BUKU LOG KADET REMAJA SEKOLAH (KRS)

7) Luka di Perut

Professionally
coordinates by:

9) Pendarahan bahagian
dalam Telinga

Professionally
coordinates by:

4.PATUKAN ULAR

 Sepasang lubang bekas
patukkan.

 Terasa sakit yang amat pada

tempat yang kena patuk. (5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &

 Bengkak dan merah di sekeliling CARA RAWATAN

patukkan.

 Pernafasan yang tercungap-
cungap

 Kemungkinan terhenti
pernafasan.

 Berpeluh dan penglihatan
berpinar-pinar.

(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN

BAHAYA

 Patukan ular berbisa bergantung
kepada spesis, amaun racun,
kedudukan dan kedalaman patukkan.

 Boleh membawa kepada maut.

 Mangsa rasa terkejut dan cemas.

SAIZ PATUKAN (5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
Profession
ally
coordinate
s by:

(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN

5.TERKELAR, TERBAKAR DAN MELECUR
 Terkelar, terbakar dan melecur adalah

sama keadaannya.
 Perbezaannya hanya dari segi tahap

kecederaan. Kebiasaan terbakar
melibatkan kecederaan yang lebih
serius daripada melecur.

(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN

MELECUR DAN LEBAM

Disebabkan terkena: Simptom:
 Air panas
 Minyak panas  Kulit melecur dan
 Wap panas kemerahan

 Bahagian terbakar
mengelembung dan
bengkak dengan cepat

 Sakit yang amat sangat

CARA RAWATAN (5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN

1. Baringkan mangsa di tempat teduh,
sejuk dan selesa.

2. Tanggalkan pakaian dan perhiasan
pada anggota tercedera seperti;
kasut, cincin, jam tangan, dll.

3. Jika serius elakkan beri minuman dan
makanan.

4. Hantar ke hospital jika perlu.

(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN

CARA RAWATAN TERBAKAR RINGAN

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6.RENJATAN ELEKTRIK

 Renjatan elektrik
boleh menyebabkan
maut, mungkin
mereka yang cuba
membantu turut
menemui maut.

(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN

LANGKAH YANG PERLU DIAMBIL

 Matikan suis atau suis utama dan
pastikan elektrik sudah terputus.

 Menggunakan penebat untuk
menyelamatkan mangsa:
1. Gunakan galah yang panjang
dan kering
2. Kerusi kayu
3. Tikar getah
4. Kain sal (tuala yang kering)
5. Plastik tebal
6. Tali atau tali nylon yang
kering

(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN

CARA MENGALIH BAHAYA

(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN

CARA RAWATAN

 Sekiranya mangsa tidak bernafas, pulihkan pernafasan dari mulut
ke mulut.

 Jika gagal segera lakukan CPR.
 Jika ada kesan terbakar beri rawatan terbakar.
 Segerakan mangsa ke hospital.

(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN

7.PATAH & TERSELIUH

 Kecederaan tulang meliputi patah atau retak.
 Kemungkinan kecederaan boleh berlaku

disebabkan pukulan secara langsung atau tidak
langsung, terjatuh dari bangunan yang tinggi,
tarikan otot anggota yang tertindih, tembakan
atau perlanggaran dan sebagainya.

JENIS-JENIS PATAH

1 Patah tebu 2 Patah kayu muda

JENIS-JENIS PATAH (5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN

3 Patah riuk 4 Patah melarat

SIMPTOM

 Lebam dan bengkak
 Anggota tidak dapat

digerakkan
 Terluka atau berubah bentuk
 Tajam/berbonjol pada kulit
 Sakit

CARA RAWATAN

BLANKET LIFT: Preparation

BLANKET LIFT: Rolling On

BLANKET LIFT: Lifting

8.TERCEKIK

9.LEMAS DI AIR

RAWATAN

 Lakukan pemeriksaan asas seperti,
periksa pernafasan dan nadi.

 Periksa tahap kesedaran, buka salur
pernafasan.

 Jika perlu lakukan CPR.

10.KERACUNAN

 Apa-apa bahan
jika dimasukkan ke
dalam kuantiti
yang mencukupi
boleh
mengakibatkan
kemudaratan.

(6)PEMULIHAN
PERNAFASAN

TEKNIK-TEKNIK

Melalui 3 cara:
1. Resusitasi secara hembusan (mulut ke

mulut)
2. Resusitasi secara tekanan (kardio-

pulmonari)
3. Holger Nielson

Holger Neilson



Rescue Breathing

 Is a way of breathing air into
an unconscious victim who is
not breathing but has a pulse.

AED (Automated External
Defibrillator)
 AED’s are required to be in

most large public buildings.
 Such as malls, schools, and

stadiums.

CPR (on adults & large
children) (see handout)

 Giving chest compressions.
Position the heel of the right
hand on the lower half of
the breast bone, right
between the nipples.
Position left hand on top of
the right hand.
Position shoulders directly
over the hands and push
straight down, pushing the
breastbone down 1.5 – 2
inches.

 15 chest compressions, then 2
breaths.
After 3 sets of 15 and 2
check for signs of
circulation.

RICE Treatment

Rest
For 24 to 72 hrs. Longer
rest may be required for
severe injuries.

 Ice
Apply for 20 min cycles ASAP
after injury occurs. Applying
cold helps reduce pain,
swelling and inflammation.

 Compression
Wrap the injury to reduce
swelling. Make sure it is not
too tight!

 Elevation
Raise the injured part above
heart level to reduce
swelling and drain blood and
fluid from the area.

AED (Automated External
Defibrillator)

 What is an automated
external defibrillator (AED)?
An AED is a device about the
size of a laptop computer that
analyzes the heart's rhythm for
any abnormalities and, if
necessary, directs the rescuer
to deliver an electrical shock
to the victim. This shock,
called defibrillation, may help
the heart to reestablish an
effective rhythm of its own.

AED (Automated External
Defibrillator)

 How does an AED work?
An AED is easy to operate. It
uses voice prompts to instruct
the rescuer. Once the machine
is turned on, the rescuer will
be prompted to apply two
electrodes provided with the
AED to the victim's chest. Once
applied, the AED will begin to
monitor the victim's heart
rhythm. If a "shockable"
rhythm is detected, the
machine will charge itself and
instruct the rescuer to stand
clear of the victim and to press
the shock button.

Splints

 A material or device used to
protect and immobilize a body
part.

 A splint should be used only if
it can be applied without
hurting the victim.

 Two Types of Splints
Soft splints are made from
blankets, towels, sheets, or
bandages.
Rigid splints are made from
rolled-up newspapers or
boards.

Appling Splints…

 Attempt to splint the injury in
the position you find it.

 Make sure it is not too tight!
 On Fractured Bones

Must include the joint above
and below the injured bone.

 On Injured Joints
Must include the bone above
and below the injured joint

Slings

Is a wide piece of cloth
looped under an inured arm
for support.

Example: Triangular
Bandage

Treatments for
Common Injuries

Types Bleeding Wounds

 Bruise
Is a wound blood vessels
cause bleeding under the
skin.

 Incision
Is a cut caused by a sharp-
edged object, such a razor,
scissors, broken glass.

 Laceration
Is a cut that causes a jagged
or irregular tearing of the skin.

Types Bleeding Wounds

 Abrasion

AKA a scrape, is a wound
caused by rubbing or
scraping away the skin.

 Avulsion

Is a wound in which skin or
other body tissue is
separated or completely torn
away from the body.

 Puncture

Is a wound produced when a
pointed instrument or
projectile pierces the skin.

The risk of infection is high
with this type of wound.

Controlling Bleeding

 What is the procedure for
controlling bleeding that we
covered last class?

Shock

 Is a dangerous reduction in
blood flow to the body tissues.

 Signs of shock include…rapid,
shallow breathing; cold,
clammy skin; rapid, weak
pulse; dizziness; weakness;
and fainting.

 What is the treatment for
shock that we covered last
class?

Fractures

 Is a break or crack in a bone.
 Two Types

Open Fracture
There is also a break in
the skin.

Closed Fracture
There is no break in the
skin.

 Treatment
Treat for bleeding and shock,
splint the injury, apply ice.

Dislocations

 Is the movement of a bone
away from its joint.

 Treatment

Splint above and below the
dislocated joint, apply a cold
compress.

Never try and set a
dislocation!

Sprains and Strains

 Sprain – is an injury to the
ligaments, tendons, and soft
tissue around a joint caused by
undue stretching.

 Strain – is an overstretching of
muscles and/or tendons.

 Treatment – Apply the RICE
treatment.

Weather Related Injuries

 Heat Cramps – are painful
muscle spasms in the legs and
arms due to excessive fluid loss
through sweating.

Treatment – have victim rest
in a cool, shaded area; drink
cool water; and stretch stiff
muscles.

 Heat Exhaustion – is extreme
tiredness due to the body’s
inability to regulate its
temperature.

Treatment – have victim lie
down with feet elevated in a
cool, shaded area; give cool
water to drink.

Weather Related Injuries

 Heat Stroke – is an overheating
of the body that is life-
threatening. Sweating ceases,
so that the body cannot
regulate its temperature.

Treatment – have victim lie
in cool, wet towels or
sheets; place ice backs near
the neck, armpits, and groin.

Weather Related Injuries

 Frostbite – is the freezing of
body parts, often the tissues of
the extremities.
Treatment – do not attempt
rewarming; handle the
affected area carefully and
try to keep it warm.

 Hypothermia – is a reduction of
the body temperature so that
it is lower than normal.
Treatment – move the victim
to a warm environment;
remove any wet clothing;
cover their head with
blankets.

ORIENTERING

1

SEJARAH DAN PERKEMBANGAN
ORIENTEERING

Definisi
- Sukan rekreasi berpandukan peta dan kompas –

perlu imbangan fizikal & mental
- Sukan rekreasi mengemudi diri, berjalan,

berlari – tempuhi pelbagai variasi bentuk muka
bumi
- berfikir sambil berlari – masa pantas

2

Sejarah Dan Perkembangan Orienteering
Peringkat Antarabangsa
Peringkat awal
- Bermula di Scandinavia pada abad ke 19,

diperkenalkan sebagai satu bentuk latihan
ketenteraan.
- orienteering moden (1918) – di Sweden
- Major Ernst Killander – popularkan kpd orang
ramai - ‘bapa orienteering’

3

Orienteering Di Eropah

 1930, bertapak kukuh di Sweden , Norway
dan Finland. 1934 - berkembang di
Switzerland , Hungary dan USSR.

 kerjasama antarabangsa pertama -
Jawatankuasa Nordic (Nordic Committee)
pada tahun 1946

 1961, IOF - ditubuhkan di Copenhagen - ahli
10 negara - Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia,
Denmark, Jerman Timur, Finland, Hungary,
Norway, Sweden, Switzerland dan Jerman
Barat.

 Kejohanan Eropah pertama diadakan di Loten
, Norway pada 1962

4

Orienteering Di Britain

 Bermula di Britain dalam tahun
1950an

 Pada 1953 , John Disley telah
bertanding dalam acara ini di
Swedish National Sports Centre di
Boson

 Pada 1955 beliau telah
mengendalikan 2 acara di Bryn
Egan Forest di Snowdonia

 30 hingga 35 orang telah
mengambil bahagian

 orienteering pertama diadakan di
UK

 15 Jun 1967 - Britain menjadi
ahli IOF

 16 Jun 1967- kejohanan British
yang pertama diadakan
berdekatan dengan Hamsterley
Forest.

5

SEJARAH ORIENTEERING DI US

 1967-Harald Wibye dari Norway
perkenalkan orienteering di US.

 Tubuh Delaware Valley
Orienteering Association (DVOA)

 1968-Wibye keluarkan peta
orienteering moden berwarna
yang pertama.

 1 Ogos 1971 Wibye asaskan US
Orienteering Federation (USOF).

 17 Oktober 1970-Kejohanan
orienteering pertama diadakan di
US.

6

Perkembangan terbaru

 1988 – orienteering diterima oleh
jawatankuasa olimpik bagi sukan
kelas C dan dikenali sebagai
affiliated sport.

 1993 – Steve Tarry dari New
Hampshire mengkoordinasi
kejohanan di New York’s Harriman
State Park yang disertai oleh 65
buah negara.

 1998 – keahlian USOF
meningkat sehingga 55 000 orang
dengan hampir 700 acara.

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Sejarah dan
perkembangan
Orienteering Di Jepun

 Diperkenalkan pada 1966
 1974 – Kejohanan Orienteering di seluruh

Jepun bermula – acara tahunan.
 1992- anjur Kejohanan Orienteering Asia Pasifik

– tarik ramai penyertaan luar negara
 Sertai WOC -1976

8

Perkembangan Di Malaysia

 mula diperkenalkan di Malaysia
dengan tertubuhnya Persatuan
Orienteering Pulau Pinang pada
1983

 1986 - Persatuan Orienteering
Selangor dan Wilayah Persekutuan
Kuala Lumpur (WOA)

 1988, WOA mengadakan
Kejohanan Orienteering Terbuka
Malaysia 1988 (MOOC 1988 )

 1994, Persatuan Orienteering
Malaysia (Malaysia Orienteering
Association – MOA) ditubuhkan.

 menyelaraskan dan mengawal
segala aktiviti sukan orienteering di
Malaysia dan sebagai satu badan
orienteering yang mewakili Malaysia
di dalam IOF

 6 cawangan negeri

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