Green Sungava Nepali 6

g}, p;n] xfdLn] u/]sf] Tof] u'g hLjge/ lal;+{bg} . Psfx] f]/f] sfddf hft] fpg' dfq} t
kfk xf] . lzIffbLIff lbP/ k0' o sdfpgx' f];\ . oL oxLF klg cfhsf xfdf| k|dv' cltly
bofzªs\ /hL, cltlyx¿–ljjm| dhL / k"0fh{ Lsf 3/df sfd ug{] s]6fs6] Lx¿ oxLF cfPsf
5g\ . s6] fs]6Lx¿, sxfF 5f} < p7 t ¤ xf] pgLx¿ pxfxF ¿sxfF 3/df sfd ug{ /flvPsf
afnaflnsfx¿ x'g\ . pgLx¿ klg c¿;/x g} k9g\ n]Vg rfxG5g\ t/ kfPsf 5}gg\ . cl3
efif0fdf eGgnfO{ t eGge' of] t/ Jojxf/df s]xL uge'{ Psf] lyPg . cfh ca o;} d~raf6
pxfxF ¿n] oL ul/asf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿ x'g,\ lsg k9g\ 'k¥of] < logLx¿n] gegL pgLx¿nfO{
/fdf| ] Jojxf/ ug,{] k9fOn]vfO ug{ :s'n k7fpg] jfrf ugx{' G' 5 . n, ;a} hgfn] Ps;fy tfnL
ahfpg'xf];\ .

-tfnL k//{/ aH5g\ . k|dv' cltly / cltlyx¿ nfhn] 6fpsf] lgx'¥ofpF5g\ . otf k|dv' n]
kg' M efif0f ug{ yfN5g\ ._

kd| v' M cfh;Dd h] h] eof,] To;nfO{ oxLF, cfhs} lbgaf6 lal;l{ bpmF . ca gofF Jojxf/ yfnfF} .
pxfxF ¿ ltg} hgfn] Ps;fy jfrf ugx{' 'G5 . xfdL ;a} hgf ;fIfL a;fF} / ef]lnaf6 oL
s]6fs6] Lx¿ :s'n k9\g uP–guPsf] x/] fF} .

-kd| v' cltly / cltlyx¿ Ps ;fy dfOs cufl8 pleG5g\ / Ps} :j/df jfrf u5{g\_
xfdLn] cfh;Dd 7n" f] uNtL u/s] f lyof}F . caaf6 To:tf] uNtL bf]xf¥] ofpg] 5}gf}F . xfd|f cfvF f
v'n] . efl] naf6 oL s]6fs]6Lx¿ klg xfdf| 5f]/f5f]/L;uF } :sn' k9\g hfg] 5g\ . tkfO{+x¿
9'Ss xg' 'xf];\ .

sfo{j|md ;lsg} nfUbf gf/f nflu/x]sf lyP M

afnlbj;– dgfpF5fF} , dgfp5F fF} ¤

afn clwsf/–lhGbfjfb ¤

/fd|f] Jojxf/ kfpg'– xfd|f] afn clwsf/ ¤

k9g\ n]Vg kfpg'–xfd|f] xs clwsf/ ¤

lzIff xfd|f–] clwsf/ ¤

zAbf {y k'0o M wd{ ;fIfL M /fdf| ] jf g/fd|f] sg' } 36gf cfÇg}
jfrf M kf| oM ;an} ] ;G' g] u/L ul/g] cfvF fn] b]Vg] JolQm

k|lt1f, sa'n

;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^ 101

!= tnsf zAbx¿ ;kmf cIf/df cfÇgf] sfkLdf tLgtLg k6s ;f/ M

v'Oøo, bM' vsi6, cflF 6nf,] sfofn{ o, 8/qf;, ;/+ If0f, lzlIft, k///{ , cltly, 9'Ss

@= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ nv] M

uf7F L, a'4," dfl;s, d2' f, d~r, ;j{:j, ;fIfL

#= jfSodf ko| fu] u/ M

7f8f sfg nufpg,' r6s\ g xfGg,' rf;f] g/fVg,' 5Ss kg{', sfddf hf]tfpg' , jfrf ug{'

$= s_ tnsf] jfSonfO{ z'4 kf//] ;f/ M

bLksn] eGof] d2' f ltld–xfldn] xfO] g Sof a'4", pgLx¿n] g} u5g{ c/] gL t .

v_ tnsf dWo] z4' zAbdf /h] f -µ_ nufpm M

!= c_ ckl/lrt cf_ ckl/rLt O_ ck/LrLt O{_ ckl/lrt\

@= c_ efifg cf_ efif0f O_ efz0f O_{ ef;0f

#= c_ jfnclwsf/ cf_ afncwLsf/ O_ afnclwsf/ O{_ jfncwLsf/

$= c_ bof;+s/ cf_ bofz+s/ O_ bofzª\v/ O{_ bofzªs\ /

%= tnsf zAbnfO{ ljk/LtfyL{ zAb;uF hf]8f ldnfpm M

ckl/lrt al' 4dfgL

a'4" c;xofu]

;xof]u kl/lrt

laxfg /ft

aflx/ ;'N6f]

pN6f] leq

lbg d'bfj{ fb

lhGbfjfb an] s' f

102 ;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^

^= tnsf zAb / cys{ f aLrdf hf8] f ldnfpm M

ckl/lrt wd{

uf]7fnf] glrgs] f]

tGgd ufOj{ :t' xg] ]{ dflg;

tna xfpefp

efif0f ul/a

efj k|jrg

k0' o tgvf

&= tn lbOPsf] kf7sf] cgR' 5]b k9 / lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]v M

ltdL–xfdLn] 8/fP/ x'Fbg} ca . dn} ] Pp6f clkm; bv] s] f] 5' . Tof] clkm;sf dfG5]n] xfdLh:t}
csf{sf] 3/df sfd ug{ a;s] f s]6fs]6Lx¿nfO{ ;xof]u u5{ c/] . ToxLF uP/ /fhG] bn| ]
pgLx¿nfO{ ss] ] egk] l5 t xf] lg p;n] k9g\ kfPsf] . ToxfF uP/ ;a} s/' f egk] l5 pgLx¿
cfkmF} cfP/ 3/dflnsnfO{ ;D¹fO{–a'¹fO{ u5{g\ c/] . yfxf 5 ltdLnfO{, o;/L xfdLnfO{ h:t}
gk9fO,{ /fdf| ];uF vfgnfpg glbO,{ s6' lk6 u//] , dfl;s tna klg glbO{ 3/sf] sfddf dfq}
hft] fpbF f t 3/ dflnsnfO{ afnclwsf/ xgg u/]sfd] f d2' f kf] nfU5 c/] lg .

s= dflysf] cgR' 5b] af6 kfrF j6f gfd zAb l6k M

====================, ====================, ====================, ====================, ====================

v= dflysf] cg'R5b] af6 kfFr j6f ;jg{ fd zAb l6k M

====================, ====================, ====================, ====================, ====================

u= dflysf] cg'R5b] af6 kfFr j6f lgkft zAb l6k M

====================, ====================, ====================, ====================, ====================

3= dflysf] cgR' 5]baf6 kfFr j6f rGbl| jGb' nfu]sf zAbx¿ l6k M

====================, ====================, ====================, ====================, ====================

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff ^ 103

k9fO÷n]vfO ;Lk

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ nv] M
s_ bLkssf] 3/df s:tf dflg;x¿ cfPsf lyP <
v_ dfofn] bLksnfO{ k9]/ s:tf] dfG5] aGg egL <
u_ afnaflnsfnfk|lt s:tf] Jojxf/ u/]df 3/dflnsnfO{ d2' f nfU5 <
3_ sfofn{ osf k|d'vn] s6] fs]6L;uF s:tf] Jojxf/ u/] <
ª_ sfo{jm| ddf ss;n] 6fpsf] lgx'/fpF5g\ <
@= tnsf jfSox¿ 7Ls jf a7] Ls s] xg' ,\ lrg/] n]v M
s_ clnslt sfd laufbf{ klg dfofsf dflnsn] s'l6xfN5g\ .
v_ d'2f xfNg afnaflnsf cfkm}F hfgk' 5{ .
u_ bLks, dfof / /fhG] bn| ] sfofn{ odf k|dv' ;uF s'/f u/] .
3_ s]6fs6] Lsf dflnsx¿ sfoj{ m| ddf cfPsf lyPgg\ .
ª_ sfo{jm| d ;lsPkl5 ;a}n] gf/f nufPsf lyP .
#= kf7af6 ldNg] zAb vfh] ]/ vfnL 7fpF e/ M
s_ ;an} ] k9g\ kfpg' =========================leqsf] klxnf] s'/f] xf] .
v_ =========================nfO{ sfddf dfq hf]tfpFbf dflnsnfO{ afnclwsf/ xgg u/s] f]

d'2f nfU5 .
u_ efif0fdf 7"nf7n" f s/' f ugn{] ] =========================df rflxF pN6f] ul//x]sf] x'G5 .
3_ ul/asf =========================nfO{ klg /fdf| ] Jojxf/ ug'k{ 5{ .
ª =========================af6 oL s6] fs6] L klg xfdf| 5f/] f5f/] L;Fu :s'n k9g\ hfg] 5g\ .
$= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] Ps zAbdf pQ/ bp] m M
s_ ;a} s6] fs]6Ln] k9g\ kfpg] sg' clwsf/leqsf] s/' f xf] <
v_ sfof{nodf bLks / dfofn] s;nfO{ lnP/ uP <
u_ s]6fs6] Lx¿ s'g lbj;sf lbg sfof{no ku' ]sf /x5] g\ <
3_ kd| 'vn] cfhaf6 s:tf] Jojxf/ yfNg] k:| tfj NofP <
ª_ k|d'v cltly sf] lyof] <

104 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^

%= s;n] s;nfO{ egs] f] xf] < kf7sf cfwf/df vfh] /] eg M
s_ pgLx¿sf s/' fn] xfdLnfO{ s] g} x'g' 5 / <
v_ ul/a xbF' d} f k9\g} kfpgx' b'F }g eGg] 5}g lg .
u_ ltdLx¿ g8/fcf] sx] L xF'b}g .
3_ lzIffbLIff lbP/ k'0o sdfpg'xf];\ .
ª_ xfdf| cfvF f v'n] .

^= efj lj:tf/ u/ M
s_ ltdLxfdLn] 8/fP/ x'bF g} ca .
v_ Psf]xf]/f] sfddf hft] fpg' dfq} t kfk xf] .

&= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ b]pm M
s_ bLksn] dfof;uF s] ljifodf s/' f u¥of] <
v_ dfof lsg w/] } 8/fPsL lyO{ <
u_ bLks / dfof sxfFsxfF uP/ ss;nfO{ e]6] <
3_ sfof{nosf kd| v' n] s6] fs6] LnfO{ s] eg]/ ;D¹fP <
ª_ sfofn{ osf k|dv' n] cfÇgf] efif0fdf s] s/' f eg] <
r_ o; gf6ssf] d'Vo cfzo s] xf] <

*= ‘lzIff xfdf| ] clwsf/’ gfds gf6sn] xfdf| ] ;dfhdf /xs] f] s:tf] ;d:ofnfO{ bv] fPsf] 5 <

tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 M

afnaflnsfn] kfpg'kg]{ cfwf/et" clwsf/nfO{ afnclwsf/ elgG5 . ljzi] f u/]/ afnaflnsfn] kfl} i6s
cfxf/ vfg kfpg], :jtGqtfk"j{s vN] g kfpg], k9\gn]Vg kfpg] h:tf clwsf/ afnclwsf/leqsf
s'/f xg' \ . afnaflnsfx¿n] kfpg}kg{] clwsf/leqsf] Pp6f kIf lzIfsf] clwsf/ xf] . afns xf;] \
of aflnsf† bj' } :s'n hfg] pd]/ k'u]kl5 clgjfo¿{ kdf :s'n k7fpgk} g]{ s/' f sfg'gdf pNn]v ePsf]
5 . 3/sf] sfddf nufP/ jf cGo axfgf b]vfP/ sg' } klg cleefjsn] afnaflnsfnfO{ :sn'
gk7fO{ 3/df /fVg kfOFb}g . cfly{s cj:yf sdhf]/ eP/ sltko afnaflnsfx¿ c¿sf] 3/df
gfs] /sf] ¿kdf a:g afWo ePsf 5g\ . !$ jifd{ 'lgsf afnaflnsfnfO{ 3/n] ' sfdbf/sf] ¿kdf /fvd] f
sfgg' cg;' f/ sfo{afxL x'G5 . !$ jif{eGbf dflysf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ 3/n] ' sfdbf/sf] ¿kdf /fv]
klg 3/dflnsn] pgLx¿nfO{ clgjfo{ ¿kdf ljBfno k7fpg} k5{ . xfdLn] klg 6f]nl5ds] df :s'n
hfg gkfPsf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ bv] d] f pQm s'/fsf] hfgsf/L lbg'k5{ . xfdLx¿sf 3/df klg

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^ 105

:s'n hfg gkfPsf afnaflnsfx¿ sfdbf/sf] ¿kdf 5g\ eg] cfh}af6 pgLx¿nfO{ lzIff cfh{gsf
nflu :sn' k7fpg'k5{ . afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ s'6\gl] k6g\ ], vfg glbg,] zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s oftgf lbg]
h:tf s/' fx¿n] klg afnclwsf/ xgg xG' 5 . afnclwsf/sf] xgg ug]{ JolQmsf nflu xfd|f] bz] df
s8feGbf s8f sfgg' ags] f 5g\ . ctM xfdLn] st} afnclwsf/sf] xgg ePsf] jf afnzfi] f0f ePsf]
bv] d] f To;sf] hfgsf/L ;DalGwt lgsfodf lbgk' 5{ .
s= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s nv] M

kfl} i6s, :jtGqtfk"js{ , cleefjs, zf/Ll/s, cfly{s, afnzf]if0f, ljzi] f, sfoa{ fxL
v= 7Ls pQ/df /h] f -µ_ nufpm M

s= ;a} afnaflnsfx¿n] :s'n hfg kfpgk' 5{ .
v= !$ jif;{ Ddsf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ 3/]n' sfdbf/ agfpg kfOG5 .
u= 3/df sfd k/d] f afnaflnsfnfO{ :sn' gk7fP klg x'G5 .
3= afnclwsf/ xgg ug{n] fO{ s8feGbf s8f sfg'g ag]sf 5g\ .
ª= ;a} afnaflnsfx¿n] lzIff cfhg{ ug{ kfpg} k5{ .
u= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M
!= afnclwsf/leq sg' sg' s/' f kb5{ g\ <
@= s'g s'/f sfg'gdf pNn]v ePsf] 5 <
#= slt jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfnfO{ 3/]n' sfdbf/sf] ¿kdf /fVg kfOFbg} <
$= afnclwsf/sf] xgg s;/L xG' 5 <
%= xfdLn] s] s/' fsf] hfgsf/L ;DalGwt lgsfodf lbgk' 5{ <

;'gfO ;Lk

-k[i7 212 df lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] _
lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;g' / tnsf sfox{ ¿ u/ M

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M
s= ;;+ f/df ;a}eGbf 7"nf] wg s] xf] <
v= z/L/ :j:y ePsf] dflg;n] s;/L afFRgk' b{}g <
u= /fu] n] u:| t ePsf dflg; wgL eP klg s;/L afRF 5g\ <
3= wg s;/L gfz xg' ;S5 <
ª= :j:y z/L/ ePsf dflg;n] s;/L hLjg lgjfx{ ug{ ;S5g\ <

106 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^

@= 7Ls a]7Ls 56' \ofP/ nv] M
s_ dflg;sf] 7"nf] wg p;sf] :jf:Yo xf] .
v_ :j:y dflg;n] sx] L ug{ ;Sbg} .
u_ wg egs] f] :j:y z/L/ xf] .
3_ /f]uL dflg;n] h] rfÅof] ToxL ug{ ;S5 .
ª_ wg;DklQ rf]/n] rfg] { ;S5 .

Jofs/0f ;Lk

jrg M jrg eg]sf] ;ªV\ of xf] . o;n] Ps jf PseGbf a9L eGg] a¹' fp“5 . jrgnfO{ Jofs/0fsf]
PsfO jf sfl] 6 dflgG5 h;n] gfd, ;jg{ fd, ljz]if0f / ljm| ofsf] Ps jf PseGbf a9L eGg]
;ª\Vof a¹' fp5“ .

jrg bO' { ks| f/sf 5g\ .

!= Psjrg M JolQm jf j:ts' f] Pp6f dfq ;ª\VofnfO{ Psjrg elgG5 . r/f,] 5fgf,] 3/, sf7] f],
s]6f,] snd, d, t,“ ufO,{ lstfa,¿v h:tf zAbn] Pp6f eGg] a'¹fp“5g\ .

@= ax'jrg M JolQm jf j:t'sf] PseGbf a9L ;ª\VofnfO{ ax'jrg elgG5 . r/fx¿, 5fgfx¿,
sf7] fx¿, ¿vx¿ s6] fx¿, sndx¿, xfdL, ltdLx¿, ufO{x¿, lstfax¿ h:tf
zAbn] PseGbf a9L eGg] a¹' fPsf 5g\ .

!= tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ Psjrg eP ax'jrg / ax'jrg eP Psjrg agfpm M

s_ ;G' b/ / o'lgsf cfP . v_ pgLx¿ 3/ hfFb} 5g\ .

u_ ufO{ rf}/df rb{} 5 . 3_ tF /fdf| lrq agfpF5;\ .

ª_ of] s6] f] c;n 5 . r_ oL dflg;x¿ ljbz] L xg' \ .

5_ u?' n] /fd/| L k9fpg'eof] . h_ tkfOxF{ ¿n] bz] sf] gfd /fVge' Psf] 5 .

¹_ xl/jz+ / dbgs[i0f snfsf/ x'g\ . `_ vn] f8Lx¿n] /fd/| L km'6an v]ns] f 5g\ .

6_ of] d]/f] snd xf] . 7_ d cfÇgf] sfd cfkmF} u5{' .

;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff ^ 107

l;h{gfTds ;Lk

;+jfb nV] bf –
– ;j+ fb nV] bf ;jk{ |yd zLif{s, :yfg tyf ;do pNn]v ug],{
– ;DalGwt ljifonfO{ ke| fjsf/L 9ªu\ n] k|:t't ug{ pkoQ' m kfqx¿sf] 5gf6] ug],{
– ;+jfbdf sDtLdf klg bO' { kfq xg' 'k5{ eg] cfjZostfcg;' f/ kfqsf] ;ªV\ ofdf jl[ 4 ug{ klg ;lsg],
– kfqn] bv] fpg] xfpefp / kl/j]znfO{ sfi] 7sdf /fVg,]
– ;j+ fbdf s;n] cleJolQm k:| t't u/s] f] xf] eGg] :ki6 kfg{ sfkLsf] afof“tkm{ kfqsf] gfd pNn]v

u//] bfoft“ km{ kfqsf] cleJolQm k:| tt' ug]{,
– kfqx¿ ljifosf] ;xdltdf cfO;s]kl5 dfq ;+jfb 6ª' U\ ofpg] .
;+jfb cleJolQmsf] sYo jf af]lng] ljwf xf] . o;n] cleJolQm snf a9fp5F . s'g} ljifodf cfÇgf]
wf/0ff /fVg] Ifdtf a9fpg o;sf] dxŒj 5 . k/LIffsf] ;Gbed{ f ;j+ fb nV] bf nfdf] / e2f gn]vL 5f6] f]
/ ;/n nV] g'k5{ . zLif{s jf lbOPsf] ljifonfO{ :ki6 kfg{ sg' } kfqn] lh1f;f tyf cgle1tf ks| 6 ug{]
/ csf{] kfqn] To;nfO{ :ki6 kfg{] z}nL ckgfpg'k5{ .
!= jgefh] zLifs{ df b'O{ hgf ;fyLx¿sf] aLrdf ePsf] s'/fsfgL k:| tt' u/ .
@= v]ns'bsf] dxŒj zLif{sdf sIffdf bO' { tLg hgf ;fyLx¿ sIffsf] cufl8 pleP/

5nkmn u/ .

g]kfnsf] Oltxf;;uF ;DalGwt sx] L /f]rs hfgsf/Lx¿ M
d uf]kfn j+zsf clGtd /fhf oIf uK' t x'g\ .
d uf]kfnjz+ L /fhfx¿n] g]kfndf %@! jif{ zf;g u/] .
d ls/ft j+zsf k|yd /fhf onDa/ xg' \ .
d cfkm" nfO{ zflGt>L eGg] /fhf k|r08b]j xg' \ .
d ;j{k|yd g]kfndf d'b|f k|rngdf Nofpg] /fhf dfgbj] x'g\ .
d g]kfnsf] klxnf] db' f| dfgfªs\ xf] .
d gk] fnsf] Oltxf;df lnR5lj sfnnfO{ :j0fo{ u' elgG5 .
d kz'kltsf] dlGb/df /fhf lzjbj] n] ;'gsf] 5fgf r9fpg nufPsf xg' \ .
d d~h'>L rLgaf6 cfP/ dxfd08n kjt{ df a;]sf lyP .
d ls/ftx¿n] g]kfndf %@^ jif;{ Dd zf;g u/]sf lyP .
d lnR5ljx¿ ef/tsf] jz} fnLaf6 cfPsf lyP .

108 ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^

kf7 ( gk] fndf ko{6g Joj;fo
lgaGw

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ ;a}n] k9 M

gk] fndf w]/} lxdfnx¿ 5g\ . g]kfndf kz| :t
jghª\unx¿ 5g\ .

gk] fndf y'k|} d7dlGb/x¿ 5g\ . gk] fnsf] ;f}Gbo{ x]g{
ko6{ sx¿ cfpF5g\ .

;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^ 109

tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ eg M

d ltdLnfO{ ko{6g Joj;fosf] af/]df yfxf 5 <
d gk] fnnfO{ lsg ko6{ sLo dn' 's elgPsf] xf] <
d xfdLn] ko6{ sx¿;Fu s:tf] Jojxf/ ug{k' 5{ <
d ko6{ sx¿nfO{ s]s:tf s/' f dg k5{ <
d ltdL klg ko6{ ssf] ¿kdf 3D' g rfxG5f} <

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn/] k9 M

d cfxf ¤ xfd|f] b]zdf slt w/] } 3'Dg] 7fpFx¿ 5g\ .
d xfd|f] b]z ko{6sLo ;Defjgf ePsf] b]z xf] .
d g]kfnsf] ax';:+ s[ltn] oxfF ko6{ sLo ;Defjgf a9fPsf] 5 .
d xfdLn] km';b{ sf] ;dodf bz] ljb]z 3'Dg'k5{ .
d ko{6sx¿ gofF 7fpF / gofF s'/f b]Vg dg k/fpF5g\ .
d gk] fnsf] k|fsl[ ts ;G' b/tfn] ko6{ sx¿nfO{ nf]EofpF5 .
d ko6{ g Joj;foaf6 bz] df cflys{ ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 .

110 ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^

g]kfn ko6{ sLo ;Defjgf ePsf] b]z xf] . oxfsF f] kf| sl[ ts ;'Gb/tf ljZjd} rlr{t 5 . ;fy} oxfsF f]
;f:+ sl[ ts ljlzi6tf, Pl] txfl;s ul/dfn] ubf{ gk] fndf ljZjel/sf dflg;x¿ 3D' g cfp5F g\ . o;/L
b]zljb]zsf dflg;x¿ 3D' g / oxfFsf bz{gLo :ynx¿ x]g{ cfpbF f pgLx¿n] oxfF w]/} k};f vr{ u5{g\ .
h;n] ubf{ gk] fndf ljbz] L db' f| lelqG5 . k:| tt' g]kfndf ko6{ g Joj;fo gfds lgaGwdf ko6{ sLo
;Defjgfsf ljleGg kIfx¿sf] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} cltlyx¿nfO{ xfdLn] s:tf] Jojxf/ ugk{' 5,{
s;/L ko6{ sx¿sf] ;ª\Vof a9fpg ;lsG5 eGg] s/' fx¿nfO{ klg o; lgaGwdf ;d]l6Psf] 5 . ko6{ g
Joj;fo xfdf| ] bz] sf] dV' o k;] f xg' ;Sg] s/' fdf o; lgaGwdf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . c¿ s'/f yfxf kfpg
lgaGw k9 / ga¹' ]sf] s/' f lzIfs;uF ;fw] .

gk] fn ks| l[ tn] l;“ufl/Psf] Ps ;'Gb/ dn' s' xf] .
efu} fl] ns ljljwtf, ljnIf0f ks| [ltsf] xfjfkfgL,
cg'kd ;f}Gbo,{ ;f:+ sl[ ts ljljwtf tyf snf,
;:+ s[lt / hLjgk4ltn] o; dn' s' nfO{ ;'Gb/
uGtJo:yn agfPsf] 5 . ko6{ g zAbn] e|d0f eGg]
cy{ lbG5 . ko6{ g zAbn] dgf]/~hg;u“ ;DalGwt
e|d0fnfO{ a¹' fp“5 . dgf/] ~hg, 1fgfh{g tyf
:jR5Gb ljr/0fsf nflu g]kfn cToGt ;'Gb/
uGtJo l;4 ePsf] 5 . o;y{ g]kfndf ko{6g
Joj;fosf] 7n" f] ;Defjgf 5 .

cfÇgf x/]s k|sf/sf ysfg, lrGtf, Joyf tyf bM' v en' /] dg axnfpgsf nflu dflg; gof“gof“
:yfgsf] e|d0fdf lg:sG5 . o;af6 p;n] dgf]/~hg lnG5 eg] gof“ 7fps“ f] efu} f]lns cjl:ylt, hLjg
k4lt, ;:+ s[lt, ;Eotf cflbsf af/]df 1fg klg a6'N5 . o;/L ed| 0f ug{' ko6{ g xf] . of] cfGtl/s /
afÅo u/L bO' { lsl;dsf] xG' 5 . cfÇg} bz] leq ul/g] ed| 0fnfO{ cfGtl/s ko{6g / csf{] b]zdf ul/g]
e|d0fnfO{ afÅo ko{6g elgG5 . ko6{ g vf;df eGg'kbf{ Ps ks| f/sf] ofqf xf] . cfgGb k|flKtsf
nflu ul/g] ofqf ko6{ g xf] . dfG5]n] w/] } s/' f k9]sf,] ;g' s] f,] bv] ]sf] / efu] ]sf] xG' 5 . oLdWo] b]vs] f] /

zAbf {y ljljwtf M ljleGgtf, cg]stf cjl:ylt M /x]sf]
ljnIf0f M cgf7} f] k4lt M tl/sf
cgk' d M pkdf lbg gldNg] hLjgk4lt M afFRg] z}nL
uGtJo:yn M kU' g'kg]{ 7fpF :jR5Gb M :jtGq, lgl:kmjm| L

;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^ 111

efu] s] f] s'/f cToGt k|efjsf/L x'G5 . cfk} rfl/s jf cgf}krfl/s e|d0faf6 cfkm" n] b]v] jf efu] s] f
s/' fx¿nfO{ p;n] ;'Gb/ 9ªu\ af6 pkofu] ug{ ;S5 . lghL vrd{ f s'g} 7fp“ hfg] Toxfs“ f] Oltxf;,
snf, ;:+ s[lt tyf hLjgk4lt x]g{,] dfG5s] f hLjgsf ljljw ¹f“sLx¿ lgofNg] dfG5] ko6{ s xf] .
ko6{ sn] cfÇgf] vr{df ed| 0f ug{], Ps 7fpa“ f6 csf{] 7fps“ f] snf / ;Eotf tyf kf| sl[ ts 56f x]//]
dVv kg]{ xFb' f ko{6gsf] 7n" f] dxŒj 5 .

gk] fnsf] ;Gbed{ f ko6{ g cToGt ;'Gb/
Joj;fo aGg ;S5 . Pp6f e|d0flk|o
ko{6ssf nflu cfjZos ;Dk0" f{ s/' fx¿
oxf“ 5g\ . g]kfnsf k|fsl[ ts ;G' b/tf ljZjdf
k|l;4 5 . gk] fnsf] e–" agf6] , lxdfn, kxf8
/ t/fO{df ljeflht 5 . oxf“ c;ªV\ o
gbLgfnfx¿ 5g\ . tfntno} fx¿n] d:' s/' fP/
;fG} bo{ 5l//xs] f 5g\ . g]kfnsf] pQ/L
;Ldfdf ;Ldf/Ifs eP/ nfda4 ag]sf
lxdfnx¿ 5g\ . afx}| dlxgf xf“l;/xg] tL lxdfnsf] lbJo xf;“ f]n] ko6{ snfO{ cfkm" lt/ tflg/xs] f
xG' 5g\ . oxf“ kbofqfsf nflu plrt uGtJox¿ 5g\ . hnljxf/sf nflu oxfs“ f gbLx¿ pko'Qm 5g\ .
oxf“sf jghªu\ n cg'kd ;fG} bon{ ] oQ' m 5g\ . cg]s k|sf/sf kz'kIfLx¿ oxf“ v]ln/xs] f xG' 5g\ .
oxf“ lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fOd{ f km/s lsl;dsf] xfjfkfgL e]l6G5 . o:tf cg]s sf/0fx¿ 5g\ h;n]
gk] fnnfO{ ;G' b/ ko{6sLo dn' 's agfpg ;S5g\ .

oxf“ cgs] wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts s]Gb|x¿ 5g\ . To;f] t wflds{ k|ofh] gn] ul/g] tLy{ofqf ko{6g
xfO] g . ;Lldt p2Z] on] ul/g] o:tf] ed| 0fnfO{ ko6{ g elgb“ g} . Pp6f /fi6s« f] kl| tlglwTj ub}{ csf{]
/fi6d« f ul/g] cf}krfl/s ed| 0f, v]nf8Ln] csf{] b]zdf vn] k|bzg{ ug{ hfb“ f ug{] ed| 0f, Jofkf/Ln]
Jofkf/ clejl[ 4sf nflu ahf/ ;jI]{ f0f ug{ hf“bf ug]{ ed| 0f, ufi] 7L, ;l] dgf/ cflbdf ;xefuL x'g ul/g]
ed| 0f cflb ko{6g xf]Ogg\ . o:tf e|d0fsf p2]Zo ;Lldt xG' 5g\ / cfgGb k|flKtsf nflu lgl:kmjm| L ul/g]
ed| 0f dfq ko6{ g x'G5 .

zAbf {y �f“sL M ljleGg ;hfj6, b[Zo, 36gf, ko| fh] g M sf/0f jf p2]Zo
nLnf cflb kb| lzt{ ul/Psf dlGb/, clejl[ 4 M a9fpg] sfd
/y cflb ufi] 7L M ;fgf] a}7s
;]ldgf/ M s'g} ljifodf ;fdl" xs ¿kn] ul/g]
lbJo M tl] hnf], pHofnf]
e|d0flko| M 3d' lkm/ ug{ dg k/fpg] 5nkmn
hnljxf/ M kfgLdf ul/g] ofqf snfsf}zn M snfsf] If]qdf k|fKt u/]sf] ;Lk
lgl:kmjm| L M lglZrGt

112 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^

gk] fnsf d7dlGb/, r}To, uD' af cflbn] ko{6snfO{ cfslif{t u5{g\ . cg'kd snfsfz} nn] ags] f tL
d7dlGb/sf] ;f}Gbok{ fg ug{, ltgsf] t:jL/ lvRg tyf tL d7 dlGb/sf] P]ltxfl;s tyf wflds{ Pjd\
;f+:s[lts kIf a'ˆg ko{6sx¿ v'a} /dfpF5g\ . xfdf| ] bz] nfO{ dlGb/d} lGb/sf] bz] dflgG5 . ;+:s[lt /
snfsf] ;'Gb/ ;ª\ux| fnosf] ¿kdf /xs] f] g]kfnL jf:t'snf, Kofuf8] f zn} Ldf ag]sf d7 dlGb/x¿
tyf snfs[ltn] ko6{ snfO{ km'?ª\ª kfb{5g\ . oxfs“ f] ;fG} bo,{ :jR5 kof{j/0f / gk] fnLsf] cfltYo
k/Dk/fn] gk] fn ;G' b/ ko6{ sLo d'n's ags] f] 5 .

xfdL gk] fnLx¿ ‘cltly bj] f] ejM’ sf] dn" dGq cfTd;ft\ ub}{ kfx'gfsf] :jfut ;Tsf/ u5f{}+ . kfxg' fsf]
a;f]jf; vfglkg tyf 3'dlkm/df ljzi] f ;r]ttf ckgfP/ cfÇgf] ;:+ sl[ tcg;' f/ ltgsf] :jfut ;Tsf/
ug{ xfdLn] hfgs] f 5f“} . t/ klg ko6{ gnfO{ Joj;fosf ¿kdf :jLsf/ u/L o;sf nflu cfjZos
k"jfw{ f/x¿ agfpg c¹ cfjZos 5 . o;sf] Ifq] cToGt Jofks ePsfn] ko{6ssf] ed| 0f cjlw
nfdf] agfpg / pgLx¿n] lgl:kmjm| L vr{ ug{] jftfj/0f agfpg ljleGg s'/fx¿df Wofg lbgk' g]{ x'G5 .
ko6{ ssf] vfgkfg, e|d0f, dgf]/~hg, a;f]jf; tyf ;"rgf;u“ ;DalGwt s/' fx¿df Wofg lbg'k5{ .
ko6{ sx¿ vfgkfgdf va' ;r]t xG' 5g\ . xfdf| ;+:sf/ / ;:+ s[ltcg;' f/sf kl/sf/x¿ pgLx¿nfO{
gfn} f / :jflbnf xg' ;S5g\ . gfn} f] :jfbsf nflu cfÇgf] 7fp“ 5f8/] csfs{ f] 7fpd“ f cfpg] x'gfn]
ko{6sx¿ xfd|f x:tsnfaf6 cfslif{t x'G5g\ . 3'dlkm/sf nflu, kbofqf tyf hnljxf/sf] ;n' e
pkfox¿ ckgfP/ ko6{ ssf] e|d0f cjlw nfdf] agfpgt] km{ ko{6g Joj;foL ;rt] xg' 'k5{ .

ko{6ssf] dgf/] ~hgsf nflu ;f:+ s[lts sfo{j|mdx¿ cfof]hgf ug{ ;lsG5 . xfdL ;:+ s[ltdf w/] } wgL
5f}“ . lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{df cg]syl/ ;:+ sl[ t k'mn] kmn]sf 5g\ . tL ;:+ s[ltleq n's]sf cgs] /x:o
vft] Ng ko{6sx¿ /dfp5“ g\ . pgLx¿sf] v;' LnfO{ cfÇgf] p2Z] o agfP/ ko6{ snfO{ a9LeGbf a9L
;r" gf, lzIff / dgf/] ~hg lbg ;Sg'kb{5 . ko6{ ssf] v';Lsf] s'/f] ubf{ Joj;fo klg ;fydf hfl] 8P/
cfp“5 . x:tsnf pTkfbg ug{] pBf]u, a;fj] f;sf nflu xf6] n] , nh, e|d0fsf nflu 6«]lsª tyf 6«fen
Ph]G;L h:tf Joj;fox¿ ko{6g;u“ ufl“ ;Psf x'G5g\ . gk] fnsf x/]s ufp“ ko6{ sLo dxŒj /fV5g\ .
oxf“ lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{sf ;a} If]q ko{6sLo ;DefjgfoQ' m 5g\ . o;y{ o; efjgfnfO{ Jojxf/df
ptfg{ ;s] bz] sf] cyt{ Gq ;b[ 9[ xg' ] lyof] eg] b]zn] efU] b} cfPsf] a/] f]huf/L, ul/aL, clzIff h:tf
;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg eP/ hfg] lyP . gk] fnsf ufpu“ fp“df af6f] k'Ug,] lah'nL, ;~rf/ tyf lzIff

zAbf {y Kofuf8] f z}nL M tnftnf ePsf] dlGb/sf] zn} Ldf ;n' e M ;lhn} kf| Kt xg' ]
ul/g] lgdf0{ fsf] zn} L 6«l] sª M kbofqf
cyt{ Gq M ;/sf/sf] wg;DklQ;DaGwL
dn" dGq M dV' o s'/f]
;r]ttf M rt] gf hufpg] jf hfu/0f Nofpg] sfd ;b[ [9 sf/fa] f/ ug]{ k|0ffnL
;"rgf M ;DalGwt ;an} fO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] sfd M alnof]
x:tsnf M xftaf6 agfOg] snf

;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^ 113

km:6fpg] / l;ª\uf] dn' 'ssf] ljsf; x'g] x“b' f ko6{ g Joj;fonfO{ pRr kf| yldstf lbP/ cl3 a9\g] xf]
eg] o;n] /fi6« ljsf;df 7"nf] 6]jf k¥' ofpg ;S5 .

ko6{ gnfO{ pBfu] sf] ¿kdf ljsf;
ug{ ko{6sx¿sf] cfsif{0f a9fpg
;Sg'kb5{ . k|s[ltn] o;tkm{ xfdLnfO{ j/bfg
lbPsf] 5 . xfdL;u“ ;+;f/s} ;ae} Gbf cUnf]
lxdfn ;u/dfyf 5 . R5f] /f]Nkf h:tf]
lxdtfn 5 . g]kfndf ltlnrf,] ;]–kmf]S;'G8f,]
/f/f, kmj] f, a]ugf;, a'nan' h:tf tfnx¿
5g\ . lqzn" L, gf/fo0fL, u08sL, s0ff{nL,
sf];L h:tf gbLx¿ hnljxf/sf nflu
k|tLIff/t 5g\ . oxf“ wtL{sf] 5ftL /;fP/
kxf8sf] 6'Kkfaf6 clj/n 5ª5ª aUg]
cgGt ¹/gfx¿ 5g\ . ljleGg cfZro{ / /x:on] el/Psf uk' mfx¿ 5g\ . xfdL;“u ljZj;Dkbf ;"rLdf
cªl\ st kz| :t kf| s[lts tyf wflds{ , ;f+:s[lts Ifq] x¿ 5g\ . ljleGg hfthflt, efiff, ;:+ sf/,
/Lltl/jfh cflbn] g]kfnnfO{ zfe] fodfg agfPsf 5g\ . olt eP/ klg xfdLn] ljrf/ k¥' ofPgf}“ eg]
ko{6sx¿ cfslift{ x'b“ }gg\ . xfdLn] pgLx¿sf] gSsn ug{ yfNof“} eg,] pgLx¿sf] ?lr a'ˆg ;s]gf“}
eg] clg cfÇgfk] g k|:t't ug{ ;sg] f“} eg] ko6{ sx¿ cfslifs{ x'“b}gg\ . gfn} f]kgsf] vfh] Ldf lgl:sPsf
ko6{ s xfdf| ] u'Gb|L, uG' b|s, l99“ f] cflbn] tflgG5g\ . /fb] L, 3f6', lwd,] afn'g cflbdf n6\7 x'G5g\ .
xfd|f] :jfut / ;Tsf/n] pgLx¿sf] a;fO cjlw lgwf/{ 0f ub{5 . o;y{ oL s'/fx¿df xfdL r'Sgx' G' g .
ko6{ gaf6 cfly{s nfe dfq xb'“ g} ;f:+ s[lts tyf eflifs cfbfgkb| fg xG' 5 .

ljleGg bl[ i6sf]0faf6 ko{6gsf nflu plrt eP klg ko6{ g pBfu] lj:tf/sf nflu g]kfn;fd' s]xL
r'gft} Lx¿ 5g\ . of] cToGt ;j+ ]bgzLn If]q xf] . o;sf nflu zflGt ;'/Iff klxnf] ;t{ xf] . zflGt
;'/Iffsf] plrt ka| Gw gePsf] 7fp“df sg' } ko{6s lgl:kmjm| L 3D' g ;Sb}g . To;}n] of] kd| v' rg' f}tL xg'
k'us] f] 5 . To:t} cTofjZos ;]jfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf xf6] nx¿df xg' ] aGb–x8tfn cflbn] klg of] Ifq] nfO{

zAbf {y 6j] f M ;xof]u, ;xf/f 3f6' M u?' ª hfltsf] nfs] g[To
lxdtfn M lxdfndf x'g] tfn lwd] M 9f]nsh:tf] afhf
kt| LIff/t M klv{/x]sf] afn'g M b]jtfsf] rl/qufgdf cfwfl/t
clj/n M lg/Gt/
/f]bL M ljz]if u/]/ u?' ª hfltdf kr| lnt uLt
;+jb] gzLn M gfhs'
/dfOnf] gfrufg

114 ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^

;d:ofu:| t agfPsf] 5 . 3d' lkm/, kbofqf, b[Zofjnfs] g cflbdf lglZrt dfkb08sf] Joj:yf gxg' ' /
hyfefjL zN' s lnOg,' ko6{ snfO{ ;fdfg vl/bdf cgfjZos s/ ul/g', pgLx¿n] n'l6Psf] dx;;'
ug{ kU' g', jftfj/0f kb| i" f0f a9g\ ,' jg km8F fgL xg' ,' nfk] fG] d'v hLjhGt'sf] ;+/If0f gxg' ', dfl} nseGbf
gSsndf Wofg hfg' h:tf sx] L sf/0fx¿ x'g\ h;n] ko{6g pBf]unfO{ r'gft} Lk0" f{ agfPsf 5g\ .

g]kfnsf] /fli6«o cyt{ Gqdf ko{6g cToGt 7"nf] pBfu] sf ¿kdf ljsf; x“b' } 5 . o;n] b]zsf] rft} kmL{
ljsf;df ofu] bfg lbG5 . cfh o;df sx] L rg' ft} Lx¿ bl] vPsf 5g\ h;nfO{ lg/fs/0f ug{' ;/sf/L tyf
u/} ;/sf/L Ifq] sf] ;dt] lhDd]jf/L xf] . cfjZos ;'wf/x¿ ug{,] kj" fw{ f/sf] ljsf; ug{] tyf dof{lbt
pBf]usf ¿kdf ko{6gnfO{ ljsf; ug]{ xf] eg] g]kfndf ko{6g Joj;fon] cToGt 7n" f] dxŒj /fVb5 .

zAbf {y nf]kfG] d'v M x/fpg nfu]sf] dof{lbt M ;Ddflgt
rf}tkmL{ M rf/}lt/sf]

!= tnsf zAbx¿ ;kmf cIf/df cfÇgf] sfkLdf tLgtLg k6s ;f/ M
hLjgk4lt, 9ªu\ , cjl:ylt, e|d0f, e|d0flko| , jghªu\ n, k|ltlglwTj, clej[l4
@= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ nv] M
ljljwtf, cg'kd, hLjgk4lt, lbJo, hnljxf/, clejl[ 4, snfsf}zn, ;rt] tf, lgl:kmj|mL,

x:tsnf
#= jfSodf ko| fu] u/ M
uGtJo:yn, ¹fs“ L, ed| 0flko| , ko| fh] g, ;]ldgf/, ;n' e, ;"rgf, cyt{ Gq, afn'g, ;+j]bgzLn,

3f6', lwd]
$= s_ tnsf] jfSonfO{ z'4 kf/]/ ;f/ M
cfj:os ;w' f/x¿ ug{,] kj" f{wf/sf] ljsf; ug]{ tyf dof{lbt pBfu] sf ¿kdf ko6{ gnfO{

lasf; ug{] xf] eg] gk] fndf ko{6g Joj;fon] cToGt 7"nf] dxŒj /fVb5 .

;g' ufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^ 115

v_ tnsf dWo] z'4 zAbdf /h] f -µ_ nufpm M

!= c_ ;j+ b] gzLn cf_ ;a+ b] gzLn O_ ;+jb] glzn O{_ z+j]bgzLn
O_{ clej4[ L
@= c_ cljj[l4 cf_ clej[l4 O_ clej[bl\ b O{_ cj:yLtL
O{_ e|d0flko|
#= c_ cjl:ytL cf_ cal:ylt O_ cjl:ylt

$= c_ e|d0fkL| o cf_ ed{0flko| O_ ed| glko|

%= tnsf zAbnfO{ ljk/LtfyL{ zAb;Fu hf8] f ldnfpm M

cf/fd c:t
cfoft cg'bf/

cf:yf lj/fd

OHht cf/] fnf]

pbo lgoft{

psfnf] a]OHht

peF f ] cgl' bt

pFwf}nL pFwf]

plbt peF fn} L

pbf/ cgf:yf

^= tnsf zAb / cys{ f aLrdf hf8] f ldnfpm M

ljnIf0f /x]sf]

cjl:yt ;fgf] a7} s

k4lt d'Vo s'/f]

uf]i7L cgf}7f]

d"ndGq alnof]

6]«lsª klv{/xs] f]

;[b[9 ;xofu]

6]jf lg/Gt/

kt| LIff/t kbofqf

clj/n tl/sf

116 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^

k9fO÷n]vfO ;Lk

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ nv] M

s_ g]kfn s:tf] dn' s' xf] <

v_ gk] fnsf s'gs'g s/' fn] ko6{ snfO{ cfslif{t u5{g\ <

u_ xfdLn] ko{6sx¿;Fu ;DalGwt sg' s'g s/' fx¿ Wofg lbgk' 5{ <

3_ g]kfnsf sg' sg' Ifq] ko6{ sLo ;Defjgfo'Qm 5g\ <

ª_ s:tf] 7fpFdf ko6{ s lgl:kmjm| L 3'Dg ;Sbg} <

@= tnsf jfSox¿ 7Ls jf a]7Ls s] xg' \, lrg]/ nv] M

s_ ko{6g dgf]/~hg;uF ;DalGwt s'/f g} xfO] g .

v_ g]kfndf ed| 0flk|o dflg;n] ;a} s/' f e]6\g ;S5 .

u_ gk] fnsf jghª\undf vf;} ;G' b/tf 5g} .

3_ xfdf| ] b]znfO{ dlGb/d} lGb/sf] b]z elgG5 <

ª_ zflGt;'/Iffsf] cefj ko6{ g If]qsf] kd| 'v r'gft} L xf] .

#= ldNg] zAb 5fg/] vfnL 7fpF e/ M

s_ cfGtl/s / =========================u/L bO' { lsl;dsf] xG' 5 . -leqL, afÅo_

v_ tfntn}ofx¿n] d:' s/' fP/ ========================= 5l//x]sf 5g\ . -wfg, ;fG} bo_{

u_ wflds{ ko| fh] gn] ul/g] =========================ko6{ g xfO] g . -tLyo{ fqf, ljb]zofqf_

3_ snfsl[ tn] ko6{ snfO{ ========================= kfb5{ g\ . -km'?ª\ª, h'?ª\ª_

ª_ g]kfnsf x/s] ========================= ko6{ sLo dxŒj /fV5g\ . -t/fO{, ufp_“

$= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] Ps zAbdf pQ/ b]pm M

s_ bv] s] f] / ef]u]sf] s/' f s:tf] xG' 5 <

v_ g]kfndf s;n] d:' s/' fP/ ;fG} bo{ 5l//xs] f 5g\ .

u_ s]sf nflu oxfsF f gbLx¿ pkoQ' m 5g\ <

3_ ko{6sx¿ s'g s'/fdf va' ;r]t x'G5g\ <

ª_ gk] fndf cfZro{ / /x:on] el/Psf ss] ] s/' f 5g\ <

;'gufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^ 117

^= efj lj:tf/ u/ M
s_ ko6{ gnfO{ pBf]usf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ ko6{ sx¿sf] cfsif0{ f a9fpg ;Sg'kb5{ .
v_ zflGt ;'/Iffsf] plrt k|aGw gePsf] 7fpd“ f sg' } ko{6s lgl:kmjm| L 3'Dg ;Sb}g .

*= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ b]pm M
s_ g]kfndf lsg ko6{ g Joj;fosf] 7n" f] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 <
v_ gk] fndf ko6{ gnfO{ s;/L Joj;fosf ¿kdf :yflkt ug{ ;lsG5 <
u_ xfdLn] ko{6sx¿sf nflu ss] ] s/' fdf Wofg lbg'k5{ <
3_ gk] fndf ss] :tf kf| s[lts / ;f+:s[lts s'/fx¿ /x]sf 5g\ <
ª_ sg' sg' kIfn] ko6{ g Joj;fonfO{ r'gf}tLk0" f{ agfPsf 5g\ <

(= gk] fn ko{6sLo ;Defjgf ePsf] ;'Gb/ d'ns' xf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ kf7sf] cfwf/df
;lj:tf/ j0fg{ u/ .

tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 M

kfv] /f gk] fnsf ko{6sLo :ynx¿dWos] f] Ps pTsi[ 6 bzg{ Lo :yn xf] . of] 7fpF k|sl[ tsf] ;'Gb/
pkxf/h:tf] 5 . of] Pp6f pkTosf xf] . oxfF ko{6sx¿sf dg axnfpg] w/] } rLhx¿ 5g\ . lxdfn,
tfn, uk' mf, dlGb/, u'Daf, gbL / ¹/gfx¿n] kf]v/fsf] ;f}Gbo{ a9fPsf 5g\ . oxfF cfP/ Kof/fUnfOl8ª,
cN6f« nfO6, aGhLhDk / lhk ÇnfP/ h:tf ;fxl;s vn] v]Ng kfpFbf ko{6sx¿ xifn{ ] ubub xG' 5g\ .
kfv] /faf6 df5fkR' 5«,] k'7\7f lxprF n' L, wf}nflul/, Nxf]T;], cGgk"0f,{ 3fGb|'s, lxpFr'nL, gLnlul/, dbL{
ndhª' , dgf:n' nufotsf bh{gfF} lxdfnsf] bZ[ ofjnf]sg ug{ kfOG5 . km]jf, a]ugf;, sdn, ¿kf,
vf:6,] lbkfª, ub'F ], d}bL, Go'/]gL cflb tfnx¿ /xs] f] kfv] /fsf tfnx¿df 8ª' u\ f rnfP/ cfgGbsf]
cg'ej ug{ kfOG5 . af6n' ]rf/} sf] dxG] b| uk' mf, 5f/] k] f6gsf] u'KtZ] j/ u'kmf, rd]/u] k' mf, kftfn] 5fuF f]
cflb kfv] /fsf yk cfsif{s x'g\ . ;f:+ sl[ ts lx;fan] klg kfv] /fsf] 5§' } ljzi] ftf /x]sf] 5 . o; Ifq] df
;a} hfthfltsf dflg;x¿sf] a;f]jf; /x]sf] eP klg ljzi] f u/]/ u?' ª hfltsf] d'Vo ynf]sf] ¿kdf
kfv] /fnfO{ lrlgG5 . zlQm3f6df u'?ª hghLjgnfO{ ¹Nsfpg] ;ªu\ |xfno /x]sf] 5 . af6n' r] f}/sf]
;f/ªu\ L a:tL, cGt/f{li6«o kj{tLo ;ª\uf| xno, gofF ahf/sf] If]qLo ;ª\u|fxno cflbsf] cjnfs] g ubf{
To; If]qsf] ;+:sl[ tnfO{ 5nª{ u\ aˆ' g ;lsG5 . To;}u/L kmj] ftfjsf] aLrdf /xs] f] tfnjf/fxL dlGb/,
ljGwjfl;gL, eb|sfnL, ldofkf6gdf /x]sf] dl:hb cflbsf] bzg{ ug{sf nflu klg oxfF b]zljbz] af6
ko6{ sx¿ cfp5F g\ .

s_ tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s n]v M

ko{6sLo, pTsi[ 6, Kof/fUnfOl8ª, cN6f« nfO6, df5fkR' 5],« ;ªu\ |fxno, ljGwjfl;gL

118 ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^

v_ 7Ls pQ/df /h] f -µ_ nufpm M
s= kfv] /f ks| [ltsf] ;G' b/ pkxf/ h:tf] 5 .
v= kf]v/faf6 bhg{ f}F ;d'b|x¿sf] bz{g ug{ kfOG5 .
u= kf]v/fnfO{ du/ hfltsf] d'Vo ynfs] f] ¿kdf lrlgG5 .
3= Ifq] Lo ;ªu\ |xfno gofaF hf/df /x]sf] 5 .
ª= kfv] /fdf ljleGg b]jfnox¿ klg 5g\ .
u_ tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M
!= s]s] s'/fn] kf]v/fsf] ;fG} bo{ a9fPsf 5g\ <
@= kfv] /fdf s;/L ko{6sx¿ xif{n] ubub xG' 5g\ <
#= u?' ª hghLjgnfO{ ¹Nsfpg] ;ª\u|xfno sxfF /xs] f] 5 <
$= u'Kt]Zj/ u'kmf b]Vg kfv] /fsf] sg' 7fpFdf hfg'k5{ <
%= kmj] ftfnsf] aLrdf /xs] f] dlGb/sf] gfd s] xf] <

;g' fO ;Lk

-k[i7 213 df lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] _
lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;'g / tnsf sfo{x¿ u/ M

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ nv] M

s= dflg;nfO{ uf;F , jf; / skf;kl5 rflxg] s/' f s] xf] <

v= s] s'/f rL/:d/0fLo xG' 5 <

u= e|d0faf6 sg' s'g s/' fsf] hfgsf/L xG' 5 <

3= kf| 0fLx¿ s;/L afFr]sf x'G5g<\

ª= ?;f]n] s] ;Nnfx lbPsf 5g\ <

@= sfi] 7saf6 vfnL 7fpdF f 7Ls pQ/ e/ M -Jofjxfl/s, ;4} flGts_
s_ e|d0fn] dflg;nfO{ ==================== 1fg l;sfpF5 .

;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff ^ 119

v_ ko{6sx¿ k|fs[lts ;G' b/tfsf] ================= ug{ rfxG5g\ . -bZ[ ofjnfs] g, ljgfz_

u_ dflg; ks| l[ tsf] ================ ¿ksf] ;fIfft\ cjnfs] g ug{ rfxG5 . -lj/f6,\ cyf{t_\

3_ ==================== ?;fs] f cg'ofoLx¿sf] ;ª\Vof lgs} a9s] f] 5 . -clxn,] plxn_]

ª_ kf| s[lts ;G' b/tfn] el/k"0f{ ==================== gk] fn xf] . -dn' 's, k|b]z_

Jofs/0f ;Lk

k?' if M k?' if / :qL bj' }nfO{ a¹' fpg] ;j{gfdnfO{ k'?if elgG5 . k?' if tLg k|sf/sf xG' 5g\ M

!M klxnf] k?' if M jfSodf ko| fu] ePsf] ;jg{ fd zAbn] af]Ng] JolQmnfO{ a¹' fof] eg] To;nfO{
klxnf] k'?if elgG5 . d, xfdL cflb k|yd k?' if x'g\ .

@= bf;] |f] k'?if M hf;] u“ s/' f ul/G5 p;}nfO{ a¹' fpg] k'?if bf;] f| ] k?' if xf] . t,F ltdL, tkfO{F bf];f| ]
k'?if x'g\ .

#= t];|f] k?' if M h;sf] af/d] f s/' f ul/G5 p;n} fO{ a¹' fpg] k'?if t];f| ] k?' if xf] . pm, pgL, pxfF
t];f| ] k'?if xg' \ .

sfi] 7sdf lbOPsf] ;ª\st] sf ;xfotfn] jfSo kl/jtg{ u/ M

s_ tFn} ] ‘ls;fg’ sljtf kl9;\ t < -t];f| ] k'?if_

v_ d ;fyLx¿;Fu 3D' g dg k/fp5F ' . -bf;] |f] k'?if_

u_ pgLx¿ jgefh] df /dfP . -klxnf] k?' if_

3_ ltdL sDKo'6/ rnfpF5o\ f} . -t];f| ] k?' if_

ª_ pgL slj xg' \ . -bf;] |f] k'?if_

r_ xfdL k9b\ fk9b\ } slxNo} lgbfpbF }gfF} . -t;] |f] k'?if_

5_ ;fyLx¿n] l;g]df x/] ] . -klxnf] k?' if_

h_ tkfOn+{ ] uLt ufpge' P5 . -klxnf] k'?if_

¹_ g/]Gb| e;F} L r/fpF5 . -bf];f| ] k'?if_

`_ pgLx¿ c;n 5g\ . -klxnf] k?' if_

120 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^

l;h{gfTds ;Lk

lgaGw nV] bf Wofg lbgk' g{] s/' fx¿ M
– lgaGw n]Vg] ljifosf] af/d] f oyi] 6 ;fdu|Lsf] ;ª\sng ug,]{
– ;ªs\ lnt ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ l;nl;nf ldnfP/ ;?' sf] efu, aLrsf] efu / cGTosf] efudf s]s]

/fVg] eGg] s/' f 5'6o\ fpg] clg ;f]xLcg';f/ lgaGw nV] g],
– kf| /Dedf kl/ro lbg,] o; j|mddf s] < lsg < slxn] < sxfF < h:tf k|Zgsf] pQ/ cfpg] u/L

n]Vg,]
– dWo efudf ljifosf] dxŒj, kmfObf, a]kmfObf cflbsf] rrf{ ug]{,
– cGTo efudf ljifosf] ;dfkg ug{],
– o; j|mddf pkoQ' m lgrf8] ;lxt lgaGw 6ª' U\ ofpg] .
!= ltdf| ] j/k/ dgfOg] sg' } hfqfsf] aofg u//] Pp6f lgaGw n]v .
@= xfdL gk] fnL zLifs{ df Pp6f lgaGw nv] .

sf7df8f}F pkTosfleqsf s]xL :yfgx¿sf k'/fgf / gofF gfd

gofF gfd k'/fgf] gfd gofF gfd k/' fgf] gfd

sf7df8f }F sflGtk'/ ;fFv' rGbH| of]lt

l7dL dWok/' af8] ] wdk{ /'

ag]kf aGbk'/ eQmk'/ efbufpF

nlntk'/ nlntktg s6G' h ] a?0fk'/

n]n] /Tgk'/L vfs] gf lhtk/'

;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^ 121

kf7 !) afn] L

sljtf

gj/fh nD;fn

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ ;an} ] k9 M

sfO] nL r/L dL7f] afN] 5 . xfdLn] gd| eP/ afN] gk' 5{ .

d c;xfonfO{ ;xofu] u5{' . xfdL ldn/] vfn] f tg{ ;kmn eof}F .

122 ;'gufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^

tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ eg M

d s] ltdLn] afn] Lsf] dxŒj a¹' ]sf 5f} <
d xfdf| ] afn] Ln] c¿df s]s:tf] ke| fj kfg{ ;S5 <
d ltdL s:tf] afN] g] dflg;nfO{ dg k/fpF5f} <
d dflg;sf] af]nLn] ss] :tf sfd ug{ ;S5 <
d gaf]Ng] dflg; / af]Ng] dflg;df s] km/s 5 <

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ k9 M

d cfxf ¤ d/] f] ;fyLn] slt dL7f] z}nLdf dnfO{ af]nfof] .
d afn] Lljgf s]xL ;G' g ;lsFbg} .
d o4' , zflGt, xif{, cf;F ' ;ad} f af]nLsf] ke| fj kb{5 .
d cfkm" n] c¿nfO{ dfof u/] dfq} c¿af6 dfof kfOG5 .
d xfdLn] dflg;sf ef]sltvf{ d]6fpg] ko| f; ug'{k5{ .
d sx] L gug]{ dflg;sf aLrdf klg xfdLn] s'g} /fd|f] sfd ug{ ;Sg'k5{ .
d dflg;n] cfÇgf] af]nLnfO{ hlt;Sbf] k|d] k"0f{ agfpg ;Sgk' 5{ .

;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^ 123

afn] L sljtfsf /rgfsf/ gj/fh nD;fn x'g\ . g]kfnL ;flxTosf] 5Gb sljtfdf snd
rnfpg] slj nD;fnsf sx] L uB sljtfx¿ klg ks| flzt 5g\ . pgsf kfOnl} kR5]
;u/dfyf, s0f{, cfuf] 5fk] ]/ sltGh]n <, w/f nufotsf sl[ tx¿ ks| flzt 5g\ .
;kmn ;~rf/sdL{ nD;fn jfss\ nfdf lgk'0f JolQmsf] ¿kdf lrlgG5g\ . k|:t't
af]nL gfds sljtfdf sljn] afn] Lsf] ke| fjsf] af/]df rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ . dflg;sf]
afn] Ln] g} p;sf] klxrfg sfod x'g] ePsfn] af]Nbfv]l/ rg' ]/ af]Ngk' g{] / dL7f]
af]Ng'kg]{ sljsf] wf/0ff /x]sf] 5 . ul/a, bM' vL / c;xfosf nflu af]Ngk' g]{ / k]|d kfpgsf nflu
kd]| efjd} af]Ngk' g]{ ljrf/ klg sljn] o; sljtfdf k|:tt' u/]sf 5g\ . cfk"m af]Nbf afN] g g;Sg]x¿sf
nflu af]lnlbg] rfxgf klg sljn] o; sljtfdf JoQm u/s] f 5g\ . ltdL klg tnsf] sljtf k9 / af]nLsf]
ke| fjsf af/d] f yk s/' f l;s .

d afn] L l6kfF}nf d af]nL r'gfnF} f
d af]nLljgfsf] sxfF s] ;'gfnF} f
d afn] F" o;}df ;bf Ho"g kfpmF
/ dfG5x] ¿sf ;of}F uLt ufpmF .. !..

st} o'4 sfnf] st} zflGt :jR5
st} xif{xf;F f] st} cfF;' aU5
d afn] "F o;}df ;bf k]d| vN' 5g\
ljgf k]d| n] k]d| kfOGg eG5g\ . .. @..

st} efs] ltvf{ st} Kof;kfgL
/ Kof;Lx¿sf cgf7} f sxfgL
d afn] F" o;}df ag"F Ps ;fyL
tk:of agf;] \ of] oxL nfU5 hftL ..#..

124 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^

ljgfcy{ dfG5] ;wF} 8:5 dfG5]
bafP/ tLvf 5'/L w:5 dfG5]
d dfG5x] ¿df ;bf kL| t af8"F
d xfb{} gxfg]{ gofF hLt af8"F ..$..

d jf0fL agf}Fnf gaf]Ngx] ¿df
d vf]nf t/f}Fnf gtg]{x¿df
d cfkm}F ¹/fF}nf g¹g]{x¿df
d sx] L u/fn}F f gug{x] ¿df ..%..

d afn] Lx¿df dnfO{ ag' f}Fnf ;bf M ;w}F
oxLF cfTy' Po] f u/LaL pgf}Fnf Hog" M afRF g
d afN] bf o;d} f d cfdf ;g' f}nF f sfnf] M g/fd|f], cWF of/f]
d kL8fx¿ cft{ lrTsf/ ¿nF f ..^.. :jR5 M ;kmf, s~rg
Kof;L M ltvf{Psf]
;wF} af]N5' sx] L st} xfF:5' ?G5' sxfgL M syf, 36gf
gaf]Ngx] ¿s} ;of}F aft ;G' 5' tk:of M s7f/] kl/>d, ldlxgt]
d af]Nbf ;a}sf] rnfpmF aofg 8:g' M 6f]Sg'
d afn] L agfpmF c¹} k]d| k0" f{ ..&.. 5'/L M Ps k|sf/sf] wfl/nf] xltof/
jf0fL M afn] L, cfjfh
zAbf {y cft{ M ;ª\s6 jf ljkt\df k/]sf]
lrTsf/ M lrRofPsf] cfjfh
cfTy' M cfuf]n] kf]Nbf dflg;sf] d'vaf6 lg:sg]

cfjfh
aft M s'/fsfgL
aofg M j0f{g

;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^ 125

!= tnsf zAbx¿ ;kmf cIf/df cfÇgf] sfkLdf tLgtLg k6s ;f/ M

afn] "F, xif{xfF;f], ef]sltvf,{ t/fnF} f, ul/aL, kL8f, k|d] k0" f,{ kL| t, tLvf

@= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ nv] M

;bf, Hog" , :jR5, sxfgL, 8:g,' jf0fL, cfTyf, aofg

#= jfSodf k|ofu] u/ M

sfnf,] Kof;L, tk:of, 5'/L, lrTsf/, aft, cft{, cfTyf, cfR5'

$= s_ tnsf dWo] z4' zAbdf /]hf -µ_ nufpm M

!= c_ u/LaL cf_ ul/jL O_ ul/aL O_{ u/LjL

@= c_ kd]| k"0f { cf_ k|d] k"g{ O_ kd]| k0' f{ O{_ k]dk/' g

#= c_ k~rG] b|Lo cf_ k~rl] Gbo| O_ kGrl] Gbo| O{_ kGrl] GbP

$= c_ ;;Qm cf_ ;ifQm O_ ifzQm O{_ ;zQm

%= tnsf zAbnfO{ ljk/LtfyL{ zAb;uF hf]8f ldnfpm M

zflGt la:dft

:jR5 30[ ff

xif{ ghftL

xfF;f] cgy{
kd|] ;DkGgtf

hftL afw] f]

cy{ xf/

ltvf] czflGt

lht /f]bg

ul/aL bl" ift

126 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^

^= tnsf zAb / cys{ f aLrdf hf]8f ldnfpm M

;bf syf

Hog" s/' fsfgL

8:g' j0fg{

sxfgL ;w}F

aft afFRg

aofg 6fS] g'

&= tn lbOPsf] kf7sf] cg'R5]b k9 / lgb]{zgcg';f/ bO' {bO' { j6f zAbx¿ l6k M

d afn] L l6kf}Fnf d af]nL r'gfn}F f

d afn] L ljgfsf] sxfF s] ;'gfFn} f .

d af]nF" o;}df ;bf Hog" kfpmF

/ dfG5x] ¿sf ;ofF} uLt ufpmF .

gfd M !=================================== @ ===================================

OR5fy{s ljm| of M !=================================== @ ===================================

;Defjgfy{s ljm| of M !=================================== @ ===================================

*= dflysf] sljtfaf6 ufpF – kfpmF h:tf kfrF hf8] L cgk' |f;oQ' m zAb vf]h]/ nv] .

k9fO÷n]vfO ;Lk

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M
s_ afn] L sljtf s;n] /rs] f x'g\ <
v_ o'4 s:tf] x'G5 <
u_ cfkm" n] kd|] kfpgsf nflu c¿nfO{ s] lbg'k5{ <
3_ slj cfk"m s:tf] lht afF8\g rfxG5g\ <
ª_ slj s;sf aft ;G' 5g\ <

;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^ 127

@= tnsf jfSox¿ 7Ls jf a]7Ls s] x'g\, lrg/] n]v M
s_ ;;+ f/ ;al} t/ zflGt dfq} 5 .
v_ slj ef]sf / Kof;Lx¿sf ;fyL aGg rfxG5g\ .
u_ dfG5]n] dfG5n] fO{ slxNo} klg 8:bg} .
3_ xfdLn] ul/asf] af]nL af]lnlbg'k5{ .
ª_ slj gafN] gx] ¿sf ;ofF} s/' f ;'Gb5g\ .
#= ldNg] zAb /fv]/ sljtf k"/f u/ M
st} ef]sltvf{ st} ================================
/ Kof;Lx¿sf ================================sxfgL
d af]nF" ================================agF" Ps ;fyL
================================agf;] \ of] oxL nfU5 hftL ..#..
$= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] Ps zAbdf pQ/ bp] m M
s_ slj cfÇgf] afn] Ldfkmt{ s;sf uLt ufpg rfxG5g\ <
v_ zflGt s:tf] x'G5 <
u_ ljgf k]d| n] s] kfObF g} <
3_ Kof;Lx¿sf sxfgL s:tf 5g\ <
ª_ slj cfÇgf] afn] L s:tf] agfpg rfxG5g\ <
%= efj lj:tf/ u/ M
s_ st} o4' sfnf] st} zflGt :jR5
st} xif{xf;F f] st} cfF;' aU5
d af]nF" o;}df ;bf kd|] vN' 5g\
ljgfk]|dn] k|]d kfOGg eG5g\ . .. @..
v_ ;wF} afN] 5' s]xL st} xfF:5' ?G5'
gafN] g]x¿s} ;of}F aft ;G' 5'
d afN] bf ;as} f] rnfpmF aofg
d af]nL agfpmF c¹} k|]dk"0f{ ..&..

128 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^

^= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ bp] m M
s_ sljn] s'gsg' s'/fdf cfÇgf] afn] L k:| tt' ug{ rfxs] f 5g\ <
v_ ‘ljgfk|]dn] k|]d kfOGg’ eGgs' f] cfzo s] xf] <
u_ of] ;+;f/df b]lvPsf s]s:tf ;d:ofnfO{ sljtfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 <
3_ dfG5] s:tf] :jefjsf] 5 <
ª_ sljn] ss;nfO{ s;/L ;xofu] ug{ rfxs] f 5g\ <

&= af]nL sljtfdf sljn] af]nLsf] ke| fjnfO{ s;/L k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ < ;lj:tf/ n]v .

tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 M

x/]s dflg;sf] :jefj p;n] af]Ng] afn] Laf6 yfxf xG' 5 . dL7f] af]nL afN] gx] ¿nfO{ ;an} ] ?rfpF5g\ .
aflx/ bV] bf sfu / sf]OnL b'j} sfnf x'G5g\ . sf]OnLsf] dL7f] af]nLn] ubf{ p;nfO{ ;a}n] dg k/fp5F g\
eg] sfusf] ss{z af]nLn] ubf{ sfunfO{ s;}n] dg k/fpFbg} g\ . dflg;sf] afn] L dL7f] eP/ dfq kU' b}g,
p;sf] Jojxf/ klg c;n x'gk' 5{ . dflg;sf] afn] L ?vf] / Jojxf/ ?vf] eOlbof] eg] p;n] cfhLjg
b'Mv kfpF5 . Pp6f tLtf] ;To s] 5 eg] w/] } g} dL7f] jf agfj6L af]nL afN] g] dflg; Jojxf/df v/fa
x'G5 . To;}n] dL7f] af]nLsf ;fydf Odfgbf/L x'g' klg TolQs} cfjZos xG' 5 . dflg;sf] af]nL h:tf]
5 Jojxf/ klg To:t} ePdf pm ;a}df¹ ;wF}el/ lk|o / :d/0fLo xG' 5 . ¹6' f] afn] L afN] g] dflg;nfO{
s;n} ] klg dg k/fpFb}gg\ . xfdLn] cfkm" eGbf 7n" f;uF ;Ddfghgs afn] L / ;fgf;uF dfofn' af]nL af]Ng]
afgL a;fNg'k5{ . s;n} ] xfdLnfO{ ?vf] afn] Ldf afn] fP klg xfdLn] dL7f] af]nLdf pQ/ lbg hfGg'k5{ .
sf]xL afl] n/x]sf] j]nfdf aLrdf af]Ng' klg /fd|f] s/' f xf]Og . c¿sf s'/f ;'gk] l5 cfÇgf] s'/f /fVg]
afgL pQd afgL xf] . 3/df cfPsf kfx'gfx¿n] To; 3/sf afnaflnsf / cGo ;b:ox¿n] afn] s] f]
af]nLaf6 Tof] 3/ slt ;Eo, lzi6 / lzlIft 5 eg/] yfxf kfp5F g\ . To;}n] xfdLn] ;w}F gd| eP/ af]Ng]
afgL a;fNgk' 5{ .

s= tnsf zAbx¿ tLgtLg k6s n]v M
Jojxf/, agfj6L, cfjZos, :d/0fLo, ;Ddfghgs, lzi6, pQd

v= 7Ls pQ/df /]hf -µ_ nufpm M
c= dflg;sf] :jefj p;sf] afn] Laf6 yfxf xb'F }g <

cf= dflg;sf] afn] L / Jojxf/ bj' } c;n x'g'k5{ .

O= ¹'6f] af]Ng]nfO{ s;}s;}n] dg k/fpFbg} g\ .

;'gufef g]kfnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^ 129

O={ dflg; af]ln/xs] f] jn] fdf aLrdf af]lnxfNg'k5{ .
p= 3/df cfPsf kfx'gf;uF gd| eP/ afN] gk' 5{ .
u= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M
!= sf]OnLnfO{ lsg ;a}n] dg k/fp5F g\ <
@= dflg; s;/L lko| / :d/0fLo aGg ;S5 <
#= af]nLsf] ;Gbe{df tLtf] ;To s] xf] <
$= s:tf] jn] fdf klg xfdLn] dL7f] af]Ng hfGg'k5{ <
%= kfx'gfx¿n] kl/jf/sf] dN" ofª\sg s] cfwf/df u5g{ \ <

;'gfO ;Lk

-k[i7 213 df lbOPsf] cg'R5b] _
lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;g' / tnsf sfox{ ¿ u/ M

!_ tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M
s= k/fk] sf/ s:tf] wd{ xf] <
v= k/f]ksf/ ug]{ dflg;nfO{ s] elgG5 <

u= Jof;n] c7f/ k/' f0fdf s] s'/f egs] f 5g\ <
3= bj] sf6] fn] s] s'/f egs] f 5g\ <
ª= ;;+ f/sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;v' s] xf] <

@= sfi] 7saf6 vfnL 7fpdF f 7Ls pQ/ e/ M

s_ c¿nfO{ k/s] f] ==================== jn] fdf ;xofu] ug{] sfdnfO{ k/f]ksf/ elgG5 .

-cfkt\ljkts\ f,] vl' ;ofnLsf]_

v_ uft} d a4' , dxfTdf ufGwL h:tf ==================== c¿sf] lxt / sNof0fsf] af/d] f

dfq} ;f]Rg] uy{] . -dxfbfgjx¿, dxfdfgjx¿_

u_ bof, dfof, ;be\ fj, Odfgbf/Ln] dflg;nfO{ ============agfpF5 . -k/fk] sf/L, cTofrf/L_

3_ xkf/df]kLns] fK/osf;f]LenffOj{gkffg==L=,=e===fs]===f=n=f=O=={ =c==G=g=,;cSG5wff}F n. fO{ ;xf/f, c1fgLnfO{ 1fg lbP/
-bzfp{ g, x/fpg_

ª_ k/f]ksf/af6 ==================== k|fKt xG' 5 . -;Gtfi] f, c;Gtf]if_

130 ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^

Jofs/0f ;Lk

cfb/

s_ lgDg÷;fdfGo cfb/

cfk"meGbf ;fgf jf gftfsf b[li6n] cfkm" n] dfg;Ddfg ug'{ gkg]{ JolQmnfO{ hgfpg k|ofu] ul/g]
cfb/nfO{ lgDg cfb/ jf ;fdfGo cfb/ elgG5 . bf;] |f] k'?if ;jg{ fdsf] t,F t;] |f] k?' if Psjrg
pm tyf gfdkbdf klg ;fdfGo cfb/sf] k|of]u xG' 5 .

v_ dWod cfb/

cfkm" ;dfgsf jf cfk"meGbf ;fgf JolQmnfO{ hgfpg k|of]u ul/g] cfb/nfO{ dWod cfb/
elgG5 . o;df stfs{ f] ¿kdf ko| f]u x'g] ltdL, ltdLx¿, pgL, pgLx¿, logL, logLx¿, ltgL,
ltgLx¿ h:tf ;j{gfd tyf gfd cflb;u“ ldNg] lqmofsf] k|of]u ug'k{ 5{ .

u_ pRr cfb/

cfk"meGbf 7"nfnfO{ cyf{t\ cfkm" n] dfg ;Ddfg ug'{kg]{ JolQmnfO{ hgfpg ko| f]u ul/g] cfb/nfO{
pRr cfb/ elgG5 . o;df bf;] |f] k?' ifsf ;jg{ fd tkfO÷{+ tkfO{+x¿, xh/' ÷xh'/x¿ tyf t];f| ]
k'?ifsf ;j{gfd pxf“÷pxfx“ ¿ / t;] f| ] k'?ifsf s'g} klg gfdkbsf stf{sf] ko| f]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

!_ tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ sfi] 7sdf lbOPsf ;ª\s]tsf cfwf/df kl/jtg{ u/ M

s_ ls;fgn] afnL leœofof] . -dWod cfb/_

v_ tkfOF{ l;gd] f agfpg'xG' 5 . -lgDg cfb/_

u_ cfdfx¿ cfP . -pRr cfb/_

3_ pm ;/f;/ ljBfno hfG5 . -dWod cfb/_

ª_ tF /fd|f;] Fu sfd u5{;\ . -pRr cfb/_

r_ eQmn] ] ux[ sfo{ u¥of] . -dWod cfb/_

5_ pgL dfjndf al:5g\ . -lgDg cfb/_

h_ pxfFsf cIf/ /fd|f 5g\ . -;fdfGo cfb/_

¹_ bfh' sf7df8f}F uP . -pRr cfb/_

`_ ltdLx¿ dfa] fOn rnfpF5f} . -lgDg cfb/_

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff ^ 131

l;h{gfTds ;Lk

!= :jefj zLifs{ df sljtf n]v . sljtfdf lgDg s'/fx¿ ;d]6 M
/fd|f] / g/fdf| ] :jefj, /fd|f] :jefj ;as} f] Kof/f] xg' ], g/fdf| ] :jefj c¿nfO{ clk|o aGg],
ldng;f/ x'g,' eg]sf] dfGg', gd| eP/ af]Ng,' cgz' f;g kfngf ug,{' ;fFrf] afN] g', dfof ugk{' g]n{ fO{

dfof / cfb/ ugk{' gn]{ fO{ cfb/ ug{' – /fd|f] :jefj
c¿;uF ldNg g;Sg', 3dG8 ug,{' cfÇgf] s'/f dfq 7Ls 7fGg,' cg'zf;g kfngf gug{', ¹6' f]

afN] g', dfof / bof ghfGg' – g/fd|f] :jefj
@= d]/f] bz] zLif{sdf sljtf n]v]/ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm .

If]qkmnsf b[li6n] ljZjsf 7"nf bz] x¿

!= ?;

@= Sofg8f

#= rLg of] klg hflg/fv †

$= cd]l/sf != g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ¹G8fdf rGb| / ;"o{ 5g\ .

%= af| lhn @= gk] fnsf klxnf] /fi6k« lt /fdj/0f ofbj xg' \ .
^= c:6l«] nof #= ljBfbj] L e08f/L klxnf] dlxnf /fi6k« lt xg' \ .

&= ef/t $= cfg] ;/L 3tL{ klxnf] dlxnf ;efd'v x'g\ .
*= chl]{ G6gf %= ;z' Lnf sfsL{ klxnf] dlxnf k|wfg GofofwLz x'g\ .

(= sfhls:tfg ^= g]kfnsf] Ifq] kmn !,$&,!*! ju{ ls=ld= 5 .
!)= cNh]l/of
&= ;l+ jwfg ;efn] ;ª3\ Lo u0ftGq gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfg
@)&# c;fh] # ut] hf/L u/s] f] xf] .

132 ;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^

kf7 !! wt/' f]sf] ;fu

syf Zofd ;fx

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ ;an} ] k9 M

hªu\ nsf] Rofp vfP/ w]/}n] ;fukft vfg] afgL
Hofg ud' fP5g\ lg . a;fNgk' 5{ .

wfdL¹fjF |mLdf ljZjf; dflg;x¿ la/fdL xb'F f
ug'x{ 'bF g} . 8fS6/nfO{ bv] fpg'k5{ .

;'gufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^ 133

tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ eg M

d ltdL ufpFdf a:5f} ls ;x/df <
d ltdLn] t/fO{lt/sf] ufpF bv] ]sf 5f} <
d s] ltdLn] wt/' fsf] ;fu b]vs] f 5f} <
d ltdLn] ss] s] f] ;fu vfg] u/]sf 5f} <
d ufp3F /lt/sf dflg;x¿ t/sf/L sxfFaf6 Nofp5F g\ <

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ k9 M

d wQ]l/sf ¤ wt/' fsf] ;fu vfP/ ;a} ax] f]; eP5g\ lg .
d jg:kltx¿ s'g} vfB / s'g} cvfB klg xG' 5g\ .
d xfdLn] cvfB jg:kltsf] ;j] g ugx{' 'bF }g .
d hªu\ nsf] :ofp vfP/ w/] n} ] Hofg u'dfP5g\ lg .
d la/fdL kbf{ wfdLnfO{ xf]Og 8fS6/nfO{ g} af]nfpgk' 5{ x} .
d cfxf ¤ efphn" ] slt dL7f] vfgf agfpg'eP5 .
d s'g} klg dlxnfnfO{ afS] ;L eg]/ cf/f]k nufpg kfObF g} .

134 ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^

wt'/f]sf] ;fu syfsf n]vs Zofd ;fx xg' \ . logL of] ;dosf /fdf| syfsf/
x'g\ . logsf] ‘cAaf’ syf;ªu\ x| ks| flzt 5 . logsf syfdf ljz]if u//] gk] fnsf]
t/fO{ dw];sf dflg;x¿sf] /xg;xgnfO{ ;d]l6Psf] x'G5 . To;df klg lk5l8Psf
jux{ ¿dfly ;xfge' "lt /fVb} syf n]Vg' logsf] ljz]iftf xf] . ‘wt/' fs] f] ;fu’
gfds syfdf slj ;fxn] t/fOs{ f clzlIft ;d'bfodf /x]sf] ¿l9jfbL ;+:sf/n]
lgDTofPsf] ;d:ofnfO{ lrq0f u/s] f 5g\ . e'njz Pp6f kl/jf/df wt/' fs] f] ;fu
vfP/ ;a} hgf axn' fpg jf 56k6fpg yfn]kl5 ufpsF L Pp6L dlxnfnfO{ af]S;Lsf] cf/fk] nufOPsf]
5 . pQm dlxnfs} sf/0f ;an} fO{ o:tf] ePsf] xf] eGg] 7DofOdf k'Ubf gkU' b} ufpsF } lzIfs / 8fS6/n]
ldn/] pQm ;d:ofsf] sf/0f klxNofpg ku' s] f 5g\ . wt'/fsf] ;fu vfP/ g;f nfu]/ 56k6fPsf] sf/0f
yfxf kfPkl5 ;a} hgf ;r]t ePsf 5g\ . syfn] Psflt/ ;fdflhs ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] ‘af]S;L’sf
gfddf x'g] lx;+ fsf] rrf{ u/]sf] 5 eg] csfl{ t/ cfkm" n] glrg]sf] jg:kltsf] t/sf/L vfg gxg' ] hfgsf/L
klg lbPsf] 5 .

a;lk§f eGg] ufpF 5 . h'g l;/xf lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd l;/xfsf] glhs} sdnf gbLsf] lsgf/df k5{ .
ufpF / gbLsf] aLrdf 7"nf] afFw 5 . h;n] avfs{ f] jn] fdf Tof] ufpFnfO{ af9Laf6 arfpg] u/s] f] 5 .
afFwsf] klZrddf sdnf gbL 6l] 9P/ au] klg k"jl{ t/sf ufpsF f 3/x¿ afwF sf] km]bdf nx/} l;wf eP/
a;s] f 5g\ . k|foM 3/x¿ ltglt/ 3/n] 3l] /Psf / aLrdf cfuF g ePsf 5g\ . ;a} 3/x¿ km' ;sf 5g\ .
3/eGbf cln tn uf7] 5 . ;a}sf uf]7x¿sf] 5p] df uO' 7F fsf 7n" f7n" f rfªx¿ 5g\ . afwF df nx/}
;'sfpg /flvPsf uO' 7F fx¿ bV] g ;lsG5 .

laxfg cf7 ahb] l] v nueu afx| ah];Dd k|foM 3/x¿dfly b]lvg] wj' fF oxL uO' 7F fsf] xG' 5 . h'g jn] f
ufpFdf vfgf agfpg] ;do xG' 5 . w/] } s'/fx¿df cfTdlge{/ 5 of] ufpF . ;a} s'/fx¿ kf| oM ufpdF }
pTkfbg xG' 5 . bfn, rfdn, t/sf/L pgLx¿n] ToxLF pTkfbg ug{] u/]sf 5g\ . sj] n gg' t]n / sk8f
h:tf rLhsf nflu dfq pgLx¿ l;/xf hfG5g\ .


57 cfpg c¹} b'O{ lbg afFsL g} lyof] . t/ bLkfjnLbl] v g} :sn' df labf lbPsf] sf/0fn] sdnf 3/d}
lyO{ . bfO laxfg} xnuf]? lnP/ vt] hf]Tg lxF8g\ 'ePsf] lyof] . cfdf bw" aR] g l;/xf hfg'ePsf] lyof] .

zAbf {y afwF M vfn] fnfO{ y'g]/ lahn' L lgsfNg km' ; M 3/ 5fpg xg' ] v/, k/fn, sfF; cflb
jf sn' fdf kfgL Nofpgsf nflu uO' F7f M ufO{j:ts' f] uf]a/ ;'sL ags] f] rLh
agfOPsf] l8n cfTdlge{/ M cfkmF}df lge/{ /xg'

;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^ 135

a'af /fdcft} f/ ofbj ;/nfO{ e]6\g laxfg} lg:sg'ePsf] lyof] . sdnfsf] :s'n labf ePsfn] eF};L lnP/
efph" lg:sge' Psf] lyof] . Tof] lbg sdnf cfkm}F vfgf ksfpbF } lyO{ . jn] fj]nf wj' fsF f] sf/0fn] p;sf]
cgx' f/ /ftf]kL/f] xG' Yof] . To;dfly p;nfO{ 57sf] nflu 3f6 agfpg hfg' klg lyof] . ;fdf rs]jfsf]
dl" t{ agfpg df6f] lng hfg' lyof] . pgsf ;a} ;vLx¿n] vfgf vfP/ l8xaf/ yfgdf e6] g\ ] s/' f u/]sf
lyP . To;n} ] pm xtf/xtf/ vfgf ksfpbF } lyO{ .

clxn;] Dd cfOk'Ug'kg{] efph" cfOk'Ug'ePsf] lyPg . To;dfly w'jfFsf] kL/f]n] pm dd' l{' /PsL lyO{ . vfgf
ksfO;s/] sx] La/] kv+{bf;Dd gcfPkl5 pm vfgf k:s/] vfg yfnL . ToxLj]nf 3fF;sf] ef/L af]Sb}
efph" cfOkU' ge' of] . sdnf xtf/xtf/ vfbF } u/s] f] bv] ]/ efph" crDd dfGb} xfF:g'eof] .

‘s]sf] xtf/ xf] xfd|L dxf/fgLnfO{ <’

‘d/] f ;a} ;fyLx¿ l8xaf/ yfgdf e]nf eO;s] xfn] fg\ . d} dfq oxfF 5' .’

efphn" ] sdnfn] vfFb} u/]sf] yfn lgofNg'eof] .

‘clg ;fu gagfpg'e’sf] < bfO / cfdfnfO{ t ;fu geO{ xF'b}g t .’

‘dnfO{ t l9nf] xg' yfNof] . agfP/ lbg' cfkmF} .’

sdnf lx8F k] l5 efph" ;fu l6Kg
hfge' of] . ;fu sn] fP/ ksfpGh]n;Dd
sdnfn] vfO;ss] L lyO{ . xtf/xtf/
r7' ]/ pm ToxfFaf6 lxF8L . cfdf bw" ar] /
kmls;{ Sg'ePsf] lyof] . bfO klg xnf]
/ uf?] lnP/ kmls;{ ss] f] lyof] . a'af
cfPkl5 ;a}n] kfn}kfnf] vfgf vfge' of] .

vfgf vfO;s]kl5 aa' f k~rfot 5 eg/]

a]Nxf ufplF t/ lx8F \g'eof] . bfO rflxF

rlnQ/sf] b/' fdf ;a} ;fyLx¿ hDdf

x'g] ePsfn] ] Totflt/ hfg'eof] . cfdf

eg] e}F;Lsf] nflu s§' L sfl6lbgk' ¥of] eg]/ uf]7lt/ hfge' of] . efph" rflxF h7' f] ef8F fjt{g lnP/ sdnf

gbLlt/ nfUge' of] .

zAbf {y 3f6 M gbLsf] lsgf/ k~rfot M sg' } ljjfb ldnfpgsf lgldQ
dd' {l' /g' M l/;fpg' rl' gPsf JolQmx¿sf] ;d"x
jtg{ M ef8F fs8F' f
rlnQ/sf] b/' fdf M rlnQ/sf] cfFug jf rf]sdf s§' L M sf6]/ ;fgf] agfO{ kz'n] vfgof]Uo
agfOPsf] 3fF;

136 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff ^

3f6 k"/} agfO;s]s} lyO{ sdnfn] . k/}af6 p;sf sfsfsf] 5f/] f sn'jf bfl} 8Fb} cfO/xs] f] p;n] bv] L .
glhs cfPkl5 sn'jfn] x:ofªkm:ofª ub{} eGof] .

‘l56f] 3/ lxF8\ . 3/df ;a} kfunh:tf] ub{} 5 .’

sdnfn] sx] L klg a'l¹g . crDd dfg/] snj' fsf] cg'xf/ dfq x]l//xL .

‘3/df ;a} kunfOuPsf] 5 t/] f] . l56f] lxF8\ egs] f] .’

c¹} klg al' ¹g p;n] . t/ sn'jfsf] cgx' f/sf] tgfj bv] /] h?/ 7n" } 36gf ePsf] x'g'k5{ eGg] cgd' fg
u/L . / snj' fsf] kl5kl5 bug' { yfnL .

pm 3/df k'Ubf 7n" } eL8 hDdf ePsf] lyof] . s]xL cfOdfOx{ ¿ efph"nfO{ ;dflt/x]sf lyP . sx] L
cfdfnfO{ . cfdfsf] k"/} z/L/ lehs] f] lyof] . sx] L dfG5]x¿n] bfOnfO{ ;dft]sf lyP . efph" sg' } jn] f
hf8] n] ?g'x'GYof] t sg' } j]nf hf]8n] xf:F gx' G' Yof] . cfdfsf] xfnt klg To:t} lyof] . bfOsf] t ¹g\ a]xfn
lyof] . j]nfjn] f ;an} fO{ 3r]6\g'xG' Yof] / efUg
vfH] g'xG' Yof] . aa' f cfO;Sg'ePsf] lyPg . Ps
hgf dfG5] va/ ug{ aN] xflt/ lxF8]sf] lyof] .

rlnQ/ bfO eGb} xg' 'x'GYof,] ;a} a;]/ ukm
ul//xs] f lyP . PSsfl; bfO p7\ge' of] /
lrRofpg yfNg'eof] . ‘s;}n] dnfO{ tflg/xs] f]
5 . d pl8/x]sf] 5' .’ To;kl5 pxfF n8\g'eof] .
/ PSsfl; p7]/ efUg yfNge' of] . ;a} hgf
ldn]/ ;dft]kl5 klg pxfF aa/{ fO/xg'eof] . pxfxF ¿ bfOnfO{ lnP/ 3/ cfpbF f t cfdfsf] xfnt ¹g}
a]xfn lyof] . pxfF ufa] /d} n8La'8L ug{e' Psf] lyof] . z/L/el/ uf]a/} ufa] / lyof] . efph" klg sdnf
gbLsf] tL/df cr]t cj:yfdf klN6/xge' Psf] lyof] .

s]xL If0fdf aa' f cfpg'eof] . t/ cfkm}F xfO] g . pxfnF fO{ klg sx] L dflg;x¿n] afs] /] } NofP . pxfFsf]
cj:yf klg To:t} lyof] . pxfF ss] ] aa{/fO/xg'ePsf] lyof] .

‘of] ;a dªu\ nL a'l9ofsf] sfd xf] . Ps gDa/sL 8fog xf] . To;n} ] 6'gf u/]/ o:tf] ePsf] xf] . xl/nfn
sfsfsf] 5f]/LnfO{ To;}n] 6'gf u/]sL lyO{ . OF6f6f/af6 wfdL NofP/ ¹f/kms' u/]kl5 aNn lgsf] eof] .’

/fhnfn sfsfn] hf8] n] s/fpbF } eGge' of] .

zAbf {y kunfpg' M kfun jf afn} fxfn] h:tf] :jefj b]vfpg' 8fog M af]S;L

tgfj M lrGtf 6'gf M hfb'

aa{/fpg' M a]xf;] jf lgbf| sf] cj:yfdf af]Ng' wfdL M ¹f/km's ug{] dfG5]

;'gufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^ 137

dª\unL a'l9ofsf] 3/ ;ae} Gbf clGtddf kYof]{ . l8xaf/ yfg glhs . sfx] L lyPgg\ pgsf . ;an} ]
p;nfO{ 8fog eGy] . sdnf cfkmF} e};F L r/fpg hfFbf yk' }| k6s e]6]sL lyO{ . p;sf c¿ klg ;fyLx¿
lyP hf] eF};L r/fpg hfbF f pml;t a;]/ syfx¿ ;'Gy] . tL syfx¿ w/] } ks| f/sf x'Gy] . slxn] p;n]
ltn:dL ks| f/sf syf ;g' fpyF L, slxn] ufpFd} klxn] 36]sf syfx¿ ;'gfpFyL . oqf ;fyLx¿dWo]
s;}nfO{ s]xL ePsf] sdnfnfO{ yfxf lyPg .

‘xf] of] ToxL al' 9ofsf] sfd xf] .’

/fhnfn sfsfsf] af]nLdf c¿n] ;dyg{ hgfP . To;kl5 sfsfn] kml] / xf}l;Fb} eGg yfNge' of,]

‘To;nfO{ ;dft]/ oxLF Nofpgk' 5{ . uf]a/ 3f]n]/ VjfPkl5 dfq To;sf] 6'gfsf] c;/ hfG5 .’

ToxL j]nf ;fOsndf /fdcf}tf/ ;/ cfOk'Uge' of] . sx] L dflg;x¿sf x'n dªu\ nLsf] 3/lt/ hfg}
nfus] f lyP . /fdcft} f/ ;/nfO{ bv] k] l5 /f]lsP . ;/ l;w} aa' f / bfO glhs hfge' of] . bfO / a'af
lgbfP klg aa/{ fO{ g} /xs] f lyP .

‘s;n} ] 8fS6/nfO{ lng uP ls uPgg\ <’

;/n] ;fW] ge' of] .

‘ca o:tf] 8fS6/nfO{ af]nfP/ s] xG' 5 < yf]8L g sfx] L la/fdL ePsf] xf] . of] ;a} ToxL dª\unL
8fogsf] s/fdt xf] . To;nfO{ uf]a/ 3fn] ]/ vj' fPkl5 To;sf] hfb6' f]gf ;a} hfG5 . clg logLx¿nfO{
klg cfkm}F lgsf] xG' 5 .’

/fhnfn sfsfn] egk] l5 ;/ h'?Ss p7g\ e' of] .

‘o:tf] asDkm;' ] s/' f s;n] eGof] xF
tkfOFx{ ¿nfO{ < yfx t 5 s] afN] b} xg' 'xG' 5
tkfO{F < sfg'gn] o:tf] s/' f u/] klg ck/fw
xG' 5 egs] f] 5 .’

/fdcft} f/ ;/ l/;fPkl5 /fhnfn sfsf
xlRsg'eof] . ;/n] egk] l5 Ps hgf dfG5]
;/s} ;fOsn lnP/ 8fS6/ afn] fpg
l;/xflt/ lx8F \of] .

nueu cfwf 306fkl5 ;]tf] Pkf| ]g nufPsf] 8fS6/ df]6/;fOsndf cfOku' ] . p;n] ¹f]nfaf6 :6]y:] sfk]
l¹s/] kfnk} fnf] ;an} fO{ rs] u/] .

zAbf {y ltn:dL M hfb'do Pk|fg] M 8fS6/, g;{ cflbn] nufpg] ;t] f] sk8f
6fg] f M 6g' f, hfb' :6y] ]:sf]k M 8fS6/n] la/fdLnfO{ hfFRg] Ps k|sf/sf] ;fwg

138 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^

‘v} To:tf] sx] L ePsf] h:tf] t nfUb}g . h?/ s'g} gzfn' s/' f vfP/ o:tf] ePsf] h:tf] 5 .’

8fS6/n] /fdcf}tf/ ;/nfO{ aflx/ af]nfP/ eg] . ;a} ufpnF ]x¿ ToxLF lyP . /fdcf}tf/ ;/n] sdnflt/
x]b}{ ;f]Wg'eof] .

‘s] ksfPsf] lyof] ltdLx¿sf]df cfh xF <’

‘d}n] t bfn, eft / t/sf/L ksfP/ vfPsL lyPF . To;kl5 efphn" ] ;fu ksfpg'ePsf] lyof] . t/ d
Toltj]nf;Dd lxFl8;ss] L lyPF . ’

‘s] s'/f ub}{ x'gx' 'G5 df:6/ ;fa klg . logsf] 3/df s;}n] laF8L;Dd vfbF g} . gzfsf] t s] s/' f <
d eGb} 5' . of] ToxL 8fogsf] sfd xf] . xl/nfnsL 5f]/LnfO{ klg To;n} ] 6fg] f u/]sL lyO{ . OF6f6f/sf]
wfdLn] t To;sf] gfd} lnPsf] lyof] .’

/fhnfn sfsf kml] / af]Ng'eof] .

‘tkfO{+ xfjf s/' f gug{;' \ . xl/nfnsL 5f/] LnfO{ pkrf/ dn} ] c:ktfndf cfkmF} u/]sf] xF' .’

8fS6/n] klg /fhnfn sfsfnfO{ xKsfPkl5 ToxfaF f6 lxF8g\ 'eof] .

‘clxn] pxfFx¿nfO{ sx] L gu/f}F . /fd|/L g'xfOlbg;' \ / xfjf cfpg] 7fpFdf ;'tfOlbg';\ . efl] n;Dd xf]z
cfPkl5 ;a} s/' f yfxf eOxfN5 . cfPg eg] s] ug'k{ 5{ ljrf/ u/fF}nf . ’

8fS6/ ;an} fO{ eg/] ToxfaF f6 lxF8] . ;a} ufpnF ]x¿ ldn/] ;a}nfO{ g'xfPkl5 la:tf/} ;a} lgbfpg yfn] .
;an} fO{ cfFugd} ;'tfOof] . ;a} ;'tk] l5 sfx] Lsf]xL dfq ToxfF a;/] c¿ 3/lt/ lxF8] .

laxfg ;as} f] lgbf| vN' g yfNof] . efphn" ] ;a}sf aLrdf cfk"mnfO{ To;/L kfPkl5 nhfpFb} leq
hfge' of] . aa' f, bfO, cfdf ;a} crDd dflg/xg'ePsf] lyof] . dflg;x¿ en] f eO;s]sf lyP .
;a} s:tf] 5 egL ;f]lw/x]sf lyP . ;a}n] Psbd xns' f dx;;' ul//xge' Psf] lyof] . sx] L If0fkl5
/fdcf}tf/ ;/ / 8fS6/ df]6/;fOsndf ;uF } cfpge' of] .

ToxfsF f hlt ;a} p7/] k|0ffd u/] . /fdcf}tf/ ;/ xn] d]6 vfN] b} aa' f / bfOnfO{ ;fW] g'eof],

‘clg s:tf] 5 clxn] <’

‘;a} 7Ls7fs 5 ;/ lgs} xn'sf dx;'; ul//xs] f] 5' .’

‘clg lxhf] s] vfge' Psf] lyof] t <’ 8fS6/n] ;f]w] .

zAbf {y gzfn' M gzf nfUg] jf n7o\ fpg] laF8L M wj' fF vfg kftdf ;t' L{ nk]6]/
xfjf s/' f M ljZjf; gnfUg] s/' f agfOPsf] r/' f]6h:tf] lvNnL

;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ v\ nf sIff ^ 139

‘bfn, eft, t/sf/L / ;fu vfPh:tf] nfU5 .’ bfOn] eGg'eof] .
‘s] sf] ;fu lyof] yfx 5 <’
‘Tof] t a'xf/LnfO{ yfxf xf]nf . oxL af/Lsf] xf] xh/' .’
‘To;f] eP ax' f/LnfO{ afn] fpg;' \ .’
bfOn] efph"nfO{ af]nfpge' of] . efph" nhfpbF } aflx/ cfpg'eof] .
‘s]sf] ;fu lyof] ax' f/L <’ ;/n] ;fW] g'eof] .
‘7l/ofsf] . oxL af/Laf6 l6ks] f] .’
‘v} yf]/} l6k]/ oxfF Nofpg" t .’
8fS6/n] eg]kl5 efph" hfge' of] / Psl5gdf ¹fn] fdf cfwf hlt ;fu Nofpg'eof] . 8fS6/n] ;funfO{
gfªn\ fd] f /fv] / Wofg lbP/ x/] ] clg d;' d' ';' xf:F g yfn] .
‘df:6/ ;fa of] x]bfv{ ]l/ 7l/of nfU5 lg jf:tjdf of] 7l/of geP/ wt'/f] xf] . of] 7"nf] ePkl5 dfq
lrlgG5 . ;fgfd] f p:t} bl] vG5 .’
To;kl5 ;a}n] Wofgkj" s{ ;futkm{ x]g{ yfn] .
‘clg wt'/f]sf] ;fu vfPkl5 dflQFbg} t <’
‘clg /fhnfn sfsfn] a]sf/df dª\unL a'l9ofnfO{ ufa] / vj' fpg vf]hs] f lyP .’
dflg;x¿ To;kl5 ufOuF O' F ub}{ ToxfaF f6 hfg yfn] .
‘n a'xf/L, kfPF eGb}df af/Lsf] ;fu hyfefjL ksfpg'xbF' }g . glrg]sf] s/' f t ksfpg} xbF' g} . kxf8df
hª\unL Rofp vfP/ slt dfG5] d/]sf 5g\ . To;n} ] lrg]/ dfq ksfpg'k5{ . n t lzjgfy xfdL
nfU5fF} .’
‘axt' ax't wGojfb 5 ;/ / 8fS6/ ;fanfO{ klg .’

zAbf {y 7l/of M t/fOl{ t/ kfOg] Ps ks| f/sf] ;fu dfTg' M gzf nfUg'
wt'/f] M sfF8}sf8F fn] el/Psf] Ps ks| f/sf]

gzfn' la?jf, j:t'

140 ;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^

!= tnsf zAbx¿ ;kmf cIf/df cfÇgf] sfkLdf tLgtLg k6s ;f/ M

d"lt{, l8xaf/, w'jf,F dxf/fgL, x:ofªkm:ofª, dª\unL, asDkm';,] If0f, k|0ffd, gfª\nf,] hyfefjL

@= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ nv] M

afwF , u'OF7f, 3f6, k~rfot, jt{g, tgfj, 8fog, wfdL, ltn:dL, hfb'6fg] f, Pkf| g]

#= jfSodf ko| f]u u/ M

km' ;, cfTdlge/{ , d'dl{' /PsL, s§' L, aa/{ fpg', 6g' f, dflQbF }g

$= s_ tnsf] jfSonfO{ z4' kf/]/ ;f/ M

pxf ufj] /d} n8La'l8 ug'{ePsf] lyOg\ . z/L/e/L uf]a/} uf]j/ lyof] . efph' klg sdnf
glbsf] lt/df crt] klN6/xg' ePsf] lyO;\ .

v_ tnsf dWo] z'4 zAbdf /]hf -µ_ nufpm M

!= c_ ltnZdL cf_ ltn:dL O_ tLnidL O{_ ltnidL

@= c_ k~rfot cf_ k+rfot O_ kGrfot O_{ krF fot

#= c_ lal8 cf_ la9L O_ laF8L O{_ aL8L

$= c_ d'tL { cf_ dt" L{ O_ d'lt{ O_{ d"lt{

%= tnsf zAbnfO{ ljk/LtfyL{ zAb;uF hf8] f ldnfpm M

af¹F f] cofU] o

a]va/ ljkGg

dgsf/L cfjfb

d"t{ hl6n

ofU] o sGh';

nfe pbf/

;/n cd"t{

;DkGg va/

;ª\sL0f{ xflg

;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^ 141

^= tnsf zAb / cys{ f aLrdf hf]8f ldnfpm M

:6]y:] sfk] gzfn' af6]

gzfn' hfb'

laF8L lvNnL

6fg] f gzf nfUg]

xfjf s/' f la/fdLnfO{ hfRF g] ;fwg

7l/of Ps ks| f/sf] ;fu

wt'/f] ljZjf; gnfUg] s'/f

dfTg' gzf nfUg'

k9fO÷nv] fO ;Lk

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M

s_ a;lk§f ufpF sxfF k5{ <

v_ vfgf vfO;s]kl5 a'af stflt/ lxF8\g'ePsf] lyof] <

u_ ;a} la/fdL xg' s' f] sf/0fsf af/d] f 3/kl/jf/n] s;nfO{ cg'dfg u/]sf lyP <

3_ /fdcf}tf/ ;/ cfpFbf a'af / bfO s] ul//x]sf lyP <

ª_ 8fS6/ lsg d;' 'd';' xf:F g yfn] <

@= tnsf jfSox¿ 7Ls jf a7] Ls s] x'g,\ lrg]/ nv] M

s_ t/fOs{ f 3/df kf| oM cfFug x'Fbg} .

v_ bLkfjnLb]lv g} :sn' labf ePsf] lyof] .

u_ 57sf] nflu klxn] g} 3f6 agfpg hfgk' Yof]{ .

3_ ;an} ] wt'/f]sf] ;fu lrg]/} vfPsf lyP .

ª_ 8fS6/n] afS] ;Ldf ljZjf; ug{x' Fb' g} eg] .

#= ldNg] zAb 5fg]/ vfnL 7fpF e/ M - ufpFd,} ;x/d_}
s_ ;a} s/' fx¿ kf| oM =============== pTkfbg xG' 5 .

142 ;g' ufef g]kfnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^

v_ =============== ef/L afS] b} efph" cfOk'Ug'eof] . -3fF;sf,bfp/fsf_

u_ =============== ;a} kfunh:tf] aGb} 5g\ . -jgdf,3/df _

3_ =============== klg sdnf gbLsf] tL/df crt] klN6/xg'ePsf] lyof] . -sfsL, efph_"

ª_ ax'taxt' wGojfb 5 ;/ / =============== ;fanfO{ klg . -8fS6/,df:6/_

$= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] Ps zAbdf pQ/ bp] m M

s_ cfdf bw" a]Rg sxfF hfge' Psf] lyof] <

v_ 3f6 ss] f nflu agfpg'kYof]{ <

u_ 3f6 ku' ]sf] snj' fsf] cgx' f/df s] bl] vPsf] lyof] <
3_ 8fS6/n] ¹fn] faf6 s] lgsfn] <

ª_ ss] f] ;fun] ;a} kfun h:tf ePsf /x5] g\ <

%= s;n] s;nfO{ egs] f] xf] < kf7sf cfwf/df vf]h]/ eg M

s_ ‘s]sf] xtf/ xf,] xfd|L dxf/fgLnfO{ <’

v_ ‘bfO / cfdfnfO{ t ;fu geO{ xF'b}g t .’

u_ ‘of] ;a dªu\ nL al' 9ofsf] sfd xf] .’

3_ ‘xf,] of] ToxL a'l9ofsf] sfd xf] .’

ª_ ‘s] ksfPsf] lyof] ltdLx¿sfd] f cfh xF <’

r_ ‘7l/ofsf] . oxL af/Laf6 l6k]sf] .’

5_ ‘axt' ax't wGojfb 5 ;/ / 8fS6/ ;fanfO{ klg .’

^= efj lj:tf/ u/ M

glrg]sf] s/' f t ksfpg} x'bF }g .

&= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ bp] m M

s_ of] syfdf j0fg{ ul/Psf] ufpFsf] /xg;xgnfO{ cfÇg} z}nLdf nv] .

v_ 3/sf ;b:ox¿ ss;n] s]s] sfd u/] <

u_ 3/sf ;a} dflg;x¿ afn} fPsf] h:tf] b]v]/ ufpFn]n] s] cgd' fg u/] <

3_ syfdf df:6/n] 8fS6/n] ufpnF ]x¿nfO{ s] s'/f a¹' fP <

ª_ o; syfn] lbg] d'Vo ;Gb]z s] xf] <

;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^ 143

*= jf:tjdf xfdLn] glrg]sf rLhx¿ vfg'x'Fb}g eGg] s'/fnfO{ wt'/fs] f] ;fu syfn] s;/L
j0fg{ u/s] f] 5 <

tnsf] kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 M

kfgL eGg' kf| 0f xf] . kfgL hLjg xf] . kfgLljgf hLjgsf] sNkgf ug{ ;lsGg . g]kfndf hn;f| ]tsf]
cyfx e08f/ eP klg gk] fnLx¿ z'4 lkpg] kfgLsf] cefjdf 56kl6g ljjz 5g\ . cJojl:yt
;x/Ls/0fsf sf/0f ;x/L If]qdf kfgLsf] ;f| t] 36]/ ;d:of pTkGg ePsf] 5 eg] uf| dL0f Ifq] df
ofh] gf gku' ]sf sf/0f gk] fnLx¿ 306f}“ lx“8/] Ps ufu|L kfgL v]Kg afWo 5g\ . Psflt/ of] tLtf]
oyfy{ / csfl{ t/ hn;Dkbfdf wgL /x]sf] rrf{ Joª\Uolrqh:tf] aGg k'Ub5 . :jR5 lkpg] kfgLdf
PsltxfO{eGbf sd dfq hgtfsf] kxr'“ k'Ug' jf:tjdf cToGt b'Mvsf] ljifo ags] f] 5 . lkpg] kfgLsf]
cefjh:t} l;rF fOsf] cefj klg gk] fnLn] ¹n] s] f 5g\ . s[lif dxŒjk"0f{ k];f x'g' t/ l;rF fOsf] ;l' jwf
pknAw gx' 'g' csf]{ ;d:of /xs] f] 5 xfdf| nflu . vt] sf 5]p5fpaf6 gbLx¿ u8u\ 8fO/x]sf 5g\, t/
kfgL geP/ v]tdf wf“hf kmf6]sf b[Zo yk' }| 7fp“df b]lvG5 . cfsfz] kfgLsf] e/df vt] L ug{ ljjz
ls;fgx¿ c;f/ nfUg gkfO{ kfgL k/f;] \ eg]/ b]jLb]jtf efSb} x'G5g\ . pAhgL geP/ vfB;ª\s6
pTkGg xG' 5 . o;f] xg' 'df hn;f| t] sf] ;xL pkof]u xg' g;Sg' g} kd| v' sf/0f dfGg ;lsG5 . l;rF fO
;'ljwfsf nflu bL3s{ fnLg of]hgf agfP/ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;s] dn' s' sf] ul/aL 36fpg ;lsg] b]lvG5 .

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M
s_ kfgLljgf ss] f] sNkgf ug{ ;lsFb}g <
v_ vfB;ªs\ 6 s;/L pTkGg xG' 5 <
u_ d'ns' sf] ul/aL s;/L x6fpg ;lsG5 <
3_ ;x/L Ifq] df s] sf/0f ;d:of pTkGg ePsf] 5 <
ª_ yk' }| 7fpFdf s:tf bZ[ o b]lvPsf 5g\ <

;g' fO ;Lk

-ki[ 7 214 df lbOPsf] cg'R5b] _
lzIfsaf6 jf l;8Laf6 ;'g / tnsf sfox{ ¿ u/ M

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ n]v M
s= sg' sg' Ifq] ldlynf Ifq] sf] gfddf rlrt{ 5g\ <
v= ldlynf If]qsf] s]Gb| sxfF xf] <
u= /fdhfgsL ljjfx slxn] dgfOG5 <

144 ;'gufef gk] fnL zª[ v\ nf sIff ^

3= 57 kj{ slxn] kb{5 <

ª= ldlynf lrqsnfsf ;hs{ x¿ sf] x'g\ <

@= sfi] 7saf6 vfnL 7fpFdf 7Ls pQ/ e/ M

s_ ldlynf If]qdf a:g] dflg;x¿ ================== efiffsf] ko| f]u u5g{ \ . -dl} ynL, lxGbL_

v_ hfgsLsf] ljjfx ================== ePsf] lyof] . ->L/fd;uF , >Ls[i0f;Fu_

u_ ldlynf If]qsf dflg;x¿sf] dV' o kj{ ================== xf] . -/fdgjdL, 57_

3_ 57 kj{df eujfg\ ================== / 57L dfO{sf] kh" f ul/G5 . -;"o{, rGb_|

ª_ ldlynfsf] ;+:sl[ tnfO{ ================== ;:+ sl[ t elgG5 . - d}lyn, ldlynf_

l;hg{ fTds ;Lk

!= cfkm" a:g] Ifq] sf] :yfgLo ljzi] ftfnfO{ JoQm ug]{ vfnsf] s'g} syf nv] .

@= lbOPsf ab'F fsf cfwf/df 5f]6f] syf tof/ kf/L pko'Qm zLifs{ klg /fVgx' f];\ M

s'g} bz] df /fhfn] dg k/fPsf] al' 4dfg\ dflg; === tLI0f a'l4 b]v]/ To; b]zsf dGqLx¿n]
p;sf] Oi{ of{ ug{' ==== dGqLx¿n] pm a'l4dfg\ 5}g eGg] s'/f /fhfsf cufl8 b]vfpg rfxg'
=== Psk6s p;nfO{ b/af/df /fhfaf6 afn] fj6 xg' ' ==== 6]a'ndf ;SsnL / gSsnL b'O{ j6f
k"mnx¿ /fvL g5fO] sg ;SsnLgSsnL km" n 56' \ofpg /fhfaf6 xs' d' x'g' ==== 5'6o\ fpg g;s]
bz] lgsfnf ul/g] /fhf1f ===== al' 4dfg\ dflg;n] w]/a} /] x]/]/ klg 56' o\ fpg g;Sg' ======
sx] La]/kl5 6a] 'n glhs}sf] ˆofn vfn] ]kl5 ;xh} 56' o\ fpg ;Sg' ;a} 5Ss kg'{ ==== /fhfn] o;
/x:osf] hfgsf/L dfu ug{' ====== al' 4dfg\ dflg;n] df}/L cfO{ gSsnL km" n jl/kl/ eg' eg' fPsf]
dfq t/ ;SsnL k"mndf a;s] fa] f6 cfk"mn] 5'6\ofpg ;s]sf] hfgsf/Lsf] lgj]bg ug{' ==== /fhf
v;' L x'g' ==== p;nfO{ dGqL kbdf lgo'Qm ug{' ==== al' 4dfg\ dflg;sf] hxfF klg ;Ddfg xg' ]
;Gb]z .

;g' ufef gk] fnL z[ªv\ nf sIff ^ 145

Jofs/0f ;Lk

sf/s / ljelQm M

gfd jf ;jg{ fdsf k5fl8 hf]l8g cfpg] n,] af6, åf/f, nfO,{ nflu, b]lv, sf,] sf, sL, /f,] /f, /L, gf,]
gf, gL, df, dfly cflbnfO{ ljelQm elgG5 . lognfO{ ljleGg ;ft efudf afl“ 8Psf] 5 .

ljelQm lrÅg hf]l8g cfpg] zAb jfSo

ky| df ljelQm n], af6 stf;{ u“ -sfd ug{]_ d}n] vfgf vfPsf] 5' .
a'afaf6 cf1f eof] .

låtLof ljelQm nfO{ sd{;u“ -sfdsf] c;/ kg]{_ bfhn' ] efOnfO{ lk6g\ 'eof] .

t[tLof ljelQm n], åf/f, af6 s/0f;u“ p;n] sndn] lrq agfof] .
-sfd ug{] ;fwg jf _ dn} ] p;nfO{ kmf]gaf6 va/ lbP“ .

rty' L{ ljelQm nfO,{ nflu, ;Dk|bfg;“u -sfdsf] kmn sfsLn] dnfO{ ;G' tnf lbge' of] .
lgdLt kfpg_] ljBfyLs{ f lglDt lstfa dxŒjk0" f{
;fyL xf] .

k~rdL ljelQm bl] v, af6 ckfbfg;“u -;?' x'g] d kfv] /faf6 sf7df8f}F cfPF .
;do jf 5'l§g] 7fp“_ ddtf lxhf]bl] v la/fdL 5] .

ifi7L ljelQm sf], sf, ls, /f,] ;DaGw a'¹fpg] zAb;u“ d/] f] 5f/] f,] cfÇgf] ;fyL, /fdsf a'af
/f, /L, gf,] gf, gL ;s' bj] sL 5f/] L, d/] f ;fyLx¿

;KtdL ljelQm df, dfly clws/0f;“u -sfdsf] 6]an' df lstfa 5 .
cfwf/ jf /xg] 7fp_“

!= hf8] f ldnfpm M

n], af6 ifi7L ljelQm

nfO{ tt[ Lof ljelQm

n], af6, åf/f k~rdL ljelQm

nfO{, nflu, lglDt låtLof ljelQm

b]lv, af6 ;KtdL ljelQm

sf,] sf, sL rt' yL{ ljelQm

df, dfly k|ydf ljelQm

146 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^

kf7 !@ cAb'n snfd

hLjgL

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn/] ;a}n] k9 M

j}1flgsx¿ gofgF ofF vfh] u5{g\ . dflg;nfO{ dfof ug'k{ 5{ .

xfdL cfh lj1fg ko| fu] zfnf uof}F . d dlGb/ / dl:hb bj' } 7fpdF f k'U5' .

;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^ 147

tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ eg M

d ltdLnfO{ s:tf dflg;sf] hLjgL dgk5{ <
d ltdLn] lrg]sf j}1flgsx¿sf] gfd eg .
d gk] fnsf] /fi6k« ltsf] gfd ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 <
d s] ltdLn] cAbn' snfdnfO{ lrgs] f 5f} <
d s:tf dflg;x¿ Oltxf;sf] kfgfdf ;/' lIft /xG5g\<

tnsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ k9 M

d d}n] eljiodf 7"nf] j}1flgs aGg] nIo lnPsf] 5' .
d rlr{t dflg;sf] hLjgL k9k] l5 cfk"mnfO{ klg To:t} aGg dg nfU5 .
d Pp6} dflg; klg j1} flgs / /fhgLlt1;d]t xFb' f /x5] g\ .
d ef/tsf k"j{ /fi6k« lt cAbn' snfd j}1flgs klg lyP .
d dflg;n] h:tf] ;kgf bv] s] f] x'G5 >d u/d] f To:t} aGg ;S5 .
d ;fbf hLjg pRr ljrf/ ePsf] dflg; k"Ho x'G5 .
d xfdLn] cAbn' snfdsf] hLjgLaf6 w]/} k/]| 0ffx¿ kfpg ;S5f}F .

148 ;'gufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^

;dosf] cgGt kj| fxdf wtL{dftfsf] sf]vaf6 c;ªV\ o JolQmx¿ hGdG5g\ / d5{g\ . tL JolQmx¿dWo]
s]xLn] hLjgsf] ;fy{stfnfO{ a¹' ]/ pNnv] gLo sfd u5g{ \ / Oltxf;sf] kfgfdf cfÇgf] gfd ;'gfn} f
cIf/n] n]vfpg ;kmn xG' 5g\ . hf] JolQm;uF lg/Gt/ ;ª\3if{ ug{] lxDdt xG' 5, hf] h:tf];s' } cfklQdf
klg x/]; vfFbg} , h;n] ;dfhdf cfkm" dfq 7n" f] x'F eg]/ 3dG8 ub}g{ , h;df d]/f] hft t/] f] hft, d]/f]
wd{, t]/f] wd{ eGg] tR' 5 efjgf xb'F }g, To:t} JolQmn] dfq bz] , ;dfh / dfgj hfltsf nflu clj:d/0fLo
sfd ug{ ;Sb5 . To:t} JolQmx¿dWos] f Ps xg' \ cAb'n snfd . ljleGg vfh] / cg';Gwfgaf6 j}1flgs
ag]sf snfd ef/th:tf] zlQmzfnL /fi6«sf] /fi6«fWoIf;d]t xg' ' rfgrg' ] s/' f xf]Og . To:tf JolQmsf]
hLjgL k9 .

;;+ f/df w/] } dflg; hlGdG5g\ / d5{g\ . tLdWo] sx] L cfÇgf] clåtLo k|ltef, nugzLntf tyf
p2]Zo kf| lKtsf nflu b9[ ;ª\sNksf sf/0f slxNo} gc:tfpg] w|j' tf/f ag/] rDsG5g\ . o:t} dxfg\
JolQmx¿sf] ;r" Lsf] cu:| yfgdf k5{g\, 8f= P=kL=h] cAbn' snfd . logsf] hGd hg} nal' bg snfd
/ cfl;oDdfsf sfG5f ;Gtfgsf] ¿kdf ;g\ !(#! cS6'a/df ef/tsf] tfldngf8' /fHocGtu{t
/fdZ] j/dsf] wgi' fsf8] Ldf ePsf] lyof] .

cAb'n snfdsf] k"/f gfd ca'n kfls/ hg} na'lbg
cAb'n snfd lyof] . logsf lktf h}gna'lbg df¹L
lyP . logL d5'jfx¿nfO{ 8'ªu\ f ef8fdf lbGy] . logL
lbgdf kfFr k6s gdfh k9y\ ] . c¿sf] ;xfotfdf
h'6g\ ;wF} tTk/ /xGy] . logL k9n] ]vs] f lyPgg\ t/
lktfn] lbPsf] ;+:sf/n] cAbn' snfdsf] hLjgdf w/] }
7n" f] sfd u/s] f] lyof] . logsL cfdf klg wfld{s tyf
bofn' :jefjsL lyOg\ . cAb'n snfdsf] kl/jf/df
;b:o ;ª\Vof w/] } lyof] . logL ;+oQ' m kl/jf/df
a:y] . logsf] lktfdf ;Gtfgsf] lzIffbLIffdf vf;}
vr{ ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf lyPg . cAb'n snfdnfO{ k9fOk|lt w/] } ?lr lyof] . logL cfÇgf] lzIff;DaGwL
cfjZostf k"/f ug{ k9fOsf] ;fy;fy ;fgb} l] v sfd ug{ yfn]sf lyP . cfÇgf cfjZostfx¿ k"/f

zAbf {y clåtLo M bf];f| ] gePsf], ah] f8] sf,] t'ngf cu:| yfg M cl3Nnf] 7fp,F ky| d :yfg
ug{ g;lsg] d5'jf M df5f df/]/ hLjg u'hfg{] JolQm,

nugzLntf M Psfu|tf, tNnLg df¹L, hnf/L

;g' ufef g]kfnL zª[ \vnf sIff ^ 149

ug{ logL klqsf a]Rg] sfd uy]{ . logsf] 3/ glhssf] /]nj] :6;] gdf /n] /fl] sbF g} Yof] . logL klqsfsf]
d7' f] u'l8/xs] f] /]ndf kmfNy] clg tLgrf/ lsnf]ld6/ lxF8]/ /n] /fl] sg] :6];gdf ku' ]/ klqsf a]Ry] .
o;af6 kf| Kt ePsf] k;} fn] lstfa, sfkL tyf cGo cfjZos ;fdfgx¿ lsGy] .

cAb'n snfdnfO{ pgsf lktfn] ;a} wdn{ fO{ ;dfg ¿kdf cfb/ ug{] lzIff lbPsf lyP . logL lktfsf]
xft ;dft/] dl:hbdf gdfh k9g\ tyf /fdZ] j/dsf] lzj dlGb/sf] bz{g ug{ klg hfGy] . logn]
lktfaf6 ef/tLo ;Eotf tyf ;+:s[ltsf] af/d] f 1fg kfPsf lyP . logsf lktf 5f]/fn] k9/] ;/sf/L
hflu/ vfcf];,\ ;a}n] p;nfO{ dfgg" \ eGg] OR5f /fVy] . logL lktfsf] OR5fsf] ;Ddfg uy{] t/ lognfO{
;fgb} ]lv kfOn6 aGg] OR5f lyof] .

logL kfFr jifs{ f] x'bF f /fd]Zj/dsf]
k~rfot kf| ylds :s'ndf egf{ ePsf
lyP . logdf 1fgsf] efs] Hofb} lyof] .
gofF s/' f l;Sg], 1fg lng] s/' fdf logsf]
w/] } ?lr lyof] . logn] /fdgfyk/' dsf]
dl} 6«sn' ;] g :sn' af6 cfÇgf] :s'n] hLjg
k/" f u/]sf lyP . ljBfno tx k/" f
u/]kl5 logL ;G] 6 hf;] k] m snh] df egf{
eP . ToxfaF f6 logn] ef}lts lj1fgdf
:gfts pQL0f{ u/] . lognfO{ efl} ts lj1fg / ul0ft cToGt /dfOnf] nfUYof] . ul0ft k9\gsf nflu
logL laxfg $ ah] g} p7\y] . lgoldt cWoog / cEof; uy]{ .

logsf] 1fgsf] efs] c¹} d/s] f] lyPg . logL dbf| ; uP clg Po/f]:k]; OlG:6Ro6' ckm 6]Sgfn] f]hLaf6
OlGhlgol/ª k"/f u/] . OlGhlgol/ª k/" f u/k] l5 cAbn' snfd /Iff cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; sG] b|df
j1} flgssf] ¿kdf lgo'Qm eP . logn] cfÇgf] Jofj;flos hLjgsf] cf/De ef/tLo ;]gfsf nflu
;fgf] x]lnsK6/sf] gd'gf agfP/ u/]sf lyP . logL cfÇgf] sfdaf6 ;Gt'i6 x'g ;sg] g\ . logL
ef/tLo cGtl/If cg;' Gwfg ;ªu\ 7gdf ;?jf eP . logs} gt] [Tjdf ef/tn] klxnf]k6s /fl] x0fL gfds
cGtl/Ifofgsf] ;kmn k/LIf0f u¥of] . cGtl/If j1} flgssf] ¿kdf logsf] k|efj a9\b} uof] . cAbn'
snfdnfO{ b]zljb]zaf6 afn] fpg yflnof] . logL ef/tdf 7n" f j}1flgssf ¿kdf lrlgg yfn] .

zAbf {y :gfts M aLP jf ;f];/xsf] k9fO cGtl/Ifofg M cGtl/Ifdf p8\g] ofg jf hxfh
Jofj;flos M Jofkf/, Joj;fodf cfwfl/t cg;' Gwfg M s'g} s'/fsf] vf]h, hfrF a¹'
cGtl/If M k[YjL / cGo ux| x¿sf aLrdf k/LIf0f M hfrF , sg' } klg j:t' pkofu] L eP

/xs] f] vfnL efu gePsf] xg] ]{ sfd

150 ;'gufef gk] fnL z[ª\vnf sIff ^