p16445coll4_278522 (2)

AND GAZETTEER OF WITH COLOURED MAP OF THE COUNTY AND PLAN OF THE CITY, ENGRAVED EXPRESSLY FOR THE WORK. 1890. HEREFORD: PRINTED BY JAKEMAN & CARVER.

- PREFACE. HE Publishers have to acknowledge, with sincere thanks, been in communication for several months, for their extreme kindness and readiness in helping to produce this their first edition of "]AKEMAN AND CARVER'S DIRECTORY AND GAZETTEER OF HEREFORDSHIRE." To the Rev. Prebendary Elliot, for his article on the Geology of the district; to Thomas Duckham, Esq., for his paper on Agriculture ; to John Hutchinson, Esq., for his list of celebrated Natives of Herefordshire; to the Rev. C. H. Bulmer, for his contribution on Orchards; to James Frederick Symonds, Esq., for his notes on the Herefordshire County Council; to Alfred Watkins, Esq., for his description of the Rivers, etc.; to the Rev. Chancellor Phillott, for his Ecclesiastical and County Histories and many other contributions, as well as to the Clergy and many others whose names it is impossible to enumerate, their gratitude is especially due, and while they cannot hope to have wholly escaped error, the most strenuous care has been taken to keep the work as free as possible from even those slight mistakes which will sometimes find their way into works of this nature. One or two slight departures from their original scheme, though not, perhaps, necessitating an apology, yet require notice. The street directory and alphabetical list have had to be abandoned on account of the increased bulk of the book, but acting on the kind suggestions of several of their Subscribers, they have added a plan of the City of Hereford, which they trust will be found to be a useful and substantial acquisition. The operation of The Divided Parishes Act to many parts of the County, affecting the civil Parishes only, will for some time no doubt cause some little confusion, and the Publishers regret that after correspondence with the Local Government Board, they

PREFACE. have not been able to give details of the acreage, &c., transferred, though mention of the fact has been made, and as much information as possible been given of each transfer, taken from the Government Blue Book on the subject. For the sake of uniformity, the value of all livings has been taken from the Hereford Diocesan Calendar, and is given in gross, but these amounts are in almost all cases subject to very heavy deduction. The affix, Esq., has been omitted from each alphabetical list of residents for sufficiently obvious reasons, and the space thus saved, devoted to more useful details. Some idea of the immense labour involved in the compilation of the Directory may be gathered from the fact that every house in Herefordshire has been visited twice by their staff, the assistant overseers and sub-postmasters of every parish cheerfully giving their valuable and ready help, and with invariable courtesy and promptitude. The acreage and rateable value have been taken from the Rate Books ; _the electoral division of the County Council in which each parish is situate is given; the population is taken from the last published Census ; and the list of landowners has, in most cases, been supplied by the proprietors themselves. The Map of the County has been specially prepared by Mr. Stanford, of Charing Cross (the publisher of the Ordnance Maps), whose name is a sufficient guarantee of its accuracy. The parliamentary divisions are shown by coloured margins, the name of each county council division is clearly printed, and the railways, proposed and existing, marked to date. The support given to this edition, as testified by the number of subscriptions received, seems to indicate the pressing need for such a Directory, and it is now issued with the confidence that that need will be fully and completely supplied. 4 & 5, HIGH TOWN, HEREFORD, September, I89o. JAKEMAN & CARVER.

CONTENTS. DESCRIPTION OF THE COUNTY • • • • • • THE TOWNS, PARISHES, AND VILLAGES IN HEREFORDSHIRE, ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED • • • • • ADVERTISEMENTS- ( Comprising Commercial Prospectuses for Hereford, Kington, Ledbury, Leomim,ter, Ross, and Bromyard, and MiscelPAGE I-73 laneous) . . . . . INTERLEAVES AND END OF BOOK Agricultural Returns for the County . Bishops of Hereford (List of) . . Celebrated Natives of Herefordshire . Climate, &c. • Coroners' Districts County Council • • • County Court Districts, &c. County Functionaries . Ecclesiastical History . Geology . . History . . Hundreds (List of) Magistrates (List of) • • • • Meeting of the Justices Members of Parliament Orchards . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Petty Sessional Divisions, with Population, Area, etc. Physical Features, etc. . . • . Political Divisions, Representation, etc. . . Polling Districts and Places . . . . Poor Law Unions . Population of the County Population of the Diocese • • • • • • • • • Population of the Lieutenancy Sub-Divisions Population of the Principal Towns . . Railways • • • • • Rivers • • • • • • Rural Deaneries . • • • Seats, Alphabetical (List of) • • • Soil, Productions, &c. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • PAGE 22-24 29,30 71-73 15-17 63 36-48 61,62 48-70 262 269 9-15 3-9 57,58 65-68 69 70 20,21 64-65 15-17 3 54, 55 58-60 1 32 2 2 24-26 26--28 32-35 49-53 17-20

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INDEX . PAGE ABBEY Do RE, or Abbey Doyer .. . 7 4 Aberhall (see Hentland) . . 250 Aeon bury . . . . . . . . . 77 Aconbury Hill (see Aconbury, also Much Birch) . . . . .. 78, 95 Adam's Wood (see Upper Sapey) ... 665 Adforton, Stanway, Paytoe, and Grange (see Leintwardine) ... 491 Ailey (see Kinnersley) ... .. 457 Alder's End (see Tarrington) .. . 692 Allensmore . . . . .. . . . 78 Almeley. .. . . . . .. . . . 80 Although (see Hentland)... ... 249 Alton Court (see Ross) ... .. . 644 Altyrnnis (see Walterstone) ... 714 Amberley {see Marden) ... ... 573 Amborough (see Wellington) ... 716 Aramstone (see King's Caple) ... 425 Arbour Hill (see Ross) .. . ... 647 Archenfield (see Hentland) ... 249 Ariconium (see W eston-under-Penyard) ... . .. .. .. . 730 Arkstone (see Kingstone)... . . 432 Arthur's Stone (see Dorstone) ... 200 Ashe, The {see Bridstow)... ... 119 Ash Grove (see Marden) ... 574 Ashley Moor (see Orleton) ... 601 ••• Ashperton ... . . ... 82 Ashton (see Eye) ... ... 221 Ashwood (see Eye) ... ... 222 Aston or Pipe Aston ... ... 84 Aston (see Kingsland) ... ... 427 Aston Crews (see Aston Ingham) ... 85 Aston Ingham . . . . . . . . . 84 Auberrow, or Amborough (see Wellington) . . . .. . . . . 716 Aulden (see Leominster) ... ... 524 Avenbury ... ... ... 86 Aylton ... ... ... ... 88 Aymestrey .. . .. . . .. 89 BAcH (see Dorstone) ... ... 201 Bach, Lower (see Kimbolton) . . 424 Baches, The (see U pton Bishop) . .. 707 Backbury (see Mordiford) ... 587 Backney (see Sellack) ... ... 668 Bacton ... ... ... ... 91 Bage (see Madley) ... ... 565 Baggallydiatt (see Orcop)... ... 598 Bagley Head (see Dilwyn) ... 192 Bainstree Cross (see Stretford) .. . 685 Balling ham . .. .. .. . . .. . . . 92 Bargains (see Little Marcle) ... 569 Barewood (see Eardisland) ... 205 Barewood {see Pembridge) ... 604 PAGE Baron's Cross (see Leominster) . .. 521 Barrell Hill (see Y atton) ... ... 757 Barrell, Upper and Lower (see Aston Ingham) ... ... ... 86 Bartestree (see Dormington) .. 198 Barton (see Colwall) .. ... 169 Barton (see Kington) .. . ... 440 Batch The (see Sarnesfield) ... 666 Batchcott and Moor (see Richard's Castle)... .. . . .. .. . 623 Batchfields (see Bishop Frome) ... 99 Baynham (see Ledbury) ... ... 479 Baynhams (see Welsh Bicknor) ... 720 Baysham (see Sellack) ... ... 668 Bayton (see Upton Bishop) .. 707 Bayton (see Linton) . .. ... 543 Bearswood (see Cradley) ... .. 179 Beechwood (see Hope Manse!) ... 409 Bellamoor (see Preston-upon-Wye) 617 Belmont (see Clehonger) .. . ... 159 Benfield (see Bredwardine) ... 114 Benhall (see Bridstow) ... . .. 119 Bereton (see Dilwyn) ... ... 192 Bernithan (see Llangarren) ... 547 Berrington (see Eye) ... ... 220 Bickerton (see Much Marcle) ... 571 Bicknor, Welsh (see Welsh Bicknor) 718 Bicton Pool (see Yarpole) ... 756 Biddlestone (see Llangarren) ... 546 Bigglestone (see Much Birch) ... 95 Billfield (see Hatfield) ... . .. 247 Billingsley (see Holme Lacy) ... 405 Birch {Little) .. . .. ... 93 Birch (Much) ... ... ... 94 Birchend {see Castle Froroe) ... 157 Bircher (see Yarpole) ... ... 755 Birchwood (see Cradley) ... ... 178 Birchy Field (see Avenbury) .. 87 Birley ... ... ... ... 96 Birtley (see Lingen) .. . ... 541 Bishon (see Bishopstone) ... ... 100 Bishop Fro me .. . .. . .. . 97 Bishopstone . .. . .. .. . .. . 99 Bishopswood (see W alford) . .. 712 Bitterley Hyde (see Pencorobe) ... 608 Blackbush (see Abbey Dore) ... 77 Blackhill (see Llanveyno)... ... 550 Blacklands (see Ashperton) ... 83 Blackmarstone (see Hereford) ... 325 Blackmere (see Blakemere) ... 100 Blackmoor {see Abbey Dore) ... 77 Black Venn (see Edwin Ralph) ... 214 Blackwardine (see Stoke Prior) ... 682 Blackway (see Eggleton) ... ... 215 Blakemere . .. . .• .. . 100

••• vm. INDEX. PAGE Blake's Bridge (see Brim field) .. . 122 Batchley (see Grendon Bishop) ... 240 Bleathwood (see Little Hereford) ... 402 Blindman's Gate (see Linton) ... ... 543 Bockleton, part of (see HamptonCharles) ... ... 101, 241 Bodenham . .. ... .. . 101 Bogmarsh (see Holme Lacy) .. . 405 Bollin (see W alford) ... .. 713 Bollingham (see Eardisley) ... 207 Bollitree (see Weston-under-Penyard) ... ... ... ... 732 Bolstone ... ... ... 104 Bolter's Close (see Bredenbury) .. 112 Boresford (see Brampton Brian) ... 109 Bosbury ... ... ... ... ... ... 105 Boulstone (see Bolstone) .. .. 104 Bowley (see Bodenham) ... ... 102 Bowling Green (see Clehonger) ... 160 Bradnor (see Kington) ... ... 440 Brainge (see Putley, also Woolhope) .. . . .. .. . 622, 750 Brakes (see Leintwardine) ... 490 Brampton (see Madley) ... ... 564 Brampton Abbotts ... ... 108 Brampton Bryan ... ... 109 Brampton Great (see Madley) ... 564 Brampton Little (see Rodd, Nash, and Little Brampton) ... ... 624 Brandon Camp (see Leintwardine)... 489 Bredenbury ... ... ... 111 Bredwardine ... ... ... 113 Breinton (Upper and Lower) ... 115 Brelstone (see Marstow) . .. ... 576 Bridenbury (see Bredenbury) ... 111 Bridgend (see Much Cowarne) ... 176 Bridge Solers or Bridge So liars .. . 116 Bridstow . . . . . . . . 117 Brierley (see Leominster)... . .. 511' Briery Hill (see Lingen) ... .. 541 Brilley .. . .. . .. . . . . 119 Brim field .. .. . .. . 121 Bringsty Common (see Bromyard, also Whitbourne) ... 130, 733 Bringewood Forge (see Burrington) 150 Brinsop .. . .. . .. . .. . 123 Brinsop (see Wigmore) ... ... 741 Brinstone (see St. Weonards) ... 664 Broad, The (see Eye) ... ... 222 Broad Green (see Madley)... ... 565 Broad Oak (see Garway, also St. W eonards) . . . .. . 232, 663 Broadfield (see Bodenham) ... 102 Broadheath (see Combe) ... ... 173 Broadrnoor (see Woolhope) ... 750 Broad ward (see Leominster) ... 511 Brobury... ... ... ... 124 Brock'Qury (see Colwall) ... ... 171 Brockhampton .. . . .. ... 125 Brockhampton (see Bromyard) ... 129 Brockington (see Bodenham) ... 103 Brockington (see Grendon Bishop) 240 Brockmanton (see Puddleston) .. 620 Bromley (see Little Birch) ... 94 Bromtrees (see Bishop Frome) ... 98 Bromyard History ... .. . 126 Bromyard Alphabetical Directory... 134 PAGE Bromyard Trades Directory ... 138 Bronsil (see Eastnor) ... . .. 210 Broom (see Eardisland) ... .. 206 Broom's Ash (see Linton) ... 542 Broomwell (see Hope-under-Dinmore) ... ... ... ... 412 Brom-y-Close (see Llandinabo, also • Llanwarne) ... ... 545, 551 Broomy Hill (see Hereford) ... 325 Broxwood (see Pembridge) ... 603 Bryhampton (see Little Hereford) .. 402 Bryngwyn (see Much Dewchurch)... 188 Buckenhill (see Bromyard) ... 129 Buckenhill (see W oolhope) ... 750 Buckland (see Docklow) ... . .. 196 Bucknell (see Buckton and Coxwall) 143 Buckton and Coxwall .. .. 143 Bullingham (Lower) or Bullinghope ... ... ... ... 144 Bullingham (Upper) or Bullinghope 144 Bullinghope (Lower) ... ... 144 Bullinghope (Upper) ... .. 144 Bull's Hill (see W alford) .. . ... 713 Bunshill (see Mansel Lacy) ... 567 Burcher (see Titley) .. ... 700 Burcott (see Holmer) ... ... 407 Burghill... . . ... ... 145 Burghope (see Wellington) ... 716 Burley (s'3e Bromyard) .. . ... 140 Burley Gate (see Much Cowarne, also Ocle Pychard) .. 175, 597 Burlton (see Burghill) ... ... 148 Burmarsh (see Marden) ... ... 574 Burrington . .. .. . ... 149 Burton (see Eardisland) ... ... 205 Burton (see Linton) ... .. . 543 Bury Hill (see W eston-under-Penyard) ... ... ... ... 730 Bury of Hope (see Hope-under Dinmore) ... ... ... .. . 411 Bush Bank (see Canon Pyon) ... 156 Bush Bank (see Kings Pyon) ... 430 Butterley (see Edwin Ralph) ... 213 Bwlch-Trewyn (see Walterstone) ... 715 Byecroft (see Yarpole) ... ... 755 Bycross (see Preston-upon-Wye) ... 617 Byford ... ... ... ... 150 Byletts (see Pembridge) ... .. 603 Byton ... ... ... ... 151 CABBAGE (see Llangarren) ... Cagebrook (see Eaton Bishop) .. . Cagedale (see Clehonger) ... .. . Caldicott (see Aconbury) ... .. . Callow ... ... ... .. . Callow Hill (see Munsley) .. . C11.1low The, (see Welsh Newton) .. . Oalver Hill (see Norton Canon) ... Canon Bridge (see Madley) .. . Canon Fro me . .. .. .. . . Canon Moor (see Hereford) .. . Canon Pyon ... ... .. . Canwood (see Woolhope) ... . .. Canwood Little (see Woolhope) ' .. . Caple Tump (see King's Caple) .. . Caplar Hill (see Fownhope) .. . Capon Bridge (see Much Cowarne) 547 212 160 78 152 592 720 595 565 153 325 154 749 750 424 226 176

INDEX • lX. PAGE Ca.ra.doc (see Sella.ck) . .. . .. 668 Carthage (see Foy) .. .. 230 Carwardine Green (see Madley) ... 565 Castle End (see Lea) . . .. 463 Castle Fro me . . . .. . . . . 156 Castleton (see Clifford) ... ... 162 Castleton, Upper and Lower (see Ocle Pychard) . . . . . . ... 597 Castle Weir (see Lyonshall) . . . 561 Catley (see Bosbury) . .. ... 105 Cawdor (see Ross) . . ... 646 Cefn (see Michaelchurch Eskley) ... 578 Cefn, Upper, Middle and Lower (see Dulas) . .. .. . ... 204 Chadnor (see Dilwyn) ... ... 192 Chance's Pitch (see Colwall) ... 172 · Chandos (see Much Marcle) .. . 571 . Chanstone (see Vowchurch) ... 709 Chase, The (see Ross) .. . .. . 634 Checkley (see Morcliford)... ... 586 Cheyney (see Bishop Frome) .. . 98 Chickward (see Kington)... .. . 440 Ohilstone (see Madley) ... · ... 563 Cl10lstrey (see Leominster) ... 511 Church Dilwyn (see Dilwyn) ... 190 Cinders (see Laysters) ... ... 461 Olaston {see Dormington)... ... 199 Olater (see Bromyard) ..• ... 129 Cleeve (see Ross)... ... ... 645 · Clehonger .. . . . . . . . 158 Clifford ... ... .. ... 161 Clodock . . . . .. . . . . 164 Cobhall (see Allensmore) ... ... 79 Cobnash (see Kingsland) . .. ... 428 Cobrey (see Walford)... ... ... 712 Cock Gate (see Yarpole) ... ... 755 Cockyard (see Abbey Dore) ... 77 Coddington . .. .. . .. . 165 Coed Moor· Common (see Much Dewchurch) ... ... ... 189 Colaba (see Leominster) ... ... 521 Coldborough (see Upton Bishop) ... 708 Cold Green (see Bosbury)... ... 108 Coldridge (see Aston Ingham) ... '85 Coldwell (see Kingstone) ... ... 432 Colebrook (see St. Weonards) · ... 664 Collington . .. .. . .. . 166 Oolwall ... ... ... ... 167 Oombe ... ... ... ... 172 Ooruberton (see Orleton) ... ... 601 Combswood (see Collington) ... 167 Copelands (see Holmer) ... ... 406 Corner Cop (see Leominster) ... 523 Corner's End (see Wellington) ... 717 Corner's Inn (see Kingsland) ... 429 Corras, Great and Little (see Kentchurch) ... .. . ... 421 Corton (see Rodd) . .. . .. 624 Cothill (see Turnastone) ... ... 703 Cotts, Upper and Lower (see Ya.rkhill) ... ... ... ... 754 Coughton (see Walford) ... ... 711 Courtfield (see Welsh Bicknor) ... 719 Court of Noke (see Pembridge) ... 604 Covenhope (see Aymestrey) . ... 90 Cowame (Little), or Cowarne Parva. 173 Cowame (Much), or Cowarne Magna 174 PAGE Cowleigh Gate (see Cradley) ... 178 Coxwall (see Buckton and Coxwall) 143 Cracohill (see Much Dewchurch) ... 189 Cradley, East and West ... · ... 176 Crafty W ebb (see Bredwardine) ... 1H Crasswall (or Craswell) ... ... 180 Creclenhill . . . .. . .. . 181 Crews (see Woolhope) ... ... 750 Crews, The (see Upton Bishop) ... 708 Crick's Green (see Stoke Lacy) ... 681 Criftin (see Upper Sapey) ... 665 Criseley (see Treville) .. . .. . 702 Cracker's Ash (see Ganarew) . .. 231 Croft ... ... ... ... 183 Crossway (see Holmer) ... . .. 408 Crossway (see Peterchurch) ... 611 Crossway, Upper and Lower {see Dorstone) ... ... ... 202 Crosswold (see Crasswall)... ... 180 Crow Hill (see Upton Bishop) ... 707 Crumpan Hill (see Cradley) ... 178 Crumplebury {see Whitbourne). ... 734 Crump Oak (see Lyonshall) ... 56:~ 0ubberley (see Ross) · ... ... 634 Cublington (see Madley) ... ... 564 Cullis Croft (see Orleton) ... . .. 601 Cusop ... ... ... .. 185 Cusop (see Avenbury) ... ... 88 Cwm (see Abbey Dore) ... ... 77 Cwm (see Bacton) ... ... 92 Cwm, The (see Llanrothall) ... 549 Cwm (see Llanveyno) ... ... 550 Cwm (see Walterstone) ..• ... 715 Cwm-Coched (see Lungtown) .. 553 Cwm Dulas (see Ewyas Harold) ... 219 Cwm-Madoc (see Garway) ... 233 Cwms Moor, or Comb's .Moor (see Byton) ... ... ... 152 Cwmyoy, part of (see Fwthog) .. ." 230 • DADNOR (see Bridstow) ... . . 118 Daffa.luke (see Hentland)... ... 250 Darkley (see Norton Canon) ... 596 Dason (see Hentland) ... ... 250 Dean's Common {see Lea)... ... 463 Dean's Place (see Yatton) ... 757 Deerfold Hill (see Wig-more) ... 740 Derndale (see Canon Pyon) ... 156 Devereux, St. . .. . .. ... 660 Devereux Wootton (see Weobley) ... 726 Dewchurch (Little) ... ... 186 Dewchurch (Much) ... ... 187 Dewdale's Hope (see Bodenham) ... 103 Dewsall . .. .. . . .. ... 189 Didley (see St. Devereux) ... 661 Dilwyn, or Church Dilwyn ... 190 Dinchill (see Donnington) ... 197 Dined or .. . · · . . . · . . . . .. 193 Dineterwood (see Ewya.s Harold) ... 218 Dingwood (see Ledbury) ... ... 481 Dinmore . .. .. . .. 194 Dinmore Hill (see Hope-under-Dinmore) ... ... ... ... 410 Dippersmoor (see Kilpeck) ... 4~ Dishley (see Leominster) ... ... 533 Docklow ... ... •.. 195 b

x. INDEX. PAGE Dodmarsh (see Westhide) .. ... 728 Dog Hill (see Ledbury) ... . .. Dolward (see Turnastone) ..• 703 Donnington ... .. . ... 196 Dore (see Abbey Dore) ... ... 74 Dormington . .. . . . .. . 197 Dorstone . .. .. . .. . 199 Dorstone (see Birley) ... ... 96 Dovefields (see Bishop Frome) . . . 98 Doward, Great and Little (see Ganarew, also Whitchurch) 231, 735 Dunfield (see Lower Harton) ... 245 Downshill (see Bishopstone) . .. 100 Down ton ... . .. ... 202 Downwood (see Shobdon)... ... 669 Drakeley (see Marden) .. ... 574 Drayton, Lower (see Brimfield) ... 123 Drybrook (see Walford) ... ... 71:'1 Dudshill (see Upper Sapey) ... 665 Duffryn (see Abbey Dore) ... 77 Duke Street (see Staunton-upon· Wye) ... .. ... ... 677 Duke Street (see Withington) ... 746 Dulas · ... ... ... 203 Dulas (see Cusop) ... ... 185 Dunhampton (see Hatfield) .. . 247 Dunswater (see Kingstone) ... 432 Durstone (see .Pencombe)... ... 607 Dynedor (see Dined or) . .. .. . 193 EARDISLAND .. . .. . . .. 204 Eardisley . .. .. . .. . 206 Easthampton (see Shobdon) ... 669 Eastnor .. . .. . .. . . .. 209 Easton (see Little Hereford) .. 401 Easton, Upper and Lower (see Middleton-on-the-Hill) ... ... 580 Eastwood (see Tarrington) ... 692 Eaton (see Leorninster) ... ... 511 Eaton Bishop ... ... .•. 211 Eaton 'l'regoes (see Foy) ... .. 229 Eau 'Vithington (see Withington)... 746 Eccles Green (see Norton Canon) ... 595 Eccleswall (see Linton) .. ... 542 Edwin Ralph, or Edvin Ralph ... 213 Eggleton (see Bishop ]'rorne) ... 97 Eggleton {Upper and Lower) ... 214 Elm Grove (see Thornbury) .. 697 Elsdon (see Lyonshall) . .. ... 561 Elton ... ... ... ... 215 Elvastone (see Harewood, also Llanwarne) .. . .. . 244, 552 England's Gate (see Bodenham) ... 104 Euroclydon (see Hope Mansel) ... 409 Evendine (see Colwall) ... ... 171 Even Pitt (see Fownhope) ... 228 Evesbach .. . ... ... 213 Ewias Harold, or Ewya~:~ ... ... 217 Eye ... ... ... ... 219 Eynons (see Tyberton) ... ... 704 Eyton ... ... ... ... 222 Eywood (see Titley) ... ... 699 F AIRI!'IELD (see Kingsland) Fairfield (see Marstow) .. . :Fair Tree (see Ledbury} .. . ... 428 ... 576 ... 478 PAGE Falcon (see Sollershope) ... ... 671 Fawley ... ... ... ... 223 Ji'elhampton (see Upton Bishop) ... 708 Felton ... ... ... ... 224 Fencote (see Hattield) ... ... 247 Fenhampton (see W enbley) ... 726 Ferney Common (see Almeley) ... 82 Field's Place (see Madley) ... 564 Five Aflhes (see Middleton-on-theHill) . . .. . ... ... 580 Five Bridges (see Much Cowarne)... 175 Flanesford (see Goodrich)... ... 236 Flann, The (see Peterstow) .. 613 Flights (see Ledbury) ... ... 480 Flintsham (see 'l'itley) ... ... 700 Focle, or Phocle Green (see U pton Bishop) .. . .. . . .. 707 Folly (see Eardisland) .. . . .. 206 Folly (see Marden) ... ... 574 Folly (see Orleton) . .. .. 601 Ford, or Fordbridge . .. . .. 225 Ford Abbey (see Puddleston) . .. 619 Forest Green (see W alford) ... 713 Forge, Old (see Goodrich) ... 237 Forty Acres (see Wolferlow) ... 748 Fownhope .. . .. . . .. 226 Foxley (see Yazor) . .. . .. 758 Foy or Foye .. . .. . . .. 228 Franklands (see Marden) ... . .. 574 Free Town (see Stoke Edith) ... 680 Freeman's Wood (see Whitney) ... 738 Freen's Court (see Sutton) ... 689 Frogend (see Castle Frome) ... 157 Ji'rogmore (see Weston-under-Pen· yard) ... ... ... ... 731 Frome Bishop (see Bishop Frome) .. 97 .Frome Canon (see Canon :Frome) ... 153 Ji'rome Castle (see Castle Frome) ... 156 Frome Hill (see Bishop Frome, also Castle Frome) ... 98, 157 Froome (see Mordiford) ... ... 586 Fu]more's (see Woolhope) ... 750 J!'wthog or Fwddog .. . .. . 230 GAINES (see Whitbourne) . .. . Gamberhead (see Llanwarne) .. . Ganarew ... ... .. . Garford (see Yarkhill) ... .. . Garnons (see Mansel Gamage) ... Garnstone (see W eobley) .. . .. Garraway (see How Caple) ... Garway ... ... . .. Gatley (see Leinthall Earles) ... Gatsford (see Brampton Abbotts) ... Gattertop (see Hope-under-Dinmore) Gayton (see Upton Bishop) ... Geer Cop (see Hentland, Sellack, & '!'retire with Michaelchurch) 733 552 230 754 566 724 413 232 487 109 412 707 250, 667, 701 Gillow (see Hentland) .. . .. . 249 Gilvah (see St. Margaret's) ... 662 Giles, Great (see Aston Ingham) ... 86 Glan-Monnow (see Garway) ... 233 Glas Cwm (see Welsh Newton) ... 721 Glewstone (see Goorlrich, Hentland, and Marstow) ... ... 237, 250, 576

INDEX. • XI. PAGE Gobbetts, The (see Ullingswick) ... 705 Godway, The (see BJakemere) ... 101 Goitry (see Walterstone) ... ... 715 Gold Hill (see Bosbury) . . . ... 108 Golden V alley (see Peterchurch) . . . 609 Good rich . . . . . . . . 233 Gorbett (see Yarpole) .. . 75fi Gorsley Common (see Linton) . . . 542 Gorsty Common (see Clehonger) ... 160 Gor>~ty H1ll (see Kimbolton) .. . 424 Grafton . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 Graftonbury (see Grafton) .. o 238 Grand some (see Stretton-Grandison) 685 Grange, The (see Kingstone) oo· 432 Grange (see Bacto11) 0 0 0 0 0. 92 Grange (see Leintwardine) ... 491 Grange (see W ormesley) 0 0 0 0 o• 752 Grantsfield (see Kimbolton) .o 0 423 Green Uryse (see Bullingham Lower) 145 Green Lane (see Yarkhill) o• 754 Green way (see Donnington) o·· 197 Green way (see Kilpeck) . . . .o. 422 Grendon Bishop 0. • • 239 Grendon Court (see Upton Bishop) 707 Grendon Warren 0.. . . • . . • 240 Grendon Warren (see Pencombe) o• 608 Grig's Pit (see M_uch Marcle) o•• 571 Grove, The (see Sellack) 0. 0 • • 668 Gwenherion (see Welsh Newton) ... 721 Gwerngenny (see Kilpeck) o·· 422 HACKLEY (see Avenbury) .. o 000 88 Haffield (see Led bury) 00 0 479 Hagley (see Lugwardine)o.o o.. 559 Hainstone (see Preston-upon-Wye) 617 Halesend (see Cradley) . 0. •• • 178 Hall Court (see Bishop Frome) ... 98 Hallastone (see Sarnesfield) .. 666 Halmond Fro me (see Bishop Frome) 98 Hamnish Clifford (see Kimbolton) .. . 423 Hampton Bishop 0.. o•. 240 Hampton Charles . 0 o•· 241 Hampton Court (see Hope-underDinmore) 000 ··o o·· 410 Hampton Wafer . . . . 242 Hanburies (see Bishop :Frome) ... 98 Hangman's Green (see Allensmore) Hanley Court (see Kingstone) oo• 432 Hanmore (see Staunton-upon-Wye) 677 Hard wick (see Cli:fford) ... .. 0 162 Hardwick (see Eardisland) o•• 206 Hardwick (see Pembridge) ... 606 Hare wood . . . . 0. 0.. 243 Harewood End (see Harewood, also Pencoyd) . 0 0 •• • 244, 608 Hartleton (see Linton} . 0. o•· 543 Harton (Lower), or Harpton oo• 245 Hatfield 0 o• . 0 0 • • • • 0 0 245 Hatsford (see W oolhope) 0.. .. . 7 4!l Haven (see Dilwyn) 000 ••• 192 Hawker's Hill (see Sutton) ooo 689 Hawker's Land (see Marden) o•• 574 Hawthorns (see Hope Manse!) o• 409 Haygrove (see Linton) ... . . . 543 Hay wood . o• ... ... 247 Hazle, The (see Tarrington) ... 692 PAGE Hazlehurst (see Walford) ... 712 Hazels (see Woolhope) ... o•• 750 Heartsease (see Brampton Bryan) 0.. 111 Heath, Great (see Laysters) 000 461 Heath and Jay (see Leintwardine) 490 Heclgeley (see Stoke Lacy) ... 681 Hegdon (see Pencombe) .. o ... 607 Hellens (see Much Marcle) ooo 570 Hendra (see Orcop) .. o ... 599 Hendre (see Peterstow) ... o•• 613 Hengoed (see Huntington) ... 416 Hennerwoocl (see Pencombe) .. . 608 H ennor (see Leuminster, also Kimbolton) . . . . . . 511, 423 Hentland 0 0. • • • • o• 248 Henwood (see Dilwyn) ... ..o 192 Hephill (see Lugwardine)o.. oo• 559 Hereford Alphabetical Directory . . 325 Hereford History . 0 0 • • • 25:~ Hereford (Little) .o ooo 401 Herefordshire Beacon (see Colwall) 169 Hergest, Upper and Lower (see Ki ngton) . 0. 0 0 0.. 439 Hermitage, The (see Burghill) .0. 146 Highfield (see Llanveyno) ... 550 High Lane (see Tedstone Wafer) oo• 695 High Vinnalls (see Aston) ... 84 Highwood, The (see Yarpole) •o• 755 Hildersley (see Ross) 000 .o. 643 Hill Court(see Ross, also Walford) 634, 712 Hill End (see Cradley) . .. . 0. 179 Rill End (see Weston Beggard) ... 729 Hill Gate (see Llanwarne)ooo ... 552 Hillhampton (see Rhobdon} 000 670 Hill, Little (see Orcop) ... ... 598 Hill of Ea ton (see }'oy) oo• oo• 230 Hill Park (see Bosbury} •o• ... 108 Hill Upper (see Hope-undet-Dinmore) . 0. • • 0 • • • • 0. 412 Hinton (see Jj'elton) .. .. 225 Hinton (see Hereford) ... ... 325 Hinton (see Peterchurch)o.. ... 611 Hoarwithy (see Hentland) •o· 249 Holbatch (see Bodenham)o.. ... 104 Hole-in-the-Wall (see Foy) 000 229 Hollanton (see Holme Lacy) •o· 405 Hollings (see Edwin Ralph) ... 214 Hollingwood (see Abbey Dore) 77 Holloway Common (see Hampton Charles) 0 0. • • • • •• 242 Holly Wall (see Stoke Prior) •o· 683 Holme Lacy . 0. 0 0. • 0. 402 Holme, The (see Lyonshall) ... 562 Holm er •o. . o. ... . .. 405 Holmer (see Hereford) ... .o. 325 Holywell (see Blakemere)... ... 101 Horn (see Rol:ls) .. o•o ... 647 Homend (see Stretton Grandison)oo• 685 Homme House (see Much Marcle).o. 570 Homrne, The (seP Dilwyn) ... 192 Honeymoor (see Eaton Bishop) oo• 212 Hope End (see Colwall, also Ledbury) 0. 0 0 0 • • • 169, 468 Hope Manse} or Mansell 00. ••• 408 Hope's Ash (see Hope Mansel) . o• 409 Hope-under-Din more . 0. . •• 409 Hopley's Green (see Almeley) ... 81

•• Xll. INDEX . PAGE Horseway Head (see Staunton-uponArrow) ... ... ... 674 Horsnett (see Grendon Bishop) ... 240 Houghton;(see Bodenham) ... 104 How Cap le . . . . . . . . . 412 Howle Hill (see Walford) ... 714 Howton (see Kenderchurch) ... 419 Hubbage (see Thornbury) ... 697 Humber... ... ... ... 413 Hunderton (see Hereford) ... 325 Hundred, The (see Kimbolton) ... 424 Hunger hill {see St. W eonards) ... 664 Hungerstone (see Allensmore) ... 79 Hunsdon (see Weston-under-Penyard) . . . . . . .. . . . 732 Huntley (see Preston-upon-Wye) ... 617 H untington . .. . .. . . . . 415 Huntington (see Burghill) ... 146 Huntington (see Hereford) ... 325 Huntington (see Holmer)... ... 405 Huntsham (see Goodrich)... ... 237 Hurstans (see Sollershope} ... 671 Hurstley (see Letton) ... . .. 539 Hurstway Common (see Eardisley) 208 Hyatt Sarnesfield (seeN ortou Canon) 595 Hyde Ash (see Leominster) ... 510 Hyde Field (see Kings Pyon) ... 430 JNGESTONE (see Foy) ... ... 229 Instone (see Bishop Frome) .. 99 Irchenfield, or Archenfi.eld (see Hentland) .. ... .. 249 Iron Pear-tree (see St. Margaret's)... 662 I vington (see Leominster) . . . 510 J ACO"B'S LEYS (see Aylton) ... 89 Jay (see Leiutwardine) .. . . .. 491 Jewry or ~ ury, Upper and Lower (see Abbey Dore) ... ... 77 Jitnel (see Madley) ... ... 565 KEEPHILL (see Bromyard) .. . Kenchester .. . .. . .. . 416 Kenderchurch ... ... ... 418 Kentchurch ... .. . .. . 419 Kerne Bridge (see W alford) . .. 710 Keyo (see Wormbridge) ... ... 751 Kilkington (see Stttunton-upon-Wye} 677 Kilfor~e (see Bolstone, also Little Dewchurch) ... ... 105, 187 Kilpeck . .. . .. .. . .. . 421 Kilreague, or Kilrhyg {see Llangarren) . .. . .. .. . 546 Kimbolton . .. ... ... 422 Kinford (see Canon Pyon) ... 156 King Arthur's Oave(see Whitchurch) 735 King's Acre (see Breinton) ... 116 King's Caple . .. . . .. . 42-1 Kingsland .. . .. . .. . 425 King's Pit (see Aconbury) ... 78 King's Pyon .. . . . .. . 429 King's Thorn (see Much Birch) . .. 95 Kingston {see Weston-under-Penyard) .. . ... ... ... 731 Kingstone ... .. . .. . 431 Kingswood (see Kington) .. . 440 Kington .. . .. . .. . 432 PAGE Kington Alphabetical Directory ... 445 Kington History . .. .. . 434 Kington Trades' Directory ... 450 Kinley (see Blakemere) .. . ... 101 Kinley (see Letton) ... ... 540 Kinnersley . .. .. . .. . 456 Kinsham .. . .. . . .. 458 Kintal (see Upper Sapey)... ... 665 Kintley (see Brilley) ... ... 121 Kinton (see Leintwardine) ... 490 Kitchen Hill (see Orleton) ... 601 Kiverknoll (see Much Dewchurch) 188 Knapp Green (see Little Dewchurch) 187 Knapton (see Birley) ... ... 96 Knight's Hill (see Aston Ingha.m)... 86 Knill ... ... ... ... 459 Knockerhill (see Haywood) ... 247 Knoll, The (see Yarpole) ... ... 755 Kymin (see Ocle Pychard) .. . 597 Kynaston (see Hentland)... ... 249 Kynaston (see Much Marcle) ... 570 Kyre, Little, or Kyre Parva (see Stoke Bliss} ... ... ... 678 LADYCOURT (see Shobdon) ... 669 Lady Lift (see Yazor) ... ... 758 Lady Meadow (see Yarpole) ... 755 Lakes {see Marden) .. . ... 574 Langstone (see Llangarren) ... 546 Larport (see Mordiford) .. . .. 587 Lawton (see Kingsland} ... ... 427 Law ton's Hope (see Canon Pyon) .. . 156 Lay1:1ters... ... . .. ... 460 Lea ... ... .. ... 461 Leadon (see Bishop Frome) ... 98 Leadon (see Ledbury) ... ... 463 Ledbury ... ... ... 463 Ledbury Alphabetical Directory ... 476 Ledbury History... .. . . .. 465 Ledbury Trades' Directory ... 481 Ledwitch (see Ludford) ... ... 556 Leen, The (see Pembridge) ... 606 Leinthall Earles (see Aymestrey) ... 90 Leinthall Earles .. . .. . .. 487 Leinthall 8tarkes .. . ... 487 Leintwardine . .. .. . .. . 489 Lenwre (see Eardisley) ... ... 207 Lenastone (see Llanwarne) ... 552 Leominster .. . .. . .. . 493 Leominster Alphabetical Directory 521 Leominster History . . . .. . 49i Leominster Trades' Directory .. . 529 Letton ... ... ... ... 538 Letton (see Leintwardine) ... 491 Lewson (see Ganarew) ... ... 231 Lewson (see Whitchurch)... ... 736 Leys, The (see Shobdon) ... ... 670 Leys, The (see Yarpole) ... ... 576 Leysters (see Laysters) ... . ... 460 Lidgmoor, or Ledgemoor (see Kmg's Pyon, also Weubley) .. 430,726 Lillanch> (see Little Marcle) .. . Lilwall (see Kington) ... ... 448 Limebrook (see Lingen, also Wigmore)... ... ... 540, 740 Lincetter (see Whitbourne) ... 734 Lincoln Hill (see Ross) ... ... 634

INDEX. • •• Xlll. PAGE Lingen ... ... ... ... 540 Linley Green (see Bromyard) ... 140 Linnett, The (see Ullingswick) ... 705 Linton ... ... ... .. . 541 Linton (see Bromyard) . . . ... 129 Linton Point (see Aston lngham) . . . 86 Little Birch (see Birch Little) ... 93 J ... ittle BramQ_ton (see Rodd, Nash, and Little Brampton) ... ... 624 Little Bridge (see Bromyard) .. . Little Cowarne (see Cowarne Little) 173 Little Dewchnrch (see Dewchurch Little) . . . . . . . . . 186 Little Frome (see Avenbury) ... 88 Little Hereford (see Hereford Little) 401 Little Hill (see Orcop) ... ... 598 Little Hope (see Fownhope) .. 228 Little Kyre (see Stoke Bliss) · .... 678 Little Marcle (see Marcle Little) ... 568 Little Pengethley (see Hentland) ... 250 Little Yarkhill (see Yarkhill) ... 754 Little Ynys (see Orcop) ... ... 599 Litmarsh (see Marden) ... ... 574 Livers Ocle (see Ocle Pychard) ... 596 Llanavon (see Dorstone) .. ... 201 Llancillo . . . . . . . . . 544 Llancloudy (see Llangrove) ... 548 Llandinabo . . . . . . . . 544 Llandyknob (see Bromyard) ... UO Llanfaino, or Llanveyno ... ... 549 Llanfair (see Clifford) ... ... 163 Lla.nfrother (see Hentland) ... 248 Llangarren . . . . .. . . 545 Llangrove . . . . . . . . . 547 Llangunnock (see Llangarren, also St. 'Veonards) ... 546, 664 Llanhedry (see Brilley) . .. . .. 121 Llanithog (see Kentchurch) ... 420 Llanon (see St. Margaret's) . .. 662 Llanrosser (see Michaelchurch Eskley) . .. ... ... .. 578 Llanrothal . .. . .. . . . 548 Llanveyno ... ... ... 549 Llanwarne ... ... ..• 550' Logaston (see Almeley) ... ... 81 Longford (see Kingsland)... ... 427 Long-Grove (see Llangrove) ... 547 Longlands (see Whitbourne) .. . Longtown .. . .. . . .. 552 Longwood (see Abbey Dore) ... 77 Longworth (see Lugwardine) ... 558 Lowe, The (see Much Dewchurch) 189 Lower Breinton (see Breinton) ... 115 Lower Buckenhill (see Woolhope)... 749 Lower Bullingham, or Bullinghope 144 Lower Downfield (see Kington) .. . 449 Lower Eaton (see Eaton Bishop) ... 212 Lower Eggleton (see Eggleton) .. 214 Lower Harton (see Harton Lower) 245 Lower Heath (see Cornbe) ... 17~ Lower Hergest (see Kington) ... 439 Lower Hill (see Hope-under-Dinmore) ... ... ... ... 412 Lower Hopton (see Much Cowarne) 176 Lower Horton (see Edwin Ralph)... 214 Lower Kinsham (see Kinsham) ... 458 Lower Lea. (see Lea) ... ... 462 PAGE Lower Pedwardine (see Brampton Brian). .. ... ... ... 109 Lower Priddleton (see Humber) ... 415 Lower Town (see Ashperton) ... 83 Lower Underlay (see Wolferlow) ... 748 Lower Venn (see Bodenham) ... 103 Lower W elson (see Eardisley) ... 208 Lower W eston (see W eston-underPenyard) . .. ... ... 731 Luce, The (see Stoke Prior) . .. 683 Lucton ... ... ... ... 554 Ludford .. . .. . .. . ... 555 Lugwardine .. . .. . . .. 557 Lulham (see Madley) ... ... 564 Luntley (see Dilwyn) ... ... 191 Luston (see Eye)... .. . ... 221 Lydiates (see Brimfield) ... ... 122 Lye (see Birley) ... . .. . . . 96 Lyde (see Pipe-cum-Lyde) ... 615 Lyde Cross Tree (see Holmer) ... 408 Lye, Upper and Lower (see Aymestrey) . ... ... ... 90 Lynch (see Eardisland) ... . ... 205 Lyndalls (see Sollershope) ... 671 Lynhales (see Lyon shall) .. . .. 561 Lyon shall . .. . .. . . .. 560 Lyston (see Llanwarne) ... ... 551 MADLEY... ... ... ... 563 Maescoed (see Newton) ... ... 593 Maes-y-maerdy (see Brilley) ... 121 Magna Castra (see Kenchester) ... 417 Mahollem (see Huntington, also Kington) . . .. ... 415,' 448 Mainstone (see Pixley) ... ... 616 Mainswood (see Munsley) ... 592 Malvern West, part of (see Cradley) 178 Mansel Gamage . .. . .. .. . 565 Mansel Lacy . .. .. . ... 566 Marcle Hill (see Much Marcle) ... 569 Marcle (Little) ... ... ... 568 Marcle (Much) ... ... ... 569 Marden ... ... ... ... 572 Margaret's, St. .. . . .. .. . 661 Marlas (see Kilpeck) ... 422 Marlbrook (see Elton) ... ... 216 Marlbrook (see Leominster) ... 523 Marley Hall (see Ledbury) .. 480 Marlow (see Leintwardine) ... 490 Marsh (see Withington) ... ... 746 Marsh The (see Preston-Wynne) ... 618 Marsh; The (see Wellington) ... 716 Marston (see Pembridge) .. ... 604 Marston, or Marston Stannett (see Pencombe) ... ... ... 607 Marstow . .. .. . ... 575 Mary KnoTI (see Burrington) ... 150 Massington (see Ledbury) ... 481 Maund Bryan (see Bodenham) ... 102 Maundfield Gate (see Bodenham) ... 103 Mawfield (see Allensmore) ... 80 May Hill (see Aston lngham) ... 86 Meadow Green (see Whitbourne) ... 734 Meer Common (see Almeley) ... 82 Meer Court (see Allensmore) ... 80 Meer's Place (see King's Pyon) ... 430 Meerbach Point (see Dorstone) ... 201

• XIV. INDEX . PAGE Merrivale (see Aconbury}... ... 78 Merry Hill (see Haywood) , ... 247 Merryvale (see Ros:;>) .. . ... 643 Michaelchurch (see Tretire) ... 701 Michaelchurch Eskley ... ... 577 Middle Court (see Yarkhill) ... 754 Middle Hill (see Hope-under-Dinmore) . . . . . . . . . . . 412 Middleton (see Hereford Little) . .. 401 Middleton-on-the-Hill ... .. 578 MiddJewood (see Clifford) .. ... 162 Milebrook (see Brampton Bryan) ... 111 Mileshiggins (see Much Dewchurch) 189 Mileshope (see Middleton-on-tbeHill) . .. .. . . .. . . . 580 Millbrook (see Orleton) ... ... 601 Mill Half (see Whitne_y) .. . ... 738 Mintridge (see Stoke Lacy) ... 681 Mitcheldean Road (see Lea) ... 461 Mitchell (see Ledbury) ... ... 477 Mitchfield (see Weston-under-Penyard) ... ... .. ... 731 Mitnall {see Richard's Castle} ... 623 Moccas ... . .. ... ... 580 Mona Court (see Kingstone) . . 432 Monksbury (see Yarkhill) ... 754 Monk hall (see Much Dewchurch} . . . 189 Monkhide (see Yarkhill) ... .. 754 Monkland . . . . . . 582 Monkton, Upper and Lower (see Llanwarne) ... ... ... 552 Monmarsh (see Marden} ... ... 575 Monnington (see Vowchurch) ... 709 Monnington-upon-Wye ... ... 584 Monstray (see Burrington) .. . 150 Moor (see Richard's Castle) ... 623 Moor Abbey (see Middleton-on-theHi1l) . .. ... . .. . . 579 Moor, The (see Bodenham) ... 102 Moor, The (see Clifford) .. . ... 162 Moor, The (see Stapleton) ... 673 Moor, The (see St. Weonards) ... 664 Moorcourt (see. Pembridge) ... 604 Moorcroft (see Coddington, also Col wall) . .. ... 166, 172 Moorend (see Ashperton)... ... 83 Moorend (see Castle Frome) ... 157 Moorend (see Much Cowarne) .... 176 Moor End (see Mnnsley) ... ... 592 Moorend (see W eston Beggard) ... 729 Moorhampton (see Abbey Dore} ... 77 Moorhampton (see Yazor) . 757 Moors, The (see Lea) ... ... 463 Moraston (see Bridstow) ... ... 118 Moraston (see Peterstow)... ... 613 Mordiford ... ... .. 585 Moreton (see Eye) .. ... 219 Moreton J effries . . . .. . 587 Moreton-on-Lugg ... ... 588 Morney Cross {see Fownhope) ... 228 Mortimer's Cross (see Kingsland, also Aymestrey) ... 426, 90 Moss. Hill (see Stretford) . .. . . . 685 Mount Boon (see Little Dewchurch) 187 Mount Craig (see Marstow) ... 576 Mount Skippett (see Aconbury) ... 78 Mowbage (see Peterchurch) ... 611 PAGE Mowley (see Stantor-upon-Arrow) 674 Much Birch (see Birm Much} ... 94 Much Cowarne (see (owarne Much} 174 Much Dewchurch (s~e l>ewchurch Much) ... ... ... 187 Much Fawley (see F.wley) ... 224 Much Marcle (see M:rcle Much) ... 569 Mudwalls (see BishoiFrome) ... 99 Munderfield Harold ~ee Bromyard) 130 Munderfield Row (se' Avenbury)... 87 M unsley . . .. . . . . 591 Munstone (see Holm(!") ... ... 406 Murryhurst (see St . .Nargaret's) . .. 662 Mynde, The (see Much Dewchurch) 188 Mynydd Fferddin (se,Longtown)... 554 NANT-Y-GLASTER (see Jusop) ... 185 Na.sh (see Fownhope) ... ... 228 N ash (see Rodd, N as1, and Little Brampton} ... ... ... 624 Nash End (see Bosbmy) ... ... 108 N elmes (see Bosbury) .. . .. . 108 Nethercourt (see Stok• Lacy) ... 681 Netherton (see Brampon Abbotts) 109 Netherton (see Ledbuy) ··~ .. . Netherton (see Pencoyl) ... ... 608 Netherwood (see Thonbury) ... 696 Newbrooke (see AbbeJDore) ... 77 Newbury (see Grendor Bishop) ... 240 Newchurch (see KinMsley} . .. 457 New Court (see Bact01) . .. ... 92 New Court (see Lugw:rdine) ... 558 New Court (see Marst1w) ... 576 New End (see Canon lyon) ... 156 N ewhampton . .. ... ... 592 New Inn (see Hentlan\) .. . . . . 249 Newport (seeAlmeley) ... .. 81 Newton (in Clodock) ... ... 593 Newton (see Dilwyn) ... ... 192 Newton (see Hereford) ... ... 325 Newton (see Kinnersler) ... ... 457 Newton (see Leintwarcine) ... 491 Newton (see Stoke Lac;)... ... 681 ·Newton (see St. Weon:rds) ... 664 Newton, neaz: Leominser (see Croft) 184 N ewtonCommon(see W dsh·N ewton) 720 Newtown (see Leominser) ... 511 N ewtown (see Y arkhill .. . . .. 754 New Weir (see Kencheter) ... 418 Next End (see Lyonshal) ... 561 Nicholas Common (see Vinforton) · 744 N ordan (see Eye) .. ... 222 N orthgate (see St. We01ards) .. 663 Norton with Brockhanpton (see Bromyard) . .. .. . . .. 129 Norton Brook (see Grafon) ... 238 N orton Canon . . . .. . . 594 Noverings (see Bosbury: ... ... 108 Nunnington (see Withi~ton) ... 746 Nupend (see Cradley) ... ... 179 Nupend (see Fownhope) ... ... 228 Nupend (see Munsley) ... ... 592 Nupton (see Canon Py01) .. 156 Nuttalls (see Much Mar:le) ... 571 0AKLAND (see Bridstow) .. . Oaklands (see Docklow) .. . ••. 119 . ... 196

INDEX. XV • PAGE Oaks, The (see Aston Ingham) ... 86 · Ockeridge (see Bromyard) ... 136 Ockridge (see J ... edbury) ... . • 477 Ocle Pychard . .. . .. .. . 596 Offa's Dyke (see Lyonshall) ... 561 Olchon (see Llanveyno) ... ... !550 Old Country (see Bosbury) ... 108 Oldfield (see Leinthall Earles) ... 487 Old Forge (see Goodrich)... .. 237 Old Gore (see Foy) . . ... 230 Old Hill, The (see W alford) .. . 712 Old Way (see Fownhope)... ... 228 . Old Weir (see Kenchester) ... 418 Old Wood (see Middleton-on-theHill) ... ... .. . .. . 579 Orcop ... ... ... ... 597 Orleton ... . .. . .. ... 599 Orlham (see Ledbmy) ... ... 481 Overbury (see Woolhope)... .. 750 Over Court (see Sutton) ... ... f>89 Over Letton (see Letton, also Staunton-upon-Wye) ... 539, 677 Over Ross (see Ross) .. ... 634 Overton (see Brampton Abbotts) ... 109 Overton (see Orleton) ... ... 601 Overton (see Richard's Castle) ... 623 • PALMER's CAIRN (see Orleton) ... 600 Pantalls (see Sutton) ... ... 690 Pant Hall (see Willey) ... ... 74;3 Paradise (see Marden) ... ... 574 Parkfield (see Weston-under-Penyard) ... ... ... ... 732 Parkgate (see Lyons hall) . .. ... 562 Parkhold (see Pixley) ... ... 616 Parks, The (see Burghill) ... 148 Parks, The (see Canon Pyon) ... 156 Parkside (see Llanrothal) .. . 549 Parkway (see Ledbury) ... · ... 476 Parkway (see Madley) ... ... 565 Parton (see Eardisley) ... ... 208 Pattbrook (see Whitbourne) ... 734 Paunceford (see Munsley)... ... 592 Paunton (see Bishop Frome) ... 99 Paytoe (see Leintwardine) ... 491 Pedwardine, Upper and Lower (see Brampton Brian) . .. ... 109 Pember's Oak (see Kington) ... 449 Pembridge .. . ... ... 602 Pembridge Castle (see Welsh Newton) ... ... ... ... 720 Penalt, Lower (see King's Caple) ... 425 Penblaith (see Llangrove) ... 548 Pen Brilley (see Brilley) ... ..• 121 Pencombe ..• .. ... 606 Pencoyd . .. . . .. . .. 608 Pencraig (see Goodrich, also Marstow) ... . .. ... 237, 576 Pendiggot (see St. W eonards) ... 664 Pengethly (see Sellack) ... ... 667 Pengethley Little (see Hentland) ... 250 Penland (see Huntington) ... 416 Penllan (see Clifford) ... ... 163 Pennoxtone (see King's Caple) ... 425 Pennypit {see Llanwarne) ... 552 • PAGE Penrhos (see Lyonshall) .. . ... 561 Penrose Green (see St. Weonards)... 664 Pentre (see Brilley) ... ... 121 Pentwyn (see Bacton) ... ... 92 Pentwyn (see Walterstone) ... 715 Pen yard House (see W eston-underPenyard) .. . . .. .. 732 Pen-y-park (see Clifford) ... ... 163 Pen-y-worlod (see Rowlstone) ... 660 Pepperplock (see W eobley) ... 726 Parkins Pitch (see Llanwarne) ... 552 Perrystone (see Foy) ... ... 229 Perrystone Hill (see Yatton) .. 757 Perton (see Stoke Edith) ... ... 679 Petchfield (see Elton) .. ... 216 Peterchurch ... ... ... 609 Peterstow 611 Phocle Green (se~·Upton Bishop)::: 707 Pict's Cross (see Sellack) ... ... 668 Pig Street (see Norton Canon) ... 595 Pipe Aston (see Aston) ... ... 84 Pipe-cum-Lyde ... ... ... 613 Pixley ... ... ... 615 Plaistow (see Ledbury) ... ... 480 Pont-hendre (see Longtown) . .. 554 Pontrilas (see Kentchurch, also Ewias Harold)... ... 419, 217 Pontshill (see Weston-under-Penyard) ... ... ... ... 731 Pontvaen (see Clifford) ... ... 163 Pont-y-mwdy (see Llanveyno) ... 550 Pont-y-pina (see Vowchurch) ... 709 Poolhead (see Bodenham)... ... 103 Poolmill (see Bridstow) . .. ... 119 Pool Wharf (see Much Dewchurch) 189 Portway (see Burgh ill) .. . . .. 146 Portway (see Grafton) ... ... 238 Portway (see Orleton) ... ... 602 Portway (see Staunton-upon-Wye) 677 Poston (see Vowchurch) ... ... 709 Potheda (see Little Dewchurch) ... 187 Poulstone (see King's Caple) ... 425 Pound, The (see Yarpole)... ... 755 Pow Green (see Bosbury)... ... 108 Powiswick (see Wolferlow) ... 748 Presteigne, part of parish (see Combe, Kinsham, Rodd, Nash, and Little Brampton, Stapleton, and Willey) 172, 458, 624, 672, 742 Preston-upon-Wye ... ... 616 Preston Wynne ... ... ... 617 Priddleton (see Humber)... ... 415 Pridewood (see Ashperton) ... 83 Prior's Court (see Aylton) ... 89 Prior's Court (see Dormington) ... 199 Priory Wood (see Clifford) .. 1fl3 Puddlestone ... .. . .. . 619 Pullaston (see Callow) ... ... 153 Pulling, The (see Ullingswick) ... 705 Pur brook (see W eston Begga.rd) ... 729 Putley ... .. ... ... ... 620 Putson (see Hereford) ... ... 294 Putson (see Little Marcle) ... 569 Pyon Hill (see Canon Pyon) ... 155 QuARRELL's GREEN(seeAbbey Dore) 77 Quebb_ {see Ea.rdisley) _ ... ... 209

XVI • INDEX. • PAG!t Questmore (see Eardisley) Quinta., The (see Brobury) ... 209 ... 125 RADNOR, OLD, part of parish (see Harton) .. ... ... 245 Raven, Upper and Lower (see Dined or) . . . . . . . . . 194 Red Hill (see Bredenbury) ... 112 Redwood (see Middleton-on-theHill) . .. . .. ... . .. 580 Rhea, The (see Bishop Frome) ... 98 Rhiwlas (see Titley) . .. . ... 700 Rhyddwr (see Staunton-upon-Wye) 677 Rhydicar (see St. Weonards} ... 664 Rhydimoor (see Eardisland) ... 205 Rhydspence (see Brilley} ... ... 12L Richard's Castle (partly in Salop)... 622 Richley (see Bishop Frome) ... 99 Riddle, The (see Eye) . .. ... 222 Ridgebourne (see Kington) ... 445 Ridgway (see Cradley) .. ... 179 Ridgway (see Evesbach) ... .. . 217 Rid way (see Kentchurch). .. .. 420 Ridway (see Kilpeck) ... ... 422 Ripplewood (see Collington) .. 167 . Risbnry (see Humber, also Stoke Prior) . . . . . . . . . 414, 682 Rocklands (see Goodrich)... ... 237 Rockville (see Winforton) ... 744 Rodd, N ash, and Little Brampton 624 Rollsford (see Moccas) ... · ... 582 Rosedale (see Laysters} ... ... 461 Rose bank (see W eston-under-Penyard) . . . . .. ... . . . 732 Rosemaund (see Felton) . ... 225 Rosemoor (see Whitbourne) ... 734 Ross . . . . .. ... . .. 624 Ross Alphabetical Directory ... 643 Ross History · . . . . . . . . . 625 Ross Trades' Directory . . . . . . 649 Rotherwas (see Dinedor) ... ... 193 Rough Acre (see Staunton-uponArrow) ... ... ... 674 Rough Mintridge (see Avenbury)... 88 "Row, The (see Wellington) ... 717 Rowden (see Bromyard) ... ... 134 Rowley Field (see Kimbolton) ... 424 Rowlstone, or Rollstone ... ... 658 Ruckhall (see Eaton Bishop) ... 212 Rudhall (see Ross, Brampton Abbotts, and Weston-underPenyard) . . . .. 109, 634, 731 Rugden (see Sollershope) . . . . . 671 Rushall (see Much Marcle) .. . 570 Rushock (see Kington) . .. ... 440 Ruxton (see King's Caple) ... 425 Ryeford (see Weston-under-Penyard) 731 Ryelands (see Leominster) .. 511 Rye Meadows (see Much Marcle) ... 571 Rylands (see Brimfield) ... ... 123 ST. DEVEREUX . . .. ..• •.• 660 St. Ethelbert's Camp (see Stoke · Edith} . .. ... ... 679 St. Margaret's . . . . .. ... 661 St. Owen's Cross (see Hentland) .. . 250 St. W eonards . . . . . . .. .. . 662 PAGB Saddlebow Hill (see Much Dewchurch) .. ... .•• 189 Saffron's Cross (see Bodenham) ... 102 Sallies (see Kinnersley) ... ... 457 Saltmarshe (see Bromyard) 130, 134 Sandford (see Upton Bishop) ... 708 Sandy Way (see W eston-underPenyard) ... ... ... 732 Sapey Bridge (see Whitbourne) ... 734 Sapey (Upper) . . . ... ... 664 Sapness (see Woolhope) ... . .. Sarnesfield . . . . . . .. . 665 Sarnesfield, Little (see Weobley) ... 726 Scar (see Brobury) ... ... 125 Scarr, The (see Woolhope) ... 749 Scutt Mill (see Mansel Gamage) ... 566 Seaborne (see Fawley) ... ... 224 Seabournes (see Sutton) . .. ... 690 Seedley (see Leintwardine) ... 490 Sellack .. . . . . . . . . . . 667 Sellarsbrooke (see Ganarew) ... 231 Sheet, The (see Ludford) ... ... 556 Shelwick (see Holmer) . .. .. . 407 Shenmore (see Madley) ... ... 564 Sherrington (see Pembridge) ... 605 Shetton (see Mansel Gamage) ... 566 Shire Glatt (see Canon Pyon) ... 156 Shirley (see Aymestrey) .... ... 91 Shirl Heath (see Kingsland) . . . 428 Shobdon .. . . .. ... 668 Showle Court (see Stoke Edith) ... 680 Shucknall (see Weston-Beggard) ... 729 Siddington (see Ledbury) ..• 478 Sidonia (see Sellack) ... ..• 668 Size Croft (see Kilpeck) ... ... 422 Skenchill (see Llanrothal) ..• 549 Slatch (see Bosbury) ... . .. 108 Sleeves Oak (see Woolhope) ... 749 Smallbrook (see Allensmore) ... 80 Snodhill (see Peterchurch) ..• 611 Sollars Dilwyn (see Dilwyn) ... 192 Hollershope .. . . . . ... 670 Sough, The (see Stoke Lacy) . .. 681 Southfield (see Winforton) ... 744 Southwell (see Garway) ... ... 233 Spond (see Eardisley) ... ... 208 Springfield (see Ross) ... ... 634 Stagbatch (see Leominster) ... 511 Stanage, Radnorshire (see Brampton Brian) .. ... ... 111 Stanford Bishop . . . . . .. . 671 Stanford Regis (see Bishop Frome) 98 Stanley Hill (see Bosbury, also 108 Castle Frome) ... ... ... 157 Stansbatch (see Staunton-uponArrow) ... .. ... 674 Stanton-upon-Arrow (see Stauntonupon·Arrow) ... ... ... 673 Stanway (see Leintwardine) .. 491 Stapleton ... ... ... 672 Staplow (see Bosbury) ... ... 108 Staunton-upon-Arrow ... ... 673 Staunton-upon-Wye ... ... 675 Steen's Bridge (see Humber, also Stoke Prior) ... ... 414, 682 Steventon (see Ludford) ... ... 556 Stifford's Bridge (see Cradley) • .. , 177

INDEX. ' - .. . xvu. PAGE Stocking (see Dilwyn) '... ... 192 Stocking (see Willey) ... ... 743 Stockley Hill (see Tyberton) ... 704 Stockmore (see Dilwyn) ... ... 19!J Stocks (see Almeley) ... ... 82 Stocks (see Avenbury) ... ... 8R Stockstree (see Preston.Wynne) ... 618 Stockton (see Kimbolton)... ... 423 Stoke Bliss . .. . . . .• . 677 Stoke Edith . . . . .• . . 678 Stoke Lacy . . . . . . . . . 680 Stoke Prior . . . . . . . . . 681 Stonehouse (see Fownhope) ... 228 Stoney Cross (see Marden) ... 574 Stoney Street (see Madley) ... 565 Stormer (see Leintwardine) ... 490 Storridge (see Cradley) ... ... 177 Stowe, The (see Whitney) ... 738 Stowe (see Winforton) ... ... 744 Straddle or Stradel (see Vowchurch) 709 Stradway (see Orcop) ... ... 599 Strangford (see Sellack) ... ... 668 Street (see Kingsland) ... ... 427 Stratford .. . .. . . . . 684 Stratford (see Leominster) ... 511 Stretford Bridge (see Dilwyn) . .. 192 Stretton · Grandison, or StrettonGrandsome . . . . .. . .. 685 Stretton-Sugwas... . . . . .. 686 Sufton (see Mordiford) . .. ... 586 Sugar Croft (see Bosbury) ... 108 Sugwas (see Eaton Bishop) ... 212 Sugwas Pool (see Stretton-Sugwas) 687 Sunnybank (see Llancillo) ... 544 Sunnybank (see St. Weonards) ... 664 Button ... . . ... ... ... 688 Button Lakes (see Button) ... 690 Button Wails (see Marden, also Sntton) . .. ... 572, 688 Swainshill (see Brienton) .. . ... 116 Swainshill (see Stretton Sugwas) .. . 687 · Swanstone (see Dilwyn) ... ... 192 Sweet Green (see Stoke Bliss) ... 678 Swinmore (see Bosbury) .. .. 108 Swinmore (see Madley) . .. · ... 564 Symond's Y at (see Whitchurch) ... 735 Sytches (see Eardisland) ... ... 205 T ARRINGTON .. • .. . Tedney (see Whitbourne) ... Tedstone Delamere ... Tedstone Wafer .. . .. . Tennersfield (see Garway} The Bargates (see Leominster) The Bury (see Eye) . . . .. The Bury (see Stoke Prior) The Bower (see Holme Lacy) The Castles (see Yarkhill) The Croase (see Kingsland) The Croes (see Eye) ... The Elms (see Kingsland) The Folly {see Orleton) .. The Green (see Bromyard) The Grove (see Sellack) ... The Harbour (see Kingsland) The Heath (see Leintwardine) The Heath (see.Stoke Prior) ... 690 ... 734 ... 692 ... 694 ... 233 ... 521 ... 222 ... 683 ... 405 ... 754 ... 428 ... 222 ... 429 ... 602 ... 130 ..• 668 ••. 428 ... 490 ••• 683 J>AGE The Heath (see Wolferlow) · · .. : 748 The High House (see Upper Sapey) 665 The Holme (see Lyonshall) ... 562 The Hundred (see Kimbolton) ... 424 The Lea (see Lea) . ... •·• 461 The Ley (see Weobley) ... ... 726 The Llan (see Dorstone) ... ... 201 The Meadows (see Kentchurch) ... 421 The Mennells (see Kimbolton) ... 424 The Moor (see Bodenham) ... 103 The Poplands. (see Leominster) ... 522 The Rhyse (see Lyonshall) ... 563 The Rock (see Lugwardine) ... 559 The Showers (see Kingsland) ... 428 The Stocks (see Almeley)... ... 82 The Turning (see Garway) ... 233 The Vallets (see Treville)... ... 702 The Vineyard (see Hereford) ... 325 The Wyche (see Colwall)... ... 172 Thing-hill (see Withington) .... · 745 Thornbury .. ... ... 695 Thorne, The (see Birley) ... ... 96 · Thorne, The (see Marstow) ... 576 Thruxton .· . .. . .. . .. 697 Tidnor (see Lugwardine) ... .. fi59 Tillington (see Burghill) ... ... 146 Tip's Grove (see Pixley) ... .. 616 'l'ipton (see Tedstone Delamere) ... 694 Tipton (see Willey) ... ... 743 Titley ... ... ... ... 698 Townsend (see Brampton Abbotts) 109 Townsend (see Stretton Grandison) 686 Townsend (see Westhide)... ... 728 Towtree (see Burghill) ... ... 149 Tram Inn (see Much Dewchurch)... 187 Treaddow (see Hentland)... ... 249 Treago (see St. Weonards) ... 663 Trebandy (see Marstow) ... ... 576 Treberran (see Tretire) ... ... 702 Trebumfrey (see L1angarren) . .. 546 Trecilla (see Llangarren) ... ... 546 Trecoediver (see St. Margaret's) .. 662 Treduchan (see Llangrove) ... 548 Trefassy (see Welsh Newton) ... 721 Tregate (see Llanrothal) .. . .. 549 Trelandon (see Longtown) ... 554 Trellesdee (see St. W eonards) . 664 Trelough (see St. Devereux) ... 661 Tremahaid (see Welsh Newton) .. 721 Tremorithig (see Bacton)... ... 92 Trenant {see Peterchurch) ... 6Ll Trereece (see Llangarren) ... 546 Treribble {see Llangarren) ... 546 Tressech (see Hentland) . .. ... 249 Tretire with Michaelchurch ... 701 Trevaker (see St. Margaret's) ... 662 Trevanning (see St. Weonards) ... 664 Trevase (see Tretire) ... • .. Trevervan (see Llangarren) ... 546 Treville .. . .. . .. . . .. 702 Treweti (see Llangrove) ... ... 548 Trewen (see Whitchurch)... ... 736 Treworgan (see Llangrove) ... 548 Trewyn (see Walterstone) ... 715 Trippenkennett (se~ St. W ~onards) • 664 Trippleton (see Lemtwa.rdine) ••. 490 'frumpet (see r~xley) ... ... 616 &

' . . .. XVIll. .INDEX. PAGE Tupsley {see Hampton Bishop, also Hereford) ... .. 240,294 Turkey Tump (see Llanwarne) ... 652 Turnant (see Llanveyno) ... ... 650 Turnastone . . .. . .. . .. . 702 Tuston (see Ashperton} ... ... 83 Tuthill (see Stoke Lacy)·... ... 681 Twyford (see Callow) ... ... 153 Twyford (see Eardisland) ... 206 Tyberton ... . . . . .. 703 'l'ybordy (see Cusop} ... ... 186 Ty-glyn (see Cusop) ... ... 185 Tykennol (see Longtown) ... 533 Tyrrell's Frith (see Little Marcle)... 569 ULLINGSWICK ... ... ••• 704 Underdown (see Ledbury) .. 468 Underley, Upper and Lower (see Wolferlow) ... ..• ... 748 Upcott (see Almeley) ... ... 82 Uphampton (see Docklow) ... 196 U phampton (see Shobdonl ... 669 Upleadon (see Bosbury) ... ... 105 Upper Breinton (see Breinton) ... 115 Upper Cwm (see Bacton)... ... 92 Upper Eggleton (see Eggleton) ... 214 Upper Hall (see Led bury) ... 468 Upper Hennor (see Kimbolton) ... 423 Upper Hergest (see Kington) ... 439 Upper Hill (see Hope-under-Dinmore) · . . . ... ... .. 412 Upper Hopton (see Avenbury) ... 88 Upper Horton (see Edwin Ralph)... 214 Upper Lye (flee Aymestrey) ... 91 Upper Pedwardine (see Brampton Bryan) ... ... ... 109 Upper Priddleton (see Humber) .. 414 Upper Sapey (see Sapey Upper) ... 664 Upper Spond (see Eardisley) ... 208 Upper Welson (see Eardisley) ... 209 Upper Weston (see Weston-underPenyard} . .• ... . .. 732 Upper Wormhill (see Eaton Bishop) 212 Upperton (see Yazor} ... ... 758 Upton (see Little Hereford) ... 401 U pton Bishop . . . . . . . . . 706 Upton Crews (see Upton Bishop)... 707 U rdimarsh (see Marden) ... ... 574 U rishay (see Peterchurch) . .. 611 V ALLETS, THE (see Treville) ... 702 Vauld, The (see Marden) ... ... 574 Veldo (see Withington) ... . .. 746 Venmore (see Dilwyn) ... .. 192 Venn, Upper and Lower (see A.venbury) ... .. . .. ... 88 Venning (see Much Marcle) ... 572 Venn's Green (see Marden) ... 574 Vennwood (see Bodenham) ... 102 V ern, The (see Bodenham) . . . 104 V ern, The (see Bosbury) . .• . . 108 Verzons {see Munsley) ... ... 592 Vetchy Land (see Canon Pyon) ... 156 Villendra (see St. Weonards) ... 664 Vineyard, The (see Donnington, also Ledbury) ... ... ... 197 .> PAGE Vineyard, The (see Hereford) ... 325 Vineyard, The (see Walterstone) ... 715 Vowchurch . .. ... .. . 708 Vowmine (see Dorstone) ... . • 202 Vrow (see Rowlstone) ... ... 660 WA.OTON... . ... ••• ... 709 Walford... ... ... ... 710 Walford, Letton, .and Newton (see Le in twardine) . . . . . . . . . 491 Walker's Green (see Marden} ... 575 Wallbrook (see Allensmore) ... 80 W allcroft (see Bromyard) ... 130 Wall End (see Monkland) ... 584 Wall Hills (see Ledbury)... ... 478 Wall Hills (see Thornbury) ... 695 W alsopthorne (see Ashperton) ... 83 W alters tone . .. · ... . .. 714 Walton (see Bishop Frome) ... 98 Wapley Camp (see Combe, Stantonupon-Arrow, and Titley} 173, 673, 699 Warham (see Breinton) ... .. 116 Warloe (see Eaton Bishop) ... 212 W ayend Street (see Eastnor) . . . 211 Webton (see Madley) ... ... 564 Webtree (see Allensmore) ... 80 Wegnall (see Rodd Nash and Little Brampton) .. . . . . .. . 624 Weir, New and Old (see Kenchester) 418 Weir End (see Bridstow) .. ... 118 Welcheston (see Woolhope) ... 749 Wellington . . .. . . .. 115 Wellington Heath . .. . . . 717 W ellock's Bridge (see St. Devereux) 661 Well's Green (see St. Margaret's) ... 662 Welsh-Bicknor ... ... ... 718 Welsh-Newton ... · ... ... 720 Welson (see Eardisley) ... ... 208 Welson, Lower (see Eardisley) ... 208 W eobley, or W eobly .. . . . . 721 W eonards, St. . . . . . . . .. 662 Wernddu (see Longtown)... ... 554 Wessington (see Woolhope) ... 749 West brook (see Clifford) ... ... 163 Westfields (see Holmer) ... ... 406 W esthide 727 Westhope (see C~~on Py~~) ::: 156 Westington (see Grendon Bishop)... 240 West Lydiatt (see Withington) .. 747 West Malvern, part of (see Cradley) 178 W estmoor (see Mansel Lacy) . . . 567 W estnor's End (see Much Marcle)... 571 Weston (see Bredwardine) ... 114 Weston (see Pembridge) ... ... 604 Weston-Beggard... ... • ... 728 Weston Corner (see Withington) ... · 746 Weston-under-Penyard ... ... 730 West Town (see Kingsland) . .. 427 Westwood (see Thornbury) ... 697 Wetmore (see Leintwardine) ... 492 Wharton (see Leominster) .. 510 Wharton (sea W eston-under-Penw:e:~) ·aornmo~·· <~e .. :Richarci;~ 731 Castle) ... ... ... 624 Whitbourne ... ... •.• 732 Whitchurch . .. ... .. . 734

INDEX. • XIX. PAGE: Whitcliffe (see Ludford) . . . ... 557 Whitechurch Maund (see Bodenham) 102 White Cross (see Hereford, also Holmer) . . . . . . 325, 407 Whitehall (see Hampton Bishop)... 241 Whiterdine (see Fownhope) ... 228 Whitestone (see Withington) ... 747 Whitfield (see Treville) ... ... 702 Whitfield (see Peterstow)... . .. 613 Whitman's Hill (see Cradley) .. . 177 Whitney . . . . . . . .. 736 Whittern, The (see Lyonshall) ... 561 Whitton and Trippleton (see Leintwardine) . .. . .. . . . 490 Why le (see Putldleston) . . . . .. 620 Whynn, The (see Stapleton) . .. 673 Wickton (see Stoke Prior) ... 682 Widemarsh (see Hereford, also Holmer) .. . . . . . . . 325, 406 Widgeon Hill (see Leominster) ... 528 Wigga (see Rowlestone) ... ... 660 Wigmore . . . .. .. . 738 Wilcroft (see Lugwardine) ... 559 Wilden (see Lay~ters) ... ... 461 Wildon (see Ullingswick)... ... 705 Wilbrook (see Peterchurch) . . . 611 Willersley . . . . . .. . 7 42 Willey . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 42 Wilmaston (see Peterchurch) . . . 611 Wilton-on-the-Wye (see Bridstow) 118 Windmill Hill (see Llanwarne) ... 552 Wind's Point (see Colwall) .. 171 Winforton . . . . .. . .. 7 43 Winnall (see Allensmore, also Thruxton) ... ... 79, 698 Winnings, The (see Colwall) ... 169 Winsley (see Hope-under-Dinmore) 411 Winslow (see Bromyard) . . . ... 129 Wintercott (see Leominster) . .. 510 Wistaston (see King's Pyon) ... 430 Wisteston (see Marden) ... ... 573 Withers, Upper and Lower (see Middleton-on-the-Hill) . .. .. . 580 Witherstone (see Little Dewchurch) 187 Withmgton ... ... ... 744 Withymoor (see Aston Ingham) ... 86 W oefields (see Coddington) .. . 166 W olferlow . . . . . . . . 7 47 Wolton (see Much Marcle) ... 571 Woodbatch (see Wigmore) .. 741 Woodbrook (see Kington) .. 449 PAGE Woodbury (see Yarkhill)... ... 754 Woodcrofts (see Bishop Frome) ... 99 W oodend (see Stoke Lacy) .. . 681 W oodend, Great and Little {see Linton) . . . . . . .. . 543 Woodfield (see Weston Beggard) ... 729 Woodfield (see Weston-under-Penyard) . .. ... .. ... 731 W oodhampton (see Aymestrey) , . 90 W oodhampton (see Little Hereford) 402 Woodlands (see Bridstow) .. 118 Woodlands (see Elton) ... ... 216 W oodlow (see Bosbury) ... 108 W oodmanton (see Sarnesfield) .. . 666 Woodmanton (see Westhide) ... 728 W oodredding (see Y at ton) ... 757 Woodseaves (see Eardisley) ... 208 'Voodsprine (see Brimfield) ... 121 W oodspring {see Brilley) . . ... 121 Woodville (see Sutton) ... ... 689 Woodyatt's Cross (see Madley) ... 565 Woofferton {see Richard's Castle)... 623 W oolhope . .. . . . . . . 7 48 Woolner Hill {see Stanford Bishop) 672 Woonton (see Almeley) ... ... 81 W oonton (see Laysters) . .. . .. 461 W ootton (see Almeley) ... ... 81 Wootton (see Kings Pyon) ... 430 W ormbridge .. . . . ... 750 Wormelow Tump (see Much Birch, also Llanwarne) ... 95, 551 Wormhill (see Madley) .. ... 565 W ormsley . . . . .. . .. 751 Wyastone Leys (see Ganarew) ... 231 Wyatt(seeSutton) ... . .. 690 Wyche, The (see Colwall) ... 172 Wye Cliffe (see Breinton)... ... 116 Wyelands (see Walford) ... ... 712 Wyeville (see Bridstow) ... ... 118 Wyson (see Brimfield) ... ... 122 Wythall (see Walford) ... ... 712 YARKHILL • • • • • • .. . 752 Yarpole ... • • • • • • . .. 754 Yarsop (see Yazor) • • • • • • 758 Yatton ... • • • . .. • •• 756 Yatton (see Aymestrey) • • • ... 90 Yazor • • • • • • • •• . .. 757 Yearsett (see Bromyard) .. ... 135 Yearston (see Upper Sapey) ... 665 Yoke (see Hope-under-Dinmore) ••• 412

BROOMV HILL ACADEMY, ..... reinton Odb, • •••• , ommercta, oar , tn (Ten Minutes walk from the Centre of the City, most pleasantly and healthily situated). ESTABLISHED 27 YEARS. • • E~ * Glasgow University, &c. SUBJECTS TAUGHT: lEnglisb~ jfrencbt 1attnt lDrawtngt /IOatbematfcst Sctencet ~racttcal ~an~ Sur\1e}]tngt ~ttmants Sbortban~, IDocal an~ 3nstrumental .mustct an~ lDrtll. TERMS: BoARDERs, from 22 to 30 Guineas; DAY ScHOLARS, Upper Division (over 10 and under 16) 8 Guineas; Lower Division (over 8 and under 10) 6 Guineas; (under 8) 4 Guineas. Three Terms of Thirteen Weeks in the year. SCHOOL-RO LOFTY & WELL VENTILATED. 1Latge Jl)la)2::::(l;rount) ant) jfootball jfielt). Prospectus, with View of Premises, on A ppl£catz'on.

THE COUNTY OF EREFORD. EREFORDSHIRE is bounded on the north by Shropshire, on the north-east and east by Worcestershire, on the south-east by Gloucestershire, on the south by Monmouthshire and Gloucestershire, on the south-west by Brecknockshire, and on the west and north-west by Radnorshire. Its form is nearly an ellipse; its greatest length, from Mocktree Common, near Leintwardine on the north, to the opposite border, near Monmouth on the south, is about 40 miles ; its greatest width, from Clifford, near Hay on the west, to Cradley on the east, is 35 miles. It comprises an area of 532,918 statute acres, or 833 square miles. The following table exhibits the comparative population of Herefordshire at each of the nine censuses !80I-I88I :- -- CENSUS YEARS. PoruLATION. INCREASE BETWEEN THE CENSUSES. - - . Persons. Males. Females. Number of Rate Persons. per cent. . . r8or • • • 88,436 43,671 44,765 • • • ••• I8II • • • 93,526 46,132 47,394 5,090 6 1821 • • • roz,669 51,260 5 I,409 g, 143 IO 1831 • • • uo,6r 7 55,540 55,07 7 7,948 8 1841 • • • II3,272 56,667 s6,6o5 z,65S 2 r85r • • • II5,489 58,r 14 57,375 2,2 I7 2 r86r • • • 123,65o 62,872 6o,778 8, r6r 7 1871 • • • 125,370 6z,s6z 6z,8o8 1,720 I . - - Total increase in 70 years, r8or-71 • • 36,934 42 r88r • • • 121,062 59,809 61,253 ••• • •• . ' Decrease in ro years, 187r-8r • • • 4,308 3 - - - The number of inhabited houses in I88I was 26,6o5; uninhabited, r,772 ; building, I IO. The average number of persons to an acre is 0'23, and of acres to a person 4'40. A

2 HEREFORDSHIRE. The houses and population of the towns in Herefordshire according to the census of I 8 8 I were as follows :- AREA, HousEs, AND PoPULATION oF THE MuNICIPAL BoROUGHS. - HOUSES. POPULATION. AREA MUNICIPAL IN In- Unin- Build- BoROUGHs. ACRES. habite:L habited. • Persons. Males. Females. mg Hereford City 4,969 3·913 205 56 19,82I 9.349 10,4 7 2 Leominster 8,o86 1,28 r So 12 6,044 2,887 3· I 57 - HousEs AND PoPULATION OF TowNs NOT BEING MuNICIPAL BoRoUGHS. - - - TowNs. HOUSES. POPULATION. - - In- 1Jnin- Build- Persons. Males. Females. habited. habited. . m g. - Bromyard Township - - - 32 7 17 8 1,477 735 742 Entire Parish - - 641 46 IO 3,064 1,5 I 6 r,s48 Kington imp. Com. Dist. - 441 45 ••• 2,07 5 J ,oor I,074 Entire Parish - - 635 67 2,952 1.453 1 ·499 ••• Led bury Entire Parish - - 922 39 2 4,276 2,084 2,192 Ross Imp. Com. Di'st. - 741 54 ••• 3, 702 r,8o4 r,898 Etttire Parish - - 959 7I 2 4,786 2,304 2,482 - - - - - - AREA, HousEs, & PoPULATION OF THE LIEUTENANCY SuB-DIVISioNs.* - - AREA . Sua-DiviSIONs. IN In- ACRES. habited - Bredwardine - - 22,927 646 Bromyard - - - 59,047 2,348 Dore - - - - 67,082 I,580 Harewood End - 47,786 r,838 Hereford - - - 59.957 6,553 Kington - - - 43,124 1,749 Led bury - - - 45.417 2,489 Leominster - - 6z,s6s 3,268 Ross- - - - - 42,180 2,5o6 Weobley - - - 45.290 1,655 Wigmore - - - 37,540 973 Total - - - s'3z,gr8 25,605 HousES. - - Unin- Buildhabited. . mg. 6r • • 205 II 138 2 134 I 362 65 169 I 107 6 227 16 195 4 93 4 Sr •• . 1,]72 IIO - - . . Persons. 2,735 10,746 7,322 8,517 32,741 8,252 I I, 501 15,0 75 11,917 ],604 4,652 121,062 - PoPuLATION. Males. I,J20 5A28 3,854 4,312 IS,64l 4,107 5, 703 7,530 s.802 3.765 2,346 59,809 Females. 1,415 5,3rs 3,468 4,205 17 ogg 4,145 5.798 7.545 6,115 3,839 2,3c6 61,253 * The Lieutenancy Sub-Divisions are identical with the Petty Sessional Divisions, except that the Sub-Divisions of Hereford and Leominster respectively include the boroughs of the same names.

HEREFORDSHIRE. 3 PoLITICAL DIVISIONS, REPRESEI\TATION, ETC. Herefordshire comprises eleven Hundreds* the city of Hereford, and the municipal borough of Leominster. The county has one court of quarter sessions, and is divided into eleven petty sessional divisions :t the city of Hereford has a commission of the peace, and a separate court of quarter sessions ; and the borough of Leominster has a commission of the peace. In I295 the County returned ten members to Parliament two each for the county itself, the city of Hereford, and the boroughs of Led bury, Leominster, and Weobley; while in I 305 there were fourteen, two additional members each being assigned to the boroughs of Ross and Bromyard. But this number varied with .nearly every parliament summoned, and the county, Hereford, and Leominster were mostly the favoured places, till I 640, after which W eobley also comes in. So eight members were returned till the Reform Act of I832 extinguished Weobley, but added one member to the county; then seven till1868, when one was taken from Leominster; but though the representation of Herefordshire was then growing "small by degrees and beautifully less," it was the ''Redistribution of Seats Act, 1885," which at a stroke reduced the number to threedisfranchising Leominster, and robbing Hereford and the shire each of a member.! Herefordshire is included in the Oxford circuit of the judges. For police purposes, the county is divided into eleven divisions ; the city of Hereford has its own police. There are nine highway districts, which, however, do not comprise the whole of the county. The number of townships for highway and manorial purposes is about 380. The County Council, 11 elected under the "Local Government Act," is fully described in another part of this work. County Courts§ are held at Hereford, Leominster, Ledbury, Ross, Kington, and Bromyard. The number of parishes aCJd townships for poor-law purposes is about z8o. There are eight Union districts~ in the county, but some border parishes are comprised in V nions belonging to Monmouthshire, Brecknockshire, Radnorshire, Shropshire, Worcestershire, and Gloucestershire. · HISTORY. The county takes its name from the city of Hereford. Some remarks on the origin of the word Hereford will be found below, in the account of the city. Together with the region now forming the counties of Radnor, Brecknock, Monmouth, Glamorgan, and that part of Gloucestershire which lies west of the Severn, Herefordshire, at the time of the second Roman invasion, was inhabited by a warlike tribe of the earlier Celtic race, called by the Romans, Silures, whose name is perhaps derived from the British word Essyllwg, signifying a fair open country. As well as the Ordovices, their next neighbours on *For li~t of Parishes in the several Hundreds, with Populations, Area, &c., see' "Herefordshire Hundreds." t For list of Petty Sessional Divisions, see "Herefordshire Sessional Divisions." t For names, see" Members of Parliament." 11 For County Council information, see "Herefordshire County Council." §For list of Places in the County Court Districts, see "Herefordshire County Court Districts." ~ For list of Places in the Union Districts, see" Herefordshire Union Districts."

4 HEREFORDSHIRE. the north, they withstood with great vigour the Roman attacks under Ostorius Scapula, whose predecessor, Aulus Plautius, had constructed a series of forts reaching from Warwickshire, or, according to another opinion, from Gloucestershire, to the Upper Severn, but in advancing into the Silurian region, the Roman general found many fortified positions, some of them of great strength, which, after the defeat of the· Britons, were occupied permanently, or for a time, by the conquerors. Among such British fortresses, are to be reckoned the great one on the Malvern Hills, known by the name of the Herefordshire Beacon, and those at the following places: Aconbury, Bredenbury, Caplar, Coxwall Knoll (believed by many to be the site of the last battle under Caractacus), Credenhill, Croft Ambrey, Dinedor (also called Oyster Hill, as some think from Ostorius), Eastnor, Gaer Camp, Gorsey .HilL Ivington, Puddleston, Risbury, Thorn bury, Wapley, and Whitbourne. There appear to have been Roman camps at the following places : Ariconium, Back bury (commonly called St. Ethelbert's Camp), Black Caerdun (or Blackwardine), Brandon Hill, Bravinium, (called by Ptolemy, Branogenium ), Circutio, Eaton, Magna (Kenchester), Much Marcle, Norton, Sutton, Wall Hills (near Ledbury), and Whitbourne. Some of these, as Ariconium, Magna, and Bravinium, were expanded into towns, and of some the site is not fully ascertained. Although the advance of the Roman legions, under Ostorius, was stoutly resisted by the Britons under Caractacus, the battle, described by Tacitus in his Annates, xii., 32-3~, in which he was finally defeated, was probably fought for the most part, not in Herefordshire, but in Shropshire, but at what place is not quite certain ; though, if Coxwall Knoll be assumed as the site, as some good authorities maintain, it must be allowed that a part, at least, of the battlefield must have lain in Herefordshire. But the Silurian race was not subdued even after the defeat of Caractacus; nor did the region now bearing the name of Herefordshire become fully subject to Roman dominion until the time of Julius Frontinus (A.D. 75), after which, it was included in the province called Britannia Secunda. Three Roman towns are mentioned as situate in Herefordshire: Ariconium, no doubt at Weston, near Ross; Magna Castra (Kenchester), about six miles west of Hereford ; and Bravinium, on whose site the village of Leintwardine now stands; the last two of these on the line of the road which ran from Gobannium (Abergavenny) to Uriconium (Wroxeter); besides Circutio and Eastnor, near Ledbury, and Black-\yardine (Black Caerdun), near Leominster, on the road leading to Bravinium, and branching from the one which led to Magna from Worcester Of the last three places the traces discovered as yet an~ small, but Bravinium, and to a much greater extent, Magna, have been fruitful in remains of Roman occupation. So also the site and neighbourhood of Ariconium bear witness to the manufacturing industry of the conquerors, who turned to account the wood of the adjacent Forest of Dean to feed the furnaces in w hi eh the iron, derived from the same region, was smelted, and with whose products they were able to supply, among other places, the important military station of

HEREFORDSHIRE. 5 Magna. A road, carried across the \V ye by a bridge, connected Magna with Gobannium (Abergavenny), as well as Usk (Burrium) and lVIonmouth (Blestium), and was carried northwards under the foot of Credenhill, by a track still clearly traceable, to Bravinium and Uriconium, where it joined the great road called in later times Watling Street. But Magna was not only a military station. Its situation in the midst of a fertile region and lovely scenery. must have made it an agreeable place of abode, and the remains of a country house discovered some years since at Bishopstone (see Woolhope Transactz'ons, r88z, p. 257), a mile-and-a-half distant, bear witness to the residence there of a Roman inhabitant, perhaps a military officer; perhaps a well-endowed civilian. Roman coins or remains of Roman buildings have been found near Ganarew, near W alterstone, and at Putley and Longtown, as well as at many other places. In the neighbourhood of Goodrich, abundant proofs exist of the extensive ironworks carried on by the Romans. But, except at Bravinium, no Roman site is now occupied, to any great extent, by a town as its legitimate successor. I~oss does not occupy the site ot Ariconium, nor Hereford that of Magna. Roman roads and traces of Roman occupation exist in various places in greater or less abundance, but, except in that one instance, the sites of Roman towns and Roman stations have not been chosen as dwelling places by the races who succeeded them. On the departure of the Roman legions (A.D. 41 r), the ancient possessors of the soil resumed by degrees their former lands, and the Roman towns were destroyed, usually by fire, as the remains which have been discovered bear witness. The British names of places and rivers still retained in this region are probably due to the older occupation by the Silurian race; they are much more frequent on the western than on the eastern bank of the W ye, and, in fact, the district now called Archenfield retained until a late period its British language, as it still retains in many cases its British names. But the British power, though it made a stout resistance, gave way at length to that of the advancing Saxons, and towards the end of the sixth century the kingdom of Mercia began to be established as far as the eastern banks of the Severn and Wye. This settlement was carried on by Penda the Strenuous in the next century, in whose time and by ·whose permission Christianity was introduced among the Saxons, the southern Mercians of his kingdom ; but the Mercian kingdom can hardly be said to have been established firmly until the reign of Offa (A.D. 777), by whom the Britons w~re driven beyond the W ye, and the great dyke was constructed bearing his name, of which extensive remains still exist, and which was intended to serve as a barrier against incursions from the British, or Welsh, side, on the Saxon 1\:Iercians. In the meantime, the Church had been firmly planted in Mercia, and bishops established as early as 676. Of this branch of the history an account will be found below. But the Saxons were not long left undisturbed in their possessions acquired from the ancient inhabitants. In the eighth century, the eastern side of the island was attacked by the Danes, who, in the

6 HEREFORDSHIRE. century following, overran a great part of the Mercian kingdom, and1 in 9t8, having ravaged the coast of North Wales, advanced as far as Archenfield, and took prisoner the Bishop of Llandaff, but were driven back to their ships by a force of men from Herefordshire and Gloucestershire. The bishop was recovered by King Edward the Elder, on payment of £-to by way of ransom. The Danes made war on Saxon and Welshman alike, but at no time was there much solid peace between the men on either side of the dyke, and both Saxons and Welshmen lost no opportunity of inflicting damage on their neighbours by predatory forays. Thus Sweyn, eldest son of Earl Godwin, made an inroad upon the Welsh in 1046. Ag;ain, in 1055, Griffith, king of Wales, who had already invaded Herefordshire in 1052, took up the cause of Elfgar, the outlawed son of Leofric, Earl of Mercia, and with an army cornposed of Welshmen and Irishmen crossed the W ye, and having overcome with ease the feeble opposition offered by Rad ulf, nephew to King Edvrard, captured the city of Hereford, and set fire to the Cathedral, and afterwards plundered the town of Leominster. Harold, son of Earl Godwin, collected an army to puni<>h this outrage, but was evaded by the Welsh, and a peace was concluded by ·which the outlawry of Elfgar was removed, and thus the object of the invasion gained. Harold, however, took care to fortify the city of Hereford, and thus place it in a better condition to resist subsequent attacks. So great was the mischief done by the Celtic invaders that the surveyors under the Domesday survey, thirty years later, reported that Archenfield had not yet recovered from their incursion. In the following year, ro56, Leofgar, Bishop of Hereford, a prelate who loved warfare more than Christian peace, was slain at Glasbury, in repelling an attack made by the Welsh. One result of the Norman Conquest was to transfer most of the lands held by the Saxon lords to Normans, whose names, as Lacy, Devereux, Mortimer, are still attached to places and parishes in the county in which they held manors. In the contest between Stephen and the Empress l\1aud, the castle of Hereford was held for her by Talebot, but having been taken after a long siege by Stephen, it was retaken soon after by Milo, Constable of Gloucester, in conjunction with Talebot, who had taken Weobley Castle in II29, which, in like manner, was retaken by Stephen, and partially dismantled. During the reign of Henry III., iri the "War of the Barons," Llewellyn, prince of North \Vales, having espoused their cause, attacked the lands of Roger Mortimer, of Wigrnore, in 1262, and laid waste the border country. When the king and his son Edward advanced to Hereford to repel this invasion, they found, it was said, no bishop, dean, or other dignitary of the Cathedral to receive them, or to perform the daily services of the Church. In 126 3, a party of the Barons, under the guidance of W alter de Baskerville, attacked the bishop's palace at Hereford, and carried him off as a prisoner to Eardisley Castle. After the Battle of

HEREFORDSHIRE. 7 . Lewes, May 14, 1264, Prince Edward was placed as a hostage for the fulfilment of the terms laid down by the Barons, but allowed, on parole, to accompany the Court to Hereford, from which place he made his escape on May 28, by the successful stratagem of winning a race with a fresh horse against tired competitors on Widemarsh Common. He was soon met by a party of horse:rr-en, and conducted to Wigmore Castle, the abode of the Mortimers. It was from Hereford that .the Earl of Montfort set out to meet his son, and with united forces encounter the Prince's army at Evesham, where, on August 4, 1265, the army of De Montfort was defeated, and he himself slain in the battle. In the following century, when the queen Isabella returned from France in 1326, she was joined by the Bishop of Hereford (Adam Orleton), who preached the famous sermon at Oxford in which he compared the queen to the woman of Gen. iii., I 5, * who was to bruise the serpent's head. At Hereford, the plan was formed for capturing the king, who had sought refuge at Neath Abbey, in South vVales; whence he was taken by the way of Ledbury to Kenilworth, and his adherents, Robert de Baldock, the chancellor, Hugh Despenser, and others, were brought to Hereford, where Despenser was hanged on a gallows fifty feet high. Baldock was taken to London, and confined in the house of the Bishop of Hereford, whence he ·was removed to Newgate, and soon died from the ill-treatment he received. The same bishop is commonly believed to have been the author of the ambiguous Latin answer to the question whether the king should be put to death or no, an answer which might be understood in either sense, according to the punctuation- " Edwardztm re gem occzdere nolzie tz'mt:re bonum est." In I 40 I, the county of Hereford was iE vaded by Owen Glen dower, who defeated the men of Herefordshire, under Sir Edmund Mortimer, on ' "rapid Arrow's sedgy hank," and having taken Mortimer prisoner, kept him in an honourable confinement in the Priory of Leominster, an imprisonment which led to the compact between Henry Percy, son of the Earl of Northumberland, the prisoner to whom the king refused the liberty of release by ransom, and his captor, the Welsh chief, whose daughter Mortimer married in order to obtain his liberty. The result of this compact was the insurrection, headed by their leader in conjunction with the Earl of Douglas, which was checked at the battle of Shrewsbury, July 21, 1403, but not crushed. For Glendower maintained his ground in Wales, and ravaged the English border on more than one occct.sion, until, after four years, the king succeeded in subduing South \Vales. This success was followed by gradual defection of the northern \Velshmen, and Glendower, who wandered for some time among his native mountains, is said, but not on very good authority, to have taken refuge in the house of one of his daughters at Monnington, in Herefordshire, and to have died and been buried *Another account gives the text as 2 Kings, iv., 19.

8 HEREFORDSHIRE. there. During what may be called the Shrewsbury campaign, the king's army seems to have contained some Herefordshire men, raised by Richard de Lingen, a member of the family so well-known in Herefordshire history of later times. In the civil war of the same century, the cause of the \iVhite Rose was supported by some of the Welsh, and by the Lord of Wigmore Castle, the Earl of March, son of the Duke of York, and by the Harleys of Brampton Bryan ; while the army of the Lancastrians contained Welshmen brought to it by the influence of Owen Tudor. After the Battle of W akefield, the Earl, who had begun to march northwards, was recalled by the approach of a large army composed chiefly of Welshmen and Irishmen, under jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembro~e. The armies met on February 2, 1461, at Mortimer's Cross, near Kingsland, and the Lancastrians were defeated with great loss ; Owen Tudor was taken prisoner and beheaded at Hereford, with others who, as Drayton says, "died for their offence " ; he was buried at the Church of the Grey Friars. A stone monument erected near the site of the battle commemorates the event. It was in Herefordshire that the Duke of Buckingham, after the failure of his attempt to dethrone King Richard III., found shelter for awhile at Weobley Castle, the abode of Lord Ferrers, but after a vain attempt to attract the country gentlemen to his side, he left· it in disguise, "having made him a frieze coat," but was betrayed into the hands of Richard. His wife and eldest son lay for some time concealed at Kinnersley Castle, not far distant. The lady returned to VVeobley, and was soon discovered and taken to London. Lord Stafford, after many narrow escapes, was able, disguised as a. girl, to reach Hereford in safety, but was reserved for a violent death in later years. Henry VII passed through Leominster on his way to encounter Richard III. at Bosworth, and was well received by the inhabitants. He was accompanied, among others, by \Villiam Baskerville, Lord of Eardisley, who was rewarded by the conqueror with an estate. A feeble attempt in support of Lady Jane Grey was made by the Duke of Northumberland, at Leominster, in I 553, but it was suppressed without much difficulty. In the great civil war of the I 7th century, the majority of the Herefordshire gentry took the side of the king, and though the city was occupied by the Parliamentarian troops, under Lord Stamford, they soon left it after the breaking out of the war in 1642. It was taken again by Wailer, on April 24 in the next year (1643), with some of the same troops who had belonged to Lord Stamford's division, but he occupied it for a few weeks only, and, during the greater part of the war, the city and the greater part also of the county of Hereford, suffered little from the enemy. But the Cavaliers did not allow the homes of their opponents to remain in peace ; Hopton Castle, belonging to Mr. Wallop, and Brampton Bryan Castle, the property of Sir Robert Barley (one of the most eminent supporters of the Parliamentary party) were both of them besieged and taken by Sir Michael Woodhouse in 1643, and the moated house of Canon Frome was taken and retaken during the war. Hereford

HEREFORDSHIRE. 9 was besieged by Lord Leven and the Scottish army in I 645, but defended with vigour, and Leven was obliged to raise the siege; it was taken :finally by Col. Birch, on December 26. In the next year, Goodrich Castle, held by Sir Henry Lingen (one of the last of the strong places that was defended for the king's side) was taken by Col. Birch. Though the gentry of Herefordshire were mostly on that side, the agricultural population felt more interest in the preservation of themselves, their families, and their property from exactions enforced by the royal commander (especially in the Hundred of Broxash), and, in 1644, they assembled to the number of some thousands, armed more or less completely, under the name of clubmen, demanding relief and redress. The Governor of Hereford refused to accede to all their demands, b'..lt negotiated successfully with them. An attempt made by 1\iassey to draw them to the side of the Parliament failed ; many of them retired to their homes, and the remnant were dispersed without much bloodshed by Rupert, near Ledbury, in his march to Hereford. Since the Restoration, the county of Hereford may be said to have contributed little or nothing to the general history of the nation, beyond some election contests. GEOLOGY. Few counties are more advantageously situated in respect of their ge'ological interest than is Herefordshire. Independently of that which it affords within ·its own borders, its proximity to the igneous and metamorphic ranges of Malvern, Kington, and Church Stretton, to the Cambrian, Ordovician, and Silurian deposits of South Shropshire, and to the coal measures of Gloucestershire and South Wales, brings within easy access a very wide field of observation to the student of the Eozoic and Palceozoic, or Primary, rocks ; at the same time that the configuration of its hills and valleys suggests some of the most attractive problems of physical geology. It is proposed to do no more here than give a broad outline of the geological features of the county, leaving it to the reader who may desire more detailed or explicit information to consult such sources, amongst others, as" The Records of the Rocks," by that accomplished geologist, the late Rev. W. S. Symonds, or the "Notes on Geology," prefixed by the same hand to the'' Flora of Herefordshire "(Jakernan & Carver, 1889). Generally speaking, it may be said that Herefordshire covers a considerable portion of that system of rocks known as the ''Old Red Sandstone." The other districts of these islands in which formations of the same age appear, are the north and south of Devon, part of Cornwall, the south of Ireland, the centre of Scotland, and its north-eastern coast. The system, as it is developed in the southwest of England and on the continent of Europe, has received the distinctive title of" Devonian ;" for though these latter rocks agree with those of the other localities mentioned in stratigraphical position, and hence are to be considered as having been deposited during the same period, yet a consistent difference in their fossil contents argues that they were of marine origin, z".e., were laid down at the bottom of the sea ; while it is inferred that the "Old Red " proper, such as

IO HEREFORDSHIRE. we meet with it in Herefordshire, is of lacustrine formation, i.e., was d"eposited in the fresh, or possibly brackish, water of large lakes. The area in which it is here exposed is one of the most important, if not the most important, in Great Britain, ranging as it does from Bridgnorth on the north, to Cardiff on the south, and into Pembrokeshire on the south-west, and from the Malverns on the east, to the hills of Brecon and Caermarthenshire. The maximum thickness of its beds in that area is estimated at about Io,ooo feet. They consist of a series of sandstones of different degrees of fineness, appearing occasionally as very coarse conglomerates, intercalated with bands of earthy shale, and of impure concretionary limestone. These limestones are known as ''Cornstones." The name of the formation is derived from the most marked and prevalent of the colours of the rocks composing it a bright red. But these colours vary from a dull grey to a cream yellow, and, among them, a brilliant mottle of purple, red, and green, is frequently noticeable. The various hues and shades are due to the presence of peroxide of iron. The traces of life which are afforded by the fossils of the Old Red Sand:-tone, though they are not so abundant and diverse as those of other formations, yet render it of peculiar intere~t. since it contains the earliest indicatiorr of terrestrial vegetation on the earth's surface in the remains of marsh plants and ferns, or fern allies ; while the fossils of numerous species of fish speak of the first appearance of vertebrate animals in any quantity. In order of succession the Old ReJ Sandstone occurs between the older Silurian and the more recent Carboniferous (coalbearing) systems. In other words, it may be said to overlie the former, as on the Ledbury side, and again on the borders of Shropshire and Radnorshire, and to pass bt'low the latter, as where Gloucestershire bounds the county on the south. The connection of Hereford~hire - with either formation will be remarked on as we trace the rocks from the lower to the higher, from the older to the more recent. I. Beginning with intrusive and unstratified rock, of igneous or volcanic origin, due to a period when the fire forces of the earth's interior seem to have been generally active in the west of England, we have instances in the trap dyke at Bartestree, near Hereford, and similar bosses which rise through the shales of the upper Cambrian westward of the southern end of the Malvern range. II. The Malvern Hills themselves, whose western flanks lie within the boundaries of Herefordshire, are an upheaved mass of crystalline, granitoid, and gneissic rock, composed of quartz, felspar, hornblende, mica, &c., associated with intrusive trap and greenstone. Recent research and newer theories of metamorphism have cast doubt on pre-conceived opinions as to their mode of origin, attributing to pressure what was previously considered to be the effect of stratijicatz(m of sedz'ment and the subseq11ent action of heat. Decision as to this point must be postponed till the close attention which this kind of rock has lately begun to receive from geologists results in a more intimate knowledge of them.

F"ROM THE: MJ\LVE:F A Z.edlla1-y a. Gneissic Schists with associated eruptive rock. b. Holly Bnf (Upper Cambrian}. c. Upper Llandovery, d. Woolhope (L Limestone. g. Lower Ludlow. h. Aymestrey Limesto SECTION ............. - .. ... - .. ·ACR05S .·••. ···· • • B - ____ ..., __ ,... - ~ --- - . • • • • • ,. - ... - ,. - .- .,. ~ - / • -. - ---- ~- • • • • • - • • • • • • • • a. Base of Old Red. b. Aymestrey Limestone. c. '\Venlock L Sandstone). The dotted lines give an ideal representati C SS.t.'TION f'F\OM VAT 'HILL. THROU • 'Yaf Hill

F\N HILLS TO LEDBURY flh Sandstone suceeeded by Olenua Shales and Dictyonema Beds Lower Wenlock) Limestone. e. Wenlock Shale. f. Wenlock one. i. Upper Ludlow, j. Passage Beds. k. Old Red. • ' THE •• \IVO.OI- HOPE. VAL.l.E.Y ...... - ' • • ~ .. - • -- .. • .. ' • ... • • .... • ' • • • " • ..... • • • • • - .. • • • ' .. . .... . ....... ' ·~ Limestone. d. '\Voolhope Beds. e. Upper Llandovery (May Hill ion of the position of the Strata previously to denudation. UGH HANTEf\ J% HEP.GaST 1\JOG~ •

HEREFORDSHIRE. II So also must the attempt to assign a definite geologic date to their origin by comparison of them with other rocks, or systems of rocks, to which they bear lithological resemblance. From such resemblance, however, reason has appeared to exist for referring them to the age of the Laurentian of Canada, the Hebridean of Scotland, and the Dimetian and Pebidian rocks of St. David's. With these and others the Malverns are classified as Arch<ean, or pre-Cambrian; for they are undoubtedly of extreme antiquity, and it is now universally allowed that they belong to a period much earlier than that of the Cambrian, the earliest fossil-bearing rocks of Great Britain. The igneous, or igneo-metamorphic rocks of Stanner and Ranter, near Kington, have been considered by some to belong to the same category, and if this be so they probably form links in the chain of upheaval which extends from the Wrekin in Shropshire through the Caer Caradoc range. As, however, they lie beyond the limits of the county, they are not proper subjects for description here. But their position with regard to the adjacent strata is exhibited in Section C, accompanying this notice. III. The whole of the lower of the two divisions into which the Cambrian rocks have been divided is found wanting in Herefordshire ; but beds of the upper Cambrian, in an isolated position, and resting on the older rocks of the Malverns, are displayed on the western sides of Midsummer Hill, the Ragged Stone, and Holly Bush Hill. These consist of a green micaceous sandstone, known as the Holly Bush sandstone, above which is a band of dark shales, taking its name from the characteristic trilobite, Olenus, which is found in it. Still above the Olenus shales, in the same relative position as it is found elsewhere, lies a band of grey earthy shales, characterized by the presence of the fossil zoophyte, Dzct)·onerna. These have been identified with those of the Tremadoc beds of North Wales; they are found also at Shineton, in Shropshire. A small exposure of these same Dictyonema beds is apparent in the north-west of Herefordshire, near Brampton Bryan ; and there, as in the Malvern country, they are in juxtaposition to the Mayhill conglomerate, a member of the Llandovery, or lowest, division of the Silurian system. IV. For here again in the Herefordshire district we meet with another great gap in the observed sequence of the rocks, from the absence ot the Llandeilo, Caradoc (or Bala), and lower Llandovery deposits, rocks which, together with the Holly Bush sandstone and the shales spoken of above, were included by Murchison in the lower Silurian group, but which have recently been separately distinguished as "Ordovician." The Mayhill sandstone is prominently developed in the Malvern district, near Bronsil Castle and Howler's Heath, and it forms the central portion of the remarkable \Voolhope basin, to be more particularly noticed just now. In either locality it is succeeded by Woolhope shales and W oolhope limestone. These pass upward into Wenlock shales and Wenlock limestone, (which constitute the middle division of the Silurians), as at the Ridgeway

12 HEREFORDSHIRE. and Eastnor Park; and these, in their turn, regularly underlie the upper Silurian rocks (lower Ludlow, Aymestrey limestone, and upper Ludlow), as they occupy the surface between Coddington on the north and near Donnington on the south, and Eastnor and Ledbury, east and west. The same sequence prevails along the line of the Malvern range so far as it extends to the north, but exemplified less distinctly. Section A gives an illustration of the order of the strata west of the Malverns. The most remarkable and interesting exhibition, however, of the middle and upper Silurian rocks is to be found near the village of W oolhope, in the tract of country which has Stoke Edith on its north, Solars Hope on its south, Mordiford on its west, and Putley on its east, side. Here the elder beds have been protruded through the Red Sandstone, which originally overlay them, assuming a domelike form. In the centre of this dome the uppermost strata of rock have been removed by water, or atmospheric influences, down to the Llandovery, of which the hill of Haughwood is composed, forming a kind of cup or basin, in which Woolhope itself is situated. Around, in what may be described as roughly concentric circlesr are successive exposures of Woolhope limestone, \Venlock shales, W enlock limestone, and Ludlow, with Aymestrey limestone interstratified, the strata which they indicate dipping, or sloping, away in opposite directions from the central Llandovery. The softer shales have been scooped by erosion into valleys, while the limestones, harder and more able to resist the eroding process, have remained to form in hilly ridges natural lines of rampart, as it were, round the interior space. An idea of the phenomena presented may be obtained from Section B. It is from this striking and well known instance of what is technically called a "valley of elevation" that the Naturalists' Field Club of Herefordshire, distinguished as it has been by the membership of many eminent local geologists, takes its title. Corals, typical of the W enlock formation, may be found here and near Eastnor, together with the trilobites Pltacops and Calyme11e, and the brachiopod bivalve shells Strophomena, Atrypa, &c. On the north-west of Herefordshire a considerable tract of lower and upper Ludlow strata, of the upper division of the Silurians, fringes the old red sandst.one from Downton and Leintwardine to below Kington. Between these occur bands of Aymestrey limestone, so designated from the village of that name, near which they are largely exposed. This district includes the hills of Croft Ambrey, Knill Garaway, and Hergest Ridge. The strata are rich in their dis· tinctive fossils, particularly near Ludlow and in the neighbourhood of Leintwardine. Not far from the latter place, as also at Aymestrey itself, the brachiopod shell Peutamerus Kmi.;htzi, peculiar to the limestone of that name, is very abundant. Where the Aymestrey limestone occurs near W oolhope another variety of Pentamerus, galeatus, is the characteristic fossil shell. Here it may be noticed that near Brampton Bryan, already mentioned, there is a detached outlier of Old Red Sandstone. Taken in connection with other similar outliers, as in Clun Forest in

HEREFORDSHIRE. 13 Shropshire, near Presteign, and elsewhere to the westward, it seems to prove that a large portion of the country, now occupied by the Silurian formations, was at some previous period of the globe's history covered by the Old Red Sandstone which has now been worn away by denudation. In addition to the instances thus noted, under the head of this class of rock, a ridge of Aymestrey limestone, faulted up against the Old Red, forms Shucknall Hill, some five or six miles to the east of Hereford; and a small protruding dome of upper Ludlow occurs at Hagley Park, near Lugwardine. V. The transition period, between the deposition of the uppermost Ludlow rocks and that of the Old Red Sandstone, is marked. by a well defined series of what are known as the Passage Beds. An eminently instructive section of these was laid bare, by the construction of the railway between Hereford and Worcester, close to the town of Ledbury, but the gradation of the beds becomes yearly less discernible in consequence of the weathering of the exposed rock surface and the growth of vegetation. They have been most carefully examined, measured, and mapped, by Mr. Piper, of Led bury, and are found to attain a thickness of some 400 feet. They consist of a succession of red and mottled marls, thin sandstones, purplecoloured shale,. grey marls, bluish grits, red and grey marls, and light coloured (yellowish and pink) sandstones, and appear to have been laid down, conformably and without any break, between the Ludlow rocks and the superincumbent Old Red. Traces of them are discoverable at Hagley Park and at Tarrington. They have yielded many specimens of the plates of fish, Cephalaspis, Onchus, and others; and the grits referred to have bc,en found especially rich in fragments of the variety known as Attchenaspis. An example of one of these latter (unique from its perfectness), exhibiting the body as well as the head of the fish, was discovered by Mr. Piper, and is now at South Kensington. VI. The remainder of Herefordshire is occupied, with one slight exception, by the Old Red Sandstone. The lower, or Cornstone, series of the formation is the most widely apparent, the middle and upper beds having been denuded away over by far the greater part of the county. This Cornstone series consists of red marls and bedded sandstones, alternating with the bands of earthy limestone (Cornstones) spoken of above. To the existence of this limestone and to its hardness, which has more or less defied the denuding forces that have acted upon the face of the surrounding country, the extreme picturesqueness of Herefordshire is due. The graceful eminences of Moccas, Bredwardine, Lady Lift, Credenhill, Dinmore, Castle Frame, Dinedor, Callow, Garway, and many others, which have remained standing while the softer surface of what are now plains and valleys have been removed, covered as many of them are with luxuriant foliage, impart that undulating character to the landscape, which is its great charm; while, unlike what is observable in the instances of other fields of the Old Red, thes~ hills have retained their soft outlines in consBquence of the absence of much

HEREFORDSHIRE. volcanic agitation, and of violent displacement from that cause. These lower beds are not very highly fossiliferous; remains of fish, but in a very fragmentary state, are found in them, and some few plants ; none of the shells or trilobites which mark the Silurian epoch re-appear. Some localities near Leominster, and the neighbourhoods of Pontrilas and Ewyas Haruld, are the most prolific in fish remains. Overlying the Cornstone bands, occur thick beds of a hard grey sandstone, which form the summit of the lower series. These are used largely for building purposes, and their associated flagstones, for roofing tiles, as at Cusop, Cradley, and Rowlestone. At the latter place, the beds of brm~nish red stone, which Mr. Symonds takes as an intermediate division between the lower and upper Old Red, are but just denuded. In the grey Rowlestone strata that gentleman discovered a fine specimen of an hitherto unobserved species of crustacean, Stylonurus ~ymo11dsz"i, but this is in exception to their generally unfossiliferous condition. The Brownstones pass upwards into the yellow sandstones and conglomerates that constitute the upper Old Red in the adjacent hills of Monmouthshire and Breconshire. In Herefordshire these are only observable as they cap the bold range of the Black Mountain . . Below them, on the flanks of thdt mountain, appears another band :>f Cornstone of more recent deposition than those before mentioned. Strata to::>, which are supposed to be the equivalents of the:-e extreme upper beds, underlie the carboniferous rocks at the Great Doward. If the conntry immediately round Farlow, on the eastern side of the Clee Hills, is still to be considered geographically an outlying portion of Herefordshire, it must be added that here also the uppermost beds of yellow sandstone, passing into the Carboniferous strata, exist, and the fossil fish which they have yielded have led to the important con cl us ion that they are the representatives of similar upper beds at Dura Den, in Scotland, where the same fish have been found. The richness and fertility of the soil of the county proceeds from the character of the rocks (red marls, limestones, &c.), from which it is derived by disintegration. VII. Of stratified rocks, it remains only to notice the small portion of the coal field of the Forest of Dean which crosses the Wye and enters Herefordshire, for a few miles, near Symond's Yat. That hill, so familiar an object to the Wye tourist, and the neighbouring Great Doward famous for the caves in which have been discovered large quantities of the remains of extinct animals, as well as of pre-historic man are composed of the Carboniferous, or Mountain, limestone. VIII. But little is known of the effect of the glacial epoch, or epochs, on Herefordshire. Erratic boulders, such as are to be found on the sides of Bradnor Hill, near Kington, and other hills, and which must have been transported from considerable distances, as well as beds of drift containing fragments of rocks entirely foreign to the locality in which they are situated, bespeak the action of ice for their removal from their parent rocks in the shape either of icebergs (at a time when the highest existing hills were beneath the

HEREFORDSHIRE. IS sea) or of glaciers spread over the land. But in the present imperfect state of knowledge in this direction a great field, and one of very much interest, is open to the student of geology who should undertake the investigation of this subject. IX. The same may be said of the beds of river gravel, on one of which the city of Hereford is built, or of the raised terraces of river drift pointed out by the late Mr. Curley. How they came to be where they are: what was the effect upon the face of the country, at the termination of the great ice period, of the ancient rivers of that date : what were the courses of those rivers : are questions which await solution, and demand much patient and sedulous enquiry to determine, but which cannot fail, in the process, amply to reward the enquirer. The rich and low-lying pasture lands which follow the course of existing rivers (the vVye, Lugg, Arrow, Teme, and Frome) represent the alluvial deposits of those rivers in what may be spoken of as comparatively modern times. PHYSICAL FEATURES, CLIMATE, ETC. The general aspect of Herefordshire is extremely beautiful; its surface is finely diversified and broken by swelling heights, so as greatly to resemble the more central parts of Kent. From many of these elevations the prospects are extremely fine, but are peculiarly so from the Malvern Hills and Black lVfountains. An observer stationed at Hereford, nearly in the centre of the county, would see the Malvern Hills exactly in the east, the Hatterals in the west, and the Radnor Hills in the north-west. The fertility of the soil is very great, and the country is clothed in almost perpetual verdure. On every side, a luxuriance of vegetation is exhibited in widely extended cornfields, teeming orchards, expansive meadows, and flourishing hop-grounds. The courses of the rivers and brooks may be traced from any of the adjacent erninences by the rich lines of wood which skirt their margins; much valuable timber is also scattered over the country in hedgerows, as well as on the sides and summits of the knolls and higher elevations. Every part seems uniformly productive, except, perhaps, on the northern and western outskirts. Nor is the air less congenial to health than the face of the country is interesting to view. Although the whole county has a general slope from north to south, towards the basin of the Severn, the chief elevations are in the west and east. The hills lie in parallel lines round or near the borders of the county, occasionally sending off spurs into the interior. The chief line of elevation in the west is the Hatteral range of the Black Mountains, from the summit of which a splendid view of the greater portion of the county can be obtained. It runs in the direction N.W. to S.E. between the town of Hay and the village of Pandy, a distance of about q miles. The principal hills lying east of the Hatterals are : ( 1) A range extending from Cusop, near Hay, to a point called Mynydd Ferdyn, between the parishes of Rowlstone and Clodock; the upper portions of the ridge are called Cusop Hill and V agar Hill, (2) A chain of heights forming the western edge of the 11 Golden V alley '' ; the highest points are Snodhill and the Maes-coeds.

r6 HEREFORDSHIRE. (3) The range enclosing the " Golden Valley" on the east; the highest and most interesting part of this range commences at Meerbach point, near Bredwardine, and is continued .along Arthur Stone Ridge and Stockley Hill, terminating with the low elevation known as the Bacho Hill. The valleys in this part of Herefordshire are the most beautiful, and contain some of the best soil in the county. They all run in the same general direction as the Hatterals, and are well watered. The most conspicuous hills in the south are : (r) Garway Hill, which runs in the same direction as the preceding ranges, and near the S.W. border of the county, overlooking the Monnow valley ; at right angles to this hill, and almost joining it, is a hill, called, from its peculiar shape, (2) Saddlebow Hill, near to which is ( 3) Scudamore Hill. This line of elevation may be traced for a few miles in the direction of Hereford, along the points (4) Aconbury, (5) Callow, (6) Dinedor. Numerous streams rise in this range, draining the slopes to the Wye and Monnow. Farther south there are no continuous elevations~ but the following stand out prominently on the borders of Gloucestershire : (I) Little Do ward, (2) Great Doward, (3) Welsh Bicknor, (4) Bishop's Wood, and (S) May Hill. The hills in the east correspond in height with those on the opposite side of the county. The most important are: (r) The Malvern range, the highest point Gf which, in Herefordshire, is the Hereford Beacon. The view from this point is more extensive than that from the Hatterals, inasmuch as it includes, besides Herefordshire, portions of Worcestershire, Gloucestershire, Monmouthshire, Radnorshire, Shropshire, Somersetshire, and Warwickshire. This range exercises an important influence over the climate of East Herefordshire, by protecting it from the keen east blasts. The Malvern Hills are composed of the oldest kind of rocks with which we are acquainted. (2) A range of hills extends from Eastnor towards Ledbury, and thence northwards in the direction of Colwall. The part on which Ledbury is built is called Dog Hill. (3) A range, commencing at Frome's Hill, on the right bank of the Frome river, and extending as far north as Wolferlow. (4) Farther south, a range may be traced from the Lea, along the Perrystone and Marcle Hills, to Tarrington. The principal hills in the north and north-west are : ( T) Those of Down ton and Leintwardine; but there is an important watershed connected with the Wye basin, which has yet to be indicated; it may be traced through the following points :- Deerfold Forest, Stapleton Hill, Shobdon Hill, Wapley Hill, and Hergest Ridge; and, on the right bank of the Arrow, the Brilley Mountain. (2) From a point called Lady Lift, near Weobley, two ranges run S.E., called, respectively, Foxley Hill and Wormsley Hill: the line of elevation is continued as far as Crcdenhill, within four miles of Hereford. (3) A few miles to the N .E. is a range running east and west, called Dinmore Hill, and further still, Brierley Hill. There <Ke several other detached hills in various parts of the countye.g., Athelstan or Aylestone Hill, near Hereford ; \V all Hill, near Ledbury, &c. The climate of Herdordshire varies with the elevation, and is commonly very healthy, as the longevity of the inhabi-

HEREFORDSHIRE. I7 tants proves. As an instance of this longevity, it is recorded that Sergeant Hoskyns entertained J ames I. at Ingest on House, near Ross, by causing the morrice dance to be exhibited by ten old men and women, whose united ages amounted to over 1 ,ooo years. The death rate of Herefordshire is exceedingly low, being, according to the Registrar General's report, only 18·4 per 1,ooo from 187I-8o, while the mortality from all causes in the whole of England was 21'3 during the same period. It is worthy of note that there is no record of any single case of Asiatic cholera ever having occurred in the county. The prevalent winds are westerly: they are often boisterous, and generally come laden with moisture from the Atlantic. The north and east winds are cold and dry, and affect nearly all parts of the county alike, there being no elevation sufficient to ward them off. South winds almost invariably bring rain; those from north-west and south-west are variable in character, but mostly wet. The rain from the southwest produces immediate floods in the Wye. There is a considerable difference of temperature between the lowland and the hills. This is best seen at the approach of winter, when the Hatterals and Radnor Hills are often deeply coated with snow for several weeks before any appears in the neighbourhood of Hereford. SorL AND PRODUCTIONS. The Farms of Herefordshire are small in extent compared with those of some other counties, I so acres being perhaps considered as the medium size, whilst only a few extend to 700 acres. Hence there are but few tall chimneys denoting the use of steam at the homesteads ; yet, where water power is not available, it is now the principal agent employed for thrashing corn, &c. Steam cultivation is not so general as in some counties ; the prevalence of small enclosures, and crooked hedgerows studded with timber trees, may account for this. Annual tenancy is the prevailing system of occupation, and the 2nd of February the usual time of letting. The artificial manures used most beneficially in the county are those rich in phosphates, the absence of which in the soil is well known. The systems of cultivation and rotation of crops vary with the nature of the soil, which may be classed under three distinct heads : viz., light sandy loam, which surrounds the picturesque town of Ross; gravelly loam, surrounding Hereford and in the valley of the Wye; and a more or less tenacious marly clay, which forms by far the greater proportion of the county. Upon the sandy and gravelly loams, the four course, or Norfolk system, has been generally adopted, viz., roots, barley, clover, and wheat. Sheep farming is carried to great perfection upon these soils, large quantities of oil cake and corn being consumed with the roots. The treading of the sheep whilst consuming the roots, combined with the beneficial action of artificial manures, have effected great changes upon the light soils known as the Ryelands, of which Dr. Beale, who wrote in 1656, said "They refused to grow wheat, peas, and vetches, and were adapted only for the culture of rye, hemp, flax, turnips, and parsnips." They now yield abundant crops of wheat and barley, and the bare fallows of B

18 HEREFORDSHIRE. ' bygone days have given place to grand crops of turnips, swedes and mangolds. Upon the heavy soils the following rotation is generally carried out, as far as the season will admit: viz., fallow, wheat, beans or peas, roots, barley or oats, clover, wheat. The bare fallow system is giving way to a substitution of vetches, which are eaten off by sheep in the summer months with good effect. During the past decade much of this class of land has been laid down to permanent pasture, as is shewn in the following extract from the agricultural returns: "In 1879 the cultivated land under rotation of crops and fallow was 195,078 acres, in 1889 it was 169,767 acres. In 1879 the bare fallow was u,o98 acres, in 1889 it was 6,907, whilst of permanent pasture there has been a proportionate increase." The agricultural produce of the county is of a more general character than that of almost any other county. It has been famed for cider and perry for centuries past, and its 2 7 ,ooo acres of orcharding, when the trees are in bloom, add greatly to the beauty of the scenery of the county, which at all times is highly picturesque. The hops of the county are eagerly sought after by pale ale brewers, for whose use their fine quality specially commends them. Great attention is paid to their cultivation and preparation for market. The deep loamy or marly clays in the valleys of the rivers Frome, Leddon, Lugg, and Arrow, are those in which they are principally cultivated. The acreage grown in 1889 was 6,8 so, whilst that of Worcestershire was only r ,494, yet the great bulk of the Herefordshire crop finds its way to Worcester market, and are called Worcester hops. The cattle of the county is its great specialty. They are of the middle horn tribe, and have long been celebrated for their great aptitude to fatten. Speed, whose history was published in I 610, says "This county's climate is most healthful and temperate, and soyle so fertile for corn and cattle, that no place in England yieldeth more or better conditioned." They take the name of the county, which is the seat of the breed. The acknowledged true type of the Hereford is the beautifully clear white of the face, throat, chest, lower part of the body and legs, together with the crest or mane, and the tip of the tail. A small red spot on the eye, and a round red spot on the throat in the middle of the white, are distinctive marks which have many admirers. The horns are of a yellow or white waxy appearance, frequently darker at the ends, those of the bull springing out straightly from a broad fiat forehead, whilst those of the cow have a wave and slightly upward tendency. The hide is thick, yet yellow, and well covered with soft glossy hair, having a tendency to curl. The flesh presents that marbled appearance, so prized by epicures, and commands the top price in the London market. The rapidity with which they lay on fat is certainly unsurpassed, if equalled, by any other breed. Experimental trials have been repeatedly made with them and selected specimens of other pure breeds, which have ended in the uniform result that they yield the best return to the grazier for the food they consume. After the establishment of the Smithfield Club, a Hereford steer or ox gained the first