Green Sungava Nepali 6

cAbn' snfdsf] lgbz{] g tyf /v] bv] df ef/tn] b'O{ j6f cGtl/Ifofg clUg tyf k[YjLsf] ;kmn k/LIf0f
u¥of] . lognfO{ ef/tdf ‘ld;fOn Dofg’sf] ¿kdf lrlgG5 . ef/tn] cGtl/If cleofgdf kfPsf]
;kmntfsf] >]o lognfO{ g} hfG5 . logL cGtl/Ifofg tyf k/df0f' cg';Gwfgdf lgs} lj|mofzLn lyP .
306f;F} Dd sfddf nfUg,] sg' } s'/f ;fr] k] l5 To;sf] ulx/fO;Dd k'Ug] tyf c;kmntfaf6 ljrlnt
gxg' ] h:tf :jefjn] lognfO{ c;n JolQmsf] ¿kdf :yflkt u¥of] .

cAb'n snfd s6] fs]6Lx¿nfO{ ;fx}| dfof uy]{ . pgL cfkm" hLjge/ cljjflxt /x] t/ aRrfx¿
eljio xg' \ To;n} ] logLx¿sf] lh1f;f zfGt ug{'k5{ eGg] logsf] dfGotf lyof] . ljBfnox¿df
uP/ s]6fs6] Lx¿sf] aLrdf cfÇgf cg'ej ;'gfpg,] pgLx¿n] ;f]w]sf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ lbg] tyf
pgLx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ s'/fdf lognfO{ cfgGb nfUYof] . lognfO{ jL0ff ahfpg tyf sljtf n]Vg
?lr nfUYof] . lognfO{ lzIfs xg' 'df w/] } uj{ lyof] . logn] cfÇgf] Pp6f efif0fdf egs] f 5g\ – lzIf0f
cToGt dxfg\ k;] f xf] h;n] ljBfyL{sf] rl/q, Ifdtf tyf eljiosf] cfsf/ tof/ u5{ . dnfO{
dflg;x¿n] c;n lzIfssf] ¿kdf ;lD¹P eg] Tof] d]/f nflu ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;Ddfg x'g] 5 . kl/>ddf
ljZjf; ug]{ snfd 7"nf7"nf ;kgf b]Vg k|]l/t uy{] . logL efUo sl7g kl/>dsf] kl5 nfU5 eGy] .
pgL eGy], ‘O{Zj/ To:tfsf] ;fydf x'G5 hf] cfÇgf] d2t u5{ . lj1fgsf] cf/De kZ| gaf6 xG' 5 To;n} ]
;+;f/sf] klxnf] j1} flgs afns xf] lsgls pm kZ| g / lh1f;fsf] vfgL xf] .’

ul/a kl/jf/df hlGdPsf P=kL=h] cAbn' snfd k9fOkl| tsf] ?lr tyf b]zkl| tsf] ;dk0{ fsf sf/0f
ef/tsf P3f/f}F /fi6k« ltsf] ¿kdf ;g\ @))@ df lgjfl{ rt ePsf lyP . kb\dei" f0f tyf ef/t/Tgaf6
;Ddflgt snfdsf] /fi6k« tLo sfo{sfn cToGt ;kmn /xs] f] lyof] . /fi6«kltsf] ¿kdf cfkm" n] kfpg]
kfl/>lds bfg ug{] snfd /fi6«kltsf nflu /flvPsf] ljz]if vfnsf] s;' Ld{ f a:bg} y] . pgL c¿;uF }
;fdfGo s';Ld{ f a;]/ e6] \g cfpg] cfuGt'sx¿;uF s/' f uy{] . hgtfsf /fi6k« ltsf] ¿kdf lrlgPsf
snfd kbaf6 dQ' m ePkl5 n]vg tyf lzIf0fdf a9L lj|mofzLn /xg yfn] . logL ljleGg j}1flgs
;ª\3;+:yfx¿df cfa4 /x]/ sfd ug{ yfn] . ljleGg ljZjljBfnox¿df k|fWofkg u/] .

zAbf {y clUg M cfuf] /fi6«ktLo M /fi6k« lt;uF ;DalGwt
cleofg M ;fdflhs nIo k|flKtsf nflu ul/g] sfos{ fn M sfdsf] cjlw
kfl/>lds M sfd u/]afkt lbOg] /sd, tna
sfo{, ultljlw cfuGt's M kfxg' f, cfpg] dfG5]
cfa4 M ;n+ Ug
cljjflxt M ljjfx gu/]sf] ljZjljBfno M k9g\ ] k9fpg] pRr:t/sf]
jL0ff M xftn] ahfOg] Ps k|sf/sf] tf/ afhf
k|]l/t M k|/] 0ff lbOPsf] zl} Ifs ;:+ yf
;dk0{ f M s;}nfO{ sg' } s'/f lbg] sfd, ;D' kg] k|fWofkg M lzIf0f, k9fpg] sfd

sfd

;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff ^ 151

zAbf {ycAb'n snfdn] k':tsx¿ klg nv] s] f 5g\ . logsf OlG8of @)@) M c lehg km/ b Go' ldnl] god,
ljª\U; ckm kmfo/ h:tf k:' tsx¿ w/] } nf]slko| 5g\ . logsf] hLjgdf cfwfl/t cfO Pd snfd
gfds rnlrq lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . cAbn' snfdn] cfÇgf] cfTdsyfdf nv] s] f 5g,\ ‘nV] g' d]/f] k|d]
xf] . tkfO+{ h]nfO{ kd]| ugx{' 'G5 To;nfO{ w]/} ;do lbg'xG' 5 . d klg lbgsf] b'O{ 306f nv] gnfO{ lbG5' .
vf;u/L d dWo/ftdf nV] g ?rfp5F ' .’ P=kL=h] cAb'n snfdnfO{ sn]hsf] Pp6f sfo{j|mddf ;fl] wPsf]
lyof,] ‘tkfO{+ w]/} ;kmn xg' 'x'G5 . olt eP/ klg s'g} lbg tkfOn+{ fO{ dn} ] o;f] ug{ ;lsgF eGg] k5'tf]
s'g} s/' fdf k/s] f] 5 ls < snfdn] pQ/ lbPsf lyP, d/] f dftflktf nueu ;o jif{ afFrs] f lyP .
pgLx¿sf] hLjgsf] pQ/fwd{ f xfdf| ] ufpdF f lah'nL w/] } sfl6GYof] . dn} ] Toltv]/ ;fn] f/ Kofgn /fv]/
aQL aflnlbg ;ss] f] eP d/] f cleefjsnfO{ ;lhnf] x'g] lyof] . dn} ] To;f] ug{ ;lsgF eGg] s/' fn]
dnfO{ w/] } bM' vL agfpF5 . cleefjsnfO{ o;/L ;Ddfg ug{] snfd cfh klg nfvf}F dflg;sf k|]/0ffsf
;f| ]t ags] f 5g\ .
cfÇgf] ;/' Iffsf] jf:tf gu/L c¿nfO{ ljklQaf6 hfu] fpg' g} ;fx; xf] eGg] dfGotf ePsf cAbn'
snfd ;fbf hLjg pRr ljrf/ ePsf dxfg\ j}1flgs x'g\ . logn] hLjgdf w]/} ldlxg]t u/] . 7"nf7"nf
;kgf b]v] / To;nfO{ ;fsf/ kfg{ sl7g >d u/] . hLjge/ ;a}sf] cfbz{ ags] f snfd ef/tsf
dfq xfO] gg,\ ;du| ljZjs} cfbz{ JolQm x'g\ . lzIff, lj1fg, ;flxTo tyf ;dfh;]jfsf] If]qdf plQs}
;kmn /x]sf snfdsf] ;g\ @)!% hn' fO{ @& df lgwg eof] . logsf] lgwgn] l;ªu\ f] ljZjnfO{ g} 7"nf]
Iflt k'¥ofPsf] cge' j ul/Psf] 5 .

cfTdsyf M cfÇgf] af/d] f cfkmn}F ] n]v]sf] syf
pQ/fw{ M s'g} ;do sfo{ jf ljifosf]

kl5Nnf] cfwf efu

152 ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^

!= tnsf zAbx¿ ;kmf cIf/df cfÇgf] sfkLdf tLgtLg k6s ;f/ M

clåtLo, k|fWofkg, ljZjljBfno, /fi6«klt, Jofj;flos

@= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ nv] M

cu:| yfg, d5'jf, cljjflxt, cGtl/Ifofg, cfuGts'

#= jfSodf k|of]u u/ M

bofn', Ifdtf, lsgls, x}, ;Fu

$= s_ tnsf] jfSonfO{ z'4 kf//] ;f/ M

cJbn" snfd ;fbf lhjg pRr ljrf/ ePsf dxfg j}1flgs x'g\ .

v_ tnsf dWo] z'4 zAbdf /]hf -µ_ nufpm M

!= c_ ;fe] fj cf_ :jafe O_ :jefj O_{ Zjefj

@= c_ ;dk0{ f cf_ ;dk{g O_ ;d/\k0f O{_ ;dk0f{

#= c_ lzIfflbIff cf_ lzIffbLIff O_ lzIfflbSIof O_{ zLIffbLIff

$= c_ wf/lds cf_ wf/dLs O_ wfld{s O_{ wfdLs{

%= tnsf zAbx¿sf] kof{ojfrL zAb n]v M

vfgL, ul/a, ;'/Iff, ljZj, ljm| ofzLn, k:' ts

^= tnsf zAb / cys{ f aLrdf hf8] f ldnfpm M

cu|:yfg tna

cfa4 ;'Dkg] sfd

kfl/>lds s;;} uF t'ngf ug{ g;lsg]

;dk{0f cl3Nnf] 7fpF

cg';Gwfg ;n+ Ug

clåtLo hfrF a'¹, vfh]

cfTdsyf Psfut| f, tNnLgtf

nugzLntf cfÇgf] af/]df cfkmn}F ] nv] s] f] syf

;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff ^ 153

k9fO÷n]vfO ;Lk

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M
s_ cAbn' snfdsf] hGd slxn] / sxfF ePsf] lyof] <
v_ pgn] lktfaf6 s:tf] 1fg kfPsf lyP <
u_ pgn] sxfFaf6 OlGhlgol/ª k"/f u/] <
3_ pgn] s'g ljifodf :gfts pQL0f{ u/] <
ª_ pgsf] gfddf ags] f] rnlrqsf] gfd s] xf] <
r_ pgL slxn] ef/tsf] /fi6k« ltsf] ¿kdf lgjfl{ rt eP <
5_ pgsf] lgwg slxn] eof] <

@= tnsf jfSox¿ 7Ls jf a]7Ls s] xg' ,\ lrg]/ n]v M

s_ cAb'n snfd ef/tsf k|wfgdGqL klg ePsf lyP .

v_ snfdn] Joj:yfkg ljifodf cWoog u/]sf lyP .

u_ cAb'n snfd Ps ljlzi6 j}1flgs x'g\ .

3_ cAbn' snfd lxGb' wdn{ fO{ klg ;Ddfg uy]{ .

ª_ cAbn' snfd clxn] klg vf]h cg;' Gwfg ub}{ 5g\ .

#= ldNg] zAb 5fg]/ vfnL 7fpF e/ M

s_ cAbn' snfdn] =================== ;ª\3;+:yfx¿df sfd u/] . -;f+:s[lts, j1} flgs_

v_ cAbn' snfdn] cfÇgf] =================== n]vs] f 5g\ . -cfTdsyf, hGdsyf_

u_ =================== To:tfsf] ;fydf x'G5 hf] cfÇgf] d2t u5{ . -OZ{ j/, zq_'

3_ lognfO{ lzIfs xg' d' f w]/} =================== lyof] . -bM' v, uj_{

ª_ pgL cfk"m hLjge/ =================== /x] . -cljjflxt, ljjflxt_

$= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] Ps zAbdf pQ/ b]pm M

s_ cAbn' snfdsf lktf sg' wdn{ fO{ cfb/ uy]{ <

v_ cAbn' snfd /n] j] :6;] gdf s] a]Ry] <

154 ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^

u_ pgsf ljrf/df ;;+ f/sf] klxnf] j}1flgs sf] xf] <

3_ pgL ef/tsf] sltcf}F /fi6k« ltsf ¿kdf rl' gPsf lyP <

ª_ pgL s:tf] kl/jf/df hlGdPsf lyP <

%= efj lj:tf/ u/ .

s_ lj1fgsf] cf/De k|Zgaf6 xG' 5 To;}n] ;+;f/sf] klxnf] j}1flgs afns xf] .

v_ lzIf0f cToGt dxfg\ k];f xf] h;n] ljBfyL{sf] rl/q, Ifdtf tyf eljiosf] cfsf/ tof/
u5{ .

^= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ bp] m M

s_ cAb'n snfdsf] afNosfn s;/L lats] f] lyof] <

v_ pgL s] u/L ef/tsf] j1} flgssf ¿kdf lrlgP <

u_ afnaflnsf;DaGwL pgsf] s]s:tf] wf/0ff /x]sf] 5 <

3_ snfdsf nf]slko| k':tsx¿ s'gsg' xg' \ / pgn] cfÇgf] n]vgsf af/d] f ss] ] eg]sf 5g\ <

ª_ cAb'n snfdsf] hLjgLaf6 xfdL s] s:tf k|]/0ff kfp5F fF} <

&= ef/tsf] Oltxf;df cAb'n snfdn] s:tf] of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf 5g\ < cfÇg} zAbdf aofg
u/ .

tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 M

k|l;4 ;flxTosf/ x]ng] sn] /sf] hGd @& h'g ;g\ !**) df cdl] /sfdf ePsf] lyof] . lktf s]6
P8D; / dftf cfy/{ s]n/sL 5f/] Lsf] ¿kdf o; wtL{df kfOnf 6]ss] L x]n]g sn] / hGd]sf] !( dlxgfdf
pgnfO{ 3fts /f]u nfu/] pgn] cfFvfsf] Hofl] t / >j0fzlQm klg ud' fpg k'u]sL lyOg\ . Toltv]/;Dd
cfkm" n] l;s]sf sx] L zAbx¿;dt] lal;{P/ k/" } ckfª\uh:tL ePkl5 pgnfO{ w]/} dflg;n] x]nf u/]sf
lyP . xg' ] xf/ b}j g6f/ eg]¹}F pgL ;ft jif{sL xFb' f Pp6L dlxnfsf] ;xf/f kfPkl5 x]ng] sf] hLjgdf
gofF ;Defjgfx¿ b]lvg yfn] . xftsf cfn}F fsf :kzn{ ] cIf/x¿sf] ;ªs\ t] agfP/ gofF tl/sfn] efiff
l;ss] L x]ng] n] ;'O; a]|nsf] a|n] lnlksf d2tn] nV] gk9g\ klg l;lsg\ . pgL bz jifs{ L ePkl5 cfÇgL
lzlIfsfsf] 3f6F Lsf] rfn 5fd/] pgn] afN] g klg l;s]sL lyOg\ . pgn] /]8flSnkm snh] af6 sfg'g
ljifodf pRr lzIff klg xfl;n u/]sL lyOg\ . kl5 pgL kl| ;4 n]lvsf tyf cWoflksf klg eOg\ .
pgn] n]vs] f c;ªV\ o sl[ tx¿dWo] ‘b :6f]/L ckm dfO{ nfOkm’ gfds cfTdsyf ljZjk|l;4 s[lt
xf] . pgn] ;flxTo tyf lzIffsf] Ifq] df lbPsf] of]ubfgafkt y'k|} k/' :sf/x¿ xft kfg{ ;kmn eOg\ .
ckfª\utf eP klg pNnv] gLo sfd ug{ ;kmn x]n]g s]n/ ckfªu\ / ;kfªu\ bj' }yl/ dflg;sf nflu

;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff ^ 155

k|/] 0ffsL ;f| t] algg\ . ;g\ !(^* df o; ;;+ f/af6 labf eP klg pgL Ps clj:d/0fLo gIfqsf] ¿kdf
;a}sf dgdgdf rlDs/xs] L l5g\ .
s= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s n]v M
wtL,{ ckfªu\ , ;ªs\ t] , lzlIfsf, /8] flSnkm, c;ª\Vo, ljZjkl| ;4
v= 7Ls pQ/df /h] f -µ_ nufpm M
s= xn] g] sn] /sf] hGd cdl] /sfdf ePsf] lyof] .
v= sn] / kl| ;4 j}1flgs x'g\ .
u= xn] g] sn] /sf xftv§' f rNb}gy] .
3= x]n]g s]n/n] k9fpg] sfd klg ul/g\ .
ª= xn] ]g sn] /n] hlt /fd|f] sfd u/] klg sg' } klg k/' :sf/ kfOgg\ .
u= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M
!= x]ng] sn] /sf cfdf / afafsf] gfd s] lyof] <
@= xn] ]g sn] / s] sf/0fn] ckfª\u ePsL lyOg\ <
#= ‘xg' ] xf/ bj} g6f/’ egs] f] s] xf] <
$= x]n]g s]n/sf] kl| ;4 sl[ tsf] gfd s] xf] <
%= x]n]g sn] / ss;sf nflu k]/| 0ffsL ;|ft] ags] L l5g\ <

;'gfO ;Lk

-k[i7 214df lbOPsf] cg'R5]b_
lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;g' / tnsf sfo{x¿ u/ M
!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ nv] M
s= OlGhlgol/ªaf6 ss] ] k|fKt x'G5 <
v= OlGhlgol/ª s:tf] ljifo xf] <
u= k|frLg sfnsf sg' s'g s'/fdf OlGhlgol/ªsf] e/k/' ko| f]u ul/Psf] lyof] <
3= l;len OlGhlgo/n] s]s] sfd u5g{ \ <
ª= On]S6«fl] gS; OlGhlgo/n] s] sfd u5g{ \ <

156 ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^

@= sf]i7saf6 vfnL 7fpdF f 7Ls pQ/ e/ M

s_ kf| ljlws jf =================== ljifox¿dWos] f] Pp6f ljifo OlGhlgol/ª klg xf] .

-Jofj;flos, ;4} flGts_

v_ =================== ;Eotfb]lv g} ljZjdf ljleGg k"jfw{ f/x¿ ag]sf lyP . -cfw'lgs,

k|frLg_

u_ OlGhlgol/ª zAbsf] =================== ¿kfGt/0f oGqsnf cyjf cleoflGqsL zf:q

xf] . -g]kfnL, cª\u|]hL_

3_ =================== ;DaGwL sfd] u5g{ \ . -d]l;g, lahn' L_

ª_ =================== lah'nL;DaGwL sfd u5g{ \ . -Onl] S6s« n OlGhlgo/n,] d]sflgsn

OlGhlgo/n]_

Jofs/0f ;Lk

;G' bf p:tp} :t} ;'lgg] t/ j0f{ljGof; / cy{ km/s ePsf zAbx¿sf] hf8] LnfO{ >'lt;dleGgfyL{ zAb
elgG5 . >'lt;dleGgfyL{ zAbdf zAbsf] hf]8L x'G5 . tn To:tf zAbsf] cy{ / lbOPsf] 5 . Wofg
lbP/ k9 M

cGg M cgfh cGo M csf]{

cf6F M ;fx; cfFt M leqL cªu\

cfwL M cfwf cfFwL M x/' L

cfp F M kftnf] lb;f xg' ] Ps ks| f/sf] /f]u cfpmF M cfpg] OR5f

sf]6 M Ps ks| f/sf] n'uf sft] M v/vhfgf /fVg] 7fpF

v6 M af;F sf] tVtf vt M 3fpsf] 8fd

vft M y'k|f] vf6 M sf7sf] kmn]saf6 ags] f] cf]5o\ fg

uj{ M 3dG8 ue{ M k6]

vfln M s]jn vfnL M l/Qf]

vfs M v/fgL vfu M u}F8fsf] l;ª

k"mn M k'ik k'mn M cG8f

;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff ^ 157

!= tnsf >l' t;dleGgfyL{ zAbsf km/s cy{ n]vL jfSodf k|of]u u/ M

cfF6 – cfFt, cfpF – cfpmF, v6 – vt, uj{ – ue,{ vfs – vfu, 6fk] – tfk]

@= sfi] 7saf6 ldNg] zAb 5fgL vfnL 7fp“ e/ M

s_ =================== >'lt;dleGgfy{s zAb x'g\ . -lbzf–lb;f, lbg–xLg, dLt–zLt_

v_ =================== >'lt;dleGgfys{ zAb x'g\ . -du/–;u/, bfp–kr] , lbg–bLg_

u_ =================== >l' t;dleGgfys{ zAb xg' \ . -km' n–k"mn,;fgf–] 7n" f],plQm–;l" Qm_

3_ =================== >l' t;dleGgfy{s zAb x'g\ . -clt—cf]7, ufp“—7fp,“ sfz] —sf;] _

ª_ =================== >l' t;dleGgfy{s zAb xg' \ . -hflt–hftL, kfn—;fn, 7fs—7Ls_

r_ =================== >l' t;dleGgfys{ zAb xg' \ . -gq] —gog,kY[ jL—wtL,{ lt/—tL/_

5_ =================== >'lt;dleGgfys{ zAb x'g\ . -w]/—yf/] , s]/—sf/, ;/] —z]/_

h_ =================== >l' t;dleGgfy{s zAb x'g\ . -w/] —yf/] , s]/—sf/, kl§–k§L_

¹_ =================== >l' t;dleGgfys{ zAb xg' \ . -s'/f–dfs/' f, b/L–;xL, k/" f–k'/f_

`_ =================== >l' t;dleGgfys{ zAb x'g\ . -w/] –yf]/, xft–xf6, s/] –sf/_

l;hg{ fTds ;Lk

!= tnsf] hfgsf/Lsf] cfwf/df Pp6f hLjgL nv] M
gfd M kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfx
hGd M lj=;+= !&&( k'; @&
lktf ÷dftf M g/e"kfn zfx, sfz} NofjtL
/fHo/fx] 0f M lj= ;=+ !&((
ofu] bfg M – gj' fsf]6sf] ;fttn] b/af/ / j;Gtk/' sf] gf}tn] b/af/sf lgdf{tf,
– b/" bzL{ / s"6gLlts JolQmTj ePsf /fi6j« fbL gt] f,
– g]kfnsf] /fli6«o PsLs/0f cleofgsf cu'jf,

158 ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff ^

– gk] fnnfO{ rf/ j0f{ 5QL; hftsf] ;f¹f k"mnaf/L dfGg] Pstfsf kd|] L /fhf
– hftLo ;d[l4sf nflu ;bf lrGtgzLn /xg] Gofok|d] L /fhf,
– g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts uLtf dflgPsf] ‘lbJof]kb]z’sf ;i| 6f,
– sf7df8f}F pkTosfnfO{ /fhwfgLsf ¿kdf sfod ug{] Ps dxfg\ /fli6«o ljel" t
dT[ o' M lj=;+= !*#! df3 ! ut] .
@= ltdLn] ;g' ]sf] s'g} cGt/f{li6o« JolQmsf] hLjgL n]v/] bv] fpm .

ljZjsf rlrt{ dflg;x¿ M

lan u6] ;\ M dfOjm| f] ;Ç6 sDkgLsf ;:+ yfks

cNa6{ cfOG:6fOg M j1} flgs, kf| Wofks

;/ cfOHofs Go6' g M j}1flgs

caf| xd lnª\sg M /fhgLlt1

dfl6{g n'y/ lsª M dfgj clwsf/jfbL g]tf

rfN;{ 8flj{g M j}1flgs

rfN;{ afah] M j}1flgs

gN] ;g dG8]nf M /fhgLlt1

yf]d; PNef Pl8;g M j1} flgs

dxfTdf ufGwL M /fhgLlt1

;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^ 159

kf7 !# aneGbf al' 4 7"nf]

jfbljjfb

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ ;an} ] k9 M

ljBfnodf jfbljjfb kl| tofl] utfsf] d klg jfbljjfbdf ;xefuL ePF .
cfofh] gf ul/of] .

al' 4dfg\ v/fofn] ] 3dG8L l;x+ nfO{ alnof] dflg;n] ;a}nfO{ k/flht u¥of] .
pNn" agfof] .

160 ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^

aneGbf a'l4 7n" f]

tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ eg M

d ltdL slxNo} jfbljjfb k|ltof]lutfdf ;xefuL ePsf 5f} <
d jfbljjfbdf s:tf] jQmf ljht] f x'g ;S5, ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 <
d ltd|f] ljrf/df an 7n" f] xf] ls a'l4 7n" f] xf] <
d s] ;dfhdf a'l4dfg\ dflg;n] ;Ddfg kfPsf] 5 <
d dflg;sf nflu ansf] cfjZostf lsg kb5{ <

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn/] k9 M

d /fd|f ts{ /fVgn] ] dfq jfbljjfb k|ltof]lutfdf ljho xfl;n ug{ ;S5 .
d tflss{ Ifdtf ePsf] dflg;n] ;a}nfO{ k/flht ug{ ;S5 .
d a'l4dfg\ dflg; bz] , ljb]z ;al} t/ kH" o / ;Ddfgof]Uo xG' 5 .
d anjfg\ dflg;n] sl7g sfd klg ;lhn} ;DkGg ug{ ;S5 .
d dflg;sf nflu an / al' 4 b'j} s/' fsf] plQs} cfjZostf kb{5 .
d jfbljjfbsf] zLif{sdf kIf / ljkIf b'j} kIfaf6 cfÇgf tsx{ ¿ /fVg ;lsG5 .

;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^ 161

Pscfk;sf] 5nkmn tyf jfbljjfbaf6 leqL s'/f aflx/ cfpF5g\ / oyfy{sf] hfgsf/L x'G5 . cfÇgf]
s'/fnfO{ alnof] kfg{ tYo, kd| f0f,ts{ cflb k:| t't ubf{ ;xL s'/f s] xf] eGg] hfgs/L ;lhn} kfOG5 .
kf| rLg ;dodf ljBfyLs{ f] k/LIff klg o:t} zf:qfyå{ f/f xg' ] u/s] f] s'/f Oltxf;df el] 6G5 . jfbljjfb
al' 4 / tss{ f] vn] xf] . o;df h;n] ljifosf] kIfdf alnof] ts{ lbG5 / ljkIfLsf ts{x¿sf] v08g ug{
;S5 p;n] g} of] v]n lhT5 . jfbljjfbn] vf;df JolQmsf] ts{zlQmsf] kl/ro lbG5 . cfkm" n] kfPsf]
ljifosf kIfdf tsx{ ¿ lbg] tyf cfÇgf kl| tåGåLx¿n] /fv]sf] ts{ jf ljrf/sf] v08g ug]{ Ifdtfsf]
ljsf; u/fO{ jfbljjfbn] cleJolQm Ifdtf clejl[ 4 u5{ . of] kf7df zlQmeGbf hl' Qm 7"nf] eGg] ljifodf
rf/ hgf k|ltofu] Lx¿n] /fvs] f] ts{ k|:tt' ul/Psf] 5 . tnsf] jfbljjfb k9 clg cfÇgf] sIffdf
;fyLx¿ kIf / ljkIfdf aflF 8P/ jfbljjfb k|ltofl] utfsf] cfof]hgf u/ .

ljBfnosf] jflif{s sfot{ flnsfcg;' f/ kT| o]s z'j|mjf/ xg' ] cltl/Qm ljm| ofsnfkdWo] of] z'j|mjf/
jfbljjfb kl| tof]lutfsf] cfofh] gf xb'F } 5 . ljBfnosf] cufl8kl§sf] rf/} df d~r agfOPsf] 5 .
ljBfnosf ;Dk"0f{ ljBfyL{x¿ cg'zfl;t eO{ sfo{jm| d:yndf cfOku' ]sf 5g\ . sIff ^ df cWoog
ug]{ rf/ hgf ljBfyL{x¿ kl| tofu] Lsf ¿kdf /xs] f 5g\ eg] cGo ljBfyLx{ ¿ bzs{ bL3fd{ f a;]sf
5g\ . sIff ^ s} 5fqf ;ljm| of kf08]o pb\3fi] fssf] e"ldsfdf l5g\ . pgn] ljBfnosf kw| fgfWofksn]
;efkltsf] ¿kdf / :yfgLo ;dfh;]jL ltns zfxnfO{ k|dv' cltlysf ¿kdf cf;g u|x0f u/]kl5
lg0ff{osd08nsf ;b:osf ¿kdf gk] fnLsf ljifo lzIfs, ;fdflhs ljifosf lzIfs tyf cªu\ ]h| L
ljifosf lzIfs u/L tLg hgfn] cf;g u|x0f ul/;ss] f 5g\ . ;do;"rssf] lhDdj] f/L lzlIfsf k'ikf
cdfTonfO{ lbOPsf] 5 .

pb3\ fi] fs M pkl:yt ;Dk0" f{nfO{ clejfbg ub{} ;efkltsf] cgd' lt lnP/ d cfhsf] sfo{j|md ;'? ub}{
5' . cfhsf] jfbljjfb kl| tofl] utfsf] ljifo /x]sf] 5 æaneGbf al' 4 7n" fÆ] . o; ljifosf] kIfdf af]Ng]
jQmfx¿df ;fg] fd tfdfª tyf l;h{gf ;fx Pjd\ ljkIfdf afN] g] jQmfx¿df /f]lxt ah|frfo{ tyf ?lr
s6'jfn /xs] f 5g\ . ca d sfo{jm| ddf ;xefuLn] kfngf ug'{kg]{ s]xL lgodx¿sf] af/d] f hfgsf/L
u/fpFb} 5' –

zAbf {y cltl/Qm M afxs] ;do;"rs M ;dosf] ;r" gf lbg] dflg;
bz{sbL3f { M bzs{ x¿sf] ;dx" lhDd]jf/L M bfloTj
pb3\ f]ifs M pb3\ fi] f ug{] jf sfo{jm| d jQmf M af]Ng] JolQm
l;h{gf M /rgf
e"ldsf ;~rfng ug{]
M ofu] bfg

162 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^

– jQmfnfO{ af]Ngsf] nflu kfrF ldg]6sf] ;do lbOg5] , rf/ ldg6] df hgfp 306L aHg] 5 / jQmfn]
afFsL /xs] f] Ps ldg6] df cfÇgf] s/' f 6ª' \Uofpgk' g]{ 5 .

– cfÇgf ljrf/x¿ k:| t't ubf{ c¿ s;n} fO{ cfrF cfpg] u/L cleJolQm lbg kfOg] 5}g .
– ;fdflhs ;b\efj vnalng] vfnsf] cleJolQm lbg kfOg] 5}g .
– sg' } klg jQmfn] lnlvt ;fdu|L ko| f]u ug{ kfpg] 5g} .
– cfsif{s xfpefpx¿sf ;fydf ljifosG] b|L :ki6 ljrf/ k:| t't ug]{ jQmfn] g} plrt cª\s kf| Kt ug]{

5.
– lg0ff{osd08nsf] lg0fo{ g} clGtd lg0f{o xg' ] 5 .
– ca ljifosf] kIfaf6 cfÇgf] ljrf/ /fVg cfpbF } 5g\ ;fg] fd tfdfª . -;fg] fd dfOsg/] hfG5g\ ._

;fg] fd tfdfª M cfb/0fLo ;efklt dxf]bo, gL/IfL/ ljjs] L lg0ff{os d08n, u'?ju,{ cltly dxfb] o,
k|ltof]uL tyf cGo ;fyLx¿ ¤

cfh x'g uO/xs] f] aneGbf a'l4 7"nf] ljifos jfbljjfb
k|ltofl] utfdf d ljifosf] kIf cyf{t\ al' 4 7n" f] eGg] ljifodf
cfÇgf ts{x¿ k|:tt' ug{ uO/xs] f] 5' . jf:tjdf aneGbf al' 4
w/] } ug' f 7"nf] x'G5 . a'l4 r]tgfsf] dx' fg xf] . zlQm, ;fx;, cf6F ,
lxDdt / kl/jtg{ sf] cfwf/ xf] . k|f0fLx¿dWo] dfgj g} ;j>{ ]i7
k|f0fL xf] eGg] Pp6f dfq cfwf/ al' 4 g} xf] . kz' / hª\unL
hgfj/eGbf dflg; km/s k|f0fL xf] eGg] s/' fnfO{ kd| fl0ft u/fpg]
tŒj dflg;df /x]sf] al' 4 xf] . dflg;df /x]sf] a'l4n] cfh ljZjdf
cfd"n kl/jt{g cfO;s]sf] 5 . oftfoft, ;~rf/ nufotsf If]qdf
csNkgLo kl/jtg{ bl] vPsf] 5 . cfh ljZj ;f3F '/f] alg;ss] f] 5 . lzIff, :jf:Yo nufotsf Ifq] df
ctn' gLo sfo{x¿ eO/x]sf 5g\ .

;efklt dxf]bo ¤ dflg;sf] a'l4n] ug{ ;Sg] sfd ann] slxNo} ug{ ;Sbg} . d'9] ann] sj] n åGå,
le8Gt jf o'4 ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fdflhs d]nldnfk sfod /fVb} cdgrog :yfkgf ug{ ;lsg] Pp6f
dfq} cfwf/ al' 4 g} xf] . a'l4n] dflg;nfO{ ;bfrf/, g}ltsjfg,\ cfbzj{ fg\ / rl/qjfg\ agfp5F .
cfhsf] ;+;f/ andf xf]Og, a'l4sf] cfwf/df rn]sf] 5 . sDKo'6/, OG6/g]6 nufotsf ;fwgx¿

zAbf {y cleJolQm M egfO cfdn" M 6K' kfbl] v kmb] ;Dd, ;Dk0" f{
ljifos]GbL| M dV' o ljifodf sl] Gbt| eP/ d'xfg M d'Vo 7fpF, pbu\ d:yn
ts { M o'lQmk"0f{ s/' f ctn' gLo M tn' gf ug}{ g;lsg]
rt] gf M ;xL unt 5'6\ofpg ;Sg] a'l4, cdgrog M zflGt
;bfrf/ M c;n rfnrng
ljjs]

;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^ 163

a'l4s} pkh x'g\ . dflg; j1} flgs, bfz{lgs, ;flxTosf/ cflbsf] ¿kdf ;dfhdf kH" o / :d/0fLo
aGg k'u]sf] xG' 5 . dflg;nfO{ o:tf] cj:yfdf k'¥ofpg] ;Dk0" f{ >o] al' 4n] g} kf| Kt u/s] f] x'G5 .
al' 4dfg\ dflg; ;dfhdf cfbz{ kfq sxnfOG5 . bz] , ljbz] oqtq ;j{q k|z;+ f k|fKt ug{] >]o
dflg;nfO{ a'l4n] g} lbnfPsf] 5 . a'l4sf] tn' gf c¿ sg' } s/' f;uF klg x'g} ;Sb}g . a'l4sf k'hf/Lx¿
cfh cGtl/Ifdf k'us] f 5g\, cfsfzdf p8s] f 5g\ / ;+;f/df rdTsf/ bv] fpFb} 5g\ . jf:tjdf eGg] xf]
eg] al' 4 dflg;n] k|fKt u/]sf] cnfl} ss pkxf/ xf] . al' 4 gePsf] jf a'l4sf pknlAwx¿nfO{ :jLsf/
gug{] dflg;sf] s'g} cl:tTj x'bF g} . uf;F , jf;, skf; h:tf cfwf/e"t s/' fx¿nfO{ k|fKt ug{ klg
al' 4s} cfjZostf kb{5 . a'l4ljgfsf] hLjg nufdljgfsf] 3f8] fh:t} clgolGqt x'G5 . al' 4 ePsf]
dflg;n] al;a;L ;fdfGo >d vlr{P/ klg dxfgt\ d pknlAwx¿ xfl;n ul//xs] f] xG' 5 . al' 4sf]
cefjdf sflnbf;n] cfk"m ¿vsf] xfuF fsf] 6'Kkflt/ a;/] km]blt/ sfl6/xGy] . al' 4 k|fKtkl5sf ltg}
sflnbf; cg]sf}F sfJosf /rgf ub{} dxfsljsf] ¿kdf :yflkt x'g ;kmn eP . -hgfp 306L aH5 _

cGtdf ;+;f/sf pRrtd pknlAwx¿ xfl;n ug{ al' 4s} el" dsf /x]sf] 5 . al' 4sf] kz| +;f hlt u/]
klg yf/] } xG' 5 . an;uF a'l4 t'ngf ug}{ ;lsFb}g . To;n} ] aneGbf a'l4 xhf/f}F u'gf 7n" f] xf] eGb} cfÇgf
tsx{ ¿ oxLF la6 dfg{ rfxG5' . wGojfb . - tfnL aH5 ._

pb3\ f]ifs M ;f/ulet{ ts{sf nflu ;fg] fd tfdfªnfO{ wGojfb ¤ ca ljifosf] ljkIfaf6 cfÇgf] ljrf/
/fVg cfpbF } l5g\ /f]lxt ahf| rfo{ . -/fl] xt dfOsg/] hfG5g\ ._

/f]lxt ahf| rfo{ M o; ul/dfdo sfo{jm| dsf >4o] ;efklt dxfb] o, lgikIf lg0ffo{ sd08n, cfb/0fLo
u'?ju{, cltly dxfb] o, d]/f ;Dk0" f{ ;fyLx¿ ¤

cfh xfdf| ] ljBfnodf cfofh] gf ul/Psf] jfbljjfb kl| tof]lutfdf d ljifosf] ljkIf cyft{ \ a'l4eGbf
an 7n" f] eGg] ljifodf cfÇgf tsx{ ¿ k:| t't ub}{ 5' . an dflg; dfq} geP/ x/]s kf| 0fLsf nflu geO{
gx'g] s'/f xf] . anljgf dflg;n] 8]u klg rnfpg ;Sbg} . an ;'/Iff / cfTdljZjf;sf] kt| Ls xf] .
cfTd/Iffb]lv /fi6/« Iff;Ddsf sfdx¿ anaf6 dfq} ug{ ;lsG5 . /fi6s« f] cv08tf, :jtGqtf /
;fje{ fd} ;Qfsf] /Iffsf nflu an g} d'Vo sf/s tŒj xf] . cªu\ ]h| sf] ;fd|fHojfb / g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f
anaf6 g} ;Dej ePsf] xf] . ans} cfwf/df kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxn] g]kfn PsLs/0f ug{ ;kmn ePsf
lyP . eLd;]g yfkf, aneb| s'Fj/, cd/l;+x yfkf h:tf xfdf| /fli6o« ljel" tx¿n] bz] nfO{ ljb]zLx¿sf]
x:tIfk] af6 arfpgsf nflu ansf] g} k|ofu] u/s] f lyP . d]/f k"jj{ Qmf ;fyLn] al' 4ljgf sx] L ug{

zAbf {y pkh M pknlAw pRrtd M ;ae} Gbf dflyNnf] txsf]
bfzl{ gs M bzg{ zf:q k9]sf] jf To;sf] cfTdljZjf; M cfk"mdf /x]sf] ljZjf;
kt| Ls M lrÅg
cGtl/If 1ftf ;fj{ef}d;Qf M /fHout ;jfR{] r zlQm
clgolGqt M cfsfz x:tIf]k M csf{sf] sfddf xft xfNg] Jojxf/
M lgoGq0feGbf aflx/sf]

164 ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff ^

g;lsg] eGb} cfÇgf cfwf/xLg / dgu0fGt] ts{x¿ k|:tt' u/]/ hfg'eof] . tL ts{x¿ ol' Qm;ª\ut 5g} g\
eGg] s/' fdf d 7f]s'jf ug{ rfxG5' . -k|ltkIf k|ltof]uLlt/ b[li6 lbbF _} d pxfFnfO{ ;f]Wg rfxG5' ls an
gePsf] eP s] tkfO{F lx8F /] oxfF;Dd cfpg'x'GYof,] s] dfOsdf hf]l;nf] cfjfhdf sl' n{g ;Sg'x'GYof] <

;efklt dxf]bo ¤ an, z"/tf, jL/tf / k/fjm| dsf] Bft] s xf] . h;sf] zlQm p;sf] elQm To;} sxfF
elgPsf] xf] / < cfhsf] ljZj an jf zlQmdf g} c8]sf] 5 . anljxLg /fi6«x¿ clxn] lg/Lx ePsf
5g\ . xfdL g]kfnLx¿ k/fk"j{sfnb]lv g} jL/ ufv] f{nL ag/] ljZjel/ lrlgPsf lyofF} . of] ;a} xfdf|
kj" h{ x¿n] b]vfPsf] z"/tf / jL/tfn] g} xf] . ;;+ f/sf ;a}eGbf zlQmzfnL la|l6; zf;sx¿n] xfdf| ]
an / cbDo ;fx;sf] d'Qms07n] k|z;+ f u/]sf] s/' f huhfx/] g} 5 . sf/] f a'l4 ePsfx¿n] s]jn
cfbz{ l;4fGt k|:tt' ug{ dfq} hfg]sf x'G5g\ . cfk"mnfO{ al' 4dfg\ egfpFbfx¿ :jfy{, 3dG8 /
cxªs\ f/df r'n'{Dd 8'a]sf x'G5g\ . cfk"mdf /x]sf] a'l4sf] k|z;+ f ubfu{ b{} pgLx¿ of] ;+;f/af6 ljno
eP/ hfG5g\ t/ l;Gsf] hlt klg pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . an gePsf cyft{ \ zf/Ll/s ¿kdf
sdhf/] bl] vg] dflg;x¿n] cfbz{sf ukm xfsF ]sf] bV] bf >f]tfx¿ v§' L b]Vb} rfn kfOof] eGb} p;sf
s/' fnfO{ xf:of:kb ¿kdf lnG5g\ . -hgfp 306L aH5 . _

an ePsf dflg;x¿sf] afÅo JolQmTjsf] ke| fj oqtq k|z+;gLo xG' 5 . anjfg\ dflg; gfos x'G5,
l;kfxL x'G5, sd{zLn of4] f / ;as} f] e/f];fsf] cfwf/ x'G5 . To;sf] tn' gfdf annfO{ t'R5 7fgL al' 4
g} ;a} s'/f xf] eGg] dflg; ;dfh / /fi6s« f nflu s]xL ug{ g;Sg] lg/Lx k|f0fL sxnfOG5 eGb} cfÇgf
egfOx¿ oxLF 6'ªU\ ofpg rfxG5' . wGojfb . -tfnL aH5 ._

pb\3fi] fs M cToGt uxlsnf] ts{sf nflu /f]lxt ah|frfon{ fO{ wGojfb ¤ ca ljifosf] ljkIfaf6 cfÇgf]
ljrf/ /fVg cfpFb} 5g\ l;hg{ f ;fx . -l;hg{ f ;fx dfOsg/] hflG5g\ ._

l;hg{ f ;fx M o; ;Ddflgt ;efsf ;efklt dxf]bo, cltlyu0f, bw" sf] b"w kfgLsf] kfgL 56' \ofpg
a:ge' Psf lgikIf lg0ffo{ s d08nsf ;b:ox¿, u?' ju{ Pjd\ d]/f Kof/f ;fyLx¿ ¤ cfh eO/xs] f]
‘aneGbf a'l4 7"nf’] ljifos jfbljjfb k|ltof]lutfdf d ljifosf] ljkIfaf6 cfÇgf ljrf/x¿ k|:tt'
ub{} 5' . al' 4 dflg;sf] cdN" o ;fwg xf] . h;sf] nv] fhf]vf ug{ ;Dej g} 5g} . al' 4sf] lasf]{ aGb
ePsf] dflg;nfO{ dflg; g} geg] klg x'G5 . a'l4 l;hg{ f / lgdf0{ fsf] k|tLs xf] . a'l4;Fu ansf] t'ngf
x'g} ;Sbg} . an ljgfzdv' L xG' 5 eg] a'l4 /rgfdv' L / l;h{gfTds xG' 5 . al' 4n] dflg;nfO{ eb,|
zfGt, ;'zLn / ;xgzLn agfpF5 . al' 4nfO{ cjx]ngf u/]/ Psf]xf/] f] ann] dfq} sfd ug{] dflg;nfO{
uwf jf uf?] sf] ;1+ f lbg] u/s] f] s/' f t ;jl{ jlbt g} 5 . ann] czflGt snx cg}ltstf lgDTofpg]

zAbf {y dgu0fGt] M skf]slNkt cbDo M v'a alnof]
ol' Qm;ªu\ t M o'lQm jf tsx{ ¿ k"/} ldns] f] lgikIf M kIfkft gug]{
s'ln{g ' M lrRofpg' ;j{ljlbt M ;a}n] yfxf kfPsf]
lg/Lx M sdhf]/

;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff ^ 165

ub5{ . d]/f kj" j{ Qmf ;fyLn] d~rdf cfP/ a'l4sf] lj/fw] df cfÇgf skf]nslNkt wf/0ffx¿ JoQm u//]
hfg'ef] . pxfFsf tL lg/y{s ts{x¿ ;G' bf dnfO{ bof nfUof] . h'g al' 4nfO{ k|fKt ugs{ f nflu xfdL of]
kljq lzIffnodf pkl:yt ePsf 5f}F, ToxLF cfP/ a'l4sf] pkI] ff ug]{ zn} L dnfO{ ol' Qm;ªu\ t nfu]g .
;fdflhs d"No / dfGotf clg /Lltl/jfhnfO{ arfpg] Pp6f dfq ;fwg a'l4 g} xf] eg]/ d ls6fgsf
;fy eGg ;S5' .

ann] jiff}{F;Dd ug{ g;ss] f] sfd al' 4n] Psl5gd} k/" f ul/lbG5 . al' 4n] a4' , dxfTdf ufGwL,
;]S;lko/, lan u6] ;\ hGdfp5F eg] ann] /fj0f, s+z / lx6n/ hGdfpF5 . cfhsf] PSsfO;f}F
ztfAbLdf cfP/ klg annfO{ 7n" f] dfGg]x¿ 9ª' u\ ] ou' lt/ kmsg{ ' xf] . al' 4 gePsf] dflg; kz';dfg
xf] . al' 4n] g} /Tgfs/ h:tf] 8fFs' jfNdLls ag] . al' 4df e/f;] f ug]x{ ¿ j1} flgs, 8fS6/, OlGhlgo/
kf| Wofks ag]sf 5g\ .

-hgfp 306L aH5_ an d"vx{ ¿sf nflu dfq} cfjZos kg]{ s'/f xf] . ;dfhdf ljBdfg cGofo,
cTofrf/, zf]if0f, bdg, s'/Llt, s;' +:sf/ ljsl[ t cflbnfO{ lgld6\ofGg kfg{ a'l4sf] hlt x}l;ot
ansf] xg' } ;Sb}g . -7n" f] :j/n_] ann] t ;dfhdf xTof, lx+;f, anfTsf/, rf]/L, 8st} L a9fpFb}
lg/Lx dflg;x¿nfO{ cftª\lst agfpg] sfd dfq} u5{ . To;}n] aneGbf al' 4 g} 7"nf] xf] eGb} cfÇgf
egfOx¿ oxLF cGTo u5'{ . wGojfb .-tfnL aH5 ._

pb\3f]ifs M cfÇgf ;fy{s tsx{ ¿sf nflu l;h{gf ;fxnfO{ wGojfb . ca d ljifosf] ljkIfaf6 cfÇgf]
ljrf/ /fVg k|ltof]lutfsL clGtd jQmf ?lr s6'jfnnfO{ cufl8 afn] fpg rfxG5' . -?lr s6j' fn
dfOsg]/ hflG5g\ ._

?lr s6'jfn M ;dfb/0fLo ;efklt dxfb] o, d~rf;Lg cltly dxf]bo,
lgikIf lg0ffo{ s d08n, u'?ju,{ d/] f kl| t:kwL{ tyf cGo ;fyLx¿ ¤

cfh xg' uO/xs] f] ‘aneGbf al' 4 7"nf’] ljifos jfbljjfb kl| tof]lutfdf

d ljifosf] ljkIfaf6 cfÇgf wf/0ffx¿ /fVg d~rdf pkl:yt ePsL 5' .

dnfO{ efu lng] cj;/ lbge' Psfd] f cfofh] snfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .

an hLjgsf] ;xf/f xf] . :j:y hLjg / bL3{ hLjgsf] cfzf:tDe xf] .

an g} ;xL cyd{ f hLjg xf] . anljxLg dflg; l;Gsf] efFRg t ;Sb}g

eg] hLjgdf s]xL ug]{ / hLjgnfO{ ;fys{ kfg{] s'/f t c;Dejh:t} xf] .

d/] f k"j{jQmf ;fyLn] ansf] e/df afRF g] dflg;nfO{ uwf / uf?] ;Fu tn' gf

lg/y{s M cy{ gePsf] ljBdfg M /xs] f], cjl:yt

zAbf {y pkI] ff M x]nf ;fy{s M cy{o'Qm

cftªl\ st M eo Pjd\ qf;n] ljsn ePsf], :j:y M lg/f]uL

cftª\såf/f ke| fljt cfzf:tDe M cfzfsf] vDaf

166 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^

ug'e{ of] . pxfsF f tL tsx{ ¿ ;'Gbf dnfO{ xf;F f] p7o\ f] . hf] dflg; ans} e/df d~rdf plePsf] 5,
p;}n] annfO{ lgs[i6 kz;' uF t'ngf ug'{ lsdfy{ ol' Qm;ª\ut xg' } ;Sb}g . dflg; zf/Ll/s ¿kdf
xi[ 6ki' 6 / tGb'?:t geP;Dd p;n] s]xL klg ug{ ;Sbg} . hGd]bl] v d[To';Dd kfOnf kfOnfdf ansf]
cfjZostf kb5{ . Pp6f gjhft lzz' ans} ;xf/fn] afd] ;5{, kfOnf rfN5 / xs' F{b} uP/ s]xL
/fd|f] sfd ug{ ;kmn x'G5 . annfO{ dxŒjxLg 7fGg] dflg; slxNo} cl3 a9g\ ;Sbg} . an dflg;sf]
;jf{]Qd ;fwg xf] . anzfnL dflg; x/s] c;xfosf nflu cfzf:tDe aGg ;S5 . an ePsf] dflg;
xfdL;Fu 5 eg] xfdL PsfGt hªu\ ndf lgw{Ss /ft sf6\g klg ;S5f}F . cfh xfdL hg' k[YjLdf plePsf
5fF} . x/]s sfdx¿ l:y/ 9ªu\ n] ug{ ;S5fF} . Tof] ;a} k[YjLdf /xs] f] u'?Tjfsif0{ f gfds ann] g} xf] .
Pp6f ux| / csf]{ ux| sf aLrsf] ;Gt'ng ans} cfwf/df sfod /xs] f] xf] . ;'gf/sf] ;o rf]6 nf]xf/sf]
Ps rf6] eGg] t egfO g} 5 . anzfnL dflg;x¿ annfO{ pk]Iff u//] a'l4sf] pkf;gf ugx{] ¿ ;wF}
cefjdf afFRg ljjz x'G5 . a'l4 cfbz{ xf] . vfj] m| f] k6] n] cfbz{sf] s'/f slt lbg ug{ ;lsG5 / <
an ;fdYo{ xf] . ;fdYo{ xg' ]x¿n] sg' } lbg ef]s} dg{'kb{g} . xfdL zlQmsf] k"hf u5f}{+ . zlQmkL7x¿df
aln r9fpF5f}F . zlQm xg' ]x¿ Oltxf;df >i] 7 dflgG5g\ . cfh zlQmsf] sf/0f cd]l/sf ljZjsf]
zlQmzfnL /fi6« ag]sf] 5 . . a'l4 ;kgf / sNkgfdf /dfp5F t/ an jf:tljstfdf afFR5 . cfÇgf]
:jfledfgdf cfFr cfpg lbbF }g . s] aneb| s'jF /n] gfnfkfgLdf al' 4n] n8fOF n8]sf x'g\ < cfh ufv] f{nL
eg]/ ;+;f/df k|l;4 g]kfnLsf] klxrfg pgLx¿df /xs] f] ;fx;, lxDdt tyf pgLx¿sf] t/af/afhLs}
sf/0f :yflkt ePsf] xf] . -hgfp 306L aH5_

;efklt dxfb] o ¤ an kf?} if xf] eg] al' 4 sfo/tf . an ljsf; xf] eg] a'l4 cg'Tkfbs tŒj . an
;fg xf] eg] a'l4 sdhf]/L . h;n] ansf] pkof]u ug{ hfg]sf] 5† ljho>Lsf] ktfsf p;sf] lz/df
kmx/fpF5 . hf] ansf] ;fdYo{ lrGbg} † pm ;Eotfaf6} dl] 6P/ hfG5 . gk] fnLsf] xftdf /x]sf] ann] g}
bfofFafofsF f 7n" f ;fd|fHo csfs{ f] pklgjz] aGbf klg gk] fn :jtGq /xg ;Sof] . To;}n] d cGTodf
ansf] pRr d"No /xs] f] oyfy{;Fu oxfFx¿nfO{ ;fIffTsf/ u/fpbF } labf x'G5' . wGojfb ¤ -tfnL aH5_

pb3\ fi] fs M kl| tof]uLx¿n] af]Ng] kfnf] ;lsPsf] 5 . of] ljlzi6 ;df/f]xdf sfoj{ |md k|:tf]tfsf] ¿kdf
cfk"mnfO{ pEofpg kfpFbf d klg wGo ePsL 5' . ca lg0ff{osx¿af6 lg0f{o cfPkl5 k|dv' cltlyaf6
k/' :sf/ ljt/0f / ;efkltaf6 5f6] f] dGtJosf ;fy ;ef lj;hg{ sf] 3f]if0ff x'g] 5 .

zAbf {y lgsi[ 6 M gLr kj| l[ Qsf], gLr cgT' kfbs M ;fdYo{ gePsf]
lsdfy { M k6Ss} ;fg M uf}/j, OHht
u'?Tjfsif{0f M k[YjL cflb ux| df /x]sf] ljho>L M hLt, ljho
pklgjz] M c¿sf] /fHodf cwLg hdfpg]
kf/:kl/s cfsif0{ fsf] zlQm jf
ult ;fIffTsf/ sfd
kf}?if M k?' iffy,{ kf/} v M k|ToIf¿kdf e6] g\ ] sfd

;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^ 167

!= tnsf zAbx¿ ;kmf cIf/df cfÇgf] sfkLdf tLgtLg k6s ;f/ M

bz{sbL3f,{ ljifos]GbL| , bfz{lgs, clgolGqt, ;f/ulet{ , ;fj{ef}d;Qf, ol' Qm;ªu\ t

@= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ n]v M

cftª\lst, ;fys{ , :j:y, cfzf:tDe, lgsi[ 6, lsdfy,{ pk]Iff, kf?} if, cgT' kfbs

#= jfSodf k|of]u u/ M

cltl/Qm, ;do;r" s, pb3\ f]ifs, cleJolQm, r]tgf, d'xfg, ;bfrf/, cGtl/If, cfTdljZjf;

$= s_ tnsf] jfSonfO{ z'4 kf//] ;f/ M

a'l4lagfsf] lhjg nufd lagfsf] 3f]8f h:t} clgoGqLt xG' 5g\ .

v_ tnsf dWo] z4' zAbdf /h] f -µ_ nufpm M

!= c_ pklgj]z cf_ pklgj]; O_ pklgaz] O_{ pmklgjz]

@= c_ jLho>L cf_ ljhol> O_ laho>L O_{ ljho>L

#= c_ u?" Tjfsif0{ f cf_ u?' Tjfsif{0f O_ u?' TTjfsif{0f O_{ u"?Tjfsif{g

$= c_ zlQmlk7 cf_ ;lQmkL7 O_ ;lQmlk7 O_{ zlQmkL7

%= tnsf zAbnfO{ ljk/LtfyL{ zAb;Fu hf]8f ldnfpm M

k|fs[lts aflx/

km]b lg/If/

alnof] s[lqd

leq lgwf{]

dfof 6K' kf]

o4' bu' d{

;fIf/ 3[0ff

;n' e zflGt

;u' d bn' e{

168 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^

^= tnsf zAb / cys{ f aLrdf hf8] f ldnfpm M

cltl/Qm cfsfz

lhDd]jf/L afxs]

cleJolQm o'lQmk0" f{ s/' f

ts{ egfO

cdgrg} bfloTj

cGtl/If zflGt, cfgGb

&= ;G' b/ ± o ˜ ;fG} bo{ ePh:t} o k|Too nufP/ tnsf zAbx¿ lgdf0{ f u/ M

dw'/ ± o ˜ s'df/ ± o ˜

wL/ ± o ˜ s[± o ˜

n]v\ ± o ˜ k7\ ± o ˜

k9fO÷n]vfO ;Lk

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M
s_ sfo{j|mdsf] ;~rfng s;n] ul//x]sL l5g\ <
v_ kIfaf6 / ljkIfaf6 sf]sf] ;xefuL ePsf 5g\ <
u_ al' 4n] sg' s'g Ifq] df csNkgLo kl/jt{g NofPsf] 5 <
3_ sg' sg' sfdsf nflu an dV' o sf/s tŒj ag]sf] 5 <
ª_ al' 4df e/f];f ugx{] ¿ ss] ] ag]sf 5g\ <

@= tnsf jfSox¿ 7Ls jf a]7Ls s] x'g\, lrg/] nv] M
s_ kIfdf ?lr / l;hg{ f ;xefuL ePsf 5g\ .
v_ ljkIfdf afN] gx] ¿n] a'l4nfO{ v08g u/s] f 5g\ .
u_ :j:y hLjg / bL3{ hLjgsf] cfzf:tDe an xf] .
3_ a'l4 l;hg{ f / lgdf0{ fsf] kt| Ls xf]Og .
ª_ ansf] ;fdYo{ glrGg] ;Eotfaf6} dl] 6P/ hfG5 .

;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^ 169

#= kf7sf] cfwf/df ldNg] zAb 5fg]/ vfnL 7fpF e/ M
s_ ================= sf/0f cfh ljZj ;f3F '/f] alg;s]sf] 5 .
v_ g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f g} ================= ;Dej ePsf] xf] . -ansf,] al' 4sf]_

u_ anljxLg /fi6x« ¿ ================= lg/Lx ePsf 5g\ . -anaf6, al' 4af6_

-clxn], plxn]_
3_ al' 4n] ================= eb,| zfGt, ;'zLn / ;xgzLn agfp5F . -kz'nfO{, dflg;nfO{_
ª_ ================= df /x]sf] u'?Tjfsif0{ f gfds an /xs] f] 5 .
-cfsfz, k[YjL_

$= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] Ps zAbdf pQ/ b]pm M
s_ k|f0fLx¿dWo] dfgj s:tf] k|f0fL xf] <
v_ sDKo6' / OG6/g6] s]sf pkh x'g\ <
u_ ;'/Iff / cfTdljZjf;sf] k|tLs s] xf] <
3_ /Tgfs/ 8fsF ' kl5 s] ag]sf lyP <
ª_ anzfnL dflg; c;xfosf nflu s] aGg ;S5 <

%= s;n] JoQm u/s] f] ts{ xf] < kf7af6 vfh] ]/ eg M
s_ xfdL zlQmsf] k"hf u5fF}{ .
v_ an dflg;sf] ;jf]Q{ d ;fwg xf] .
u_ al' 4 gePsf] dflg; kz;' dfg xf] .
3_ cfTd/Iffbl] v /fi6«/Iff;Ddsf sfd anaf6 dfq} ug{ ;lsG5 .
ª_ al' 4dfg\ dflg; ;dfhdf cfbz{ kfq sxnfOG5 .

^= efj lj:tf/ u/ .

s_ al' 4ljgfsf] hLjg nufdljgfsf] 3f]8fh:t} clgolGqt xG' 5 .

v_ anljxLg /fi6«x¿ clxn] lg/Lx ePsf 5g\ .

&= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ bp] m M
s_ aneGbf al' 4 s;/L 7n" f] xg' ;S5 <
v_ an dflg;nfO{ lsg cfjZos kb{5 < nv] .
u_ al' 4sf pNnV] o pknlAwx¿ ss] ] xg' \ <
3_ ann] dflg;nfO{ cftªl\ st agfp5F eg]/ lsg elgPsf] xf] <
ª_ a'l4nfO{ lsg cgT' kfbs tŒj eGg] cf/fk] nufOPsf] xf]nf <

170 ;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^

tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 M

Psfb]zdf Pp6f o'js lyof] . pm ;fgb} ]lv ¹6' f] afN] g] :jefjsf] lyof] . pm c¿nfO{ b'Mv lbg kfpbF f
v;' L x'GYof] . pm ;wF} ufO{afv|f r/fpg hfg] uYof]{ . p;n] ufOa{ fv|f r/fpg hfg] 7fpF glhs} vt]
lyof] . vt] df v]tfnfx¿ lbgel/ sfd ul//xs] f x'Gy] . Ps lbg Tof] o'js ¿vdf r9o\ f] / lrRofof,]
‘ux' f/ ¤ ux' f/ ¤ af3 cfof] / d/] f ufO{afv|f ;a} vfOlbof] . arfpgx' f;] \, arfpg'xf];\ .’ o'jssf]
s/' f ;g' /] vt] df sfd ul//xs] f vt] fnfx¿ bfl} 8P/ cfP . t/ ToxfF cfpbF f sg' } af3 cfPsf] lyPg .
ufO{afv|fx¿ rl//x]sf lyP . o'js ¿vdf r9]/ xflF ;/x]sf] lyof] . pm v]tfnfx¿nfO{ b'Mv lbPsfd] f
dVv lyof] . csf]{ lbg klg o'jsn] ¿vdf r9]/ lrRofof,] ‘u'xf/ ¤ u'xf/ ¤ cfh t ;fFRr} af3 cfof] .
d]/f ufOa{ fv|f ;a} vfOlbof] . arfpgx' f;] \ . arfpg'xf];\ .’ bofn' ls;fgx¿ ;fFRr} xf] ls eg/] ToxfF
k'u] . pxL lxhfc] l:ts} h:tf] rfn, g af3 cfPsf] lyof] g ufOa{ fvf| vfPsf] lyof] . o'js ¿vdf a;]/
dl/d/L xflF ;/xs] f] lyof] . ls;fgx¿ jfSs eP/ kmls{P . ;+ofu] jz Ps lbg ;fFRr} g} af3 cfof] .
oj' ssf ufOa{ fv|f dfb}{ vfg nfUof] . oj' s ¿vdf r9/] lxhf]cl:th:t} lrRofof] . o'js lrRofPsf]
;'g/] klg cfh rflxF ls;fgx¿ cfPgg\ . o'jsn] cfh klg bM' v lbg vf]hs] f] 7fg] . oj' s ¿vdf a;]/
/f]O/Åof] . af3n] ;f/f ufO{afvf| vfOlbof] . oj' ssf] ¹6' f] afN] g] afgLn] ubf{ p;n] lgs} bM' v kfof] .
p;n] To; lbgbl] v ¹6' f] gafN] g] / c¿nfO{ b'Mv glbg] c7f]6 u¥of] .
s= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s n]v M
ufOa{ fv|f, dVv, jfSs, ;+ofu] jz, lrRofof], b'Mv
v= 7Ls pQ/df /]hf -µ_ nufpm M
s= o'js Odfgbf/ lyof] .
v= oj' s ;w}F ufOa{ fvf| r/fpg hfGYof] .
u= v]tfnfx¿ af/Ldf sfd ul//xs] f x'Gy] .
3= af3 ToxfF cfpFb} cfPg .
ª= o'jsn] cfÇg} :jefjn] ubf{ b'Mv kfof] .
u= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M
!= o'js ¿vdf r9/] s] eGb} lrRofof] <
@= v]tfnfx¿ s:tf] :jefjsf lyP <

;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^ 171

#= t];f| ] k6s v]tfnfx¿ lsg cfPgg\ <
$= oj' sn] s] c7f]6 u¥of] <
%= dflysf] kf7af6 s] ;Gb]z kfOG5 <

;'gfO ;Lk

-k[i7 215 df lbOPsf] cgR' 5]b_
lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;g' / tnsf sfox{ ¿ u/ M
!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M
s= gk] fn s:tf] b]z xf] <
v= lrtjg /fli6«o lgs~' h klxn] s] gfdn] kV| oft lyof] <
u= lrtjg /fli6«o lgs~' hnfO{ s]df ;r" Lst[ ul/Psf] 5 <
3= ;f/} fxfsf] d'Vo åf/ e/tk'/ ;x/af6 slt b/" Ldf /x]sf] 5 <
ª= lrtjg /fli6«o lgs~' hdf sg' dfu{ xbF' } hfg ;lsG5 <
r= ;f}/fxfsf d'Vo cfsif0{ fx¿ s]s] x'g\ <

@= sf]i7saf6 vfnL 7fpdF f 7Ls pQ/ e/ M
s_ ;f}/fxf gk] fnsf] dWo ===================== df cjl:yt ;G' b/ 7fpF xf] . -kxf8, t/fO_{
v_ of] g]kfnsf] ;ae} Gbf klxnf] tyf ===================== lgs~' h xf] . -gofF, k'/fgf_]
u_ lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] :yfkgf ===================== df ul/Psf] xf] . -lj=;=+ @)@(,

lj=;+= @)#)_
3_ lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] Ifq] kmn ===================== jud{ fOn 5 . -#^), @^)_
ª_ o; /fli6o« lgs'~hdf ===================== ;Fu ;fIffTsf/ ug{ kfOG5 . -lxddfgj,

jGohGtx' ¿_

172 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^

Jofs/0f ;Lk

s/0f cs/0f

jfSosf] ;sf/fTds efjnfO{ s/0f / gsf/fTds efjnfO{ cs/0f elgG5 . s/0faf6 cs/0fdf
kl/jt{g u//] jfSofGt/0f ul/G5 . s/0fnfO{ cs/0f agfp“bf ljm| ofdf ‘g’ ylkG5 / cs/0fnfO{ s/0f
agfp“bf lj|mofaf6 ‘g’ x6fOG5 . s/0fnfO{ cs/0f agfp“bf ljm| ofsf] ;'?df, aLrdf / cGTodf ‘g’
ylkG5 .

;Defjgfy,{ OR5fy{ tyf cf1fy{ lj|mofsf] ;'?df ‘g’ ylkG5 / cs/0f agfOG5 .

h:t} M

/dz] ljBfno hfnf . – /dz] ljBfno ghfnf .

ltdLx¿ ;u“ } hfcf] . – ltdLx¿ ;“u} ghfcf] .

pgLx¿ 3D' g hfpmg\ . – pgLx¿ 3'Dg ghfpmg\ .

c1ft / cEo:t e"tsf] aLrdf ‘g’ yk/] cs/0f agfOG5 .

gf/fo0f ;/ w]/} kfgL lkpg'xG' Yof] – gf/fo0f ;/ slQ kfgL lkpg'x'GgYof] .

pm k/LIffdf pQL0f{ eP5 . – pm k/LIffdf pQL0f{ ePg5 .

;fdfGo, ck0" f{ / k0" f{ kIfsf ;a} sfnsf lj|mofdf cGTodf ‘g’ yk/] cs/0f agfOG5 . h:t} M

k9\5 – k9\bg} k9\of] – k9g]

k9g\ ] 5 – k9\g] 5}g k9b\ } 5 – k9b\ } 5g}

k9b\ } lyof] – k9\b} lyPg k9b\ } xg' ] 5 – k9\b} xg' ] 5g}

k9]sf] 5 – k9]sf] 5}g k9]sf] lyof] – k9s] f] lyPg

k9s] f] x'g] 5 – k9s] f] xg' ] 5}g

!= tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ cs/0f agfpm M

s= ltdL lgs} afN] Yof} . v= efOalxgLx¿ ldn/] sfd ub}{ 5g\ .

u= pgLx¿ cfh klg oxfF cfP . 3= s'v'/fn] k'mn kf/]5 .

ª= afafcfdf xfdLnfO{ lng cfpgx' g' ] 5 . r= efOn] k/LIff lbPsf] 5 .

;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^ 173

5= ;lngfn] vfgf vfPsL xg' ] 5] . h= xfdL ldn/] k9fnF} f .
¹= ltdL kf]v/f 3'Dg hfpm . `= lxdfndf lxpF k/]5 .
@= tnsf cs/0f jfSonfO{ s/0f agfpm M
s_ efOn] af6f] bv] ]g . v_ pgLx¿ hfbF }gg\ eg] ghfpmg\ .
u_ ofu] z] s;n} fO{ dfof ubg{} . 3_ hxf“ kmn" kmN' bg} Toxf“ ed/f 8N' b}g .
ª_ kfgL w/} } k/g] . r_ ltdL Jofkf/ gu/] gu/ .
5_ ltdL gcfpb“ f pm klg cfp“b}g . h_ ltdL Toxf“ guP ghfpm .
¹_ ef]ln kfgL gknf{ . `_ ls pm hf“bg} ls d hfGg“ .

l;hg{ fTds ;Lk

!= wgeGbf ljBf 7"nf] eGg] ljifodf ljkIfsf tsx{ ¿sf] v08g ub{} cfÇgf tsx{ ¿ k|:tt'
u/ .

@= t/af/eGbf snd alnof] eGg] ljifosf] kIfdf cfjZos abF' fx¿ tof/ kf/ .

ljZjsf kd| 'v gbLx¿

gfOn cdh] g

ofª\Uh ] ldl;l;kL

ldHhf/] L cGuf/f

Åjfªx\ f ] cfFa Olt{;

l/of] b] nf kf/fgf cd/'

cªu\ g' sªu\ f]

174 ;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff ^

kf7 !$ ls;fg

sljtf

gf/fo0f lg/f;L

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ ;a}n] k9 M

ls;fgx¿ kl;gf aufP/ xfd|f] uf7] df
v]tdf sfd u5{g\ . ufOe{ F};L 5g\ .

ls;fg xnf] af]s/] v]tdf wfg nxnx
vt] lt/ nfUof] . ¹'ns] f] 5 .

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff ^ 175

tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ eg M

d ls;fg eg]sf] sf] xf] <
d ls;fgn] vt] df wfg slxn] /fK] b5g\ <
d ls;fgnfO{ lsg sdo{ f]uL elgPsf] xf]nf <
d ls;fgn] s;/L ;an} fO{ kfns] f] x'G5 <
d xfdLn] ls;fgaf6 l;Sgk' g{] s'/fx¿ ss] ] x'g\ <

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn/] k9 M

d xfdf| ] bz] s[lifk|wfg bz] xf] .
d ls;fgn] cGg pAhfP/ ;a}nfO{ arfpg] ub5{ .
d cfxf ¤ d}n] t ls;fgn] vt] df wfg /fk] s] f] b]v]F lg .
d ls;fgn] c;f/df wfg /f]k]/ dªl\ ;/df leœofpF5 .
d ls;fgx¿ cfÇgf] sfdnfO{ kh" f;dfg 7fGb5g\ .
d ls;fg lxnf], w'nfd] f sfd u/]/ klg xf;F Lv';L bl] vG5 .
d xfdLn] ls;fgaf6 ;wF} sd{ ul//xg] k/]| 0ff kfp5F f}F .

176 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^

ls;fg sljtfsf /rgfsf/ gf/fo0f lg/f;L x'g\ . ljz]if u//] 5Gb sljtf tyf
uhndf snd rnfpg] slj lg/f;Lsf sl[ tx¿df b]zkd]| , hftLo ;b\efj,
k|sl[ tkd]| sf efjx¿ ;dl] 6Psf kfOG5g\ . pgsf t;' f/fd] f km'ns] f k"mnx¿, cfvF fel/
t;' f/f], k"mndfly t';f/f] nufotsf s[ltx¿ ks| flzt 5g\ . k:| tt' ls;fg sljtfdf
sljn] ls;fgsf] dlxdfufg u/s] f 5g\ . w]/} kl/>d u//] cGg pAhfpg] ls;fg xfdL
;a} dfgjhfltsf] kl/kfns xf] eGg] efj sljtfdf j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . sd{sf] kh' f/L
ls;fgn] ;an} fO{ sd{ u/ kmn cfkmF} k|fKt x'G5 eGg] s/' f l;sfPsf] x'G5 . lbg/ft, udL,{ hf8f], lxnf],
wn' f] ;x/] v]taf/Ldf sfd ug{] ls;fg ;an} fO{ ;Tosf] af6f]df lxF8g\ / kl;gf aufpg k|]l/t ub{5 .
sfd ub{} hfbF f 7;] nfu] klg c;kmntf kfP klg sda{ f6 kl5 x6g\ 'x'Fb}g eGg] s/' f ls;fgaf6 xfdLn]
l;Sgk' 5{ . sljtfdf ls;fgnfO{ xfd|f] k/]| s kfqsf] ¿kdf lrgfOPsf] 5 . ltdL klg sljtf k9 / yk
s/' f yfxf kfO/fv .

kf]V5' lbJo kl;gf d w/fdf .

/D5' kmf6F el/sf d u/fdf ..

aR] g ;lQmgF sxLF d Odfg .

afFR5' kf/} v u/L d ls;fg ..

aG5' sd7{ ;w}F cl3 a9\g . zAbf {y w/f M w/tL, k[YjL
;S5' x]/ k[lyjL;Fu hW' g .. kmf6F M vt] L ug{ nfos km}nfj6 ePsf]
cGgkft ;g' ¹}F d pdfg{ .
v65\ ' /ftlbg hLjg wfGg .. lbJo hldg jf db} fg
u/f M rxlsnf], rlDsnf], ;g' fn} f]
3fd, afbn, ¹/L ;a vK5' . M kfgL hdfP/ wfg /fK] g] l8ndf
sd{df lbglbg} d t h'6\5' .. Odfg
nfv lbJo >dsf] d kh' f/L kf}/v cfnL nufO{ agfOg] vt] sf
hf]T5' v]t xnuf]? d gf/L . sd7{ cnucnu efu, kmfu] 6f]
¹/L M c;n lgot
M k'?iffy,{ sdfO, cfh{g
M s'g} klg sfd bQlrQ eP/ ug]{
M jifft{ sf] 7n" f] ¿k

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^ 177

kfg{ pj/{ w/f >d /fK] 5' zAbf {y k'hf/L M kh" f ug]{ dflg;
nfs] kfNg ;kgf slt bV] 5' . pj{/ M w]/} pAhgL x'g], pAhfp
nfU5 bz] /xFbf slt uj{ nfs] M hut\, b'lgofF
e6] \5' of] dn' s' df ;v' :ju{ . uj{ M uf}/j, 3dG8
d'ns' M b]z, /fHo
;Todf d glxF8] lht x'Gg . bfpg' M sfddf hft] fpg'
b'Mv kf/ gu/L ;v' xG' g .. ldof] M bfOF ug{ vnfsf aLrdf alnof] u/L
bfpFb} 5' lhpHofg ldof]df .
x]lnFb} 5' d w'nf] / lxnfd] f .. xl] nFb} ufl8g] nfdf] vDaf
7]; M xf]ldbF }
nfU5 /] lxlF 8/x] slt 7]; . M lx8F \bf sf7, 9'ª\uf cflbl;t h'w]/
vfg hflGbgF st} d x/;] .. x/;]
sd{ ub{5' ;w}F d /dfO{ . uf]8fdf nfUg] 7Ss/, rf]6
afFR5' dflg; ;a} d arfO{ .. M pT;fx gePsf] cj:yf, lg/fzf

!= tnsf zAbx¿ ;kmf cIf/df cfÇgf] sfkLdf tLgtLg k6s ;f/ M
k[lyjL, hLjg, h'Wg, lbJo, lhpHofg, ;w,}F ldof]
@= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ n]v M
w/f, lbJo, Odfg, sd{7, pj/{ , xl] nFb}
#= jfSodf k|ofu] u/ M
kmf6F , u/f, ¹/L kg'{ , 7;] nfUg,' x/;] vfg', bfpg'

178 ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^

$= s_ tnsf dWo] z'4 zAbdf /]hf -µ_ nufpm M

!= c_ pj{/ cf_ pa/{ O_ pmj/{ O_{ p/j\ /{
O_{ ;f;] 0f
@= c_ zfi] fg cf_ zfi] f0f O_ zf;0f O_{ kl/l:ylt
O{_ sdo| fu] L
#= c_ kl/l:ytL cf_ kl/:yLlt O_ k/L:yLtL

$= c_ sdo{ fl] u cf_ sdo{ f]uL O_ s/\dof]uL

%= tnsf zAbnfO{ ljk/LtfyL{ zAb;uF hf]8f ldnfpm M

a]Rg d5{'

afRF 5' c;To

hLjg kfgL

3fd ;'v

pj/{ lsGg

;To d/0f

b'Mv af¹F f]

^= tnsf zAb / cy{sf aLrdf hf8] f ldnfpm M

kf/} v bz]

kh' f/L xfl] dg'

nf]s uf/} j

uj{ rf]6

dn' 's k?' iffy{

x]lng' k"hf ug]{ dflg;

7]; hut\

&= ls;fg sljtfaf6 cGTodf ‘df’ / ‘5'’ nfu]sf zAbx¿ l6k M

*= tn lbOPsf] sljtfsf] kªl\ Qm k9 / lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]v M

aG5' sd7{ ;w}F cl3 a9\g .

;S5' x/] kl[ yjL;uF h'Wg ..

;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^ 179

cGgkft ;g' ¹F} d pdfg{ .
v65\ ' /ftlbg hLjg wfGg ..
s= dflysf] sljtf+zaf6 PsPs j6f lgDglnlvt kbjux{ ¿ l6k M
gfd M ========================= ;j{gfd M =========================
ljm| of M ========================= gfdof]uL M =========================
ljm| ofofu] L M =========================

k9fO÷n]vfO ;Lk

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ nv] M
s_ ls;fg sljtfsf nv] s sf] x'g\ < v_ ls;fg s] u//] afrF s] f] x'G5 <
u_ ls;fg lsg k[YjL;Fu hW' b5 < 3_ ls;fgn] >d lsg /f]Kb5 <
ª_ ;'v kf| lKt s;/L x'G5 <
@= tnsf jfSox¿ 7Ls jf a7] Ls s] x'g\, lrg/] n]v M
s_ ls;fgn] OdfgnfO{ slxNo} a]Rb}g .
v_ ls;fg kY[ jL;uF hW' g] ub{5 .
u_ ls;fgn] cfÇgf] Hofg s;/L kfNg] ;kgf b]v]sf] x'G5 <
3_ ls;fgn] ldofd] f cfÇgf] lhpHofg bfp5F .
ª_ lxF8g\ ] dfG5n] fO{ 7]; nfUb}g .
#= ldNg] zAb /fv]/ sljtf k"/f u/ M
==========================d glxF8] lht x'Gg .
bM' v kf/ =========================== ;'v xG' g ..
bfpbF } 5' lhpHofg ===========================.
x]lnFb} 5' =================== wn' f] / lxnfd] f ..

180 ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^

$= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] Ps zAbdf pQ/ bp] m M

s_ ls;fgn] lbJo kl;gf sxfF kfV] b5 < v_ ls;fg ss] f] k'hf/L xf] <
u_ ls;fgn] ;'v:ju{ sxfF e6] 5\ < 3_ ls;fgn] s] vfbF g} <
ª_ ls;fgn] s;nfO{ arfP/ dfq cfk"m afFRb5 <

%= JofVof u/ M

s_ kf]V5' lbJo kl;gf d w/fdf . v_ sd{ ub{5' ;wF} d /dfO{ .
/D5' kmf6F el/sf d u/fdf .. afFR5' dflg; ;a} d arfO{ ..
aR] g ;lQmgF sxLF d Odfg .
afFR5' kf}/v u/L d ls;fg ..

^= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ bp] m M

s_ ls;fg s:tf] :jefjsf] x'G5 < v_ ls;fgn] s]s] sfd ub5{ <

u_ ls;fgsf ljzi] ftfx¿ s]s] x'g\ <

3_ ls;fg sljtfaf6 kfOg] ;Gbz] x¿ ss] ] xg' \ <

&= ls;fg sljtfsf] cfwf/df ls;fgnfO{ sd{of]uL dflg;sf] ¿kdf lrgfpm .

tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 M

ls;fg sds{ f] kh' f/L xf] . sdo{ fu] af6} p;n] cfk"mnfO{ lrgfPsf] x'G5 . 3fd, afbn, ¹/L, cl;gf cflb
vk] /] lbJo kf}/v /fK] g] pm ;[li6s} dxfg\ JolQm xf] . p;sf] kl;gfaf6} wtL{ pj/{ aGb5 . ;'g¹F} cGg
pdfg{] pm cfk"m afFr/] c¿nfO{ arfpg nfluk5{ . sd{ u/]/ pm slxNo} yfSbg} . p;n] w'nf]lxnf] v]Nbf
klg k[YjL /lQG5 . p;sf sd{7 xftx¿n] l;hg{ fsf aLh pdf5g{ \ . p;n] hlGdFb} sd{sf] kf7 l;ss] f]
x'G5 . >ddf ljZjf; ug{] xFb' f rfa} L;} 306f v6\g p;nfO{ s;}n] l;sfpgk' b{}g . ls;fgsf] kfp kbf{
kY[ jLsf] 5ftLn] uj{ ub{5 . pm uj{;fy ;Lk /fK] g ?rfp5F . ;Tosf] af6f]df lxF8g\ p;n] cfkmF} hfg]sf]
5 . nf]ssf ;Dk0" f{ k|f0fLdfly p;n] cfÇgf ;Gtlt;/x :gx] vGofPsf] x'G5 . dflg;sf] lhGbuL lx8F \g]
af6f] si6s/ x'G5 t/ pm ;xh ¿kdf lx8F g\ ;S5 . hLjgbl] v pm slxNo} xfb{}g . ;ª\3if{sf] d}bfgdf
plqFbf p;nfO{ cfgGb nfUb5 . pm ;wF} TofuL eP/ afrF s] f] xG' 5 . nfe] / dfx] df slxNo} gkm:g] x'Fbf
p;nfO{ b'lgofFn] ;jl{ ko| 7fG5g\ . xfdL ;an} ] ls;fgh:t} sdz{ Ln aGg l;Sg'k5{ .

s= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s n]v M

sd{of]u, ;l[ i6, pj/{ , uj{, si6s/, ;ª\3if{, TofuL, sd{zLn, sd{7

;'gufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^ 181

v= 7Ls pQ/df /]hf -µ_ nufpm M
s= ls;fg sdo{ fu] L xFb' }g .
v= ls;fg dxfg\ JolQm xf] .
u= ls;fgsf] kl;gfaf6 g} wtL{ pj{/ aG5 .
3= ls;fg ;Tosf] af6fd] f lxF8\bg} .
ª= ls;fg hLjgbl] v slxNo} xfb{g} .
u= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M
!= ls;fgn] cfk"mnfO{ s;/L lrgfPsf] xG' 5 <
@= ls;fgnfO{ s:tf s'/f s;}n] l;sfpg'kb{}g <
#= ls;fg s] s'/fdf slxNo} xfb{}g <
$= ls;fgnfO{ slt jn] f cfgGb nfUb5 <
%= ls;fgnfO{ b'lgofnF ] lsg ;j{lko| 7fG5g\ <

;'gfO ;Lk

-ki[ 7 215 df lbOPsf] cg'R5b] _
lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;g' / tnsf sfox{ ¿ u/ M
!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M
s= g]kfnsf] nueu slt kl| tzt hg;ªV\ of s[lifdf lge/{ 5 <
v= ;+;f/sf] ;a}eGbf pRr :yfgdf kmNg] wfgsf] gfd s] xf] <
u= gk] fnsf] t/fO{ v08nfO{ s[lif pTkfbgsf bl[ i6n] sg' :yfgdf /fVg ;lsG5 <
3= gk] fnsf] 7n" f] hg;ª\Vof s'g :yfgsf] cGg vfP/ kflnPsf] 5 <
ª= s[lif pTkfbgsf b[li6n] sf7df8fF} pkTosfsf] df6f] s:tf] 5 <
@= sf]i7saf6 vfnL 7fpFdf 7Ls pQ/ e/ M
s_ hf}, pjf, kmfk/ h:tf vfBfGg ============= e]udf pTkfbg xg' ] u5{g\ . -lxdfnL, kxf8L_
v_ ds,} e6df;, ux,'F sf]bf] h:tf afnLgfnLsf] pTkfbg =================ul/G5 . -kxf8df,
t/fOd{ f_

182 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^

u_ sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf gbLsf lsgf/x¿df klg ================== v]tLkftL ul/GYof] .

-clncln, k|z:t_
3_ sf7df8f}Fsf v]tLofU] o hldgdf ================ a;fOPsf] 5 . -a:tL, ÇofS6«L_
ª_ lji0f'dtL, jfudtL, 6s' 'rf, dgfx] /f h:tf gbLx¿ ================ /xs] f 5g\ .

-kfv] /fdf, sf7df8fd}F f_

Jofs/0f ;Lk

e"t sfn / To;sf kIfx¿ M

;fdfGo e"t M lj|mofkbn] ug{] sfo{ klxn] g} ePsf] eGg] efj a¹' fpg] ljm| ofsf] cj:yf ;fdfGo e"t
xf] . o;n] sfd ;lsPsf] hfgsf/L u/fp5“ . wfts' f] k5fl8 P,“ of,“} O;,\ of,} of,] O{, Og,\
P h:tf ¿kfos kT| oox¿ hfl] 8P/ ;fdfGo et" sf lj|mof aG5g\ . h:t} M vfP,“ k9\of“,}
n]lv;\, uof], hfge' of,] x¥] of], af]nL, kl9g\, uP cflb .

ck0" f{ et" M ljm| ofsf] sfo{ klxn]sf] ;dodf ;?' ePsf] / k/" f gePsf] jf rln/x]sf] cj:yfnfO{
hgfpg] kIf ck"0f{ e"t xf] . ck"0f{ et" sf] ljm| of wftd' f t}÷b} ±lyP,“ lyof“,} lyO;\, lyof},
lyof] h:tf e"tsfnLg ;xfos ljm| of hf]l8P/ aG5g\ . h:t} M k9b\ } lyP,“ k9\b} lyof,}“
n]Vb} lyO;\, a:t} lyof,] hfgx' “b' } lyof] cflb .

k"0f{ et" M klxns] f] ;dodf sfd k/" f ePsf] a'¹fpg] lj|mofsf] cj:yf k0" f{ e"t xf] . k"0f{ e"tsf
ljm| ofx¿ wft'df Psf÷Psf÷] PsL ±lyP“, lyof,“} lyO;,\ lyof,} lyof] h:tf et" sfnLg
;xfos ljm| of hf]l8P/ aG5g\ .

cEo:t et" M klxn] ePsf] / jtd{ fgdf g/x]sf] eGg] a¹' fpg] e"tsfnsf] kIf cEo:t kIf xf] .
cEo:t kIf a¹' fpg] ljm| ofsf] lgdf0{ f wft±' y]“, Yof“,} ly;,\ Yof}, Yof], yL, lyg,\ y] h:tf
¿kfos kT| oo nfu/] x'G5 .

c1ft et" M sg' } klg sfo{ klxn] g} ePsf] t/ To;sf] kl/0ffd clxn] yfxf x'G5 eg] To:tf] cj:yf
a¹' fpg] ljm| ofsf] kIfnfO{ c1ft et" elgG5 . o; kIfsf ljm| ofsf] lgdf0{ f wft'± P5',
P5f,} P5;,\ O5];\, P5f}, P5, O5,] P5g\ cflb ¿kfos kT| oo hf]l8P/ x'G5 .

!= wft' / ;ª\s]tsf] ;xfotfn] vfnL 7fpF e/ M

s_ xfdL cfh lbgel/ =========================================== . -8n' M\ ;fdfGo e"t_

;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^ 183

v_ k'isn ufog k|ltofl] utfdf ky| d =================================== . -x' M cEo:t_
u_ ljBfyLx{ ¿ u'?;uF 3'Dg =========================================== . -hf M c1ft et" _
3_ gk] fnn] ljm| s]6df w/] } k|ult =========================================== .
ª_ ;/' G] b| a6' jnaf6 =========================================== . -u/\ M k0" f{ et" _
r_ d ;fgfd] f w]/} =========================================== /] . -cfp M ck"0f{ et" _
5_ d gcfpFb} afaf 3'Dg ============================= .
h_ uf}/j ;/n] /fd|f cIf/ =============================== . -?M cEo:t e"t_
¹_ afnsi[ 0f bfOn] w/] } /S;L ============================ . -hf M c1ft et" _
`_ d >'lt;j+ u] df syfjfrg =========================== .
-nv] \ M cEo:t_
-lkp M c1ft et" _
l;h{gfTds ;Lk -;'g\ M ck"0f{ et" _

!= ‘kl/>d’ zLif{sdf sljtf n]v M
@= sg' } sljtf n]v/] sIffsf lzIfs / ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;g' fpm .

s]xL /f]rs hfgsf/L M
!= s'g} 7fpFdf 5f]6f]5f6] f] ;dodf x'g] jfod' 08nLo cj:yfnfO{ df;} d elgG5 .
@= g]kfndf @)#% ;fnb]lv ko6{ s kx| /L Joj:yfkgsf] ;'?jft ePsf] lyof] .
#= ef/t / aª\unfb]z h:tf bO' { j6f b]zsf] /fli6o« ufg /rgf ug]{ slj /jLGbg| fy 7fs/' x'g\ .
$= k[YjLnfO{ cfÇgf] sIfdf Ps kmGsf] dfg{ nfUg] ;donfO{ ;f}o{ lbg elgG5 .
%= g]kfndf ag]sf] klxnf] /fhdfu{ lqej' g /fhky xf] .
^= Ps} cfe] /df ^ 5Ssf k|xf/ ug]{ klxnf] gk] fnL cfsfz yfkf xg' \ .
&= gk] fnsf] klxnf] wfld{s ;lxb k=+ gf/fo0fk;| fb kf]v/]n xg' \ .
*= g]kfnsf] /fi6« ufgdf $^ zAb / !@* j6f cIf/ 5g\ .

184 ;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff ^

kf7 !% ls:tfsf] sDKo'6/

syf kz] n cfrfo{

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn/] ;an} ] k9 M

afafn] gofF sDKo'6/ d v'q'sd] f k};f
Nofpg'eof] . hDdf u5'{ .

lbbL cWoogsf nflu sDKo6' /af6 w]/} 1fg
ljbz] hfge' of] . kfOG5 .

;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^ 185

tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ eg M

d ltd|f] 3/df sDKo'6/ 5 <
d sDKo'6/df ltdL ss] ] sfd u5f}{ <
d yfk] fyfk] fn] ;d'b| aG5 egs] f] s] xf] <
d ;kmntf s;/L k|fKt xG' 5 <
d cefj egs] f] s] xf] < ltdLn] cefjsf] dx;;' u/]sf 5f} <

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn/] k9 M

d cfxf ¤ bfh'n] t gofF sDKo6' / kf] Nofpg'eP5 .
d d t 6Lsf nufP/ lbPsf] k;} f vr{ gu/L /fV5' lg .
d k;} f hDdf ug]{ afgLn] df}sfdf 7n" f] sfd lbFbf] /x5] x} .
d ;fgf;fgf df}/Ln] ldn/] sfd u/s] fn] w/] } dx hDdf ug{ ;S5g\ .
d bM' v;'v ¹n] /] x'lsP{ sf afnaflnsfx¿ ;kmn dfG5] aG5g\ .
d gk] fndf dWodjuL{o kl/jf/sf dflg;x¿ w]/} 5g\ .
d afafn] lbbLnfO{ pRr lzIffsf nflu ljb]z k7fpge' of] .

186 ;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^

ls:tfsf] sDKo'6/’ syfsf n]vs k]zn cfrfo{ x'g\ . logL afn;flxTodf ;lj|mo
¿kdf snd rnfpg] ;|i6f xg' \ . afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu syf, gf6s, sljtf tyf
lgaGw n]Vg ?rfpg] cfrfo{ k|f9} x¿sf nflu klg nV] 5g\ . kf7df /flvPsf] ‘ls:tfsf]
sDKo6' /’ logsf] ;G' b/ /rgf xf] . w/] } g]kfnLx¿sf] cfly{s cj:yf sdhf]/ 5 .
pgLx¿ cfÇgf OR5fx¿ ;lhn} k/" f ug{ ;Sbg} g\ . pgLx¿n] cfkm" nfO{ OR5f nfus] f
s'/fx¿ lsGg ls t C0f lng'k5{ ls cfkm" ;uF ePsf ;fdfg a]Rg'k5{ . o:tf] jn] fdf
ls:tfdf ;fdfg lsGg] ;'ljwfn] pgLx¿nfO{ w/] } ;xof]u u5{ . ls:tf egs] f] dlxgfdlxgfdf lglZrt
/sd ltg{] u/L lnOPsf] ;fk6L xf] . o;df yf]/}yf/] } u//] C0f ltg{ kfOg] x'Fbf cln ;lhnf] xG' 5 . syfdf
?lr gfd u/]sL aflnsfsf afa'cfdfn] klg ls:tfdf sDKo'6/ lsg]sf 5g\ . Tof] sDKo6' /nfO{ ?lrn]
;b'kof]u u/s] L 5 . p;n] sDKo6' /af6 1fg cfhg{ u/]/ hLjgdf u/s] f] k|ult g} ‘ls:tfsf] sDKo6' /’
syfsf] ljifo xf] . yk s/' f syf k9/] a'¹ .

sDKo'6/sf] hdfgf cfof] . ufpF3/df htftt} sDKo6' / lsGg] Ps ks| f/sf] km;] gh:tf] ePsf] lyof] .
x'g]vfg]n] t c;n hfts} a|fG88] sDKo6' / lsGy] . cfDbfgL /fd|f] xg' ] / w]/} sfd ugk{' gx]{ ¿ gofFgofF
df]8]nsf Nofk6k g} vfH] y] . lsGg g;Sg]x¿ rflxF l5d]sLsf 3/df NofPsf] sDKo6' / x]/L lrQ
a¹' fpyF ] .

?lrsf 3/df pm / p;sf efOx¿ klg afcfdfnfO{ sDKo6' / lslglbg' egL s/s/ ug{ yfns] f lyP .
lgs} jif{bl] v yftL /x]sf] lyof] pgLx¿sf] sDKo6' / l;Sg] /x/ . ptf :sn' df sIff ( af6 sDKo'6/
sIff ;'? ePsf] lyof] . otf ?lr o;kfln sIff * df uPsL lyO{ .

?lr To; 3/sL h]7f] ;Gtfg lyO{ . pm k9\g / nV] gdf w]/} t]h lyO{ . pm cfÇgf efOx¿nfO{ pgLx¿n]
ghfg]sf ;a} s'/f l;sfpFyL . p;n] ljBfnodf slxn] klg bf];f| ] x'gk' /g] . ljBfnodf xg' ] cltl/Qm
lj|mofsnfkx¿df klg pm ;w}F ;xefuL xG' yL . lzIfsx¿n] ?lrnfO{ dfof uy]{ . d]wfjL ?lrnfO{ sIff
( df sDKo6' / lj1fg lnP/ k9g\ ] va' wfs] f] lyof] . pm cf3fF} ;fn sDKo'6/ ljifo /fH] g] ljrf/df lyO{ .
o;}u/L lbg laTb} uP .

zAbf {y cfDbfgL M cfo, cfo:tf cltl/Qm lj|mofsnfk M k9fOafxs] sf cGo
yftL M kl5sf] nflu ;fFr/] /fVg] sfd lj|mofsnfk
s/s/ ug{' M l9kL ug{'
wf]sf] M rfxgf, OR5f

;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^ 187

efOx¿ klg lbbLsf] kl/>d / nugzLntfn] ubf{ w/] } dg nufP/ k9y\ ] . cfÇgf tLg j6} s6] fs]6Lx¿
o;/L k9fOn]vfOdf bQlrQ ePsf] bV] bf afcfdf bj' } xlif{t lyP . pgLx¿n] klg 5f/] f5f/] LnfO{
sDKo6' / glsGg] g} t elgxfn]sf lyPgg\ t/ pgLx¿;Fu Ps}rfl] 6 Toqf] tL;rfnL; xhf/ Psd'i7
?ko} fF lgsfNg] ;fauf; lyPg . 3/df a"9fa"9L dfq} xFb' f afprflxF s/' f uy]{ –‘5f/] f5f]/Lx¿nfO{ ofU] o
/ lzlIft agfpg] bfloTj xfd}| ePsfn] csf{] ;fn t y'st]n u//] } klg Pp6f sDKo'6/ t lsGg} k5{ .’
cfdf :jLs[lt;r" s 6fpsf] dfq xNnfplF yg\ .

?lrsf afa' ;fgf]ltgf] ;/sf/L hflu/] lyP . pgsf] sdfOn] 3/ rnfpg klg wf}wf} lyof] . To;n} ]
?lrsL cfdfn] ahf/df Pp6f ;fgf] nu' f l;nfpg] k;n rnfPsL lyOg\ . hdfgf ca sfd u//] vfg]
vfnsf] cfPsf] lyof] . k/' fgf] hftcg';f/sf] k];f xG' 5 eGg] dfGotf ;dfhaf6 j|mdzM x6\b} uPsf]
lyof] . dflg;x¿ cfkm" v;' L k];fsf] rog uy{] . ;don] NofPsf] of] kl/jt{gnfO{ ;dfhn] dfGotf
lbO;s]sf] lyof] . To;n} ] ?lrsL cfdfsf] sfdnfO{ klg To; ;dfhsf dflg;n] /fd|f] b[li6n] x]/]sf lyP .

‘dflg;sf] b'O{ hft, sfdsf] Pp6} hft’– ?lrsf afaf 5f/] f5f]/Lx¿nfO{ ;D¹fpbF } slxns] fxLF k|;ªu\
ldnfP/ eGg] uy{] .

?lrsf cfdfafaf cfÇgf ;a} ;v' b'Mvsf sfdx¿ af8F ]/ ug{] uy{] . 5f]/f5f]/Ln] klg pgLx¿nfO{
3/Jojxf/df /fd;|} uF ;3fPsf lyP .

Ps lbg afafn] kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:o ePsf jn] f Pp6f k|:tfj /fv] –‘cab]lv ltdLx¿n] b;F} ltxf/df
kfPsf] blIf0ff / cf}F;L k"l0f{dfdf 6Lsf nfP/ kfPsf] k};f PsPs hDdf kf/L Ps jif{;Dddf Pp6f
sDKo6' / lsGg'k5{ x} .’ ;an} ] o; s/' fdf ;xif{ ;xdlt hgfP . afcfdfn] klg dlxgfsf] kfFr ;o ?k}ofF
:yfgLo art ;xsf/L ;+:yfdf hDdf ul/lbg] d]nf] ldnfPsf lyP .

sDKo'6/ lsGg] /x/ To; 3/df knfpFb} uPsf] lyof] . s6] fs]6Lx¿ klg bM' vlhnf] u/]/ cfÇgf] kj] fkft
hDdf ug{ yfn] . ;do laTb} uof] . nueu tLg jif{sf] kt| LIffkl5 ?lr / pgsf efOx¿sf] /x/ k/" f
eof] . afn] sf7df8f}aF f6 Pp6f /fd|f] df8] ]nsf] sDKo6' / lsg/] 3/df NofOlbP .

zAbf {y bQlrQ M PslrQ, Psf]xf/] f] k|;ª\u M l;nl;nf
xlif{t M v';L blIf0ff M k"hfcfhfdf 6Lsf nufP/ lbOg]
Psd'i7 M Ps} rf]l6, ;Dk"0f{ ¿kdf
;fauf; M cf}sft, sg' ] JolQmsf] cfo / To;cg';f/ k;} f
:yfgLo M s'g} vf; 7fpsF f]
p;n] ug{ ;Sg] vrs{ f] l:ylt ;xsf/L M Ps;fy ldn/] sfd ug{]
ys' t]n M ku' ];k'u;] bM' vlhnf] M ldlxgt]
:jLsl[ t;"rs M ;xdlt hgfpg] kj] fkft M lghL wg
k:| tfj M sg' } sfo{ jf p2Z] osf lglDt p7fOPsf] kt| LIff M kvf{O
xs M clwsf/
k|;ª\u, ;'¹fp

188 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^

sfG5f] efOn] t To; lbg sDKo6' / x/] /] } lbg latfof] . xs{n] ubf{ p;n] /fd|/L vfgf klg vfPg . ?lr
/ 7n" f] efOrflxF ?l6g agfP/ sDKo'6/df ljleGg lsl;dsf ;Lk l;Sg] / lrqx¿ agfpg] uy]{ .
o;aLrdf ?lr xfO:sn' sf] lzIff k/" f u/L :yfgLo SofDk;df sIff P3f/df k9\g yfnL . efOx¿dWo]
7"nfr] flxF sIff * / sfG5f] sIff ^ df ku' ] .

‘yf]kfyfk] f ldn/] g} gbL aGg] u5’{ – cfdf eGg] ulyg{ \ . s6] fs6] Lsf] nufgL ePsf] sDKo'6/ ePsfn]
pgLx¿n] g} To;nfO{ vfN] g] rnfpg] lgod agfPsf lyP . afcfdf t xKtfsf] Ps lbg zlgaf/ dfq}
o;f] s] /x5] egL sDKo6' /df a:g] uy]{ .

5'/f ePsf lyP –?lr / pgsf efOx¿ sDKo6' / k|of]udf . ljBfnodf klg ;}4flGts 1fg lbOg]
ePsfn] efOx¿ v'??? sDKo'6/df 6fOk uy]{ . pgLx¿ al] ;s sDKo6' /b]lv kf| ]u|fldªdf klg bIf
ePsf lyP . cfdf klg clncln sDKo6' / rnfpg hfgs] L lyOg\ . af clkm;sf] kmf§km§' s]xL sfd kfP
3/d} NofpyF ] . o;/L Tof] ls:tfsf] sDKo6' / To; 3/df ;an} fO{ cfÇgf] vgvfrF f] sfd 6fg]{ dfWod
ag]sf] lyof] .

‘xfdf| ;fyLx¿ t ;'?;'?df sDKo'6/df a:bf xftsf cfnF} f sdfpFy] .’ – 7n" f] efO lbbL ?lrnfO{ eGYof] .
?lr klg p;nfO{ ;D¹fpyF L – ‘afgL gk?Ghn] To:t} xf,] kl5 cfkm}F 7Ls x'G5 . sDKo6' /df sfd ug{
hfgk] l5 xftn] sg' } klg sfd} ug}{ dg nfUbg} .’

s]xL ;dosf] cGt/fndf pgLx¿sf 3/df 6]lnkmf]g klg h8fg ul/of] . To;kl5 pgLx¿n] OG6/g]6
hf8] ] . Odn] l;s] . u'un / o' 6\oa' df vfh] ]/ k9fOnv] fOsf ;a} vfn] sfdx¿ pgLx¿ sDKo6' /d} ug{
yfn] .

To;sf] 7Ls bO' { jif{kl5 ?lrsL Pp6L ;fyL ljBfyL{ le;f kfP/ cd]l/sf k9g\ uO{ . ?lrn] p;sf] Od]n
7]ufgf /fvs] L lyO{ . pm cfÇgL ;fyLnfO{ j]nfjn] fdf cd]l/sf Odn] df va/ ul//xGyL . ;fyLn] klg
cfjZos ;a} s/' f tof/L ug{ ?lrnfO{ l;sfOl5g\ . ‘Kn; 6'’ kf; u/]/ ?lr :yfgLo sDKo6' / l;sfpg]
;+:yfdf sfd ug{ yfns] L lyO{ . p;sf efOx¿ klg ca sn]h k9g\ ] eO;s]sf lyP .

Ps lbg ?lr v;' L xFb' } 3/ cfO{ . v;' Lsf] ljifo kl5 yfxf eof] . p;nfO{ cd]l/sf uPsL p;sL ;fyLn]
snh] sf] nflu egf{ xg' ;lhnf] xg' ] ‘cfO{=6\jfG6L’ k7fOlbPsL /lx5 . p;n] afcfdf;Fu /fd|f] ljifo
k9g\ hfg kfOg] /x5] eg] cd]l/sf hfg'knf{ eGg] k:| tfj /fvL . cfdfafn] rflxF 5f]/L dfG5] Tolt 6f9f

zAbf {y nufgL M s'g} sfdsf nflu ul/Psf] vr{ vgvfFrf] M cfjZostf
5'/f M tl] hnf,] l;kfn' ls:tf M yf]/} yf/] } u//] vf; ;dodf ltg]{
;4} flGts M l;4fGt;DaGwL
bIf M s'g} sfddf l;kfn' /sd
h8fg M hf]8\g] sfd

;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^ 189

lsg hfg] < ghfg," egL dfGge' Psf] lyPg t/ efOx¿n] lbbL uPkl5 cfk"mx¿nfO{ klg ;lhnf] x'g]
ePsfn] w]/} lh2L u/] .

cGtdf cfdfafsf] s]xL hf]8 nfu]g . ?lrn] kqfrf/ ub}{ /xL . ToxL ;fnsf] dªl\ ;/df p;n] af:] 6g
ljZjljBfnodf sDKo'6/ lj1fgdf sx] L 5fqj[lQ;dt] kfpg] u/L gfd lgsfnL . t'?Gt} le;f ldNof] .
pm hfg] lgZrodf ku' L . tof/L xg' yfNof] . afn] ;~rosfi] faf6 C0f ;fk6L lnP/ ?lrnfO{ cdl] /sf
k9g\ k7fP .

?lrsf] lgwf/df cfdfafn] /ftf] 6Lsf nufOlbP . ljdfg:yn;Dd k¥' ofpg hxfg} uP . cfjZos
r]shfFr eof] . tf]lsPsf] ;dodf Kng] p8o\ f] . Kn]g p8]sf] cfsfzlt/ xl] //xs] f ?lrsf afcfdfsf
cfvF f /;fP . cfdfn] rflxF dft[jfT;No bv] fpFb} ;f/Lsf] ;Ksf]n] cf;F ' k'l5g\ . efOx¿sf] dg klg ux|f}F
eP/ cfof] t/ af eg] 5f/] Lsf] ;kmntfdf ubub ePsf lyP .

PsPs ?lkofF hDdf u//] lsgs] f] ls:tfsf] sDKo'6/n] ubf{ cfh ?lr ;+;f/s} k|l;4 snh] df sDKo'6/
;fOG;df l8Knfd] f ug{ cdl] /sf p8L . ‘yf]kfyf]kf ldn/] gbL aG5’ eGg] s/' f b'j} efOn] clxn] oltv]/
eg] dh}n] yfxf kfP . pgLx¿ w/] } v';L bl] vGy] .

‘c;n rLhdf xfn]sf] wgn] eljio ;kfbf]{ /x]5’– ?lrsf afafdf dgdg} o;/L Pp6f bxf| ] ljZjf;
To;j} n] f aLhfªs\ /' 0f eof] . ?lrnfO{ cdl] /sfsf nflu p8fP/ kl/jf/sf rf/} hgf ;b:ox¿ cfÇgf]
3/ kms]{ .

zAbf {y kqfrf/ M lr7L k7fpg] sfd dft[jfT;No M cfdfsf] dfof
5fqjl[ Q M ljBfyLn{ ] kf| Kt ug]{ ;x'lnot aLhfªs\ '/0f M aLh 6';fpg] sfd, aLhfª\s'/ xg' ]
;~rosf]if M sd{rf/Lsf] tnaaf6 lglZrt
k|lj|mof
k|ltztn] hDdf ul/g] /sd

!= tnsf zAbx¿ ;kmf cIf/df cfÇgf] sfkLdf tLgtLg k6s ;f/ M
cltl/Qm ljm| ofsnfk, Psdi' 7, :jLs[lt;"rs, ;}4flGts, 5fqj[lQ, ;~rosf]if, dft[jfT;No
@= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ n]v M
yftL, ys' t]n, ;xsf/L, kj] fkft, xs, :yfgLo, nufgL, bIf, ls:tf, cGt/fn, kqfrf/

190 ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^

#= jfSodf ko| fu] u/ M

cfDbfgL ug',{ s/s/ ug'{, bQlrQ x'g', 5'/f xg' ', k|:tj /fVg', sfd 6fg'{, kt| LIff ug'{

$= tnsf zAbnfO{ ljk/LtfyL{ zAb;Fu hf8] f ldnfpm M

wo} { s7f]/

g/d db{

lghL{j k'/:sf/

gfdb { bofn'

lgb{oL ljkIf

lgGbf ;hLj

kIf cwo} {

%= s_ tnsf] jfSonfO{ z'4 kf/]/ ;f/ M

afafn] eGge' of] –cjbl] v ltdLx¿n] b;}F ltxf/df kfPsf] blIf0ff / cfz}F L kl" 0fd{ fdf l6sf nfP/
kfPsf] k};f Ps Ps hDdf kfl/ Ps jif{;Dddf Pp6f sDKo6' / lsGgk' 5{ x} .

v_ tnsf dWo] z'4 zAbdf /h] f -µ_ nufpm M

!= c_ cltl/Qm cf_ ctL/LQm O_ clt/LQm O_{ clQl/Qm

@= c_ ;~rosfz] cf_ ;Grosfi] f O_ ;Grosf]z O{_ z~rosf];

#= c_ :jLs[lt;r' s cf_ ;O' s[lt;r" s O_ l:js[lt;r" s O{_ :jLsl[ t;"rs

$= c_ Psdi' 6 cf_ Psd'i7 O_ Psdi" 7 O_{ Psdi" 6

^= tnsf zAb / cy{sf aLrdf hf]8f ldnfpm M

cfDbfgL ldlxgt]
wfs] f] cfdfsf] dfof
xlif{t kvf{O
k|;ªu\ sdfO
b'Mvlhnf] tl] hnf
k|tLIff v';L
5/' f l;nl;nf
h8fg rfxgf
dft[jfT;No hf]8\g] sfd

;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^ 191

&= ;+:st[ efiffafxs] cªu\ |h] L, lxGbL cflb efiffaf6 gk] fnL efiffdf cfPsf zAbx¿nfO{
cfuGts' zAb elgG5 . tnsf] cg'R5b] af6 cª\u]h| L efiffaf6 cfPsf kfrF j6f zAbx¿
l6k M

sDKo'6/sf] hdfgf cfof] . ufpF3/df htftt} sDKo'6/ lsGg] Ps k|sf/sf] km];gh:tf] ePsf]
lyof] . xg' v] fgn] ] t c;n hfts} af| G8]8 sDKo6' / lsGy] . cfDbfgL /fdf| ] xg' ] / w/] } sfd
ug{k' g]x{ ¿ gofgF ofF df]8]nsf Nofk6k g} vf]Hy] . lsGg g;Sg]x¿ rflxF l5ds] Lsf 3/df
NofPsf] sDKo6' / x/] L lrQ a¹' fpFy] .

k9fO÷n]vfO ;Lk

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ nv] M

s_ sDKo6' / lsGg g;Sgx] ¿ s;/L lrQ a'¹fpFy] <

v_ sDKo6' / lsGgsf nflu slt ?lkofF lgsfNg'kYof{] <

u_ sDKo6' / kl/jf/df s:tf] dfWod ags] f] lyof] <

3_ s6] fs]6Lx¿ ss] d] f vfh] ]/ k9fOn]vfOsf sfd sDKo'6/d} uy]{ <

ª_ ?lrn] cd]l/sfdf s'g ljifo k9g\ s'g ljZjljBfnodf gfd lgsfnL <

@= tnsf jfSox¿ 7Ls jf a]7Ls s] x'g,\ lrg]/ n]v M

s_ sIff * af6 g} sDKo'6/ sIff ;?' ePsf] lyof] .

v_ afn] sf7df8f}aF f6 sDKo6' / Nofpg'eof] .

u_ ?lr efOx¿nfO{ sDKo'6/ 5g' klg lbGgyL .

3_ ?lrsL ;fyL cdl] /sf uPsL lyO{ .

ª_ ?lrn] gl;{ª ljifo k9g\ gfd lgsfnL .

#= ldNg] zAb 5fg]/ vfnL 7fpF e/ M

s_ dlxgfsf] ================ ;o ?lkofF ;xsf/L ;+:yfdf hDdf ul/GYof] . -kfrF , 5_
v_ ljBfnodf sDKo'6/sf] ================ 1fg lbOGYof] . -;4} flGts, Jofjxfl/s_
u_ ?lrnfO{ ;fyLn] ================ k7fOlbPsL lyO{ .
3_ 5f]/Lsf] ;kmntfdf af ================ ePsf lyP . -cfO lkmK6L, cfO 6j\ fG6L_

ª_ c;n rLhdf xfns] f] ================ n] eljio ;'wfbf]{ /x]5 . -y'/y'/, ubub_

-wg, dg_

192 ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff ^

$= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] Ps zAbdf pQ/ b]pm M
s_ ?lrsf slt efOalxgL lyP <
v_ slt jif{sf] kt| LIffkl5 sDKo'6/ lsGg] wf]sf] k/" f eof] <
u_ afcfdf s'g jf/ sDKo6' / rnfpg] uy]{ <
3_ slt sIff kf; u/]kl5 ?lrn] sfd ug{ yfns] L lyO{ <
ª_ afn] ?lrnfO{ k9g\ k7fpg sxfaF f6 C0f lng'eof] <
%= s;n] s;nfO{ egs] f] xf] < kf7sf cfwf/df vfh] ]/ eg M
s_ 5f/] f5f/] Lx¿nfO{ ofU] o / lzlIft agfpg] bfloTj xfd|} xf] .
v_ yfk] fyfk] f ldn/] g} gbL aGg] u5{ .
u_ xfd|f ;fyLx¿ t ;'?;'?df sDKo'6/df a:bf xftsf cfF}nf sdfpyF ] .
3_ afgL gk?Gh]n To:t} xf,] kl5 cfkm}F 7Ls x'G5 .
^= efj lj:tf/ u/ M
s_ dflg;sf] bO' { hft, sfdsf] Pp6} hft
v_ yf]kfyfk] f ldn]/ g} gbL aGg] u5{ .
&= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ b]pm M
s_ ?lrsf] afNosfnLg :jefj s:tf] lyof] <
v_ ?lrsf] kfl/jfl/s cj:yf s:tf] lyof] <
u_ afafn] sDKo'6/ lsGg] k};f h'6fpgsf nflu kl/jf/df s:tf] k|:tfj /fv] <
3_ kl/jf/df sDKo'6/sf] k|ofu] ss;n] ss] ] sfddf uy{] <
ª_ ls:tfsf] sDKo6' / syfn] lbg] d'Vo ;Gb]z s] xf] <
*= ‘c;n rLhdf xfn]sf] wgn] eljio ;kfbf{] /x5] ’ eGg] egfOnfO{ ls:tfsf] sDKo'6/

syfsf] cfwf/df k'li6 u/ .

tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 M

;fu} ftsL cfdfn] ;fu} ft :sn' hfg] jn] fdf l6lkmg ¹f]nfdf /flvlbg'xG' Yof] . vfhf agfpg] km';b{ gxF'bf
cfdfn] ;w}F vfhf vfgsf nflu @) ?lkofF lbg'xG' Yof] . ‘w/] } lrNnf]kL/f] /fvs] f] vfhf gvfg" x} afa’'
;fu} ftsL cfdf eGg'x'GYof] . ‘xj;\ cfdf’ ;fu} ft uf8Laf6 labfOsf] xft xNnfpbF } eGYof] . xg' ] la?jfsf]

;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^ 193

lrNnf] kft eg]¹F} ;f}uft ;fg}bl] v /fd|f/fdf| u'0f / :jefjn] oQ' m afns lyof] . ;fu} ft !% ?lkofFsf]
vfhf vfGYof] . % ?lkofF arfP/ /fVg] uYof]{ . t/ of] s/' f p;n] s;}nfO{ egs] f] lyPg . yfk] fyfk] f ldn/]
;db' | aGb5 eGg] s/' fsf] 1fg ;fu} ftnfO{ lyof] . dª\l;/ !$ ut] laxfg % ah] p7/] ;f}uftn] cfÇgL
cfdfnfO{ hGdlbgsf] z'esfdgf lbof] . ;fu} ftsf] :d/0fzlQm / cfdfkl| tsf] ;Ddfg bv] / afaf klg
5Ss kge{' of] . cfdfn] ;f}uftsf ufnf d';fge{' of] . ;fu} ftn] cfÇgf] ux[ sfo{ lxh} ;ss] f] lyof] . pm
sg' } klg sfd efl] n u/fF}nf eg]/ yftL /fVbg} . laxfg p7k] l5 gx' fOw'jfO u/]/ ;f}uft cfdf;uF kh" f
ug{ dlGb/ klg uof] . dlGb/af6 cfP/ cfdfn] vfgf agfpge' of] . ;fu} ft :s'n kf];fs nufP/ tof/
eof] / vfgf vfO{ :sn' uof] . an] s' f ;fu} ft ;w}F cfpg] ;doeGbf bz ldg]6 l9nf] cfof] . Psl5gkl5
;f}uftn] cfÇgf] ¹fn] faf6 Pp6f ;G' b/ pkxf/ lgsfn/] cfdfnfO{ lbof] . 5f/] fn] lbPsf] pkxf/n] cfdf
bªu\ x'ge' Gbf klg s]xL dlng x'ge' of] . pkxf/ lbgsf nflu 5f/] fn] sxfaF f6 k;} f Nofof] eGg] s'/fn]
cfdfnfO{ w]/} lk/fN] of] . ;j{u0' f ;DkGg cfÇgf] Kof/f] 5f]/fn] rf]/L ug{ t l;sg] eGg] lrGtfn] cfdfnfO{
;tfPsf] ;fu} ftn] yfxf kfOxfNof] . ;fu} ftn] cfk"mn] vfhf vfg lbPsf] k;} faf6 %, % ?lkofF arfpg]
u/]sf] / ToxL k;} fn] pkxf/ lsg]sf] s'/f cfdfnfO{ :ki6 arfof] . cfÇgf] 5f]/fsf] Odfgbf/L / art
ug]{ :jefj ;fg}b]lv ljsl;t ePsf] yfxf kfP/ cfdfn] 5f]/fnfO{ cuF fnfd] f lnge' of] . of] ;a} 36gf
b]lv/xge' Psf afafsf cfvF f klg xifn{ ] /;fP .

s= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s n]v M

:d/0fzlQm, ux[ sfo{, ze' sfdgf, ;ju{ 0' f, :ki6, Odfgbf/L, cFufnf], xif{

v= 7Ls pQ/df /h] f -µ_ nufpm M

s= ;f}uft ;fg}b]lv ;Hhg afns lyof] .
v= ;f}uft cfÇgf] sfd ;dodf ;Sb}gYof] .
u= ;fu} ftsf afafcfdf pmbl] v ;Gti' 6 lyPgg\ .
3= ;fu} ftn] afafnfO{ ;fw] /] cfdfsf] hGdlbg yfxf kfof] .
ª= ;fu} ftn] cfkm}Fn] lsg/] cfdfnfO{ pkxf/ lbof] .

u= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M

!= ;f}uft s:tf] :jefjsf] afns lyof] <
@= ;f}uft slt ?lkofFsf] vfhf vfg] uYof{] <
#= ;f}uftn] art ug{] %, % ?lkofnF ] s] sfd u¥of] <
$= ;f}uftn] pkxf/ lbFbf cfdfn] s:tf] dx;'; ug{e' of] <

%= afafsf cfvF f lsg /;fP <

194 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^

;g' fO ;Lk

-k[i7 215 df lbOPsf] uLt_
lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;'g / tnsf sfox{ ¿ u/ M

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M

s= Pp6} cfFug ePsf gk] fnLx¿sf] 3/ sxfFsxfF 5l/P/ a;s] f 5g\ <

v= lxdfnsf] hnwf/f sg' s'g gfdn] au]sf] 5 <

u= uLtdf s'gsg' k"mnsf] gfd pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 <

3= cgs] /ª\u / ;j' f; eP klg s] rflxF Pp6} xf] <

@= sfi] 7saf6 vfnL 7fpFdf 7Ls pQ/ e/ M -cfFug, lkF9L_
s_ klZrd sfx] L k"j{ 3/ ================== t/ Pp6} xf] . -lxdfn, kxf8_
v_ ================== s} hnwf/f Pp6}sf] 5 gfd slt . -3l] /P/, 5l/P/_
u_ ================== a;] s] ef] ;Gtfg t Pp6} xf] .
3_ ;l[ i6s} ;G' b/ ================== t/ gfd yl/yl/ . -km"n, kmn_
ª_ ;'jf; / /ªu\ cgs] ================== t Pp6} xf] . -kmn" af/L, ds}af/L_

Jofs/0f ;Lk

zAbsf] clGtddf bL3{ x'g] zAb M
;j{gfd, ljz]if0f, k];f, hflt y/,
kbfGtdf bL3{ x'G5g,\ bL3{ n]Vg] u/ .
;j{gfdx¿ M pm, oL, tL, xfdL, ltdL, pgL, ltgL
 ljzi] f0f M hftL, 1fgL, ldlxg]tL, kl/>dL wgL, 1fgL, /fu] L, nf]eL, OndL, ukmf8L, a4' ," x':;,"

b'O,{ ;f7L, ;Q/L

;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^ 195

 k;] f M 8fS6/L, df:6/L, l;sdL{, 8sdL,{ vt] L, xnL, Jofkf/L
 hflt M /fO{, lnDa," yf¿, 7s'/L, Ifq] L, sfdL, bdfO,+{ ;fsL{
 y/ M clwsf/L, pk]t| L, ;'jb] L, k|;fO,{ cfn] L, /]UdL, a/fOnL, dfnL, sfh] "
 :qLlnª\uL zAbx¿ cGTodf bL3{ xG' 5g\ M s6] L, lbbL, alxgL, kmk' ," hf]O{, /fgL, :jf:gL, efph", ;f;,"

cfdfh"
 OR5fy{s, cf1fy{s / :qLlnª\uL ljm| ofkb M cfpm, hfpm, k9,"“ nv] ",“ x]g{", ug",{ n]vL, egL, lx“8L,

uO,{ k9L
 :yfg, gbL tyf efiff a'´fpg] zAb M gk] fnL, lxGbL, ef]hk'/L, l7dL, l/8L, u'NdL, d]rL, sf];L,

s0ffn{ L, dxfsfnL

!= tflnsfdf lbOPsf] lgbz]{ gsf] cfwf/df clGtddf bL3{ xg' ] kfFrkfrF j6f zAb n]v M

;j{gfd ljz]if0f k;] f hflt y/
!= ================= != ================= != ================= != ================= != =================

@= ================= @= ================= @= ================= @= ================= @= =================
#= ================= #= ================= #= ================= #= ================= #= =================

$= ================= $= ================= $= ================= $= ================= $= =================

%= ================= %= ================= %= ================= %= ================= %= =================

@= OR5fys{ , cf1fy{s / :qLlnª\uL lj|mofsf] ko| fu] u/L @) jfSo;Ddsf] Pp6f cgR' 5]b
tof/ kf/ .

196 ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^

l;hg{ fTds ;Lk

!= cfkm" n] bv] ]sf] sg' } Pp6f 36gfnfO{ syfsf] ¿kdf k|:tt' u/ .
@= tn lbOPsf aF'bfx¿sf] cfwf/df syf tof/ kf/ M

Ps ljBfyL{ ====== jiffb+}{ ]lv u'?sf] cf>ddf a;L cWoog/t ====== s]xL l;Sg c;dy{ ======
u'?sf] vKsL / ;xkf7Lx¿sf] Joª\Uo ====== cf>daf6 efUg' ====== af6fdf k“w]/f] ====== k“w/] f]
5p] df Pp6f km/flsnf] / 7"nf] 9'ª\uf] ====== 9'ªu\ fdf w/] } j6f ufn] fsf/ ;;fgf vfN8f ======
kw“ ]/fdf kw“ ]gLx{ ¿sf] eL8 ====== vfN8fsf ljifodf k“wg] L{x¿;u“ ;f]wk'5 ====== kfgL e/]sf
ufuf| x¿ /fVgfn] vfN8f ag]sf] s/' f cjut ====== lbglbg} ldlxgt] ugf{n] pRr nIo xfl;n ug{
;lsG5 eGg] 1fgkf| lKt ====== ljBfyL{ kg' M cf>ddf lkmtf{ ====== s7f]/ kl/>dk"j{s ljBfWoog
====== 7n" f] ljåfg\ aGg ;kmn ====== kl/>d g} ;kmntfsf] ;f]kfg xf] eGg] ;Gbz] .

gk] fnsf /fli6o« lgs~' h / ltgLx¿sf] Ifq] kmn M

lrtjg &%) ju{ lsnfl] d6/

albo{ f %)& ju{ lsnfl] d6/

nfª6fª $@) ju{ lsnf]ld6/

;] kmfS] ;'G8f ] !#$( ju{ lsnf]ld6/

;u/dfyf @&% ju{ lsnf]ld6/

dsfn' a?0f *#) ju{ lsnf]ld6/

/f/f !(* ju{ lsnfl] d6/

vKt8 @!^ ju{ lsnfl] d6/

lzjk'/L gfufhg{' !%* ju{ lsnf]ld6/

afsF ] #$$ ju{ lsnfl] d6/

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^ 197

kf7 !^ ;+:s[lt

lgaGw

ljgf]b dGhg

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn/] k9 M

;+:s[lt dfgj hfltsf] xfdLn] ;f:+ sl[ ts xfd|f] ;:+ s[lt ;Eo 5 .
klxrfg xf] . ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;/+ If0f ug{k' 5{ .

k"jL{o ;+:s[lt cToGt xfdLnfO{ xfdf| ] ;:+ sl[ tsf] gk] fnL ;:+ s[ltdf
pHofnf] 5 . dfof cfw} L 5 . ljljwtf 5 .

198 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^

tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ eg M

d ltdLnfO{ ;+:s[ltsf] af/]df s] yfxf 5 <
d ;+:s[ltsf] ljzi] ftf s] xf] < ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 <
d s] ltdL cfÇgf] ;:+ sl[ tnfO{ dfof u5f{} <
d leGg ;:+ sl[ t ePsf dflg;;Fu xfdLn] s:tf] Jojxf/ ug{k' 5{ <
d s] ltdL ;+:s[ltsf] af/d] f hfGg rfxG5f} <

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn/] k9 M

d cfxf ¤ xfd|f] ;:+ s[lt t ljZjd} rlrt{ /x]5 lg .
d ;+:s[ltn] ubf{ g} dflg; ;Eo dflgPsf] /x5] lg .
d ;+:s[lt t Oltxf;sf] hu kf] xF'bf] /x5] .
d ;+:sl[ t Ps k:' tfaf6 csf{] k:' tfdf x:tfGt/0f x'Fbf] /x]5 .
d ;+:s[ltn] s;}nfO{ e]befj ug{ l;sfpbF g} .
d ;+:sl[ tn] dflg;sf] ;EotfnfO{ b;f{pF5 .
d xfdLn] ;+:sl[ tsf af/]df hfGg,] a'ˆg] / a'¹fpg] sf]l;; ug'{k5{ .

;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff ^ 199

;+:s[lt gfds lgaGwsf nv] s ljgfb] dGhg xg' \ . sljtf, d'Qms tyf lgaGw ljwfdf
snd rnfpg] ;flxTosf/ dGhgsf sl[ tx¿df ;dfh;'wf/sf] efjgf JoQm ul/Psf]
kfOG5 . nª} l\ us ;dfgtf, hftLo ;b\efj, wflds{ ;lxi0ft' f / ;f+:sl[ ts ¿kfGt/0fsf
nflu snd rnfpg] dGhgsf s[ltx¿ k|]/0ffbfoL 5g\ . ;+:s[lt gfds lgaGwdf
lgaGwsf/n] ;:+ s[ltsf] jf:tljs cy{ / ljz]iftfsf] af/]df j0fg{ u/s] f 5g\ . ;+:s[lt
g} dfgj hfltsf] klxrfg xf], ;:+ s[ltnfO{ ;Lldt cyd{ f aˆ' gx' F'bg} eGg] s/' f o;
lgaGwdf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . ;:+ s[ltn] km6' fpg] xf]Og† h'6fpg] sfd ug'k{ 5{ . o;n] ljZjaGwT' j /
efOrf/f l;sfpgk' 5{ eGg] efjgf o; lgaGwdf ;dl] 6Psf] 5 . ltdL klg tnsf] lgaGw k9 / ;:+ s[ltsf]
af/d] f yk s'/f yfxf kfO/fv .

;+:s[lt ;Eotfsf] ;db' | xf] . snfsf] sn' f] xf] . ;flxTosf] ;ª\ud xf] . ljrf/sf] la?jf xf] . /xg;xgsf]
/fg} s xf] . ;w' f/sf] zªv\ xf] . cfrf/sf] cfnf]s xf] . af}l4s ljsf;sf] af6f] xf] . ;f/df eGg'kbf{
;:+ sl[ t eg]sf] dfgj lrGtgsf] pRrtd ¿k xf] . ;+:sl[ tsf] ;/fs] f/ dfgj ;dfhdf dfq} xG' 5 .
dfgjsf] dlxdf ufpg'df ;+:sl[ tsf] e"ldsf 5 . dfgjn] u/s] f cfljisf/ snf sf}zn, lrGtgsf]
ljsf; hg' s'/f hLjg / hut\l;t ;DalGwt x'G5g\ tL ;a} ;+:s[ltsf hu x'g\ .

;fdflhs ;be\ fj sfod /fVg' klg ;+:sl[ t g} xf] . /fhgLlts cfbz{ hf]ufpg klg ;+:s[ltsf] xft
xG' 5 . cflys{ clejl[ 4 ugn{ fO{ ;:+ s[ltn] ljzi] f el" dsf v]N5 . bz{g lgdf0{ fdf xf];,\ ljrf/ agfpgdf
xf];\ jf Jofjxfl/s ;kmntfsf nflu ;+:sl[ tn] ;xof]u u5{ . ;:+ s[ltdf Oltxf;sf] hu x'G5, jt{dfgsf]
af:gf xG' 5 / eljiosf] uh/' sf] cfs[lt klg ;:+ s[ltd} x'G5 . ;+:sl[ t eGgf;fy ;fd"lxs ;/f]sf/
eGg] a'ˆgk' 5{ . JolQmn] ;+:sl[ tnfO{ hLjGt /fVg el" dsf t v]N5 t/ Tof] s/' f JolQmut dfq} geP/
;fdflhs aG5 .

;:+ sl[ tsf] klxrfg IfqLo ¿kdf ul/G5 . hftLo bl[ i6n] klg ;:+ sl[ tsf] kl/ro xG' 5 . dfgj ;Eotfsf]
ljZj ;:+ sl[ tnfO{ ;an} ] cfTd;ft\ ug{'k5{ . ljZj ;:+ s[lt eg]sf] dfgjsf] lxtdf ;fd"lxs efjgf lj:tf/
ug{] ;:+ sl[ t xf] . ;ªs\ L0f{ ;f]raf6 dQ' m eP/ cGwljZjf;af6 cnu /x]/ clg wdn{ fO{ 5'6o\ fP/ dfq

zAbf {y ;ªu\ d M d]n uh/' M dlGb/df /flvg] 7f8f] rR' rf] w/' L
pRrtd M w/] } dflysf] hLjGt M lhpbF fk] gf
dlxdf M dxŒj cfTd;ft\ ug'{ M :jLsf/ ug{'
sf}zn M s'zn jf l;kfn' xg' s' f] efj ;ªs\ L0f{ M ;fgf] lrQ ePsf]
;b\efj M c;n efj jf ljrf/ ;f3F /' f] M rf}8fO ;fgf] ePsf], kU' g] 7fpF
bzg{ M 1fg lj1fgsf] ljZn]if0f ul/g] ljBf
gePsf]

200 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^