' df 3f;F Rofk]/, rf/ xft
v'§f 6s] /] k:| tt' xg' ] rng /x5]  . wfdLn] rfdn / km"n cIftf 5/k] l5 sfDb} ;a} ;d:of b/"
u/fOlbg] jrg lbbF f /x]5g \ . pgLx¿ cfkm" nfO{ b]jtfsf] zlQm ldn]sf] bfaL ubf{ /x5] g \ .
t/ ToxfFsf dflg;x¿ /f]u, efs] / cefjsf] kL8fn] cfj|mfGt bl] vP .

;fFem 3lsb{ } uPkl5 hfqfns' f] wO' /f] klg l5k|f ufpFdf k:of ] . l5kf| df tL; ktF} L; 3/x¿
k6' 'Ss pd]|sf sGg] Rofp h;/L hf]l8P/ a;s] f /x]5g \ . ;a}lt/ 708Lsf] ;fdf| Ho lgafw{
lyof ] . 3/x¿ k|foM tLg tnfsf xFb' f /x]5g \ . ;a}eGbf tNnf] tnfdf ufOj{ :t' afWF bf /x5] g\ .
aLr tnfdf efG5f / kl/jf/sf nflu ;T' g] 7fpF xF'bf] /x]5 . dflyNnf] tnfdf rflxF kfx'gf
;t' fpg] sf]7f xF'bf] /x]5 / cl3lNt/ df6f] la5\ofOPsf] ;dy/ 5fgf] agfpFbf /x5] g\ .
hf]l8Psf 3/x¿ ePsfn] ufpnF x] ¿sf nflu 5fgf] g} af6f] x'g] /x]5 . cfuF gel/ e]8f x'Fbf
/x5] g\ . htftt} kmfx] / xbF' f] /x]5 .

hg} k"l0f{dfnfO{ xD' nflt/ cgGt] k"l0fd{ f elgbf] /x]5 . To;a]nf jiff{ Ct' ePsfn] x'Dnf
ufpFdf lxpF hd]sf] lyPg . xl/of] t/sf/L, bxL / b"w kz| :t kfOGYof] . ;a} 8f8F fx¿df
/ËLg km"n km'ns] f b]lvGy] .

cfjm| fGt – cfs'nJofs'n
lgjf{w – /fs] tfs] ljgf

62 efiff au}rF f – &

zAb / c {y cgGt] kl" 0f{dfdf jife{ l/sf bM' v
kL8fx¿ la;]{/ /fd|f] nufpg' / dL7f]
vfgk' 5{ eGg] dfGotf /x]5 . To;}n]
s0ffn{ Llt/ cgGt] k"l0f{dfnfO{ …v;' L
Nofpg] rf8Ú klg eGbf /x]5g \ .

lbp;F f] ;?' ePsf] hfqf /ftel/ klg
nuftf/ rNb} lyof ] . ufpsF f] ;ae} Gbf
7n" f] 3/sf] 5fgfdf Pslt/ wfdLx¿
Hffv] fgf xb] {} lyP csfl{] t/ bp] 8f rNb}
lyof ] .

wfdL gfRbf 9fn] s ahfpFbf /x5] g\ .
wfdLsf] nfdf] 6k' L tf/n] afFWbf /x5] g \ . wfdLsf] 6k' Ldfly Pp6f sk8f al] /Psf] xbF' f] /x]5,
h;nfO{ …dy]/f]Ú elgbf] /x5]  . wfdLsf] xftdf 306 / lqz'n xF'bf /x]5g \ . wfdLx¿ plkm| bF }
3D' b} gfRbf /x]5g\ .

emG8} tL; jif{sL Pp6L dlxnf SjfFSjfF ub{} ?g yflng\ . pgsf] nfU] g] ljut tLg
jifb{ ]lv l5d]sL dn' 'ssf] d'DaO{ uPsf /x]5g\ . wfdLn] pgsf] xft x]//] nf]Ug]sf af/]df
atfP . dlxnf emg\ ?g yflng\ . pgL / pgsf cfkmGtn] wfdLnfO{ k};f / sv' '/f r9fP .
dlxnfn] dv' df xl/of] 3f;F Roflkg\ / elgg\, æd]/f ;a} si6 x6fObp] m .Æ wfdL Ps k6s
plkm| P / eg], æltd|f ;a} si6 cfh /flt g} efU5g \ . ca lglZrt xfp] m .Æ ToxfsF f ;a}
ufpFn] wfdLs} ljZjf; ubf{ /x5] g\ .

Pp6L a"9L cfdn} ] d]/f] xft RofKk ;dft/] ;]tf cIftfsf] l6sf / wk' Lsf] k|;fb nufO
lbOg\ . d}n] cfdf ;lDemPF / 9fl] ulbP F . xD' nfdf ce}m;Dd klg sf7df8f}FnfO{ …g]kfnÚ eGg]
rng /x5]  .

æpM kmf6] f] lvRg yfNof 5gÆ\ d}n] tl:a/ lvRg yfnk] l5 xNnfvNnf rNof ] . lvlrPsf]
tl:a/ l:jm| gdf bv] fOlbPkl5 t emg\ tl:a/ lvrfpg] / xg] ]{sf] 7]nd7n] eof] . sfx] L

hfv] fgf – ulx/f] ljrf/, wfdL emF fjm| Ln] la/fdLsf] /f]u kQf nufpg ug{] ;f]r ljrf/

efiff aur}F f – & 63

lbbLalxgLx¿n] Sofd]/fnfO{ kh" f u/] . km" n cIftf r9fPÙ bO' { wfdLx¿n] sfDg} 5f8] ]/ tl:a/
lvlrlbg'xf];\ eg ] .

Ps hgf bfOn] ufpFn]nfO{ eg,] æof] ef8F f] kSsf b]jtfn] agfP/ k7fPsf] x'gk' 5 { .Æ d}n]
egF], æb]jtfn] xfO] g dfG5]n] agfPsf] xf] .Æ ToxfFsf dflg;x¿ cgf}7f] s/' f bj] tfn]
agfOlbPsf] eGg] ;f]Rbf /x]5g\ .

dWo/ftdf af6fdf, af/Lsf kf6fdf, 5fgfdf, le/fnf] rf/} df htf;s' } bp] 8f gfr ;'? xg' ] /x5]   .
;dx" df ljefhg eP/ uLtdf ;afn hjfkm ub}{ gfRg] b]p8f gfr ;fRF r} /dfOnf] x'g] /x]5 .
b]p8f gfRg] kf| oM ;a} dlxnfsf] 6fpsfd] f 6fk] -;g' kmn" _, 3f6F Ldf hfn] -a'gs] f] kf]ts] f] dfnf_,
5ftLdf sDkgL dfnf -;s' L, kfrF gL l;Ssfsf] dfnf_ x'g] /x5]  . pgLx¿n] 6fpsfd] f pgL
asf{] cf9] ]sf lyP . tL dlxnfn] dvdnL rfn] f] / k6] Lsf]6 h:tf] kml/of -…bf8} fÚ jf …cfËf]Ú_
nufPsf lyP . tL dlxnfx¿sf] cgx' f/df gfrufg ug{ kfpgs' f] v;' L emlNsPsf] lyof ] .
d klg pgLx¿;uF } xf/df ldl;P/ bp] 8f gfrF ] . b]p8f uLtdf hLjgsf ;'vb'Mvx¿, 3/
kl/jf/, dfOt dfjnsf xfr] L c3{n] Lx¿, cefjn] cTofPsf] hLjg ofqf, dfof k]d| sf
ptf/r9fj, uf7] fnf] / 3/v]t ;DxfNbfsf cK7/] fx¿ / ljbl] zgk' g{] kL8fx¿ k:| tt' ubf{
/x]5g \ .

l5k|fdf bp] 8f gfr x]bf{ hg" klg nfl] eP h;/L /ftel/ rxlsnf] alg/Xof ] . laxfgkv
eg] kfgL 3g3f/] jl;{g yfNof ] . xfdL leh/] klg lgsa} /] gflr/Xof F} . 3g3f]/ kfgL a;g{
yfnk] l5 gfr /fl] sof] .

-dfofn' x'Dnfaf6_

u/, 3/

z'4 pRrf/0f

lbPsf zAb ;'g / eg M bf]Hofd 8f8F fkm} of la5o\ fOPsf] c3n{] L
b]p8f l:jm| g s0ffn{ L cTofPsf]
zAkbl" 0cf{dyf{ vfk'{gfy
afx'Notf asjf;

64 efiff au}rF f – &

;d"xsfo{
bO' b{ O' { hgfsf] ;dx" agfpm . kf7sf] rfy} f] / ;ftfF} cgR' 5b] kfnk} fnf] k9 . Ps
hgfn] k9b\ f csfn{ ] k:' ts x/]  . ;fyLn] pRrf/0f ubf{ uNtL u/s] f zAbdf lrXg
nufpm . Psn] uNtL u/s] f zAb csfn{] ] k9/] ;g' fpm . uNtL ugn{] ] bfx] f¥] ofpm .
bj' n} fO{ pRrf/0f ug{ sl7g ePsf zAb lzIfssf] ;xfotf lnO{ pRrf/0f u/ .

afw] / cleJolQm

!= ult / olt ldnfP/ kf7sf] ;?' b]lv kfFr cgR' 5b] ;Dd k9 .
@= lbPsf] cgR' 5b] k9L ;fl] wPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ bp] m M
;feF m 3lsbF{ } uPkl5 hfqfns' f] w'O/f] klg l5k|f ufpdF f k:of] . l5kf| df tL;÷kFt} L; 3/x¿
k6' S' s pds]| f sGg] Rofp h;/L hfl] 8P/ a;]sf /x]5g\ . ;a}lt/ 7G8Lsf] ;fd|fHo lgafw{
rln/x]5, . 3/x¿ kf| oM tLg tnfsf xFb' f /x5] g\ . ;ae} Gbf tNnf] tnfdf ufO{j:t' afFWbf
/x]5g\ . aLr tnfdf efG5f / kl/jf/sf nflu ;'Tg] 7fpF xF'bf] /x]5 . dflyNnf] tnfdf rflxF
kfx'gf ;t' fpg] sf7] f xFb' f] /x]5 . cl3lNt/ df6f] la5o\ fOPsf] ;dy/ 5fgf] agfpbF f /x]5g \ .
hf]l8Psf 3/x¿ ePsfn] ufpnF ]x¿sf nflu 5fgf] g} af6f] xg' ] /x5]  . cfuF gel/ e8] f xFb' f
/x5] g \ . htftt} kmfx] f/] x'Fbf] /x5]  .
kZ| gx¿ M
s= xD' nfdf s:tf vfnsf 3/ agfObF f] /x5] <
v= xD' nfsf] ufpdF f bl] vg] g/fdf| ] s/' f s] xf] <
u= nv] snfO{ xD' nfsf 3/ s:tf nfu] <

#= lbPsf k|Zgsf] ;ª\lIfKt pQ/ bp] m M
s= x'Dnfdf cgGt] k"l0f{dfsf] lbg s]s] ug{] rng /x5] <
v= wfdLl;t xD' nLx¿n] s:tf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg u/fOlbg cg'/f]w u/] <
u= x'DnL dlxnfn] s:tf uxgf / n'uf nufpFbf /x]5g\ <
3= ufpnF ]x¿n] wfdLsf] s'/fdf lsg ljZjf; u/]sf xfn] fg\ <

efiff aur}F f – & 65

$= lbPsf k|Zgsf] ;ft jfSodf pQ/ nv] M
s= xD' nfsf] ;:+ sl[ tsf sg' sg' kIfx¿ Kff7df cfPsf 5g\ <
v= x'Dnfdf nv] sn] b]v]sf /fd|f / g/fdf| s'/fx¿ s]s] x'g\ <
u= xD' nfdf cgGt] k"l0fd{ fsf] hfqfdf s]s] ul/G5 <

cfˆgf cge' j ;f6f;f6 u/ M
ltdL sg' } hfqf jf dn] fdf uPsf 5f} < ltdLn] Tof] hfqfdf ss] ] bV] of} < ;fyLnfO{ eg .

?

;fr] / eg M
xD' nfdf /xs] f ;d:ofnfO{ x6fpg ss] ] ug{k' nf{ <

>'lt n]vg

lbPsf jfSo ;g' / n]v M
Ps hgf bfOn] ufpFnn] fO{ eg], æof] ef8F f] kSsf b]jtfn] agfP/ k7fPsf] x'g'k5 { .Æ d}n] eg],F
æbj] tfn] xf]Og, dfG5n] ] agfPsf] xf] .Æ ToxfFsf dflg;x¿ cgf7} f] s'/f bj] tfn] agfOlbPsf]
eGg] ;f]Rbf /x5] g \ .

z4' n]vg

lbPsf jfSo z'4 agfO{ sfkLdf nv] M
lt dxLnfn] dvdln rfn] f] / k]l6sf]6 h:tf] km/Lof -bf}8f_ nufos] f lyof ] . d kgL
plgx¿;Fu} xf/ ldnfo]/ 8p] 6f gfr ] .

66 efiff au}Frf – &

zAbe08f/

!= zAb / cy{sf] hf]8f ldnfpm M
;b/ds' fd ;o jifs{ f] ;do
l5ds] L lhNnf c~rn, If]q cflbsf] k|zf;lgs sG] b|
;dIf k'mn]/ k'Ss k/s] f]
ztfAbL clwstf
k|frLg w]/} hgfdf Psn] csf{nfO{ ws]Ng] sfd
k6' S' s cfˆgf] 3/ glhs}sf]
afx'Notf eujfg\ lzjsf] xltof/
7]nd7n] k'/ftg
lqzn" ;fdG' g]

@= lbPsf kof{ojfrL zAbsf] hf]8f agfO{ nv] M
dv' , sfl/Gbf, cfsfª\Iff, hDdf, 6fpsf] sdr{ f/L, e]nf, OR5f, b]jtf, ;do, cfFug,

nfU] g], lz/, cgx' f/, O{z, a]nf, kf| Ë0f, klt, r]tgf, kL8f, 3g3f]/, si6, 6fpsf],
eoÍ/, xf;]
pbfx/0fM– lz/ – 6fpsf]

#= lbPsf ljk/LtfyL{ zAbsf] hf8] f agfO{ nv] M
laxfg, cl3lNt/, kf| rLg, 7G8L, pkl:yt, clzlIft, a;]F L, aO] Hht, Joo, kl| tsn" ,

cdt[ , cljZjf;, cgk' l:yt, udL,{ cfwl' gs, kl5lNt/, ljZjf;, ljif, ;fFem, cgs' n" ,
cfo, n]s, OHht, lzlIft
pbfx/0f M– laxfg – ;feF m

$= pbfx/0fdf b]vfP h:t} u/L lbPsf zAbaf6 gofF zAb agfpm M
s= jt{g, jf/, >d, l:ylt, sf/, kq, rrf{, sNkgf
pbfx/0f M– kl/ ± jt{g – kl/jt{g
v= c1fg, g]kfn, Jofkf/, lhDd]jf/, Joj;fo, kl/>d, ldlxgt] , pBf]u, kj| f;, Odfgbf/,

pkof]u
pbfx/0f M– c1fg ± O{ – c1fgL

efiff auF}rf – & 67

%= lbPsf zAbnfO{ cy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf k|ofu] u/ M
cj;/, lsgf/, ub{g, Joyf, kzj' t,\ Vofp6,] tl:a/, afx'Notf

Jofs/0f

sfod{ n" s Jofs/0f

!= pbfx/0fdf lbP h:t} u/L lbPsf jfSo kl/jtg{ u/ M
pbfx/0f M dl0f hfqfdf efu lng ku' s] f /x5] g \ .
dl0f hfqfdf efu lng kU' ge' Psf] /x5]  .
s= Pp6L dlxnfn] wfdLl;t xft x]/fPsL /lx5g \ .
v= a9" L cfd}n] ;t] f cIftfsf] 6Lsf / k|;fb nufOlbPsL /lx5g \ .
u= lbbLalxgLn] dfnf nufPsf /x5] g\ .
3= nv] sn] bp] 8f gfrs] f /x]5g\ .
ª= oj' sn] oyfy{ atfPsf /x5] g\ .
@= ;fdfGo kIfsf jfSonfO{ k0" f{ kIfdf abnM
pbfx/0f M kfgL k¥of ] .
kfgL k/]sf] lyof ] .
o'js b]p8f gfR5 .
o'jsn] b]p8f gfrs] f] 5 .
b]p8f gfr /dfOnf] x'g]5 .
bp] 8f gfr /dfOnf] ePsf] xg' ]5 .
s= dflg; gfRg kfpFbf v;' L b]lvof ] .
v= bp] 8f gfRg]n] b'Mvsf uLt ufof ] .
u= n]vs kfgLdf leh]/ gfR5g\ .
3= dlxnf wfdLnfO{ xft b]vfp5F g \ .
ª= dlxnfsf] gfRg] wfs] f] k/" f xg' 5]  .
r= dfG5s] f] le8 hDdf x'g5]  .
#= s= k9 / ae' m M
c= nv] sn] kmf]6f] lvr] .
cf= wfdLn] 9f]ns ahfP .
O= ufpFn]n] wfdLnfO{ ljZjf; u/ ] .

68 efiff aurF} f – &

dflysf jfSodf wfdL, nv] s, ufpnF ] zAbx¿ jm| dzM ahfP, lvr,] u/] ljm| ofkbn] hgfpg]
sfdsf] stf{ -sfd ug_{] eP/ cfPsf 5g \ . To;n} ] logLx¿ stf{ sf/s xg'  \ . 9fn] s, kmf6] f,]
ljZjf; rflxF ljm| ofkbsf] sfdaf6 ke| fljt ePsf 5g \ . To;n} ] logLx¿ sd{ sf/s xg'  \ .

v= lbPsf jfSodf ePsf stf{ sf/s / sd{ sf/s 5'6\ofP/ nv]  .
c= lbbLalxgLn] Sofd/fsf] k"hf u/] .
cf= nv] sn] cfdfnfO{ ;Dem] .
O= pgLx¿n] b]p8f gfr ] .
O{= xfdLn] gfr x/] o\ f }F .
p= kfgLn] ;an} fO{ lehfof ] .
pm= dlxnfn] nf]Ug]nfO{ ;DemL .

$= kf7af6 dfG5s] f gfd / cGo j:ts' f gfd l6k .

n]vg cEof;

cgn' v] g

!= kf7sf] cf7fF} cg'R5]b h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ .
@= lbPsf] cgR' 5b] h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ M
gk] fn ;f:+ sl[ ts ljljwtf ePsf] bz] xf] . g]kfndf dgfOg] rf8kj{, rfnrng
hfltlkR5] km/s 5g\ . sltko 7fpFdf Pp6} wd,{ hft / efiff ePsf dflg;n] klg pxL
rf8 km/s tl/sfn] dgfp5F g\ . x'Dnfdf hg} kl" 0fd{ f dgfpg] tl/sf clns leGg 5 .
x'Dnfdf ufpFufpdF f wfdL sfDg] / bp] 8f gfRg] rng 5 . xD' nf g]kfnsf] ljs6 Ifq] xf] .
x'Dnfsf jfl;Gbf c´} klg wfdLl;t ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ul/lbg cg/' f]w u5{g\ . wfdLn]
klg ;d:of ;dfwfg ul/lbg] jrg lbG5g\ . xD' nfdf h:t} g]kfndf sltko 7fpdF f o:tf
kr| ng ce}m /xs] f 5g\ . ToxfF clxn] klg :yfgLo e]ifei' ff nufpg] rng 5 . xfdLn] cfˆgf
:yfgLo e]if / ;+:sl[ t hfu] fpgk' 5 { . cfˆgf dfl} ns ;+:s[lt hfu] fP dfq xfd|f] jf:tljs
kl/ro /xG5 . ;+:s[ltsf] gfddf x'g] cGwljZjf; / s'/Lltsf] cGTo ug{ ;w}F tof/ x'gk' 5{ .

efiff auFr} f – & 69

l;hg{ fTds n]vg

ltdLn] bv] s] f,] ;g' s] f] jf k9s] f] sg' } hfqfsf 36gfnfO{ :d/0f u/L Pp6f lgofqf tof/ kf/ .

yk cEof;

!= lbPsf] cg'R5]b k9L ;fl] wPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ nv] M
vKt8 ;b' "/ klZrdf~rnsf] dxŒjk0" f{ ko6{ sLo If]q xf ] . of] 8f]6L, c5fd, afh/' f / aemfª
lhNnfsf] ;Ëddf /xs] f] 5 . o;nfO{ gk] fn ;/sf/n] lj= ;+= @)$@ df vKt8
/fli6o« lgs~' h 3f]if0ff u/s] f] xf ] . o;sf] Ifq] kmn @@% ju{ lsnf]ld6/ 5 . oxfF
n]sfnL jgsf] ;bfaxf/ xl/ofnL bV] g kfOG5 . oxfaF f6 ckL / ;}kfn lxdfnsf /d0fLo
bZ[ o b]lvG5g \ . oxfF a;]/ :j= vKt8 :jfdLn] sl/a kfFr bzs tk:of u/]sf lyP .
oxfF 3f/] n, Ajf;F f,] lrQn, s:t/' L d[u, lrtj' f, efn' h:tf jGo hLjhGt' kfOG5g \ .
sfO] nL, 8fFkm] , dg' fn, sflnh, lrn, a'nan' cflb kG5Lx¿ klg ToxfF kfOG5g\ . o;
If]q cgs] f}F h8La6' Lsf] e08f/ klg xf] . oxfF /ËLrËL kmn" x¿ k'mN5g\ . vKt8
ns] ;db' | ;txaf6 sl/a !%)) b]lv ##)) ld6/sf] prfOdf cjl:yt 5 . vKt8
lqj0] fL 8f]6L lhNnfdf k5 { . of] :j0f{uËf, gLnuËf / cfsfzuËf gfdsf tLg gbLsf]
;Ëd:yn xf] . lqj]0fLdf Pp6f lzj dlGb/ 5 . ToxfF k|Tos] jif{ h]i7 k"l0fd{ fsf lbg
uËf bzx/f dn] f nfU5 .
k|Zgx¿ M
s= vKt8 sxfF /xs] f] 5 <
v= vKt8 slt prfOdf cjl:yt 5 <
u= vKt8df s:tf jGohGt' kfOG5g\ <
3= vKt8af6 s'gs'g lxdfn b]lvG5g\ <
ª= vKt8 lqj]0fLsf] ;f:+ s[lts ljzi] ftf s] xf] <

70 efiff aur}F f – &

v]Nbfv]Nb}

lbPsf]sf7] ]kb k"/f u/ M

7f8f]

@= dxfef/tdf bf| }kbLsf] dfOtL b]z -#_

$= wgsf b]jtf -#_

%= Ifdtf gePsf] -#_

^= kmn" /fK] g] df6fsf] efF8f] -#_

&= af| Xd0f hfltsf] Pp6f y/÷Ps hgf Clif -#_

*= cbfntdf d'2f xg] ]{ JolQm -#_

!!= lxpF -#_

!#= af]6la?jfsf] /ª -#_

t];f]{

!= sf7df8fF} /fhwfgL ePsf] bz] -#_ ! @ #$
#= ;'/Iffsf nflu kflng] hgfj/ -#_ &*
!@ !#
%= leGg -#_ % ^ !%
&= k|lti7f, ;Ddfg -#_ (

(= Pp6f y/ -#_ !) !!
!)= :qL, gf/L -#_

!@= b/af/, 7n" f] 3/ -#_

!$= cj:yf, kl/l:ylt -#_ !$

!%= ofu] sf] pN6f], 5'l§g' -#_

efiff auF}rf – & 71

^PsfO gf/Lsf ufyf /

oyfy{

cfvF Lˆofn

lbPsf] lrqdf s] b]Vof} <

lrqdf bv] fP h:tf dlxnfn] efU] gk' /s] f cGo ;d:of ss] ] 5g\ <

72 efiff au}Frf – &

k!f7 gf/L

– afns[i0f e§/fO{

slj afns[i0f e§/fO{sf] hGd lj= ;=+ @))! ;fn sflts{ !& ut] kfNkf lhNnfsf] af3} f
uD' xf eGg] 7fpdF f ePsf] xf] . gJo Jofs/0f ljifodf cfrfo{ / g]kfnL ljifodf :gftsf]Q/
tx pQL0f{ u/s] f e§/fO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd kf| Wofkg k];fdf ;n+ Ug /x ] . e§/fO{sf gLltsf
s/' f -g}lts sfz] sfJo_ k:| yfg ug{c' l3 -el" dsf ;ªu\ x| _ nufot y'k}| k'm6s/ /rgf ks| flzt
5g\ . pgn] …dxG] b| ljBf ei" f0f kbsÚ, …efge' Qm :j0f{ kbsÚ cflb k'/:sf/, ;Ddfg, clegGbg
/ k|z+;f kq k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ . pgL gLltsf s/' fnfO{ ljifo agfP/ 5Gbdf sljtf nV] g] slj xg'  \ .

gf/L x'g\ ;[hgfdn" gf/L ;fG} bo{ r]tgf
gf/Ls} Ifdtfdf g} n'Qm5g\ bM' v j]bgf
;frF f] k|0fosf] ufyf gf/L ufpg ;Qml5g\
;d:t hLjdf dfof gf/L nfpg ;Qml5g\ ..!..

cefjaLrdf cfkm}F efj e} p7\g ;Qml5g\
cg]stf x6fP/ Pstf h'6g\ ;Qml5g\
lzzs' L ddtf vfgL dftT[ j lk|o ;Dkbf
pmhf{sL ;f| ]t xg' \ gf/L ;jq{ ljhok|bf ..@..

cgz' f;gsf /v] f logn} ] sfg] { ;Qml5g\
tf/f / hg' sf] cfef log}n] rfg] { ;Qml5g\
u'/fF; cf7] df kmN' 5 cfvF fn] Hofl] t 5b{5g\
logs} f d[b' d:' sfg ;asf dg xb5{ g\ ..#..

zAb / c {y ;[hgfd"n – l;h{gfsf] ;|f]t Ifdtf – ofU] otf
dft[Tj – cfdfdf xg' ] u0' f, dftfsf] wd{
k|0fo – dfofk]d| sf] lgj]bg ljhokb| f – ljho bftf, lhtfpg]

;j{q – htf;s' }

efiff auF}rf – & 73

dfG5]sf dgsf efj ;lhn} a'‰g ;Qml5g\
bM' vsf cl;gf kfgL ;xh} ?‰g ;Qml5g\
a'‰bl5g\ ou' sf] efiff kl/jtg{ sf] jm| d
lrg]{ ;fdYo{ /flV5g\ oL dfG5]sf dgsf] ed|  ..$..

ufuL{, kf;fª, dq} o] L, Zj]ttf/f / dËnf
;fljqL, xl;gf, sG' tL, jL/dftf zsG' tnf
gf/L uf}/jsf gfpF ;DemG5 nf]sn] ;w}F
gf/L st{Jo afFsL 5 kl/jtg{ df cem} ..%..

k/Dkl/t ofqfn] dfq k'Ub}g x} ca
cl:dtf nl' 6Psf 5g\ lg/Gt/ oxfF ha
gfd]6 kfg{ afFsL 5 cem} zfi] f0fsf] syf
lgd"n{ kfg{ afsF L 5 gf/Lsf s?0ff Joyf ..^..

/fli6o« Pstf cfh cnkq 5 b]zdf
u'dfof] b]zn] cfˆgf] cl:tTj gj ei] fdf
cfwf cfsfz 9fss] f gf/L x] Û hfuhfu nf}
gf/L :jtGqtf lglDt gyfsL nfunfu nf } ..&..

stJ{ o – ugk'{ g{] egL tf]lsPsf] sfd cl:dtf – cl:tTj

zAb / c {y gfd]6 – gfd lg;fgf g} g/xg] u/L l;l4Psf ]

zfi] f0f – JolQmut :jfy{ k/" f ug{ c¿af6 lnOg] cgl' rt nfe

lgd"n{ – k'/} ;vfk kfl/Psf]

s?0ff – bof Joyf – dfgl;s jf zf/Ll/s ¿kdf x'g] kL8f

cnkq – otf g ptf

u/, 3/

z'4 pRrf/0f

lbPsf zAb ;g' / eg M

;[hgfd"n dft[Tj d[b' ;fdYo{ ufuL{
dq} ]oL lk|oDjbf
k0| fo ;fG} bo{ lgd{n"

74 efiff aur}F f – &

af]w / cleJolQm

!= kf7sf] sljtf no xfn/] k9 .

@= lbPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ eg M

s= gf/Lsf] Ifdtfdf s]s] nS' b5g\ <
v= gf/Lsf] d:' sfgn] s] x/0f ub5{ <
u= lzzs' f nflu cfdf s] x'g\ <
3= dfG5s] f] dg s;n] rfg] { ;S5 <
ª= kl/jt{gdf cem} s] afsF L 5 <
r= gf/Ln] ce}m s] ug{ afFsL 5 <
5= bz] n] cl:tTj s]df u'dfof] <
h= gf/Ln] ss] f lglDt nfUgk' 5{ <
#= lbPsf kZ| gsf] ;ªl\ IfKt pQ/ n]v M

s= sljtfsf] klxnf] / bf];f| ] Znf]sdf gf/Ln] ss] ] ug{ ;Sg] atfOPsf] 5 <
v= sljtfsf t];|f] / rf}yf] Znf]sdf gf/Lsf] s:tf] ;fdYo{nfO{ b]vfOPsf] 5 <
u= nf]sn] ;lDemg] gf/Lx¿ sfs] f] xg' \ <
3= gf/Ln] ugk'{ g]{ s:tf sfd afsF L 5g\ <
ª= b]zsf nflu gf/Ln] s] ug{ ;S5g\ <
$= efj lj:tf/ u/ M

k/Dkl/t ofqfn] dfq k'Ubg} x} ca
cl:dtf n'l6Psf 5g\ lg/Gt/ oxfF ha
gfd]6 kfg{ afsF L 5 cem} zfi] f0fsf] syf
lgd{n" kfg{ afsF L 5 gf/Lsf s?0ff Joyf .
%= xfdf| ] b]zsf ;a} Ifq] df gf/L / k'?ifnfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ul/bF }g, bj' n} fO{ ;dfg Jojxf/

ug{ ss] ] ug'k{ 5{ < ;r" L agfpm .

^= 5nkmn u/ M

s= xfd|f] ;dfhsf gf/LeGbf k'?if ss] ] s/' fdf cufl8 5g\ < ltgsf] ;r" L agfpm / k?' if
tL s'/fdf cufl8 xg' fsf sf/0fx¿ klg n]v .

efiff au}rF f – & 75

cfˆgf cge' j ;f6f;f6 u/ M
ltdf| ] kl/jf/sf k?' if ;b:o / dlxnf ;b:odWo] s;sf] sfd ltdLnfO{ dxŒjk0" f{ nfU5 <

?

;fr] / eg M
sljtfdf gf/Lsf] dlxdf ufOPsf] 5 . gf/Ln] cfwf cfsfz 9fs]sf 5g\ elgPsf]
5 . s] ;a} If]qdf gf/Ln] cfwf cfsfz 9fs]sf 5g\ t <

>'lt n]vg

lbPsf] Znf]s ;g' / n]v M
ufuL{, kf;fª, d}qo] L, Zjt] tf/f / dËnf
;fljqL, xl;gf, sG' tL, jL/dftf zsG' tnf
Gff/L uf}/jsf gfpF ;DemG5 nfs] n] ;w}F
Gff/L stJ{ o afsF L 5 kl/jt{gdf cemF}  ..

z'4 n]vg

lbPsf x/km z'4 agfP/ n]v M
/fi6L« o ostf cfh cnkT/ 5 b;] df
u"dfof] b;] n] cfˆgf] c:tTLtf] ga e;] df

76 efiff auFr} f – &

zAbe08f/

! lbPsf kofo{ jfrL zAbsf] hf]8f agfO{ sfkLdf n]v M

ufyf, tf/f, cfef, Hofl] t, dg, uLltsyf, cd[t, ;+;f/, cfe"if0f, uf8] f, sf;] ]nL, cgn,
e|flGt, ;w' f, x[bo, k|sfz, sflGt, gIfq, k|]d, ed| , cfuf], pkxf/, kfp, uxgf, k|0fo,
hut

pbfx/0f M ufyf – uLltsyf

@= lbPsf ljk/LtfyL{ zAbsf] hf]8f agfO{ sfkLdf ;f/ M

Pstf, cfsfz, cfzf, u0' f, v/fa, cgy{, cGt, b'hg{ , 3[0ff, bf]if, lg/fzf, wtL{,
cg]stf, ;Hhg, cflb, cy,{ c;n, kd|]

pbfx/0f M Pstf – cg]stf

#= ;G' b/ ± o – ;fG} bo{ eP h:t} lbPsf zAbaf6 aGg] zAb n]v M
rt/' , z'/, nlnt, e]b, uDeL/, wL/, cltly, nj0f, dw/' , sd' f/

$= cGTodf p:t} ;'lgg] zAb kf7af6 vf]h]/ n]v M

r]tgf, 5b5{ g,\ jm| d, dËnf, syf, b]z, hfu]
pbfx/0f M– r]tgf – j]bgf

%= s= lbPsf zAbsf] PseGbf a9L cy{ k9 / a'em M

;To

;fFrf ] tfNrf vf]Ng] ;fwg


bn' fxf


j/ Ps ks| f/sf] ¿v


jif{
;fn Ps lsl;dsf] ¿v


efiff auFr} f – & 77

l9kL
s/
zN' s

wf/f]
sn emu8f
d]l;g

pT;j
hfqf bb' z{ f


v= lbPsf cgs] fyL{ zAb /fvL leGg} cy{ lbg] bO' {b'O{j6f jfSo agfpm M
;fFrf], j/, sn, ;fn

n]vg cEof;

cg'n]vg

sljtfsf] klxnf] Znf]s h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ .

l;hg{ fTds nv] g

!= ldNg] zAb /fvL sljtf k"/f u/ M
gk] fnL x'F ================ lul/df ================ l;kfn' -r9\gnfO{, sl7g_
================ g} xf;] \ t/ 5' axt' } ================ dfly bofn' -j/} L, bLg_
tftf] /ftf] ================ l/k'sf] Kog' xbd{ ================ -tof/, /ut_
d]/f] d/] f] ================ vs' '/L of] x/] e} ================ -lko| , xfl] ;of/_

@= …gf/L k?' if a/fa/LÚ zLifs{ df Pp6f sljtf nv]  .

78 efiff aurF} f – &

zAb / c {yk@f7 d}n] glxF8s] f] af6f]

– cd/ Gofk} fg]

cd/ Gofk} fgs] f] hGd lj= ;=+ @)#$ rt} !$ ut] gf/fo0fL c~rn, lrtjg lhNnfsf] kfjt{ Lk/'
eGg] 7fpdF f ePsf] xf ] . gk] fnL ljifodf :gftsfQ] / pQL0f{ u/s] f Gofk} fg] cfVofg ljwfdf snd
rnfp5F g \ . Gofk} fgs] f slnnf] dg, kfgLsf] 3fd / ;t] f] w/tL cflb sl[ t ks| flzt 5g \ . pgn]
…dbg k/' :sf/Ú, …kß>L ;flxTo ;DdfgÚ nufot yk' }| k/' :sf/ kf| Kt u/s] f 5g \ . pgL sg' } klg
ljifonfO{ ;/n / /fr] s efiffzn} Ldf ;flxTo l;hg{ f ug{ vlKk; cfVofgsf/ xg'  \ .

d ufO{ lnP/ ;feF m 3/ kmlsF{bf 3/df /dfOnf] pT;j h:tf], kj{ h:tf] cgf}7f] /demd
lyof] . cfkmGt / l5ds] Lsf] k'?ifx¿sf] eGbf dlxnfx¿sf] rxnkxn w/] } lyof] . sfx] L
b'gf 6k/L ufF:t} lyP, sfx] L l9sLdf lk7f] s'6\t} lyP,\ sf]xL dem]/Ldf a;/] s;f/ a6fb}{
lyP . leq efG;faf6 l3psf] dL7f] jf;gf cfO/xs] f] lyof ] . aflx/ cfFugdf k?' ifx¿ hUu]
agfpbF } lyP .
3/df kSs} ze' sfo{ xb'F } 5, 7n' } pT;j xb'F } 5 eGg] 7fg/] xfn] f v';L x'bF } alxgLn] ;fw] L,
ælbbL, xfdf| ] 3/df s] ug{ nfu]sf xg' \ <Æ
æs'lGgÆ dn} ] pQ/ lbPF .
alxgL / d leq uof F} . cfdf efG;fdf ;]n/f6] L ksfpbF } x'gx' G' Yof] . c¿ cfOdfO{x¿ klg
cfdfnfO{ ;3fpbF } lyP . ;a}sf cfvF fn] xfdL lbbLalxgLnfO{ tfs]/ x/] ] . xfdL pxL gofF
3fFu/df lyofF} . ltgn] xfdLnfO{ x]/] ls gofF 3fFu/nfO{ dnfO{ yfxf ePg . d}n] ;fw] ,F] æcfdf,
xfdf| ] 3/df ;a} ldn/] s] ug{ nfu]sf xg' \ <Æ
ækh" f ug{ nfu]sf] gfgLÆ cfdfn] eGg'eof ] .
s/' f ;g' /] deGbf alxgL w/] } km' ?Ss eO{ lsgeg] p;n] egs] f] 7o\ fSs} ldNof ] . kh" fdf dL7fd] L7f]
vfg kfOG5 eg/] d klg km' ?Ss eP F . ;n] /f6] Llt/ bv] fP/ eg,F] æcfdf efs] nfUof ] .Æ

pT;j – z'esfo,{ sg' } ljz]if cj;/df xg' ] v;' LofnL dem] /L – rn' f] / cu]gfaLrsf] vfnL 7fpF
s;f/ – ljjfx jf j|taGwdf e'6]sf] rfdnsf] kL7f] s'6]/ v'bf] ld;fO agfOg] n8\8'
hUu] – ze' sfo{ ug{ jf o1 ug{ tof/ kfl/Psf] 7fpF, o1 d08k

efiff au}rF f – & 79

zAb / c {y Eff]seGbf w]/} ;]n/f6] Lsf] ef]s
nfu]sf] lyof ] . cfdfn] yfndf /f6] L
/flvlbFb} eGge' of,] æn bj' } dfly
afb{nLdf a;/] vfcf ] . ca ltdLx¿n]
ufpF 8N' gx' 'Gg lg ÛÆ
lsg cfdf <
eujfg\ l/;fpgx' 'G5 lg k]ml/ .
d}n] ;fyLx¿nfO{ afbn{ Laf6} eg,F]
æxfd|f] 3/df kh" f 5 . /f6] L s;f/
klg agfpbF } 5g\ .Æ
ltgn] tl[ ift xbF' } eg,] æxfdLnfO{ vfg
lbb}gf} <Æ
dn} ] ;fyLx¿nfO{ ns' fOn{ 'sfO{ /f6] L s;f/ lbP F . pgLx¿ c;fWo} v;' L eP . ;fyLx¿dWo]
;ae} Gbf hftL d g} ePF .
efl] nkN6 cfdfn] xfdL bj' } lbbLalxgLnfO{ g'xfOlbge' of] .
dn} ] eg], æcl:t e/v/ g'xfPsf] x}g / < km] l/ lsg cfh} g'xfpg] <Æ
æk"hfdf gx' fpgk' 5{ Sof . rfv] f] x'g'k/]g < eujfg\ l/;fpg'x'G5 lg k]ml/ .Æ
alxgLn] egL, ægfOF d t .Æ
cfdfn] ;Demfpge' of,] ætFn} ] klg eujfgs\ f] kh" f ug{'k5{ . kh" f ug{ rf]vf] x'gk' 5{ lg ÛÆ
lsg kh" f ug]{ cfdf <
kh" f u/k] l5 eujfgn\ ] ltdLx¿nfO{ /fdf| ] ugx'{ G' 5 . j/bfg lbg'x'G5 .
d}n] kh" f xf] eGg] s'/fdf zÍf ul/g F . cfdfn] s8j' f t]n xfn]/ skfn sfl] /lbge' of ] . cfdfn]
Ps rN' 7f] dfq} afl6lbge' Psf] yfxf kfP/ dn} ] egF,] æcfdf d b'O{ rN' 7L af65\ ' .Æ
cfdfn] a'emfpge' of], æeujfg\sf] k"hf ubf{ bO' { rN' 7L af6\g'xG' g lg . Ps r'N7L dfq
af6g\ 'k5{ .Ú
lsg cfdf <

tl[ ift – O{iof{n' -o; kf7sf] ;Gbe{df_
s8'jf – /fu cfpg]

80 efiff au}Frf – &

zAb / c {yeujfg\nfO{ b'O{ r'N7L af6s] f] dg kbg}{  .
d}n] ae' m] emF} 6fpsf] xNnfPF . cfdfn] /ftf] 8f/] L /fv]/ Ps rN' 7L afl6lbge' of] . ;flgdf /
sfsLx¿n] xfdL bj' } lbbLalxgLnfO{ /ftf] a'§] ;f/Lrfn] f] nufOlbP . dn} ] ;f/Lrf]nf] slxNo}
nufPsL lyOg F . ;f/Lrf]nf] nufOlbge' Gbf s]xL ;do klxn] u'Gor' fn] L lbPsf lyP . dn} ]
v;' L xbF' } ;fw] ,F] æk"hf ubf{ o:tf] ;f/Lrfn] f] nufpgk' 5,{ xf] <Æ
s;/L hfg]sL xf} < ltdL t s:tL af7L /lx5\of} lg Û
d cfkm" af7L ePsf]df v'a v';L ePF . dnfO{ ;flgdfn] / alxgLnfO{ sfsLn] sfvdf /fv] .
xftel/ /ftf r/' f nufOlbP . 6Lsf, ;fgf;fgf df8a/L, lz/aGbL klg nufOlbP . c¿ klg
s]s] xf] ss] ] nufOlbP, l;Fufl/lbP xfdL bj' n} fO{ . d cfkFm} n] cfk}mF nfO{ lrGg g;Sg] h:tL
ePF . bn' xL h:t} eP F . d}n] ;flgdfsf l;gdG' b|L bv] fP/ eg]F, æo:tf] nufpg'kb{}g <Æ
;fgLdfn] elgg\, ltdf| ] 9Ë' L| , l;gdG' b|L nufpg] 7fpF g} 5]8]sf] 5g}  .Æ
ef]lnkl;{ 5]8g\ ] clg nufpg] x} . Tolt a]nf;Dd ltdf| sfg klg 7"nf eO;Sg5] g \ .
Df 1fgL ePF . olt 1fgL t d slxNo} ePsL lyOgF lsgeg] dn} ] olt w]/} uxgf, o:tf n'uf
slxNo} nufpg kfPsL lyOgF .
Ps dlxgfhlt klxnf dfOhn" ] nufPsf r/' f, kft] ] / uxgf b]vfP/ dn} ] eg]sL lyP,F æd klg
tkfO+s{F f] h:t} nufp5F ' lg, x} dfOh" ÛÆ
ltgn] egs] L lyOg,\ æef]lnkl;{ 7n" L ePkl5 nufpg] x } .Æ
dnfO{ nfUof], ltgn] egs] f] efl] nkl;{ cfO;s5]  . d 7"nL eP5 ' . efl] nkl;{ slt rfF8} cfPsf]
Ps dlxgfd } .
d]/f ;f8L / rf]nf] deGbf w/] } 7n" f 5g \ . afnf / r'/fx¿ gf8LeGbf 7n" f 5g\ .
deGbf 7"nf7"nf n'uf / uxgfn] dnfO{ lylr/x] h:tf] nfUof ] . ltdL t xfdLeGbf ;fgL
5f} eg]/ luHofO/x] h:tf] nfUof ] . b'O{ xftdf u//] bO' { bhg{ hlt r/' f xbF' f xg'  \ . dn} ] v;' L
xbF' } ahfpg yfn ]F . alxgLn] klg ahfpg yfnL . xfdL bj' n} ] s;n] a9L ahfpg] eg]/
v]Ng yfNof }F . cfdfn] ;Demfpg'eof], æTo;f] ug'{xG' g lg gfgL . r/' f k'm65\ g\ k]ml/ . o:tf
/fd|f/fdf| n'ufuxgf nufPkl5 rNgx' G' g lg ÛÚ t/ klg dn} ] ljleGg axfgfdf xft
rnfO/x ]F . r/' f alh/x ] .

df8a/L – sf8F s} f8F f lgsfn/] agfOPsf] sfgdf nufOg] ;'gsf] uxgf
lz/aGbL – lz/df nufOg] Ps k|sf/sf] uxgf
9Ë' L| – sfgsf] aLrdf nufOg] a§' f ePsf] ;g' sf] uxgf

efiff aurF} f – & 81

3/df cfkmGtx¿sf] rxnkxn emg\ a9b\ } 5 . leqsf sfddf dlxnfx¿ / aflx/sf sfddf

k'?ifx¿ vl6Psf 5g\ . xfdL lbbLalxgLnfO{ tnfaf6 st} ghfg" eg]sf 5g\ . xfdL guO{

5Ss k//] al;/XofF} .

;feF mlt/ Ps xn" gf}nf dfG5] xNnfvNnf ubF} cfP . gfRb,} ufpFb} / /dfOnf] ub}{ cfP .

d}n] ;fw] ,F] ætL sf] x'g\ cfdf <Æ

k"hfdf cfPsf kfx'gf x'g\ gfgL .

slxNo} gbv] ]sf oltsf kfxg' f b]v]/ ;fr] ],F æxfd|f slt w/] } cfkmGt /x]5g \ .Æ

hg' ]nL /ft lyof ] . cfFugdf b'O6f hUu] lyP . b'O{ hUus] f dflg;n] Pscsf{nfO{ gx]¿g\ eg/]

dfemdf afl/Psf] lyof ] . To;dfly tGgf h:t} 7"nf] sk8fsf] kbf{ 6flF uPsf] lyof ] . Pp6f

hUu]df d lyP F . csf]{ hUu]df alxgL lyO { . lax]df eFm} afhf alh/x]sf lyP . sfGnfd'lg

gfrufg klg rln/x]sf] lyof] . ;a} dflg; /dfOnf] ub{}

lyP . dn} ] ;f]wF,] ælsg afhf ahfPsf cfdf <Æ kv,{ ;fr] / eg M
k"hfdf afhf ahfP eujfg\ v;' L x'G5g\ lg gfgL . pgLx¿sf] 3/df w]/} kfx'gf
kl08tn] zÎ km' s] . 306L ahfP . lsg cfPsf xf]nfg\ <

af, cfdf / kl08tn] eujfgs\ f] dGq pRrf/0f ul//x] h:tf] nfUof ] . cfuF gsf] 5p] df

a9" fkfsfn] l;nfs] xfNb} lyP . l;nf]sd} bfx] f/] L vN] b} lyP . eujfg\nfO{ ehg / l;nfs] sf]

no, v}Fh8L / dh' '/fsf] w'g dg k5{ eGg] yfxf lyof] t/ k~r]afhf dg k5{ eGg] yfxf

lyPg . d af, cfdf / kl08tn] hh] ] eG5g\, ToxL ToxL ub{} lyP F . la:tf/} d/] f] pT;'stf /

hfFu/ 36t\ } lyof ] . d yfs] h:tL eP F .

cf8df d]/f sfG5f sfsfhq} t]/rfw} jifs{ f s]6f lyP . pgL klg l;uF fl/P/ a;]sf lyP .

dnfO{ pgsf] cgx' f/ s:tf] lyof] yfx} lyPg . tL s]6fnfO{ afcfdfn] eujfgn\ fO{ e}mF kh" f

ug'e{ of ] . dnfO{ klg k"hf ug{ nufpge' of ] . dn} ] cfdfnfO{ ;fw] ,F] æcfdf oL sf] x'g\ <Æ

cfdf xfF:ge' of ] . /ft w]/} l5lKkP/ xf]nf d]/f cfvF f nfn] fpg yfn ] . dnfO{ ;a} xNnfvNnf

;kgfdf ;'gh] :tf] nfUof] . d t cfdfsf] sfvdf lgbfP5' .

an] fa]nfdf cfdfn] p7fpge' of ] . d]/f] xft ;dfP/ s'lGg s]s] ug{ nufpg'eof ] . pxfnF ]

dnfO{ otfaf6 ptf / slxn] ptfaf6 otf ;fge'{ of ] . d k'tnL h:tL ;fgL lyPF . pxfFn]

zAb / c {y zÎ – ;db' |df kfOg] Ps hftsf] ls/fsf] va6f,] k"hfcfhfdf ahfOg] va6fsf] afhf
bfx] f]/L – h'xf/L, kIf ljkIf eO{ ;jfn hjfkmsf ¿kdf ufOg] Ps ks| f/sf] uLt

82 efiff auFr} f – &

zAb / c {ydnfO{ ;lhn} ;fg{e' of] .
cfdf an] fan] fdf eGg'xG' 5,
ækh" fdf lgbfpgx' 'Gg lg gfgL .
km]l/ eujfgn\ ] kmn lbg'xG' g,
pxfF l/;fpg'xG' 5 .Æ
d}n] ;fr] F], o:tf] /flt t
eujfg\ klg lgbfP
xf]nfg\ . cfdfn] b'j} xftn]
emSemSofpFb} eGge' of,] æp7\
gfgL p7,\ pHofnf] eof] .Æ
dflg;x¿ vNofªaNofª ub}{ lyP . cfdfn] lem;ld;d] } o;/L slxNo} p7fpge' Psf] lyPg .
d o;/L ;f8L, rfn] f] / uxgfn] l;uF fl/P/ slxNo} ;'Tg kfPsL lyOgF . d/] f cfvF fnfO{ k6Ss}
lgb|f k'u]sf] lyPg . d tGb|fdf e'mln/xs] L lyP F . eujfgs\ f] kh" f klg ;kgfd} ul//x] h:tf]
nflu/Xof ] .
d ;kgfaf6 AolF' emPF t/ d klxn]sL h:t} 3fFu/ nufPsL aflnsf lyOgF . ce}m ;kgfd} 5'
Sof xf] <
afn] dnfO{ afs] /] hUu] 3d' fpge' of ] . To;kl5 cfdfn] sfvdf lnP/ 8fn] Ldf /flvlbge' of ] . /flt
l;dl;d] kfgL k/s] fn] xfn] f 8fn] L lr;f] /x5]  .
8fn] Lsf] lkFwdf afSnf] / 7n" f] k5\of}/f /flvlbge' of ] . d}n] pxfFnfO{ ;fw] F], æsxfF hfg] xf,]
cfdf <Æ
cfdfn] cfFvfaf6 cf;F ' emfb{} eGg'eof,] æeujfg\sf] dlGb/df hfg] xf] gfgL .Æ
b'O{ hgf gf}nf dflg; 8fn] L afS] g tof/ eP . d afcfdfn] PSn} dlGb/ k7fpg nfUg'ePsf]
xf] ls eg]/ 8/fP F . pxfF /f]Psf] bv] /] ?g dg nfUof] . d lrRofP/ /f]P F .
cfdfn] ;Demfpg'eof], ætF hfFb} u/\ gfgL, d kl5kl5 cfp5F ' .Æ
afn] eGg'eof], æ;flgdfn] tFnfO{ w]/} s/' f l;sfpFl5g\ . pgn] egs] f] dfGg " . l;sfPsf]
ug"{  . xfdLn] ;a} s'/f pg}nfO{ eg]sf 5f F} . gcflQg" x} gfgL ÛÆ

-;]tf] w/tLaf6_

lem;ld;] – laxfgLkv, cln cln pHofnf] ePsf] ;do
tGb|f – cw{lgbf| , k/' } glgbfPsf] l:ylt

efiff aurF} f – & 83

u/, 3/

z4' pRrf/0f

lbPsf zAb ;'g / eg M

pT;j z[Ëf/ zÎ l;Fufl/P/ emSemSofpbF }
l5lKkP/ t[lift v}hF 8L 6flF uPsf] zÍf

afw] / cleJolQm

!= kf7sf aL;fFb} ]lv tL;fF} cg'R5b] ;Dd kfnk} fnf] k9]/ ;g' fpm M
@= lbPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ b]pm M
s= syfsL …dÚ kfqn] ufO{ lnP/ kmsb{F f s]s] bl] vg\ <
v= syfsL …dÚ kfq s:tf] :jefjsL l5g\ <
u= afcfdfn] ljjfxsf] lbgdf pgnfO{ s] eg/] 9f6F ] <
3= …dÚ kfqsf] ljjfxdf s]s] u/] <
ª= d kfqn] cfˆg} ljjfx ePsf] klg yfxf gkfpgfsf] sf/0f s] xf] <
#= lbPsf k|Zgsf] nfdf] pQ/ nv] M
s= syfdf ljjfxdf xg' ] s:tfs:tf ljm| ofsnfk k:| t't ul/Psf] 5 <
v= syfdf bO' { j6L ;fgL s6] Lsf] ljjfx ePsf] bv] fOPsf] 5, s] o;f] ug{' 7Ls xf] < sf/0f bp] m .

$= ltdf| ] 6f]ndf ePsf b; hgf ljjflxt dlxnfx¿;uF pgLx¿sf] ljjfx slt jif{sf] pd/] df
eof] ;fw] /] ;r" L tof/ kf/ M

%= kf7df ePsf] syfdf d kfqsf] ;fg} pd]/df ljjfx ePsf] 5 . To;kl5 pgsf] hLjg
s:tf] eof] xfn] f <

84 efiff aurF} f – &

cfˆgf cge' j ;f6f;f6 u/ M
ltd|f] ufpFdf kF;} ¶L jif{ gf3s] f a"9fa9" Lx¿ xg' 'x'G5 xf]nf . pxfFx¿l;t ljjfxsf]
af/d] f ;f]w . To;sf nflu sx] L kZ| g tof/ kf/ . h:t}M pxfF ljjfx ubf{ slt
jifs{ f] x'gx' GYofÙ] 3/df pxfFn] ss] ] sfd ug{x' G' YofÙ] pxfnF ] ljjfx cl3 cfˆgf
klt÷cfˆgL kTgLnfO{ e6] g\ 'eof] ls ePg < ljjfxsf] s/' f s;/L cl3 a9o\ f]
/ lg0f{o eof] . ljjfxsf] lbg s]s] lj|mofsnfk eP eGg] h:tf kZ| g ;fw] /
pxfxF ¿n] lbPsf pQ/ ;fyLnfO{ atfpm .

?

;f]r / eg M
syfdf …dÚ kfq / p;sL alxgLsf] ;fg} pd/] df ljjfx ePsf] 5 . …dÚ kfqsf]
7fpdF f ltdL ePsf eP s] uYof{} <

>'lt n]vg

lbPsf] cg'R5b] ;'g / n]v M
Ps dlxgfhlt klxnf dfOh"n] nufPsf r/' f, kf]t] / uxgf b]vfP/ d}n] eg]sf] lyPF, æd klg
tkfOsF+{ f] h:t} nufpF5' lg, x} dfOh" ÛÆ ltgn] eg]sL lyOg,\ æef]lnkl;{ 7n" L ePkl5 nufpg]
x } .Æ dnfO{ nfUof,] ltgn] egs] f] ef]lnkl;{ cfO;s5]  . d 7n" L eP5 ' . efl] nkl;{ slt rf8F }
cfPsf] Ps dlxgfd} . d]/f ;f8L / rf]nf] deGbf w/] } 7"nf 5g\ r/' f d]/f] gf8LeGbf 7n" f 5g \ .

efiff auFr} f – & 85

;d"xsfo{
kfrF j6f ;dx" df a; . kf7sf] klxnf] cg'R5b] ;a}n] k9 . kT| o]s ;d"xn] Ps
hgf kl| tlglw 5fg . kl| tlglwn] lstfa x/] /] pQm cgR' 5b] sf jfSo eg . c¿
;an} ] sfkLdf n]v . cfkm\g} ;d"xsf ;fyL;fyLaLr sfkL ;f6f;f6 u/ . k:' ts
x/] /] ;fyLsf] sfkL hfFr . hfFRbf 7Ls 7fpdF f 7Ls lrXg ko| f]u ePsf] 5 ls
5g} , z4' n]lvPsf] 5 ls 5g} Vofn u/ . uNtL ePsf] 7fpFdf /v] fÍg u/ .
;fyLsf] sfkL lkmtf{ u/ . cfˆgf] sfkL dfu . ;fyLn] uNtL b]vfPsf 7fpFdf
lstfa x/] ]/ ;Rofpm . lstfa x]/L ToxL cgR' 5b] /fd|f cIf/ kf//] sfkLdf ;f/ .

z'4 n]vg

lbPsf jfSodf cfjZos lrXg;d]t /fv/] z4' agfO{ sfkLdf nv] M
xfld b'a}n] s;n] al9 ahfpg] eg]/ v]Ng yfNof} cfdfn] ;Demfpge' of] t;] f] ug{'xG' g lg
gflg r'/f km' 6\5g\ km] l/ o;tf /fD/f/fD/f nu' f uxgf nufPkl5 rNgx' 'Gg lg t/ kgL d'On]
laeLGg jxfgfdf xft rnfO/x]

zAbe08f/

!= lbPsf kof{ojfrL zAbsf] hf8] f agfO{ sfkLdf nv] M
;fyL, j/bfg, cg'dfg, j/, lgDtf,] t?0f, skfn, cfdf, cfdGq0f, /f,F} tGg]/L, hggL,

ldq, c8\sn
pbfx/0f M ;fyL – ldq

@= ;fgf ± ;fgf – ;fgf;fgf eP em} F tnsf zAb bf]xf]l/P/ aGg] zAb nv] M
n'sfO ± ns' fO –
/fdf| ± /fdf| –

86 efiff auF}rf – &

7"nf ± 7"nf –

an] f ± a]nf –

7fpF ± 7fpF –

/ftf ± /ftf –

gofF ± gofF –

#= kfrF j6f afhfsf] ;d"x …k~ra] fhfÚ eP em} F tnsf zAbaf6 aGg] gofF zAb n]v M

rf/j6f kfp ePsf] – rf/j6f e'hf ePsf] –

dn] gePsf] – nfdf kft ePsf] –

ux' e}mF uf/] f] – hUufsf] wgL –

jgdf jf; – ljZjdf kl| ;4 –

;fgL cfdf –

$= tnsf 6'SsfnfO{ cy{ vN' g] u/L jfSodf ko| fu] u/ M

cfvF f lrDng,' sDd/ s:g', lbg sf6\g,' san' ug'{, sfgdf tn] xfNg', kmTt] ug,{'
;f}efUo kf| Kt ug{,' x:ofªkm:ofª ug{,' u|x0f ug{'

%= km' ?Ss, a'?Ss h:tf b;j6f cg's/0ffTds zAb ;fyL;Fu 5nkmn u//] nv] M

Jofs/0f

sfod{ n" s Jofs/0f

!= s= k9 / a'em M
c= kh" f ubf{ ;f/L rfn] f] nufpg'k5{ .
cf= lbbL, xfd|f] 3/df s] ug{ nfus] f <
O= ltd|f] t 9Ë' |L, l;gd'Gb|L nufpg] 7fpF g} 5]8s] f] 5}g .
O{= cfdfn] eGge' of], ækh" fdf lgbfpg'xG' g lg gfgL .Æ
-._ of] k0" f{ lj/fd lrXg xf] . o:tf] lrXg jfSo k/" f ePsf] 7fpdF f ko| fu] ug{k' 5{ .

dflysf] klxnf] jfSodf o; lrXgsf] k|ofu] ePsf] 5 .
-<_ of] kZ| g lrXg xf] . s'g} klg s'/f ;fW] bf o; lrXgsf] ko| f]u ug'{k5{ . dflysf]

bf];f| ] jfSodf o; lrXgsf] ko| fu] ePsf] 5 .

efiff au}Frf – & 87

-,_ of] cNklj/fd lrXg xf ] . Ps} k|sf/sf zAb cfPdf zAbzAbsf aLrdf / jfSojfSo
cfPdf jfSosf aLrdf o; lrXgsf] k|of]u ugk{' 5 { . dflysf] t;] |f] jfSodf o; lrXgsf]
k|ofu] ePsf] 5 .
-æÆ_ of] bfx] f/] f] p4/0f lrXg xf ] . s;}sf] egfO h:tf] 5 To:t} /fVgk' bf{ o; lrXgsf]
ko| fu] xG' 5 . dflysf] clGtd jfSodf o; lrXgsf] k|ofu] ePsf] 5 .
oL afxs] xif{, lj:dft / cfZro{ ae' mfpg pbu\ f/ lrXg -Û_, s'g} kb, kbfjnLnfO{ cem
k|i6 kfg{ sfi] 7s lrXg - _ k|of]u ug{k' 5{ .

v= pko'Qm lrGx k|ofu] u/L lbPsf] cg'R5]b kg' n]v{ g u/ M
d}n] ;fw] ]F cfdf ;a} hgf ldn/] xfdf| ] 3/df s] ug{ nfus] f xg' \ cfdfn] eGg'eof]
kh" f ug{ nfus] f gfgL dn} ] ;fyLx¿nfO{ xfdf| ] 3/df k"hf 5 egF] cfdf / sfsL
ldn]/ /f6] L / s;f/ ksfpFb} x'g'x'G5

@= s= tnsf jfSo k9 M
cfdf efG5fdf ;]n/f]6L ksfpFb} xg' 'x'G5 .
cfdf efG5fdf ;]n/f]6L ksfpbF } xg' x' fn] f .
dflysf] klxnf] jfSon] ;fdfGofy{ / bf;] f| ] jfSon] ;Defjgfy{ a'emfp5F g \ .

v= lbPsf jfSonfO{ ;Defjgfyd{ f abn M
c= cfdfn] /ftf] 8f]/L /fv]/ skfndf Ps r'N7L afl6lbge' of] .
cf= sfGnfdl' gsf dfG5x] ¿n] ‰ofp/] uLt ufP .
O= a9" fkfsfn] l;nfs] xfNb5} g\ .
O={ dnfO{ n'uf / uxgfn] lyr]sf] 5 .
p= cfdfn] tL s6] fnfO{ eujfg\nfO{ emF} k"hf ug'{eof ] .
pm= dnfO{ afn] afs] /] hUu] 3'dfpg'eof ] .
P= cfdfn] dnfO{ sfvdf lnP/ 8f]nLdf /flvlbge' of ] .

#= kf7df ko| f]u ePsf gfd zAb vf]h]/ nv]  .

$= lbPsf jfSodf /x]sf] ‘alxgL’ zAbsf] ;§f Ps k6s ‘lbbL’ / csf]{ k6s ‘efO’
zAb /fv]/ jfSo kl/jt{g u/ M
alxgL lgb|f gk'Ub} p7L . p;n] gofF nu' f nufO { . alxgL hUud] f a;L . alxgLn]
To; s]6fnfO{ eujfgn\ fO{ emF} k"hf u/L . pm 7n" f] :j/df /fO] { . Tof] lbgb]lv alxgLsf]
hLjgn] gofF df]8 lnof ] .

88 efiff auF}rf – &

nv] g cEof;

cg'nv] g

!= kf7sf aQL;fF} / tQ] L;fF} cg'R5b] h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ .
@= lbPsf] cgR' 5]b h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ M
gk] fnL ;dfhdf dlxnfnfO{ sd dxŒj lbg] rng 5 . dlxnfnfO{ 3/sf] sfd dfq

nufpg'k5{ eGg] ;f]rfO 5 . oxL sf/0fn] gf/L / k?' ifsf aLrdf eb] efj ePsf]
xf ] . gf/Ldf ;an} fO{ dfof lbg ;Sg] u0' f xG' 5 . gf/LnfO{ ;h[ gfsf] d"n, ;fG} bo{sL
vfgL, k/|] 0ffsL ;f| t] dflgG5 . gf/Ldf kl/jf/sf] pGgltsf nflu nflu/xg] va' L x'G5 .
;+;f/df ePsf 7n" f kl/jtg{ df klg gf/L / k?' if b'j}sf] ;dfg el" dsf /x]sf] b]lvG5
t/ gf/Lx¿ cem} ;Dd klg cgs] f}F si6 em] Ng afWo 5g \ . 5f/] Lsf] ;fg}df ljjfx
ul/lbg] kr| ng 5 . afn ljjfx la:tf/} 36]sf] 5 tfklg bfOhf] ky| f, 5fpk8L k|yf h:tf
cgs] fF} ky| f ;dfhdf hLljt 5g\ . To;n} ] xfdLn] o:tf ky| fsf] cGTo ug{'k5 { . gf/L /
k'?if Ps} xg' \ eGg] ;fr] sf] ljsf; ugk'{ 5{ .

l;hg{ fTds nv] g

s= lbPsf abF' fsf cfwf/df syf tof/ kf/ M
cfof]wwfD} o gfd u/s] f Ps Clif ===============, pgsf] cf>ddf ljBfyL{x¿ k9\g]
==================, Ps hgf cf?l0f gfds ljBfyL{ ==========================, cf?l0f ldlxgt] L /
u?' eQm ==========================, cfofw] wfD} osf] clnslt v]t =============================,
vt] df wfg /fk] ]sf] ==============================, Ps kN6 ;fFemkv PSsfl; 7n" f] kfgL bs]s{ f]
===========================, cfof}wwfD} on] cf?l0fnfO{ v]tdf st} klx/f] uof] ls egL x]g{ k7fPsf
==================, cf?l0f v]t uPsf / Ps 7fpdF f cfnL eTs]sf] b]v]sf =================, eTss] f]
7fpFaf6 kfgLsf] d:' nf] au]sf] ======================, kfgLnfO{ /f]Sg cf?l0fn] rk/L
pKsfPsf =====================, Pp6f /fv]/ csf]{ pKsfpg gEofpFb} klxn] /fvs] f] rk/L aUg]
u/s] f] ============================= cf?l0f hlt /fVb} hfGy], plt rk/L aUg] ======================,
cGTodf s]xL ;Lk gnfu]/ eTs]sf] 7fpdF f cfk}Fm ;'t]sf ==================, cf?l0f hf8f]n] sfDb}
u/s] f ============================, cfofw] wf}Don] dfof u/]/ 3/ kmsf{Psf ===========================,
u'?elQm bv] ]/ u'? ;fx|} k|;Gg =========================, kl5 cf?l0f ljåfg\ ====================,

efiff aurF} f – & 89

u'?elQmn] ubf{ dxfg\ =================== .
v= cfˆgf] hLjgdf lgs} b'Mv kfP/ klg ;‹if{ ub{} aflF r/x]sf] sg' } JolQmsf] sNkgf u/L

Pp6f syf nv]  .

v]Nbfv]Nb}

lbPsf] lrq x]/L syf agfpm M

90 efiff auFr} f – &

&PsfO ;:+ s[ltljbs\ f] hLjg

cfFvLˆofn

!= lbPsf JolQmnfO{ s] elgG5 < Ps zAbdf pQ/ bp] m M

s= lzIff;DaGwL ;Dk0" f{ s/' f hfGg] =========================================

v= hfthflt, ltgsf rf8kj,{ vfgkfg, =========================================
;:+ sf/, kf;] fs cflbaf/] ;Dk0" f{ s/' f hfGg]

u= jftfj/0fsf] cj:yf, kb| i" f0f, kb| i" f0faf6 hfl] ug] =========================================
pkfo cflb jftfj/0faf/] ;Dk0" f{ s/' f hfGg] =========================================

3= ;o" {, ux| , tf/f cflb cGtl/Ifdf ePsf u|x
tf/f cflbsf] ultljlwaf/] hfGg]

ª= kY[ jLsf] sG] bL| o txb]lv =========================================
hldg;Ddsf] efusf af/]df hfGg]

@= ltdf| ] bz] sf sg' } Ps÷Ps hgf ;:+ sl[ tljb\ / lzIffljb\sf] gfd kQf nufpm .

s= ;+:sl[ tljb\ v= lzIffljb\
============================================== ==============================================

efiff au}Frf – & 91

k!f7 ;Todf]xg hf]zL

;Todfx] g hf]zLsf] ?lrsf] If]q ;flxTo / ;+:s[lt xf] . ;To dfx] g hf]zL sf] lrq
k|j]lzsf k/LIff pQL0f{ u?~h]n;Dd o; ljifodf vf;}
?lr geP klg lj= ;=+ !((*÷!((( ;fnb]lv pgL o;
Ifq] df lg/Gt/ nflu/x]sf 5g\ . ;flxTo / ;+:s[ltsf]
cWoog, k|ltef / nugzLntfn] pgnfO{ ;flxTosf/ Pjd\
;+:s[ltljbs\ f] ¿kdf :yflkt / ;'kl/lrt u/fPsf] 5 .

;Todf]xg hf]zLsf] hGd lj= ;=+ !(&& ;fn j}zfv #)
ut] nlntk'/ lhNnfsf] ava'+ xfndf ePsf] xf ] . lktf
zÍ//fh / dftf g'unbj] L hf]zLsf k|yd ;Gtfgsf
¿kdf pgn] o; w/tLdf hGd lnP . afNofj:yfdf pgL
cln n7a] |f lyP . Tolta]nf pkrf/ ug{] 7fpsF f] cefj lyof ] . To;df klg n7a] f| ] cj:yfsf]
pkrf/ g} s] xg' ;SYof] / < cfdfafa' cfˆgf] ;Gtfg hGdFb} /fd|f] xfc] f;] ,\ x[i6k'i6 xfc] f;] \
/ hLjgko{Gt /fdf| ] /xf;] \ eGg] rfxG5g \ . zÍ//fh hfz] L / gu' nb]jL hfz] LnfO{ klg cfˆgf]
klxnf] ;Gtfg tGb'?:t eOlbP xG' Yof] eGg] nfUYof] . afns 5f]/fsf] n7]a|f] cj:yfaf6
lrlGtt cfdf afa' eQmk'/sf] ;o" {ljgfosdf bzg{ u/fPkl5 afnssf] afn] L km'65\ eGg]
wflds{ ljZjf;nfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub{} To; dlGb/;Dd ku' ] . To;kl5 dfq ;Todf]xg hf]zLsf]
af]nL km'6o\ f] / ] .

pgsf] hGd dWod juLo{ kl/jf/df ePsf] lyof ] . pgsf lktf kf6glt/} nv] gbf;sf] sfd
uy ]{ . kl5 pgL df]xgzdz]/sf] b/af/df sfl/Gbf eP . cfdf 3/wGbfdf Jo:t x'lGyg \ .
lktf nv] k9 ug{ hfGg] / hflu/bf/ ePsfn] 5f/] fnfO{ k9fpg'k5{ eGg] dfGotf /fVy ] .
Toltv/] u?' af6 cfzLjfb{ lnP/ u?' af6} k9\g / n]Vg ;?' ugk{' 5{ eGg] dfGotf lyof ] .

zAb / c {y kl| tef – ljlzi6 Ifdtf nugzLntf – Psfu|tf, tNnLgtf

;:+ s[ltljb\ – ;+:sl[ tsf 1ftf, ;+:sl[ tsf] af/]df hfGg ]

sfl/Gbf – sfof{nodf sfd ug{] tNnf] txsf] sd{rf/L

92 efiff au}rF f – &

zAb / c {ylktfn] pgnfO{ u?' ljBfgGb /fhfk] fWofosxfF k'¥ofP . u?' n] xft ;dft/] v/Lkf6Ldf ç
gdfj] fuLZj/foM eg/] nV] g nufpge' of ] . o;/L ;ft jif{sf] pd/] df pgsf] k9\g] / n]Vg]
cEof;sf] z'ef/De eof ] . lktfn] pgnfO{ 3/ glhs}sf] :s'ndf egf{ ul/lbP . Tof] :sn' sf]
dflyNnf tnfdf cª\u|h] L / tNnf] tnfdf gk] fnL k9fO x'GYof ] . pgnfO{ gk] fnL k9g\ sf
nflu tNnf] tnfdf egf{ ul/of] . gk] fnL efiff afN] g ghfg]sfn] pgL cª\uh|] L k9g\ yfn] .
pgL k9fOdf Tolt th] lyPgg \ . kf7 ae' mfpg g;ss] f] lbg lk6fO vfGy] . pgn] lk6fOs}
8/n] Tof] :sn' 5f]8 ] . lktf b/af/;Fu glhs ePsfn] kl5 pgnfO{ b/af/ :s'ndf ;ft
-clxn]sf] tLg_ sIffdf egf{ ul/lbP  . pgL kf6gaf6 lx8F /] :s'n kU' y ] . b/af/ :s'ndf ;:+ st[
k9g\ 'kYof]{ . pgsf dfdf3/sf xh/' aa' f ;:+ st[ efiffsf 1ftf lyP . pgn] xh/' a'afaf6}
;+:s[t efiff l;s ] .

Toltan] f b'O{ ljifodf km]n x'g]nfO{ pQL0f{ u/fpg] Joj:yf lyof] . pgL ;ft sIffdf
x'bF f Ps ljifodf cgQ' L0f{ eP . pgnfO{ cf7 sIffdf nluPg . pgsf] ;fx|} lrQ
b'Vof ] . pgL /fP] klg . cg'QL0f{ eP klg pQL0f{ u/fpgsf nflu ;QfO; c¶fO; gDa/
cfpg'kg{] /x5]  . pgsf] rflxF ul0ftdf kfFr gDa/ dfq cfP5 . To; ;dob]lv pgL ldlxg]t
u/]/ k9\g yfn ] . ldlxg]tsf] kmn dL7f] xG' 5 eg] emF} pgn] lj= ;+= !((& df b/af/ :sn' af6
k|j]lzsf k/LIff pQL0f{ u/ ] . To;kl5 lqrGb| snh] df egf{ eP/ aL= P= ;Ddsf] cWoog
u/ ] . hflu/df nfUgk' g{] afWotfsf sf/0f pgsf] cfk} rfl/s lzIff oltd} ;Lldt /Xof] .

pgL lj= ;+= @))! df cfB} f]lus Jofkfl/s ;dfrf/ ;ªu\ |x gfds ;:+ yfdf hflu/] eP . pgL
hflu/sf l;nl;nfdf lj= ;=+ @))@÷@))# ;fnlt/ cfB} f]lus ;jI{] f0f ug{ tgx'F / ndhª'
uP . pgn] ToxfsF f] efiff, nfs] hLjg / dfl} ns ;:+ s[ltnfO{ lrGg] cj;/ kfP . pgn]
klZrdsf] nfs] ;:+ s[ltdWo] nfs] uLtsf] ulx/f] cWoog u/L ltgnfO{ ;Íng u//] ks| flzt
u/ ] . tLdWo] s]xL uLt …zf/bfÚ klqsfdf 5flkP, s]xL uLt /l] 8of] gk] fnaf6 aHg yfn ] .
uf]kfnk;| fb l/dfnn] nf]suLtsf] Oltxf; n]Vg ;'emfp lbPkl5 pgn] …xfdf| ] nfs] ;+:sl[ tÚ
gfds k:' ts nv]  ] . oxL k:' ts nv] a] fkt pgnfO{ lj= ;+= @)!# ;fnsf] dbg k/' :sf/
lbOof] . o; k:' tsn] pgnfO{ dbg k'/:sf/ kfpg] klxnf] JolQmsf ¿kdf kl/lrt u/fof] .

lj= ;=+ @))^ ;fndf ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;‹n] ljZjsf] hg;ªV\ of kQf nufpg] /

cf}krfl/s – Jojxf/cg;' f/sf,] lgod k'¥ofP/ ul/Psf]
;jI{] f0f – s'g} ultljlwsf] hfgsf/L lng] sfd
dbg k'/:sf/ – dbg zdz/] sf] :d[ltdf :yflkt ePsf] g]kfnsf n]vs ;flxTosf/dWo] sg' } Ps
hgfnfO{ lbOg] k/' :sf/

efiff au}Frf – & 93