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Published by sundarksth, 2020-09-23 03:35:38

Green Sungava Nepali 6

Green Sungava Nepali 6

gk] fn ;/sf/ lzIff dGqfno kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; sG] b| eQmk/' af6 :jLs[t

;'gufef

gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf ^

;Dkfbs afn] fO ;Lk
;'gfO ;Lk
k|eftL ls/0f k9fO ;Lk
n]vfO ;Lk
n]vs zAb1fg
afnsG] b|L lzIf0f
gf/fo0f lg/f;L Jofjxfl/s 1fg
bLks zdf{ k|of]uk/s cEof;

;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^ 1

;'gufef

gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf ^

;Dkfbs M k|eftL ls/0f
prabhatikiran@gmail.com
nv] s M gf/fo0f lg/f;L
imnirasi@gmail.com
bLks zdf{
gulmelideepak@gmail.com
k|sfzs M lu|g aS' ;
nlntk'/, gk] fn
;jf{lwsf/ M ;Dkfbs tyf nv] sx¿df
;+:s/0f M klxnf] -@)&$_
bf;] |f] -@)&%_
lrqfªs\ g M ks| fz ;dL/
u|flkmS; M kmf]s; sDKo'6/,
cgfdgu/, sf7df8f}“

focus.dipendra@gmail.com

d'b0| f M g]kfndf

xfd|f] s'/f

efiff l;sfO cToGt hl6n ljifo xf] . o;nfO{ ljBfyL{x¿sf] ?lr, Ifdtf tyf k|of]u Ifq] sf] cfwf/df kf7o\ jm| dn]
lgb]{zg u/]sf] p2]Zosf] lgs6 /x/] k|ofu] ug{] dfWodsf] ¿kdf k:| t't ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf tof/ kfl/Psf]
5 . efiff l;sfOsf jm| ddf kf7\ok:' tssf] e"ldsf cxd\ x'G5 . kf7\ojm| dn] lgbz]{ g u/]sf] kf7\o;fdu|LnfO{
kf7\ok':tsn] Jojl:yt u5{ . o; z[ª\vnfnfO{ efiff l;sfOsf ;Lkx¿ afn] fO, ;g' fO, k9fO tyf nv] fOnfO{
k|efjsf/L ¿kdf Jojl:yt ug{ pkofu] L kf7\ok:' tssf] ¿kdf tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . efiff l;sfOsf j|mddf syf,
sljtf, uLt, lgaGw, Psfªs\ L, hLjgL tyf ¿ks h:tf ljwfx¿nfO{ ke| fjsf/L dfWodsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . o;
z[ª\vnfdf klg sIffut Ifdtf / :t/sf] cfwf/df ;flxTosf ljljw ljwfx¿sf] oyf]lrt k|ofu] ul/Psf] 5 .
;'gufef g]kfnLsf] o; z[ª\vnfdf kf7 5gf]6 tyf ltgsf] cEof; ljGof; ubf{ cToGt ;hutf ckgfOPsf] 5 .

k|Tos] kf7sf] cf/De k"j{sfo{af6 ul/Psf] 5 . of] ljBfyLs{ f] afn] fO ;Lk;uF ;DalGwt 5 . zAbaf6 cf/De
eP/ jfSosf] tx;Dd k'u]sf] k"j{sfo{df kf7;uF ;DalGwt dfl} vs kZ| gx¿ /flvPsf 5g\ . kf7 k9\g'eGbf cl3
k[i7el" d lgdf{0fsf] ¿kdf /flvPsf o:tf k|Zgx¿sf] dfl} vs pQ/ ljBfyLx{ ¿af6 vfh] ]/ pgLx¿sf] Wofg
kf7tkm{ cfslif{t ug{' o;sf] d"n p2]Zo xf] . o; v08df lbOPsf zAb tyf jfSox¿af6 ljBfyL{sf] zAbf]Rrf/0f
tyf jfSo jfrgsf] Ifdtfdf ljsf;sf] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .

k"j{k7gs} jm| ddf dn" kf7sf] cf/Ed ug'e{ Gbf klxnf efOalxgLx¿ † eGg] v08 /flvPsf] 5 . of] ljBfyLx{ ¿sf]
Wofg kf7lt/ tfGg] tyf kf7k|lt pgLx¿sf] ?lr hufpg] p2Z] on] /flvPsf] xf] . o;df kf7df ;dl] 6Psf /rgfsf
;h{ssf] ;ª\lIfKt lrgf/L / tl:a/ lbOPsf] 5 . of] ljBfyL{nfO{ s]Gb|df /fv]/ tof/ kfl/Psf] eP klg cWofkgsf
j|mddf lzIfs ldqx¿nfO{ ;dt] pTk/|] ssf] ¿kdf /xf;] \ eGg] s'/fdf ljzi] f Wofg lbOPsf] 5 . o; v08df
;DalGwt kf7sf nv] ssf] af/d] f kl/ro lbP/ ljBfyLd{ f ;|i6fx¿sf] kl/ro / pgLx¿kl| t ;Ddfgsf] efj
hufpg vfl] hPsf] 5 .

dn" kf7sf] k|:tl' tsf j|mddf k|Tos] ki[ 7df cK7\of/f zAbx¿nfO{ km/s /ªdf k:| t't u/]/ ;DalGwt ki[ 7df g}
zAbfy{ /flvPsf] 5 . kf7 cg'sn" sf cfsifs{ lrqx¿åf/f kf7sf] k|:t'lt ul/Psf] 5 .

cEof;nfO{ k9fO, nv] fO tyf ;'gfO ;Lk ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t eP/ tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . cEof;sf]
cf/Dedf zAb1fg /flvPsf] 5 . o;df ;DalGwt kf7df /xs] f zAbx¿sf] z4' pRrf/0f, ltgsf] cy,{ jfSodf
k|of]u, zAb e08f/cGtu{tsf kofo{ jfrL zAb, ljk/LtfyL{ zAb, cgs' /0ffTds zAb cflbsf] k|ofu] ;uF ;DalGwt
cfEofl;s k|Zgx¿ /fv/] ljBfyLs{ f] zAb1fgsf] clej[l4 ug{] p2]Zo /flvPsf] 5 .

k9fO÷nv] fO ;LkcGtut{ kf7df k9s] f] s'/f l;sf?n] a¹' ] ga'¹]sf] k/LIf0f ug{] p2]Zon] Ps jfSodf pQ/,
7Ls a7] Ls, vfnL 7fpF eg{] tyf hf8] f ldnfpg] cEof;sf ;fy} k7gafw] sf nflu kZ| gx¿ /flvPsf 5g\ . o;df
;fdfGoaf6 hl6ntkms{ f] cjwf/0ffsf] cg';/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

o;} v08df n]vfO ;Lk;uF ;DalGwt /x/] x/]s kf7df Pp6f ;xfos kf7 /flvPsf] 5 . of] kf7 d"n kf7 h;/L
lzIf0f ug{] p2Z] on] /flvPsf] xfO] g . ;xfos kf7df cgR' 5b] , sljtf, syf tyf ;+jfb /flvPsf 5g\ . o:tf] kf7
ljBfyL{ :jodn\ fO{ ;:j/ jfrg ug{ nfpg] ga'¹s] f zAbx¿sf] cy{ atfOlbg] / pgLx¿n] cfkm" n] k9s] f] cfwf/df
lbOPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ n]Vg nufpg] ugk'{ 5{ . o;sf] lzIf0fsf j|mddf lzIfseGbf ljBfyLn{ fO{ lqmofzLn
agfpg vfl] hPsf] 5 . ljBfyLx{ ¿n] cfkmF} k9g\ ] / cfkmn}F ] cEof; ug{] u/L o;sf] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 .

ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;'gfO ;Lksf] ljsf;sf nflu cEof;df Pp6f ;g' fO ;Lk v08 g} /flvPsf] 5 . o;sf nflu
klg syf, sljtf, cgR' 5]b nufotsf 5f6] f ;fdu|Lx¿sf] 5gf6] ul/Psf] 5 . ;g' fO ;Lksf nflu k':tssf]
cGTodf kf7x¿ /flvPsf 5g\ . oL kf7x¿nfO{ /s] 8{ u//] l;8Ldf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . pSt l;8Ldf kf7df
ePsf sljtfx¿sf] ;:j/ jfrg klg /xs] f] 5 . lzIfsnfO{ l;8L k|fKt ePkl5 l;8L ahfP/ sIffdf ;g' fpg]
/ ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ kf7df lbOPsf cEof; u/fpg] p2Z] on] of] v08 /flvPsf] xf] l;8L k|fKt x'g g;ss] f] jf
ljBfnodf ahfpg] Joj:yf gePsf] cj:yfdf lzIfsn] ;DalGwt kf7 sIffdf ;g' fpg] / cEof; u/fpg] ug{'
/fdf| ] xG' 5 . ;g' fO ;Lkdf ePsf] cEof; sIff sfo{sf] k|ofh] gsf nflu xf] .

afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ l;h{gzLn agfpg,] pgLx¿sf] /rgfTds Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{ p2Z] on] cEof;df l;hg{ fTds
;Lk ljzi] f v08sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;df ljBfyLs{ f] l;hg{ fTds Ifdtfsf] clejl[ 4sf nflu sljtf, lgaGw,
hLjgL, syf cflb nv] gsf] kl/ro / cEof; lbP/ To;df ?lrk"0f{ ;xeflutfsf nflu clek|]l/t ul/Psf] 5 .
of] v08sf] cEof;kl5 ljBfyLx{ ¿ ljBfnodf xg' ] tyf cGo kl| tofl] utfTds lj|mofsnfkdf vn' /] ;xefuL x'g
;Sg] 5g\ .

efiff l;sfOsf j|mddf Jofs/0fsf] dxŒjk0" f{ el" dsf xG' 5 . kf7df cEof;cGtu{t Jofs/0f ;Lk eGg] v08
/flvPsf] 5 . o;df kf7o\ j|mdn] lgwf/{ 0f u/]cg';f/sf Jofs/0fsf zLifs{ x¿nfO{ ko| f]uk/s cEof; u/fpg]
p2Z] o /flvPsf] 5 . Jofs/0fsf] yk cEof;sf nflu xfdLn] g} tof/ kf/]sf] ;g' ufef g]kfnL Jofs/0fsf] cEof;
u/fpg ;lsg] 5 .

cEof; ljGof;sf j|mddf clGtd v08sf] ¿kdf ;fdfGo 1fg /flvPsf] 5 . o;df ljleGg efu} f]lns, ;f+:s[lts,
k|fs[lts, j1} flgs tyf wflds{ ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt 1fgsf s/' fx¿ ;dl] 6Psf 5g\ . of] ljBfyL{x¿sf] :jfWoogsf
nflu xf] .

lzIfs ;fyL ¤ ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ cEof;df ePsf ;a} v08x¿ Ps}k6s cEof; u/fpg'x'Fb}g . sIffsfo{sf]
¿kdf jf u[xsfo{sf] ¿kdf Ps lbgdf Pp6f v08sf] dfq cEof; u/fpg' /fdf| ] xG' 5 . c¿ v08df ePsf
cEof;x¿nfO{ Ps lbgsf] nflu Pp6f v08 5gf6] u/] klg k9fO÷nv] fO ;Lk eg] km/skm/s lbgdf g} cEof;
u/fpg' pkoQ' m x'G5 .

k:' tsdf kf7sf] ¿kdf hfh] f] ;i| 6fx¿sf] l;h{gf /flvPsf] 5 pxfxF ¿k|lt xfdL xflb{s s[t1 5fF} . kf7sf]

dd{cg';f/sf] lrq agfOlbg] k|sfz ;dL/, cfsif{s k[i7 ;o+ f]hg ug]{ kmfs] ; sDKo6' /sf /d]z dxhg{

tyf k':tsnfO{ cfsifs{ :j¿kdf k|sfzg ug{] lug| aS' ;k|lt ljzi] f cfef/ JoQm ub{5fF} . k|:t't k':tsnfO{

efiff lzIf0fsf] nflu pkofu] L ;fduL| sf] ¿kdf tof/ kfg{] xfd|f] k|of;df lj1 kf7s, lzIfs, ljBfyL{ tyf

cleefjsx¿af6 cfpg] ;'¹fj tyf ;Nnfx xfdf| nflu dfub{ zs{ aGg] 5g\ . cfufdL lbgdf k:' tsnfO{ c¹

ke| fjsf/L agfpg kl/isf/ / kl/dfhg{ ub}{ hfg] jfrf ub5{ f}F . nv] s tyf ;Dkfbs

ljifo ;r" L

kf7 ! ;j] s sljtf x]dGt ljjz 7
kf7 @ 17
kf7 # b'O{ dLtsf] syf nfs] syf 32
kf7 $ 45
kf7 % d]/f lktfhL ;+:d/0f k|bLk gk] fn 56
kf7 ^ 70
kf7 & zl} Ifs ed| 0f lr7L – 80
kf7 * 95
kf7 ( lbg]z/fh kGt hLjgL gdb{ Z] j/L ;Tofn 109
kf7 !) 122
kf7 !! df6f] sljtf e'jgxl/ l;Ubn] 133
kf7 !@ 147
kf7 !# p8j' f xn' fsL syf ceo >]i7 160
kf7 !$ 175
kf7 !% lzIff xfdf| ] clwsf/ gf6s t'n;Lxl/ sf]O/fnf 185
kf7 !^ 198
g]kfndf ko6{ g Joj;fo lgaGw –

af]nL sljtf gj/fh nD;fn

wt/' f]sf] ;fu syf Zofd ;fx

cAbn' snfd hLjgL –

aneGbf a'l4 7n" f] jfbljjfb –

ls;fg sljtf gf/fo0f lg/f;L

ls:tfsf] sDKo6' / syf k]zn cfrfo{

;+:s[lt lgaGw ljgf]b dGhg



kf7 ! ;j] s

sljtf

xd] Gt ljjz

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ ;a}n] k9 M

d/] f] bz] a'4el" d xf] . b;F}df w]/} /dfOnf] xG' 5 .

xfdf| k'vf{x¿ b]zsf nflu n8s] f lyP . xfdL of] bz] sf ;]js xfF} .

;'gufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^ 7

tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ eg M

d ltdLnfO{ cfÇgf] bz] sf] dfof slt nfU5 <
d hfqf egs] f] s] xf], ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 <
d s] ltdLn] GjfuL vfPsf 5f} <
d gk] fnsf] Oltxf;;DaGwL ltdLnfO{ ;a}eGbf dg kg{] s'/f s] xf] <
d bz] eQm jf /fi6«;j] s eg]/ s:tf dflg;nfO{ elgG5 <
d xfdLn] cfÇgf] b]znfO{ arfpgsf nflu s:tf]s:tf] ofu] bfg lbg'k5{ <

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn/] k9 M

d dnfO{ bz] elQmsf] uLt w]/} dgk5{ .
d xfdLn] hGde"ldk|lt cf:yf / ljZjf; /fVg'k5{ .
d gk] fnsf] kf| sl[ ts ;G' b/tf / g]kfnL ;:+ sl[ t xfd|f ;DklQ x'g\ .
d gk] fn d]rLb]lv dxfsfnL;Dd / lxdfnbl] v t/fO{;Dd kml} nPsf] 5 .
d g]kfnL uLt, ;ª\uLt, snf / ;Eotfn] gk] fnnfO{ ;;+ f/df lrgfpF5g\ .
d xfdf| k'vfx{ ¿n] Oltxf;df cfÇgf] gfd ;'gfn} f] cIf/n] nv] s] f 5g\ .
d xfdLn] k'vfx{ ¿sf] uf/} jdo Oltxf; hfu] fpg ;Sgk' 5{ .
d xfdL cg]s hft, wd,{ efiff tyf ;+:sl[ tsf 5fF} t/ xfdL ;a} g]kfnL xfF} .

8 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^

xd] Gt ljjz g]kfnL ;flxTosf rlr{t slj x'g\ . pgL uB / kB bj' } zn} Ldf sljtf
n]V5g\ . g]kfnsf] ;b' "/ klZrdcGtut{ a}t8L lhNnfdf hlGdPsf slj ljjzsf
sljtfdf b]zelQmsf] efjgf, k|fs[lts ;G' b/tfsf] lrq0f / b]zsf] ;f+:s[lts kIfsf]
klg lrq0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ;]js sljtfdf sljn] cfkm" nfO{ /fi6«;]jssf] ¿kdf
lrgfPsf 5g\ . o; sljtfdf sljn] cfk"mn] /fi6s« f] gS;fnfO{ 5ftLleq ;hfpg] u/s] f,]
b]zsf] uLt ufpg] u/]sf] / kl;gf rx' fP/ >d ug]{ u/s] f] atfPsf 5g\ . sljtfdf
g]kfnsf] kf| s[lts ;G' b/tf, ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf, ef}uf]lns ljzi] ftf / P]ltxfl;s
ul/dfnfO{ ljifo agfP/ ;+;f/sf] cToGt ;'Gb/ bz] g]kfnsf] ;j] ssf] ¿kdf cfkm" nfO{ pEofOPsf] 5 .
sljn] cfkm" kf}/vL eP/ b]zsf] uLt ufpFb} cfjZos k/]df bl/nf] 5ftL agfP/ bz] sf] nflu n8\g klg
tof/ ePsf] rrf{ u/s] f 5g\ . x/s] gful/snfO{ bz] sf] ;j] ssf] ¿kdf pEofOPsf] of] sljtfdf eGg vf]
lhPsf afFsL s'/f sljtf k9]/ a'¹ .

d ;wF} b]zsf] gS;f 5ftLleq ;hfp5F '
b]z g} k|f0f xf] d/] f] bz] s} uLt ufpF5' .
rx' fO{ kl;gf yfk] f ot} km" n k'mnfpF5'
afFrG' hn] d cfdfsf] ddtf, :gx] kfpF5' .

Ro/' L k"mn kmn' s] } 5g\ dfx/' L eG' eg' fp5F g\
Hffqfdf dgsf efsf s}ofF}n] uG' u'gfp5F g\ .
GjfuL agfpFl5g\ cfdf h;} sflt{s cfp5F
b;F}, ltxf/n] p:t} xif{sf] uLt ufp5F .

zAbf {y gS;f M /]vfåf/f tof/ ul/Psf] sg' } lrq efsf M no
k|f0f M Zjf; GjfuL M wfgafnL kfs]kl5 sfrF f] rfdn
ddtf M dfof
:gx] M cfdfafa' jf cleefjsaf6 bxL;uF lehfP/ vfOg] j:t'

cfkm" eGbf ;fgf JolQmnfO{ ul/g] kd|]

;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff ^ 9

d]rLb]lv dxfsfnL;Dd d]/f] 5 cfFug zAbf {y kx/b] f/ M kx/f ug{] dfG5], kfn]
lxdfn kx/]bf/ nfU5 of] b]z s~rg . s~rg M ;kmf
Oltxf; oxfF d]/} kv' fs{ f] xf:F 5 jL/tf /D5' M /dfp5F '
a'4n] klg 6s] y] ] o} df6f]dfly kfOnf . uj{ M uf/} j, 3dG8
kf/} vL M kf}/v ug,{] ldlxgt] L
Rff8kj{ ;Fu} /D5' s/f]8fF} w'g aHb5g\ bl/nf] M alnof]
;:+ s[lt ;Eotf d]/} uj{sf] tfh afS] b5g\ . ;]js M ;j] f;;' f/ ug,]{ 6xn ug{]
efsf xfNb5 ¹gfn{ ] uLt ufp5F sfO] nL
ns] df afF;'/L aHbf nfU5 :ju{ ot} 5 ls .

ag]/ kf}/vL d/] } bz] sf] uLt ufp5F '
6Lsf lgwf/df d]/} df6f]sf] d nufpF5' .
agfO{ bl/nf] 5ftL bz] s} lglDtdf ca
d ;wF} n8g\ rfxG5' b]zsf] d x'F ;]js .

!= tnsf zAbx¿ ;kmf cIf/df cfÇgf] sfkLdf tLgtLg k6s ;f/ M

afrF 'Ghn] , Ro/' L, sflt{s, dxfsfnL, a4' , ;+:s[lt, lgwf/

@= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ nv] M

gS;f, ddtf, efsf, kx/b] f/, kf}/vL

#= jfSodf k|of]u u/ M

k|f0f, :gx] , GjfuL, s~rg, uj,{ bl/nf,] ;]js

$= s_ tnsf dWo] z'4 zAbdf /h] f -µ_ nufpm M

!= c_ 5fltleq cf_ 5ftLeLq O_ 5flteLq O{_ 5ftLleq

@= c_ gLbf/ cf_ lgbf/ O_ lgwf/ O_{ gLwf/
O{_ dfxfsfln
#= c_ dxfsfnL cf_ dfxfsfnL O_ dxfsfln O_{ af;F 'l/

$= c_ jf;'/L cf_ af;F /' L O_ af;'/L

10 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^

%= tnsf zAbnfO{ ljk/LtfyL{ zAb;uF hf8] f ldnfpm M

xif{ sfo/tf

jL/tf gs{

;Eotf 9ª' \uf]

:ju{ sdhf/]

bl/nf] aF];L

df6f] c;Eotf

n]s la:dft

^= tnsf zAb / cy{sf aLrdf hf8] f ldnfpm M

ddtf /dfpg'

:gx] alnof]

/Dg ' dfof

uj{ ldlxgt] L

kf}/vL uf/} j

bl/nf ] k|d]

k9fO÷nv] fO ;Lk

!= lzIfsn] ;]js sljtf jfrg u/s] f] ;g' / ltdL klg To;/L g} jfrg u/ .
@= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M
s_ ;j] s sljtfsf /rgfsf/ sf] xg' \ <
v_ slj 5ftLleq sn] fO{ ;hfp5F g\ <
u_ hfqfdf dflg;x¿ s] ub5{ g\ <
3_ cfuF g sxfbF ]lv sxfF;Dd kml} nPsf] 5 <
ª_ slj s;/L b]zsf] uLt ufpg rfxG5g\ <

;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^ 11

#= tnsf jfSox¿ 7Ls jf a]7Ls s] x'g,\ lrg]/ nv] M
s_ sljn] kl;gf rx' fP/ kmn kmnfpg rfxG5g\ .
v_ sljn] t/fO{nfO{ kx/b] f/ eg]sf 5g\ .
u_ rf8kjx{ ¿df xhf/f}F w'g aHb5g\ .
3_ ns] df af;F /' L aHbf :ju{ oxLF 5 ls h:tf] nfUb5 .
ª_ b]zsf] nflu xfdLn] cfÇgf] 5ftL bl/nf] agfpgk' b5{ .
$= tnsf kªl\ Qm k/" f u//] sfkLdf ;f/ M
===================================== ;uF } /D5' s/f8] fF} w'g aHb5g\
;:+ sl[ t ;Eotf d]/} ujs{ f] ===================================== afS] b5g\
efsf xfNb5 ===================================== uLt ufp5F sf]OnL
n]sdf afF;/' L aHbf nfU5 :ju{ ot} ===================================== .
%= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] Ps zAbdf pQ/ bp] m M
s_ sljsf] k|f0f s] xf] <
v_ cfdfn] GjfuL slxn] agfplF 5g\ <
u_ lxdfnn] ss] f] sfd u/]sf] 5 <
3_ xfdf| ] b]zsf] df6f]df s;n] kfOnf 6]ss] f lyP <
ª_ slj lgwf/df ss] f] 6Lsf nufpF5g\ <
^= tnsf kZ| gsf] 5f6] f] pQ/ nv] M
s_ ;]js sljtfdf sljn] g]kfnsf] ;f+:s[lts / kf| s[lts kIfsf] j0f{g s;/L u/]sf 5g\ <
v_ sljn] sljtfdf bz] sf nflu cfk"mn] s] ug{ rfx]sf] atfPsf 5g\ <
u_ ;j] s sljtfdf sljn] cfk"mnfO{ lsg ;]js eg]sf x'g\ <
&= sljtfdf atfOPsf s'/fx¿ j|md ldnfP/ cfÇgf] zAbdf nv] .

12 ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^

*= JofVof u/ M
s= rx' fO{ kl;gf yfk] f ot} km" n k'mnfpF5'
afrF 'Ghn] d cfdfsf] ddtf, :gx] kfp5F '
v= agfO{ bl/nf] 5ftL bz] s} lglDtdf ca
d ;wF} n8g\ rfxG5' b]zsf] d x'F ;j] s

tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 M

hGdlbg] cfdf / hGde"ld :ju{eGbf klg dxfg\ xG' 5g\ . dflg;n] h'g bz] df hGd lnPsf] xG' 5 Tof]
b]zsf] df6f] p;sf] nflu ;a}yf]s xf] . bz] g} JolQmsf] cfwf/ xf] . To;n} ] cfkm" hlGdPsf] b]zk|lt
x/]s gful/ssf] bfloTj xG' 5, st{Jo x'G5 . cfÇgf] b]zsf] ljsf;sf nflu dg, jrg / sdn{ ] nfUg'
gful/ssf] st{Jo xf] . xfdLnfO{ xfd|f] b]zn] gk] fnL eGg] klxrfg lbPsf] 5 . of] g} xfdf| ] d"n kl/ro
xf] . o;}nfO{ lz/df /fv/] xfdL ljZjsf ;fd' ujn{ ] 7l8g ;s]sf 5f}F . xfdLn] cfÇgf] b]zkl| tsf]
bfloTj sbflk la;g{ x' 'Fb}g . cfh b]znfO{ bIf hgzlQmsf] cfjZostf 5 . bz] ljsf;df bl] vPsf
w]/} afwfx¿nfO{ kG5fP/ bz] nfO{ ljsf;sf] ultdf cufl8 a9fpg' 5 . xfdL cfÇgf] b]znfO{ cfÇgf]
anat' fn] EofP;Dd dfly p7fpg k|oTgzLn xg' 'k/]sf] 5 . xfdLnfO{ bz] 5f]8]/ ljb]zdf >d a]Rg
a;s] f] nfd b]v]/ pbs] nfU5 . xfdLn] ljbz] hfg]x¿nfO{ :jb]zd} a;/] >dbfg ug{ k|l] /t ug{'k5{ .
‘bz] elQm t db}g{ rT' y} bz] eP klg’ eg/] gf6ssf/ ;dn] egs] f] s/' f cfkm" n] a'ˆg' / c¿nfO{
a'¹fpg' xfdf| ] stJ{ o xf] . bz] sdhf/] eof] eg/] o;nfO{ lt/:sf/ ugx{' G' 5 / < cfdf g/fdL| l5g\ eg]/
pgnfO{ ;Gtfgn] pk]Iff ug{ ldN5 / < oxL s'/f cfh xfdL ;a}n] dgg ug{k' 5{ .
s= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s n]v M
hGdel" d, bfloTj, hgzlQm, >d, lt/:sf/, pkI] ff
v= 7Ls pQ/df /h] f -µ_ nufpm M
s= bz] g} JolQmsf] cfwf/ xf] .
v= ‘g]kfnL’ xfd|f] dn" kl/ro xf]Og .
u= xfdLn] xfd|f] bz] nfO{ dfly p7fpgk' 5{ .
3= g/fd|L cfdfnfO{ pk]Iff ugk{' 5{ .
ª= afnsi[ 0f ;d b]zeQm lyP .

;'gufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^ 13

u= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M
!= s'gs'g s/' f :jue{ Gbf klg dxfg\ x'G5g\ <
@= gful/ssf] st{Jo s] xf] <
#= bz] nfO{ s;/L cufl8 a9fpg' 5 <
$= xfdLnfO{ b]zn] s:tf] klxrfg lbPsf] 5 <
%= afnsi[ 0f ;dn] s] egs] f lyP <

;g' fO ;Lk

-ki[ 7 209 df lbOPsf] sljtf_

lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;'g / tnsf sfo{x¿ u/ M

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M

s= nfdf bfO sxfFsf] uLt ufpF5 <

v= tfndf ss] f] 5fof k/]sf] xG' 5 <

u= sg' s'/fn] ;as} f] dg 5G' 5 <

3= rd/Ln] lsg ;]tf] kR' 5/ 8fn] fpF5 <

ª= zflGtsf] uLt s;n] sxfF n]v]sf 5g\ <

@= sf]i7saf6 vfnL 7fpFdf 7Ls pQ/ e/ M

s_ :ofªa\ f:ofª\aLsf] :j/ ================================== x'G5 . -;'l/nf], xlF ;nf_]

v_ a'sL km" nsf] ================================== af;gf cfpF5 . -8'ª8'ª, dªdª_

u_ kL| ltsf] k"mn gkmN' g] ================================== xFb' g} . -lxdfn, d'ns' _

3_ ;Nnfsf] 3f/Ln] ================================== dnfO{ afn] fp5F . -;';fpbF }, lrRofpbF _}

ª_ z}n'ª ns] nfO{ 3fdn] ================================== bV] b5 . -klxn,] kl5_

14 ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff ^

Jofs/0f ;Lk

kbju{

gfd M jfSodf ko| fu] ePsf zAbnfO{ s] < sf] < sg' < eg/] k|Zg ubf{ pQ/ cfpg] zAb gfd xf] .
gfdn] JolQm, hflt, ;dx" , efj, b|Jo cflbnfO{ a'¹fp5F .
;j{gfd M gfdsf] ;§fdf k|ofu] x'g] d, xfdL, tF, ltdL, pm, pgL, tkfO{,F pxf,F cfk"m h:tf zAbx¿

;jg{ fd xg' \ .
ljzi] f0f M gfd jf ;jg{ fdsf] u0' f, bf]if, cj:yf, l:ylt / kl/df0f a'¹fpg cfpg] zAbnfO{ ljz]if0f

elgG5 . ljzi] f0f ;w“} ljz]io;“u ufl“ ;P/ cfp“5 . tLtf,] tftf,] lr;f,] cUnf], xf]rf], ;fgf,]
sfnf], /ftf] /fdf| ], c;n, ;'Gb/, dL7f] h:tf zAbx¿ ljzi] f0f xg' \ .
ljm| of M jfSodf stf{n] u/s] f] sfd a¹' fpg cfpg] zAbnfO{ lj|mof elgG5 . lj|mofn] jfSodf sfd
a¹' fp“5 eg] jfSo klg 6'ª\Uofp5“ .

 tnsf gLnf] cIf/df n]lvPsf zAbx¿ gfd, ;j{gfd, ljz]if0f, lj|mofdWo] s] x'g\, lrg/]
nv] M

!= dn} ] cfh ahf/af6 /fdf| sk8f lsg/] NofPF .
@= b'Mv;v' df ;fy lbg] dflg; g} cfÇgf] dflg; xf] .
#= g]kfnL kmf}hn] ljbz] L cfjm| d0fsf/Lsf] ;fdgf u/s] f lyP .
$= cfÇgf] sfd cfkm}F u//] dfq} ;kmntf xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 .
%= pgLx¿n] cUnf lxdfn r9] .
^= ;a} ljBfyL{ cfPkl5 dfq} k9fO ;'? ug{'k5{ .
&= ltdL 3/ hfpm, ux[ sfo{ u/, Psl5g v]n / dnfO{ e6] x} .

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff ^ 15

l;h{gfTds ;Lk

5Gb jf nodf sljtf nV] bf k|Tos] x/kmdf a/fa/ cIf/ x'gk' 5{ . klxnf] x/kmdf hlt cIf/ /flvPsf] 5,
tnsf x/kmx¿df klg TolQ g} cIf/ /fVgk' 5{ . gk] fnLdf nfs] no jf 5Gbx¿ k|rngdf 5g\ . k|To]s x/kmdf
!$ cIf/ x'g] ;jfO{ no w/] } nfs] lk|o 5 . o;df $±$±$±@ cIf/ /xG5g\ . tnsf] pbfx/0f x]/ M
kfl/ hfbF f÷dg jfl/÷ Bf}/fnLdf÷ /fv
kfv/' fdf÷ kx/fsf÷] an af]sL÷ /fv .
d:ofª{ \bLsf÷] kx/fdf÷ s'nf] vf]Kg'÷k5{ .
6f/Lel/÷ af/Lel/÷ ;Lk /f]Kg÷' k5{ . – Ifq] k|tfk clwsf/L
o;df kT| os] x/kmdf $±$±$±@ cIf/ cfPsf 5g\ . ltos{ \ -÷_ lrÅgdf /fl] sP/ dflysf] sljtf jfrg u/ .

!= dfly eg]cg';f/ ;jfO{ nodf Pp6f sljtf n]v .
@= ltdLn] ;g' ]sf] jf k9s] f] dWo] dg k/s] f] sljtfsf] gfd n]v clg cfk"mnfO{ Tof] sljtf

dg kgf{sf] sf/0f Ps cgR' 5]bdf pNnv] u/ .

s;sf] jfxg s] xf] <

s;sf] < s] <

odg' f s5j' f

u0f]z d';f

;/:jtL xf;F

sd' f/ do"/

lji0f' u?8

zlg lu4

od dlxif

kfjt{ L la/fnf]

clUg afs] f]

jfo' du[

nIdL nf6fs] f;] ]/f]

16 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^

kf7 @ bO' { dLtsf] syf

nfs] syf

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn/] ;a}n] k9 M

rfd] / /fdn] ] dLt nufP5g\ . ;fyLn] ;fyLnfO{ ;xof]u ug{k' 5{ .

xfQL / nf6fs] f;]/f] dLtdLt lyP . ;kgfdf b]v]sf] s'/fdf ljZjf; ug{'xG' g .

;'gufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^ 17

tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ eg M

d ltdLn] nf]ssyf ;'g]sf 5f} <
d dLtdLtsf aLrsf] ;DaGw s:tf] x'gk' 5{ < ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 .
d ltdL cfÇgf] ;fyLnfO{ cfkt\ k/]sf] jn] fdf ;xofu] u5f}{ <
d ltdLn] ;t' ]sf] jn] fdf ;kgf b]Vg] u/s] f 5f} <
d s] ;kgfsf] s'/f ;w}F ;To x'G5 <

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ k9 M

d ldqtfsf] ulx/f] ¿knfO{ dLt elgG5 .
d d]/f] ldNg] ;fyLn] dnfO{ w]/} ;xofu] u5{ .
d afafn] t/fO{sf] dfG5];Fu dLt nufpg'ePsf] 5 .
d ;kgfdf b]vs] f] s/' f ;fRF r} xG' 5 eGg] 5g} .
d dflg;x¿sf] h:t} kz'kIfL / hgfj/x¿sf] klg ldqtf xg' ] u5{ .
d Pp6f ldqn] csf{] ldqnfO{ cfktl\ jkt\ kbf{ u/]sf] ;xofu] clj:d/0fLo xG' 5 .

18 ;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff ^

b'O{ dLtsf] syf Pp6f k|l;4 nfs] syf xf] . nfs] syfnfO{ bGTosyf klg elgG5 . Psn] csfn{ fO{ dv' n]
g} eGbfeGb} nfs] syfx¿ k|rngdf cfPsf xG' 5g\ / hLjGt /xs] f x'G5g\ . nf]ssyfdf kzk' G5Lx¿n]
klg dflg;n] h:t} Jojxf/ ug]{ u/]sf] klg bv] fOG5 . o:tf syfx¿ lgs} k|/] 0ff jf lzIff lbg] vfnsf
xG' 5g\ . b'O{ dLtsf] syf klg gk] fnL ;dfhdf lgs} klxnb] l] v ;'lgFb} cfPsf] syf xf] . o; syfdf
gq] nfn gfd u/s] f] nf6fs] f];/] f] / s0fs{ fGt gfd u/]sf] xfQL dLtdLt ePsf] / pgLx¿n] cfÇgf] dLtsf
nflu lgs} ;xofu] ug{] u/s] f] s/' f cfPsf] 5 . syfdf ljz]if u/]/ g]qnfnn] s0fs{ fGtdfly cfOk/s] f]
;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{ lgsfn]sf] hl' Qm lgs} /fr] s / k]/| 0ffbfoL /xs] f] 5 . zlQmeGbf hl' Qm 7"nf] xG' 5
eGg] s/' f of] syfdf s;/L bv] fOPsf] 5, a¹' . ltdL klg of] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 / cfÇgf] ;fyLdfly
xfdLn] s;/L ;xofu] ug{ ;Sg'kg]{ /x]5 eGg] s/' f l;s .

w/] } jif{ cl3sf] s/' f xf] – cr]nsf] x]6f}8F f gu/sf]
blIf0fkl§ 3g3f]/ hª\un lyof] . ToxfF Pp6f ljzfn
¿v lyof] . To; ¿vnfO{ b'O{ dLtx¿n] cfÇgf] 3/
agfPsf lyP . tL b'O{df Pp6f nf6f]sf];/] f] lyof] /
csf]{ rflxF xfQL lyof] . pgLx¿ Pscsf{l;t dfG5]sf]
efiffdf s/' f uy{] / dfG5n] ] h:t} ldqtfsf] Jojxf/
klg uy]{ . cfÇgf dLtnfO{ afn] fpg ;lhnf] xf;] \
egL ltgn] gfpF klg dfG5s] } h:tf] /fv]sf lyP .
nf6f]sf;] ]/f]sf] gfpF g]qnfn lyof] eg] xfQLsf] gfpF
rflxF s0f{sfGt lyof] .

g]qnfn kIfL xg' fn] ¿vsf xfFufdf r9]/ ;'Tg] uYof]{ / s0f{sfGt rflxF ¿vsf] km]bd} /ft latfpFYof] .
lbgel/ tL cfcfÇgf cfxf/fsf vfh] df PSnfPSn} PsfPsflt/ nfUy], t/ ;f¹F kbf{ gkb}{ tL cfÇgf
3/lt/ kmsG{ y] / Pscsf{nfO{ lbgel/ cfk"mn] bv] ] ef]us] f s'/fx¿sf] an] Llj:tf/ nufpFy] . ltgLx¿
k/]sf jn] fdf cfÇgf dLtsf nflu Hofg} ;d]t lbg'k/] klg v';L;fy lbGy], slxNo} kl5 x6b\ }gy] .
cfhefl] n htftt} :jfys{ f] huhuL ePsfn] xfdLnfO{ o:tf] ldqtfsf] pNnv] xb'F f cfZro{ nfUg ;Snf,
t/ gq] nfn nf6fs] f];]/f] / s0f{sfGt xfQL eg] ;fRF r} g} kfOg;Sgs' f dLt lyP .

/xbF f a:tf Ps lbg oL b'O{ ldqnfO{ 7"nf] cfkt\ cfOk/5] . s] eP5 eg] g]qnfn ;w}F h:t} 3fd c:tfpg]

zAbf {y 3g3f]/ M afSnf] huhuL M eo / cftª\ssf] l:ylt
cfxf/f M vfg] s/' f pNnv] M aofg
a]nLlj:tf/ M j[QfGt, ljj/0f, v'n:t s'/f

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff ^ 19

jn] fdf cfÇgf] lbpF;f]sf] sfd l;WofO;sk] l5 e'/{ p8b\ } ‘r'Rr] 9'ª\uf] pxL 6'ª\uf’] eg¹] F} cfÇgf] ¿vdf
cfOku' 5] . t/ s0f{sfGtn] eg] To; lbg l9nf] u/s] f] b]v/] g]qnfn lrlGtt eP5 . lrlGtt xg' ' klg
:jfefljs} lyof,] lsgeg] s0f{sfGt slxNo} klg 3/ kms{g l9nf] ub}{gYof] . xf], g]qnfn p8\g] hGt'
xg' fn] pm 6f9f 6f9f 3D' g ku' ] klg j]ul;t p8]/ ;dod} 3/ kmsG{ Yof,] t/ s0fs{ fGt p8\g g;s] klg
pm cfÇgf] Pdfgsf] lhpnfO{ htfaf6 / h;/L eP klg To; ¿vsf] km]bdf 3fd c:tfpge' Gbf klxn]
NofOk'¥ofpYF of] . To; lbg eg] crDd} eP5 . 3fd c:tfO;s5] / klg s0f{sfGt kms]g{ 5 . la:tf/}
sL/fx¿sf] Psfx] f]/f] lsl//L a9b\ } uP5, cFWof/fn] rf/l} t/af6 ˆjfKk 5fK] t} NofP5 / ¹dSs ;fF¹
k/5] . gq] nfnsf] dg cft;] n] 56k6fpFb} uP5 . p;sf] 5ftL slt lyRbf klg a?' sa?' s pk|mg
5f8g] 5 . afa} lg ¤ s] ePsf] lg o:tf] . oltsf jif{;Dd oL bO' { dLtn] Pscsfs{ f ;fydf hLjg
latfPsf lyP . o:tf] slxNo} klg ePsf] lyPg . s'g} pm h:t} 7n" f] lhpsL 9fO] { g} kf] p;n] e6] o\ f] ls <
ToxL df]/Ln] kf] p;sf] cleGg ldqnfO{ p;af6 r6Ss r'F8fP/ nuL ls < x/] ¤ s0f{sfGtn] cfÇgf]
dLtnfO{ laxfg eg/] } uPsf] eP p;sf] d6' ' o;/L 9's9's t xg' ] lyPg, p;nfO{ o:tf] c;fWo} jb] gfn]
;tfpg] t lyPg .

x]bf{xb] {} cfsfzel/ tf/fx¿ dss} f k"mn h:t} a// pbfP .
t/ s0fs{ fGtsf] eg] st} kQf] lyPg . pm To;/L g} lanfof]
h;/L lbg lanfP/ uPsf] lyof], pHofnf] lanfP/ uPsf]
lyof] .

6x6x h"g nfUbf sDtL /dfOnf] x'bF }gYof] Tof] kmfF6, tf/fx¿
To;/L ;u/} 9fs/] 6NsbF f sDtL :jflbnf] x'bF g} Yof] Tof]
jg, t/ x/] ¤ s0f{sfGt g} gePkl5 g]qnfnn] To; ¿vnfO{ 5f8] klg eof,] s0fs{ fGtn] p;nfO{ dfof
df/h] :t} p;n] klg To; jgnfO{ dfof df/] klg eof] .

/ft l5lKkFb} uof], t/ s0f{sfGtsf] ;'OsF f];Dd klg g]qnfnn] kfPg . xf], pm p8]/ vfH] g hfg ;SYof,]
t/ To;} jn] f s0fs{ fGt nds / ¹ds ub{} ToxfF cfOkU' of] eg] < p;n] kv6] f Eof6Eof6 u¥of], lj/xsf]
pnp' n' :j/ p/fNof] / g/dfOnfl] ;t cfª dsfo{ f] . cx,F p;sf] dLt st} b]vfk/]g .

h"g p;/L g} k/ b]lvg] gbLsf] kfgLdf 6nNn 6lNs/Åof,] tf/fx¿ lr;} rlDs/x] / /ft ;'n'n'
lrlKn/Åof] . s0f{sfGt x/fPsf] lyof], t/ To:tf] 7n" f s/' fn] klg ltgdf sg' } lj/x Nofpg ;s]g .
Pp6f gq] nfn dfq} To;} To;} e6' e'l6/x]sf] lyof] .

ca cfOk'luxfN5 ls eGg] cGofn] df lkª v]Nbf vN] b} g]qnfnn] cfwf /ft 5n{ª\u latfP5 . p;sf
cfvF f o;f] nfUg dfq s] nfu]sf lyP s0f{sfGt ;fx}| dGb ultdf d/]sf] la/fnf] sfvL Rofk]/ l7dLsf]

zAbf {y Pdfgsf] lhp M 7n" f] z/L/ ;u/ } M cfsf;}, cfsfz g}
a?' sa'?s M plk|mg' lj/x M jb] gf, lrGtf
9f]O{ M kf]yL xfQL cfª M z/L/, lhp
jb] gf M lrGtf dGb ult M l9nf] rfn
6x6x M hg" nfUgfsf] lsl;d

20 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^

psfnf] nfu]h:t} u//] cfpFbf 5]j}df cfOku' ]kl5 dfq p;n] bv] 5] .

‘s] eof] dLt s0f{sfGt, cfh tkfO+{nfO{ s] eof] <’ ;fx}| cfTdLotf;fy xfuF faf6 tn ¹/]/ gq] nfnn]
;fw] 5] .

‘d t tkfO+{l;t ;bfsf] nflu labf dfUg cfPsf], d/] f k/dlk|o ldq g]qnfn ¤ daf6 cGhfgdf sg' }
uNtL ePsf] eP Ifdf lbgx' f]nf .’ dfofn' :j/df s0f{sfGtn] eg]5 .

gq] nfnsf] dgdf r;Ss k/5] . xfO] g, s0f{sfGtn] ;fRF r} sg' } 9fO] { e]6]h:t} 5, gq pm lsg olt l9nf]
kmsG{ Yof], lsg dl;t labf dfUYof] / lsg dfkm lbg' eGYof] eGg] p;nfO{ k/]5 .

t/ s0fs{ fGtsf] cg'xf/df cfgGbsf] pHofnf] lyPg . To:tf] rxlsnf] /ftdf klg pm cf;F} Lh:tf]
j]bgfdf r'n'D{ d 8a' s] f] h:tf] bl] vGYof] . g]qnfnsf vlKk; cfvF fn] xfQLnfO{ kSsf klg 8/ nfUb}
;d:of cfOk/s] f] x'gk' 5{ eGg] 7DofP . To;}n] cToGt :g]x;fy p;n] eGof] – ætkfO+n{ fO{ s'g} cfkt\
cfOk/] h:tf] d b]Vb} 5' . s] eof] < cfh sxfF hfg'eof] < s;s;l;t tkfO{+sf] e6] eof] < s;n} ]
af]nLjrg kf] nufof] ls < cyjf tkfO{n+ fO{ sg' } /f]un] kf] e]6o\ f] ls <Æ

s0f{sfGtn] ;'F8 nœofPsf] nœofPs} eGof], æd dg]{ eP,F d/] f] of] ljzfn lhp rf]S6frf]S6f xg' ] eof] .Æ

g]qnfnn] kSs kb{} ;f]Wof,] æs;/L <Æ

s'/f] s] /x5] eg] To; lbg laxfg s0f{sfGt gbLsf] lsgf/}lsgf/ pQ/lt/ nfu5] . pm hLjgdf slxNo}
klg To; lbzflt/ nfu]sf] lyPg . hfbF f cUnfcUnf kxf8x¿sf] aLrdf pm k'u5] . db} fgaf6 cf]¹n]
k//] pm o:tf] 8/nfUbf] 7fpFdf ku' 5] hxfF crDdsf] zflGt km}lnPsf] /x]5 . ePg, ca kmlsg{ k' ¥of]
eg/] s0f{sfGtn] ;F9' prfn/] cfÇgf] z/L/nfO{ o;f] blIf0flt/ 3'dfpg} cf6F s] f] lyof†] p;sf sfgdf
cgf7} f] sNofªaNofª 7f]lsg ku' 5] . o:tf] ;'g;fg 7fpdF f klg sf] a:tf /x]5g\ < xg] k{' ¥of,] e/] dLt
g]qnfnnfO{ 5Ss kb{} ltgsf ljifodf eGg kfOg] 5 eGg] ljrf/n] s0f{sfGt To; xfx] Nnflt/ uP5 .
8f8F fsf] kmb] lt/ hªu\ nsf] aLrdf Pp6f ;;fgf] rf}/ /x5] h;df 7"nf7n" f ¿vsf d'9fx¿ hft] /] cfuf]
afnL To;sf jl/kl/ /fIf;x¿ gflr/xs] f /x]5g\ . Tof] rf}/ Pp6f c;fWo} /fdf| ] / 7"nf] cf8] f/df uP/
7fl] SsPsf] /x5] . /fIf;x¿ To; cf8] f/sf] d'vaf6 Åjftftf kfgL auh] :t} rf}/lt/ lgl:sbF f /x5] g\ .

a8]dfgsf] xfQL PSsfl; ToxfF cfOk'Ubf /fIf;n] pk|mFb} To;sf] 5]pdf uP/ xif{ k|s6 u/5] , æxfdf|
/fhfn] lxhf] /flt ;kgfdf xfQLsf] df;' vfPsf] bv] s] f lyP, cfh ;fRF r} vfg kfpg] eP . xfdLn] klg
xfQLsf] df;' rfVg kfpg] eof}F ¤Æ

æ;kgfdf h] bV] of] lakgfdf ToxL sxfF k'U5 / <Æ s0fs{ fGtn] lj/f]w hgfof] .

æxfdLn] 9fF6s] f] xf]Og . lxF8, xfdf| /fhfsf] 5p] df uP/ cfkmF} ;f]wÆ eGb} aL;kRrL; /fIf;x¿n]
s0fs{ fGtnfO{ 7n] /] cf8] f/s} dv' lt/ nu] .

zAbf {y rxlsnf] M rlDsnf] :g]x M dfof

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff ^ 21

æxfQL bV] gl] alQs} /fn r'xfpbF } ;f/f /fIf; s6] fs]6Lx¿ lt3|f 76fO7{ 6fO{ s/fpg yfn], æcfh xfQLsf
rf]S6f rfVg kfOg] eof,] cfh xfQL vfg kfOg] eof] ¤Æ

/fIf;x¿sf] /fhf klg pHofnf] cgx' f/ nufP/ cf8] f/ aflx/ cfof] . xfQLnfO{ wfk lbbF } p;n] eGof],
æ;+ofu] sf] s'/f xf] . d d/] f sdr{ f/Lx¿nfO{ xfQL ;dft]/ Nofpg nufpFb} lyPF . tF cfkmF} cfOkl' u;\ .
s'/f] s] eg] d}n] ;kgfdf xfQLsf] df;' vfPsf] lyPF / d/] f] ;kgf hlxn] klg ldN5 . tnF fO{ d ca
sf6s'6 kfg{ nufP/ vfG5', al' ¹;\ gfª\nfsfg] ¤Æ

æd]/f] gfpF s0fs{ fGt xf] . dnfO{ s0fs{ fGt eg]/ af]nfpg'xf];\ .Æ s0fs{ fGtn] eGof] .

æs0f{sfGt xf];\ ls gfª\nfsfg] xf];,\ s] km/s eof] / < ca tnF} ] xfdf| /fhfsf] ;kgf k'¥ofpg} k5{ ¤Æ
Pp6f /fIf;n] aLrd} f l6Kk0fL u¥of] .

æt}Fn] ca :jflbnf] rfS] 6}rfS] 6f xg' k} 5{ ¤Æ csf{n] yKof] .

æ;kgf t ;kgf xf], Tof] lakgf s;/L x'G5 lg <Æ s0fs{ fGtn] ;fW] of] .

ædn} ] b]vk] l5 ;kgf klg lakgf x'G5, a'l¹;\ . d/] f] ;kgf slxNo} v/] hfbF g} .Æ /fIf;sf] /fhfn] hjfkm
lbof] .

s0fs{ fGtn] w/] } ts{ u¥of], w/] } laGtL u¥of] /
w]/} a¹' fpg vfH] of], t/ 9ª' u\ fh:tf] Xbo ePsf
/fIf;x¿n] k6Ss} dfgg] g\ . tL p;nfO{ df/]/ vfG5f}F
vfG5f}F eg/] s/fO{ g} /x,] pkm| L g} /x] .

nfv laGtL ubf{ klg s0f{sfGtsf] s]xL nfu]g . p;n]
dgk{} g{] eof] . clGtd cj:yfdf p;nfO{ cfÇgf k/d
:gx] L dLt gq] nfnsf] ;D¹gf eof] . p;n] eGof],
æp;f] eP dnfO{ d]/f dLt gq] nfnl;t uP/ clGtd
labf dfUg lbgx' f];\ . dLtl;t labf eP/ d ;f¹] } oxLF kmsG{ 5', km/s kg{] 5}g .Æ

/fIf;x¿ dfg]sf lyPgg\, t/ /fIf;sf] /fhfn] eg]5, æx'G5, dge'{ Gbf cufl8 t/] f] ;fyLnfO{ e]6/]
cfOh . t/ kms{g' rflxF k5{ lg ¤Æ

æxj;\ ¤Æ eg]/ s0f{sfGt cfÇgf] jf;:yfglt/ nfu5] .

w/] } tn cfOk'u]kl5 p;sf] hDsfe]6 Pp6f h/fofl] ;t eP5 . To; h/fof]l;t s0f{sfGtn] ;fw] ]5, æs]
;kgf klg lakgf h:t} ;frF f] x'g ;S5 <Æ

h/fofn] ] s'/} ga'¹L KofRr hjfkm lbP5, æx'G5, lsg gx'g' <Æ

zAbf {y ;o+ fu] M crfgs KofRr M hjfkm kmsf{pg'
gfª\nfsfg] M gfª\nfh:t} 7n" f7"nf sfg ePsf]

22 ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff ^

lgsa} /] kl5 p;n] Pp6f cgfn{ fO{ rb{} u/]sf] b]v5] / To;sf 5p] df uP/ eg]5, ædnfO{ Pp6f s/' f]
;f]Wg' lyof] .Æ

æs] <Æ d'G6f] h'?Ss prfn]/ gfssf kf/] f km'nfpbF } cgfn{ ] ;f]w]5 .

æ;kgfdf b]vs] f] s/' f] lakgfdf kfOG5 <Æ s0f{sfGtn] cfÇgf] ;d:ofnfO{ cl3 ;f/5] . ælsg gkfpg'
lg <Æ afN] bf klg k;} f ¹nfh{ :tf] ub}{ cgf{n] 3f;F rafpbF } eg5] .

o;/L s0fs{ fGt xfQLn] hh;nfO{ ;fw] 5] , tL ;an} ] p;nfO{ lg/fz kf/5] g\ . s;}n] klg ;kgf ;kg} xf],
Tof] k"/f x'bF }g eg]g5g\ .

s0f{sfGtnfO{ afRF g] cfzf gePsfn] p;sf] ;Dk"0f{ km' tL{ ;n] fP5 . gq] nfnnfO{ cfÇgf dLtsf] bogLo
l:ylt b]v]/ c;fWo} dfof nfu]5 . p;n] eg]5, æd/] f Kof/f dLt, To;/L dge{' Gbf cufl8 g} v'§f tfGg
tkfO+h{ :tf jL/nfO{ ;'xfpFb}g .Æ

s0f{sfGtn] cfvF fel/ cf;F ' kf/]/ ;'gfP5, æd t ca hfg] g} eP,F dnfO{ t ca 6'jm| f6'jm| f kf//] tL
cnlR5gfxf /fR5;] x¿n] x;'g]{ g} eP . t/ tkfO{+ eg] dnfO{ ;D¹]/ lrGtf gug'{xfn] f . d ca hfG5'
klg .Æ

gq] nfn slt rfl] 6 s0f{sfGtsf] 6fpsfdfly a;]/ To; hª\undf 3'ds] f] lyof] . Ps tfssf] s/' f] xf] .
xfFufdf c8\lsP/ p;sf] kv]6fsf] kmb] df rf6] nfu]sf] lyof] . s0f{sfGt nDk;f/ k/]/ ;'ltlbGYof] /
g]qnfn cfÇgf v'§fn] la:tf/} 6S] b} p;sf] 6fpsfdf r9Y\ of] . clg s0f{sfGt h?' Ss p7/] ;fyLnfO{
otf / ptf 3'dfpg nfGYof] . gq] nfnsf] kv]6fsf] kmb] df bl' v/xGYof], t/ s0fs{ fGtsf dL7fdL7f s'/fn]
ubf{ pm cfÇgf] 3fp la;G{ Yof] . bO' { tLg dlxgf o;/L b'O{ dLt ;Fu;Fu} 3'd]kl5 g]qnfnsf] 3fp /fdl}| ;t
lgsf] ePsf] lyof] .

g]qnfnn] To;} s'/fnfO{ ;D¹/] eGof,] ædLtHo," p8/] hfpFm eg] dn} ] /fR5;] x¿ a:g] cf8] f/ bv] s] f]
5}g . bl] vxfn]5' eg] klg tkfO+e{ Gbf cufj} d ToxfF k'u]/ s] sfd < lxF8]/ hfpmF eg] rDss] f] 3f]8fn]
t nDss] f] xfQLnfO{ e]6g\ ;Qmg} eg] d hfaf] nf6f]sf;] ]/fn] s;/L ;f/ ldnfpg ;Sg' < d]/f] 3fp
xbF' f tkfOn{+ ] s;/L dnfO{ 6fpsfdf /fv/] 8'nfO{ lxF8\gx' 'GYof] < ;D¹gf 5 < d To;}u/L tkfOs{+ f]
6fpsfdfly ykSs a:5' / xfdL bj' } tL /fR5];x¿nfO{ e6] g\ hfcf}F . s;f] <Æ

æd}n] kf] kmsg{ ] jfrf afwF s] f] 5' / d kmsG{ 5' . tkfO{+ lsg hfg] xF ToxfF < dnfO{ h:t} tkfOn+{ fO{
klg ltgn] sf6]/ vfP eg] < cx,F dLtHo" kb}g{ . tkfO{+ oxLF a:gx' f;] \ . d dfq} hfG5' .Æ s0f{sfGtn]
nf6fs] f;] /] fnfO{ /fS] g vfH] of] .

g]qnfn s] dfGYof] < p;n] eGof], æPs t ltgn] tkfOn{+ fO{ g} klg vfg kfpFb}gg\ / tkfOn{+ fO{ vfg
gkfPkl5 dnfO{ vfg] s/' } p7\t}g . nf,} ltgn] tkfOn{+ fO{ vfg kfP5g\ /] . tkfO{+nfO{ To;/L vfO;s]kl5
d}n] o; ;+;f/df lsg aflF r/xg] < afFRof}F eg] b'j} afFrfF}nf, d¥of}F eg] klg ;Fu};uF } b'j} d/fn}F f .Æ

zAbf {y cgf{ M hª\unL e;F} L x;'g{' M vfg'

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^ 23

To;kl5 tL bO' { dLt cfÇgf] ¿vnfO{ 5f8/] /fIf;x¿sf] cf]8f/lt/ nfu5] g\ . 306fF} nufP/ tL bO' { hgf
cf8] f/sf] dv' df ku' 5] g\ . g]qnfn s0f{sfGtsf 6fpsfdf ¹f]jm| fP/ al;/x]sfn] Tolt nfdf] af6fd] f
klg tL b'O{n] s'g} aft df/]g5g\ .

xfQLnfO{ n'?n?' kms]s{ f] bv] ]/ /fIf;x¿n] 3/] ]5g\ . /fIf;sf] /fhfn] aflx/ lg:s/] eg5] , ætF t jrgsf]
kSsf /lx5;\ .Æ

oltGh]n s0f{sfGtsf 6fpsfdf g]qnfn
d:t lgb|fdf k/] h:tf] :jfª ul//xs] f]
/x5] . /fIf;sf /fhfsf] cfjfhn] ¹;ª\u
eP/ lapF¹] h:tf] ub{} cfvF f p3f//] p;n]
pRr :j/df eg]5, ævf]O, /fIf; /fhsd' f/L
sxfF l5g\ < oxfF Nofpgk' ¥of] .Æ

ælsg < lsg xfd|L /fhs'df/LnfO{ t/] f
cufl8 Nofpg] xF <Æ Pp6f e;' lt3|] /fIf;
uh+b{ } ;fw] ]5 .

dl;t lax] ug{ lg, lsg xG' Yof] < ev{/} d}n] ;kgfdf ltdLx¿sL /fhsd' f/LnfO{ lax] u/s] f] b]v]F .Æ
gq] nfnn] s'/f agfP5 .

æl;NnL nf6f]sf];]/f . ;kgfdf vf]n] vfPsf] egs] f] oxL xf] . ;kgfdf tn}F ] xfd|L /fhsd' f/LnfO{ lax]
u/s] f] bV] t}df lakgfdf lax] ug{ kfpF5;\, df]/f .Æ /fIf;sf /fhfn] /ftf/ftf cfvF f kfb{} eg5] .

æp;f] eP tkfO+{n] ;kgfdf xfQLsf] df;' vfPsf] bV] g'eof] eGbd} f d/] f] dLtsf] df;' vfg kfpg'x'G5 t <
tkfO+n{ ] d]/f dLtsf] df;' vfg kfpg'x'G5 eg] d}n] klg tkfO{+sL 5f]/L;Fu lax] ug{ kfpg'k5{, a'ˆg'ef] <Æ
p:t} cfvF f kf//] gq] nfnn] cfÇgf] alnof] ts{ /fv5] .

;f/f /fIf;x¿ lhNn eP5g\ . ‘xfQL cfof] xfQL cfof] km' :;f ¤’ eg]sf] oxL xf] eGb} tL cf]8f/leq u?' ?
k;5] g\ .

s0fs{ fGt ca ndsnds cfÇgf] jf;:yfglt/ cfÇgf dLt gq] nfnnfO{ 6fpsfdf r9fP/ kms5{] . bO' {
ldqx¿ To;kl5 w/] } w/] } jif{;Dd ;uF ;uF } b'Mv ;v' af8F /] a;]5g\ .

;G' gn] fO{ ;'gsf] dfnf, eGgn] fO{ km" nsf] dfnf, of] syf js} 0' 7 hfnf, eGg] j]nfdf tfQft} dv' df
cfOhfnf .

-dx]Gb|dfnfaf6_

zAbf {ye;' lt3]| M 7"nf] lt3|f ePsf] j}s'07 M :ju{
l;NnL M /fdf| ] al' 4 gePsf], kfun

24 ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^

!= tnsf zAbx¿ ;kmf cIf/df cfÇgf] sfkLdf tLgtLg k6s ;f/ M

g]qnfn, nœofPsf] nœofPs}, sNofªaNofª, Åjftftf, l6Kk0fL, KofRr

@= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ nv] M

3g3f]/, cfxf/f, pNnv] , j]bgf, :g]x, cfª, cgf{

#= tnsf pvfgnfO{ lzIfssf] ;xfotf lnP/ jfSodf ko| fu] u/ M

r'Rr] 9'ª\uf] pxL 6'ª\uf], dg{'eGbf cufl8 g} v§' f tfGg,' xfQL cfof] xfQL cfof] km':;f

$= tnsf zAbnfO{ ljk/LtfyL{ zAb;Fu hf]8f ldnfpm M

ljzfn pHofnf]

c:tfpg ' vNnf]

cFWof/f] la:dft

:jflbnf ] lakgf

blIf0f 6K' kf]

xif { pQ/

;kgf ;I" d

km]b pbfpg'

%= s_ tnsf] jfSonfO{ z4' kf/]/ ;f/ M

gq] nfnn] eGof] afRof} eg] b'j} afFrf}Fnf, d¥ofF} eg] klg ;u};Fu} bj' d} /f}nf

v_ tnsf dWo] z4' zAbdf /h] f -µ_ nufpm M

!= c_ cfZro{ cf_ cfZr/] O_ cf:ro { O_{ cfiro{

@= c_ blIf0ftL/ cf_ bl50flt/ O_ bIfL0flt/ O{_ blIf0flt/

#= c_ el' :tu]| cf_ e';lt3]| O_ e;' tL3 ]| O{_ ez' lt3]|

$= c_ /fHsd' f/L cf_ /fhsd' f/L O_ /fhs' dfl/ O{_ /fhs"df/L

;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^ 25

^= hf]8f ldnfpm M rl:sg'
6nSs a:g'
;n' 'n'n' lrlKng'
r;Ss kg{'
r'n'D{ d 6lNsg'
nDk;f/ 8'Ag'
¹fj] m| fP/

&= tn lbOPsf] kf7sf] cg'R5]b k9 / lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]v M

æl;NnL nf6f]sf;] /] f . ;kgfdf vf]n] vfPsf] egs] f] oxL xf] . ;kgfdf t}Fn] xfdL| /fhsd' f/LnfO{
lax] u/s] f] bV] t}df lakgfdf lax] ug{ kfp5F ;\, df]/f .Æ /fIf;sf /fhfn] /ftf/ftf cfvF f kfb}{
eg]5 .

æp;f] eP tkfO{+n] ;kgfdf xfQLsf] df;' vfPsf] bV] ge' of] eGb}df d]/f] dLtsf] df;' vfg
kfpg'xG' 5 t < tkfOn{+ ] d]/f dLtsf] df;' vfg kfpgx' 'G5 eg] d}n] klg tkfOs+{ L 5f/] L;Fu lax]
ug{ kfpgk' 5{, aˆ' g'ef] <Æ p:t} cfvF f kf/]/ g]qnfnn] cfÇgf] alnof] ts{ /fv5] .

s= dflysf] cg'R5b] af6 kfrF j6f ljzi] f0f zAb l6k M

===============, ===============, ===============, ===============, ===============

v= tnsf 6'SsfnfO{ cfÇg} z}nLdf jfSodf k|ofu] u/ M

;kgfdf vfn] ] vfg,' /ftf/ftf cfvF f kfg{', alnof] ts{ /fVg'

*= tnsf zAb / cy{sf aLrdf hf]8f ldnfpm M

js} 0' 7 dfof

l;NnL hª\unL e;F} L

e;' lt3]| lrGtf

laGtL ug{' :ju{

cgf{ kfun

;+ofu] jz 7"nf lt3f| ePsf]

:gx] cg'/fw] ug'{

lj/x crfgs

26 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^

k9fO÷nv] fO ;Lk

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ nv] M

s_ nf6f]sf;] /] f] / xfQLsf] gfd s]s] lyof]<
v_ g]qnfn lrlGtt x'g' lsg :jfefljs lyof] <
u_ rxlsnf] /ftdf klg s0fs{ fGtsf] cgx' f/ s:tf] lyof] <
3_ /fIf;x¿n] s0fs{ fGtnfO{ lsg 7]n]/ cf]8f/s} dv' lt/ nu] <

ª_ ;f/f /fIf;x¿ lsg lhNn eP5g\ <

@= tnsf jfSox¿ 7Ls jf a7] Ls s] x'g\, lrg/] n]v M

s_ s0fs{ fGt / gq] nfn bfh'efO lyP .

v_ s0fs{ fGt / g]qnfn ;Fu;uF } 3'Dg hfGy] .

u_ cfÇgf] dLt ;dodf gcfpbF f g]qnfnnfO{ lrGtf nfUof] .

3_ s0f{sfGtnfO{ /fIf;x¿n] dfg]{ efsf /fv]sf lyP .

ª_ s0f{sfGtn] g]qnfnsf] Hofg arfof] .

#= ldNg] zAb 5fg]/ vfnL 7fpF e/ M

s_ cfhef]ln htftt} :jfy{sf] =============== km}lnPsf] 5 . -huhuL, dxfdf/L, x6' x6' L_
v_ gq] nfnsf] 5ftL =============== pk|mg 5f8g] 5 . -h'?sh'?s, yk' y' k' ', a?' sa?' s_
u_ k/ bl] vg] gbLsf] kfgLdf =============== 6nNn 6lNs/Åof] .
-hg" , 3fd, aQL_
3_ ;fx|} =============== ;fy xfFufaf6 ¹/]/ gq] nfnn] ;fw] ]5 . -3lgi6tf, cfTdLotf, ldqtf_
ª_ g]qnfn d:t lgbf| df k/]h:tf] =============== ul//xs] f] /x]5 . -rfª, 9fu+] , :jfª_

$= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] Ps zAbdf pQ/ bp] m M

s_ bO' { dLtn] cfÇgf dLtsf] gfd s;sf] h:tf] /fv]sf lyP <

v_ s0fs{ fGtsf] lhp sqf] lyof] <

u_ /fIf;sf /fhfn] ;kgfdf s;sf] df;' vfPsf] bv] ]sf lyP <

3_ /fhfn] s0fs{ fGtnfO{ s;/L ;Dafw] g u//] afn] fof] <

ª_ gq] nfnn] ;kgfdf cfÇgf] lax] sf];Fu ePsf] atfof] <

;'gufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^ 27

%= s;n] s;nfO{ eg]sf] xf] < kf7sf cfwf/df vf]h/] eg M
s_ ‘daf6 cGhfgdf s'g} uNtL ePsf] eP Ifdf lbgx' f]nf .’
v_ æxfd|f /fhfn] lxhf] /flt ;kgfdf xfQLsf] df;' vfPsf] bv] ]sf lyP .’
u_ ævfO] , /fIf; /fhs'df/L sxfF l5g\ < oxfF Nofpg'k¥of] .Æ
3_ ælsg < lsg xfdL| /fhs'df/LnfO{ t]/f cufl8 Nofpg] xF <Æ
ª_ æ;kgfdf vfn] ] vfPsf] egs] f] oxL xf] .Æ
^= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ bp] m M
s_ gq] nfnsf] dg lsg ctfl;g yfNof] <
v_ s0f{sfGt;Fu /fIf;x¿n] s:tf] Jojxf/ u/5] g\ <
u_ s0fs{ fGtnfO{ cgf{ / h/fof]n] s:tf] kl| tlj|mof lbP <
&= gq] nfnn] cfÇgf] dLt s0fs{ fGtnfO{ s;/L ;xof]u u¥of] < j0f{g u/ .

tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 M

ldqtf s;}sf] s;};uF klg x'g ;S5 . ldqtfnfO{ dq} L, bf]:tL jf ldt]/L klg elgG5 . ldq eGg]
zAbaf6 g} dLt zAb ags] f] xf] . sg' } bO' { JolQmsf aLrdf cf}krfl/s ljlwcg;' f/ kf/:kl/s aGw'efj
uf;F /] ag]sf] gftfnfO{ dLt elgG5 . gk] fnL ;dfhdf ljz]if u/]/ km/s If]q, km/s hflt jf km/s
;Dk|bfosf dflg;x¿sf aLrdf dLt nufP/ gftf hf8] g\ ] k|rng w/] } klxnb] l] v g} rlncfPsf] 5 .
lxdfnlt/af6 3'Dg jf Jofkf/ ug{ cfPsf dflg;x¿;uF kxf8 jf t/fOs{ f dflg;x¿n] dLt nufpg]
kr| ng /xs] f] 5 . To;u} /L t/fOs{ f dflg;x¿ lxdfn jf kxf8lt/ hfbF f klg dLt nufpg] u/]sf]
kfOG5 . 6f9f6f9f tLy{ ug{ hfFbf klg ToxfF el] 6Psf km/s 7fpsF f dflg;;Fu sltkon] dLt nufpg]
u/s] f] kfOG5 . dLt nufO;s]kl5 j]nfj]nfdf e6] 3f6 ug{] / b'Mv;v' df Pscsfn{ fO{ ;fy lbg] ;+:sf/
klg g]kfnL ;dfhdf c¹} kfOG5 . o; lsl;dsf] d}qL ;DaGwn] g]kfndf hftLo ;b\efj sfod /fvs] f]
5 . nfs] syfx¿df kz'kIfLx¿n] klg Pscfk;df dLt nufP/ dq} L ;DaGw uf;F s] f] k9g\ jf ;G' g
kfOG5 . pgLx¿ klg dflg;n] h:t} cfÇgf] dLtnfO{ cfktl\ jkt\ k/]sf] j]nfdf ;xofu] u/s] f] 36gfn]
xfdLnfO{ w]/} k/]| 0ff lbg] ub{5 .
s_ tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s nv] M
cfk} rfl/s, ;Dk|bfo, ljzi] f, 6f9f6f9f, hftLo ;b\efj, d}qL ;DaGw, ;b\efj, ;+:sf/

28 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^

v_ 7Ls pQ/df /]hf -µ_ nufpm M
s_ dLt agfpg cfk} rfl/s ljlw ckgfpgk' 5{ .
v_ cfÇg} hftsf] dflg;;uF dfq} dLt nufpg] rng x'G5 .
u_ lxdfnsf dflg;x¿t/fO{ jf kxf8lt/ Jofkf/ ug{ cfpF5g\ .
3_ dLtnfO{ cfkt\ k/s] f] j]nfdf ;xof]u ug{' /fd|f] xf]Og .
ª_ dLt nufpg] rngn] hftLo ;b\efj sfod /fV5 .
u_ tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M
!= s:tf] gftfnfO{ dLt elgG5 <
@= sg' sg' Ifq] sf dflg;x¿n] Pscfk;df dLt nufpg] u/s] f] kfOG5 <
#= s:tf] ;:+ sf/ gk] fnL ;dfhdf clxn] klg sfod 5 <
$= dq} L ;DaGwn] gk] fnL ;dfhnfO{ s] kmfObf ku' s] f] 5 <
%= nf]ssyfn] xfdLnfO{ s:tf] k/]| 0ff lbG5 <

;'gfO ;Lk

-k[i7 210 df lbOPsf] cg'R5b] _
lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;'g / tnsf sfo{x¿ u/ M
!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M
s= jftfj/0f s;/L ag]sf] x'G5 <
v= lghLj{ tŒj eGgfn] s] a'l¹G5 <
u= ;hLj tŒjdf s]s] s/' fx¿ kb5{ g\ <
3= kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL eg]sf] s] xf] <
ª= kfl/l:yltsL zf:q eGgfn] s] a'l¹G5 <

;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff ^ 29

@= sfi] 7saf6 5fg]/ vfnL 7fpFdf 7Ls pQ/ e/ M

s_ =============== ;hLj / lghLj{ tŒjx¿ ldnL ag]sf] x'G5 . . -jftfj/0f, dflg;_

v_ k|f0f gePsf] tŒj g} =============== tŒj xg' \ . -;hLj, lghLj{ _

u_ jg:klt =============== tŒjdf kb{5 . -;hLj, lghL{j_

3_ ;hLj / lghL{jsf aLrsf] =============== ;DaGwnfO{ kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL elgG5 .

-3lgi7, lgs[i6_

ª_ kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLsf] cWoog kfl/l:yltsL =============== ub{5 . -c:qn,] zf:qn_]

Jofs/0f ;Lk

6'Ssf M pvfgeGbf 5f]6f egfOx¿ h;n] ;f]¹f] cy{ glbP/ 3'dfp/f] cy{ lbG5g\ . ltgnfO{ 6S' sf
elgG5 . 6S' sf klg pvfgh:t} nfs] kr| lnt egfO xg' \ . dflysf] nf]ssyfdf k|ofu]
ul/Psf sx] L 6'Ssfx¿ / ltgsf cy{ tn lbOPsf 5g\ . k9 / cy{ afw] u/ M

 an] Lla:tf/ nufpg' M aofg ug'{

 ;O' Fsf] kfpg' M yfxf kfpg'

 cf¹] n] kg'{ M 5fofdf kg'{

 /fn rx' fpg' M nfl] eg'

 wfk lbg' M :ofaf;L lbg'

 sf6s6' kfg{' M sf6/] ;fgf;fgf 6j' m| f kfg{'

 l6Kk0fL ug'{ M cfÇgf] ts{ jf ljrf/ /fVg'

 laGtL ug'{ M cg/' fw] ug{'

 hDsf e]6 xg' ' M crfgs e6] xg' '

 dg'{eGbf cufl8 g} v'§f tfGg' M lxDdt xfg{'

 gfssf kf]/f kmn' fpg' M l/;fpg'

30 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^

 cfFvfel/ cfF;' kfg{' M ?g'
 :jfª ug{' M agfj6L kf/f bv] fpg'
 ts{ /fVg' M cfÇgf] ljrf/ /fVg'

l;hg{ fTds ;Lk

!= gq] nfn / s0f{sfGtdf ltdLnfO{ s'g a9L dg k¥of] < ts{ lbP/ nv] .

@= lbOPsf aFb' fsf cfwf/df 5f6] f] syf tof/ kf/L pkoQ' m zLif{s bp] m .

Pp6f hª\undf xfQL / afFb/;Fu} ldn]/ a:g' / ;uF } vfgs] '/f vfH] g' ====== Ps lbg ‘sf] 7"nf]<’
eGg] ljifodf ¹u8f kg{' ======= nf6fs] f];/] fnfO{ ¹u8f l5lglbg cg/' fw] ug'{ ======= nf6f]sf];]/fn] ]
b'jn} fO{ vfn] fkfl/af6 gl/jn l6k/] Nofpg nufpg' ======= vfn] f] tbf{ afFb/ xfQLsf] lk7\odF' f
r9g\ ' ========= vf]nf] tg'{ ===== gl/jnsf] ¿v Hofb} cUnf] x'g'========== xfQLn] afbF /nfO{ gl/jn
l6k]/ Nofpg c/fpg' ======= afFb/nfO{ gl/jn af]Sg cK7o\ f/f] xg' ' ======= xfQLn] d'vdf
RofKg' ===== nf6f]sf;] /] fn] gl/jn s;/L Nofof} egL ;f]Wg' ====== bj' n} ] ;dfg sfo{ u/s] fn] b'j}
cf–cfÇgf sfddf 7n" f 5f} egL nf6f]sf;] /] fn] atfpg' ======== klxn]h:t} ldn/] hª\undf a:g
yfNg' .

sg' hfltsf] k/' f]lxtnfO{ s] elgG5 <

sg' hfltsf] < s] < s'g hfltsf] < s] <

af| Åd0f, IfqL kl08t r]kfª kfF8]

gj] f/ u'efh' ;g' j' f/ gf;f]

/fO { ªfk] f 5GTofn efGhf

lh/n] gS;f yf¿ e/f{

lnDa" ;fDaf u?' ª xfef| ]

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff ^ 31

kf7 # d/] f lktfhL k|bLk gk] fn

;+:d/0f

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn/] ;a}n] k9 M

xh/' afn] xfdLnfO{ cfÇgf] afNosfnsf] xh/' cfdf k/' fgf lbgsf
;+:d/0f ;'gfpg'eof] . s/' f ;'gfpg'xG' 5 .

;fgf] 5bF f d e¥ofªaf6 n8s] f] lyPF . d/] f lktfhLn] dnfO{ 1fgug' sf
s'/fx¿ l;sfpge' of] .
32 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff ^

tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ eg M

d ;+:d/0f egs] f] s] xf,] ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 <
d ltdLn] s;}sf] ;+:d/0f k9s] f 5f} <
d ltdLnfO{ s:tf dflg;sf] ;+:d/0f dg k5{ <
d ltdLn] ;flxTosf/ tyf /fhgLlt1 k|bLk gk] fnnfO{ lrg]sf 5f} <
d s] ltdLnfO{ cfÇgf] afNosfnsf] ;:+ d/0f nV] g dg nfU5 <

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ k9 M

d cfxf ¤ ;kmn dflg;sf] ;:+ d/0f k9b\ f lgs} cfgGb cfpbF f] /x]5 .
d afNosfndf b'Mv kfPsf dflg;x¿ 7"nf] ePkl5 ;kmn xbF' f /x]5g\ .
d kb| Lk gk] fn g]kfnsf lzIffdGqL klg ePsf lyP .
d dflg;n] slxNo} klg 9fF65n ugx{' Fb' g} .
d cfÇgf afafcfdfn] lbPsf] ctL,{ pkbz] dfGg] dfG5] ;w}F ;kmn xG' 5 .
d hj' ftf; v]Ng' jf r'/f]6, ;t' L{ vfg' /fdf| ] sfd xfO] g .
d xfdLn] klg 7n" f dflg;sf] ;+:d/0f k9/] w]/} s/' f l;Sg ;S5f}F .

;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^ 33

‘d/] f lktfhL’ gfds ;+:d/0fsf n]vs kb| Lk g]kfn x'g\ . vf;u/L syf / pkGof;
n]vgdf a9L ljm| ofzLn g]kfn sljtf, ;+:d/0f, lgaGw tyf afn;flxTodf klg
snd rnfp5F g\ . ;dfhdf xg' ] zf]if0f, cTofrf/, e]befj, cGofo cflbnfO{ ljifo
agfP/ ;dfhsf] pHofnf] kIfsf] sfdgf ub{} nl] vPsf logsf sl[ tx¿ w/] } nfs] lk|o
5g\ . afn;flxTodf logsf ;h" d{] fgsf] afNosfn, lszf]/ ;"h]d{ fg, xh/' dfsf] e"t
cflb s[ltx¿ ks| flzt 5g\ . kf7df /flvPsf] ‘d]/f lktfhL’ ;:+ d/0f xf] . ;:+ d/0f
eg]sf] lats] f lbgdf ePsf s'/fx¿nfO{ ;D¹/] n]lvPsf] lgaGw xf] . o;df cfÇgf cge' j, cge' l" tx¿sf]
rrf{ ul/G5 . o; kf7df k|bLk g]kfnn] cfk"mn] afNosfndf cfÇgf lktfhLaf6 l;ss] f s'/fx¿nfO{
/f]rs z}nLdf k|:tt' u/s] f 5g\ . cfÇgf afafn] b]vfPsf] af6fd] f lxF8]/ ;kmntfsf] lzv/df s;/L
k'Ug ;lsFbf] /x]5 eGg] s/' f o; ;+:d/0fdf ;dl] 6Psf] 5 . bM' v;v' sf] afNosfn ef]us] f k|bLk gk] fnsf]
;+:d/0f ltdL klg k9 / k|/] 0ff lbg] s/' fx¿ l;s .

j]nfj]nfdf dftf lktfsf aLr ¹u8f xG' Yof] d}n]
hfGbf;Dd klg . d"ntM Tof] ¹u8f xfd|f] cflys{
cj:yf;Fu hfl] 8Psf] xG' Yof] . xfdf| ] kl/jf/
h]gt]g jif{ wfGg] cfDbfgL ePsf] lgDgdWod juLo{
kl/jf/ lyof] . Psfw k6s lktfhLn] cfdfdfly
xft p7fPsf] klg b]vs] f] 5' dn} ] . lktfhLsf] xft
rNg]lalQs} d sxflnP/ ?GyF] . d/] f] sf]sfx] fn] f]
;G' gl] alQs} pxfFsf] xft 6Ss} /f]lsGYof] . pxfF
bM' vL cfvF fn] dnfO{ x]gx'{ G' Yof] . cfkmF} 3/af6 aflx/ lgl:sP/ sx] L ;do efF}tfl/P/ /ft v;]kl5 3/
kmls{gx' G' Yof] . jif{df bO' {rf/ ;f¹F o:t} bM' vsf ;f¹F xG' y] xfd|f nflu .

o:tf] bZ[ o b]v] klg xfdL 5f]/f5f/] Ln] slxNo} lktfhLsf] xftsf] s6' fO vfPgfF} . cfdf;uF ¹8ª\luPsf]
;dodf ;dt] pxfnF ] xfdL 5f]/f5f]/Ldfly xft p7fpgx' G' gYof] . s]6fs]6LnfO{ lk6/] tx nfpg] s/' fdf
pxfsF f] ljZjf;} lyPg . ;fob ufnLn] klg s6] fs6] LnfO{ ;kfb}g{ eGg] nfUYof] xf]nf pxfFnfO{ . lktfhLsf]
ufnL vfg] u/L ladfv ul/gF dn} ] eGg ;lSbgF . t/ ;fgf]ltgf] lauf/df lktfhLn] ufnL ug]{ u/s] f s]xL

zAbf {y hg] t]g M dflg;x¿df r]tgf kmn} fpg] sfd ladfv M ;vfk kfg]{ sfd, uNtL, ;j{gfz
efFt} fl/g' M s'g} rLhsf] vfh] Ldf bfl} 8g' lauf/ M uNtL
¹8ªl\ ug' M l/;fpg'

34 ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^

zAb / jfSo clxn] klg d/] f] :d[ltdf 5g\ . of] s]
u/s] f] t}nF ] < lsg o:tf] ul/;\ < sxfFaf6 o:tf]
ax] f]/f l;s]/ cfO;\ tF}n<] cfwf/et" ¿kdf o:tf]
ufnLnfO{ ufnL klg gdfGbf x'G5 . of] t ;D¹fpg]
efsf g} xf] .

@)@$ ;fndf cfdfsf] b]xfj;fg ePkl5
lktfhLsf] ¹8ª\u]kg clns a9s] f] lyof] .
Toltjn] f lktfhLsf] pd]/ ^@ jif{sf] eO;s]sf]
lyof] . cfÇgf] PsfsL j4[ fj:yfn] klg pxfFnfO{
To:tf] kf/s] f] lyof] xf]nf . Toltjn] f d x'ls;{ ss] f] lyPF . slxns] fxLF lktfhL :j/ n'sfP/ ?gx' 'GYof]
a? . Tof] /f]bg cfdfk|lt ;dlk{t x'GYof] eGg] ;To dn} ] @)@( ;fndf yfxf kfPsf] lyPF . cfdfsf]
lgwg xfdL ;as} f nflu c;fdlos / ckT| oflzt lyof] . cfdfsf] lgwg lktfhLsf nflu ;xg} g;Sg]
rf]6 ePsf] /x5] . olt x'FbfxF'b} klg lktfhL xfdLl;t ;fdfGo ¹sf{k] msf{] klg ug{'xG' gYof] . xfdL
5f]/f5f]/Lsf] ;Gbe{df lktfhL Pp6f c;n lzIfs x'gx' G' Yof] . 5f/] f5f]/Lsf nflu pxfsF f] d'vaf6 ufnL
/ ¹8ª\u]af]nL slxNo} lgl:sFbg} Yof] . ;Gtfgkl| tsf] ;dk0{ fsf] of] lzIff d]/f lktfhLn] ddfly kf/s] f]
;ae} Gbf 7n" f] k|efj xf] .

lktfhLn] xfdLnfO{ lzIff lbg] tl/sf klg c¿ w/] s} f] eGbf a]Un} vfnsf] lyof] .

xfdL s]6fs6] L ePsf] j]nf ef]hk/' ahf/df ltxf/sf] h'jf kmS' Yof] . h'jf vl] ng] 7fpnF fO{ vfn elgGYof] .
xfd|f] ahf/sf] hj' f vt/gfs x'GYof] . vfnvfndf, xhf/xhf/;Ddsf] bfp hDYof] . clxn] xhf/sf]
d"No s]xL h:tf] nfUbg} . t/ d}n] ef]us] f] ;do cfwf ztfAbLeGbf cl3sf] lyof] . zfvf clwst[
lhNnfsf] 7n" f] xflsd dflgGYof] . lar/f To;sf] tna rf/ ;o ?ko} feF Gbf sd x'GYof] . ltxf/sf] rf/
/ft, ;f¹F k/]kl5 ef]hk/' ahf/ l;Fufl/PsL ax] n' L h;/L rlDsGYof] . lhNnfel/af6 hj' f8]x¿ en] f
xG' y] . sd{rf/Lx¿ klg ws km'sfP/ k};f p8fpFy] . kfFrf}F lbg ahf/ km' ;|f] cg'xf/ nfPsL ljwjfh:tf]
xG' Yof] .

zAbf {y :d[lt M ;D¹gf vfn M hj' f v]Ng h'6\g] 7fpF
cfwf/e"t M ;fdfGotof h'jf M k};f afhL /fv]/ v]lng] vn] , tf;
PsfsL M PSnfk] g bfp M hj' f vN] bf cfk"mn] lhTgsf] nflu
j4[ fj:yf M a'9];sfn
c;fdlos M ;do gk'Ub} vfl] hg] cj;/
ck|Toflzt M crfgs ztfAbL M ;o jifs{ f] ;do
;dk{0f M Tofu zfvf clwst[ M sfofn{ osf] sg' } zfvfsf] kd| 'v
ke| fj M c;/ ljwjf M klt d/s] L :qL

;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^ 35

lktfhL h'jf vN] g'xG' gYof] . pxfF g vfndf a:gx' G' Yof,] g RofFv] yfKgx' 'GYof] . t/ ahf/df dfq xf]Og,
lhNnfel/d} lktfhLsf] Odfgbf/ / xSsL sd{rf/Lsf] kl/ro :yflkt eO;s]sf] ;do lyof] Tof] .
To;n} ] vfnjfnfx¿ klg pxfnF fO{ ;Ddfgsf ;fy sr' L{d} a;fpyF ] .

@)!( ;fnsf] s'/f xf] of] . ltxf/sf] bf;] f| ] ;fF¹ lktfhLn]
dnfO{ kSs' bfOsf] 3/sf] vfndf lnP/ hfg'eof] . Tof]
/ft, lktfhL Pp6f s'rL{df a:ge' of] / pxfFsf] cuF fnf]df
al] /P/ d sr' Ls{ f] 5p] df plePF . xfdL bO' { 306f hlt
ToxfF a:of}F . vfndf klZrdkl§ a;s] f] dflg; k;} f xfb{}
uof] . p;sf] lgwf/sf] 6f]kL uw{glt/ ;b{} uof] . p;sf]
cgx' f/df xf/sf] sxfnLnfUbf] cftªs\ r9b\ } uof] .
lktfhL 3l/3l/ dnfO{ æptf x]/Æ\ eGg'x'GYof] . d 5Ss
dfg/] Tof] x?jf h'jf8s] f] lgrfl] /Psf] cg'xf/df xy] ]F{ .

Tof] /ft lktfhLn] dnfO{ rf/ hgf x?jf hj' f8]x¿sf] p/f7nfUbf] cgx' f/ b]vfpge' of] . /flt !! ahs] f]
cf;kf;lt/ xfdL 3/ uofF} . efl] nkN6 laxfg} p7]kl5 pxfnF ] dnfO{ eGg'eof,] æbl] v;\ h'jf vN] g]sf]
b'b{zf ¤ hj' f v]n/] sfx] L lhTbg} . h'jfn] s;}nfO{ lhTg} lbFbg} . hj' fdf cfh lht]sf] k};f efl] n xfl/G5,
t/ hfn¹n] gu/L kl;{ klg lhltFbg} . hj' f Odfgsf] vn] xfO] g . a]OdfgL vn] n] slxNo} /fdf| ] kl/0ffd
lbFb}g . hfn¹n] u//] lhTg' eg]sf] s;}sf] 3/af/ p7Ljf; nufpgh' :tf] ck/fw xf] . xfdf| ] vnsdf
clxn];Dd s;}n] o:tf] ck/fw u/s] f] 5g} . t]/f] lhh'af ePsf] ;a} bfg u//] hf]uL xg' e' Psf] lyof] .
t/] f] xh'/afn] klg afF8]/} hfge' of] . afsf sf/0f xfdLn] s;}sf] bv' ];f] / ufnL ;G' g'k/]g . xh/' afn]
slxNo} tf;, h'jflt/ cfvF f nfpge' Pg . d klg h'jf v]lNbgF . t/] f] sfsf klg h'jf v]Nbg} . h'jf vN] g'
sg' } lx;fadf klg /fd|f] xf]Og === .Æ

/ftla/ft lxF8g\ dnfO{ plQ 8/ nfUb}gYof] . csf]{ ;fn, lktfhLn] vfnlt/ hfg] hfuF / bv] fpge' Pg .
t/ d sx] L vfnx¿df hj' f x]g{ uPF . d k'mRr]nfO{ sr' L{ t s;n] lbGy] / < t/ klg dfG5]x¿sf] aLrdf
pleP/ vfnx] ¿ xf/s] f] cg'xf/ vf]Hgd} d cfÇgf] ;do latfpFy] . hlxn] klg vfnsf] otfptf plebF f,
ToxfF s;n] hj' f xfnf,{ s;sf] 6f]kL lgwf/af6 kl5lNt/ ;b}{ hfnf / p;sf] cg'xf/ cFWofl/P/ aflx/
lgl:sPnf eg/] d} vf]Hg yfn]F . la:tf/} d/] f] rt] gf g} hj' ftf; eg]s} xfgs{ f nflu v]lng] vn] xf] /
h'jftf;df xfg{] ;a}sf] 6f]kL sr' 'Ss k//] 6'KkLlt/ ;5{ eGg] eP5 . cfhef]ln klg sg' } dflg;n] udL{

zAbf {y RofvF ] yfKg' M sg' } Pp6f h'jf8Lsf] kIfdf ?lkofF bb' z{ f M v/fa cj:yf
xfn/] afhL yfKg] sfd lhh'af M xh'/af

cftª\s M dxfdf/L, cTofrf/ cflbaf6
pTkGg x'g] 8/

36 ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff ^

jf lrGtfn] 6f]kL ;f/]sf] b]Vtf d Tof] dfG5s] f] cgx' f/df h'jfsf] vfn vf]Hg yflnxfN5' . lszf/] jodf
k/]sf] k|efj slt zlQmzfnL xF'bf] /x]5 ¤

lktfhLn] lbg] lzIffsf] of] csf{] cg'xf/ xf] .

;/:jtL lgDgdfWolds ljBfnodf k9b\ f;Dd lktfhLn] d]/f af/d] f lrGtf u/]sf] TolQ yfxf kfOgF .
;a} lzIfsx¿ pxfsF f efO elthf lyP . To;n} ] e]63f6df æs]6f] k9\b} 5 lgÆ eg]/ ;f]Wg' dfq xG' Yof] .
lzIfsx¿ ;a} g} 7n" faf -d]/f lktfhLsf] /}yfg] gfd_nfO{ ;Ddfg uy,{] 7"nfaf;uF clncln xlRsGy]
klg . ufpnF ] lx;fadf w/] n} ] dfGgk} g{] 7fpFdf 7"nfaf x'g'xG' Yof] . ldl8n :sn' k9\bf d cu'jf rf/
hgfleq ky]{F . b'O{k6s t sIff 6k g} u/s] f] lyPF . kl5Nnf lbgdf, cyft{ \ lktfhLn] d/] f lzIfsx¿;Fu
;do;dodf ;f]wvfh] ug{ 5f8] \g' ePkl5 klg d]/f] :jefjdf w/] } kl/jtg{ klg cfO;ss] f] lyof] .
ljBfnosf kf7\ok:' ts k9\g t dnfO{ dg kYof]{ g} . To;afxs] ;flxlTos ?lr k/" f ug]{ k':tsx¿sf]
klg d kf7s eO;ss] f] lyPF . v]ns'baf6 d ;fg}b]lv aflxl/Psf] lyPF . kf7\ok':tssf] k9fO, ux[ sfo{
;lsPkl5 d k:' tsfnodf uP/ ;flxlTos k:' tsx¿ k9y\ ]F . To;}n] d/] f u?' x¿n] lktfhLnfO{ d/] f] /fd|}
s'/f] ;g' fpg' xb'F f] xf] . lktfhLn] 3/df klg d;uF k9fOsf] af/]df Tolt ;f]wk5' ug'{xG' gYof] .

t/ dfWolds ljBfnosf] kl/jz] To:tf] ePg . ufpsF f] ;/:jtL lgDgdfWolds ljBfnoaf6 ;ft
sIff kf; u/k] l5 d}n] r}gk'/sf] ;/:jtL xfO{ :sn' df egf{ x'g hfgk' ¥of] . efh] k/' df klg xfO{ :s'n
lyof] . t/ lktfhLsf] hflu/ rg} k/' df ;?jf ePsf] x'gfn] pxfFn] dnfO{ pt} nfg] dg uge'{ of] . ;fob
cfÇgf] cg'kl:yltdf ‘s6] f] lalu|G5 ls ¤’ eGg] klg nfUof] xfn] f pxfFnfO{ . p;} klg xfdf| ] lszf/] sfndf
sdr{ f/Lsf ;Gtfg afas' f] hflu/ ;uF ;uF } ljBfnox¿ abNg] afWosf/L cj:yfd} x'Gy] .

lktfhLsf] rg} k/' , jfgf, dfbL cfphfp klxn] klg xG' Yof] xf]nf . t/ d]/f nflu rg} k'/ gofF 7fpF
clg rg} k/' ] afl;Gbf klg gofF dfG5]x¿ lyP . @)@# ;fneGbf cufl8 Psk6s w/fg lj/f6gu/sf]
ofqfafx]s dn} ] slxNo} nfdf] ;dosf nflu 3/ 5f8] g\ k' /]sf] lyPg . /ft} latfpg] d/] f uGtJo:yn
;fx}| yf/] } lyP . 3/, dfjnL 3/, ;fglbbLsf] 3/ . To;afxs] d clns cafn] f vfnsf] klg lyPF . ;fyL
agfpg] s'/fdf d a9L g} k5f}6] lyPF . ;fdflhs ;Dks{ lj:tf/df 5f/] f] clns af]wf] 5 eGg] nfu/]
xf]nf, lktfhL cfkmF} dnfO{ lnP/ r}gk'/sf] ;/:jtL dfWolds ljBfno hfge' of] . ToxfF klg x8] ;/n]
lktfhLnfO{ ;Ddfgs} sr' Ld{ f a;fpg'eof] . d s'rL{sf] cf8df plePF . lktfhLn] x8] ;/;uF eGge' of],
æ;/, dn} ] cfh;Dd 5f/] f5f/] L dfly xft xfn]sf] 5}g . s6] fs6] LnfO{ lk6]/ tx nfpg ;lsG5 eGg] klg

zAbf {y lszf/] jo M P3f/bl] v kGw| jif{sf] aLrsf] uGtJo:yn M kU' gk' g{] 7fpF
xlRsg' M sg' } sfd uga{ f6 kl5 x6g\ ' caf]nf M gaf]Ng] :jefjsf]
;flxlTos M ;flxTo;DaGwL af]wf] M df6] f] a'l4 ePsf]
kl/j]z M jftfj/0f k5f6} ] M kl5 k/]sf], cljsl;t
afWosf/L M jrgdf afFlwPsf,] ljjz x]8;/ M kw| fgfWofks

;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^ 37

dnfO{ nfUb}g . ;f]¹f] 5 of] d/] f] 5f]/f] . o;n] clxn;] Dd sg' } ladfv u/s] f] 5g} . gfn} f] 7fpdF f cfP/
of] laluo| f] eGg] nfUof] eg] gs6' L lbg'xf]nf, a? :sn' af6 lgsfnL lbgx' fn] f . olQ cg/' fw] ug{ / clxn]
o;nfO{ cf7 sIffdf egf{ ul/lbg;' \ eGg d cfkm}F cfPsf] xF' .Æ

lktfhLn] d/] f] ;ft sIffsf] dfs{l;6 / d]/f] rfl/lqs kd| f0fkq ;/:jtL dfWolds ljBfnosf] k|wfg
cWofkssf xftdf xflnlbge' of] .

x8] ;/sf] af]nLdf lt/:sf/ lyPg . pxfFn] eGg'eof,] æu'? lrGtf gug{;' \ . logL s6] fs]6L 5}gg\ . ;ft
sIffsf] dfs{l;6 klg /fdf| ] /x5] . u?' n] olt cg/' f]w
uge'{ Pkl5 d klg jn] fdfs} fdf Wofg lbpnF f .Æ

d lktfhL;Fu} cfFugdf lgl:sPF . lktfhLn] dnfO{
;D¹fpbF } eGg'eof], æof] cfÇgf] ufpFsf] :s'n xf]Og .
oxfF t]/f sfsf / bfOx¿ df:6/ eP/ a;s] f 5}gg\ . t/] f
ljBfyL{ ;fyLx¿ klg oxfF 5g} g\ . s;}n] ¹D6L¹fD6L
u¥of] eg] a? cln ba/] } a:g" . ¹u8f gu/L x8] ;/;uF
uP/ ug' f;f] ug"{ . s;' ª\utdf gkm:g" . :sn' sf km;\, ;]s]g AjfO -ky| d, låtLo xg' ] s6] fx¿_ ;uF
dn] ldnfk ug"{ . df:6/sf] s6' fO vfP/ a]OHhtL ga]xfg] "{ .Æ

lktfhLnfO{ km;\, ;]s]G8 x'g] rflxF s]6fx¿ dfq} x'G5g\ eGg] nfus] f] /x5] . sIff cf7sf] clGtd
k/LIffdf km:6{ rflxF AjfO{ g} ePsf] lyof] eg] ;s] ]G8 rflxF s6] L xg' k'us] L lyOg\ . p;f] t d/] f nflu of]
s'g} cgf}7f] kl/36gf lyPg . ufpsF f] :s'nd} Ps hgf s]6L ljBfyLn{ ] dnfO{ rf/ sIffdf 6k]sL lyOg\ .
pgL :s'ndf sIff ky| d klg ePsL lyOg\ .

d P3f/ jifs{ f] xbF' f d]/f sx] L bf}tF /Ln] la8F L vfg yfns] f] lktfhLn] yfxf kfpg'eP5 . lktfhLn] Ps
;fF+¹ 3/ cufl8sf] cfuF gdf /fv]/ dnfO{ eGg'eof,] æh] ug{ dg nfU5 xfSsfxfSsL u/\ . ns' ]/ s'g}
sfd gu/\ . xfSsfxfSsL ubf{ kfk nfUb}g . h] vfg dg nfU5 gns' L vf . dnfO{ eg/] } vf . t/ Ps lbg
klg 9f6F 5n gu/\ . 9fF6\g,] 5n5fd ug],{ c¿nfO{ ¹S' ofP/ kmfObf lng] sfdnfO{ ;dfhn] /fdf| ] dfGbg} .
uNtL u/]sf] eP klg ;To afn] ]/ :jLsf/ ug"{ . Psl5gsf nflu ;To af]Nbf nfh nfUnf, t/ b'lgofsF f]
cufl8 t/] f] dfg a95\ === .Æ lktfhL o;/L g} dnfO{ k9fpg'xG' Yof] .

zAbf {y rfl/lqs M rl/q jf afgLJoxf]/f;DaGwL bftF} /L M ;fyL, ;FuL
lt/:sf/ M xn] f, 3[0ff xfSsfxfSsL M b]vfb]vL, v'Nndv'nf
¹D6L¹fD6L ug'{ M cfj|md0f ug{' dfg a9\g' M OHht a9g\ ,' ;Ddfg a9g\ '
kl/36gf M 36gf

38 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^

!= tnsf zAbx¿ ;kmf cIf/df cfÇgf] sfkLdf tLgtLg k6s ;f/ M

efF}tfl/g, ¹8ªl\ ug', j4[ fj:yf, ck|Toflzt, xlRsg,' afWosf/L, uGtJo:yn, rfl/lqs,
lt/:sf/

@= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ n]v M

cfwf/et" , h'jf, bfp, ljwjf, cftªs\ , kl/jz] , bfFt} /L, xfSsfxfSsL

#= jfSodf ko| fu] u/ M

lauf/, c;fdlos, k|efj, RofvF ] yfKg', lszf/] jo, k5f6} ,] ¹D6L¹fD6L ug,{' dfg a9g\ '

$= s_ tnsf] jfSonfO{ z'4 kf//] ;f/ M

a'afn] eGg'eof] b]lv;\ hj" f v]Ng]sf] b'b;{ f hj' f v]Ng dgnfU5 eg] v]n\ . t/ hj' f vn] ]/
sf]lx lhTb}g\ .

v_ tnsf dWo] z'4 zAbdf /h] f -µ_ nufpm M

!= c_ a[4fj:yf cf_ j4[ fj:yf O_ a[4fj:yf O{_ j[4fa:yf

@= c_ kZrLdk§L cf_ klZrdk§L O_ kl:rdkl§ O{_ klZrdkl§

#= c_ zlQmzfnL cf_ zQmLzfnL O_ ;lQm;fnL O_{ zlQm;fnL

$= c_ rfl/qLs cf_rf/LqLs O_ rfl/lqs O{_ rfl/t\l/s

%= tnsf zAbnfO{ ljk/LtfyL{ zAb;uF hf]8f ldnfpm M

;fF¹ kj" {

c;fdlos c:jLsf/

klZrd ¹¹} u8f

zlQmzfnL ;fdlos

d]nldnfk sdhf/]

:jLsf/ laxfg

;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff ^ 39

^= tnsf zAb / cys{ f aLrdf hf8] f ldnfpm M

:d[lt Tofu

PsfsL 36gf

;dk{0f xh'/af

ztfAbL ;D¹gf

bb' z{ f v/fa cj:yf

lhh'af ;j{gfz

ladfv PSnf]kg

kl/36gf ;o jif{sf] ;do

&= tn lbOPsf] kf7sf] cg'R5b] k9 / lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ nv] M

@)!( ;fnsf] s'/f xf] of] . ltxf/sf] bf;] f| ] ;f¹F lktfhLn] dnfO{ kSs' bfOsf] 3/sf] vfndf
lnP/ hfge' of] . Tof] /ft, lktfhL Pp6f s'rLd{ f a:ge' of] / pxfsF f] cFufnfd] f a]l/P/ d sr' Ls{ f]
5p] df plePF . xfdL b'O{ 306f hlt ToxfF a:ofF} . vfndf klZrdkl§ a;]sf] dflg;n] k};f xfb}{
uof] . p;sf] lgwf/sf] 6fk] L uwg{ lt/ ;b}{ uof] . p;sf] cg'xf/df xf/sf] sxfnLnfUbf] cftªs\
r9\b} uof] . lktfhL 3l/3l/ dnfO{ æptf x]/\Æ eGgx' G' Yof] . d 5Ss dfg/] Tof] x?jf hj' f8s] f]
lgrfl] /Psf] cg'xf/df xy] F]{ .

s= dflysf] cg'R5b] af6 kfFr j6f ;j{gfd zAb l6k M

================, ================, ================, ================, ================

v= dflysf] cg'R5b] af6 kfrF j6f rGbl| aGb' nfus] f zAb l6k M

================, ================, ================, ================, ================

k9fO÷nv] fO ;Lk

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ nv] M
s_ ‘d/] f lktfhL’ s;sf] ;+:d/0f xf] <
v_ s] s'/f nv] ssf] :d[ltdf clxn] klg 5g\ <
u_ lktfhL lsg ?g'xG' Yof] <
3_ nv] ssf lktfhLnfO{ lsg ;a}n] sr' L{ 5fl8lbGy] <
ª_ s:tf] s'/fnfO{ ;dfhn] /fdf| ] dfGbg} <

40 ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^

@= tnsf jfSox¿ 7Ls jf a7] Ls s] x'g\, lrg/] n]v M
s_ nv] snfO{ ;fgfdf lktfhLn] s'6g\ x' G' Yof] .
v_ cfdfsf] lgwg c;fdlos lyof] .
u_ nv] ssf lktf zfvf clwst[ x'g'xG' Yof] .
3_ nv] s cafn] f :jefjsf lyP .
ª_ n]vs P3f/ jif{sf] xb'F f la8F L vfg l;ss] f lyP .

#= ldNg] zAb 5fg]/ vfnL 7fpF e/ M

s_ lktfhLsf] xft rNg]lalQs} d =========================?GyF] . -sxflnP/,dl:sP/_

v_ hj' f v]Ng' sg' } lx;fadf klg ========================= xf]Og . -/fd|f,] g/fdf| _]

u_ s6] L ljBfyL{n] dnfO{ ========================= sIffdf 6k]sL lyOg\ . -kfrF ,rf/_

3_ æh] ug{ dg nfU5========================= u/\ .’ -dS' sfd'SsL, xfSsfxfSsL _

ª_ uNtL u/]sf] eP klg ;To ========================= af]n]/ ug"{ . -:jLsf/,c:jLsf/_

$= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] Ps zAbdf pQ/ bp] m M

s_ lktfhL sf;] Fu ¹8ªl\ ugx' G' Yof] <

v_ sg' ahf/df ltxf/sf] h'jf kmS' Yof] <

u_ Tof] jn] f lhNnfsf] 7"nf] xflsd s;nfO{ dflgGYof] <

3_ s:tf] pd]/sf] k|efj a9L zlQmzfnL x'G5 <

ª_ sIff cf7sf] clGtd k/LIffdf sf] k|yd ePsf] lyof] <

%= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ n]v M

s= nv] ssf] afNosfn s;/L laTof] <

v= hj' fsf] vfndf s:tfs:tf bZ[ ox¿ b]lvGy] <

u= n]vssf] k9fOdf cfÇgf lktfhLn] s;/L ;xofu] k'¥ofpge' of] <

3= d]/f lktfhL ;:+ d/0f k9]/ ltdLn] ss] ] s/' f l;Sof} <

^= nv] snfO{ cfÇgf lktfhLn] lbPsf sg' sg' pkb]zx¿ ltdLnfO{ /fd|f] nfUof] < j0f{g u/ .

;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^ 41

tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 M

hGd lbg] dftflktfn] xfdL ;as} f k/|] 0ffsf ;|f]t xG' 5g\ . sg' } klg dftflktfn] slxNo} klg cfÇgf
;GtfgnfO{ unt s'/f l;sfpbF g} g\ . hf] JolQm cfÇgf dftflktfn] l;sfPsf] af6fd] f lxF85\ , Tof] ;w}F
;kmn aGb5 . cfdfsf] sfv / afafsf] ;fy dflg;sf] klxnf] ljBfno xf] . cfdfafafn] cfÇgf ;a}
;GtfgnfO{ ;dfg ddtf lbP/ x'sf{pg] u5g{ \ . gk] fnL ;:+ sf/df dftflktfnfO{ eujfg\sf] ¿k dflgG5 .
To;n} ] dft[ bj] f] ejM / lkt[ bj] f] ejM eGg] dxfdGqx¿ lgs} k|rlnt 5g\ . ;Gtfgsf] lxt / sNof0fsf
nflu ;a} dftflktf ;b}j k|oTgzLn /xG5g\ . cfÇgf ;GtfgnfO{ /f]u, efs] / clzIffaf6 arfpg ;a}
dftflktfn] ;ª\3if{ ul//xs] f xG' 5g\ . cfÇgf] ;Gtfg ;xL af6fd] f lxF8"g\ / ;kmntf kfpg ;sg" \ eGg]
x/s] dftflktfsf] rfxgf /xs] f] xG' 5 . s'nt / sd' fu{df nfu]/ cfÇgf 5f]/f5f/] L glalu|og" \ eGg] ;a}
dftflktfsf] z'e]R5f /x]sf] x'G5 . ;+;f/sf ;kmn dflg;x¿ dV' o k]/| 0ffsf ;f| t] cfÇgf dftflktf g}
ePsf] atfpF5g\ . To;n} ] xfdLn] cfÇgf dftflktfnfO{ ;wF} ;Ddfg ugk'{ 5{ . cfÇgf dftflktfn] bv] fPsf]
af6fd] f glx8F \g] dflg;sf] slxNo} enf] xF'bg} .
s= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s nv] M
;+:sf/, dxfdGq, clzIff, ;ª\3if,{ glaluo| g" \, ze' ]R5f
v= 7Ls pQ/df /h] f -µ_ nufpm M
s= sg' } sg' } dftflktfn] cfÇgf ;GtfgnfO{ unt s'/f l;sfpF5g\ .
v= cfdfsf] sfv / afafsf] ;fy dflg;sf] bf;] |f] ljBfno xf] .
u= gk] fnL ;+:sf/df dftflktfnfO{ eujfg\sf] ¿k dflgG5 .
3= ;;+ f/sf ;kmn dflg;x¿n] cfÇg}] dV' o k/]| 0ffsf ;f| ]t dftflktf g} xg' \ .
ª= dftflktfn] bv] fPsf] af6fd] f glxF8] klg dflg;sf] ;w}F enf] xG' 5 .
u= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M
s= s:tf] JolQm ;w}F ;kmn aGb5 <
v= cfdfafafn] cfÇgf ;a} ;GtfgnfO{ s;/L x'sfp{ g] u5{g\ <
u= s:tfs:tf dxfdGqx¿ lgs} kr| lnt 5g\ <
3= ;a} dftflktf s] s'/fsf nflu ;ª3\ if{ ul//xs] f xG' 5g\ <
ª= lsg xfdLn] cfÇgf dftflktfnfO{ ;w}F ;Ddfg ugk{' 5{ <

42 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^

;'gfO ;Lk

-ki[ 7 210 df lbOPsf] syf_
lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;'g / tnsf sfo{x¿ u/ M
!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M
s= >j0fs'df/sf cfdfafaf s:tf lyP <
v= >j0fs'df/n] lsg ljleGg 7fpsF f] j0fg{ uy{] <
u= /fhf bz/yn] >j0fs'df/nfO{ lsg jf0fn] xfg]5g\ <
3= >j0fsd' f/sf] d[To' s;/L eof] <
ª= a9" fa"9Ln] /fhf bz/ynfO{ s:tf] >fk lbPsf lyP <
@= sf]i7saf6 vfnL 7fpFdf 7Ls pQ/ e/ M
s_ >j0fs'df/ cfÇgf dftflktfnfO{ cf}wL ===================== uy{] . -;Ddfg, ckdfg_
v_ >j0f cfÇgf cfdfafafnfO{ ===================== /fv/] 3d' fpFy] . -bk0{ fdf, vkg{ df_
u_ ===================== cfdfafafnfO{ /fv/] >j0f kfgL lng uP5g\ . -rft} f/f]df, kfv] /Ldf_
3_ ===================== kq' ljof]u xf];\ eGb} k|f0f Tofu5] g\ . ->j0fn], a"9fa9" Ln_]
ª_ a"9fa"9Lsf] ===================== /fhf bz/ynfO{ kq' ljof]u ePsf] lyof] . ->fkn,]
cflzifn\ ]_

Jofs/0f ;Lk

gfdofu] L M gfd jf ;j{gfd;u“ hf]l8P/ tL zAbsf] lj|mof;“u ;DaGw b]vfpg cfpg] cljsf/L
zAbnfO{ gfdof]uL elgG5 . jfl/, kfl/, dfly, d'lg, leq, aflx/, ;u“ , l;t eGbf, tkm,{
;Dd, g/] , kl§, cufl8, k5fl8 h:tf zAbx¿ gfdofu] L x'g\ .

!= tnsf gfdofu] LnfO{ jfSodf k|ofu] u/ M
jfl/, dfly, leq, ;u“ , tkm{, g]/, kl§, k5fl8

;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^ 43

@= tnsf] cgR' 5b] k9 / gfdof]uL zAb lrg]/ sfkLdf l6k M

efOalxgLx¿ ¤ cfkm" eGbf 7n" fnfO{ cfb/ ug{k' 5{ eg] cfk"meGbf ;fgfnfO{ dfof ug'k{ 5{ .
ljBfnoaf6 3/lt/ hfbF f af6fd'lg, df6fdfly xb] {} lxF8g\ e' Gbf v?' v?' l;wf af6f]df lxF8d] f
nl8Fb}g . 3/leq a;/] k9\g yfn]kl5 3/aflx/ sltv]/ hfpFm / ;fyL;Fu vn] "F egL ;fl] r/xg]
ljBfyL{n] /fdf| l] ;t ux[ sfo{ ug{ klg ;Sbg} . ljBfnodf lbOPcg';f/ ;a} ux[ sfo{ ;dod}
ul/xfNgk' 5{ . To;kl5 xNnf u/]/ a:g'sf] ;§f kqklqsf k9g\ ] afgL a;fNbf /fdf| ] x'G5 lsgeg]
c;n afgL / k9fOljgf s;}sf] klg pGglt xb'F g} .

l;hg{ fTds ;Lk

!= ;+:d/0f egs] f] klxn] sg' } ;dodf cfkm" n] cg'ej u/s] f] jf ef]us] f] s'/fnfO{ snfTds ¿kdf
k|:t't ul/Psf] lgaGw xf] . lgaGwsf ljleGg ks| f/x¿dWo] ;+:d/0f klg Ps xf] . ;+:d/0f klg
b'O{ k|sf/sf xG' 5g\ . Pp6f ofqfdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . ofqfsf jm| ddf cfkm" n] b]ve] fu] s] f s/' fx¿
;d]6]/ nl] vPsf] ;:+ d/0f ofqf;:+ d/0f xf] . csf{] ljutsf /fd|f jf g/fdf| cg'e"ltx¿sf] ;+:d/0f
xG' 5 . hLjgsf] s'g} If0fdf cfk"mnfO{ ke| fj kf/]sf] s'/fsf] ;+:d/0f nV] g ;lsG5 . ofqfsf
cge' l" tx¿nfO{ ;d]6/] n]lvPsf] ofqf ;:+ d/0fnfO{ lgofqf klg elgG5 . o:tf] ;:+ d/0fn] gofF
7fpFsf] af/d] f hfgsf/L lbG5 eg] ;f] 7fpsF f] xfjfkfgL, /xg;xg, hLjgk4lt cflbsf] af/]df
klg 1fg lbG5 . ;+:d/0faf6 JolQmsf cge' jx¿ dfq yfxf kfpg] xf]Og, To;af6 ;xL, unt
s/' fx¿sf] 1fg klg kfOG5 .

@= ltdf| ] ljBfno hLjgsf] s'g} Pp6f clj:d/0fLo If0fsf] rrf{ ub{} Pp6f ;+:d/0f n]v .

#= ltdLn] u/s] f] sg' } sfdaf6 ltdf| cleefjsx¿ cToGt v;' L jf lg/fz ePsf] s'g} If0fsf]
;D¹gf u//] Pp6f ;+:d/0f n]v .

sg' rf8kjd{ f ss] ] vfg] rng 5 <

tLh b/ b; F} df;', lrp/f / s]/f
r}t] b;}F df;'
c;f/ kGw | bxLlrp/f k;' kGw | v§] / l;/fF}nf
57 kj { 7s] 'jf, e;'jf, s;f/
;fpg kGw | vL/ df3] ;ª\jm| flGt l3p, rfs,' ltnf/} f, lvr8L

hg} kl" 0f{df Sjf6F L

cIfo t[tLof hf}sf] ;ft' / ;a{t

44 ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^

kf7 $ zl} Ifs ed| 0f

lr7L

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ ;a}n] k9 M

xfdL kfv] /fsf] zl} Ifs nl' DagLdf uft} d a'4sf]
ed| 0fdf uPsf lyof}F . hGd ePsf] lyof] .

z}lIfs e|d0fdf hfFbf dn} ] kftfn] 5fuF f]
lgs} /dfOnf] xG' 5 . klg b]vF] .

;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^ 45

tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ eg M

d s] ltdL zl} Ifs ed| 0f uPsf 5f} <
d zl} Ifs e|d0faf6 s] kmfObf xG' 5<
d zl} Ifs ed| 0f eg]sf] s] xf], ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 <
d gk] fndf zl} Ifs ed| 0fsf nflu pkoQ' m 7fpF sg' s'g xg' <\
d ltdLnfO{ s'g 7fpFsf] z}lIfs e|d0f ug]{ OR5f nfU5 <

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn/] k9 M

d xfdL ljBfnoaf6 z}lIfs e|d0f uof}F .
d zl} Ifs ed| 0f lgs} /dfOnf] xFb' f] /x]5 lg .
d zl} Ifs ed| 0faf6 Jofjxfl/s 1fg k|fKt xG' 5 .
d ljBfnon] ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ z}lIfs e|d0fdf nu]sf] lyof] .
d pRr lzIff k9\g] ljBfyL{x¿ bflhl{ nªsf] zl} Ifs e|d0fdf uP5g\ x} .
d xfd|f lbbLbfh'x¿ ljBfnoaf6 ;f}/fxf / kfv] /fsf] z}lIfs e|d0fdf uPsf lyP .
d dnfO{ sfsfn] ljb]zaf6 zl} Ifs ed| 0fsf] dxŒjaf/] pNnv] ub}{ lr7L n]Vg'ePsf] lyof] .

46 ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff ^

cfk"meGbf 6f9f ePsf cfkmGtx¿nfO{ cfÇgf] xfnva/sf] hfgsf/L lbgsf nflu / pxfxF ¿sf] xfnva/
;f]wvfh] ugs{ f nflu lr7L n]Vg] k|rng /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . cfwl' gs ;dodf lr7L nV] g] k|rng lgs} sd
ePsf] 5 . lr7Lsf] ;§fdf Od]n, OG6/g]6 jf kmf]g ug{] ul/G5 . t/ klg k/Dk/fbl] v rNb} cfPsf] lr7L
n]Vg] zn} LnfO{ o; kf7df l;sfOPsf] 5 . z}lIfs e|d0f gfds lr7Ldf bfªdf a:g] sNkgfnfO{ hfkfgdf
a:g] pgsf ;fgf]a'afn] z}lIfs e|d0faf6 xg' ] kmfObfsf] hfgsf/L lbg'ePsf] 5 . cfkm" klg sNkgfn] h:t}
ljBfyL{ xb'F f z}lIfs ed| 0fdf uPsf] / To;n] w]/} kmfObf ePsf] ljj/0f klg sfsfn] kqdfkm{t lbge' Psf]
5 . ltdL klg of] lr7L Wofg lbP/ k9 . z}lIfs e|d0fsf] af/]df hfgsf/L xfl;n u/ . lr7L s;/L n]lvG5
eGg] af/d] f klg hflg/fv .

6fl] sof,] hfkfg
ldlt M @)&% ÷ )# ÷ @^ ut]
Kof/L elthL sNkgf,
ze' fzLjfb{ ¤

d oxfF ;sz' n 5' . ToxfF ltd|f] / ;kl/jf/sf] cf/fU] o / pQ/f]Q/
k|ultsf nflu sfdgf ub{5' . ltdLn] k7fPsf] kq kfPF . v';L nfUof] .
ltdf| ] x:tn]vgdf w]/} ;'wf/ cfPsf] /x]5 . ;fy} ltdLn] ;jf{]Ts[i6
cªs\ NofPsf] yfxf kfpFbf t d xifn{ ] ubub ePF . ltdLnfO{ w/] w} /] }
wGojfb clg awfO{ klg . sNkgf ¤ cfh ltdLnfO{ d z}lIfs ed| 0fsf]
af/]df s]xL hfgsf/L lbFb} 5' .

kf7\oj|mddf lgbz{] g u/c] g;' f/ lzIffsf ljleGg ljm| ofsnfkdWo] P]ltxfl;s ef}uf]lns, ;fdflhs
cflb ljifosf] cWoog cjnfs] gsf lgldQ lzIf0f;+:yfaf6 ljBfyLx{ ¿ ;DalGwt :yfgdf 3'Dg hfg]
sfdnfO{ z}lIfs e|d0f elgG5 . o;/L 3'Dg hfbF f ljBfyLx{ ¿;Fu ljBfnosf u'?u'?cfdfx¿ klg ;Fu}
hfg'x'G5 . z}lIfs e|d0f nfdf] b/" L / 5f]6f] b/" Lsf u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf xG' 5g\ . nfdf] b/" Lsf] zl} Ifs ed| 0f
Ps xKtf;Ddsf] klg xG' 5 eg] 5f]6f] b/" Lsf] zl} Ifs ed| 0f Ps} lbgdf klg ;DkGg ug{ ;lsG5 .

sNkgf, z}lIfs e|d0faf6 5§' } cfgGb kf| Kt xG' 5 . ;fyLefOx¿;Fu /dfOnf] ub{} gofgF ofF 7fpxF ¿ b]Vg
kfpg', :jtGqtfk"js{ xfF;f] /dfOnf] ub}{ Jofjxfl/s 1fg cfh{g ug{ kfpg' h:tf s'/fx¿n] zl} Ifs

zAbf {y cf/f]Uo M lg/fu] L x'gfsf] efj Pl] txfl;s M Oltxf;;uF ;DalGwt
;jf]{Tsi[ 6 M ;a}eGbf pQd ef}uf]lns M e"uf]n;uF ;DalGwt
lgb]z{ g M lgbz{] ug]{ sfd ;fdflhs M ;dfh;Fu ;DalGwt
kf7o\ j|md M k9fpgsf nflu tf]lsPsf] ljifo cjnfs] g M x]g]{ sfd

;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff ^ 47

ed| 0f cfgGbbfoL / dgf/] ~hgfTds xG' 5 . sIffsf]7fdf k9fO x'g] lstfasf s'/fx¿ jf cGo gofFgofF
s'/fx¿nfO{ kT| oIf ¿kdf b]v/] cjnf]sg ug{ kfpg' z}lIfs e|d0fsf] ljzi] ftf xf] .

z}lIfs e|d0faf6 k|fKt u/s] f] 1fg clj:d/0fLo x'G5 . gofFgofF :yfgdf hfFbf ToxfsF f] /xg;xg,
;:+ s[lt, kf| sl[ ts ;G' b/tf, ef}ufl] ns ljz]iftfsf ;fy} P]ltxfl;s kIfnfO{ ;dt] bV] g, a'ˆg / hfGg
;lsg] ePsfn] ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu zl} Ifs ed| 0f clgjfoh{ :tf] g} xg' ] u/]sf] 5 .

x]/ gfgL ¤ ltdL klg ljBfnoaf6 cfofh] gf ul/g] e|d0fsf
sfo{jm| dx¿df ;xefuL xg' ] u/ . xfdLn] ljBfnodf k9b\ f cfÇgf]
ljBfnosf kf| rfo{nfO{ zl} Ifs ed| 0fdf hfg kfpmF egL lgj]bg;d]t
lbPsf lyof}F . sltko s'/fx¿ k9/] eGbf x/] /] yfxf kfOG5 . ed| 0f
u/s] f] 7fpsF f] ef}ufl] ns cj:yf, ToxfsF f dflg;x¿sf] /xg;xg,
k|fsl[ ts, ;f+:sl[ ts tyf Pl] txfl;s dxŒjsf ;Dkbfx¿sf]
1fg kfOg] x'Fbf dflg;sf nflu ed| 0f cfjZos 5 . ltdL zl} Ifs
ed| 0fdf uof} eg] ToxfFsf] af/d] f n]v]/ dnfO{ lr7L k7fpm n . ;Dej eP ed| 0fsf j|mddf lvlrPsf
t:jL/x¿ a'afnfO{ eg]/ km;] as' df /fv x} .

n t gfgL, ltdLn] cfÇgf] k9fOdf klg o;/L g} ku| lt ub{} hfg" . cfufdL jif{ j}zfvdf d g]kfn cfpg]

5' . Toltv/] a4' hoGtLsf] cj;/df xfdL ;kl/jf/ n'lDagL 3'Dg hfcfFn} f x} t . cfhnfO{ kq oxLF

aGb u5{' . ltdLnfO{ dfof ug{] ltdf| ] ;fgfa] 'af

vfdsf] gd'gf lvdnfn uf}td

zAbf {yk7fpg], kfpg,]
lvdnfn uft} d sNkgf uf}td
6fl] sof], hfkfg tn' ;Lk/' , bfª

cfgGbbfoL M cfgGb lbg] clgjfo{ M geO{ gx'g]
dgf]/~hgfTds M dgnfO{ k|;Gg t'Nofpg] kf| rfo{ M kw| fgfWofks
clj:d/0fLo M la;g{ g;lsg] cfufdL M kl5 cfpg,] kl5 xg' ]

48 ;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^

!= tnsf zAbx¿ ;kmf cIf/df cfÇgf] sfkLdf tLgtLg k6s ;f/ M

z'efzLjf{b, ;sz' n, xif{, e|d0f, cª\s, :jtGqtfk"js{ , dgf]/~hgfTds, Jofjxfl/s

@= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ n]v M

cf/f]Uo, lgb{]zg, P]ltxfl;s, ;fdflhs, cfgGbbfoL, clj:d/0fLo, k|frfo{

#= jfSodf k|of]u u/ M

;jf]{Tsi[ 6, kf7o\ jm| d, efu} f]lns, cjnf]sg, clj:d/0fLo, k|frfo{, cfufdL

$= s_ tnsf] jfSonfO{ z4' kf//] ;f/ M

a'4 hoGltsf] ca;/df xfld ;k/Ljf/ nl' DagL 3'Dg hfcfn} f

v_ tnsf dWo] z'4 zAbdf /h] f -µ_ nufpm M

!= c_ cs+ cf_ cªs\ O_ csF O{_ cGs

@= c_ Jofjxfl/s cf_ Aofjxfl/s O_ Jofaxfl/s O{_ Jofjxf/Ls

#= c_ Pt] Lxfl;s cf_ cOltxfl;s O_ Pl] txflzs O{_ Pl] txfl;s

$= c_ j};fv cf_ j}zfv O_ ji} ffv O{_ a}zfv

%= tnsf zAbnfO{ ljk/LtfyL{ zAb;uF hf]8f ldnfpm M

xif { ljkGg

nfdf] ck|ToIf

;DkGg la:dft

kT| oIf ljkIf

kIf vn' f

;Dej 5f]6f]

aGb c;Dej

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff ^ 49

^= tnsf zAb / cys{ f aLrdf hf8] f ldnfpm M

;jf{T] si[ 6 /dfOnf]

efu} f]lns kl5 x'g]

cjnf]sg geO{ gxg' ]

dgf]/~hg pQd

clgjfo { xg] ]{ sfd

cfufdL e"uf]n;uF ;DalGwt

&= tn lbOPsf] kf7sf] cg'R5]b k9 / lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ nv] M

zl} Ifs ed| 0faf6 k|fKt u/s] f] 1fg clj:d/0fLo xG' 5 . gofFgofF :yfgdf hfFbf ToxfsF f] /xg;xg,
;:+ s[lt, k|fs[lts ;'Gb/tf, efu} f]lns ljzi] ftfsf ;fy} Pl] txfl;s kIfnfO{ ;dt] bV] g, aˆ' g /
hfGg ;lsg] ePsfn] ljBfyLx{ ¿sf nflu z}lIfs e|d0f clgjfo{h:tf] g} xg' ] u/]sf] 5 .

s= dflysf] cg'R5b] af6 kfFr j6f ljz]if0f zAb l6k M

===============, ===============, ===============, ===============, ===============



v= pbfx/0fdf lbOPh:t} tnsf zAbnfO{ 56' o\ fpm M

k|fsl[ ts M ks| l[ t ± Os
 ;f+:s[lts ==================================
 cflys{ ==================================
 g}lts ==================================
 wflds{ ==================================
 ef}uf]lns ==================================
 ;fdflhs ==================================

50 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^


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