8. 9. B. Answer the following questions. i2 ti it’ L ^ -CA. b It 3. i-fTj'o it’ h 4. It^, L tcTj'o 4'75' 4'(2 i' 5. L i L tz-f]\ bin Ltt><4''.' 4 4(2 cto Jo 7. i L4^'o 4(2 etc' 8. J: < Jo C. Describe the condition using ~'Cl''l). @ki8-09 Example: if *
(8) (9) D. Pair Work—One person looks at picture A below and the other looks at picture B (p. 162). The two pictures look similar but are not identical. Find out the difference by asking each other questions. Example: A : I- ‘j ^ o T v' t -f tJ'o B : l±^ 'o —:>Xo T'i -f o Z>t lii' E. Pair Wopk—You and your partner are working part-time at Little Asia. The manager is sick, and you need to take care of the restaurant for the day. Look at the picture and discuss what needs to be done to open the place for business. Example: A : X.T O y v ' T ^i ^ L'^> i-f J; o btzl
^18^>>->153 as iJ/u t A. You finished doing the following things. Express what you did with @K18-10 Example: finished eating lunch 1. finished doing homework 2. finished writing a paper 3. finished reading a book t L i V'J if- (i^ fz 4. finished tidying up the room 5. finished doing the laundry 6. finished seeing a movie B. The following things happened and you regret them. Express them with ~‘CU ^ 5. @K18-11 Example: LX'iZ (bought a lot) — ij /c < ^ T L i L/bo O tzLTi- (broke it) 11 i!' 2. Ti"(spentall) $ }!•) IJ X ) 3. t' T'y.' fz <r> T'\ (fell down) I'S 4. <73 fi /bCOT, (caught a cold) if 5. d) fi i •) Jjj 7)' o /b <73 T\ (slept in class) 6. rj) /c' 'zifzL T't (Yumi got married) ir 7. i /b^T't (forgotit) Si"? ^ ^Ay li*? 8. L /b <73 T\ (missed a train) AS to IfT
C. You stayed at your friend’s apartment while he/she was away. Now your friend is back; make an apology using o /D 5 for what you have done in the apartment. Example: A B A B Z>)^o Lfz<D7 K’ o tzo iiv'-e-i c tc .r. fz !
D. Pair Work—You did the following things. Explain the situations to your partner in informal speech. Continue the conversation. Example: You borrowed a camera from your friend but broke it. B : Xoo Cit o/cli-7 tJA Nt' J;o I.'* A : ^ 1 tz^o 1. You borrowed a book from your friend but lost it. 2. You received a scholarship but you bought a car with that money. 3. You told a lie to your friend. 4. You had a fight with your boyfriend/girlfriend. 5. You didn’t want to go to class, so you cut class. 6. You overslept and came late for class. A. Change the cues in 1 through 6 into t. clauses and choose the correct phrase on the right to complete each sentence. Ski8-12 •a. 'j t [: (i^ r -r •b. • c. < ’i-'j tto hii'' • d. i -f o -‘e. ifa < ti-'j -r-f • f m i < i-fo • g. 'j i -To Example: ^jlC I - '’i' •?> L ^ ti.‘ U O' < hi -t-r Ex. i-r 1. 'C'^ $ 2. i-f e«it <0 3. L i-tfA (z (i^ C* Ii4' 75' 'e< T 75''<A 5 5. • <1^ tZ-h IJA i 6. #|ZtL'‘j i-f
B. Pair Work—Give advice to your partner who has the following problems using -ct. Example: A : # o B : t-rXo 1. A B 2. A B 3. A B 4. A B 5. A B ^iKTv'^^T-rc 075' il'j /c^'^T-fc o'<!: i2 i-fJ:, {f^ 5 ti tX < ’i'U i-rio i-r J: o'i; C. Pair Work—Talk with your partner using the cues below. Expand your conver¬ sation. Example: _H < 4' -S i)75' - A : II. L V' J:: ^ ^T-To btzl \i 75'Jd ^>75' eFIt 75'#S *>5' A ; <" h V t; i:: ^ ^T-r 60 li'jb' ife75' 2 1. . _ _^ ^ 2 ifl L < ^ 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. A'* ^f^ $ iz^mi-6 $ A/^ J: A:<
|g18ii>>>157 A.The pictures below show what Michiko does. Describe them using 5. Wk18-13 Example: -r ly L L h 7" ly H t: Mj O' o B. Pair Work—Ask your partner the following questions. li^ tz 4'12 * 4(2 J 4(2 5. m #;tt-tTj'o 4(2 75'^7Jf C. Class Activity—Let’s play charades. The teacher gives a sentence card to each student. One of the students mimes the sentence. All other students guess what the person is doing and raise their hands when they recognize the action. The person that gets the most points is the winner. Example: T T 'j — hh fz
D. Talk about the following, using 1. two things you often do at the same time when you are busy Example: 'It L HiTo 2. two things it is better not to do at the same time Example: # / —/h L t''. '(i 0 u 'T'-to 3. two things you like to do at the same time Example: ^ M ^ t' ’J'*' b iSfei" -S <7) ^ T'f o 4. two things you cannot do at the same time Example: 'j ^ b ^f^o i: T/v <7) /j A. Change the following verbs into l^'-forms. @ki8-i4 Example: v'< - t'ltlJ: 1. Jit; 4. 7. 10. ' 13. Lti.‘V' 2. < ^ 5. -t 6 8. 11. 3. <A ?) 6. otJ'o 9. 3 tt''.' 12. ' B. The following pictures are what happened to you as a result of action you took or didn’t take (marked with x). Express your regret using ~IS'ckt)'o/cT:'^. @K18-15
C. Pair Work—You are unhappy. Explain your situation and express your regret using ~IS'ct:t)'o7c. Then, expand the conversation. Example: You didn’t do well on your test. — A ; xX MU < < tJ'o /cT-f c J: n B : Ch^^m%.LtzLTir J: h A : f-x h <751^1: 30^<"bv'o t ^ 0*'^ B : Jio +< 1. You were late for class. 2. You went to a restaurant but it was closed for a holiday. 3. You went on a trip but you didn’t bring a camera. 4. Your college life is boring. 5. You ordered a hamburger but it didn’t taste good. 6. You ate too much and you are not feeling well. 7. You have just started a job. You have too much work. 8. You broke up with your boyfriend/girlfriend. You can’t help thinking about them. D. Pair Work—Express your regret using then expand the conver¬ sation. Example: - AM<73-7. JItJ'o/co 75' h(D B n L T ? A : 'i"<tr'o A ^ o tzLtzo B : 75'75' 1. 2. 3. 4. Your own
w A.Pair Work—Tell each other a story of a failure or a sad experience, which happened contrary to your wishes. Example: A B A B io \:vp^tn a < 4'^ i: —B#T-f o [z t li'f fa B. Pair Work—Ask your partner the following questions. 1. ^ L/ciTlc0$ 3. L J: 9 tJ'o 4'(C 4. TWV'TV'J-ftJ'o 5. i:F^t oTv'i-f ^'o ^ LJ;75'^ C/" L 6. T'.' i-ftJ'o C 4'/^' 4U lii' 7. ^ ^ t:"9 4 'j i-r^'o ?(t C. You are an owner of a restaurant. Look at the picture I-E (p. 153) and tell your employee what they should do. Use Dialogue I as a model.
162 ►►► ^sS • Pair Work Q D. Example: A : y^M0-1- U ^ o T v ' t -f tJ',, nv'-e*) c liv' B : (Iv'o —^X-oT^'i-fo lii' (^ p. 152)
C ulturej^^aQ ^ L Sushi Sushi is probably the best-known Japanese dish. Some of you might think all sushi is made with raw fish, but actually quite a few types are made with cooked items. There are also some vegetarian choices, such as (cucumber roll) and U "f U (a pouch of fried tofu filled with sushi rice). Rice for sushi is vinegared rice, and sushi is generally dipped in b J: 9 (soy sauce) before being eaten. f (Types of sushi) fb Pressed sushi rice topped with a piece offish/shellfish, roe, etc., and sea¬ soned with ^ tf' (green horseradish). Popular sushi toppings ^ <:' 6 tuna t 6 fatty tuna shrimp squid & 4 C!' saltwater eel 9 4 freshwater eel fc Z octopus tiS yellowtail & b Spanish mackerel 9 tC sea urchin 6 salmon roe snapper b Rice with various ingredients inserted, rolled up in Japanese seaweed. In most ^ ^ "f b, the CO U (seaweed) is on the outside, but in some the rice is placed on the outside. Very similar to ^ ^ "f b except that it is rolled into a cone shape by hand. It is easy to make at home. Everyone picks their favorite ingredients to make their own hand-rolled sushi. ^ 6) b "f b Various Ingredients scattered artfully over a bed of sushi rice in a box. (Conveyor belt sushi) bis sushi served at a restaurant where the plates are placed on a rotating conveyor belt that moves past every seat. Customers pick the Items they want. Items of the same price are placed on the same type of plate, so the bill Is based on the number and type of plates taken. Conveyor belt sushi is rather inexpensive compared to traditional sushi restaurants. ^ b
Meeting the Boss U' Cti' ^|5 Dialogue O Takeshi came to the airport to pick up the department manager who went to America on business. @ki9-oi/02 /cItL; iTL/co ^ J: 9 L>J>o^ i 9 9375' ^P -ft : tz\il SP -ft 9 c (1'>T P ;l/^-b#ic $ t:e t;75' $ ^i^i:9 i-'t) i: -r 075' r>x— PUXi^'boL^v'i-i+o 75'o /cltL : juATi-o r>x— p L/X : 3 ij -r oP -ft : v't'Xo O' ^ i 9 -^x- p ixx : 3 bi:"9 ^'o ‘j ‘j i L tzhii^lfi fz^^\
§g19ii»>165 y 0In front of the department manager’s house. @ K19-05/06 > ^ -ft vj' 2 /--It L |5 -ft. O' ^ji-7 4 /clt L 5$P -ft o' ^ J: 9 6 fziil fi< vn';io LT < /c'^ 1 Z'^'v'i L/c< $ ± ^ li4*L i ||it4^5'^2K.^|ctL‘oT'.'-Z)T"L J: -7 2j'bo ^-r 3 b i /c'^^ ll-f/•£J;o Tt, t-f. 3: i -9 U i © Takeshi: Boss, welcome back. You must be tired after the business trip. Department manager: Thank you for coming here to pick me up, Mr. Kimura. Originally, I was supposed to leave Seattle at one o’clock, but it ran late. Takeshi: You must be tired then. Department manager: No, I am fine, but I am a little hungry. Takeshi: Then would you like to eat something and go home? Department manager: That sounds good to me. @ Waitress: Welcome. How many? Takeshi: Two. Waitress: Do you smoke? Department manager: No. Waitress: This way, please. When you decide, please call me. Department manager: Thank you for giving me a ride home. Takeshi: Not at all. Thank you very much for paying for the dinner. Department manager: It was nice to have a good talk with you. Would you like to drop by my house? Takeshi: It’s okay. It’s late, and your wife is probably sleeping. Department manager: No. She must still be awake around this time. Takeshi: But I’d rather not today. Please give her my best regards.
166 m tchj =E @ K19-07 V o cab u 1 a r y Nouns * it (your/his) wife (polite) io z (your/their) child (polite) expression of gratitude ltv^r honorific language * ^ ij iz) this way (polite) * L >i> -o 'ty X 1 tBfR business trip L H) -S'.' a kind; a sort t!:' 'tJ' < ‘\m personality ^ H) 9 junior high school student Y. io h where (polite) Hit<n lazy person 'tfil A worry L 'j i shy person ll^xL chat; talk * X 1 $|5-R: department manager culture t ' F^^v' mistake - a d j e c t i V e ''' 'V ' be on good/close terms; to get along well ^-adjectiv e tll^y m serious; sober; diligent U - V e r b s ''bo L b -S honorific expression for ^ , < ^,and V' ^ * to < -S to walk/drive (someone) {person i place i T) ^5 3 -S to get angry o L b -S honorific expression for v > 9 * tiK^irAlz-fx'^ -S honorific expression for ^ * ^t^ -S to be decided < t£i^ honorific expression for { it ^ * Words that appear in the dialogue
§§19ii>>>167 Z b 1 ^ "S honorific expression for A 'S U T to get acquainted with ('^ ) ~T-7 L ^ honorific expression for T v' ^ honorific expression for i" ^ JXo z-r floMi- to move (to another place to live) * (iX) L § L±7j<>s honorific expression for and <D tJ * Jt .3 ' >f.r; to call (ones name) i) ; to invite {person $ event |l) * ct -S to stop by (~l-) R u - V e r b s * to become late 1 -) to sit down {seat 11) B#m. to become sunny t to be popular (in terms of romantic interest) {people 1C ) Irregular Verbs * ^ U J: -f -S -?) to hold back for the time being; to refrain from Z' ^ -9 -f -5) to treat/invite (someone) to a meal {person [Z meal $*) 1 X 1 fz'^ ^-f 6 to invite someone (to an event/a place) {person $• event/place |l) yi^'^"?) to watch out; to give warning to have a talk Adverbs a n d Other Expressions 'll)! the day before yesterday then; therefore why {—Yll L T) » [iL>l 1 (1 in fact; originally i every morning * tti still * \ -5 i party of... people Inz^ Welcome. * L < J; ^ L < Please give my best regards < X. < o (to...). (~i:)
168»>^i5-:5:5£li ^ G r a m m a r i3»/u IS 5 Honorific Verbs We use special verbs to describe the actions of people whom you respect. These special verbs are called honorific verbs, because they bestow honor on, or exalt, the person performing the activities. honorific verbs irregular conjugations ^T< CKIefcP^ a “D rs 1 1 [ S 1 » « <ni) <rctE^ All the honorific verbs listed above are w-verbs, but some of them have irregular conjuga¬ tions. The long forms < tzi 6, and T ^ ^ b o L ^ ^ end with v ^ i 'f, instead ofthe expected U i "t". When we use an honorific verb instead of a normal verb, we will have sentences which mean that somebody graciously does something. (Thus we never use these verbs to describe our own actions.) We use them when we talk about what is done by (1) somebody higher up in the social hierarchy, or (2) somebody whom you do not know very well, especially when addressing them directly. The professor will (graciously) not go to/come to/be at the school, (three-way ambiguous) tirt!)\ cf.i-f t-ft)' 46 * fz (D What will you (graciously) eat/drink?
< ti^\^t Ifzo tz t£ii'' 7i'* (i^ Ms. Tanaka’s mother (graciously) gave me this book. T-to U .r./v ijii U I hear that the professor (graciously) cooksfor himself. btL-\'T< tzi^\ LAIfl.' Please don’t (graciously) worry. U t:'^ ' i to 7/je professor is (graciously) watching TV. cf. <ililfz cf. T-r II t-) I) cf. cf ' i -r A. For the activities for which we lack special honorific verbs, we add the respect factor as follows: (1) Using T ' b -3 L V ' i i" instead of T » 't if the sentence has the helping verb ^il±€l$Tl§LTt'b-3 L t> (i4' The professor is (graciously) talking on the phone. L fz V ^ Ti" o oi' It appears that the professor is (graciously) tired. «i^LToj'r) li* (< ^sKTv'^A/ct'T-t) 075' (2) Flanking a verb stem with jb' and I - -S, in most other cases.' 33 + verb stem + i Ifzo 75';i 7?ie professor has already (graciously) gone home. (< 'It'j i Ifz) 75';t ’ As the examples show, you can turn most combinations of a verb and a post-predicate expression into the honorific style by simply turning the verb into the honorific form. Post-predicate expressions, such as Z }1 #) U i and < /c "5 ^ \ remain unchanged. This rule also applies to expressions like T t v H ' and T (1 v'(t t).‘t \ and to the potential verbs. It is, however, not considered in good taste to talk about what an “honorable” person can or cannot do, and may or must not do. T v' ^ is exceptional in being a post-predicate that regularly undergoes the honorific style shift. Special honorific verbs generally take priority over L^'?),as seen in the Z ^ o T ^' i't' example above, but forms like t ^ b o L ^ ^ -f are also considered acceptable.
i7o>>>^g5-$:aii i-TTj'o {<mLf-:z L i I Have you ever (graciously) read this magazine? (< it-ox < 075' 075' Please (graciously) use it. Giving Respectful Advice You may hear the form “J? + verb stem + ( in public address announcements and in the speech ofstore attendants. o' i; t Please take a ticket. i (. tz i''o (<l^ij) -tiog6<-' X X Please read the instruction. Although such sentences end with < tzi\ \ it is better to consider that they are (courte¬ ously phrased) commands, rather than requests. When somebody tells you < /c ^ \ you are being encouraged to perform the actions/or yot/r own good. Thus if I want some¬ body to pass the salt/or me it is wrong to say: Please take the salt (and pass it to me). You should say instead: o T v ^ /zTt J -tf ^ Lii t With most ir ^ compound verbs, for example, the prefix Z' is used instead of . Note also the examples with special honorific verbs below Please watch out. kj Please look. 46 * Please help yourself. < tzi\ Please have a good rest. (< (< Z%\zf£h < >0 Ay ?is (< § < ^^<6) 46 * /z (< < ^6) K’i' :ta
MM when you want to express gratitude to someone and if you want to refer specifically to the action you are grateful for in doing so, you can use the te-form + < jK T U ^ 3 verb fe-form + Thank youfor doing... o T <, HX ^ 1 o X '^fz Thank youfor helping me out. If you are thanking someone who needs to be talked to with the honorific language, such as when you and the person are not close or when the person ranks higher than you in any of the social hierarchies, you should say “te-form + < Ac "5 o T U T 3 ' i L Ac.” < Ai'^ oT^'j 9 LAco 9 75' Thank youfor writing a letter ofrecommendationfor me. MM Te-form -I- J: A' o Ac means “I’m glad that such and such is/was the case.” If you want to mention something in the negative in the part before J; ^5' o Ac, you can use the negative teform Al‘ < T. X(i^tPz)TcX'^ I am glad that... t; li^ r I’m glad that 1 have studied Japanese. / T 'j - ^ Af -o T J: tJ' o Ac T-fo I’m glad that Mary got well. ^ (A) 9 'I — UftTj'At' < T J;75'o AcT-fo Vm glad that I did not go to the party yesterday. ^ You can use this pattern to say “thank you for being such-and-such a person,” by using instead of T'^. v H t) Tv'T < ilX 7)^)1 0 o Thank you for heiny^ayood friend. 11
You can say something is “supposed to be the case,” by adding Il'f'T'-t' to a sentence end¬ ing in the short form. It is supposed to be the case... iji-5 tf SVvC-) L Banks must be closed, because today is a Sunday. CO ? y T 'j - ^ Ai± z 1C o fz(i-f'T-f I' I believe that Mary did not go anywhere yesterday. A li'f'Ti" sentence is a statement about what you believe is true or likely, though you lack conclusive evidence. It is used when situations surrounding the case and/or our common sense point naturally to such a belief. li't X'iT cannot be used in a situation in which you are “supposed” to do something because of duty, responsibility, or law. You can turn n't" X'iT into the past tense to describe something that was supposed to have been the case but which actually turned out otherwise. The part that precedes l±”f T L tz is in the present tense. thl {±i^'Tlfz^\ i-d:^TL/co t> -b I was supposed to receive a phone call last week, but I did not. You can use with adjectives and nouns as well as with verbs. bVadjectives: ^f-adjectives: If/u t nouns: (C ^ You see in this example that verbs in the negative can come before (l-fT'f. You may also hear another type of negative, (i'f U i -if X./ and (l"f v \ which means that something is inconceivable. V- t I cannot imagine that the person would tell a lie.
Expression Notes 6 0-cfc5 iiy-h.6\ Honorific forms of nouns and adjectives Some nouns and adjectives are made into honorific forms by adding the prefixes io or CT. jo is usually used with words that originated in Japanese and CT' with words borrowed from Chinese. L St ioTC^ -r d tftn 5 Lyt>C^ jo'It Some other words are replaced by special vocabulary items. ^ - jo^ I'A fz< tin - fi:tz/t't>(,i These words and expressions cannot be used when you refer to yourself, your family, or the group you belong to. B : (iV'o $ t IfA $ (X joTU^tri") How are your parents? Thanks to you, they arefine. /c5 in polite speech We learned that the conditional fz h is based on the past tense short forms. In honorific speech, fz h also follows the long form. 5 I i ^ Please let us know when you are ready to order. < ^X\.7zl^ 15 These “and” words are used in different meanings. ^XVd “and therefore” (to introduce the consequence ofwhat comes before it) mm^^t^A.T:'Lfzo MMLtLfzo t'AL'b $ . C< Trains didn't come. Therefore, I was latefor class. CC “and last but not least” (to say something remarkable) 7i'AC< r At' r Ii4' u liA r l±4' Sue speaks Korean and English. And believe it or not, Japanese too. “and then” (to add an item that comes later in time or in the order of importance) t 4' ^ t' V' / went to Kyoto and Nara. And then I also went to Osaka.
n/v/ ui»3 to ^ A. Change the following verbs into honorific expressions, (a) Special honorific verbs @ki9 08 Example: fT< —*• 1. 3. 5.^6 7. fz ;fa ^ 2. tl 4. -f 6 6. 8. fjct; t' < (7) (b) @Ki9-o9 Example: ^ - ' I ^ ti.' -S 1. 3. 5. i: 1-:b 2. 4. M < 6. iL-o 1 9. 11. < ii6 ir 10. T'v ^ ^ X 7. ^6 9. <7) t 8. X>S fit' B. Describe what Professor Yamashita does in a day using honorific expressions. @K19-10 Example: ^ — t — $• S L'j i "fo to * (7)
(9) 11191^ > 175 C.Change the following questions into honorific expressions. @ ki 9 i i Example: Jl < ‘j i "f LfL/v t 1. ^ g’V ' i-ftJ'o 4'^ V' 2. bl:f^^T"v'i t7J'o 3. $ i-TtJ'o 4. <4i t 6. J: LiD^io 4'(c 7.^^, b^ct < ffi L t> h i O t' 8. CO -9 ? tLtz tJ'o 4'I3 /2 9. C Ij i-ftJ'o 75''1'C< I' 10. L i-f 7JU^c< r (i4' L^L/v t 11. ftii, L/ctJ'o 12. #0, 13. 0 7^(7)|fe^^oTvX-f7j'o (C li/v L 14. ^-y F ^l^oTv'i-fTj'o 75' 15. Y:L-^£ X ,t°- '7 ^ L i -r ^'o 16. 'X'^'o Jit n 17. ^^^LTv'i-TTj'o 18. ^ixu^o/cZ Ij ^^)oi6v'U^ i) 19. ’i'-lflTv'^^T-f’i'o l: li^ C '<^ix ) D. Pair Work—Ask your partner the questions above made with honorific expres¬ sions. Make sure that you don’t use honorific forms when you answer. E.Role Play-Act the role of a reporter or a celebrity whom you like. Reporter: Ask questions using honorific expressions. Celebrity: Answer the questions.
i76>>>^i5-:gas Match the following expressions with the pictures. Put answers in the ( ). @ki9-i2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( .) a. t f. ^ 'o b. r'K< lo /v g075' ^ 'o c. lii' h. 75' '. 'o d. i. x^l) J; e. tb h
A. Express your appreciation to the following people using ~r< TccE^z^ 0 ut5 urc. @ <19-13 Example: <A $ M ^ i to your friend — ^ "^o to your teacher — 'fSl <A $• M ^' T < /c o T ^ ‘j ^ 1 3 ^ v' J L 7c o 4'^ $ Your friend 1. /- h 2. 1 3. T ofz 4. ^ ^ 76'7t O' 5. V'^ l±^ Your teacher 6. i ^75'* 8. '<-y- ^ 9. i: |}^ .i:^ ?5' at 10. U L ± >6' B. Role Play—In pairs, act the role of the following, expressing your appreciation to each other as much as possible. Example: Husband and Wife —*• Husband: ^ 1 o i; i 9 ij o < Wife: ‘j 9 o (#1%^ 6/m^ni t 6, etc.) i: o^< 7^1' fs< 1. Husband and Wife 2. Boss and Secretary 3. Roommates 4. Boyfriend and Girlfriend V
C. Tell the class who you want to express your gratitude to, and what you want to say to them, as in the example. Example: h V T i 'j — <7) io# I-V'/c'T'^o t>/:i fLV' V' i)^h [Z r ib Z< -tf^T-LX:o LT < 9j ®B$icig¥urcfcti'orcT:-r IC Sh, !DBj5S'< A. Express that you are glad you did/didn’t do the things below using @K19-14 Example: H ^IC © ^ (c IJ^ iJ*J)0 75''< B^lctg^LTJlTj'o/cT'ro [z 1. 6 2. iikiil Itl*' ^ lb IC (i^ r 4. o T t) b 9 th X 'Z>ft 5. \Zvui in 6. Z<D±^t:^S: 7. t^nic^sn^-v' 8. UX°- h L i ^ li'p !i' L 10. if h i:5l oM-f fttf, D- 4 B. Pair Work—Talk about the things you are glad you have done/you haven’t done. Expand the conversation as in the example. Example: jo 1:1 ^ \ ' — A:-^)Z}Z\.\ Ifzo ^k^^Az^x-oX J:^''ofzX'Xo B : i:"? IXXX^\ A : (i7j'<79;JJ; L. Lo B : V' < b <" b v.' T L X: tJ'o 1. ^<Dn 2. :^j8, ^A^ltpn 3. X 4. A^ICXo Tt)' b 5. z. hi
-- A. Read the information about Mr. Ishida and Ms. Sato and answer the questions using ~ISf\ @ki9-i5 Example: Q :-Sffl ^ I'L htt v'L fgraduated from the University ofTokyo works for a computer company lives in a big house vegetarian (<'y 9 Ty) good personality diligent student studied in China for one year tennis circle member lives alone 1. Liio y \i 9 I'L fz 07j' (-'L fz ij V'L fz U< fz 4. t Ti-fTj'o t'L fz 5. AllJ; 6. im^ A li tmmm-^ t -t ts r ii4' ^ tin -r 8. L i-fTj'o ^ tn L: o'A ^A.fz< t
180 ►►►^15-sail B.Complete the sentences using 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ^ J: n Z i Z ^ 4'^ ij<D L Ij - M4'^'b , li ^ - 4'!)' o o o o o o C.The following are things you expected to happen but didn’t. Make sentences as in the example. Example: — 12 ^-S — ^tzt)-^<y^-y- ^ li-fT I fz^\ K± LT I fzo tt, < c 1. (i 2. ^<73-9 iTi: u-t°- a 3. tt h 4. %fz%-h^-^z:'iX < Kh 5. O' c -9 $ (2 i; o 6. O' C. 7. ^ 4it -foSiT D. Takeshi went to Nara with Mary, but things turned out differently from what he had expected. Talk about what he had expected and what really happened, using ~ISf'. @ki9-i6 Example: What he had expected What happened his father would lend his car his father left early in the morn¬ ing to play golf using his car ^ < K^U-rX'lfz^X m^<$-x" tT <it !»' <4i ollyiz'n-oX L iL4o
Il19ii>»181 What he had expected 1. they would get on the 10 o’clock bus 2. it would become sunny according to the weather forecast 3. it would take only one hour to Nara 4. they would go to a nice restaurant 5. the date would be fun What happened they missed the bus it rained it took as long as three hours they lost their way Mary got angry E. Pair Work—Using the cues in D, make diaiogues as in the example. Example: A : ^LT < ^fzL/c'lt fio B : ^ 0 ^cl.'^/•£o L tz<D7 A : 9 9— ^fzLfzo <5J I' Then create your own dialogue below. A :_ _ l±-ftz -^fzL fz It %> K’ ^ tz fz o B : ^n-f-xLfio ^iiX\ ltz<ni A B :_ ;_ A. Class Activity—Using honorific expressions, ask questions and find someone who ... 2. 3. 1. writes plays often golf buys lots of a lottery letters ticket_ _ _ 4. 5. has has been an older to Okinawa brother _ _
6. 7. 8. watches comes drinks to coffee TV school every every by day bicycle day _ _ _ B. A Japanese official from a sister city has come to your city. You came to the airport to pick him/her up. Using honorific expressions, ask questions in order to get to know the official. Example: t! )Vff—\Z X 1 Z ^ o •:ETto L ^ ti L liC C. Role Play—Make a skit based on the following situations. 1. This is your last day in Japan. You had a great time because of your host family. Ex¬ press your appreciation to the host family. 2. Japanese language was hard for you. You thought about quitting it many times dur¬ ing the semester, but you could make it because of your teacher’s help. Visit your teacher’s office and express your appreciatioin to the teacher.
ig19ii>>->183 ;(C ulture Visiting Someone’s House Here are some examples of expressions used when you visit someone's house. The guest arrives at the entrance ofthe house. Guest: Zllsb A. <. Hello, is anyone home? The host comes to the entrance. Host: ct < 1^6 o L/co ^ < tz-$l\ Welcome. Please come in. The guest goes inside. Guest: U S U S To* I am sorry to intrude on you. *At the entrance, take off your shoes and place them neatly together facing the doorway. The guest gives a gift. Guest: Cltls mt-AoTt'/c/clt-5 t Here, I hope you will like this. Host: i:'9fc r^S-i+^o Thank you very much. 1 The guest senses that the host is going to serve tea. Guest: ^ 0 < o T L S 6o Please don't bother. I will excuse myselfsoon. 5. The guest leaves the house. Guest: U ^ S L T U tzo* Vve intruded on you. Host: S/i. U^-oT<1^0 Please come again. 1^ ^ L S T is used only when you visit someone's residence; when visiting a professor's office, for example, use L S t" Instead. Likewise, 4b' ^ ^ L ^ L /z is used when leaving someone's house, while L ^ L /z is used when leaving a professor's office.
i84>'>-»^ig • s:sii [^20^ I ^ ^ ^ ^ ® N.20'^ ><7^U—Mary’sShopping t)' t)© ^|5 Dialogue At an electric appliance store. @<20-01/02 abi'/i -C^Ll;Li7^> }jtS 2 V^^T-fo 3;^ I: i-fo 4® t: L i L/co B3t ^ ^ L i-fo i fz 4'5i' -r/v L U Li 5 l-ti-fTj'o .Li L/20 Z.t> Lotii.' 6 L^'oTLb. L i vl n 7 ^r<)- : fc'Mv'Li-fo 8 * * 9® t: t LIRr'^^'i-t^:^o 4^, 1§] ' i-If ^©T^ :i. f- *4' 4-5 l9lt I'J «4 to ic 10 o T ^ /c /c It i -ti: i n/r'i-: ^tiii. .o t t-r <"Siu'if^<7)T\ r^iiim^aifz <{Z 12 13® 4': tJ'L 3 i >j i L tLo i C L Ll;^Z"^"'.'i-^f^TL/co fz 4'75' fott On a street. 0 K20-03/04 1 / T ij - : 2 3 L V' ^ ^ : 4 5 / T ij - : 6 L ' "i X> • -f -tf^o IC L ^MLvn-7;^iil"z ^ A-a- til -lf^2>^ f^f|l/^^'^4^T-fItLL l: < \'^T-fo t. -r tf^ t o$* CAffiJ t ^ •tf^ 1- ;5' '. 'Lit < ^Tt2>'o •^^ -t 75' ic-^j.‘ij i-f =to *i6 i 7 f 55'o
m2om->’-i85 8 / T 'j - : 9 J,' i: o ^ ^ : 10 /T'j- : 11 io L V' ^ ^ : fetin'T\ ^ O/•c^T-t o I'-e- ^ $ i L J: To I'oLJ: <^-ti: ».' i:"T t to^i-^f^o T T-fiKio iZ {j'D t ^ U ^ 9 O Mary: Excuse me. I bought this electronic dictionary the other day, but I cant hear anything. Shop assistant: Please wait a moment. I will call the person in charge. Tanaka: I’m sorry to have kept you waiting. My name is Tanaka. Could I see your electronic dictionary?... It seems to be broken. I am sorry. If you like, we will exchange it. Mary: Please. * * * Tanaka: I am very sorry. We don’t have the same one, so could you wait for a couple ofweeks? Mary: Well... I am going home soon. If possible, I want to return it. Tanaka: Certainly. I am really sorry. Mary: Excuse me. Could you please tell me where Nishikiya is? I have a map, but I can’t make it out. Old man: It is a fan store, isn’t it? You can see it when you turn left at the next corner. Are you going to buy fans? Mary: Yes. I’m thinking of buying fans as a souvenir. Old man: It is a good souvenir. Oh, it’s raining. Do you have an umbrella? Mary: No. I was in a hurry, so I left without an umbrella. Old man: Then let’s go to the store together. Mary: Thank you so much. Your bag looks heavy. I’ll carry it. Old man: Thank you.
186»->^i5-S?£ll U rc/u =E S K20-05 V o cab u 1 a r y o u n s that way (polite) T-/ animation 1 1 tL space alien •t sound rice ball U <7) t <7) #<7)^ our person in charge /i'y: corner <nzn airport t letter; character LT^ branch office U idt hobby; pastime L J: O-tiro novel L ^ r 9 traffic light 7s--tl- sneakers fan o ^ moon TX L i: L J: electronic dictionary F ^ 'y Germany ^ X t — yF high heels ...shop - a d j e c t i V e s t V ' heavy; serious (illness) light -verbs ^ Xc-f extra-modest expression for h 1I< extra-modest expression for and <7) 1I< humble expression for ti b 9 ^^7 to humbly visit; to humbly ask ^0 -5 extra-modest expression for t ^ ^ rx'X extra-modest expression for ^ * Words that appear in the dialogue
~ T 'S * tiir ^ir tr:'6 ^6 ffu-verbs * ^ Z:l 6 f^Zi. 6 i L#)lf^ ^LJilf^ * tfz^^ nfz^6 Irregular Verbs * z 1'S ±>§-r>s * '^LlfL'f i> i^tvair6 Adverbs and Othe * * Tja z i U i L /c * Loidv'LiL/c ^^LLiL * I 1 1 I J: 1 ^HT(± * T^Hli' * i Z ^ i: l^i: i/c * ii t LIX^U * ct L o 7c b extra-modest expression for extra-modest expression for XiT extra-modest expression for t ^ < and < 'S to turn (right/left) (corner i direction lc) extra-modest expression for ^ ^ 9 to return; to come back ('^ I -) to be audible (^') humble expression for #> to convey (message) to keep (someone) waiting (~ $') to exchange (X }1 Y i) to lead a life to return (merchandise) (^i) r Expressions Oh! ... th floor Certainly. 1 am not sure,... fz Tm very sorry, a few seconds ifthat is the case,... if possible really (very polite) again X such as ... You have my apologies. if it is okay (polite)
188 S G r a m m a r /3i/u ^01 Extra-modest Expressions In the last lesson, we learned the special expressions to be used when we want to show re¬ spect to another person. Here we will learn to talk modestly of our own actions. We use the verbs below when we want to sound modest and respectful in our speech, to show an extra amount of deference to the listener. These verbs are almost always used in long forms, be¬ cause the purpose of using them is to be polite to the person you are talking to. Having one ofthese verbs is like ending a sentence with words like sir or madm. extra-modest expressions ao^-r (a^) tT< 1 1 1 (#s) s a (^ r) (tVc'T) 1 1:© J (fVcrdo <D (12 cf^) (~ras) ~zr-r You can use these verbs instead of the normal ones on very formal occasions, for example, when you introduce yourself at a job interview. (They are typically used with the more stilted first-person word , rather than the normal ^A.) bt:a btl t ‘j tto btzil ^5^ I will be in Japan next year, too, sir/maam. b<;<L CtL -foS’iiI graduatedfrom college this June, sir/ma’am. a-o bfz<l (z r I have been studying Japanesefor a year. ^A I± H b IC ^ Z" V N i-f ^ I bt<l am interested (c in 7)' the 5 Japanese H * - culture. cf. '.'i'f cf. •?-0 J'j: •) cf. j I cf ^ ij i -r
m2om^>^is9 You can also use these expressions to talk modestly about your own family or about the company you work for. Extra-modest expressions are frequently used by people in business when they talk to customers. Thus you hear many extra-modest sentences like the examples below, in public address announcements (as in the first example), and in the speech of shop clerks (as in the second). i-fo cf A train is pulling in. cf T-t The bathroom is on the secondfloor. 3' ^ and T 3' ^ i "t* are very stylized and you rarely hear them outside formal business-related situations. Because the effect ofthe extra-modest expressions is to put the subject in a modest light, you cannot use them to describe the actions performed by the person you are talking to or by somebody who is not in your group. Therefore, it is wrong to say: Are you coming to school tomorrow, Professor? WHM Humble Expressions When you do something out of respect for somebody, you can sometimes describe your action using a verb in the humble pattern “ti + verb stem + "f -S(Not all verbs are used this way, so you may want to use only the ones you have actually heard used.) You can speak of “humbly” meeting, lending to, or borrowing from someone, for example. 33 + stem + I (humbly) do ... II $ CO •? 'Li L tLo btzl h I (humbly) met my professor yesterday. lir6-^ t U T-fo btl 75' I intend to (humbly) lend my professor a book. lilfzo bfzl U La t)' I borrowed a dictionaryfrom my professor (andfeel very obliged).
f" ^ compound verbs do not follow this pattern. Instead they simply have the prefix Z’ or fc, such as -5, -S, -S.and -S. 'C'^ t> it h 1 and #>1^-5) have special replacement verbs: it hi — i L/co I (humbly) received this bookfrom my professor i Ifzo bfzl 75'^ U fit I (humbly) had my professor teach me kanji. btzl (i4' I will (humbly) give my professorflowers. 9 9 is a verb with which you can portray yourself as humble in the actions of visiting and asking questions: Ifzo btzl fc< I (humbly) visited my professor s house. h icov nT 9 ^ i L /co ;b/zL I (humbly) asked my professor about the exam. The subjects in the above examples are all “I,” and “I” humbly performs these actions in def¬ erence to the person that is underlined.^ The difference between this pattern and the extramodest expressions that we studied earlier lies here: the extra-modest expressions show re¬ spect to the listeners you are talking to, while the humble pattern shows respect to someone ^ We do not endorse the use of "5 L #) If with the te-form of a verb in the sense of “humbly doing something for somebody,” because many people object to this type of sentence. They argue that the idea that you are doing a service for somebody is ultimately an insolent belief and that trying to talk humbly about it is a rather unconvincing facade. Such speakers prefer instead to use the “ + stem + "f* >£) ” pattern. Instead of: Aff T ^ L#)(f± Lfzo hfzL t, -r A Use: Lfzo I (humbly) showed a map to my professor. You can also talk about one of “your people,” such as a member ofyour family or another worker at the company you work for, humbly performing an action in deference to somebody outside the group. i Ifzo bfzl t>*t Jf< itKMyfather (humbly) served the guest tea. ± L^co btzl lili /ii't-jiJiT -C t'h. My mother (humbly) received a letterfrom the President.
§l20§g>>>191 that appears in the event you are describing. This of course does not preclude the possibility ofyou humbly performing an action for the person you are talking to.^ For example, ( fA (1 7c i T" ^5 3^ ‘j L i'to f will (humbly) walk you to the station. bkl ts< Let us summarize the three types of “respect language” we have learned in the last two lessons. The up arrow and the down arrow indicate the person whose profile is raised or lowered, respectively, by the use ofthe respect element in the sentence. 1. Honorific expressions exalt the subject ofthe sentence. L 'j izf‘) i L/co 75'x. My professor has (graciously) arrived/left. 2. Extra-modest expressions talk modestly ofwhat you do. /T'j — (person listening to you t ) btzl in My name is Mary Hart. 3. Humble expressions demote the subject and raise the profile of another person. ^A(± 1 ^^12 T ± Ifzo btzl (iA I (humbly) returned the book to my professor. If you do something without doing something else, the missed action can be mentioned as ~ ^L‘ ^' (the short negative present) plus T. Note that the present tense form ~ v' is used for both the present and past actions. verb + without doing x ^<Di(Dm±. Mmiilfzo Last night, Istudied without getting any sleep. IL Li ^i)'' LA/O'TL <£ I read a newspaper without using dictionaries. ^ Sometimes we can use a humble expression to describe a situation where we do something for the person we are talking to, meaning “for you,” “instead of you,” and “saving you trouble” LJ; 1 o Let me (humbly) turn on the TV (for you).
Questions within Larger Sentences You can include a question as a part of a longer sentence and express ideas such as “I don t know when the test is” and “I don t remember whether Mary came to the party.” Quoted question clauses are shown in the boxes in the examples below. Quoted questions are in short forms. Note (1) that the clause ends with the question particle when it con¬ tains a question word like fzitl and ‘^'1-, as in the first two examples, and (2) that it ends with when it does not contain such a question word, as in the third example."^ Professor Yamashita does not remember what he ate yesterday. -T-L Do you know where Mary lives? i l i ^ o ITT31 $ Let’s decide whether we will go on a trip this weekend. Question-word question Iji' Yes/no question WO^ithj, etc. The present tense short form tz which is used with a ti.’-adjective or a noun at the end ofthe clause is usually dropped.^ f I do not know who is the best. X>}L I do not know ifthat person is a student. ^ Many people use instead of ^ in their speech for questions ofthis second type as well. ^ Explanatory X.^ XX sentences can also be quoted. When a A^X'X question is quoted, tz (the short form counterpart of XX) is dropped, and L is changed to <D. Direct question: ^'*9 L T / T ^ tzLXX Xo Quoted question: ^ ^ L T / T U U i -If X>o
m2om>>±i93 We often use the particle on the subject within a quoted sentence where (i is expected. Thus corresponding to the direct question /c It L ^ t L fz we say: tAli/clt L ^ Tv btl 4MC /j L / know what Takeshi ate. name item When you want to talk about a person or a thing that goes by a certain name, but if you be¬ lieve the person you are talking to is not familiar with it, you can use the following pattern. (name) (item) (item) called “(name)” (I used to have) a dos called “Pochi.” ri£J t'-7 ( ^^'5 T t(Do you know) a son^called “Hana”? It* T * L You can describe something that is “easy-to-do” by adding the adjective-forming suffix V ^ to a verb stem. A verb stem + v ^ conjugates like an v '-adjective.^ -* fit ^ Z ^ 'T-to 0^' tT/v L C LJ: 075' This electronic dictionary is easy to use. z <nd^\±^A.^ir-0 fzTir0 t X li^ X This book was easy to read. If something is ‘ verb stem. ‘hard-to-do,” you can use another v ^-adjective-forming suffix fz #7J<^v^(7)T^ < v^T'f 0 lJ;ia an fz Fish are hard to eat, because they have many hones. 6 Note that Y’T ' as a separate word means “cheap” and not “easy.” “Easy” is ^ L v v
Sometimes, the subject of a '/1- < \' sentence is a place (where it is easy/difficult to do something in), a tool (easy/difficult to do something with), and so forth. th + This town is quite livable. Z(D7"^Ztlf):A^lZ < V'T-fo (D This glass is hard to drinkfrom. and ~ Ic < \. ^ tend to focus on the psychological ease or difficulty of doing some¬ thing when you use them with verbs describing actions. It is therefore odd to use v ^ or IC < ^ when the difficulty is defined in terms of a physical or statistical success rate. Thus compare: Kanji is hard to memorize. (= I have kanji anxieties) i)-A. L fsis: t'fT)' It is hard to memorize kanji. (= too complicated, too many) ero L 75' It is embarrassing to buy this magazine. (= you are unwilling) efo L 75' L'tT)' This magazine is hard to buy. (= small circulation; hard to come by)
||20ig»>195 tc =b5 A. Change the following words into extra-modest expressions. @ k2o-06 Example: fT ^ —* # 'j i V' it' 1. 2.tl 3.^^ 4. 5. 6.^^ 7. #:t; 8. ^%ht£ t' < (7) B. Match the following sentences with the pictures. Put answers in the ( ). @K20-07 a. ±ic#'j i-fo it' o$' 4'4'7)'t' b. i-To 'C'^L*f' it' c. J;-S L < 'V'/c L i-fo tz tiTi'* d. 5C(l^tfa^'ltTJ.''j i-fo t'i -r e. i-fo T *9
C. Pair Work—You are at a very formal reception and have just met your partner for the first time. Ask each other the following questions using honorific ex¬ pressions. When you answer, use extra-modest expressions. 0 K20-08 1. ^ t. ^ ^ V \ 2. V'og:^i:^i L fz^\ ic {^^ ^ 3. b 4. <^AA±^'o 6. L ii-Tj'o Ji'ict. 1C l^^ r :<I}H 9. ^ i L/ctJ'o •tf:^L^}>9 L»))9Jo V' 10. tj D. Below on the left is Mr. Brown’s speech of self-introduction at an informal party. Rephrase the speech for a very formal reception by filling in the blanks with extra-modest expressions. 0 <20-09 Now make your own formal speech supposing you were representing a company.
Il20ii>->>197 E. Pair Work—Telephone Conversation Smith calls Yamada’s house. Change the undelined parts and practice the dialogue with your partner. @k2o-io ub m : K-t tX ^ X : lb m : X i X : lb ffl : ‘(‘t fi X ^ X : 'fi tz ^ J; o ^ {±j7j'ltT^5''j .o v'j -r •r'^ t) o/j /^Ti-Uo h-6'') i Ifzo ^?LL ito Loni' A. Change the verbs into humble expressions. @ <20-11 Example: - '"f-5 $) i) 1. U ^ 3. 2^^ 5. 75' < i: 2. 24-f 4. 6. 75'X. b (i4' 8. "Sf-f 75' 9. t hi 10. B. Look at the pictures and politely offer your help. @k2012 Example: L i L J: 9 tJ'o
C. Pair Work—One of you is a boss. The other is a subordinate. The boss asks the subordinate to do various things. The subordinate responds using humble expressions. Example: Boss’s situation: You want to take a taxi. Ask your subordinate to call a taxi. A : 9 9 ' ? <D X B : X Boss’s situations: 1. Your bag is very heavy. Ask your subordinate to carry it. 2. You are thirsty. Ask your subordinate to make some tea. 3. You want to go home. Ask your subordinate to give you a ride. 4. You are going to move to a new house next week. Ask your subordinate to help you. 5. You want to borrow your subordinate’s book. Ask him/her to lend you the book. 6. You want to know Tanaka-san’s telephone number. Ask your subordinate to look up the number. 7. You want to eat rice balls. Ask your subordinate to make some. 8. You want to have your subordinate’s watch. Ask him/her to give it to you. D. Change the underlined parts into honorific, humble, or extra-modest expressions. 1. tzlil O' <D "ft • 9 /Co O' ^10 /cItL :
usoii ►►►igg 2. fzi-fl -ft. O' fzi-fl t 1 lfz^\ O' hxn (i/v i *9 X /c ct o ct 75' 75';i 3. /--ItL ^P -ft 'V ^ J; 9 T^clt L ^p -ft O' ^xn /clt L ^-ft, ^ T-f-tlo O' (c bl2jx<_^T''f75'o ,lRiTlT< ^/c'o #T^'j <si «< 4. /cltL “5 It ott tJt L •tit olt t-lt L Ti/'T p -7'<;P<7)7Ktt^il_Li_ilc tb ffl^p-R; 1 :^W^1T-f ^t tz O' t)J;t * i!5g:T t: I'i o T o L4)ot> J: • ^4'' t -9 $ J: t ^ t T'-f tJ'o ^ ^ L ' i-r, rt>T*'Yc tf «{, ^tiTii, i/c ^ L /i 9 ' i -fo ettl'Tr, rcu A. Describe the pictures using @k2o-i3 Example: /e It L '5 A li If ?• ? b ti.' '•' T\ 1. felt L ^ t Itz. ±^\zn^ t ifzo
2oo>>>^iS-5taa§ B. Complete the following sentences. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. L i'.'i L/co < d c ^ I' L iv'i L/co LivNj L/co O' /c< _'T\ « i L /co V'<75 T\_ fsaiiii iTj'o/citt:". CfTi' -tirV'Ti'o UA, A. You have been involved in a car accident and have lost all your memory. (For some reason you can speak Japanese.) You are at the hospital and your doctor will ask you the questions below. Answer them using 0K2O-14 Example: Q : /'j ilK.'C'f ^'o l:^ UA 1. JS’i'AllH^AT-tTj'o C (iACA 2. 3. i-Tj'o ItoCA C i-t