Modul Kimia Onsoi (TeamTenom)

Modul Kimia Onsoi! 50

C. Phosphorus-32
Fosforus-32

D. Cobalt-60
Kobalt-60

14 [No 26 SPM 2013]
Diagram shows the heating curve of solid benzoic acid.
Rajah menunjukkan lengkung pemanasan bagi pepejal asid benzoik.

Which statement can be deduced from diagram ?
Pernyataan manakah yang boleh dideduksikan daripada rajah?
A. No heat is absorbed in the first 2 minutes.

Tiada haba diserap dalam 2 minit pertama.
B. Benzoic acid needs 8 minutes to melt completely.

Asid benzoik memerlukan 8 minit untuk melebur selengkapnya
C. Benzoic acid undergoes physical changes between 2nd minute to 6th minute.

Asid benzoik mengalami perubahan fizikal antara minit ke 2 hingga minit ke 6.
D. The attractive forces between particles of benzoic acid become stronger after 6

minutes
Daya tarikan antara zarah-zarah asid benzoik menjadi semakin kuat selepas 6
minit

15 [No 46 SPM 2013]
An atom of element E has 16 neutrons. The nucleon number of element E is 31. Atom
E receives electrons to form ion E. How many electrons in ion E?
Suatu atom bagi unsur E mempunyai 16 neutron. Nombor nukleon bagi unsur E ialah
31. Atom E menerima elektron untuk membentuk ion E. Berapakah bilangan elektron
dalam ion E?
A. 10
B. 15
C. 16
D. 18

Modul Kimia Onsoi! 51

16 [No 16 SPM 2012]
Which of the following shows sublimation process?
Antara berikut yang manakah menunjukkan proses pemejalwapan?
A. Bromine vapour spreads throughout gas jar
Wap bromin tersebar ke seluruh balang gas
B. Water changes into ice in the refrigerator
Air bertukar menjadi ais dalam peti sejuk
C. Naphthalene ball in cupboard becomes smaller
Bebola naftalena dalam almari menjadi lebih kecil
D. Volume of perfume decreases in an opened bottle
Isi padu minyak wangi berkurang dalam botol yang terbuka

17 [No 25 SPM 2012]
Table shows the boiling and melting point of substances, V, W, X and Y.
Jadual menunjukkan takat didih dan takat lebur bagi bahan-bahan V, W, X dan Y.

Substance Boiling point ( oC ) Melting point ( oC )
Bahan Takat didih ( oC ) Takat lebur ( oC )
V
W 268 197
X
Y 170 150

130 80

17 8

Which substance is a liquid at 100oC?
Bahan manakah adalah cecair pada suhu 100oC?
A. V
B. W
C. X
D. Y

18 [No 29 SPM 2012]
Diagram shows the heating curve of solid Z.
Rajah menunjukkan lengkung pemanasan bagi pepejal Z.

Modul Kimia Onsoi! 52

Which statement can be deduced from the diagram?
Pernyataan manakah yang boleh dideduksikan daripada rajah?
A. The melting point of substance Z is 100oC

Takat lebur bagi bahan Z ialah 100oC.
B. All the substance Z is in liquid state at t2

Semua bahan Z adalah dalam keadaan cecair pada t2
C. The kinetic energy of particles in substance Z decreases from t1 to t2

Tenaga kinetik zarah-zarah dalam bahan Z berkurang dari t1 kepada t2
D. Heat is absorbed to overcome the intermolecular forces from t1 to t2

Haba diserap untuk mengatasi daya tarikan antara molekul dari t1 kepada t2

19 [No 33 SPM 2012]
Uranium-235 and Uranium -238 are isotopes.
[ Proton number of uranium = 92]
Which statement is correct?
Uranium-235 dan Uranium-238 adalah isotop.
[ Nombor proton bagi uranium = 92]
Pernyataan manakah yang betul?
A. Uranium-235 has 92 protons and 143 electrons
Uranium-235 mempunyai 92 proton dan 143 electron
B. Uranium-238 has 92 protons and 146 neutrons
Uranium-238 mempunyai 92 proton dan 146 neutron
C. Uranium-235 has less number of electrons than Uranium-238
Uranium-235 mempunyai bilangan elektron kurang daripada Uranium-238
D. Uranium-235 has the same number of neutrons as Uranium-238
Uranium-235 mempunyai bilangan neutron yang sama dengan Uranium-238

20 [No 38 SPM 2012]
Diagram shows electron arrangement of element L.
Rajah menunjukkan susunan elektron bagi unsur L

Modul Kimia Onsoi! 53

Which symbol represents the atom of element L?
Simbol manakah yang mewakili atom bagi unsur L?
A. L
B. L
C. L
D. L

21 [No 5 SPM 2011]
Which process occurs when iodine crystals are heated at room temperature and
pressure?
Proses manakah yang berlaku apabila hablur iodin dipanaskan pada suhu dan tekanan
bilik?
A. Melting
Peleburan
B. Freezing
Pembekuan
C. Evaporation
Penyejatan
D. Sublimation
Pemejalwapan

22 [No 20 SPM 2011]
Diagram is a graph of temperature-time for the heating of substance Q.
Rajah adalah graf suhu-masa bagi pemanasan bahan Q.

Which statement is correct about the property of substance Q based on the graph?
Pernyataan manakah yang betul mengenai sifat bahan Q berdasarkan graf itu?
A. Is a gas at room temperature

Adalah gas pada suhu bilik
B. Experiences physical changes at temperature 75oC

Mengalami perubahan keadaan fizik pada suhu 75oC
C. Releases heat at time interval t1 and t2

Membebaskan haba pada sela masa t1 dan t2
D. Only in liquid condition at time interval t1 and t2

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Berada dalam keadaan cecair pada sela masa t1 dan t2

23 [No 25 SPM 2011]
Diagram shows the electron arrangement of the Q- ion.
Rajah menunjukkan susunan elektron bagi ion Q-.

What is the number of valence electrons of a Q atom?
Berapakah bilangan elektron valens bagi suatu atom Q?
A. 7
B. 8
C. 9
D. 10

24 [No 31 SPM 2011]
Substance R has a melting point of -100oC and a boiling point of -35oC.
What is R?
Bahan R mempunyai takat lebur -100oC dan takat didih -35oC.
Apakah bahan R?
A. Sulphur
Sulfur
B. Alcohol
Alkohol
C. Carbon dioxide
Karbon dioksida
D. Sodium hydroxide
Natrium hidroksida

25 [No 34 SPM 2011]
Table shows the proton numbers of elements U, V, W and Z.
Jadual menunjukkan nombor proton bagi unsur-unsur U, V, W dan Z.

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Element U VW Z
Unsur 8 9 10 11

Proton number
Nombor proton

Which pair of particles has the same number of electrons?

Pasangan zarah manakah yang mempunyai bilangan elektron yang sama?

A. U and V

U dan V

B. W and Z

W dan Z
C. W and V-

W dan V-
D. Z and U2-

Z dan U2-

Paper 2
[No 2 SPM 2017]

2 Diagram shows the standard representation of two isotopes of carbon atoms.
Rajah menunjukkan perwakilan piawai bagi dua isotop atom karbon

CC

Diagram 1
Rajah 1

(a) State the meaning of isotope
Nyatakan maksud isotop.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
[1m]

(b) Based on Diagram 1:
Berdasarkan Rajah 1:
(i) Determine the number of electrons and neutrons in the table below
Tentukan bilangan elektron dan neutron dalam jadual di bawah.

Particle CC
Zarah

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Number of electron
Bilangan elektron

Number of neutron
Bilangan neutron

[2m]

(ii) State one use of C in daily life
Nyatakan satu kegunaan C dalam kehidupan seharian

________________________________________________________________
[1m]

(c) P is a substance that has a melting point of 51oC and a boiling point of 305oC.
P adalah satu bahan yang mempunyai takat lebur 51oC dan takat didih 305oC.
(i) Sketch a graph of temperature against time when substance P is heated from
30oC to 90oC.
Lakar graf suhu melawan masa apabila bahan P dipanaskan daripada 30oC ke
90oC.

[2m]

(ii) When substance P is cooled, the temperature decreases and becomes constant
at one stage and then decreases again.
Apabila bahan P disejukkan, suhu berkurangan dan menjadi malar pada satu
peringkat dan kemudian berkurang semula

Predict the constant temperature
Ramalkan suhu yang malar itu
_________________________________________________________________

[1m]

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Explain why the temperature is constant at that stage.
Terangkan mengapa suhu malar pada peringkat itu.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

[2m]

[No 3 SPM 2014]

3 (a) Diagram 3 shows standard representation for three isotopes of carbon which are
carbon-12, carbon-13 and carbon-14.
Rajah 3 menunjukkan perwakilan piawai bagi tiga isotop, iaitu karbon-12, karbon-13
dan karbon-14.

CC C

Diagram 3
Rajah 3

(i) What is the meaning of isotope?
Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan isotop.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
[1m]

(ii) Determine the number of neutrons in carbon-13.
Tentukan bilangan neutron dalam karbon-13
__________________________________________________________________
[1m]

(iii) State one use of carbon-14 in daily life
Nyatakan satu kegunaan karbon-14 dalam kehidupan seharian
__________________________________________________________________
[1m]

(iv) Draw the atomic structure of carbon-12 and label the subatomic particles.
Lukis struktur atom karbon-12 dan label zarah subatomnya.

[2m]

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(b) Table 2 shows the physical properties of substance X and substance Y.
Jadual 2 menunjukkan sifat fizik bagi bahan X dan bahan Y

Substance Melting point (oC) Boiling point (oC) Electrical conductivity

Bahan Takat lebur (oC) Takat didih (oC) Kekonduksian elektrik

Solid Molten
Pepejal Leburan

X -23 77 Cannot Cannot

Tidak boleh Tidak boleh

Y 801 1413 Cannot Can
Tidak boleh Boleh

Table 2
Jadual 2

Based on Table 2,
Berdasarkan Jadual 2,
(i) what are the physical states of substance X and substance Y at room temperature?

apakah keadaan fizik bagi bahan X dan bahan Y pada suhu bilik?
X:_________________________________________________________________
Y:_________________________________________________________________

[2m]
(ii) state the type of particles in substance X

nyatakan jenis zarah dalam bahan X.
__________________________________________________________________

[1m]

[No 1 SPM 2013]

1 a) Table 1 shows four substances and their chemical formulae
Jadual 1 menunjukkan empat bahan dan formula kimianya

Substance Chemical formulae
Bahan Formula kimia

Argon Ar
Argon

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Bromine Br2
Bromin C10H8
NaCl
Naphthalene
Naftalena

Sodium chloride
Natrium klorida

Based on Table 1:
Berdasarkan Jadual 1:
i) State one substance which exists as atom

Nyatakan satu bahan yang wujud sebagai atom.
____________________________________________________________

[1m]
ii) Which substance has the highest melting point?

Bahan manakah mempunyai takat lebur yang paling tinggi?
____________________________________________________________

[1m]
iii) What is the physical states

Apakah keadaan fizik bromin pada suhu bilik?
____________________________________________________________

[1m]

b) Diagram 1 shows the graph of temperature against time when liquid naphthalene is
cooled.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan graf suhu melawan masa apabila cecair naftalena
disejukkan

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Based on Diagram 1:
Berdasarkan Rajah 1:
i) State the freezing point of naphthalene.

Nyatakan takat beku naftalena.
_______________________________________________________________

[1m]
ii) Why there is no change in temperature from R to Q?

Mengapakah tidak terdapat perubahan suhu dari R ke Q?
_______________________________________________________________

[1m]
iii) What are the states of matter from R to Q?

Apakah keadaan jirim dari R ke Q?
_______________________________________________________________

[1m]

Paper 3

2 A student carried out an experiment to determine the melting point of acetamide.
When the temperature of acetamide reached 70oC, the stopwatch is started. The
temperature of acetamide is recorded at 30 seconds interval until the temperature
reaches 90oC.
Diagram shows the apparatus set- up for the experiment

Seorang murid telah menjalankan satu eksperimen untuk menentukan takat lebur
asetamida. Apabila suhu asetamida telah mencapai 70oC, jam randik dimulakan.
Suhu asetamida dicatat pada sela masa 30 saat sehingga mencapai 90oC.
Rajah menunjukkan susunan radas bagi eksperimen itu.

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Table 2 shows the thermometer reading for the experiment
Jadual 2 menunjukkan bacaan termometer bagi eksperimen itu

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Table 2
Jadual 2

(a) Record the thermometer readings in the space provided in Table 2 [3m]
Catat bacaan termometer pada ruang yang disediakan dalam Jadual 2

(b) (i) By using data in Table 2, plot a graph of temperature against time for this

experiment on the graph paper given.

Dengan menggunakan data dalam Jadual 2, lukis graf suhu melawan masa bagi

eksperimen itu di atas kertas graf yang disediakan [3m]

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(ii) Mark the value of melting point of acetamide on the graph in 2(b)(i). [3m]
Tanda nilai takat lebur bagi asetamida pada graf di 2(b)(i)

(c) Based on your graph in 2(b)(i), complete the table below by stating the physical
state of acetamide based on the time range given.
Berdasarkan graf anda di 2(b)(i), lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menyatakan
keadaan fizik asetamida berdasarkan julat masa yang diberikan.

Time range (s) Physical state
Julat masa (s) Keadaan fizik

0 second to 60th second [3m]
0 saat hingga saat ke-60

60th second to 150th second
Saat ke-60 hingga saat ke-150

150th second to 210th second
Saat ke- 150 hingga saat ke- 210

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5.0 Answers
Jawapan

Introduction (baby steps)

4.
a) P : Freezing / Pembekuan
b) Q :Melting / Peleburan
c) R : Sublimation / Pemejalwapan
d) S : Sublimation / Pemejalwapan
e) T :boiling / evaporation
Pendidihan / penyejatan
f) U :Condensation / Kondensasi

Modul Kimia Onsoi! 67

2.0 Check for understanding

No. Terms/ Concepts Define/ explain Remarks
Bil. istilah/ konsep Takrifkan / terangkan Catatan

1 Matter Something that has mass and occupies space.
Jirim Sesuatu yang mempunyai jisim dan memenuhi ruang

2 Element Substance that is made entirely from one type of atom
Unsur Bahan yang mengandungi hanya satu jenis atom

3 Compound Substance made up of two or more elements that are
Sebatian chemically bonded together
Bahan yang mengandungi dua atau lebih unsur yang
berpadu secara kimia

4 Atom The smallest particle in an element that takes part in a
Atom reaction.
Zarah paling kecil daripada sesuatu unsur yang dapat
mengambil bahagian dalam sesuatu tindak balas.

5 Ion Formed by transfer of electrons between atoms.
Ion Terbentuk melalui pemindahan elektron antara atom.

6 Molecule Group of two or more atoms which are chemically bonded
Molekul together
Zarah neutral yang terdiri daripada dua atau lebih atom
yang berpadu secara kimia

7 Melting point The constant temperature when a substance changes
Takat lebur from solid state to become liquid at a specific pressure.
Suhu malar apabila sesuatu bahan bertukar daripada
keadaan pepejal menjadi cecair pada tekanan tertentu.

Modul Kimia Onsoi! 68

8 Freezing point The constant temperature when a substance changes
Takat beku from liquid state to become solid at a specific pressure
Suhu malar apabila sesuatu bahan bertukar daripada
keadaan cecair menjadi pepejal pada tekanan tertentu

9 Electron Negatively -charged particles
Elektron Zarah bercas negatif

10 Proton Positively -charged particles called in the nucleus
Proton Zarah bercas positif di nukleus

11 Neutrons Neutral particles in the nucleus
Neutron Zarah neutral di dalam nukleus.

12 Proton number The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
Nombor proton Bilangan proton di dalam nukleus sesuatu atom

13 Nucleon number The total number of protons and neutrons
Nombor nukleon in the nucleus of an atom
Jumlah bilangan proton dan neutron di dalam nukleus
sesuatu atom

14 Valence shell. The outermost shell filled with electrons
Petala valens Petala terluar yang diisi dengan elektron

15 Valence Electrons in the valence shell
electrons. Elektron pada petala valens
Elektron valens

16 The electron Shows the nucleus and electron arrangement of an atom.
arrangement Menunjukkan nukleus dan susunan elektron bagi sesuatu
Rajah susunan atom
elektron

17 The atomic Shows the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
structure and electron arrangement of an atom.
Rajah struktur Menunjukkan bilangan proton dan neutron di dalam
atom nukleus serta susunan elektron bagi sesuatu atom

18 Isotopes Atoms of the same element with the same number of
Isotop protons but different number of neutrons.
Atom-atom bagi unsur yang sama dengan mempunyai
bilangan proton yang sama tetapi bilangan neutron yang
berbeza

19 Natural The percentage of isotopes present in a natural sample of

Modul Kimia Onsoi! 69

abundance element.
Kelimpahan Peratusan isotop yang wujud dalam suatu sampel semula
semula jadi jadi unsur.

3.0 Easy to do

A) Basic Concepts of Matter / Konsep asas jirim

1. The explanation of the heating process
Penerangan proses pemanasan

a) The heating curve of naphthalene, C10H8
Lengkung pemanasan naftalena, C10H8

b) When a solid is heated, the particles absorb heat and vibrate faster as its energy content
increases. As the heat energy is absorbed, the state of matter will change.
Apabila pepejal dipanaskan, zarah-zarah menyerap haba dan bergetar dengan lebih
cepat disebabkan kandungan tenaga bertambah. Tenaga haba diserap menyebabkan
perubahan keadaan jirim

Point State of matter Explanation
Titik Keadaan jirim Penerangan

A to B Solid ● Temperature increases from A to B
A ke B Pepejal ● When heated, the particles absorb heat energy and

vibrate faster because kinetic energy increases
● Suhu meningkat dari A ke B.

Modul Kimia Onsoi! 70

● Apabila dipanaskan, zarah menyerap tenaga haba lalu
bergetar lebih cepat kerana tenaga kinetik semakin
bertambah.

B to C Solid and liquid ● Melting occurs
B ke C Pepejal dan cecair ● No increase in temperature from B to C because heat

energy absorbed by the particles is used to overcome
the attraction force between the particles until solid
changes to liquid
● Peleburan berlaku.
● Tiada peningkatan suhu dari B ke C kerana tenaga
haba yang diserap digunakan untuk mengatasi daya
tarikan antara zarah sehingga pepejal bertukar menjadi
cecair.

C to D Liquid ● Temperature increases from C to D
C ke D Cecair ● When heated, the particles absorb heat and move faster
● Suhu meningkat dari C ke D.
● Apabila dipanaskan, zarah menyerap haba dan

bergerak dengan lebih cepat.

2. The explanation of the heating process
Penerangan proses pemanasan

a) The cooling curve of naphthalene, C10H8
Lengkung penyejukan naftalena, C10H8

Modul Kimia Onsoi! 71

b) When the liquid is cooled, the particles in the liquid release energy and move slower as
its energy content decreases. As the heat energy is released to the surrounding, the
state of matter will change.
Apabila cecair disejukkan, zarah cecair membebaskan tenaga dan bergerak semakin
perlahan kerana kandungan tenaganya berkurang. Keadaan jirim berubah semasa
tenaga dibebaskan ke persekitaran.

Point State of matter Explanation
Titik Keadaan jirim Penerangan

E to F Liquid ● Temperature decreases from E to F
E ke F Cecair. ● When cooled, the particles release heat and move

slower due to the lost of kinetic energy
● Suhu menurun dari E ke F.
● Apabila disejukkan, zarah membebaskan haba lalu

bergerak dengan lebih perlahan kerana kehilangan
tenaga kinetik.

F to G Liquid and solid ● Freezing occurs
F ke G Cecair dan pepejal ● No decrease in temperature from F to G because heat

energy that is lost to the surroundings is balanced by the
heat energy released when the particles attract each
other to form solid
● Pembekuan berlaku.
● Tiada penurunan suhu dari F ke G kerana tenaga haba
yang dibebaskan ke persekitaran diimbangi oleh tenaga
haba yang terbebas apabila zarah menarik antara satu
sama lain untuk membentuk pepejal.

G to H Solid ● Temperature decreases from G to H
G ke H Pepejal. ● When cooled, the particles release heat and vibrate

slower
● Suhu menurun dari G ke H.
● Apabila disejukkan, zarah membebaskan haba lalu

bergetar dengan lebih perlahan.

3. Physical state of a substance at any given temperature
Keadaan fizik bahan pada sebarang suhu
a) A substance is in solid state if the temperature of the substance is below melting point

Modul Kimia Onsoi! 72

Suatu bahan berada dalam keadaan pepejal jika suhu bahan tersebut lebih rendah
daripada takat leburnya.
b) A substance is in liquid state if the temperature of the substance is between melting and
boiling point.
Suatu bahan berada dalam keadaan cecair jika suhu bahan tersebut berada antara
takat lebur dan takat didihnya.
c) A substance is in gas state if the temperature of the substance is above boiling point.
Suatu bahan berada dalam keadaan gas jika suhu bahan tersebut lebih tinggi daripada
takat didihnya.

B) The Development of the Atomic Model / Perkembangan Model Atom
1. Zarah Subatom

Figure shows the subatomic particles found in an atom which is made up of protons,
neutrons and electrons. What are the similarities and differences in these three types of
subatomic particles?
Rajah menunjukkan zarah subatom yang terdapat di dalam atom, iaitu terdiri daripada
proton, neutron dan elektron. Apakah persamaan dan perbezaan antara tiga jenis zarah
subatom?

Subatomic particles Symbol Relative charge Relative mass
Zarah subatom Simbol Cas relatif Jisim relatif

a) Neutron / Neutron n 0 1

b) Proton / Proton p +1 1

c) Electron / Elektron e -1

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2. Development of the Atomic Structure Model / Perkembangan Model Struktur Atom

Scientist Atomic model Description
Saintis Model atom Penerangan

John Dalton ● Matter is made up of particles called
(1766 - 1844) atoms

● An atom is the smallest spherical
body that cannot be created,
destroyed nor divided further

● Same elements have the same
atoms

● Jirim terdiri daripada zarah yang
dipanggil atom.

● Atom ialah jasad berbentuk sfera
yang kecil dan tidak boleh dicipta,
dimusnahkan atau dibahagi lagi.

● Unsur yang sama mempunyai atom
yang sama.

J.J. Thomson ● Discovered negatively-charged
(1856 - 1940) particles called electrons

● Atom is a positively-charged sphere
with several electrons in it

● Menemui zarah bercas negatif yang
dipanggil elektron.

● Atom sebagai sfera yang bercas
positif dengan beberapa elektron di
dalamnya.

Ernest Rutherford ● Nucleus is the centre of the atom
(1871 - 1937) ● Discovered positively-charged

particles called protons in the
nucleus
● Almost the whole of atomic mass is
concentrated in the nucleus
● Electrons move outside the nucleus
● Nukleus sebagai pusat atom.
● Menemui zarah bercas positif yang
dinamakan proton di nukleus.
● Hampir seluruh jisim atom bertumpu

Niels Bohr Modul Kimia Onsoi! 74
(1885 – 1962)
di nukleus.
● Elektron bergerak di luar nukleus.

● Electrons in an atom move in shells
around the nucleus

● Elektron di dalam atom bergerak di
dalam petala di sekeliling nukleus.

James Chadwick ● Discovered neutral particles, that
(1891 – 1974) are neutrons in the nucleus.

● Neutrons contribute almost half of
the mass of an atom

● Menjumpai zarah neutral, iaitu
neutron wujud di dalam nukleus.

● Neutron menyumbang hampir
separuh daripada jisim sesuatu
atom.

C) Atomic Structure / Struktur Atom
1. Proton number: The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
Nombor proton: Bilangan proton di dalam nukleus sesuatu atom

2. Nucleon number: The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
Nombor nukleon: Jumlah bilangan proton dan neutron di dalam nukleus sesuatu atom

Nucleon number = number of protons + number of neutrons
or

Nucleon number = proton number + number of neutrons

Nombor nukleon = bilangan proton + bilangan neutron
atau

Nombor nukleon = nombor proton + bilangan neutron

3. Atoms of different elements have different proton numbers.
Atom unsur yang berlainan mempunyai nombor proton yang berlainan.

4. An atom is neutral when the number of electrons is the same with the number of
protons.

Modul Kimia Onsoi! 75

Bilangan elektron adalah sama dengan bilangan proton disebabkan atom adalah
neutral.
5. Example / Contoh

An atom W has 9 protons and 10 neutrons.
Satu atom W mempunyai 9 proton dan 10 neutron.
a) What is the proton number of atom W?

Apakah nombor proton bagi atom W?
9
b) What is the nucleon number of atom W?
Apakah nombor proton bagi atom W?
19
c) Write the standard representation of atom W
Tuliskan perwakilan piawai bagi atom W.

W
6. Standard Representation of an Atom / Perwakilan Piawai bagi Atom

7. Example / Contoh:

₋ The element is Fluorin / Unsur itu adalah Fluorin
₋ The nucleon number / Nombor nucleon = 19
₋ The proton number / Nombor proton = 9
₋ Fluorin atom has 9 protons, 10 neutrons and 9 electrons
₋ Atom Fluorin mempunyai 9 proton,10 neutron dan 9 elektron.

Modul Kimia Onsoi! 76

8. Atomic Structure and Electron Arrangement/ Rajah Struktur Atom dan Susunan Elektron
a) Electrons of an atom orbit around the nucleus in their respective shells.
Elektron sesuatu atom mengorbit mengelilingi nukleus pada petala masing-
masing.

b) Electrons will fill the shell closest to the nucleus first.
Elektron akan memenuhi petala yang terdekat dengan nukleus dahulu

c) When the shell closest to the nucleus is full, electrons will fill the next shell.
Apabila petala yang terdekat dengan nukleus telah penuh, elektron akan diisi ke
dalam petala yang berikutnya.

Complete the following table / Lengkapkan jadual berikut

Element Standard Proton Nucleon Number of / Bilangan Electron
Unsur Representation number number Arrangement
of an element Nombor Nombor proton neutron electron
proton nukleon proton neutron elektron Susunan
Perwakilan elektron
piawai unsur

Hydrogen H 1 1 1 0 1 1

Hidrogen

Helium He 2 4 2 2 2 2
Helium

Sodium Na 11 23 11 12 11 2.8.1
Natrium

Carbon C 6 12 6 6 6 2.4
Karbon

Oxygen O 8 16 8 8 8 2.6
Oksigen

Nitrogen N 7 14 7 7 7 2.5
Nitrogen

Modul Kimia Onsoi! 77

Potassium K 19 39 19 20 19 2.8.8.1
Kalium Ca 20 40 20 20 20 2.8.8.2

Calcium
Kalsium

Draw electron arrangement of an atom / lukiskan susunan elektron bagi atom

D) Isotopes and Its Uses / Isotop dan Penggunaannya
1) Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different
number of neutrons.
Isotop: Atom-atom bagi unsur yang sama dengan mempunyai bilangan proton yang
sama tetapi bilangan neutron yang berbeza
2) Complete the following table / Lengkapkan jadual yang berikut

Element Isotopes Atomic Proton Nucleon Number of Number of
standard number number electrons neutrons
Unsur Isotop representation Nombor Nombor Bilangan Bilangan
Perwakilan proton nukleon elektron neutron
piawai atom
a) Carbon-12 6 12 6 6
Carbon Karbon-12 C
Karbon 6
Carbon-14 C
Karbon-14 14 6 8

Modul Kimia Onsoi! 78

b) Oxygen-16 O 8 16 8 6
Oxygen Oksigen-16 O 8 18 8 8
Oksigen Cl 17 35 17 18
Oxygen-18 Cl 17 37 17 20
Oksigen-18

c) Chlorine-35
Chlorine Klorin-35
Klorin
Chlorine-37
Klorin-37

3) Relative Atomic Mass of Isotopes / Jisim Atom Relatif bagi Isotop

Answer the following question by using the formula shown below
Jawab soalan berikut dengan menggunakan rumus di bawah

Relative atomic mass = Σ(% isotope × mass of isotope)
100

Jisim atom relatif = Σ(% isotop × jisim isotop)
100

The table shows the mass numbers and abundances off naturally- occuring copper
isotopes
Jadual menunjukkan jisim dan kelimpahan bagi isotop-isotop kuprum semulajadi

Mass / Jisim Abundance / Kelimpahan
63 68
65 32

Calculate the relative atomic mass of copper / Hitungkan jisim atom relatif kuprum.
Relative atomic mass = Σ(% isotope × mass of isotope)

100

=

= = 63.64

Modul Kimia Onsoi! 79

4) Uses of isotopes / Kegunaan isotop Uses/ Kegunaan
Field / Bidang Isotope/ Isotop

Medicine Cobalt-60 ● In radiotherapy to kill cancer cells without
Perubatan Kobalt-60 surgery

● Sterilising surgical tools
● Digunakan dalam radioterapi untuk

membunuh sel kanser tanpa melakukan
pembedahan.
● Mensterilkan alat perubatan.

Iodine-131 ● Treatment of thyroid disorders such as
Iodin-131 ● hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer
Digunakan dalam rawatan penyakit tiroid,
seperti hipertiroidisme dan kanser tiroid.

Agriculture Phosphorus-32 ● Study of plant metabolism
Pertanian Fosforus-32 ● Mengkaji metabolisme tumbuhan.

Nuclear Uranium-235 ● Generating electricity through nuclear
Nuklear power generator
Carbon-14
Archaeology Karbon-14 ● Digunakan dalam penjana kuasa nuklear
Arkeologi untuk menjana kuasa elektrik.

● Estimation of artifacts or fossils‟ age
● Menganggar umur bahan artifak atau fosil.

Lead-210 ● In determining the age of sand and earth
Plumbum-210 layers up to 80 years

● Digunakan untuk menetapkan umur
lapisan pasir dan tanah sehingga 80 tahun

Industry Hydrogen-3 ● As a detector to study sewage and liquid
Industry Hidrogen-3 wastes

● Digunakan sebagai pengesan untuk
mengkaji kumbahan dan bahan buangan
cecair.

Engineering Sodium-24 ● In detecting leakage in underground pipes
Kejuruteaan Natrium-24 ● Mengesan kebocoran paip bawah tanah.

Modul Kimia Onsoi! 80

4.0 SPM Format Questions:
Soalan -soalan format SPM
Jawapan Paper 1

1. B 6. C 11. B 16. C 21. D
2. C 7. B 12. A 17.C 22. B
3. B 8. D 13. D 18. D 23. A
4. C 9. C 14. C 19. B 24. C
5. A 10. D 15. D 20. A 25. C

Jawapan Kertas 2
[No 2 SPM 2017]

2 a) Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different number of
neutrons.
Atom-atom bagi unsur yang sama dengan mempunyai bilangan proton yang sama
tetapi bilangan neutron yang berbeza

b) i)

66

68

ii) Estimation of artifacts or fossils‟ age
Menganggar umur bahan artifak atau fosil.

c) i)

Modul Kimia Onsoi! 81

ii) 51oC
- Heat energy that is lost to the surroundings is balanced by the heat energy

released when the particles attract each other to form solid
Tenaga haba yang dibebaskan ke persekitaran diimbangi oleh tenaga haba
yang terbebas apabila zarah menarik antara satu sama lain untuk membentuk
pepejal

[No 3 SPM 2014]

3 a) i) Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different number
of neutrons.
Atom-atom bagi unsur yang sama dengan mempunyai bilangan proton yang sama
tetapi bilangan neutron yang berbeza
ii) Number of neutrons =13 - 6
Bilangan neutron = 7
iii) Estimation of artifacts or fossils‟ age
Menganggar umur bahan artifak atau fosil.
iv)

b) i) X : Liquid / Cecair
Y : Solid / Pepejal

ii) Molecule / Molekul

[No 1 SPM 2013]

1 1. i) Argon
ii) Sodium chloride / natrium klorida
iii) Liquid / Cecair

2. i) T2oC

Modul Kimia Onsoi! 82

ii) Heat energy that is lost to the surroundings is balanced by the heat energy
released when the particles attract each other to form solid
Tenaga haba yang dibebaskan ke persekitaran diimbangi oleh tenaga haba yang
terbebas apabila zarah menarik antara satu sama lain untuk membentuk pepejal

iii) Liquid and solid / Cecair dan pepejal

Jawapan Paper 3

2 (a) 70oC, 78oC, 80oC, 80oC,80oC,80oC, 82oC, 90oC
(b) (i), (ii)

Modul Kimia Onsoi! 83

(c) (i) Solid / Pepejal
(ii) Solid and liquid / Pepejal dan cecair
(iii) Gas / Gas

Chapter 3: MOLE CONCEPT, FORMULAE AND EQUATION
Bab 3: KONSEP MOL, FORMULA DAN PERSAMAAN KIMIA

1.0 Set Induction
Set Induksi

The mole is important because it allows chemists to work with the subatomic world with macro
world units and amounts.
Konsep mol adalah penting kerana ianya membantu ahli kimia untuk mengkaji dunia makro sub
atomik dengan unit dan kuantiti.

Atoms, molecules and formula units are very small and very difficult to work with usually.
However, the mole allows a chemist to work with amounts large enough to use.
Atom, molekul dan unit formula adalah sangat kecil dan sangat sukar untuk dikenalpasti. Walau
bagaimanapun, konsep mol membolehkan ahli kimia untuk mengira dengan nilai atau kuantiti
yang cukup besar.

A mole of something represents 6.022 x 10^23 items. Whether it be atom, molecule or formula
unit.
Mol suatu bahan mewakili 6.022 x 10^23 item sama ada atom, molekul mahupun unit formula.

Defining the mole in this way allows you change grams to moles or moles to particles.
Eventhough you can't see the particles.
Mentakrifkan konsep mol dengan cara ini membolehkan anda menukar gram kepada mol
ataupun mol kepada zarah-zarah walaupun anda tidak dapat melihat zarah-zarah tersebut.

Modul Kimia Onsoi! 84

More reading/Bacaan Tambahan:
https://www.sciencemag.org/news/1997/06/man-behind-mole

2.0 Check for understanding

No. Terms/Concepts Define/explain Remarks
Bil. Istilah/konsep Takrifkan/terangkan Catatan

1 Jisim atom relatif dan jisim molekul relatif
Relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass

2 Konsep Mol
Moles concept

3 Formula kimia
Chemical Formulae

4 Persamaan kimia
Chemical equations

3.0 Easy to do questions (baby steps)

Jisim Atom Relatif & Jisim Molekul Relatif

1. Berikan definisi bagi jisim atom relatif (JAR).
Give the definition of relative atomic mass.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Berikan definisi bagi jisim molekul relatif (JMR).
Give the definition of relative molecular mass.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Berikan definisi bagi jisim formula relatif (JFR).
Give the definition of relative formula mass.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Hitung Jisim molekul relatif dan jisim formula relatif bagi sebatian-sebatian berikut.
Calculate the relative molecular mass and the relative formula mass for the following compounds.

Modul Kimia Onsoi! 85

Sebatian Formula kimia Jisim Molekul Relatif Jisim Formula Relatif
Compound Chemical Formula Relative Molecular Relative Formula
relative Relative

Gas oksigen O2
Oxygen gas N2
Cl2
Gas nitrogen Br2
Nitrogen gas CO2

Gas klorin
Chlorine gas

Cecair bromine
Bromine liquid

Gas karbon dioksida
Carbon dioxide gas

Gas sulfur dioksida SO2
Sulphur dioxide gas NH3
CH4
Ammonia
Ammonia

Metana
Methane

Modul Kimia Onsoi! 86

Glukosa C6H12O6
Glucose

Parasetamol C8H9NO2
Paracetamol

Butanol C4H9OH
Butanol

Asid etanoik CH3COOH
Ethanoic acid

Natrium hidroksida NaOH
Sodium hidroxide

Asid hidroklorik HCl
Hydrochloric acid

Asid sulfurik H2SO4
Sulphuric acid

Asid nitric HNO3
Nitric acid

Magnesium oksida MgO
Magnesium oxide

Plumbum(II) oksida PbO
Lead(II) oxide

Modul Kimia Onsoi! 87

Kalsium karbonat CaCO3
Calcium carbonate Na2CO3
CuSO4
Natrium karbonat
Sodium carbonate

Kuprum(II) sulfat
Copper(II) Sulphate

Zink sulfat ZnSO4
Zinc Sulphate

Argentum klorida AgCl
Argentum Chloride

Aluminium oksida Al2O3
Aluminium oxide

[Jisim atom relative, Relative atomic mass: H = 1, C = 12, N = 14, O = 16, Na = 23, Mg = 24,
Al = 27, S = 32, Cl = 35.5, Ca = 40, Fe = 56, Cu = 64, Zn = 65, Br = 80, Ag = 108, Pb = 207]

Konsep Mol

1. Nyatakan definisi bagi 1 mol.
State the definition for 1 mol.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Nyatakan definisi bagi pemalar Avogadro.
Give the definition for Avogadro‟s constant.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Modul Kimia Onsoi! 88

3. Nyatakan tiga jenis zarah.
State three types of particles.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Selesaikan masalah perhitungan berikut.
Solve the following.
a) Kirakan bilangan zarah dalam 0.75 mol atom aluminium, Al, 1.2 mol ion klorida, Cl- dan
0.07 mol molekul karbon dioksida, CO2.
Calculate the number of particles in 0.75 moles of aluminium atom, Al, 1.2 moles of
chloride ion, and 0.07 moles of carbon dioxide molecules.
[NA = 6.02 X 1023 mol-1]

b) Kirakan bilangan atom dalam 0.2 mol gas sulfur dioksida, SO2 dan 0.125 mol gas metana,
CH4.
Calculate the number of atoms in 0.2 moles of sulphur dioxide gas, and 0.125 moles of
methane gas.
[NA = 6 X 1023 mol-1]

c) Kirakan bilangan mol bagi 6 x 1021 atom besi dan 7.5 X 1023 molekul karbon monoksida.
Calculate the number of moles for 6 x 1021 atoms of iron and 7.5 X 1023 molecules of

carbon monoxide.
[NA = 6 X 1023 mol-1]

d) Hitungkan bilangan molekul bagi yang berikut

Calculate the number of molecules for the following

i. 1.5 mol gas nitrogen, N2 ii. 0.9 mol karbon dioksida, CO2
1.5 moles of nitrogen gas, N2 0.9 moles of carbon dioxide CO2
[NA = 6.02 x 1023 mol-1] [NA = 6.02 x 1023 mol-1]

Modul Kimia Onsoi! 89

e) Hitungkan bilangan mol bahan bagi yang berikut

Calculate the number of moles for the following
i. 3.01 X 1021 molekul oksigen.
3.01 X 1021 molecules oxygen
[NA = 6.02 x 1023 mol-1]

ii. 1.806 X 1022 molekul nitrogen dioksida.
1.806 X 1022 molecules nitrogen dioxide
[NA = 6.02 x 1023 mol-1]

iii. 1.204 X 1023 zarah Fe2O3 dalam suatu sampel ferum (III) oksida.
1.204 X 1023 Fe2O3 particles in ferum (III) oxide sample.
[NA = 6.02 x 1023 mol-1]

iv. 6.02 X 1020 atom plumbum, Pb.
6.02 X 1020 lead atom, Pb.
[NA = 6.02 x 1023 mol-1]

5. Berikan definisi bagi jisim molar.
Give the definition for molecular mass

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Modul Kimia Onsoi! 90

6. Berapakah jisim bagi: b) 0.9 mol gas hidrogen c) 2.5 mol besi
What is the mass for: 0.9 moles of hydrogen gas 2.5 moles of iron

a) 0.4 mol kalsium
0.4 moles of calcium

d) 1.2 mol gas nitrogen e) 1.7 mol aluminium f) 0.01 mol sulphur
1.2 moles of nitrogen gas 1.7 moles of aluminium 0.01 moles of sulphur

[Jisim atom relatif, Relative atomic mass: H = 1, N = 14, Al = 27, S = 32, Ca = 40, Fe = 56]

7. Hitung bilangan mol bahan dalam

Calculate the number of moles in

a) 0.64 g gas oksigen b) 8.1 g aluminium c) 64.0 g kuprum
0.64 g of oxygen gas 8.1 g of aluminium 64.0 g of copper

d) 2.54 g cecair iodin e) 2.84 g gas klorin f) 0.69 g natrium
2.54 g of liquid iodine 2.84 g of chlorine gas 0.69 g of sodium

8. Hitung jisim dalam gram bagi b) 1.8 mol karbon dioksida, CO2
1.8 moles of carbon dioxide
Calculate the mass in gram for

a) 2.5 mol ammonia, NH3
2.5 moles of ammonia, NH3

c) 3.6 mol air, H2O Modul Kimia Onsoi! 91
3.6 moles of water, H2O
d) 0.6 mol asid sulfurik, H2SO4
0.6 moles of Sulphuric acid, H2SO4

e) 2.0 mol ammonium sulfat, (NH4)2SO4 f) 1.3 mol magnesium nitrat, Mg(NO3)2

2.0 moles of ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4 1.3 moles of magnesium nitrate, Mg(NO3)2

[JAR: H = 1, C = 12, N = 14, O = 16, Mg = 24, S = 32]

9. Hitung peratus jisim bagi nitrogen, N dalam setiap sebatian berikut.

Calculate the mass percentage of nitrogen ,N for each of the following compounds.

a) Ammonia, NH3 b) Asid nitrik, HNO3
Ammonia, NH3 Nitric acid, HNO3

c) Magnesium nitrat, Mg(NO3) d) Parasetamol, C8H9NO2
Magnesium nitrat, Mg(NO3)2 Paracetamol, C8H9NO2

[JAR: H = 1, C = 12, N = 14, Mg = 24]

10. Nyatakan definisi bagi isipadu molar gas.
Give the definition of molar volume.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

11. Kirakan isipadu gas-gas berikut.

Calculate the volume of following gases

a) 0.8 mol gas karbon dioksida pada STP b) 1.2 mol gas hidrogen pada keadaan bilik

0.8 mol of carbon dioxide gas at STP 1.2 mol of hydrogen gas in room temperature

Modul Kimia Onsoi! 92

12. Berapakah bilangan mol bagi setiap gas berikut?

How many mol for each of the following gases?

1. 1.8 dm3 gas metana, CH4 pada RTP 2. 2016 cm3 gas neon, Ne pada STP
1.8 dm3 methane gas, CH4 at RTP 2016 cm3 neon, Ne gas at STP

3. 240 cm3 gas klorin, Cl2 pada RTP 4. 2.4 liter gas sulfur dioksida, SO2 pada RTP
240 cm3 of chlorine gas, Cl2 at RTP 2.4 liter of sulphur dioxide gas, SO2 at RTP

5. 0.84 liter gas oksigen, O2 pada STP 6. 17.92 cm3 gas ozon, O3 pada STP
0.84 liter of oxygen gas, O2 at STP 17.92 cm3 of Ozone gas, O3 at STP

Formula kimia

1. Nyatakan definisi bagi istilah-istilah kimia berikut.
Give the definition for the following term.
a) Formula kimia
Chemical formula

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

b) Formula empiric
Empirical formula

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

c) Formula molekul
Molecular formula

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

d) Formula ion
Ionic formula

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Modul Kimia Onsoi! 93
2. Nyatakan dua jenis ion.

State two types of ion.
……..………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Suatu sebatian hidrokarbon mengandungi 85.7 % karbon dan 14.3 % hidrogen.
Jisim molekul relatif bagi hidrokarbon ini ialah 56. [JAR: H = 1, C = 12]
A hydrocarbon compound consists of 85.7% carbon and 14.3 % hydrogen.
Relative molecular mass for this hydrocarbon is 56.
(i) Tentukan formula empirik hidrokarbon itu.
Determine the empirical formula for this hydrocarbon

(ii) Tentukan formula molekul hidrokarbon itu.
Determine the molecular formula for this hydrocarbon

4. Satu sebatian mengandungi 85% karbon dan 15% hidrogen. Jisim molekul relatif bagi sebatian itu
adalah 28. Tentukan formula molekul bagi sebatian tersebut.
A compound consists of 85 % carbon and 15 % hydrogen.
The relative molecular mass for the compound is 28. Determine the molecular formula for the
compound.

Modul Kimia Onsoi! 94

5. Tuliskan formula ion bagi ion-ion berikut.
Write the Ionic formula for the following ions.

Kation Formula ion Anion Formula ion
Cation Ionic formula Anion Ionic formula

Ion natrium Ion oksida
Sodium ion Oxide ion

Ion kalium Ion klorida
Potassium ion Chloride ion

Ion aluminium Ion bromide
Aluminium ion Bromide ion

Ion zink Ion iodida
Zinc ion Iodide ion

Ion magnesium Ion hidroksida
Magnesium ion Hydroxide ion

Ion Ferum(II) Ion karbonat
Iron(II) ion Carbonate ion

Ion ferum(III) Ion nitrat
Iron(II) ion Nitrate ion

Modul Kimia Onsoi! 95

Ion kuprum(II) Ion sulfat
Copper (II) ion Sulphate ion

Ion kalsium Ion fosfat
Calcium ion Phosphate ion

Ion argentums Ion
Argentums ion manganat(VII)
Manganate (VII)
Ion plumbum(II)
Lead (II) ion ion

Ion ammonium Ion tiosulfat
Ammonium ion Thiosulphate

ion

Ion dikromat(VI)
Dichromate (VI)

ion

6. Tuliskan formula kimia bagi sebatian-sebatian ion berikut.
Write the chemical formula for each of the following ionic compounds.

a) Ammonium fosfat j) Kromium(III)
Ammonium hidroksida
phosphate Chromium (III)
hydroxide

b) Barium karbonat k) Zink nitrat
Barium carbonate Zinc nitrate

c) Ferum(III) sulfat m) Kalsium oksida
Iron (III) sulphate Calcium oxide

Modul Kimia Onsoi! 96

d) Ferum(II) sulfat n) Aluminium sulfat
Iron (II) sulphate Aluminium sulphate

e) Stanum(II) oksida o) Kalium
Stanum(II) oxide manganat(VII)
Potassium
f) Kuprum(II) manganate(VII)
karbonat
Copper (II) carbonate p) Magnesium iodide
Magnesium oxide
g) Argentum klorida
Argentum chloride r) Plumbum(II)
bromide
h) Natrium karbonat Lead (II) bromide
Sodium carbonate
s) Kalium
i) Ammonium klorida dikromat(VI)
Ammonium Chloride Potassium
dichromate(VI)

t) Plumbum(II) nitrat
Lead (II) nitrate

7. Tuliskan formula kimia bagi sebatian-sebatian kovalen berikut.
Write the chemical formula for the following covalent compound

a) Gas nitrogen g) Gas karbon
Nitrogen gas dioksida
Carbon dioxide gas
b) Gas oksigen
Oxygen gas h) Air
water

Modul Kimia Onsoi! 97

c) Gas fluorin i) Gas hydrogen
Fluorine gas Hydrogen gas

d) Gas klorin j) Gas sulfur dioksida
Chlorine gas Sulphur dioxide gas

e) Cecair bromine k) Gas nitrogen
Bromine gas dioksida
Nitrogen dioxide gas
f) Pepejal iodine
solid Iodine l) Gas karbon
monoksida
Carbon monoxide ion

3.4 Persamaan kimia

1. Nyatakan definisi bagi persamaan kimia.
State the definition for chemical equation.

……..…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……

2. Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas kimia berikut.
Write the chemical equation for the following chemical reaction.

(a) Aluminium + Asid sulfurik cair → Larutan aluminium sulfat + hydrogen
Aluminium + Sulphuric acid → Aluminium sulphate solution + hydrogen

(b) Larutan argentums+ Larutan magnesium → Mendakan Argentum + Larutan magnesium

nitrat klorida klorida nitrat

Argentum nitrate +Magnesium chloride → Argentum chloride +Magnesium nitrate

Solution solution precipitate solution

Modul Kimia Onsoi! 98

(c) Asid nitrik + Larutan kalium hidroksida → Larutan kalium nitrat + Air
Nitric acid + Potassium hydroxide solution → Potassium nitrate solution + Water

(d) Larutan plumbum(II) + larutan kalium → Mendakan plumbum(II) + Larutan kalium

nitrat klorida klorida nitrat

Lead (II) Nitrate + Potassium Chloride → Lead (II) chloride + Potassium Nitrate

Solution solution precipitate solution

(e) Ferum + Larutan argentum nitrat → Larutan ferum(II) nitrat + mendakan argentum
Iron + Argentum nitrate Solution → Iron(II) nitrate Solution + Argentum Precipitate

(f) Asid hidroklorik cair + Larutan natrium → larutan natrium + gas karbon + air

karbonat klorida dioksida

Hydrochloric acid + Sodium Carbonate→ Sodium Chloride + Carbon dioxide + water

Solution solution gas

(g) Kalium + air → Larutan kalium hidroksida + gas hidrogen

Potassium + water → Potassium hydroxide solution + hydrogen gas

(h) Kuprum + Larutan argentum nitrat → Larutan kuprum(II) nitrat + mendakan argentum

Modul Kimia Onsoi! 99
Copper + Argentum nitrate solution → Copper(II) nitrate solution + Argentum precipitate

(i) Asid sulfurik cair + pepejal aluminium oksida → Larutan aluminium sulfat + Air
Sulphuric acid + Solid aluminium oxide → Aluminium sulphate solution + water

3. Perihalkan persamaan kimia berikut.
Describe the following chemical equations.
(a) 2HCl + CaCO3 → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl + NaNO3
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………
(c) C + O2 → CO2
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(d) 2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(e) 2Al + 3CuSO4 → Al2(SO4)3 + 3Cu
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4.0 SPM Format Questions: