k9fO÷nv] fO ;Lk
!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ nv] M
s_ lr7L s;n] s;nfO{ nv] ]sf] xf] <
v_ dfdf lsg xifn{ ] ubub xg' e' Psf] xf] <
u_ ;fgf]a'af sxfF x'gx' 'G5 <
3_ e|d0fn] s] kmfObf xG' 5 <
ª_ z}lIfs ed| 0fsf] ljzi] ftf s] xf] <
@= tnsf jfSox¿ 7Ls jf a7] Ls s] xg' \, lrg]/ n]v M
s_ zl} Ifs ed| 0f dgf]/~hgsf nflu dfq} ul/G5 .
v_ ;fgfa] a' fn] k|wfgfWofksnfO{ lgjb] g n]Vge' Psf] lyof] .
u_ zl} Ifs e|d0fdf hfbF f pt} jf; a:g klg ;lsG5 .
3_ ;fgf]aa' fn] sNkgfnfO{ n'lDagL 3'Dg hfpm eGg'ePsf] 5 .
ª_ ;fgf]a'af b;d}F f 3/ cfpg'xg' ] 5 .
#= ldNg] zAb 5fg/] vfnL 7fpF e/ M
s_ ltdLnfO{ w/] } w]/} =================== clg awfO{ klg . -wGojfb, z'esfdgf_
v_ zl} Ifs e|d0fdf ljBfyLx{ ¿;uF ljBfnosf =================== klg ;uF } hfg'xG' 5 .
-u'?u?' cfdfx¿, cleefjsx¿_
u_ zl} Ifs e|d0faf6 k|fKt u/]sf] 1fg =================== xG' 5 . -clj:d/0fLo, ct'ngLo_
3_ ;Dej To; 7fpFdf lvlrPsf kmf6] fx¿ ================= /fv x} . -km];a'sdf, lhdn] df_
ª_ cfufdL jif{ =================== d g]kfn cfpg] 5' .
-jz} fvdf, h]7df_
$= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] Ps zAbdf pQ/ bp] m M
s_ ;fgf]a'afn] sxfFaf6 lr7L n]Vge' Psf] xf] <
v_ sNkgf sxfF al:5g\ <
u_ ;fgfa] a' fn] s;nfO{ lgj]bg nV] ge' Psf] lyof] <
3_ ;fgf]aa' fn] s'g 7fpF 3D' g hfg] ofh] gf agfpg'ePsf] 5 <
ª_ a'4hoGtL sg' dlxgfdf k5{ <
;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^ 51
%= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ b]pm M
s= zl} Ifs ed| 0f eg]sf] s] xf] <
v= zl} Ifs ed| 0faf6 ss] ] kmfObf xG' 5 <
^= tnsf] ze' sfdgf Wofg lbP/ k9 clg lbOPsf sfo{x¿ u/ M
z'esfdgf
ze' jif{ @)&% sf kfjg kj{x¿ ljhof bzdL, bLkfjnL, tyf 57 kjs{ f ;fy} g]kfn
;+jt\ !!#( sf] ;–' cfudgsf] ;v' b pknIodf xfdf| ;Dk"0f{ cleefjs, ljBfyL{, lzIfs,
sd{rf/L tyf ze' lrGtsx¿df ;v' , zflGt, ;dl[ 4, cf/fU] o tyf pQ/f]Q/ k|ultsf]
nflu xflbs{ dªu\ ndo z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5fF} .
kw| fgfWofks
gf/fo0fL pRr dfWolds ljBfno
gf/fo0fu9, lrtjg
s= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s n]v M
;+jt,\ cleefjs, ze' lrGts, ;d[l4, dª\undo, cf/f]Uo, kfjg
v= 7Ls pQ/df /]hf -µ_ nufpm M
s= gf/fo0fL p=df=lj=nfO{ ze' sfdgf n]lvPsf] xf] .
v= gf/fo0fL df=lj= jfudtL c~rndf kb5{ .
u= ljBfyL{ / cleefjsnfO{ z'esfdgf lbOPsf] 5 .
3= @)&% ;fndf gk] fn ;j+ t\ !!#( kb{5 .
ª= pQ/f]Q/ k|ultsf] nflu sfdgf ul/Psf] 5 .
u= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M
!= ze' sfdgf s;n] lbPsf] xf] <
@= of] z'esfdgf kq sg' ljBfnosf tkma{ f6 nl] vPsf] xf] <
#= sg' sg' kjx{ ¿sf] pknIodf z'esfdgf lbOPsf] 5 <
$= z'esfdgf ss;nfO{ lbOPsf] 5 <
%= dflysf] ze' sfdgfdf s'gsg' s/' fsf] sfdgf ul/Psf] 5 <
52 ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^
;'gfO ;Lk
-k[i7 210 df lbOPsf] uLt_
lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;g' / tnsf sfox{ ¿ u/ M
!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M
s= bz] sxfF /x]5 <
v= uLtsf/n] b]z xg] {sf nflu sxfsF xfF wfP <
u= uLtsf/n] slxn] htftt} b]z}b]z b]v] <
3= o;kfln uLtsf/sf] sxfFsf] 3fp bv' s] f] 5 <
@= sfi] 7saf6 vfnL 7fpFdf 7Ls pQ/ e/ M
s_ d]rL sf];Lsf] tL/df cfÇg} =================== au]h:tf] nfU5 . -g;f, dHhf_
v_ 5ftLleq bz] e]6]kl5 htftt} ================= b]vh] :tf] nfU5 . -ljb]z}ljbz] , bz] }b]z_
u_ d g]kfn / =================== cfkm}F ePF . -g]kfnL, lxdfnL_
3_ gk] fnLsf] =================== yf]kfyf]kf dnfO{ bV' 5 . -cfF;', xfF;f_]
Jofs/0f ;Lk
ljm| ofljz]if0f M jfSodf lj|mofsf] ljz]iftf a'¹fpg cfpg] cJoo ljm| ofljzi] f0f xf] . ljm| ofljz]if0fnfO{
lj|mofofu] L klg elgG5 . ljm| ofljz]if0fn] ljz]if0fsf] klg ljz]iftf a¹' fp5“ .
tnsf] pbfx/0f x]/ M
/fh' eO' d“ f yrSs a:of] . -lj|mofsf] ljz]iftf a¹' fPsf]_
cfzLif w]/} df6] f] 5 . -ljz]if0fsf] ljz]iftf a¹' fPsf_]
;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^ 53
ljm| ofljz]if0f s;/L < slxn] < sxfF < slt < lsg < eGg] kZ| gsf] pQ/df cfp5“ .
s;/L < slxn] < sxf“ < slt < lsg <
Kof§, bf8} ]/, lbp;“ f], ev/{ , vfg, hfg, n]Vg,
la:tf/}, /fd|/L, kf]xf/] , clxn], k5fl8, cl3, cfw} L, clt, yf/] }, k9\g, a:g, ;'Gg,
e'/{, v?' Ss, ef]ln, lxhf,] e/], ufpg, eGg, ug,{
e;' S' s, xf;“ ]/, kl;,{ cl:t, leq, kfl/, aflx/, lgs,} c;fWo,} lng, lxF8g\ , ;T' g,
ykSs, h'?Ss, a]ns' f, cfh dfly, tn, kl5, cToGt, v'a, 8N' g, lbg
km6fkm6, ;'6S' s jfl/, cufl8, j/, clnslt, k"/,}
glhs} ;fx,|} kz| :t,
Hofb}
!= tnsf lj|mofof]uLnfO{ jfSodf ko| f]u u/ M
e';S' s, xf;“ ]/, ykSs, h?' Ss, cl:t, an] s' f, jfl/, cufl8, kz| :t, Hofb,} lxF8\g, ;'Tg
@= tnsf] cgR' 5b] af6 ljm| ofof]uL l6k M
cfhef]ln ahf/df lgs} /l;nf ;G' tnf kfOG5g\ . uf/] vfdf kmns] f ;'Gtnf kfx] f/] eGbf /l;nf
/x5] g\ . d}n] alxgLnfO{ ;'Gtnf lnP/ cfpm eGgf;fy pm t d';S' s xfF:b} leq uO{ / yk' |} ;'Gtnf
lnP/ aflx/ cfO{ . xfdL bj' } hgf dfly 5tdf uof}F / 3fddf a;]/ v'a w]/} ;'Gtnf vfof}F .
alxgLn] s]xL ;G' tnf ef]ln vfcfF}nf egL /fVg vfh] ]sL lyO{ d}n] cfh} vfcf}F efl] n kml] / lsg]/
NofpFnf egL p;nfO{ ;D¹fPF . clg xfdL bj' } hgf ykSs a;]/ ;a} ;G' tnf vfof}F / h'?Ss p7/]
v?' ?? bfl} 8bF } tn cfOkU' ofF} .
l;h{gfTds ;Lk
lr7L÷kq nV] bf
sfuhsf] bflxg]lt/ l;/fgdf kq k7fpgs] f] :ki6;u“ 7u] fgf / kq n]lvPsf] ldlt pNnv] ug{,]
7u] fgf / ldlt n]lvPsf] sx] L tn afof“lt/ cfÇgf] gftf jf ;DaGwcg';f/ ;Dafw] g pNnv] ug,{]
kq k7fpgn] ] ;Dafw] g jf clejfbg ul/;s]kl5 ;Grf,] la;Grf] ;fW] g,]
54 ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^
k/LIffsf nflu n]lvg] kq d'Votof tLg cgR' 5]bdf n]lvg,]
lr7Lsf]÷kqsf] dWoefudf cfk"mn] n]Vg rfx]sf] s'/f kq k7fpgn] ] :ki6;u“ pNn]v ug{,]
kq k7fpgn] ] cfÇgf ljrf/ n]lv;sk] l5 kqsf] cGTo efudf 6'ªU\ ofpg] jfSof+zsf] k|ofu] ug{,]
kqsf] cGTodf kq k7fpgn] ] kq kfpg;] “usf] ;fOgfc] g';f/sf] ;DaGw pNn]v ug],{
kq tof/ ePkl5 vfdsf] gd'gf / kq kfpg]sf] :ki6;“u gfd 7]ufgf pNnv] ug{] .
!= b;}dF f cfk"mn] u/]sf] /dfOnfs] f] hfgsf/L lbP/ ljbz] df a:g] dfdfnfO{ lr7L nv] .
@= zl} Ifs ed| 0fdf hfg kfcfF} eGb} sIff ^ sf ;Dk0" f{ ljBfyLx{ ¿sf] tkm{af6 cfÇgf]
ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofksnfO{ lgjb] g nv] .
s;n] s] rnfP <
;]tf] dlR5Gbg| fysf] /y ofqf k|tfk dNn sfuhL gf]6 /fhf lqe'jg
zlgjf/ labf lbg] rng eLd ;dz]/ dfgfkfyLsf] rng /fd zfx
ufOh{ fqf hutk|sfz dNn la:s6] hfqf huHof]lt dNn
/ftf] dlR5Gb|gfysf] /yofqf /fhf g/G] bb| j] df]x/ dxG] b| dNn
gfu / af;'sLsf] kh" f dfgb]j si[ 0f hfqf, nfv] hfqf u0' fsfdb]j
;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff ^ 55
kf7 % lbgz] /fh kGt
hLjgL gdb{ Z] j/L ;Tofn
tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn/] ;an} ] k9 M
t]lGhª gf]un]{ ] ;u/dfyf r9]/ gk] fnLsf] prfO
Oltxf; /r] . ;u/dfyfh:t} xg' 'k5{ .
x'g] la?jfsf] bf}/f, ;?' jfn / 6fk] L
lrNnf] kft xG' 5 . gk] fnLsf] ;fg xf] .
56 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^
tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ eg M
d ltdLnfO{ s:tf dflg;sf] hLjgL dg k5{ <
d s:tf dflg;x¿ eljiodf 7"nf aGb5g\ <
d xfdL cfÇgf] hLjgnfO{ s;/L ;kmn agfpg ;S5fF}<
d s] ltdLn] lbgz] /fh kGtnfO{ lrgs] f 5f} <
d g]kfnL ;+:s[ltsf] Ifq] df sfd ug{] sg' } JolQmnfO{ ltdLn] lrg]sf 5f} <
tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ k9 M
d cfxf ¤ d}n] t k|]/0ffbfoL hLjgL k9\g kfPF .
d lbg]z/fh kGt ;fgb} ]lv /fd|f] :jefjsf dflg; lyP .
d ulx/f] cWoogaf6 dfq} hLjg ;kmn xG' 5 .
d lbgz] /fh kGtn] g]kfnL ;+:sl[ tsf] Ifq] df ofu] bfg lbPsf lyP .
d lbg]z/fh kGt Ps ;Ifd / Odfgbf/ lzIfs lyP .
d 1fg gePsf] dflg;n] l;Sg vfH] gk' 5{ .
d lbgz] /fh kGtn] afnaflnsfnfO{ w/] } dfof uy]{ .
;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^ 57
kf7df /flvPsf] ‘lbg]z/fh kGt’ zLif{s hLjgL gd{bZ] j/L ;Tofnn] tof/ kf/s] L xg' \ .
;Tofn g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fgsf kf| 1 xg' \ . logL afn;flxTodf klg snd rnfplF 5g\ .
lzIff Ifq] df nfdf] ;do;Dd ;]jf u/]sL ;Tofnsf yk' }| s[ltx¿ ks| flzt 5g\ .
cfdf 5f/] L, 5'g'd'g' 5'g'dg' ,' gofF gk] fnsf] lrq, zAbsf lrdfnx¿ cflb logsf
ks| flzt sl[ tx¿ xg' \ . k:| tt' hLjgLdf logn] lbgz] /fh kGtsf hLjgsf ljljw
kIfx¿sf] hfgsf/L lbPsL l5g\ . ljlzi6 Oltxf;ljb\ / ;:+ sl[ tljb\ lbgz] /fh kGtn]
g]kfnsf] Oltxf; / ;+:sl[ t;uF ;DalGwt bh{gf}F sl[ tx¿ n]vs] f 5g\ . g]kfnL ;+:sl[ t tyf Oltxf;sf]
If]qdf ljlzi6 ofu] bfg lbP/ lbg]z/fh kGtn] klg c¿n] ;D¹g of]Uo / l;Sg of]Uo sfo{x¿ u/]sf
5g\ . lbg/ft v6/] pgn] gofgF ofF vf]h / cg;' Gwfg u/L s[ltx¿ tof/ kf/]sf 5g\ . lbg]z/fh kGtsf]
k]|/0ffbfoL hLjgL sIffdf kfnk} fnf] jfrg u/ . lzIfsn] yk s'/fx¿ l;sfpg'xg' ] 5 .
Oltxf;ljb\ lbg]z/fh kGtsf] hGd lj=;+= @))^ ;fn sflt{s tLg ut] aw' jf/ ePsf] xf] . ;jnjxfn
cf6] ' sf7df8f}F lgjf;L go/fh kGt / a'wsd' f/L kGtsf sfG5f ;k' q' lbgz] /fh kGt kfrF jifs{ f] xb'F f
logsL cfdfsf] #( jif{d} c;fdlos lgwg eof] . dftj[ fT;NoljxLg kGtsf] nfngkfng xh'/cfdf
/ aa' faf6 ePsf] lyof] . pgsf a'afn] bf;] |f] lax]
ug]{ ;f]r /fvg] g\ . To;}n] a'afn] g} pgsL cfdfsf]
e"ldsf lgjfx{ u/] . kGtsf] k9fOnv] fOsf nflu
3/kl/jf/df cgs' "lnt jftfj/0f lyof] . pgsf
aa' f ul0ft1 Hof]ltif / Oltxf;ljb\ ePsfn] kGt
a'afaf6 bLlIft eP .
lbg]z/fh kGtsf] Jojxf/ ;fg}bl] v cGtd{v' L lyof] . pgL bM' v n'sfP/ d':s/' fpg ;Sg] JolQmsf]
¿kdf kl/lrt 5g\ . ;fbf hLjg pRr ljrf/sf kf/vL kGtsf] vfgkfg eg]sf] bfn, eft, t/sf/L
crf/ / uf]/; xf] . ljz]if u//] vfgfdf s6x/sf] t/sf/L / bw" /fv]sf] lrof pgsf] kf| yldstfdf
k5g{ \ . v]Ngdf eg] pgsf] vf;} ?lr lyPg . v]ndf ?lr gx'g'sf k5fl8 pgsf a'afsf] æv]n/] st}
ljBf a95\ ¤Æ eGg] wf/0ffn] k|efj kf/s] f] lyof] . kGtsf] ljrf/ eg] afNosfndf cfkm" n] vf;} v]Ng
gkfP klg :jf:Yosf nflu vn] ckl/xfo{ 5 eGg] 5 . pRrdWod juLo{ kl/jf/df hlGdPsf kGt
zAbf {y cg'sl" nt M cfÇgf] OR5f, ?lr, rfxgf jf bLlIft M dGq jf bLIff lnPsf]
cfjZostfcg¿' ksf] cGtdv'{ L M aflx/ w/] } gaf]Ng] :jefj ePsf]
ckl/xfo{ M geOg{ xg' ]
ul0ft1 M ul0ftsf] 1ftf
58 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^
afNosfnb]lv g} cToGt Jofjxfl/s lyP . pgsf bO' { lbbLx¿ Ps bfh' / Ps alxgL 5g\ . kGt
eg] dfOnL lbbL / bfh'sf] ddtfleq kmljm| P . kGtsf] lzIffbLIff eg] leGg kl/l:yltdf ;/' lIft 5 .
logsf lktf go/fh kGtn] dxfaf4} df /xs] f] kLo"if jifLo{ cfi} fwfnoleq k9fOsf nflu sIff sf]7fsf]
k|aGw ldnfP . u'?sn' k4ltsf] lgs6 /x]/ ;~rfng ul/Psf] :jtGq ljBfnodf rfnL; hgf;Dd
ljBfyLx{ ¿sf] pkl:ylt /xGYof] . lbgz] /fh kGtn] pQm ljBfnosf] ;d"xdf /x]/ bz jif{sf] pd/] b]lv
cWoog ;?' u/] . pgL 3/d} cIff/De ;?' u/L ;fIf/ ePsf x'g\ . pgnfO{ u?' bj] Lk|;fb e08f/Ln]
k9fP . lj=;+= @))( ;fndf :yfkgf ul/Psf] ;z+ f]wg d08nn] lj=;=+ @)!* ;fnbl] v cWoog cWofkg
sfo{ klg ;~rfng u/s] fn] kGtn] ToxLaF f6 cfÇgf] cWoog k/" f u/] . pgn] nuftf/ afO; jif;{ Dd
cWoog u/] . pgsf ljz]if u//] Oltxf; bz{gzf:q ;:+ s[t efiff Jofs/0f / ;flxTo dV' o ljifosf
¿kdf /x] . pgn] ;/sf/L ;+oGqsf sg' } klg sIff k9s] f 5g} g\ . kGtsf nflu ljBfno / ljZjljBfno
eg]s} pgsf a'afn] rnfPsf] cWoog k4lt xf] . lktfsf] ‘ulx/f] cWoogaf6 dfq hLjg ;kmn xG' 5’
eGg] dfGotfn] ubf{ 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ ljBfno gk7fO{ cfkmnF} ] cWoogsf] Joj:yf ldnfPsf x'g\ eGg] egfO
kGtsf] 5 . pd/] / ;donfO{ ;Gt'ng ldnfP/ tof/ ul/Psf] kf7\ojm| dsf cfwf/df cWoog cl3
a9fPsf lbgz] /fh kGtn] bIftf xfl;n ub{} uP . æx'g] la?jfsf] lrNnf] kft Æ eg¹] }F pgL kl5 uP/
ljåfg\sf ¿kdf :yflkt eP .
lbgz] /fh kGtsf] ljjfx @( jif{sf] pd/] df l8NnLahf/ lgjf;L !( jifL{o dfnf ltjf/L;uF eof] .
pgsf tLg 5f]/f 5g\ . lbg]z/fh kGtsf ks| flzt s[ltx¿df gk] fnsf] Oltxf;sf s]xL kfgf, uf]/vfsf]
Oltxf; -!—$ efu_ >L % j8f dxf/fhflw/fh kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxsf] lbJof]kbz] , ufv] f{nL ljho ofqf
Oltxf;sf s/' f gfgLx¿sf nflu, kl| ;4 Hof]ltif euL/y h;} L nufot @! j6f 5g\ . To:t} ;xnv] gdf
>L % k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] !—% v08 gk] fnsf] Oltxf;sf ljljw kIf nufot !@ j6f s[ltx¿
ks| flzt 5g\ . cGo km'6s/ /rgfx¿df ^)) eGbf a9L nv] x¿ ks| flzt 5g\ . ;+zfw] g d08nsf]
;b:o, ljleGg ljZjljBfnox¿df zf]w lgbz{] s, g]kfn ;+:st[ ljZjljBfnosf] kf| l1s kl/ifbs\ f]
;b:o, gk] fn k1| f—kl| ti7fgsf] kf| 1 kl/ifb\ ;b:o tyf lj1fg tyf k|ljlw k1| f—kl| ti7fg, g]kfn
k~rfª\u lg0ffo{ s ;ldlt nufot $) eGbf a9L ;ª3\ ;:+ yfdf ;+nUg eP/ lbg]z/fh kGtn] leGgleGg
lsl;dsf cge' j ;uF fn]sf 5g\ .
logsf] Odfgbf/L, ljZj;gLotf clg dx] gtsf] sb/ ub}{ ;/sf/L / u/} ;/sf/L ;ª3\ ;:+ yfx¿n]
;Ddfg k|s6 u/s] f 5g\ . kGtn] hubDaf>L, ;k' |an ufv] f{ blIf0fafx' t];f| ,] /fli6o« k|ltef k'/:sf/,
jL/]GbP| ]Zjo{ ;j] fkbs, ;'k|an hg;j] f>L t];|f] h:tf k'/:sf/x¿ kf| Kt u/s] f 5g\ . pgL ‘g]kfn ul0ft
zAbf {y k|aGw M Joj:yf zfw] M sg' } ljifodf uxg cWoogsf ;fy
k4lt M tl/sf k|ljlw ul/g] vfh] cg;' Gwfg
;+oGq M 7"nf7"nf sfd ug{] ljz]if oGq
;Gtn' g M b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L j:t'nfO{ M s'g} klg sfd j}1flgs 9ªu\ n] ug]{
ljlw
;dfg¿kdf ldnfP/ /fVg] sfd
;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff ^ 59
;dfh’ nufotsf #) eGbf a9L ;ª3\ ;+:yfaf6 ;Ddflgt ePsf 5g\ .
kGtsf] n]vgL vf]h cg';Gwfglt/ a9L pGdv' bl] vG5 . ;sf/fTds b[li6sf]0f ePsf pgL cvaf/
k9\g cfl} w ?rfp5F g\ . pgL eG5g\ — æcvaf/x¿sf] cWoogn] ;dfh kl9G5 / Jofjxfl/s b[li6sf]0f
agfpg d2t ldN5 .Æ ;dfhnfO{ tYok/s s'/f lbg ;Sg'k5{ . ljåfg\ n]vsx¿n] xfjfbf/L s/' f u¥ofF}
/ h] OR5f nfUof] ToxL nv] /] ks| fzg ug{ yfNofF} eg] ;dfh el| dt x'G5 . ahf/df sltko /rgfx¿
e|ddf en' fpg] vfnsf klg 5g\ . o:tf vfn] /rgfx¿n] ;kmn hLjg lhpg l;sfpFbg} g\ . gjLg
s'/fx¿ / k|fdfl0fstf g} 1fgsf] d"n xf] . xfdLn] k|df0fnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ dfq s'g} klg s/' fx¿sf]
ljZni] f0f ug'{k5{ eGg] dfGotf lbg]z/fh kGtdf 5 . pgdf :jR5 ;dfh lgdf{0f ug{] wfs] f] 5, 1fgsf]
kf]sf] 5 / ;xofu] sf] ka| n efjgf 5 . To;n} ] kGt cfk"mn] cfh{g u/]sf] 1fg af8F \g kfpFbf /dfpF5g\ .
kGt :jfledfgL JolQm x'g\ . pgL cfÇgf] bz] df a9\b}
uPsf] e|i6frf/ / eg;'g kj| l[ Qaf6 6f9f a:g
rfxG5g\ . pgdf cfk"mn] bv] ];'g]sf s/' f ts{;lxt k|i6
kfg{] v'aL 5 . pgdf abnfsf] efjgf 5}g . ;s];Dd
cfkm" n] klg c¿nfO{ la¹fpg] sfd s/' f gug{] /
c¿af6 klg o:tf] gxf;] \ eGg] pgsf] ;f]r cg's/0fLo
5 . pgL eG5g,\ æhLjg;Fu ;DalGwt s'/fx¿
;sf/fTds ;f]rn] k"0f{ x'g'kYof{] t/ To;f] x'g g;Sbf
cToGt kL8fafw] x'G5 . ;an} ] gLltlgoddf a;/] sfd
u/d] f kL8faf6 pGdl' Qm kfOGYof] . xfdLn] :jo+ ;ªj\ m| d0f lgDTofP/ kL8faf]wsf] cj:yf efU] of}F .
;dfhdf zflGt :yfkgf ug{ af}l4s JolQmx¿n] /fhgt] fx¿nfO{ af6f] bv] fpg ;Sgk' 5Æ{ eGg] kGtsf]
ljrf/ k|z;+ gLo 5 .
logn] cfkm" klg kljq x'g] / c¿nfO{ klg kljq agfpg] wf/0ff af]ss] f 5g\ . s'g} klg s/' f ;do;fkI] f
¿kdf kl/jtg{ xFb' } hfg] j|mddf Pg] lgodx¿ aGb} uP . dflg; ePkl5 gLltut s/' fsf cfwf/df sfd
ug{] dfGotf cl3 ;fg'k{ 5{ eGg] efjgf kGtdf /xs] f] 5 . pgL cfkm" rflxF lngk} g{] s'/f klg bfaL u/]/
lng g;Sg] t/ c¿sf] dsf{ a¹' /] cfk"m rflxF lbg cl3 ;g{] u5g{ \ . pgdf ;fyLx¿nfO{ cToGt ljZjf;
ug{] afgL 5 . pgL cfk"mkl| t klg ;fyLx¿sf] e/kbf{] ljZjf; /xf;] \ eGg] rfxgf /fV5g\ . ;dfhdf
zAbf {y cvaf/ M kqklqsf ei| 6frf/ M kltt cfr/0f ÷ 3'; vfO{
tYok/s M ;To / tYodf cfwfl/t kIfkftk0" f{ Jojxf/ jf lg0f{o
xfjfbf/L M c;To, ¹6' f] ug{] sfd
ljZn]if0f M sg' } ljifosf ljleGg tŒjnfO{ sn] fpg]
;ª\j|md0f M ;g]{ sfd
sfd /fhg]tf M g]tT[ j ug]{ dflg; ÷ g]tf
pGdl' Qm M 5'6sf/f ;do;fk]If M ;docg;' f/
60 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^
uDeL/tfk"j{s afN] g] / cfÇg} bz] df hfgs] f] ;Lk vlrg{ ] efjgfdf xf| ; cfpg yfn]sf] b]Vbf kGt lrGtf
ks| 6 u5{g\ . pgL eG5g\ — æljgf;Lk hfGg] x'F eg/] kmO' F nufpg] afgLn] cfkm} FnfO{ lvofpF5 .Æ a? s'g}
klg s/' fsf] 1fg 5g} eg] cfjZos k/d] f l;Sg vf]Hg' /fdf] x'G5 . xf], oxL s/' fsf] cefj v6l\ sFbf]
5Æ, pgL eG5g\ . kGt ;b' [9 ;dfh Joj:yfkgsf nflu b9[ lgZroL eP/ oyfyt{ f k|:tt' ul/Psf
k':tsx¿ tof/ ul/gk' 5{ . ;flxTo nv] gdf klg ;sf/fTds ;f]r lbg] vfnsf sl[ tx¿ a9LeGbf a9L
n]lvgk' 5{ . g]kfnsf ;Gtltx¿n] 1fgsf cfwf/df cfcfÇgf sfo{ Ifq] df ;kmntf kfpmg\ / bz]
ljb]zdf k|lt:kwL{ ag/] plqg ;s"g\ eGg] ljrf/ logdf kfOG5 .
lbg]z/fh kGtsf] ljrf/df kl/jlt{t ;do;Fu} xfdLn] g]kfnL ;dfhdf cgd]nsf] efjgf lsg / s;/L
knfof] eGg] s'/flt/ Wofg k'¥ofpg'k5{ . xfdLn] ;dLIffsf j|mddf ;"Id q'l6x¿ klxNofO{ ;RofpFb} cl3
a9d] f ;u/dfyfsf] prfO;Fu} g]kfnLx¿sf] prfO pRr /fVg ;S5f}F . kGt j}1flgs lrGtgdf ljZjf;
/fV5g\ t/ klg k/Dk/fut c;n s'/fx¿sf] kfngf ug{k' 5{ eG5g\ . cwg{ f/LZj/sf] k/Dk/fdf xl' s{Psf]
g]kfnL ;dfhdf k'?if / dlxnf ;dfg /xs] f] s/' f xfd|f zf:qx¿n] k'li6 u5{g\ . a"9fa"9Lsf] >4f ug'{
afnaflnsfnfO{ dfof ug{' / dlxnfx¿kl| t ;be\ fj ks| 6 ug'{ kj" Lo{ bz{gsf] dfGotf xf] . a'9;] sfndf
j[4f>d k7fpg] a9b\ f] k|rngkl| t
eg] c;Gti' 6 x'Fb} kGt eG5g\ —
æj4[ j4[ fx¿nfO{ cfkmGtx¿sf
;fy 3/d} a:g] jftfj/0f l;hg{ f
ul/gk' 5{ .Æ pgL rfs/L ky| faf6
lbSbfl/bF } zf;sx¿af6 6f9f
/xg dg k/fp5F g\ . kV' of{n} L bf}/f,
;'?jfn, 6f]kL, hx' f/Lsf]6, sf]6
h:tf klx/g pgnfO{ dg k5{ .
kGtdf nfnr 5g} . ;a};Fu ldqjt\ Jojxf/ 5 . pgsf] afnaflnsfkl| tsf] bl[ i6sf]0f cToGt :gx] k"0f{
5 . sfrF f] df6f¿] kL afnaflnsfnfO{ ofU] o agfpg ;jk{ |yd cleefjs g} rgfvf] xg' 'kg{], lzIfsx¿
zAbf {y xf| ; M s'g} klg s'/fsf] dxŒj 36b\ } hfg] cwg{ f/LZj/ M bfofF cª\u lzj / afofF cªu\
sfd kfjt{ Lsf] u/L bj' s} f] cfwfcfwf
cªu\ ldn/] ags] f] ¿k
km'OF nufpg ' M km'tL{ ug{'
;b' 9[ M alnof] j[4f>d M a"9fa"9Lx¿nfO{ cf>o lbg
b9[ lgZroL M cfkm" n] ;fr] s] f] jf eg]sf] s/' fdf agfOPsf] cf>d jf 3/
kSsfkSsL lgZro ug{] hx' f/Lsf6] M sDd/;Dd cfpg,] 3fF6L 6Dd x'g],
;dLIff M ljj]rgf, ;dfnf]rgf afxn' f gePsf] Ps lsl;dsf]
;I" d q'l6 M ;fgf;fgf uNtLx¿ sf]6
;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff ^ 61
lhDdj] f/ aGg'kg]{ tyf ;/sf/n] afndv' L of]hgf lgdf{0f / sfofG{ jogdf hf]8 lbgk' g]{ logsf] wf/0ff
/x]sf] 5 . ljBfno dxfljBfnosf] cflwsfl/s zl} Ifs k|df0fkq gePsf lbg]z/fh kGt :jfWoog
tyf sl[ tut bIftfsf] cfwf/df k|fWofks;dt] ePsf kGt nugzLntf / Odfgbf/Lsf sf/0f hLjgdf
;kmn ePsf xg' \ . cfÇgf] nIosf] klxrfg tyf To;sf] k|flKtsf nflu lj|mofzLntf eof] eg] dflg;
;kmn xG' 5 eGg] s'/f logsf] hLjgLn] l;sfpF5 . g]kfnL ;+:sl[ tsf uxg cg';Gwfgstf{, s'zn lzIfs
tyf ;|i6f kGtnfO{ OZ{ j/n] bL3h{ Ljg k|bfg u¿g\ .
zAbf {y afndv' L M afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu ;|i6f M l;h{gf ug{] dflg;
:jfWoog M cfkm}F ul/g] cWoog bL3{hLjg M nfdf] cfo'
ljm| ofzLn M sg' } klg sfddf ;lj|mo¿kdf nflukg]{
s'zn M bIf
!= tnsf zAbx¿ ;kmf cIf/df cfÇgf] sfkLdf tLgtLg k6s ;f/ M
c;fdlos, dftj[ fT;No, Hof]ltif, k|fyldstf, cf}ifwfno, ;~rfng, dxfaf4} , cWoog
@= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ n]v M
cgs' "lnt, bLlIft, ckl/xfo{, k4lt, ;Gt'ng, pGd'lQm, ;dLIff, j[4f>d, :jfWoog
#= jfSodf ko| f]u u/ M
ka| Gw, zf]w, cvaf/, xfjfbf/L, ;ª\jm| d0f, ;'b[9, afndv' L, bL3{hLjg, ljm| ofzLn
$= s_ tnsf] jfSonfO{ z'4 kf//] ;f/ M
x'g] lj?jfsf] lrNnf] kft eg] ¹} plg kl5 uP/ laåfg\sf ¿kdf :yflkt\ eP .
v_ tnsf dWo] z'4 zAbdf /]hf -µ_ nufpm M
!= c_ dft[afT;No cf_ dftj[ fT;No O_ dfqLjfT;No O_{ dft[jfTzNo
@= c_ j[4f>d cf_ a[4f>d O_ j[2f>d O{_ j[4f;|d
#= c_ cg'sn" Lt cf_ cgs" l" nt O_ cgs' n" Lt O{_ cg's"lnt
$= c_ cfi} fwfno cf_ cfi} fbfno O_ cf};wfno O{_ cf}ifwfnP
62 ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^
%= tnsf zAbnfO{ ljk/LtfyL{ zAb;Fu hf8] f ldnfpm M
Jofjxfl/s gsf/fTds
ljho ljkIf
kIf k/fho
;n+ Ug ;Gt'i6
ts{ c;n+ Ug
;sf/fTds cljZjf;
ljZjf; cJofjxfl/s
c;Gti' 6 ljts{
^= tnsf zAb / cy{sf aLrdf hf8] f ldnfpm M
;+oGq ;h{s
k|ljlw 3dG8
e|i6frf/ g]tf
/fhg]tf kltt cfr/0f
cxd \ bIf
sz' n j1} flgs ljlw
;|i6f ljzi] f oGq
&= tn lbOPsf] kf7sf] cg'R5b] k9 / lbOPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ n]v M
lbg]z/fh kGtsf] ljrf/df kl/jlt{t ;do;Fu} xfdLn] gk] fnL ;dfhdf cgd]nsf] efjgf lsg
/ s;/L knfof] eGg] s/' flt/ Wofg k'¥ofpg'k5{ . xfdLn] ;dLIffsf jm| ddf ;"Id q'l6x¿
klxNofO{ ;RofpFb} cl3 a9]df ;u/dfyfsf] prfO;Fu} g]kfnLx¿sf] prfO pRr /fVg ;S5fF} .
kGt j}1flgs lrGtgdf ljZjf; /fV5g\ t/ klg k/Dk/fut c;n s'/fx¿sf] kfngf ug'k{ 5{
eG5g\ . cwg{ f/LZj/sf] k/Dk/fdf xl' s{Psf] g]kfnL ;dfhdf k'?if / dlxnf ;dfg /xs] f] s'/f
xfd|f zf:qx¿n] k'li6 u5g{ \ . a9" fa9" Lsf] >4f ug'{ afnaflnsfnfO{ dfof ug{' / dlxnfx¿kl| t
;be\ fj ks| 6 ug'{ k"jL{o bz{gsf] dfGotf xf] . a9' ];sfndf j[4f>d k7fpg] a9\bf] kr| ngkl| t
eg] c;Gti' 6 xb'F } kGt eG5g\ — æj4[ j[4fx¿nfO{ cfkmGtx¿sf ;fy 3/d} a:g] jftfj/0f
l;hg{ f ul/gk' 5{ .Æ pgL rfs/L ky| faf6 lbSbfl/bF } zf;sx¿af6 6f9f /xg dg k/fp5F g\ .
k'Vof{n} L bf/} f, ;?' jfn, 6f]kL, hx' f/Lsf]6, sf6] h:tf klx/g pgnfO{ dg k5{ .
;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^ 63
s= dflysf] cg'R5b] af6 b'O{bO' { j6f lgDg kbx¿ l6k M
gfd M !=========================== @= =========================
;j{gfd M !=========================== @= =========================
ljzi] f0f M !=========================== @= =========================
lj|mof M !=========================== @= =========================
gfdof]uL M !=========================== @= =========================
lj|mofof]uL M !=========================== @= =========================
;+of]hs M !=========================== @= =========================
k9fO÷nv] fO ;Lk
!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ nv] M
s_ lbg]z/fh kGtsf] hGd slxn] ePsf] xf] <
v_ cWoogsf ;Gbed{ f lbgz] /fh kGt s] eGg] uy]{ <
u_ s:tf /rgfn] ;kmn hLjg lhpg l;sfpbF g} g\ <
3_ 1fgsf] d"n s] xf] <
ª_ j[4x¿sf] ;Gbe{df kGtsf] ss] :tf] egfO /x]sf] 5 <
@= tnsf jfSox¿ 7Ls jf a7] Ls s] x'g\, lrg/] nv] M
s_ lbg]z/fh kGt ;fg}b]lv vn] sb' df ?lr /fVby] .
v_ lbg]z/fh kGt /fdf| cvaf/ k9g\ ?rfp5F g\ .
u_ lbgz] /fh kGt 1fg afF8\g kfpFbf /dfp5F g\ .
3_ lbgz] /fh kGt j}1flgs lrGtgdf ljZjf; /fVb}gg\ .
ª_ lbgz] /fh kGt Ps ;kmn lzIfs klg x'g\ .
64 ;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff ^
#= ldNg] zAb 5fg/] vfnL 7fpF e/ M
s_ lbg]z/fh kGtsf ================== lbbLx¿ Ps bfh' / Ps alxgL 5g\ . -Ps, bO' {_
v_ kGtsf =============== Oltxf;, bz{g zf:q / Jofs/0f dV' o ljifo x'g\ . -ul0ft, ;flxTo_
u_ km'6s/ /rgfx¿df kGtsf ============ eGbf a9L n]vx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . -^)), %)) _
3_ ljåfg\ nv] sx¿n] ====================== s/' f ug{x' F'bg} . -xfjfbf/L, Hofnfbf/L_
ª_ xfdLn] :jo+ =============== lgDTofP/ kL8fafw] sf] cj:yf ef]Uof}F . -;ª\j|md0f, cfjm| d0f_
r_ afnaflnsfsf nflu ;jk{ y| d ========== g} rgfvf] x'g'k5{ . -cleefjs, lzIfs, ;fyL_
$= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] Ps zAbdf pQ/ b]pm M
s_ lbgz] /fh kGtsf] ;fgb} ]lvsf] Jojxf/ s:tf] lyof] <
v_ lbgz] /fh kGtsf] hGd sf];Fu ePsf] lyof] <
u_ kGtsf] nv] gL / vf]h s'g lbzftkm{ pGd'v 5 <
3_ af}l4s JolQmx¿n] s;nfO{ af6f] bv] fpg'k5{ <
ª_ lbg]z/fh kGtsf] afnaflnsfkl| tsf] bl[ i6sf]0f s:tf] lyof] <
%= efj lj:tf/ u/ M
s_ j4[ j4[ fx¿nfO{ cfkmGtx¿sf ;fy 3/d} a:g] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ul/gk' 5{ .
v_ cvaf/x¿sf] cWoogn] ;dfh kl9G5 / Jofjxfl/s bl[ i6sf]0f agfpg d2t ldN5 .
^= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ nv] M
s_ lbgz] /fh kGtsf] afNosfnLg :jefj / ljzi] ftf s:tf] lyof] <
v_ lbgz] /fh kGtsf ss] :tf s[ltx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ <
u_ lbgz] /fh kGtn] hLjgdf u/]sf /fd|f sfdx¿ ss] ] xg' \ <
3_ lbg]z/fh kGtsf] hLjgLaf6 kfOg] k]|/0ff s]s] xg' \ <
;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^ 65
tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 M
rlr{t g]kfnL uflosf tf/fb]jL >i] 7sf] hGd lj=;+= @))@ df3 @ ut] OGbr| f]s, sf7df8f}Fdf ePsf] lyof] .
cfdf /fwf sfsL{ / afa' s[i0faxfb'/ sfsLs{ L 5f/] Lsf] ¿kdf pgsf] hGd ePsf] lyof] . pgn] Onfxfjfbaf6
;ªu\ Ltdf ‘ljzf/b’ u/]sL lyOg\ . tf/fb]jLsf] klxnf] uLt ‘ltd|f] Ps gh/sf] l;sf/ ====’ xf] . ;ªu\ Ltsf/
e/} jaxfb/' yfkfsf] ;ªu\ Ltaf6 pgn] ufogofqf cf/De ul/g\ . pgn] /]l8of] gk] fndf uflosfsf ¿kdf
sfo{ u/s] L lyOg\ . vf;u/L /fli6o« uf}/j / hftLo :jfledfg p7fpg] vfnsf uLtx¿ pgn] ufPsL l5g\ .
df}lnstf, gk] fnL df6f] / dg ;'xfpFbf] uLt ufog, gf/L uflosfsf] k]|/0ff, kq' ljof]u / kltljof]u ;xgk' /]sf]
kL8f cflb s'/fx¿ pgsf uLtsf ljz]iftf x'g\ . /]l8of] gk] fnaf6 crfgs lgsflnPsL pgL hLjgsf] clGtd
38Ldf dfgl;s tgfjdf hLjg latfpg ljjz ePsL lyOg\ . pgn] hLjgdf l5Ggntf k'/:sf/, hubDaf
>L k'/:sf/ cflb k'/:sf/ xft kf/s] L lyOg\ . uLt;ªu\ Ltsf] Ifq] df ct'ngLo of]ubfg lbg ;kmn tf/fb]jLsf]
d[To' lj=;+= @)^@, df3 * ut], sf7df8fdF} f ePsf] lyof] . pgL o; ;+;f/df g/x] klg cfÇgf cd/ uLtx¿sf
dfWodaf6 kT| o]s gk] fnLsf] dgdl:tisdf hLljt l5g\ .
s= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s nv] M
OGb|rf]s, ljzf/b, ;ª\uLt, k'qljof]u, l5Ggntf, hubDaf, dgdl:tis
v= 7Ls pQ/df /]hf -µ_ nufpm M
s= tf/fb]jL rlrt{ uLtsf/ x'g\ .
v= pgn] Onfxfjfbaf6 ;ªu\ Ltdf ‘ljzf/b’ u/s] L lyOg\ .
u= tf/fb]jLn] j|mflGtsf/L uLt ufPsL l5g\ .
3= tf/fbj] L gk] fnL df6f] / dg ;x' fpbF f] uLt ufpFl5g\ .
ª= tf/fbj] Ln] clxn] klg uLtx¿ ufpg] ul5{g\ .
u= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M
!= tf/fbj] Lsf] hGd slxn] / sxfF ePsf] lyof] <
@= tf/fbj] Lsf] klxnf] uLt sg' \ xf] <
#= tf/fb]jLsf uLtdf ss] :tf s'/fx¿ ;dl] 6Psf 5g\ <
$= tf/fb]jLsf uLtdf s]s:tf ljzi] ftfx¿ kfOG5g\ <
%= tf/fbj] LnfO{ s'g ;:+ yfaf6 lgsflnPsf] lyof] <
66 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^
;'gfO ;Lk
-k[i7 211 df lbOPsf] cg'R5]b_
lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;g' / tnsf sfox{ ¿ u/ M
!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ nv] M
s= hn;f| ]tsf bl[ i6n] gk] fn s:tf] /fi6« xf] <
v= d'n'ssf] ;al} t/sf] ljsf;sf nflu cy{tGqn] s:tf] e"ldsf vN] 5 <
u= gk] fndf /x]sf gbLgfnfaf6 slt d3] fjf6;Dd lah'nL lgsfNg ;lsG5 <
3= w]/} lah'nL pTkfbg ug{ ;sd] f s]s:tf OGwgsf] ljsNk lgsfNg ;lsG5 <
ª= g]kfnL oj' fx¿nfO{ :jb]zd} /f]huf/L lbnfpg] pkfo s] xg' ;S5 <
@= sf]i7saf6 vfnL 7fpdF f 7Ls pQ/ e/ M
s_ hn;Dkbfsf] ko| f]un] g]kfnsf] ================= ljsf; x'G5 . -cflys{ , ;f+:s[lts_
v_ ljB't\ zlQmsf] pTkfbg u/L ljb]zL ================= cfh{g ug{ ;lsG5 . -db' f| , zlQm_
u_ gk] fndf ================= xhf/ d3] fjf6 lahn' L pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . -*#, *@_
3_ ljB'tLo pmhfa{ f6 jftfj/0f ================= klg sd ug{ ;lsG5 . -cfe"if0f, kb| "if0f_
ª_ kofK{ t dfqfdf lahn' L eP pBfu] x¿ ================= ;lsG5 . -vf]Ng, aGb ug_{
Jofs/0f ;Lk
;+ofh] s M bO' { jf ;fe] Gbf a9L zAb tyf pkjfSox¿nfO{ hf]8\g] cJoonfO{ ;+ofh] s elgG5 .
/, clg jf, klg, lsgls, lsgeg], To;n} ,] t/, klg, gq, t/ hf,] hg' , h;n], ha,
h], hxf“, cflb zAbx¿ ;+ofh] s x'g\ .
lj:doflbaf]ws M wGojfb, cfDd}, 5\of, c/], lar/f, Sofjft\, lwSsf/, wGo, n, nf}, Hof, P, cF,
cf,] x,] ho, xfo, x/] cflb dfG5s] f] dgdf pTkGg x'g] xif,{ lj:dft, cfZro,{
v';L, 3[0ff h:tf s'/fx¿ k|s6 ug{ k|ofu] ul/g] cJoo zAbnfO{ lj:doflbafw] s
elgG5 . o:tf zAbn] egfOnfO{ cyk{ 0" f{ agfp“5g\ . To:t} egfOnfO{ :ki6 klg
kfb5{ g\ .
;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^ 67
lgkft M lg, t, g, nf}, v,} P, kf,] cx“, gfO,“ Sof/], Aof/,] c/], /] cflb PSn} cfpb“ f cy{ glbg]
cyf{t\ cfÇgf] :jtGq cy{ gePsf] t/ jfSodf ko| fu] xb“' f cleJolQmnfO{ cfsifs{
kfg]{ cJoo zAbnfO{ lgkft elgG5 .
!= jfSodf ko| fu] u/ M
;o+ f]hs M clg, klg, lsgeg], To;n} ], t/ hg' , ha, h]
lj:doflbafw] s M wGojfb, 5o\ f, c/], lar/f, lwSsf/, nf,} P, cf], ho, x/]
lgkft M t, nf}, v}, kf], cx,“ Sof/,] c/]
@= hf]8f ldnfpm M
lgkft clg, /, t/, lsGt,' lsgls, oBlk, tyflk
gfdof]uL Sof/,] lg, nf}, x,} x,F n, t, kf,] v,} Aof/]
;+of]hs lxhf,] 6'Kn'Ss, ¹§,} ;6' S' s, km' Q, la:tf/,} kf]xf]/
lj:doflbaf]ws dfly, dl' g, aflx/, l;t, adfl] hd, afx]s, ;d]t
ljm| ofljzi] f0f x/,] s7}, jfx, wt\, cxf,] cfxf, 5\of, Hof
#= kf7af6 bO' {b'O{ j6f lgkft, gfdof]uL, ;o+ fh] s, lj|mofljz]if0f l6k .
l;hg{ fTds ;Lk
!= ltdLn] lrgs] f] sg' } JolQmsf] af/]df Pp6f cgR' 5]b n]v .
@= lbOPsf ab'“ fx¿sf cfwf/df 5f]6f] hLjgL tof/ kf/
gfd M dfwjk;| fb l3ld/]
hGdldlt M lj=;+= !(&^, c;fh] &
hGd:yfg M k':t'g, ndh'ª
lzIff M ;+:s[tdf zf:qL
k;] fut ;+nUgtf M uf]/vfkqsf ;xfos ;Dkfbs, gk] fn k1| f k|lti7fgsf ;b:o,
pks'nklt / sn' klt
;flxlTos s[ltx¿ M gjd~h/L, 3fdkfgL -sljtf;ªu\ |x_
68 ;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^
– lsGg/lsGg/L, ;'gkªv\ L r/L -uLt;ªu\ x| _
– uf/} L, kflkgL cfdf, /fi6l« gdf{tf -v08sfJo_
– zs'Gtnf, cZjTyfdf -gf6s_
;flxlTos ofu] bfg M k|s[lt, dfgj / OZ{ j/nfO{ efjel" d agfO{ sljtf nV] g'
– 5Gbf]a4 sljtf dfq nV] g'
– afn;flxTosf Ifq] df klg snd rnfpg'
– kl/is[t efiffz}nLdf :jR5GbtfjfbL sfJosl[ tdf cfhLjg
;fwgf/t JolQm
ljZjsf cUnf lxdfnx¿ M
lxdfno bz] prfO -ld6/df_
;u/dfyf g]kfn **$*
dfpG6 s=] 6 ' kfls:tfg *&%)
s~hghª\3f g]kfn *%(*
NxfT] ;] g]kfn *%)!
dsfn ' gk] fn *$&)
wfn} flul/ gk] fn *!*@
rfo] ' g]kfn *!%^
gª\uf kjt{ g]kfn *!^@
cGgk"0f{ ! gk] fn *)&*
cGgk"0f{ @ g]kfn *)^*
;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^ 69
kf7 ^ df6f]
sljtf e'jgxl/ l;Ub]n
tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn/] ;an} ] k9 M
sd' fn]n] df6fa] f6 ls;fgx¿ df6f];Fu
efF8f agfp5F g\ . v]Nb} >d u5g{ \ .
3fd ¹l' NsbF f lxdfn aurF} fdf ;G' b/ km" n
6lNsG5 . km'n]sf 5g\ .
70 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^
tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ eg M
d ltdLn] df6fs] f] dlxdf ;g' s] f 5f} <
d df6f]sf ljzi] ftfx¿ s]s] x'g\ <
d hLjg wfGg] cfwf/ s] xf] <
d ls;fgn] vt] af/Ldf sfd u/s] f] ltdLn] bv] ]sf 5f} <
d df6f] / dflg;df s] ;dfgtf 5 <
tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn/] k9 M
d b]zsf] df6fd] f Oltxf; n]lvPsf] x'G5 .
d st[ £g dflg;nfO{ df6f]n] pkxf; ub5{ .
d df6f]n] ldlxg]tL dflg;;uF k|d] ub{5 .
d dflg;sf] hGd df6fa] f6 g} ePsf] xf] .
d df6f]sf] slxNo} klg d[To' xb'F g} .
d df6f] / dflg;sf aLrdf w/] } glhssf] ;DaGw /x]sf] xG' 5 .
d dflg;n] df6f] sF'b/] klg hLjg rnfpg ;Sb5 .
;'gufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^ 71
df6f] sljtfsf /rgfsf/ ej' gxl/ l;Ub]n x'g\ . g]kfnL ;flxTosf cu|h ;|i6f
l;Ub]nsf dxfsfJo, v08sfJosf ;fy} yk' |} km6' s/ sljtfx¿ klg ks| flzt
5g\ . syf, sljtf, lgaGw, pkGof; cflb ljwfdf snd rnfPsf l;Ub]nsf
sfgL, sn' axfb'/, cfdf]O{, ;f/ªu\ L nufotsf bhg{ f}F s[ltx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . pgsf
sl[ tx¿df bz] kd]| , ks| [ltk]d| , ;fdflhs ;b\efj, wfld{s ;lxi0ft' f, ;d;fdlos
oyfy{ h:tf ljifox¿ ;dl] 6Psf kfOG5g\ . df6f] sljtfdf slj l;Ub]nn] df6fs] f]
dlxdfufg u/]sf 5g\ . df6f] aflx/ b]Vbf ;fdfGo j:t' eP klg o;sf] ljz]iftf w]/} ePsf] rrf{ o;
sljtfdf ul/Psf] 5 . df6f]n] ;Tsd{ ug{ l;sfp5F . df6fn] ] kl;gf;Fu k]|d ug{] s/' f klg l;sfpF5 .
b'lgofF dbf{ klg cfkm" gdg{] df6fn] fO{ sFb' /] / df6f]df >d u//] g} dflg;sf] hLjg ;kmn x'g] rrf{ klg
o; sljtfdf ul/Psf] 5 . df6f] / hLjg Pp6} ePsfn] df6f]nfO{ la;{g gxg' ] ;Gbz] klg sljtfn] lbPsf]
5 . df6fs] f o:t} ljz]iftfnfO{ a'ˆgsf nflu sljtf k9 .
df6f] ;bj} Oltxf; egL /xG5
df6f] k|uf9 clen]v sFb' L /xG5
df6f] ux' f/ ;a;fy u/L /xG5
;Tsds{ f] lau'n dfq km'sL /xG5 .
df6f] s[t£g hgsf] pkxf; u5{
df6f] >dL / kl;gf;uF kd]| u5{
df6f] lxdfn;Fu xf:F t5 /] laxfg
df6f] u'nfkm;Fu kmN' b5 /] dxfg .
df6f] / hGd;Fusf] ddtf 5 x]/
df6f] / dflg; pxL ;dtf 5 w/]
df6f] lj;hg{ xb'F g} s;} u/] lg
df6f] 5 hLljt oxfF bl' gofF d/] lg .
zAbf {y ;bj} M ;w}F pkxf; M 7§f
ku| f9 M ulx/f] ddtf M dfof
clenv] M 9'ªu\ f jf wft'df nl] vPsf] s'g} dxŒjsf] ;dtf M a/fa/
laun' M km' s]/ ahfOg] afhf ljz]if lj;hg{ M ;lsg' jf ;dfKt xg' '
s[t£g M c¿sf] pksf/ gb]Vg] dfG5] b?' :t M p:t}
72 ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^
df6f] sFb' /] klg hLjg rNg ;S5
df6f] e'Nof] olb eg] clwsf/ hN5
df6f;] uF } 5 cg'xf/ ;bj} xfd|f]
df6f] / hLjg b?' :t 5 x/] xfd|f] .
!= tnsf zAbx¿ ;kmf cIf/df cfÇgf] sfkLdf tLgtLg k6s ;f/ M
k|uf9, ;Tsd,{ s[t£g, >dL, hLljt, lj;h{g, sbF' /]
@= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ nv] M
;b}j, clen]v, st[ £g, ddtf, lj;hg{ , clwsf/
#= jfSodf k|ofu] u/ M
k|uf9, lau'n, pkxf;, ;dtf, b?' :t, ddtf
$= tnsf zAbnfO{ ljk/LtfyL{ zAb;uF hf8] f ldnfpm M
s[t£g d/0f
df6f ] st[ 1
kd]| c;dfgtf
;dfgtf 9'ª\uf]
hLjg dfly
tn 3[0ff
;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^ 73
%= tnsf dWo] z4' zAbdf /h] f -µ_ nufpm M
!= c_ clen]v cf_ clan]v O_ ceLn]v O_{ cflen]v
O_{ lj;/\hg
@= c_ la;h{g cf_ lj;h{g O_ ljzhg{ O{_hLjLt
O_{ k|uf9
#= c_ lhljt cf_ hLlat O_ hLljt
$= c_ k|uf8 cf_ k3| f9 O_ k/u\ f9
^= tnsf zAb / cys{ f aLrdf hf]8f ldnfpm M
;bj} 3[0ff
ku| f9 a/fa/
pkxf; dfof
ddtf ;wF}
;dtf p:t}
b'?:t ulx/f]
k9fO÷nv] fO ;Lk
!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ nv] M
s_ df6f]n] s] slF' b/xG5 <
v_ df6f]n] s:tf] lau'n km'ls/xG5 <
u_ hLjg s;/L rNg ;S5 <
3_ df6fs] f] ;ae} Gbf w/] } ;dtf sf;] uF /xs] f] 5 <
ª_ df6f] slxn];Dd hLljt /xG5 <
$= tnsf jfSox¿ 7Ls jf a7] Ls s] xg' ,\ lrg]/ nv] M
s_ df6fn] ] cN5L dflg;;uF kd|] ub5{ .
v_ df6f] lxdfn;Fu xf:F b5 .
u_ df6f] / hGd;Fusf] ddtf x'G5 .
3_ df6f] / dflg;sf aLrdf ;dfgtf /xs] f] 5 .
ª_ b'lgofF dl/;Sbf klg df6f] hLljt /xG5 <
74 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^
%= ldNg] zAb /fv/] sljtf k/" f u/ M
df6f] ============================ klg hLjg rNg ;S5
============================ e'Nof] olb eg] clwsf/ hN5 .
df6f];uF } 5 cgx' f/ ;bj} ============================
df6f] / hLjg ============================ 5 x/] xfdf| ] .
^= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] Ps zAbdf pQ/ bp] m M
s_ df6fn] ] ;b}j s] s'/f elg/xG5 < v_ df6fn] ] s:tf dfG5n] fO{ pkxf; u5{ <
u_ df6f] sf];Fu kmN' b5 < 3_ df6fn] ] sf;] uF k|d] ub5{ <
ª_ df6f] e'Nbf s] s'/f hNg ;S5 <
%= efj lj:tf/ u/ .
s_ df6f] ;b}j Oltxf; egL /xG5
df6f] k|uf9 clen]v sbF' L /xG5
df6f] ux' f/ ;a;fy u/L /xG5
;Tsd{sf] laun' dfq km'sL /xG5 .
v_ df6f;] uF } 5 cg'xf/ ;bj} xfd|f]
df6f] / hLjg b'?:t 5 x]/ xfd|f] .
^= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ b]pm M
s_ df6f] sljtfdf dflg; / df6f]sf aLrsf] s:tf] ;DaGwnfO{ bv] fOPsf] 5 <
v_ df6f] sljtfdf df6f]sf] dlxdfufg s;/L ul/Psf] 5 <
&= df6f] sljtfdf elgPsf s/' fx¿nfO{ uBdf nv] / lzIfsnfO{ bv] fpm .
tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 M
dflg;sf] z/L/ df6f,] hn, t]h, jfo' / cfsfz h:tf tŒjx¿n] ag]sf] x'G5 . To;dWo] df6f] ;ae} Gbf
dxŒjk0" f{ tŒj xf] . xfdL hg' b]zdf hlGdPsf x'G5f,F} ToxL b]zsf] df6fn] ] xfd|f] z/L/ ag]sf] xG' 5 . xfdL
d/]kl5 klg ToxL bz] sf] df6fd] f ldn]/ hfg] u5f}{F . ToxL bz] sf] df6fa] f6 /;fP/ lgl:sPsf] kfgL lkP/ xfdL
afFRb5f,}F ToxL b]zsf] df6f]df plAhPsf] cGg vfP/ xfdLn] cfÇgf] z/L/df zlQm;~ro ub5{ fF} . df6fl] jgf
hLjgsf] sNkgf klg ug{ ;lsbF }g . ls;fgn] /ftlbg df6f];uF } v]n/] cGg pAhfpF5 / cfk"m afFr/] c¿nfO{
klg arfpF5 . xfd|f jL/ kv' fx{ ¿n] oxL df6fs] f nflu o'4 u//] bz] nfO{ arfP / Oltxf;sf] kfgfdf cfÇgf]
;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^ 75
gfd ;g' fn} f cIf/n] n]vfpg ;kmn eP . oxL df6fd] f kmn' s] f ;G' b/ k"mnx¿n] ;+;f/nfO{ ;j' fl;t ub5{ g\ . oxL
df6f]af6 efF8fs8F' f agfP/ s'dfnn] ] cfÇgf] hLjg wfGb5 . oxL df6fa] f6 ags] f ;G' b/ dl" t{x¿df dflg;n]
OZ{ j/ bV] b5 . To;}n] df6f]sf] dlxdf ck/Dkf/ 5 . df6f] dflg;sf nflu dfq} geP/ of] ;;+ f/sf x/]s
hLj,hgfj/ / jg:kltsf nflu hLjg wfGg] cfwf/ ;flat ePsf] 5 . cfÇgf] bz] sf] df6fn] fO{ dfof ug{]
dflg;nfO{ bz] eQm elgG5 . cfÇgf] b]zsf] df6f]nfO{ xn] f ug]{ dflg;sf] slxNo} enf] xF'b}g .
s= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s nv] M
tŒj, dxŒjk0" f{, zlQm;~ro, ;j' fl;t, dl" t,{ jg:klt, bz] eQm, ef8F fsF'8f
v= 7Ls pQ/df /]hf -µ_ nufpm M
s= xfdf| ] z/L/ kfFr j6f tŒj ldn]/ ags] f] xG' 5 .
v= 9ª' \uf /;fP/ kfgL lg:sG5 .
u= xfdL| jL/ k'vfx{ ¿n] cfk"m d/]/ c¿nfO{ arfPsf lyP .
3= km" nx¿af6 bu' G{ w cfpF5 .
ª= dflg;n] dl" t{df OZ{ j/ bV] b5 .
u= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M
!= xfd|f] z/L/ sn] ] ag]sf] xG' 5 <
@= xfdLn] cfÇgf] z/L/df s;/L zlQm;~ro u5f{F} <
#= ls;fgn] s] ub{5 <
$= s'dfn]n] s;/L cfÇgf] hLjg wfGb5 <
%= s:tf] dflg;nfO{ bz] eQm elgG5 <
;g' fO ;Lk
-k[i7 211 df lbOPsf] uLt_
lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;g' / tnsf sfo{x¿ u/ M
!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M
s= g]kfnLsf] 5ftL sn] ] ag]sf] xG' 5 <
v= ufos sxfF hGdL sxfF x'lsP{ sf x'g\ <
76 ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^
u= s] s/' fn] nfh 5f]Kg ;lsGg <
3= g]kfnLn] ;xg ;Sg] / ;xg g;Sg] s/' fx¿ s]s] xg' \ <
@= sfi] 7saf6 vfnL 7fpFdf 7Ls pQ/ e/ M
s_ gk] fnLsf] /utdf ============================== au]sf] 5 . -kx/f, 5x/f_
v_ ===============================/f6] Ln] d/] f] k6] el/Gg . -dfus] f], rfv]sf]_
u_ g]kfnLn] cfuf] ;x] klg ================================ ;xg ;Sb}g . -cGofo, Gofo_
3_ k/fofn] cfÇgf] el" ddf ====================== gk] fnLn] ;xg ;Sb}g . -6]s]sf,] 5s] ]sf_]
ª_ gk] fnLn] t[i0ff ;x] klg ================================ ;xg ;Sbg} . -pkxf/, lt/:sf/_
Jofs/0f ;Lk
OR5fy{s M
jQmfn] OR5f u/s] f] dg;fo k|s6 u5{ eg] To:tf] dg;fo k|s6 ug{ k|of]u ul/g] ljm| of OR5fys{
x'G5g\ . OR5fys{ ljm| of o;ks| f/ 5g\ M
stf{ ¿kfos kT| oo lj|mof
d
p“m a9,“" k9"“, nv] “," af]n"“, x¿] ,“
xfdL cf“} hfcf},“ a;f}+“, k9f“}, vfcf},“ a;f“,}
t“ P;\ uP;,\ k9;] \, n]v];\, af]n;] \
ltdL÷x¿ P ;'g], uP, k9], eP, x]/]
tkfO+÷{ x¿ g'xf]cf;] \ hfg'xfc] f];\, k9\g'xf]cf];,\ n]Vg'xf]cf];\
pm÷/fd÷;Ltf cf];\ nv] f;] \, k9f];\, af]nf;] \, af]nf];\,
pgL÷;Ltf pmg\ k9g" \, n]v"g\, af]n"g,\ a;g" \
pgLx¿ pmg\ k9g" \, nv] "g,\ af]ng" \, a;g" \
!_ tnsf jfSonfO{ OR5fys{ agfpm M
s= d c;n dfG5] aG5' .
v= xfdL ;a} ldn]/ b]zsf] ;j] f u5f{}F .
;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^ 77
u= /fd|f] sfd ug{] dflg;sf] s'enf] xF'bg} .
3= ltdL ;dfh;j] L aGg] 5f} .
ª= efOn] /fd|f cIf/ agfpg] 5 .
r= s]6fs6] Lx¿ rsrs ub}{gg\ .
5= tF ykSs a;\ .
h= w/] } dflg;x¿n] :jbz] d} /fh] uf/L kfp5F g\ .
¹= ljBfyLx{ ¿ cgz' fl;t aGnfg\ .
`= efl] n 3fd nfUg] 5 .
@_ OR5fy{ ljm| ofx¿sf] ko| f]u u//] Pp6f cg'R5]b nv] .
l;hg{ fTds ;Lk
!= tnsf vfnL 7fpFdf 7Ls zAb /fv]/ sljtf k/" f u/ / k9/] ;'gfpm M
oxL bz] sf, klxnf,] sfnL, lxdfn, d 5ftL, cIf/, dw;] , /fhwfgL
dn} ] cfvF f vfn] ]b]lv bV] g===================================== kfPF
d}n] ======================================== lrgb] l] v g]kfn n]Vg kfPF .
lxprF 'nLdf 3fdsf] ======================================== ls/0f v;]kl5
l;ª\uf] wtL{ hudu aG5 lxdfn xfF;k] l5 .
dr] Lbl] v ======================================== ;Dd ;a} ;/] fk] m]/f]
rn' f a]Un} eP klg Pp6} 3/ d/] f] .
lxdfn, kxf8, t/fO,{ ===================================== hxfF /x] klg
Pp6} bz] sf ;Gtfg xfdL hfh] f] eP klg .
78 ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff ^
cfvF fel/ el/====================================== gk] fnsf] 5fof
cfÇgfe] Gbf a9L nfU5 dnfO{ b]zsf] dfof .
ks| l[ tsf] =======================================;'Gb/tfsf] vfgL
======================================== ;Gtfg xfdL slt efUodfgL .
@= d/] f] b]z zLifs{ df sljtf n]v]/ sIffdf lzIfs / ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;g' fpm .
g]kfnsf s]xL P]ltxfl;s dlGb/, ejg tyf d"lts{ f lgdf0{ fstf{ M
zLtn lgjf; M s[i0fzdz]/
tn]h' dlGb/ M dxLGb| dNn
kfNkfsf] gf/fo0f dlGb/ M cd/l;x+ yfkf
s'df/Lsf] dlGb/ M hoks| fz dNn
dLg ejg M dLgzdz]/
a9" fgLns07 dlGb/ M lji0f' uK' tf
gS;fn eujtL dlGb/ M gj;fu/
sfi7d08k M nIdLg/l;x+ dNn
nfn b/af/, ;t] f] b/af/ M jL/zdz]/
blIf0fsfnL dlGb/ M kt| fk dNn
;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^ 79
kf7 & p8'jf xn' fsL
syf ceo >i] 7
tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ ;an} ] k9 M
cfxf ¤ d o;kfln 3fs] /] xf]Og, a¹' ]/
sIffdf ky| d ePF lg . k9g\ k' 5{ .
ljBfyL{x¿ tO' gdf dnfO{ lbbLn] lr7L
¹l' G8P/ ljBfno hfGy] . k7fOg\ .
80 ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff ^
tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ eg M
d ltdLn] :ju{ uPsf dflg;sf af/]df ;g' ]sf 5f} <
d ltdLn] ;t' ]sf] j]nfdf ;kgf b]Vg] u/s] f 5f} <
d ltdLn] t'Ogaf6 dflg;x¿n] ofqf u/s] f] bv] ]sf 5f} <
d ltdL 3fs] /] k9\5f} ls a'¹/] k95\ f} <
d s] ltdLn] ¹fn] ª' u\ ] kn' bv] ]sf 5f} <
tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ k9 M
d cf]xf] ¤ t'Ogaf6 v;]/ w/] } dflg;x¿sf] Hofg uPsf] /x]5 .
d d[To' ePsf dfG5x] ¿ :jua{ f6 xfdLnfO{ xb] {5g\ .
d xfdLn] bfhl' bbLn] l;sfPsf sfd v?' v?' ugk{' 5{ .
d 3f]s/] xf]Og a¹' ]/ k9\g] dfG5 ;w}F ;kmn xG' 5 .
d xfdL ;a} ldn/] ;Fu} ljBfno hfG5f}F .
d klxn] lqzn" L gbLdf jf/kf/ ug{ t'Ogsf] k|of]u ul/GYof] /] .
d kxf8n] cfsfz yfds] f] h:tf] b]lvg' ;To s/' f xf]Og .
;'gufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^ 81
p8'jf xn' fsL syfsf nv] s ceo >i] 7 x'g\ . logL uhn, sljtf, syf cflb ;flxTosf]
/rgf u5g{ \ . logsf km" nljgfsf] zfvf-uhn;ª\u|x_,sfofsNk -sljtf;ª\u|x_ tyf
t];|f] lsgf/f -syf;ªu\ |x_h:tf sl[ tx¿ ks| flzt 5g\ . ;dfhsf ljleGg kIfx¿nfO{
ljifo agfP/ syf nV] g] syfsf/ >i] 7 dfgjLo hLjgsf cgs] ¿kx¿sf] rrf{
u5g{ \ . ;fdflhs ;d:of tyf cefjsf sf/0f l;lh{t ;d:ofx¿sf sf/0f hf]lvddf
k/s] fx¿nfO{ ljifo agfP/ syf nV] g] >i] 7sf] ‘p8'jf x'nfsL’ ;d:ofd"ns oyfyd{ f
cfwfl/t syf xf] .
g]kfnsf clwsf+z gbLx¿df kn' sf] Joj:yf gePsf sf/0f tO' gdf ¹'lG8P/ ofqf ug{'kg{] afWotf 5 .
o:tf] afWotfsf] l;sf/ ljBfno hfg] ;fgf gfgLx¿ xg' ] u/s] f 5g\ . o; syfdf ;l' bg gfdsf] kfFr
jifLo{ afnssL lbbLsf] dT[ o' tO' gaf6 v;]/ ePsf] bbg{ fs ljifo ;dl] 6Psf] 5 . lbbLsf] d[To' ePkl5
ljrlnt ePsf] ;'lbgsf] dgsf] lanfg} f klg syfdf ;d]l6Psf] 5 . cfk"m;Fu} ljBfno hfg]cfpg] /
cfk"mnfO{ k9fOdf k|l] /t ug]{ lbbLsf] d[To' t'Og r'lF 8Psf] sf/0fn] ePkl5 ;l' bg PSnf] ePsf] 5 . PSnf]
ePsf] ;l' bgn] cfÇgL lbbLnfO{ lr7L n]v/] p8j' f x'nfsL cyft{ \ rªu\ fsf] dfWodaf6 :jud{ f k7fPsf]
5 . d[Tok' l5sf] cj:yfaf/] e|ddf k/]sf] ;'lbgn] cfÇgf lanf}gfx¿ cjZo klg lbbLn] yfxf kfpg]
cfzf u/]sf] s/' f o; syfdf b]vfOPsf] 5 . syfdf caf]w afndgf]lj1fgsf ;fydf tO' g oftfoftn]
lgDTofPsf] ;d:ofsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 .
!
kfrF jif]{ ;l' bgn] ;kgfdf lbbLnfO{ b]Vof] . lbbLn] b'j} xft dflylt/ prflng\ . rf/l} t/ 8f8F fn] yfds] f]
cfsfznfO{ ;lhn} 5fO] g\ / wSsf lbOg\ . cfsfz t stf xf] stf dfly kf] ws]lnof] . clg lbbL cfkmF}
klg la:tf/} cfsfzlt/ p8g\ yflng\ . lbbL 6fl9bF } uPkl5 tn hldgaf6 ?Fb} ;l' bgn] eGof], ‘lbbL w]/}
dfly ghfpm, afbnn] 5f]Knf, tn cfpm .’
dfly cfsfzdf afbnsf] kbf{ kG5fpFb} lbbLn] elgg\, ‘d/] f] Kof/f] efO, d clxNo} cfpg kfpFlbgF . ltdL
jl/kl/sf oL 8fF8fn] cfsfz c8o\ fPsf 5g\ eGYof}, klxnf Tof] xf] ls xf]Og, ltdL cfkm}F kQf nufpm .
To;kl5 ltd|f] hjfkm ;G' g d cfpF5' .’
‘;fFRrL cfpF5\of} <’
‘cfp5F ' . sx] L u/L Tolt j]nf cfpg kfOgF eg] ltdL /fdf| ] k9/] sIffdf km:6{ ePkl5 awfO{ lbg cfpF5' .
3fs] /] xf]Og, a'¹/] k9\g" . a'¹]sf] s'/f hLjgdf ptfg{" . bM' vdf k/]sfnfO{ pksf/ ug{" . Toltv]/ d
cjZo cfp5F ' .’
82 ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^
‘kSsf cfpF5\of} <’
‘kSsf, cfp5F ' d]/f] Kof/f] efO ¤’
‘cfOgf} eg]== ¤’
‘Tolt jn] f klg cfpg kfOgF eg] ;D¹g", ltdLn] c¹} w]/}
ldlxg]t ug{ afsF L 5 . ltdL 7n" f] / c;n dfG5] x'g" . 7n" f]
nv] s jf snfsf/ xg' " . geP k/fk] sf/L 8fS6/, jf OlGhlgo/
xg' " . ljktd\ f k/s] fnfO{ ;3fpg" . h] eP klg, h] ag] klg 7"nf]
/ c;n rflxF aGg" . To;kl5 t s;u} /L d ltdLnfO{ e6] g\
cfOxfN5' . t/, To;sf nflu ltdLn] cfÇgf] :jf:Yosf] klg
Vofn /fVg'k5{ . 7Ls ;dodf ;'Tg,] 7Ls ;dodf vfg], 7Ls
;dodf p7\g] ug'{k5{ . clncln vN] g' klg k5{ . To;eGbf
a9LrflxF /fd/| L k9\gk' 5{ .’
‘x'G5 . d ltdLn] eg]h:t} u5{' . t/, d}n] ltdLnfO{ va/rflxF s;/L k7fpg" sl' Gg ¤ ltdL t afbnkfl/
:jud{ f a:5o\ f} /], xfO] g <’
‘xf], dnfO{ ltdLn] lr7L nV] g" lg efO ¤’
‘x'G5, d lr7L n]V5'’, ;l' bgn] eGof], ‘t/, ltdL ÅoF}, xfdL;uF } a; g lbbL ¤ lsg dfly PSn} a:5\of} <’
;l' bg ¹NofF:; laplF ¹of] . lbbLnfO{ ;D¹/] ?g yfNof] . xh/' cfdfn] dfofn] d';fb{} p;sf] cf;F '
kl' 5lbge' of] .
@
Ps dlxgfcl3 dfq p;sL Kof/L lbbL t'Ogaf6 v;]/ :juL{o eOg\ . cl3Nnf] jif{;Dd lbbLefO ufpsF f]
Pp6} :sn' df k9y\ ] . lbbL ;w}Fh;f] p;sf] g/d xft ;dft]/ lxF8fplF yg\ . geP, afs] ]/} sIff;Dd
k¥' ofplF yg\ . lbbL p;nfO{ slt dfof ulyg{ \ ¤ o;} jif{ pgL sIff ( k9\g h'Ogfaf6 kLkne~Hofª hfg'kg]{
eof] . ToxfF kU' g h'Ogf gbLdfly t'Og r9\gk' Yof]{ . gbLdf ;wh}F ;f] 8/nfUbf] kfgLsf] en] alu/x]sf]
xG' Yof] . slxn]sfxLF ;/n] kmnfdsf] tf/df ¹'G8\ofOPsf] sf7sf] sfj] |mfd] f kfrF , ;ft hgf;DdnfO{ /fvL
zAbf {y OlGhlgo/ M ;8s, 3/, kn' cflbsf] :j¿k tO' g M kn' sf ;§fdf jf/kf/ alnof] 8f]/L
tof/ kfg{] JolQm s;L 3'/f]{ ePsf] 8f]/L ¹'G8o\ fOg]
/ To;d} f a;L gbL jf vf]nfsf
sf]jm| f] M 6fs] /L, t?' ª, lkhF 8fh:tf] dfG5] jfl/kfl/ tg{] Ps ;fwg, tl' xg
c6fpg] ;fwg
:juL{o xg' ' M dT[ o' xg' ,' k/nf]s hfg'
ljkt\ M cfkt\
;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^ 83
tf/df ;dfP/ sfj] m| f] xfFSb} kfl/ k¥' ofpg'xG' Yof] . ;/ gx'Fbf cfkm}nF ] lstfasf] ¹f]nfdf afs] L NofPsf]
lvl/nf] / gfDnfsf] 8f/] L kmnfdsf] tf/df ¹'G8o\ fP/ To;d} f a;L tgk{' Yof]{ . o:td} f Ps lbg afwF ]sf]
8f]/L km:' s]/ lbbL h'Ogf gbLdf vl;g\ . pgnfO{ gbLn] aufP/ sxfFsxfF k'¥ofof] . aNn tLg lbgkl5 w]/}
tn au/df zj e]l6of] . lbbL lat]sf] rf}yf] lbg p;n] xh/' cfdfnfO{ ;f]w]sf] lyof], ‘xh'/cfdf, rGb]n| ]
eg]sf], lbbL afbnkfl/ :jud{ f l5g\ /] . xf]nf t xh/' cfdf <’
‘===xf,] af xf’] , cf;F ' k5' b\ } lgs}a]/kl5 xh'/cfdfn] eGge' of] .
‘To;f] eP lbbL dnfO{ e]6\g slxn]
cfplng\ sl' Gg <’
xh'/cfdf Psl5g csdSs
kge'{ of] .
‘ltdLn] /fd|/L k9]/ 7"nf] dfG5]
agk] l5 :ofaf; eGg lbbL cfpF5]
lg af ¤’
clg clxn] ;kgfaf6 lapFl¹P/
?Fb} p;n] xh'/cfdfnfO{ ToxL s/' f
;fW] of] . xh'/cfdfn] p;u} /L eGg'eof], ‘xf] af xf] .’
lbbLn] ;kgfdf / xh/' cfdfn] lakgfdf egs] f] 7o\ fSs} ldNof] .
#
kl;{kN6 zlgjf/ af;Fu} ;l' bg wl;ªu\ /] kxf8 plSnof] . p;nfO{ oxL kxf8n] cfsfz yfd]¹}F nfUYof] .
kxf8sf] 6'Kkfdf k'u]/ x]bf{ t cfsfz ToxfFeGbf klg dfly csf{] cUnf] kxf8n] yfd]sf] /x]5 . af;Fu
p;n] o;af/] ;f]Wof] .
‘b]Vg t To:t} bl] vG5 . Tof] cUnf] kxf8sf] 6fs'/fdf k'Ubf klg To;eGbf cUnf] csf]{ kxf8n] cfsfz
yfd]¹}F b]lvG5’, afn] eGge' of], ‘cfsfz eg]sf] vfnL 7fpF xf], To;nfO{ kxf8n] yfDg'kb}{g .’
;l' bg kxf8 r9\of] . gofF s/' f kQf nufof] . t/, lbbL e6] g\ cfOgg\ . 3/ cfP/ p;n] lr7L nV] of] .
zAbf {y lvl/nf] M sl;nf;] uF afl6Psf] 8f/] L zj M nf;
lakgf M lapF¹]sf] jf hfus] f] cj:yf,
glgbfPsf] j]nf
84 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^
‘lbbL, cfh d Tof] kxf8 r9]F . vf]O, d/] f] hjfkm ;G' g ltdL cfOgf} t ¤ P a¹' ]F, ltdLn] d sIffdf km:6{
gxG' h]n cfpFlbgF eg]/ 3s' L{ nf’sL xf}nL . 7Ls} 5 . d cjZo km:6{ xG' 5,' ltdLn] x]l//fVg" . t}klg cfh
d}n] kQf nf’sf] s/' f ;'g, wl;ªu\ /] kxf8n] cSsf; yfd]sf] xf]Og /x]5 . Tof] t oxfFaf6 b]lvg] dfq
/x]5 . ToxfaF f6 To;eGbf cUnf] cs}{ kxf8n] kf] yfd]sf] bl] vg] /x5] ¤ afn] eGg'e’sf,] cSsf; eg]sf]
vfnL 7fpF xf] /] . ToxfF k'u]kl5 dnfO{ klg xf] h:tf] nfUof] . t/, To;eGbf cUnf] csf]{ kxf8n] yfd]sf]
rflxF lsg b]lvof] xF < ltDnfO{ yf’ 5 ls <’
$
/ftlbg kfgL cfO] l/g] avf{df; ;lsof] . b;Fl} txf/sf] /fd/dfOnf] / s7o\ fª\lu|Fbf] klg ;lsof] .
;'lbgnfO{ lbbLsf] ;D¹gf eg] ¹g¹\ g\ tfhf eO/xs] f] lyof] . vfbF f klg, :s'n hfFbf klg, xfd] js{ ubf{
klg p;nfO{ lbbLn] kd]| k"j{s l;sfPsf] ¹¹Nsf] cfO/xGYof] .
qd} fl;s k/LIff, xflh/hjfkm / cltl/Qm ljm| ofsnfkx¿df cufl8 cfP klg clGtd k/LIffdf pm y8{
dfq xg' ;Sof] . ;]sG] 8 AjfoeGbf pm b'O{ gDa/n] dfq k5fl8 k/s] f] lyof] .
h]xf;] \, of] va/ lbbLnfO{ lbg' t k¥of] ¤ lbbLn] egs] L lyOg\, lr7L nV] g" . t/, s;/L k7fpg" < of]rflxF
lbbLn] elggg\ t ¤ klxn] nv] s] f] lr7L klg k7fpg kfPsf] 5g} . lbbL afbnkfl/ :jud{ f l5g\ . ;fob
ToxfF xjfOh{ xfh dfq kU' g ;S5 . ‘d]/f] lr7L nlub]pm’ eg]/ pm xjfOh{ xfhnfO{ eGg ;Sb}g . lsgeg]
cfh;Dd p;n] xjfO{hxfhnfO{ e]6]sf] 5g} , cfsfzdf p8]sf] dfq bv] ]sf] 5 . r/fx¿n] klg p;sf]
lr7L k'¥ofOlbg ;Sbf xg' \ . ltgn] klg p;nfO{ 6]nfg{ \ h:tf] 5}g . lsgeg] ltgn] p;sf] efif} aˆ' bg} g\ .
c¹ tL t pm glhs kb}d{ f e/' { pl8xfN5g\ . s:tf] s'/f ga'¹]sf ¤ Psl5g ud/] a;]kl5 pm d';'Ss
xfF:of] . b;F} ;lsPsf] w/] } eP klg p;n] cfÇgf] 7"nf] rªu\ f, wfuf] / n§fO{ hf]ufP/ /fvs] f] lyof] . p;n]
rª\ufdf lr7L nV] of] . rª\uf g} o:tf] p8'jf xn' fsL xf] hg' p;sL lbbL;Dd k'Ug] 5 .
Kof/L lbbL, ltdLn] eg]¹}F ubf{ klg o;kfln d bO' { gDa/n] k5fl8 k/]/ t;] f| ] dfq xg' ;sF] . Pp6f
q}dfl;s k/LIffdf t dn} ] ;an} fO{ lht]s} xf] lg ¤ l;sfpg ltdL eObs] L eP dnfO{ s;}n] slxNo} lhTg
;Sbg} Yof] . ;SYof] t lbbL < Ifdf rfxG5' lbbL ¤ t/, csf{] jif{ t k|yd g} xG' 5,' geP To;kl5sf]
jif{rflxF cjZo xG' 5' . nf} dn} ] jfrf u/]F . of] yfxf kfP/ klg dnfO{ awfO{ lbg gcfPsL < slt dfq}
7"nL xg' 'k/]sf] afa} ¤
zAbf {y 3s' L{ M wfs] f] k"/f ugs{ f lgldQ ul/Psf] n§fO{ M rªu\ f p8fpbF f wfuf] ag] { ko| f]u
a7o\ fOF, bv] fj6L l/; ul/g] sf7sf] an] gfsf/ ;fwg
l7xL
cSsf; M cfsfz p8j' f M Hofb} lr;f]
s7\ofª\lu|bF f] M hf8fn] ] ssS| s k/s] f] M p8\g] :jefjsf]
;'gufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^ 85
zAbf {yP a¹' ,]F clxNo} awfO{ lbg cfP d dflQP/ k9\g} 5f8\5' eGg] ;fr] ]sL xf}nL . To:tf] t lsg x'g lbGy]F
/ ¤ t}klg ltd|f] ljrf/nfO{ d ;nfd 7f]S5' . d 7"nf,] c;n / dxfg\ dfG5] ag]kl5 dfq e6] g\ cfp5F '
eg]sL xfn} L . 7Ls} 5 . d ltdL;Fu ug' f;f]rflxF
ulbg{ F . Pp6f s'/f, dnfO{ rflxF dxfg\ aGge' Gbf
klxn] of] h'Ogf gbLdf k'n xfNg'k5{ eGg] nfus] f] 5
x} lbbL ¤ s'/f 7Ls} xf] lg, xf]Og / < oxfF kn' gxbF' f
tO' gaf6 v;]/ slt hgf dl/;s] ¤ cl:t dfq ltd|L
;fyL hdg' f klg t'Ogaf6 v;]/ dl/g\ . ltdLn]
yfxf kfof} s] < hdg' fsL cfdf slt /fP] sL afa} ¤
p;sf] afaf klg To;u} /L /f]P . Tof] bv] ]/ ;f/f
ufpnF ] /f]P . d klg /f]PF . yfxf 5, d lsg /f]PF <
hdg' f tO' gaf6 v:bf dnfO{ hdg' f xf]Og, d]/} lbbL
tO' gaf6 v;]¹}F nfUof] . xfO] g, o; vf]nfdf k'n
agfpg lsg s;}n] g;f]r]sf xfn] fg\ xF < OlGhlgo/x¿ s] xl] /a;s] f xfn] fg\ ¤ lbbL, o; gbLdf kn'
xfNg s;/L ;lsPnf, ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 < 5}g eg] klg 7Ls} 5 . Tof] s'/f d cjZo kQf nufpF5' .
x]l//fVg", s;}n] gxfn] Ps lbg d cfkmF} oxfF k'n xfn/] } 5f8\5' . d rfxG5', ;;+ f/sf ;f/f efOx¿sf
lbbL ltdLh:t} dfofn' xfp] mg\ . ltgLx¿ sf]xL t'Ogaf6 gv;"g\ . ltdL gxbF' f d slt PSnf] 5,' Tof]
ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5g} / lbbL < hd'gf gx'Fbf p;sf] efOnfO{ klg t To:t} ePsf] xfn] f . cxf] ¤ of] ;D¹g'
slt bM' vnfUbf] s/' f 5 ¤ ;fRF rL, oxfF k'n xfNg' hlt dxfg\ s'/f c¿ s]xL xf]nf / lbbL ¤ a? To;kl5
ltdLn] egh] :t} 7"nf] / c;n nv] s, snfsf/ jf pksf/L 8fS6/ agnF' f . nf} t, To;kl5 eP klg
ltdL cfpg" x} < ltdLnfO{ e]6\g gkfpFbf d slt bM' vL 5' ¤ lakgfdf gcfpg] eP PskN6 ;kgfd} eP
klg cfpm g lbbL ¤ pxL ltdf| ] Kof/f] efO ;l' bg ¤
To;kl5 rª\ufsf] csf{k] l§ p;n] nV] of,] ‘kfpg], Kof/L lbbL ;'lDgdf, 7]ufgf M afbnkfl/ :ju{ .’
ca p;sf] p8j' f xn' fsL ;f]¹} cfsfz tfSb} dflydfly pl8/x]sf] lyof] . ;'lbg sNkgf ub{} 5,
Psl} 5gdf Tof] afbnkfl/ :ju{df lbbLsxfF kU' g] 5 . lr7L kfP/ lbbL slt v;' L xf]lng\ ¤ a? ltgn]
hjfkm kmsfp{ g km;' {t kf] kfplng\, gkfplng\ .
;nfd M Ps k|sf/sf] clejfbg
u'gf;f] M cfTdLohg;uF ks| 6 ul/g] dgsf]
kL/dsf{ jf b'v;] f]
86 ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^
!= tnsf zAbx¿ ;kmf cIf/df cfÇgf] sfkLdf tLgtLg k6s ;f/ M
OlGhlgo/, ¹NofF:;, :ju{, csdSs, wl;ª\u/], qd} fl;s
@= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ nv] M
ljkt\, :juLo{ x'g,' lvl/nf,] lakgf, l7xL, n§fO{, ;nfd, OlGhlgo/
#= jfSodf ko| f]u u/ M
t'Og, sf]jm| f, zj, cSsf;, s7o\ fª\lubF| f,] p8j' f, u'gf;f]
$= s_ tnsf] jfSonfO{ z'4 kf//] ;f/ M
Kofl/ lblb, ltldn] eg¹] } ubf{ klg o;kfln d b'O gDd/n] k5fl8 k/]/ t;] f| ] dfq x'g ;s] .
v_ tnsf dWo] z4' zAbdf /h] f -µ_ nufpm M
!= c_ afbnkfl/ cf_ jfbnkfl/ O_ afbnkf/L O_{ jfbnkf/L
@= c_ bzl}F txf/ cf_ b;l}F txf/ O_ b;}ltxf/ O{_ bz}Tof/
#= c_ q}df;Ls cf_ qd} flifs O_ q}dfl;s O_{ qd} flzs
$= c_ OGhLlgo/ cf_ Ol{ Ghlgo/ O_ OGhLgLo/ O{_ OlGhlgo/
%= tnsf zAbnfO{ ljk/LtfyL{ zAb;Fu hf]8f ldnfpm M
dv" { la:dft
;fx' ljsif0{ f
:jb]z la;Grf]
xif{ ljåfg \
lxp“b ljofu]
;Grf] ljb]z
;o+ f]u jiff{
cfsif0{ f cf;fdL
;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff ^ 87
^= tnsf zAb / cys{ f aLrdf hf]8f ldnfpm M
ljkt\ cfsfz
:juL{o xg' ' lr;f]
sf]j|mf] clejfbg
cSsf; cfkt\
l7xL d[To' x'g'
;nfd 6f]s/L
&= tn lbOPsf] kf7sf] cgR' 5b] k9 / lbOPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ n]v M
;'lbg kxf8 r9o\ f] . gofF s'/f kQf nufof] . t/, lbbL e]6g\ cfOgg\ . 3/ cfP/ p;n] lr7L
n]Vof] .‘lbbL, cfh d Tof] kxf8 r9]F . vfO] , d/] f] hjfkm ;G' g ltdL cfOgf} t ¤ P a¹' ,F] ltdLn] d
sIffdf km:6{ gxG' hn] cfpFlbgF eg/] 3'sL{ nf’sL xf}nL . 7Ls} 5 . d cjZo km:6{ x'G5,' ltdLn]
x]l//fVg" . t}klg cfh dn} ] kQf nf’sf] s/' f ;'g, wl;ª\u/] kxf8n] cSsf; yfd]sf] xf]Og /x5] .
Tof] t oxfFaf6 bl] vg] dfq /x]5 . ToxfaF f6 To;eGbf cUnf] cs}{ kxf8n] kf] yfds] f] bl] vg] /x]5 ¤
afn] eGg'e’sf], cSsf; egs] f] vfnL 7fpF xf] /] . ToxfF ku' ]kl5 dnfO{ klg xf] h:tf] nfUof] . t/,
To;eGbf cUnf] csf]{ kxf8n] yfd]sf] rflxF lsg bl] vof] xF < ltDnfO{ yf’ 5 ls <’
s= dflysf] cg'R5b] af6 kfrF j6f gfd zAb l6k M
================, ================, ================, ================, ================
v= dflysf] cgR' 5]baf6 kfFr j6f rGb|laGb' - F _ nfus] f zAb l6k M
================, ================, ================, ================, ================
k9fO÷nv] fO ;Lk
!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ nv] M
s_ ;'lbg lgbf| af6 laplF ¹Pkl5 lsg ?g yfNof] <
==========================================================================================
v_ ;'lbgsf ljrf/df kxf8 s]n] yfds] f] lyof] .
==========================================================================================
88 ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff ^
u_ ;l' gbnfO{ lbbLsf] ;D¹gf sltv/] tfhf x'bF } uof] <
==========================================================================================
3_ ;'lbg afaf;uF sxfF uof] <
==========================================================================================
ª_ hdg' fsf] d[To' s;/L ePsf] lyof] <
==========================================================================================
@= tnsf jfSox¿ 7Ls jf a7] Ls s] x'g,\ lrg/] n]v M
s_ k9/] a¹' ]sf] s/' f hLjgdf ptfg'{k5{ .
v_ clGtd k/LIffdf ;l' bg k|yd eP/} 5f8o\ f] <
u_ lbbLn] ;'lbgnfO{ slxNo} lr7L gn]Vg" egs] L lyOg\ .
3_ ;'lbgn] hO' gf gbLdf cfkmn}F ] k'n agfpg] ljrf/ u¥of] .
ª_ ;'lbgn] rª\ufdf lbbLnfO{ lr7L k7fof] .
#= ldNg] zAb /fv/] vfnL 7fpF e/ M
s_ 3f]s]/ xf]Og, ==========================k9\g" .
v_ ltdL 7n" f] / c;n ========================== xg' " .
u_ 7Ls ;dodf ;'Tg,] vfg] / ========================== ug{'k5{ .
3_ ==========================af;Fu} ;l' bg wl;ªu\ /] kxf8 plSnof] .
ª_ lbbL afbnkfl/ ========================== l5g\ .
r_ r/fx¿n] klg p;sf] ========================== k'¥ofOlbg ;Sbf xg' \ .
5_ oxfF ========================== gxFb' f tO' gaf6 v;/] slt hgf dl/;s] ¤
$= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] Ps zAbdf pQ/ b]pm M
s_ ;l' bgn] ;kgfdf s;nfO{ bV] of] <
v_ ;l' bg / p;sL lbbL k9\g sg' 7fpF hfGy] <
u_ ;'lbgsf] dgdf s;sf] ;D¹gf ¹g¹g tfhf eO/xs] f] lyof] <
3_ ;s] ]G8 AjfoeGbf ;'lbg slt gDa/n] kl5 k/s] f] lyof] <
ª_ ;'lbgn] s]nfO{ p8j' f x'nfsL agfPsf] lyof] <
;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^ 89
%= s;n] s;nfO{ eg]sf] xf] < kf7sf cfwf/df vf]h]/ eg M
s_ ltd|f] hjfkm ;G' g d cfp5F ' .
v_ ltdL t afbnkfl/ :jud{ f a:5o\ f} /] xfO] g <
u_ ltdLn] /fd|/L k9/] 7n" f] dfG5] agk] l5 :ofaf; eGg lbbL cfp5F ] .
3_ ltdL eOb]sL eP dnfO{ s;n} ] slxNo} lhTg ;Sbg} Yof] .
ª_ s;}n] gxfn] Ps lbg d cfkmF} oxfF k'n xfn/] } 5f85\ ' .
^= efj lj:tf/ u/ .
s_ b'Mvdf k/]sfnfO{ pksf/ ug"{ .
v_ dnfO{ rflxF dxfg\ aGge' Gbf klxn] of] h'Ogf gbLdf k'n xfNg'k5{ eGg] nfu]sf] 5 .
u_ ;;+ f/sf ;f/f efOx¿sf lbbL ltdLh:t} dfofn' xfp] mg\ .
&= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ bp] m M
s_ ;l' bgsL lbbLn] ;l' bgnfO{ s:tf] dfG5] aGg egs] L lyOg\ .
v_ ;l' bg / p;sL lbbL s;/L ljBfno hfg] cfpg] uy{] <
u_ af;Fu 3d' ]/ kmlsP{ kl5 ;l' bgn] lbbLnfO{ s] eg/] lr7L nV] of] <
3_ ;l' bgn] cfk"mn] s:tf] dfG5] aGg] ofh] gf agfof] <
ª_ p8'jf x'nfsL syfaf6 ltdLn] s] lzIff kfof} <
*= p8'jf x'nfsL syfdf gk] fnsf] s'g ;d:ofsf] af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 / To;sf]
;dfwfg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 < j0f{g u/ .
tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 M
gk] fnsf] kxf8L eu] df w]/} gbLx¿ 5g\ . tL gbLsf jfl/ / kfl/ ljleGg ufpF / a:tLx¿
/xs] f 5g\ . Pp6f ufpaF f6 csf{] ufpFdf hfgsf nflu ljleGg ¹fn] ª' \u] k'nx¿ / st}st}
;jf/L;fwg jf/kf/ ug{ ;Sg] kSsL k'nx¿ klg agfOPsf xG' 5g\ . ;a} 7fpFdf k'nsf] Joj:yf
gx'bF f tO' g klg agfOPsf] x'G5 . t'Og eGgfn] gbLsf] jf/kf/ alnof] 8f/] L s;L 3/' f{] ePsf]
8f/] L ¹G' 8\ofOg] / To;}df a;L gbL jf vfn] fsf jfl/kfl/ tg]{ Ps ;fwg eGg] al' ¹G5 .
s'gs} g' } t'Ogdf dflg;x¿ a:g] / ;fdfgx¿ /fVg] sfj] |mf] jf 8Aaf klg ¹G' 8o\ fOPsf] xG' 5 .
ljzi] fu/L lqz"nL,hO' gf, ef6] ]sf];L nufotsf gbLx¿df tO' gx¿af6 dflg;x¿ jf/kf/ u/]sf]
90 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^
b]Vg kfOG5 . sltko 7fpFx¿df ljBfyL{x¿ ljBfno hfgcfpg;d]t tO' gsf] ko| f]u ul/Psf]
kfOG5 . tO' gsf] ko| f]u hf]lvdk"0f{ xG' 5 . slxns] fxLF tO' g r'Fl8P/ dflg;x¿ gbLdf 8a' s] f]
/ pgLx¿sf] d[To;' d]t ePsf 36gfx¿ ;G' gdf cfpF5g\ . t/ klg dflg;x¿ tO' gsf] k|of]u
u/L ofqf ug{ afWo x'G5g\ . ;/sf/n] ljleGg 7fpFdf ¹f]nª' u\ ] kn' agfP/ t'Og lj:yflkt ug{]
ofh] gf agfPsf] 5 . oL ofh] gfx¿ j|mdzM sfof{Gjog x'Fb} 5g\ .
s= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s n]v M
¹f]n'ªu\ ], Joj:yf, lqz"nL, rlF' 8P/, hfl] vdk0" f,{ ¹G' 8\ofOPsf
v= 7Ls pQ/df /h] f -µ_ nufpm M
s= gk] fndf gbLx¿sf jfl/ / kfl/ vf;} a:tLx¿ 5g} g\ .
v= k'n gePsf 7fpFdf tO' g agfOPsf 5g\ .
u= ljBfyLx{ ¿ eg] t'Ogdf ofqf ubg}{ g\ .
3= t'Ogsf] ofqf hfl] vdk"0f{ xG' 5 .
ª= tO' gdf ofqf ug'{ Tolt pQd xfO] g .
u= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M
!= Pp6f ufpFaf6 csf{] ufpF hfg vf]nf / gbLx¿df ss] :tf ;fwgx¿ 5g\<
==========================================================================================
@= tO' g egs] f] s] xf] <
==========================================================================================
#= g]kfnsf sg' sg' gbLx¿df t'Ogx¿ 5g\ <
==========================================================================================
$= ss] :tf ;dfrf/x¿ ;G' gdf cfp5F g\ <
==========================================================================================
%= ;/sf/n] t'Ogsf ljifodf s:tf] of]hgf agfPsf] 5 <
==========================================================================================
;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^ 91
;'gfO ;Lk
-ki[ 7 212 df lbOPsf] cg'R5]b_
lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;'g / tnsf sfox{ ¿ u/ M
!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M
s_ ‘l;PgPg lx/f] @)!)’ s;nfO{ 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] 5 <
v_ pgL s'g ;+:yf;“u ;Da4 l5g\ <
u_ pgL s;/L ‘l;PgPg lx/f] @)!)’ aGg ;kmn eOg\ <
3_ o:tf] pkflw s'g–sg' Ifq] df sfd ug]{ JolQmnfO{ lbOG5 <
ª_ ‘cleoGtf’ / ‘hf]lvdk"0f{’ zAbsf] cy{ nv] .
@= sf]i7saf6 vfnL 7fpdF f 7Ls pQ/ e/ M
s_ cg/' fwf sf]O/fnf ========================================== cleofgsL cleoGtf xg' \ .
v_ cg/' fwf sf]O/fnf ;g\ ========================= df l;PgPg lx/f] eOg\ .
u_ ================================ x¿n] xfn]sf] ef6] af6 l;PgPg lx/f] 5gf]6 ul/G5 .
3_ cg/' fwf sf]O/fnfsf] hGd ========================== lhNnfdf ePsf] lyof] .
ª_ cg'/fwf ========================= gfds ;:+ yfdf sfd ul5g{ \ .
Jofs/0f ;Lk
lnª\u M efn] jf kfy] L 56' o\ fpg] lrÅgnfO{ lnª\u elgG5 . gk] fnLdf lnª\u b'O{ k|sf/sf 5g\ M
!= kl' nªu\ @= :qLlnªu\
!= k'lnªu\ M efn] gfd jf k'?if hfltnfO{ a'¹fpg] zAbnfO{ kl' nªu\ elgG5 . afaf, bfO, legfh,'
/fhf, k'?if, s6] f],5f]/f,] /fd, efO, HjfO“, uf]?, efn,] a]xn' f,] sfsf, dfdf, /fu“ f], xh/' af, k'mkfh'
cflb k'lnªu\ a'¹fpg] zAb x'g\ .
@= :qLlnª\u M kfy] L gfd jf :qL hfltnfO{ a¹' fpg] zAbnfO{ :qLlnª\u elgG5 . efph," lbbL, cfdf,
s]6L, 5f]/L, ;Ltf, alxgL, ufO{, kfy] L, /fgL, dlxnf, ax] n' L, sfsL, dfOh", e;}“ L, xh/' cfdf, km' k"
cflb :qLlnª\u a¹' fpg] zAb xg' \ .
92 ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff ^
lnª\u kl/jtg{
k'lnª\unfO{ :qLlnª\u df / :qLlnª\unfO{ k'lnª\udf kl/jtg{ ug{n' fO{ lnªu\ kl/jtg{ elgG5 .
!_ ;ª\st] sf] ;xfotfn] jfSo kl/jtg{ u/ M
s_ efGhL, 5f/] L / alxgL ;uF } a:5g\ . -kl' nªu\ _
v_ ax] 'nfn] efn] do/" dg k/fP . -:qLlnªu\ _
u_ ;fgfa] fas' f] ufnfdf sf7] L /x]5 . -:qLlnª\u_
3_ /fdL| s6] Ln] /fdf| ;] Fu k9s] L 5] . -k'lnª\u_
ª_ d]/f] 5f/] f] eg]sf] dfG5 . -:qLlnª\u_
r_ tF 3/ hfG5;\ . -:qLlnª\u_
5_ pm k}bn lx8F g\ a9L dg u5{ . -:qLlnª\u_
h_ clgtf 5f/] LnfO{ 3/ k7fpFl5g\ . -k'lnª\u_
¹_ ljb'/n] afnaRrf xs' f{P5g\ . -:qLlnªu\ _
`_ d]/L ;fyLsL lbbL cfpg'eof] . -k'lnªu\ _
6_ ltdL ljBfno hfG5f} . -:qLlnªu\ _
@= tnsf] cgR' 5b] nfO{ kl' nªu\ eP :qLlnªu\ / :qLlnªu\ eP k'lnª\udf kl/jt{g u/ M
pm kfv] /fdf uPsf] lyof] . pm ToxfF tLg lbg;Dd a;s] f] lyof] . p;sL alxgL klg kf]v/f uPsL
lyO{ . alxgLn] pml;t kmf6] f] lvr]sL lyO{ . p;n] ToxfF /dfOnf] u/]sf] lyof] .
l;h{gfTds ;Lk
!= cfÇgf] j/k/ 36]sf] sg' } 36gfnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ syf n]Vg ;lsG5 . syf nV] bf ;ae} Gbf
klxnf ljifosf] 5gf6] ug'{k5{ . Tof] ljifodf ;x' fpg] sx] L kfqx¿sf] sNkgf ug{k' 5{ . To;kl5
ljifoj:t'nfO{ tL kfqsf dfWodaf6 cufl8 a9fpg'k5{ . o;/L syf nV] bf syfsf] cf/De,
To;sf] ljsf; tyf cGTo s;/L ug]{ eGg] s'/fsf] ofh] gf agfpgk' 5{ . kfqx¿nfO{ s'/fsfgL
ug{ nufP/ ;+jfb /fVgk' 5{ . kfqx¿sf] af/]df aofg u//] jf kfqn] bv] fpg] ljm| ofsnfkaf6
pgLx¿sf] af/d] f hfgsf/L lbg ;lsG5 . syfdf ;Gbe{cg';f/ cg'R5]b kl/jtg{ ul/G5 .
;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^ 93
o:tf cgR' 5b] w]/} ;fgf / nfdf klg x'g ;S5g\ . nfdfeGbf 5f]6f cg'R5b] x¿ a9L cfsifs{
x'G5g\ .
@= lbOPsf] hfgsf/Lsf] cfwf/df Pp6f syf nv] clg lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm M
Pp6f hªu\ ndf 7"nf] l;dnsf] ¿v ==== ¿vsf] 6f]8s\ fdf Pp6f sfnf] ;k{ a:g] u/]sf] ====
;f]xL ¿vsf] xfu“ fdf sfusf] u'8“ ==== u8“' sf aRrfx¿nfO{ ;kn{ ] vfg] u/]sf] ==== hª\unsf]
glhs ;kmf kfgL ePsf] Pp6f kf]v/L ==== kfv] /Ldf gx' fpg ;w}“ Pp6L o'jtL cfpg] ==== cfÇgf
cfÇgf x/s] k6ssf aRrfnfO{ vfg] ;kn{ fO{ s;/L tx nufpg] egL sfun] hl' Qm ;fl] r/xs] f]
==== Ps lbg o'jtLn] gx' fpg nfUbf cfÇgf] xL/fsf] xf/ unfaf6 km' sfnL kf]v/Lsf] l8ndf
/fvs] L ==== ;f] xf/nfO{ sfun] bv] L Rofk/] p8]sf] ==== sfun] xf/nfO{ ;k{ a:g] 6f8] s\ fdf
/flvPsf] ==== sfusf] lk5f ub}{ cfPsf dflg;x¿n] ;k{ df/L 6f]8s\ faf6 xf/ nu]sf ==== ;k{
dfl/Pkl5 sfusf aRrfx¿ ;lhn} xs' ]s{ f ==== c¿nfO{ bM' v lbgn] ] g/fdf| ] kl/0ffd efU] gk' g{] /
cfk"meGbf alnof] zq'nfO{ ann] xfO] g h'lQmn] tx nufpgk' g{] ;Gb]z .
#= ltdLnfO{ dg k/]sf] s'g} Pp6f syf sIffdf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;g' fpm .
s;nfO{ s] elgG5 M
s] elgG5 < s;nfO{ <
xl/ttf/f e[s'6L
:jfdL dxf/fh /0faxfb'/ zfx
sjLGb | k|tfk dNn
sljlz/f]dl0f n]vgfy kf8} \ofn
/fhlif{ dxf/fh h'4zdz/]
Oltxf; lz/fd] l0f afa/' fd cfrfo{
gk] fn]Zj/ >Llgjf; dNn
ljdfg kl08t cRo'tfgGb
d08n]Zj/ oIf dNn
94 ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^
kf7 * lzIff xfd|f] clwsf/
gf6s t'n;Lxl/ sf]O/fnf
tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ ;a}n] k9 M
dn} ] t cfÇgf] u[xsfo{ d laxfg cfdfafafnfO{
ul/;sF] lg . 9fU] g] u5{' .
d cfÇgf] sfd xfdLx¿ sIffdf
cfkm}F u5{' . ldn/] a:5fF} .
;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff ^ 95
tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ eg M
d ltdLn] cfÇgf] ux[ sfo{ ;dodf g} ul/;S5f} <
d ltdL laxfg slt ah] p75\ f} <
d s] ltdL cfdfafaf / u?' sf] cf1fkfng u5f}{ <
d ltdL ;w}F g'xfpF5f} t<
d cfkm" n] sg' } sfd uNtL ubf{ ltdLnfO{ s:tf] cge' j x'G5 <
tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ k9 M
d wQ]l/sf ¤ dn} ] t cfh cfÇgf] lstfa Nofpg} la;{5] ' .
d 3/df cfpge' Psf kfxg' fx¿nfO{ d ;wF} gd:sf/ u5'{ .
d ;fyLx¿ d;Fu slxNo} ¹u8f ub}{gg\ .
d ¹6' f] s/' f af]n]df kfk nfU5 .
d ;fyLn] cfkm" n] u/s] f] uNtL ;Rofpg dfkmL dfUof] .
d c;n dflg;nfO{ ;an} ] dfof u5g{ \ .
d lgoldt ug{] sfd Ps lbg ug{ gkfpbF f cfkmn}F fO{ gdHhf nfUb5 .
96 ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^
lzIff xfd|f] clwsf/ gfds gf6ssf nv] s t'n;Lxl/ sf]O/fnf x'g\ . pgL
afnaflnsfsf nflu gf6s / syfx¿ nV] 5g\ . lzIff xfd|f] clwsf/ gfds gf6s
;d:ofdn" s gf6s xf] . xfd|f] b]zsf sltko afnaflnsfx¿ afWo eP/ c¿sf]
3/df 3/]n' sfdbf/sf] ¿kdf a:g afWo 5g\ . ltgLx¿n] dflnssf] 3/df sfd
ubfu{ b{} lzIffsf] clwsf/af6 jl~rt x'g'k/s] f] 5 . o; gf6sdf To;/L g} dflnssf]
3/df gf]s/L ug]{ bLks / /fh]Gb| h:tf afnsx¿n] ;an} ] k9g\ kfpgk' 5{ eGg]
;/sf/sf] gLltaf/] yfxf kfPkl5 cfk"mx¿h:t} csf{] Pp6f 3/df 3/n] ' sfdbf/sf] ¿kdf a;s] L dfofnfO{
;d]t ;fydf lnP/ ;/sf/L sfofn{ odf uPsf] b]vfOPsf] 5 . ;+ofu] n] pQm 7fpFdf cfof]hgf ul/Psf]
sfo{jm| dsf] p2]Zo klg cfÇg} ;d:ofdf cfwfl/t ePsf] / To; sfoj{ m| ddf cfÇgf dflnsx¿;dt]
cfPsf] bv] fOPsf] 5 . sfofn{ o kd| 'vsf] ;xof]udf tL afnaflnsfx¿n] k9\g kfpg] s'/fsf] lglZrt
ePkl5 gf6s 6ª' \UofOPsf] 5 . yk s/' f yfxf kfpg gf6s k9 .
-bLks / dfof csf{sf] 3/df sfd ug{ a;]sf !@÷!#
jifs{ f s]6fs6] L x'g\ . cfN] nf]kNnf] 3/df eP klg sfdsf]
r6f/f]n] / dflns–dflnSgLsf] 8/n] klg pgLx¿sf]
e]63f6 sd / x/] fx/] w/] } x'G5 . cfh eg] ;a} sfd ;s/]
ukm} ug{ e6] ePsf x'g\ ._
bLks M dfof, ltdLn] Pp6f s/' f yfxf kfof} ls yfxf
kfPsL 5}gf} <
dfof M s] s/' f xf] To:tf] yfxf kfpg'kg]{ < dnfO{ t
s;n} ] s]xL eg]s} 5g} , s;/L yfxf kfpg' / <
bLks M lxhf] xfdf| ] 3/df sx] L ckl/lrt dflg;x¿ cfPsf lyP . pgLx¿n] d/] f] dflnsnfO{ v}
s]s] xf] s'lGg, w/] } s/' f ;fw] /] x/} fg kf/] . tkfOs{+ f] 3/df sfd ug{] s]6fs6] L /fv]sf] 5 ls
5}g < /fv]sf] eP k9\g :sn' k7fPsf] 5 ls 5g} < of] s]6f] sf] xf] < eg/] w/] a} /] ;fw] Lvfh] L
ul//xs] f lyP .
zAbf {y ckl/lrt M glrgs] f,] lrghfg gePsf]
;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff ^ 97
dfof M Tolt hfaf] ;f]wLvf]hL ub}{df s] g} eof] t ¤ ss] ] g egfnF} f h:tf] u5f,}{ s/' f rflxF s]xL g sx] L .
bLks M olt dfq} t s] s/' f eof] / lg . uf7F L s'/f t cs{} kf] 5 t ¤
dfof M ef] 5f]l8b]pm, ltdL–xfdL egs] f t pgLx¿n] 3/sf] sfd u/fpg /fvs] f uf]7fnf t xfF} lg .
pgLx¿n] h];'s} ukm u¿g\, xfdLn] lsg rf;f] /fVg' < pgLx¿sf s/' fn] xfdLnfO{ s] g} xg' '
5/<
bLks M To;f] xfO] g lg dfof . pgLx¿n] t ltdL–xfdLh:t} 3/3/df sfd ug{ /fvs] f s]6fs6] Lx¿s}
af/]df s'/fsfgL ub}{ lyP / kf] dn} ] 7f8f sfg nufPsf] t . dn} ] pgLx¿sf s/' fsfgL ;a}
;g' s] f] 5' . a‰' of} t, d]/f] dflnsn] ca dnfO{ klg :sn' egf{ ul/lbg] /] . ca d klg k9\g
kfpF5' ls h:tf] kf] 5 t a'4" s]6L . cfkm" nfO{ s:tf] v';L nflu/xs] f] 5 .
dfof M -cfZro{ dfGb}_ P, xf] / ¤ ltdLn] klg k9g\ kfpg] eof} t ca < To;f] eP, nf} ltdL klg w/] }
k9/] dflnssf 5f/] fx¿h:t} 7"nf] dfG5] ag To;f] eP .
-v'Oøo ub_{} cfkm" t sfddf hfl] tPsf] hfl] to} . ul/asf 5f]/f5f]/L eP/ hlGdPkl5 h:tf;] s' }
bM' vsi6 klg efU] g'kg{] /x5] .
bLks M -s'/f a'¹fpbF }_ v,} ltdLn] s'/f a'�s] L < ul/a eGb}df k9\g} kfpgx' 'bF }g eGg] 5g} lg ¤
pgLx¿sf 3/sf] sfd ug{ klg g5f8] f}Fnf / k9g\ klg hfpnF f . wgLsf 5f/] f5f]/L xg' \ ls
tGgd ul/asf 5f]/f5f]/L x'g,\ k9\g kfpgk} g{] s/' f t afnclwsf/ leqsf] klxnf] s/' f kf] xf]
c/] t ¤
dfof M xf]nf lg t/ ltdf| dflns h:tf bofn' sxfF 5g\ /, d]/f dflns < clnslt sfd laluo| f],
pgn] eGg]lalQs} lrof–skmL tof/ kfl/gF eg] t lkl6xfN5g\ .
bLks M To;f] eP tL lxhf] xfdf| d] f cfPsf dfG5] ltdf| ] 3/df cfPgg\ ls s] xf] <
dfof M v,} dnfO{ s] yfxf < 7"nf dfG5]n] afn] ]sf] 7fpdF f, c� aflx/sf dfG5] cfPsf] jn] fdf,
pgLx¿n] gaf]nfO{ cufl8 uof], s/' fsfgL ;G' of] eg] t leqL sf]7fdf nu/] skfn pvN] 5g,\
r6\sg xfG5g\ kf] t ¤ s'6fO vfge' Gbf t rf;f] g/fVg' g} hftL .
bLks M nId0fnfO{ klg ltdLnfO{ h:t} u5g{ \ c/] . xfdLn] ca sx] L g s]xL pkfo ;f]Rgk} 5,{ a'ˆof} .
dfof M v'a} ;fR] of} pkfo . o;/L ltdL;uF afn] s] f], a;]sf] bv] ] eg] t gfgfyl/ eG5g\ .
zAbf {y uf7F L M d'Vo sfddf hft] fpg' M w/] } sfd nufpg'
uf]7fnf M gf]s/, rfs/ tGgd M clt ul/a
7f8f sfg nufpg ' M rgfvf] eP/ ;G' g' r6s\ g xfGg' M ufnfdf hf8] ;Fu r8\sfpg'
a'4" M al' 4 gePsf] rf;f] g/fVg' M aj] f:tf ug,'{ dtna g/fVg'
98 ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^
bLks M -cflF 6nfh] :tf] xF'b}_ ltdL–xfdLn] 8/fP/ x'Fb}g ca . dn} ] Pp6f clkm; bv] s] f] 5' . Tof] clkm;sf
dfG5]n] xfdLh:t} csfs{ f] 3/df sfd ug{ a;]sf s]6fs6] Lx¿nfO{ ;xofu] u5{ c/] . ToxLF
uP/ /fhG] b|n] pgLx¿nfO{ s] s] egk] l5 t xf] lg p;n] k9g\ kfPsf] . ToxfF uP/ ;a} s'/f
eg]kl5 pgLx¿ cfkm}F cfP/ 3/dflnsnfO{ ;D¹fO–a¹' fO u5{g\ c/] . yfxf 5 ltdLnfO{,
o;/L xfdLnfO{ h:t} gk9fO,{ /fdf| ];uF vfgnfpg glbO,{ s6' lk6 u/]/, dfl;s tna klg
glbO{ 3/sf] sfddf dfq} hf]tfpFbf t 3/ dflnsnfO{ afnclwsf/ xgg u/]sfd] f d'2f kf]
nfU5 c/] lg .
dfof M -vO' øo ;:' s/] f xfNb}_ u¥of} v'a} d'2f < h;sf] t 6]Sg] g ;dfpg,] p;n] d'2f xfNg] ¤
bLks M d'2f ltdL–xfdLn] xfO] g Sof a'4", pgLx¿n] g} u5{g\ c/] lg t .
dfof M P, xf] / <
bLks M xf] t lg, dn} ] ug]{ eg]/ ltdLnfO{ sxfF eg]sf] 5' t < ltdL klg s/' } al' ‰bgf} .
dfof M s] ug{] t ca, ltdL g} eg .
bLks M ef]ln laxfgsf] ;a} sfd ;s/] vfgf vfPkl5 /fhG] bn| fO{ klg af]nfpmF . clg ltg} hgf ldn]/
Tof] clkm;df hfpFnf .
-efl] nkN6 bLks, dfof / /fh]Gb| ;Nnfxcg';f/ hDdf x'G5g\ . pgLx¿ pQm sfof{no
vfH] b} hfG5g\ . sfof{nosf] rf}/df yk' |} dfG5] en] f eP/ efif0f ul//x]sf bl] vG5g\ . efif0f
ul//x]sf] 7fpFdf pgLx¿ ltg} hgfsf dflnsx¿ klg al;/xs] f] bv] ]/ crDddf k5{g\ /
8/qf;n] s] u/fF} / s;f] u/fd}F f xG' 5g\ ._
/fh]Gb| M -cflF 6nf] bl] vbF }_ ltdLx¿ g8/fcf], sx] L x'Fb}g .
lxF8, leq} hfcf}F . sfx] L g sf]xL t xfn] fg\ lg
leq .
-s6] fs6] Lx¿ leq k;s] f] b]v/] sfof{nosf]
dfG5] klg sfoj{ |md:ynaf6 leq cfpF5g\ /
pgLx¿nfO{ ;f]wLvf]hL u5g{ \ . bLksn] ;a}
s/' f eG5 . cfkm" x¿nfO{ k9\g dg eP/ klg
ljBfno hfg gkfPsf] ug' f;f] ;'gfp5F g\ . To;kl5 sfofn{ osf] dfG5] pgLx¿nfO{ ToxLF
zAbf {y dfl;s tna M sfd u/a] fkt kT| os] dlxgf 6S] g] g ;dfpg] M a];xf/f
kfpg] k};f efif0f M dflg;x¿sf] hd36sf aLrdf cufl8
d2' f M ph'/L, Gofo kfpgsf nflu uP/ lbOg] jQmJo
cbfntdf lbOg] lgj]bg
;'gufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^ 99
a;fP/ aflx/ lgl:sG5g\ . Ps}l5gdf csf{] Ps hgfnfO{ lnP/ leq k:5g\ . pgLx¿sf ;a}
s'/fx¿ tL dfG5]nfO{ atfOlbG5g\ . To;/L s'/f ;G' g] JolQm g} To; ‘afnclwsf/ ;+/If0f
d~r’ sf sfofn{ o kd| v' x'G5g\ ._
kd| 'v M n, ltdLx¿sf ;a} s/' fx¿ dnfO{ yfxf
eof] . ltdLx¿ aflx/ uP/ Ps} 7fpFdf
al;/fv . cfh s'g lbg xf] < ltdLx¿nfO{
yfxf 5 <
s]6fs]6Lx¿ M -dv' n] cfjfh glgsfnL g} yfxf
gePsf] efjdf 6fpsf] xNnfp5F g\ ._
k|d'v M cfh t afnlbj;sf] lbg xf] . afn lbj; egs] f] ltdLx¿s} xslxt / clwsf/sf s'/f ug{]
lbg xf] . kSs} klg cfhaf6 ltdLx¿nfO{ /fdf| ] Joj:yf xG' 5 .
-pgLx¿ aflx/ sfoj{ |md :yndf uP/ Ps} 7fpFdf a;]/ efif0f ;G' g yfN5g\ . ToxfF pgLx¿sf
dflnsx¿n] klg efif0f u5{g\ . efif0fdf ss] ] eg,] pgLx¿n] sx] L a¹' ], s]xL a'¹]gg\ . t/
3/df sfd ug{ /fv]sf s6] fs6] Lx¿nfO{ cfÇg} 5f/] f5f/] L;/x vfgnfpg lbPsf,] :sn' k9\g
k7fPsf], pgLx¿n] ;Sg] sfd dfq ug{ nufPsf] eg/] dflnsx¿n] efif0fdf eg]sf] ;'Gbf
rflxF pgLx¿ 5Ss k/] . ha tL k|d'vsf] afN] g] kfnf] cfof], pgLx¿ ¹g\ Wofg lbP/ ;'Gg
yfn] . kd| v' n] klg w]/} s/' f eg] t/ pgLx¿n] rflxF cfkm" x¿sf af/]df s] eG5g\ eGg]d}
Wofg lbO/x]sf lyP ._
k|dv' M xfdL efif0fdf 7"nf7"nf s'/f u5f}+{
t/ 3/–Jojxf/df rflxF To;sf]
7Ls pN6f] ul//x]sf xG' 5f}F . cfh
afnlbj;sf] lbg xf] . afnaflnsf
egs] f ;a}sf x'G5g\ . xfdL klg ToxL
pd]/ kf/ u//] cfPsf xf}F . cfÇgfnfO{
;j:{ j ug,{] s]xL sfd ug{ gnufpg]
t/ csfs{ f 5f/] f5f/] LnfO{ rflxF s]xL
klg gug]{ . o;f] ug'{ egs] f] t kfk xf] . ul/asf 5f/] f5f/] Lx¿nfO{ /fdf| ] Jojxf/ u//] ,
k9fOlbP/ efl] nsf nflu lzlIft gful/s agfOlbg ;lsof] eg] p;sf] eljio t aG5
zAbf {y d~r M ;ef;Dd]ng ug{ tof/ ul/g] pRr 5Ss kg{ M cfZror{ lst xg' '
d08k, -:6]h _ ;j{:j M ePe/sf] ;Dk0" f{, ;a}
efj M xfpefp
100 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^
The words you are searching are inside this book. To get more targeted content, please make full-text search by clicking here.
Green Sungava Nepali 6
Discover the best professional documents and content resources in AnyFlip Document Base.
Search