Kyoko (kindly) took Tom to the station (because he would be lost ifleft all by himself). cf. i L /io [an objective statement] We use < H -i) when somebody does something for us.^ ^ H ^ O T UtJJlo tt T o/i Afriend helps me with my homework (for which I am grateful). ifzo L^ «< A relative sent me cookies. (Ishould be so lucky.) We use the te-form + t h 1 to say that we get, persuade, or arrange for, somebody to do something for us. In other words, we “receive” somebody’s favor. The person performing the action for us is accompanied by the particle IC T t Ifzo htzL tt L*<fc'i' r Igot afriend ofmine to help me with my homework. Compare the last sentence with the < H -S version below. They describe more or less the same event, but the subjects are different. In b 9 sentences, the subject is the beneficiary. In < K -S sentences, the subject is the benefactor. T < Hi Ifzo T o/c A friend ofmine helped me with my homework. ^ The beneficiary is almost always understood to be the speaker in < H ^ sentences. Therefore it usually does not figure grammatically. If you have to explicitly state who received the benefit, you can follow the same strategies employed in (f ^ sentences. That is, if the main verb has the place for the person receiving the benefit, keep the particle that goes with it. The verb T ^' < calls for , while ^ ^ calls for IC, for example. ? J; Z ^ t' o T < H i L /co (Compare: ^' < ) bf:l ;i 5 o bfcL x 5 o Kyoko took me to the station. /clt L ^ T < Lfzo (Compare: ) btzl ii'A, i: HL btzl A'A, L L Takeshi taught me that kanji. If the main verb does not have the place for the person, use /c ^ IC. ^ is one such verb. < iltlfzo btzl ^ ^ n [Z Ken cleaned the roomfor me. ^ Sometimes, a t h 1 sentence simply acknowledges a person’s goodwill in doing something for us. For example, you can say the following, even if you had not actively asked for any assistance. (The sentence is of course okay with the “get somebody to do” reading.) (1 ^ b tt'V N A1: 31 ^ M ^ o btzl I Ok ti'A, i: J: I am glad that a stranger read the kanjifor me.
ga -xurctMmnfot' We will learn three new ways to make a request. They differ in the degrees of politeness shown to the person you are asking. (polite) ~r (casual) We use the ^e-form of a verb + ^ ^ /c /c' 11 i -tf ^ to make a polite request."^ This is more appropriate than < when you request a favor from a nonpeer or from a stranger. X 'Dfz Would you lend me a hand? The te-form 4- <H^'t!:^7JMsa request which is roughly equal in the degree of politeness to < /cV \ < ;(1 i -tf of course comes from the verb < ^. This is probably the form most appropriate in the host-family context. ^ J: o Will you waitfor a second? You can use the te-form + < H ti' v \ or the te-form by itself, to ask for a favor in a very casu¬ al way. This is good for speaking with members ofyour peer group. ^ X ( ? or t t Pick that thing up (and pass it to me), will you? comes from \' tz /"i It the potential verb, which in turn comes from ^^fztz^, “to receive (something or a favor) from somebody higher up.” We also have < /c' *5 V ^ i -If which comes from the verb < /c ^ ^, “somebody higher up gives me (something or a favor).” < /c ^ t Ws historically a truncation of < The variants ofthe ^' /c /c (t i -tf pattern are listed in what is felt by most native speakers to be the order of decreasing politeness. In addition to these, each verb can be used in the affirmative as well as in the negative. ~ T V' /c /£ (4 i -If X> 7^' (V' /c /c {+ ^, the potential verb for v' X: /c O '-T < (<tz^i>) t h ^ i -{t the potential verb for b 4 ) (4bX.^,in the short form) (<4L^,in the short form)
You can use the present tense short form + t u ' X'-f (polite)/ 1't' (casual) to say that you hope something nice happens. When you say i; v. n ' T'-f ^ or v n ' you are wishing for the good luck ofsomebody other than yourself b ^ t'V.'Ti" I hope youfind a good part-time job. O' I hope it doesn't rain. To say what you hope for, for your own good, you can use ^ ^ X"ir (polite) or (casual). These endings show the speakers attitude is more tentative and make the sentence sound more modest.^ L lt^ I am hoping that the exam is easy. lit. C -c ^L'! n I hope I can catch the eight o’clock train. (short, present) L I hope... (for you/them) / bMt/urclj'<!f o I hope... (for myself) Note that all these sentences mean that you are hoping that something nice happens. This means that these patterns cannot be used in cases where you hope to do something nice, which is under your control. In such cases, you can usually turn the verb into the po¬ tential form. It'S Compare: X ^ ^ I am hoping to go to college. = I am hoping that I can ^ ^ If I hope thatyow do something/or me, that is, if I want to make an indirect request, we use X ( before ^ v n ' ^Xir as in: X--J 5 Sue, I hope you will come.
We use the word ^ to describe when something happens or happened. sentence A Bi, sentence Bo When A, B. T t time reference main event The sentence A always ends with a short form, either in the present tense or the past tense. You can decide which tense to use in A by doing a simple thought experiment. Place your¬ self at the time the main event B takes place, and imagine how you would describe the event in A. If A is current or yet to happen, use the present tense in A. IfA has already taken place, use the past tense.'^ The present tense in A If, at the time the main event B takes place, A is current or is still “in the future,” use the present tense in A. I' t I will get the visa issued when I go to Tibet. A:-1- going to Tibet B:-^ii"!' t having the visa issued Note that as long as the event A occurs after the event B, the clause A gets the present tense (It < ), irrespective ofthe tense in clause B ‘j Or or 'j i Ltz). In the example below, t t the whole sequence of events has been shifted to the past: at the time you applied for the visa (=B), the departure (=A) was yet to be realized. The temporal order between the two events is exactly the same as in the example above, hence the present tense of . Note especially that we use the present tense in A, even ifthe two events took place in the past. t Ifzo I had the visa issued when I was going to go to Tibet. ^ The grammar of the ^ temporal clauses in reality has more twists and quirks than are shown here, but this should be a good enough start.
Observe more examples ofthis tense combination. oy y y h ii'o tb t I take out the contact lenses when I go to sleep. (You take out the lenses [=B], and then go to bed [=A].) L/eo •r ti I locked the door when I went out. (You locked the door [=B], and then went out [=A].) Clause A also gets the present tense, when the state ofA holds when the event B takes place/ ti t) I call up friends when I am lonely. feeling lonely A:-1- B:-^ make phone calls ^ ^ ^ Note that adjectives get and nouns get <D before ^-y-^ tiro AC htzi I get a headache when it is cold. ^ If A is a verbal idea (action) and describes an ongoing event during which B takes or took place, the verb in A is in the T V' 'S form. In the example below, the phone call event (=B) occurs in the middle ofTV viewing (=A). f-U t Ifzo ^ b t L -r^b A phone call came when I was watching TV. A: B: watching TV H—=—h ± L/cc phone call Note in this connection that it is wrong to use the following sentence pattern, because fT o T t^ does not describe an ongoing event but is a description of the result of “going,” that is, being in a faraway place after going (see Lesson 7). I.' b b U Zb b <r> I went by plane when I was going to Okinawa.
ii-o {f^ $ tb liL Ijog in the park when Ifeelfit. i L/co V'ati Utn $ tb o I took the dog to a vet when it was sick. The past tense in A If, at the time of the main event B, A is already “in the past,” use the past tense in A. Note that we use the past tense even when the two events are yet to take place; it is the order of the two that matters. In the example below, you will have already arrived in China (=A) at the time you buy tea (=B). , . , 75' /5' buying oolong tea ^ (il' I take a long bath when I have gotten tired. (You get tired [=A], and then take a bath [=B].) L ivNi L/co I cried when I hadforgotten to bring the homework. (You found out about the homework [=A] and then cried [=B].) aa ~zf3tmith,z-brc You use the te-form of a verb to describe the things you have done that you want to apolo¬ gize for. ^ ® ^ o T ^ 't* A i -tf /.> T L /c o Zt {£ 075' I am sorryfor usingfoul language. Sorry that Istood you up.
|g16ii>»107 When you want to apologize for something you have failed to do, you use ~ < T, the short, negative te-form of a verb. (To derive the form, first turn the verb into the short, nega¬ tive ~tt' V', and then replace the last' with < T.) I am sorryfor not bringing in the homework. (i^ I' Sorry that I did not tell you earlier Expression Notes 4 -\ c^TrT^You can turn an '/'-adjective into a noun by replac¬ ing the last V' with $. Thus from § V' you can get § § (size). Similarly, ^ § (kindness), (loneliness), and so forth. Some ^-adjectives too can be turned into nouns by replacing ^ with $, as in |J $ (convenience). 33cZ'S -S is mainly used among friends. ^ is a polite alterna¬ tive for Use 'T'-9i" -S instead when the person who will treat, or treated, you to a meal is a superior, such as a teacher or a business associate. ^ ^ refers to “invite for a meal” as well as “pay for a meal.” LX < fit Lfzo ts tn V'i i±/c Mr. Sato treated me to lunch. LtLfzo X l±7v l±^ I invitedfriendsfor dinner this weekend. <__J MV-h.4I
io8>>>^§5-3ta$e ©iafrurteif^-r Ud:5Z)'l^ A. Your friend is sick, and you did the following for your friend. Describe them with @K16-08 Example: cook dinner -*• ^ ft -:> T ^ Ifi L fc o (±% o < 1. help with his homework 2. correct his paper 3. buy flowers 4. take him to the hospital 5. do laundry 6. clean his room 7. lend him your notebook 8. send an e-mail to his teacher 9. go to a bank and withdraw money 10. do dishes B. Pair Work—Your partner needs help. Tell what you would do for your partner in each situation using ~‘C^lf'^. Example: A : \ '^T'f o B : f-f T-ff'o L j; ? f© btzl th LJ:9 75'V' XA.fz o< 2. $ fc^'lf 3. 4^0 + ^t^|f/J.'V'^T-ro $ J: d UH)-? 4. '<7)T\ bfL'O.''.'^T'f o nh 5. ^ ^ ifztn 6. ^'Xl7^>jiI:K/c^T-ro ro J5<
^16^>>->109 C. The following are what your host mother, your friend, and a stranger did for you. Describe them with and ~'Ct)65. Ski6-09 Example: < Kt Lfzo t bv'i L/co ii^h o< 75'* tt ^ ^'A. L 0-t Ex. liA o< 1. L 2. ir 6 3. TT n7 > 4. Cil' < 5. 17—t — 6. :^fpiC34;KTv'< J J: •) t o 7. — * 8. 75' LA A 9. *A4H' 10. .A* *'L 11. (c Lo L 12. V‘K’( 75' D. Describe what the following people did for you using ~T:<Tl^/~'Cfe55. 1. #/5C lili ** 2. 3. LA 4. it 5. 15) i: 7 «4- O-t
iio>»>^i5-:s:;£ite E. You visited a Japanese family last weekend. Describe what they did for you and what you did for them using 5. (:1]k16-10 Example: T < ;fti Lfzo i}''h lf^ o< t Itzo 75'* (^^ l±^ o< / /
F. Omiai Game—You are at an Omiai Party. Ask three people if they are willing to do the following after they get married. Add your own question. After the interview, tell the class who you want to see again and why. Omiai(')is a meeting between potential mates for an arranged marriage. Example: do laundry A : L T < B : t A^^LT^Ifi'ro/ (After the interview.) bfzl o [Z ij name ( ) name ( ) name ( ) cook clean the house wake me up do dishes take out the garbage buy present iron G. Answer the following questions. ZA. f (i(i U X> 4'U 2. ir < iKi i/ZTi'c eft ii jS'-P< 4-(; 3. LT t b^'/cV'T-rTj'o 4. irt 5. -fo IX ti ^ z 4'(: 6. LT t bV'/ct'T-r^'o 4'U
life#: A. Ask these people the following favors, as in the example. 0ki6-i i Example: < Ui- \tt£ (titi%) i1) o < ‘j M L T < ' ? ti (i4' (-tX k 7r ^ ^) r})o<'j|§ /i'* (i4' Ii4' LT < 1. y-h 2. ^J^ 75'^ 3. t t LJ: 975H^ 4. €#-r-s ^^l^^ r^ 5. 7XB#|C^Z-f 6< i: ^ 6. miwI^EX i. 5 f< 7. o< 8. X o/i 9. 10. i V'•li:^l:J:-) 75' 11. ;tV' r 12. ^<.5•.^ &« B. Pair Work—Practice request sentences in the following situations, altering the level of speech (~<fl^l/^/<fl^ti/uto'/l/l/c/cl:f^t^^tl') depending on whom you are asking. Expand the conversation. Example; You want to go somewhere, (to your boyfriend/girlfriend) — A: K^d'yi7it^Tv'oT < o B : lift^ t' A : /c'. 'o V' 1. You are broke, (to your host mother) 2. You need one more day to finish the homework, (to your teacher) 3. You are expecting a guest, and you need help around the house, (to your child) 4. You love your host father s tempura, (to your host father) 5. You want to meet more people, (to your friend) 6. You want to have the letter that you wrote corrected, (to your boss)
in6ii>>>113 A. Read each person’s situation, and express what you hope for him/her. @ki612 Example: You get well soon. -> J; < < LX'-to UiClO 1. It is good weather. 2. It is not cold. 3. It is fun. J LT-to 1 ^ i: I.'_J ^ _ 4. You can get into a graduate school. 5. You can get a scholarship. 6. You can do good research. ^ ^mM^tzLT-^o 1 V L-Xgi.' fej-_J . . 7. Your teacher does not collect the homework. V 3 y 8. Your teacher does not come to class. 9. A typhoon comes and there is no class today. B. You are in the following situations. Explain your situation and say what you hope for. Example: You want to live in Japan. u -r Zlt 1. You have a test tomorrow. 2. You are going to climb a mountain tomorrow. 3. You want to get married. 4. You will begin a homestay next week. 5. You will study abroad.
C. Pair Work—One of you is in the following situations. Make a short dialogue for each situation expressing what you hope for. Example: B is going to Disneyland this weekend. - A : 1 Lfz(Dc i i tzUo B : x-f X— — yy Kicff ^ ^/'io A ^ 1 o H ^ t H (I hope for you.) 'C^ $ B : 1 Lo I ^ (I hope for myself.) 1. B is going to go skiing this weekend. 2. B has a final exam tomorrow. 3. B is going to meet someone on a date tonight. 4. B lost his/her wallet. 5. B has caught a cold. 6. Your own A. Describe each situation using ~B|. @ki6-i3 tb <tU (r> W^XHi-To ^ bn 1.'
(7) (8) Itz. B. Connect the sentences using ~^. Pay attention to the tense before B|. @ki6-i4 Example: LA-ti:o 0< x>t h - i-fo tl tb LA-tiro J 1. 6. xVX'--7y KUff </Ay4-- ti < b/cL tib i' "CA ^ 3. 7. .t-A'>-y 7/c'/5i< 4. r^-AJ 1:^0 8. </^l%i:^t< L'fLA t Cfini'A i' 5. ijii U C. Pair Work—Ask each other the following questions. Answer them with ~0|. Example: A i i "f ^'o B ; m^HkAi-To hkt '.'tz hi <ti) n 1. l::"AABf^:^^+frh'ij J-f^'o t 3::6''o c n 2. t:"AAB#^i:l;l§L t J AA : :> 3. ^X^ct-Bfo ;aL < 4‘‘j i-TAo 4. L i-fTj'o t J A^io 5. i I tz-/)\ tb tn 6. L i L AtJ'
D. Complete the following sentences. 1. 2. 3. 4. ^ Z/ Lv'B#, 5. liC (c (^^ r tb ' 6. tt 7. L iS - Bf, fcj B#. ^oTliv'l-)^-ti:^o B#, '<—7- 't — t: Li I J: 1 ~tb B#, i-to ~tb th ^ntzA. XMtt. @*6n^l:<rra^sti^ ^rUfc A. Make sentences apologizing for the following things using ~‘(rf5:^^t+/uZ:Urc/ @K16-15 Example: Hti'V C i1) J' J: -7 C. m< C i4) $ J: *7 C. *^'oT3<i6X^o (to your professor) 1. Ii4' 2. t 3. 4. Ji-) 75' Li L (to your friend) 5. «< €l§-f'S -CA. t> 6. 'f<-5-< ii i' 8. llffltti.''.' t'Ti' V' B. Make sentences to apologize for the following things and add excuses. Use or --Z(2^hj depending on whom you are talking to. Example: You came late to the class, (to your professor) B : L'i A : m^^itzLx-r. hi ft (It 1. You couldn’t come to the class, (to your professor) 2. You woke your roommate up. (to your roommate)
3. You forgot your friend’s birthday, (to your friend) 4. You laughed at your friend, (to your friend) 5. You told a lie. (to your friend) 6. You lost the book that you borrowed from your host father, (to your host father) nA/Ui»5 A. Talk about a good experience you had recently. Example: Z<DM. —AT ^ IP I: ^ ^ i:^t o/cB#. itI-^ATTo :^<7)AUit^M1^ i L Ao ^<r>Al±^X ii# $ X>t LA-^O Xh liit^KTv'oT < Hi L Ao ^LT. ^<7)A(l(i^'<7)Ji# 4 L o n't xib ^)A4''.' T<HiLAo 9HLAo/--T-fo B. Role Play—Make a skit based on the following situations. 1. You were absent from class yesterday. Apologize to your teacher and explain why you were absent. 2. You forgot your date. Apologize to him/her. Then tell him/her that you are too busy to have a date this week, and ask him/her to wait till next week. (C ulture !) Gift-giving in Japan hO) L i?) 9 Gift-giving is an important part ofJapanese culture, and takes place on various occasions. For example, in July (in some areas, August) and December, people give presents to their bosses, colleagues, and relatives to express their gratitude. These gifts are called i)4^5c and respectively. Japanese department stores offer a wide variety of items during the season. The most common gifts are liquor, sweets, coffee, tea, and various daily necessities, including soap and detergent. On average, the gifts cost somewhere between 3,000-5,000 yen. Another type of gift is (souvenirs). When Japanese people travel, they purchase local food products or small Items to give to their friends, family, and co-workers. When visiting someone's house, Japanese people often take (lit., hand souvenir), such as sweets or fruits. If you are invited to a Japa¬ nese home, it Is a good Idea to take some ^with you. items at a department store
f"17" I ^ ^ ^ ® H-17'1 <'-5t5bcsm Grumble and Gossip IJTcCU ^l5 Dialogue O Gue and Takeshi have just run into each other at the station. kiz-oi/02 1 X-: ^ U L/c-t T T'-f V'ts U J: o -9 7!i'*0 L ^ L K> 9 L J: < 2 9 3 /clt L : ^ 'j 9 3" J -fo 4X-: t L/ctJ'o 5 /-1-t L : T t g < 'ft L < 'j i L fzo TSK-ei' < lb U o'^ L 75'^ 6 ^f'^-^f^’i•\'^T'fo 7 X — : 9 /bit L 10 11 X— : 12 /bit L /jo^/v bfzl ti it #3 ^5 ^yJ:9 ^'^9 T-fto 9 L v'T'-f Jlo It < O^thlilt^o^ L. eFOTO ^t±i:X^|frici:"9 75'1,'L^ I±V' LXt'^ bii<tl.t'o/c^T'rt'o Uli :^|f^t±l-Xo fzh. ^ b ,^>0 /b^T"'f o ij i C.-9 ^ LliV' 'J i C. 9 it^j Ken and Sue have arranged to meet at the coffee shop. @K17-03/04 1 X — 2 lt^ 3 X — 4 lt^ 5 X — 6 lt^ It^, ,IRT/clt L ^ ^lc|‘o/cJ;c fzii L LTt'b-tfX-tfX^oT/i-v'ltil't Ttm/cX/b? -f-oi'j-i * lr^ s X^'.tX^;KTv'>SX/bV'o «E3, XB#f^ Lt'«T\'^i‘V'^9/iXo o:«' ioliX L O' C y5'^ ia ^olf'j^tx 'j-xxiiX^/b'tLXo ^tLlX 'It L-f^'T/T'j-bX- tt-v'oTo U 75X ^ 9 t'o (iX/iXtb. ^onx. XXXt' L O't tS'COUJ: tib oXjIJ /iOi:i9 vt^ 7 tXo
© Sue: Takeshi, long time no see. Tve heard you got a job at a travel agency. Congratulations! Takeshi: Thank you. Sue: Have you gotten used to the job yet? Takeshi: Yes. But compared to my college days, I have become very busy. I don’t have any time for myself. Sue: That’s tough. At my friend’s company, there are many holidays, and they don’t have to work overtime, I heard. Takeshi: I’m envious. At my company, there are few holidays and the salary is low ... It can’t get worse. Sue: Why didn’t you check more before you entered the company? Takeshi: I thought that I could travel around when I got in a travel agency. Sue: I happened to meet Takeshi at the station this morning. Ken: I haven’t seen him since he graduated. How was he? Sue: He looked very tired. He said he sleeps only four or five hours every night. Ken: Company employees in Japan have a hard time, after all. Sue: Besides that, he said he doesn’t have time to go out with Mary. Ken: I see. IfI were him, I would choose the girlfriend over the job. I hope they’ll be okay.
m Tchj V o cab Nouns A. io ^ z -k 'm * H> 1 ') X 1 mm oy 9 9 V * * -y- -7 ij —V y * n > 3 -y t° y — xy°—y tz^'h < C i: t^#ia — a. — X /N“y / t-ytAlf -f— "9 '•) in * U J: 3 T ' L ^ - a d j e c t i V e s * 9 L^' o J; ' pp @ K17-05 u I a r y guest; visitor; client; customer man hot water woman lock; key fire paper salary contact lenses the lowest; the worst salaryman; company employee overtime work prime minister shopping mall spoon lottery difference zoo news panda heater beard secret boots dormitory travel agency dangerous envious a little; a few strong * Words that appear in the dialogue
-verbs h z C <' ®fc<" u - V e r b s V 1 fz')6 mu 6 r r e g u 1 a r Verbs '(7) ij -f -5) It L J: -7 -t -S im-r^ m-f'S -r^ U L d V e r b s a n d O t h e i-r (#>) 11' tzY^U ~l- < b'^T '^IZX^Y i Y’olf'j to choose; to select (~ $•) "f to boil water to comb ones hair to get crowded (~ ^') tz to win a lottery to take off (clothes) ) to shave one’s beard to make tea, coffee, etc. ) to be born to lock (~l-) to be sufficient; to be enough to get used to ... I -) to pray (~l-) to put makeup on to get a full-time job (at...) (company ic) to wear small items (necktie, watch, etc.) ^) to get a divorce r Expressions Congratulations! I wonder ... (casual) oneself very I see. (casual) moreover,... for example compared with ... according to ... before... after all
)2a G r a m m a r ir\h 1^5 (I hear) In Lesson 13, we discussed the sentence-final expression ? l T't’, which means “seeming¬ ly.” Here we will study another sentence-final -?• i Ti", which presents a “hearsay report.” The two 9 T't' differ not only in their semantics, but also in the forms of predicates they are attached to. You can add the ?: Ti" of a report to a sentence ending in the short form.' If you heard someone say: (C IS.A r tz<D ''OurJapanese class isfun” “Our professor is very kind!’ D ^-e/uT: urcoj “We did not have a class today.” You can report it as: I 1C have HA. r heard that tz<n theirJapanese - class isfun. I have heard that their professor is very kind. ^(D 0 ^ rc^ozs-o I've heard that they didn't have a class that day. When we use ^ i Ti", the reported speech retains the tense and the polarity of the origi¬ nal utterance. We simply turn the predicates into their short forms. (Thus Ti" after a t:- adjective or a noun changes to tz, while Ti" after an v ^-adjective is left out.) Compare the paradigms ofthe two i Ti". verbs: I hear that... It looks like... 2 LVadjectives: tlUO^oZ-^ ^-adjectives: - -rfnoun +Tr'3': - A'X fit' *''< -y-t' You can also use ^ i Ti" to report on things that you have come to know via people, print¬ ed matter or a broadcast. To specify the information source, you can preface a sentence with ^ The TT ofreport is robustly invariant. The only forms commonly used are *9 TT and the more casual 1 tz. We do not use the negative ^ o L' Af’ v' T't, and the past tense version ^ 0 T'L fz. ^ See the footnote on ^ Ti" in Lesson 13.
the phrase ~lcJ;-2>J:l,asin V LK X (according to Tom), I- J; -5 ^ (accord¬ ing to the newspaper report), and =t -S (according to the weather forecast). C^ $ J: 15^ < According to the weatherforecast, a typhoon is approaching. MM ~oz In informal speech, you can add o T at the end of a sentence, instead of 1 T 't, to quote what you have heard, o T is the informal variant of the quotation particle and follows the short forms in much the same way as a* o T v ^ i L fz and -? 9 Thus, when your friend Mary says, r^^aii'lt LvNT-fo ^L/c. J J: ^ L lt^ you can report it as: Lv^oTo 5 J; 0 i'-t!)' L lt^ Mary says she’s busy today. She says she has an exam tomorrow. You can also use o T in place ofthe quotation particle H before verbs like "5 1. ^ ^ h t T f'iXfzl^ What did Akira say? ^ A/ V' f- ^ o U — f 1? tz'oX'i’ r>X fzo He said he ate too much chocolate. O -fcs fz h is one ofthe several words in Japanese that refer to conditional (if) dependence.^ When we say “A fz B,” we mean that “B is valid, contingent on the fulfillment of A.” That is to say, the event, action, or situation in B is realized if and when the condition A is met. C (JA w $ h<D 75' I will buy kimono ifand when I go to Japan. ^ o T and ^ can also follow the long forms, and indeed sentence final particles like and Jc, if your intent is to quote verbatim, preserving the style and tone ofthe original utterance. -o T changes to T after Ay. ^ We learned one use of this word in Lesson 14: tz h 1 T't used in recommending an activity to the listener, fz h ^ 1 T't literally translates as “how is it if.”
124>»^gg-g;£S The initial fz in fz b comes from the short form past tense endings of predicates. verbs; i. affirmative negative iK^W-DTce bVadjectives: ore 6 ^-adjectives: — Mti'Tcz>rcE) noun +Tr'3‘: — i^Bi-Tc^TcS Sometimes, the clause before fz h describes a possible condition and the clause after it the consequence which then follows. Whether or not the condition is actually met is largely an open issue with this set of sentences. It may be fairly likely, as in the first example, or very unlikely, as in the last. s ir V' We will gofor a walk, ifthe weather isfine. I will ask about it, ifIsee Professor Yamashita. 3(;)-S-||$^oTw>z,TL J: To C Zt IX L Ifsomebody is a Japanese person, then they will probably know this word. tzi'ih * ^,,-13 J,'< I would send money to Amnesty International, ifIshould win the lottery. Note that when you say “A fz h B,” you cannot express a sequence of events in which B oc¬ curs before A; B can only take place at the time A comes true or later. You cannot therefore use fz h to describe an “if” sentence like the following. (“B” = this weekend, which comes before “A” = next week.) X L/cIi? Tjn't'T-r Jlo It will be betterfor you to study this weekend^ ifyou have an exam next week. Sometimes, the fz h clause describes a very probable condition, and the second clause de¬ scribes the event that will take place as soon as the situation is realized. With this type of sentence, fz h simply arranges future events and activities in a temporal sequence. >—A/lfA/ "ffhj fo I will call you when Iget home tonight.
i L J: L»</L-v' fi *)-e I.' Let's go out and have somefun once we are done with the homework. Note that the very same sentences could be interpreted in this way or in the way shown ear¬ lier. The difference lies not in the sentences themselves, but in the different ways the real world could possibly be. If you expect to be home tonight in all likelihood, the first sentence here describes what you will do when you get home. If, on the other hand, you are not cer¬ tain whether you will be home tonight, the same tz h sentence describes what you will do if you get home.* Finally, the fz h clause can describe a condition that is unreal and contrary to fact. With this type sentence, you express a purely hypothetical condition and its probable result. ^LTi^^tz':>tzh. —H J: -9 o IfI were a cat, I would be asleep all day long. o /c b. ^T'fIt <i>t 7)' IfI had money, I would buy a car. Cl To describe what you do not need to do, take a negative sentence in the short form, drop the final ^' of ', and add < T t ^ 'T'f. < T is the negative te-form, which we studied in the last lesson.^ < o i/i You do not need to take offyour shoes. y°\y-^y h i±i$ < t' < r i t h 'T-f o The present does not need to be anything expensive. does not need to ... ^ Throughout the uses of the tz h conditional clauses discussed here, one thing remains constant: A tz h B can only describe a conditional dependency that holds naturally between A and B. You cannot describe with tz h an “if” dependency ofthe “B even if A” type, where B holds in spite ofA. ltoC^ I will not marry you even ifyou want to. ^ You can omit 4 in ti.' < T t ' and say < T '• n which makes it slightly more casual.
126>»^i5-RaH A T^c \'T't' follows a noun and expresses the idea that something or somebody resembles the thing or the person described by the noun. The resemblance noted is usually in terms of external characteristics, but not necessarily so.® —i: ^ 'T'-f o Mzl hh My dad looks/acts like Colonel Sanders, the KFCfounder. {Has a portlyfigure? Has a white goatee? Stands on the street 24/7?) ^(DAl±o'') 'T-f o V't That person over there is like a gorilla. {Sturdily built? Thumps his chest often? Good at climbing trees?) A-tz^^X'ir can also follow a verb^ and expresses the idea that something “appears to be the case” It can follow the short form of the present tense and the past tense, both in the affir¬ mative and in the negative. o tz^tz^ ^ X'f o O' It looks like it has rained. A/cV 'T'-f o o-t It looks like that person is hungry. ^<DAli^<Dp T-f o V-b ii ti It looks like thatperson did not sleep last night. It looks like the professor is not coming to school tomorrow. verb + d:hTc[y^T:~^ It looks like... ® You can use XX about yourself, when you are not clear about the situation you are in. Jo O. tJ-tIt looks like I have left my wallet at home. ^ X'X can in fact follow adjectives too, but it is far more common to use 0 T't' with adjectives. See Lesson 13 for the adjective base + -^ 9 T'X construction.
^ ~U(c/~rft'6 You can use the present tense short form and In I - to describe the event before which somek thing happens. verb A (short present) + verb B B before A. < 75';i iA t to I will go to Tokyo one more time before I go back home. ifzo (C {i^ < V'i,75''o $ C li^ r Istudied Japanesefor one semester before I came to Japan. The verb that precedes I - is always in the present tense, whether the tense of the overall k ^ sentence is in the present tense (as in the first example above) or in the past tense (as in the second). To describe an event after which another thing happens, you can use the te-form of a verb + v5'b.'° verb A + Tt)'6 verb B A, and then BJ B after A. t Ifzo j: n t i X 75' Istudied and then wrote letters to myfriends. Why don’t we (start) eat(ing) after Ken has arrived. An “A X 7)' h B” sentence can also describe the state of B that has held true since the event A. !;Tt ^ tac L I have been feeling very lonely since my cat died.
C HA L'A Japanese Gestures We use language to communicate with people. However, we send and receive more mes¬ sages through nonverbal communication than we do with words. Nonverbal communication includes gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, posture, touching, and even the way you dress. The use of gestures varies around the world. Here are some examples of gestures that Japa¬ nese people use. I don't know.
Ig17ii>>>129 <l/u bM>5 rcfi'6 ^)' A. Listen to Sue’s story and report it using @ki7-06 Example: $<7)9S< ^ <7) n g < fz^l T-fo 1. ^ <7)0 (i^Tj'Tj'o/cT-ro htztz 2. ^(7) 0 o T. L/co t l' * 3. */-i'^l±;»c^l%<7)^iT'ro v^^ Ti'X-iirV' 4. :fe/c'^(±^^TL/co tt lf^ s 5. i itz. 11 ;i 1.' ' 6. glil||ll^^^T<'i L/zo fz T-to ;l'.' ii^ ?>. ^<r>'ik. —Li L/co I'oLi: 75' t<7) 9. gItX<'i^+^TL/co 10. V<7)0 L i-^f^TL/co ;t'.' C.* Ii4' B. Pair Work—You have heard the following news. Tell your partner and discuss it. Example: -ftffT'X'J < ‘j i L tzo 4'75'* (D nii i: L^ 4'75'' <r> hn C L^ B : ^nti-XT-r^'o 3^^/cX75^^'^^T-r^'o L O-t 1. 2. 3. 4. iJ4T^i<73^TX#75^X 'j i L /co t5#® T"> /'<7)# ^ ^ i H i ^75' -) L fzo LyPlxn > 3 -y t: y 7'X-71/75^'TX i -fo L/co 5. Your own
i3o>>>^i5-3S:aii C. Pair Work—One person chooses one of the following topics and talks about it. The other takes notes about what the person says and reports it to the class using 1. ^ 2. MM. i>' •?'< 3. I Ti' A. Report on what Mary and Robert said using ~o‘C. 0ki7-o7 Example: / T 'j —/ I am busy this week. ^ Q : /T'joT/c? A : L t 'o To Ex. I am busy this week. 1. I have to study tonight. 2. Tom and Kyoko are dating. 3. I slept only three hours last night. 4. Mr. Sato got divorced. 5. I quit a part-time job. 6. I have to go back to England in June. 7. Japan is not dangerous. B. Pair Work—First practice the following dialogue with your partner. Then change the underlined parts and make another dialogue with your partner. Dialogue: A : o T ? i/ s y j L. $ < U IC ^ /c o tz o T o B : O, h ? A : 9 t h^6-oTo B : V H
in7iS>>>131 A ^ ^ o T ^ ? o To B L : Xo, ^9 tr'O? A : 9^, o T o B • o to'ta A. Make sentences with ~/c6v 5flUl''Zr‘^ using the cues. @ki7-08 Example: 7^Lv'T-fc 75'^a 1. -S 2. ".' -tiri'-tirj 3. H^ICfflt-S IZ (i^ U 4. /; 5. L»<;'iV' 6. k ?• t b h 7. ' 0>0 75' ^1* 8. V'V'^^/-£ T^ 5 9. r L lO. L^' B. Change the cues 1 through 8 into /c5 clauses, choose the appropriate phrases to follow them from a through i, and make sentences. Qkiz-op Example: L fz h. ^%kIZ It 'f -S 4 ‘j T't'o U J: C-) 75''i ' L'f' L*f')LJ:< Ex. 1. :k6 2. f5#lfilzft < t'o.J'Ox.^ I' 3. ?sa75^'^i9b^/v' 4. ' efc 5. 7(7 / < ^J.''.' 6. th Uin b 7. Ilv ' C Af. tt'v' 8. ^ 5f< < a. mmiito ti t b. IC tftl'l’i4f ^o I' c. Hib'o -To 75' at d. l^cfT^%tlz|tl^‘t>l)'7 t ‘jT-tc U i vl-9 :5'*'.' L ^ L»}>9LJ:< •e. y4’^'y^$•LtL"^ >f.'.'lti•t^•^o •f. <ti) i' • g. -f o • h. • i. t —:7 —^olt/c(59 Jlo
C. Pair Work—Ask what your partner would do in the following situations, using ~fc5. Example: 0,4 -* A : 0 ,4 /c b, 'dl 1 L t't-f)'a t t B ; 0,4^^o/cb, fLV'T/v t U ^i^ vI' 1. ^^ir6 -e-o i'xn 2. 3. [z (i^ r iio -r 4. ^/-ktz fibz 5. Ti'ti tJ'COUJ; Ut o 7. S < CK'^fz^ tzi^<o h 8. U ' i(D 7^^i2 fz A. John doesn’t have to do the following things. Make sentences using IMV @K17-10 Example: need not study — i/ 3 y ^ /u 11^ ^ L ti.' < T t ^ ^ ^ ^ T"^ o On Saturday: 1. need not memorize vocabulary 2. need not practice kanji 3. need not speak Japanese 4. need not get up early in the morning 5. need not go to school At his homestay: 6. need not wash dishes 7. need not do laundry 8. need not cook 9. need not clean his own room 10. need not come home early
B. Pair Work—Tell your partner what you have to do this week and ask if he/she has to do it. You may choose from the following. Example; write a paper B : < T t btzl i)' A ; memorize new kanji go to the hospital do homework go shopping return books to the library pay the rent (^#) read a book buy a present cut classes work part-time go on a diet practice (something) make a reservation withdraw money C. Pair Work—You and your friend are doing research on companies. Student A has looked into SOMY and Student B has looked into Bamasonic (B’s memo is on p. 138). The things you must do are checked. Look at the memo and ex¬ change the information using After getting all the informa¬ tion, discuss which company would be better. Example: A : ^' V V -7TIlifl 0 U ^ t Mt i b: B :<T t V n'T-f o V ^ — II1::"9 T'-f tJ'o Student A ^ SOMY Samaeonic o\A}AAPPfhPAAP..Pt^Q.. ../.w {[YAj.PA.APPMPPYy. orkuntilJa^ . . ¥250,000 wearatie salary .
@7.—; V—^ A. Describe what the following things/people are like with Ski 7-11 Example: <7)t£ A T'-f o -f 3" < \^T-f o btzl ti oj: — X—-r (3) ^ 7 ijTT'To (6) %<r>^t£t,T-fo bizl tt X (4) ^ T-fo (7) ^k<D'Kf£%X-i'o bfzl XX h.'D h^LX'-Xo 7 ' -y k V > {5)'^yfxXo ^V' C oA (8) ^k(n^t£t,XXo bfzl bX tfi'-o /CT-f o V 7f X /I • V 7 X y
B. Describe the following pictures with a verb + C. Pair Work—Ask your partner the following questions about the picture. When you answer, use . Example: A • Z <D^ ^'o y-t tiic yt B : ^coAA/cV'T'fo/ HtZ V't iibz r>t 1. Z<DAU^^Ti'^\ Ut Tl'X'tt'.' 2. Z(7)All^f!f LTv'i-f-Tj' V't (toCA 3. bad 4. 4^. i^>>'''l^o TV' ii'^'o I'i ** O' 5. z<;)AilA-x ^ L i-ftJ' V't 6. Ali'3 i-Tj'o 7. J: <«L i-f’J'o •E-t C 8. 3|4S7j<Tl^ I)j-i U y 10. 4-, LTv'i-fTj'o I'i >5.'U
136v>>^ig-3t;£a D. Pair Work—Make a dialogue, as in the example. Example: It seems like you (=B) caught a cold. — A : L /c<7) ? B ; A : ^ 1 o J: (i^ fc\.^ U B : 1. It seems like you lost your wallet. 2. You cannot find your homework. It seems like you forgot your homework at home. 3. You are driving a car. It seems like you got lost. 4. You like (one ofyour classmates) very much. But it looks like he/she is dating someone. Tihj t> A. Look at the following pictures and make sentences using @ki7-i2 Example: ^ Tt)'b , i't'o t> t ij t'
B. Look at the pictures above and make sentences using .0K17.13 Example: ^’i'lt i-fo it I'x i' fA b C. Pair Work—Ask your partner the following questions. 1. g^Lii-Tj'o 4'(2 3. 4. 5. i ;i 4{- ^<Dn n f^^LiL/c^'o 4(2 'j T-TtJ'o i t. j; i* I. A +'
138»'»-^iS-3^;£S n/uUf^5 A. Gossip about people (e.g., a celebrity/your teacher/your classmate) by using ~^5Zr'3'/~o'C. You can make up your own story. B. Talk about the things you have to or don’t have to do in Japan, comparing them to similar situations in your country. Example: ij tiT<, ic l^^ 4‘75' <o ^ T tooT-to Pair Work C. p. 133) Example: A : ^Vj:.-y :7 Tliifl H IC ^ ^ v dt J t In Xf \ifz(, B ; < T t V n'T-fo V a — (1 l::'o T-f ^'o Student B Bamaeomc / / / '^220,000 work on Saturdays be able to use a computer quit at the age of60 work until late hours live in a dormitory wear a tie salary SOMY O
^17ii>>>139 Useful Expressions iiH p y o'/o At the Barber / Beauty Salon Useful Expressions t! "j L i-fo -1would like to have a hair cut (permanent). 'j ^ < L’i'V'TX -Please don’t make it too short. -Please don’t shave. 3 "fe > ^ C b ^ -5 T i tz^\''o -Please cut off about 3 centimeters. $ ^ XX ^ /c ' o -Pleasecut the back all the same length. n L ^iZ-^ i6X -Please dye my hair red. ^7)' -1want my hair to be like Bob Marley’s. (showing the picture) Useful Vocabulary '> -y > y — y? v K -shampoo // V r cut —f r7 l-vly^T*T Diow-Qry /a-P -fr ... L pCI lIlclllCllL ^ y r set ^ny ild.ll oLViC -sideburns —to cut —to shave 75' -—to crop X:i66-—to dye -—to make hair even; to trim — to have one’s hair permed
f*18^ I ^ ^ ^ ® N.18^ i/ByclAj(D7^Ji'J '('{ h John’s Part-time Job i£ D ii 0 1 o g u e to o At Little Asia restaurant. @K18-01/02 > JS -ft 3 'y 3 y -ft 6 i/ s y 7 -R: 8 y 3 y ya'y. 4^0I±#^<^. -7/-i'o i^) fz z vpo^^fz L < mtJXo fz(D llV'o r/ClI'‘) Xto t-r\ t±JLT^^v^To 4 ^ ^ (iV' CA. S VU'X, 'OV'Tv^i-^+^o i^o ^3<7)X^ J;, llv 'o -e-t © A customer calls John, ki s 03/04 1 ^ : $*f>< 3 y s y 4 5 ^ : 6 y s y ^^o/c^T"-fo r'<)6^^J.^ V'o XXXT-fo Xt!/ — o; h ^^'p;itlT L i V'J L /c^o L J: 9o J-to Coo o o ^ [ ] 0ml After closing time. [^Kis-os/oa 1 ^ -ft •r^ tii 2 y 3 y 3 -ft T^ 4^0I1->'3 ><7)J,'7j'|fT\ ft^7>'o/cJ:o 5: i ^ /j-f LtJ'o/-T'-f^ao #) -7„ ^ < (;)l± 75' o v_ 9 :;0'* o C -) I' 4 X^/c'^o
|g18ii>>>141 5 i/ 3 y 6 -ft; : 7 e y 3 y ' ^ ^ ^ o' C ^ ^ 1 ^ Li't’o ^ i X" L fz o Lotn.' ot!)' io 'Dt'' © Manager: John, I heard Mr. Morita has a cold and is not able to come today. In the evening it will get busy, so I am counting on you. John: Sure, I will do my best. Manager: First of all, vegetables are in the refrigerator, so take them out. Then, is the outside light on? John: No, it isn’t. Shall I turn it on? Manager: Yes. If you press the button there, the light will be on. John: Yes. Customer: Excuse me. I have dropped the soy sauce. I am sorry. John: Please don’t worry. Oh, your skirt has become dirty, hasn’t it? Customer: Oh, no! What should I do? John: I will bring a towel right away. Manager: You were so helpful today. John: Don’t mention it. But, it was such a busy day. Manager: You have school tomorrow, right? It is tough to go to school working part-time, isn’t it? John: Yes. I am late for classes sometimes. Manager: When I was a student, I often cut classes, too. I should have studied more. Well, I will tidy up the rest then. John: Excuse me for leaving early. Good-bye. Manager: Thank you. Bye.
i42»'>^i5-:sz:as Tchj §E (jl K18-Q7 V o c a b u lory Nouns * ft the rest x-To y air conditioner f]-^y curtain 9 y'y' 3 y cushion 'y ^y ~f— shampoo * L J: 7 L J: 7 soy sauce * X d' ^ switch X —y° soup * — h skirt * ^x. outside 9 9 T sofa * '— towel l:-o $ BIB diary /<i-i- banana ,t^y -/o—y popcorn L'L * insect rent * 11) 7 evening 6tl£A.TLh answering machine * tLV '•?' 7 3 refrigerator ^7^< candle - adjectives bright to feel sick < b'.' 0t\' dark L' embarrassing; to feel embarrassed U - V e r b s #) < m< (something) opens M -S to apologize {person 11) ff-r to press; to push (~ $•) * Words that appear in the dialogue
* tit-r ^^t to drop (something) (~ t:) water boils to fall down Z h-f ^t to break (something) (~ $ ) i < to bloom ii6 fAii (something) closes (~7j^') * fzi-^'6 to be saved; to be helped * f:<Dt' mt: to ask (a favor) {person 1C ~ ^ o < (something) turns on J; z'-f nt to make dirty Ru-verbs ti S (something) drops to tidy up (~$’) -S to think (about); to consider t -S (something) goes off Z hii^ (something) breaks * >f^6 to become dirty Irregular Ve r b t ^ t €) yit^t -5) to place an order (~ ^) Adverbs and Other E xpressions * V' i -f- < ' tt <" right away * thanks to... (^<D) * ^ i: L'^ih.v'L it J.'^i:^ILLit See you. (lit., Tm leaving ahead of you.) You must be tired after working so hard, (ritualistic expression) short form of (X^) T L J: 1 * i:" 9 L t 9 What should I/we do? * [ILti i: t^ Ic really * it' first of all ~iTi: by (time/date)
G r a m m a r 1^5 Transitivity Pairs Some verbs describe situations in which human beings act on things. For example, I open the door, you turn on the TV, and they break the computer. Such verbs are called “transitive verbs.” Some other verbs describe changes that things or people undergo. For example, the door opens, the TV goes on, and the computer breaks down. These latter verbs are called “intransitive verbs.” While most verbs are loners and do not have a counterpart ofthe opposite transitivity, some important verbs come in pairs. & Transitive open something Intransitive something opens close something L something closes xns L' put something in Al) (it' something goes inside tii'r ti take something out T something goes out ol:tS turn something on o< something goes on It turn something off; % something goes off extinguish something break something mn^ Z. something breaks J;::' make something dirty J;- something becomes dirty mtr drop something something drops boil water t) water boils Transitive verbs call for both the subject (agent) and the object (the thing that is worked on). Intransitive verbs call only for the subject (the thing or the person that goes through the change). /cltL^ L/co $ Takeshi turned the light on. Itzo T'^ $ The light went on. /cltL^ L/co t> Takeshi boiled the water. io ^ i L /c o The water boiled.
Transitive verbs describe activities, while intransitive verbs describe changes. They behave differently when they are followed by the helping verb T ^' -S. Let us first recall that activity verbs (ti't, for example) + T'. refer to actions in progress, while change verbs l±4' "t" -5, for example) + T v' -S refer to the states resulting from the change, as we learned in Lesson 7. X — ^ 114^, (activity, action in progress) I'J 'r^ ii4' Sue is talking on the phone with her mother right now. (change, result state) ttoC^ Professor Yamashita is married. Similarly, when followed by T v ^ transitive verbs refer to actions in progress, while in¬ transitive verbs refer to states that hold after the change takes place. it' h Robert is opening the windows. ^ t 3 ^ •r^ $ It Tomoko is turning the light off. There goes GodzillUy destroying the city. KT75^'Wv^Tv^i-ro * Doors are open. / There's an open door. 'T U -fo $ The TV set is off. Z(D'<V o Zt> This computer is broken. The te-form of a verb +1^7 has two meanings, which at first might appear rather incon¬ gruous. In the first instance, L t 7 indicates that one “carries out with determination” a plan described by the verb. It typically involves bringing something to a culmination point. You, in other words, do something completely, or finish doing something, or have something done. Ifzo (J^ X I read the book completely. /1finished reading the book.
The second meaning of L i ^ is “lack of premeditation or control over how things turn out ” This often comes with the sense of regret; something regrettable happens, or you do something which you did not intend to.^ I inadvertently left my bag on the train. L L/co To my horror and sorrow, my professor got angry because I hadforgotten my homework. Both nuanced meanings focus on the discrepancy between what we intend and what the world is like when it is left on its own. A L i 1 sentence may be ambiguous between the two meanings. How a given L i 9 sentence should be interpreted depends on the assump¬ tions the speaker has when uttering it. For example, the “finished reading” sentence above can be read as meaning “regrettably” just as easily if you read the book although you had not planned to, or knowing that it was wrong but unable to resist the temptation. In speech, ~T L i *7 and ~T L i 1 are often contracted to ~ ^ ^7 and ~ ^ 9 , re¬ spectively. I lost my homework! tz tz — iJ:/uL;^u'>^urc <D (D o -<!: The present tense short form of a predicate + means whenever the situation described by the predicate holds, another thing happens. In most sentences, the first clause describes the cause, and the second the effect. ’ Since L i 9 goes with the verbal fe-form, which is affirmative, it only gives us sentences meaning that something regrettable does or did happen. In other words, we cannot express negated ideas with L i *7 such as “regrettably, x did not take place” or “unfortunately, I did not do x.”
(± ^ <7) A ^ i§-r ^ I: ti-^ o btl U-k tt* Itx i Whenever I talk with that person, Ifeel uplifted. c i; A'/„ Whenever the streets are crowded, it takes longer to get there. clause A ii clause Bo Whenever A happens, B happens too. (short, present) Sometimes, a sentence describes a cause-effect relationship between specific events. ^ l/'L < tP') ito < (C 75';i IfMary goes back homey we will be sad and lonely. While the clause that comes before ^ is always in the present tense, the second clause can be in the present or in the past tense. bfzl Z t% tb When I was youngy whenever winter arrivedy I caught a cold. The event described by the second clause must follow the event described in the first half of the sentence. Thus it is wrong to say: bfzl n't (i4' 5o TA I' Whenever I talk with that persony we go to a coffee shop. If you want an adjective idea in the second clause, it is usually expressed as a change. It is very common therefore to find in the second clause an v ^-adjective base + < 'S, and a tt'-adjective base 4- II(see Lesson 10 for adjective + Wheneverfall arriveSy trees turn red. L-r Whenever night comeSy the town becomes quiet.
Cl You can connect two verbs with h to say that the two actions are performed at the same time. b follows a verb stem. The second verb, which goes after can be in any form. L ii-o btzl S U li^ r I always study Japanese while listening to music. /c It L ^ ^ (ilfe^Ntt'b ^ L T V ^ i-r o nfz nfz ^A.tz< Takeshi is doing laundry singing a song. 75'"oC.-9 I-* It is not easy to go to school workingpart-time. Note that the two verbs that flank h must be two actions performed by the same per¬ son. in other words, cannot describe an action performed while another person does something. IfJ; tJ' -5 /i T'f means I wish I had done or Ishould have done something. You can use it to describe an alternative course of action you, to your great regret, did not take. tb I wish I had told her that I loved her. T-r o Ishould not have broken up with her. All verbs can regularly be turned into a IfJ; -5 /c T"f sentence with no exception or ir¬ regularity. You form the If-form on the basis ofthe present tense short forms. Verbs in the affirmative: Drop the final -u and add -eba. (tabe-ru) h< {ik-u) mz) t tp {tabe-r-eba) (ik-eba) mzu <ntf
^18i^>>>-149 Verbs in the negative: Drop the final and add — - ifTcUl^ - U^b'> — U^F(:tn(S' — We will learn about the l±*-forms used in broader contexts in Lesson 22. Expression Notes 5 A ^Noun(D{'V') is used to express gratitude to something or some¬ one when things turn out as desired. ti tJ' -f tJ: Thanks to the map myfriend drew, I didn't get lost. "90 Congratulations on your graduation. ^4: • o I owe it to you, Professor. The expression ^ Tr (lit., Thanks to you) is the proper response when asked A : 7€%T:ir'^^o How are you? B ; ^ t:'o Tmfine, thanks to you. Tr is also used to show appreciation for the addressee’s help/support/ concern. L 4' Have you gotten used to the job? 4 Yes, I have gotten used to it mostly. Thank youfor your concern. J
^<!: m A. Describe the pictures using transitive and intransitive verbs. @ki8-08