The words you are searching are inside this book. To get more targeted content, please make full-text search by clicking here.

[Φυσική Β´ Λυκείου] Σχολικό βιβλίο - Δαπόντες & Κασσέτας

Discover the best professional documents and content resources in AnyFlip Document Base.
Search
Published by dkontoud, 2019-09-02 08:22:58

[Φυσική Β´ Λυκείου] Σχολικό βιβλίο - Δαπόντες & Κασσέτας

[Φυσική Β´ Λυκείου] Σχολικό βιβλίο - Δαπόντες & Κασσέτας

Ynoypruo
EourrHlhrmnnr

ru OpnrKEYMATeN
llnrmrormINo rrrrovro

rdtTl

E v t s t oAu u x e f u u





B'tdlr1
Evn[ou Auxebu

Meon6<9oomr1CeMnvrxiqxuFepvrioecrooq6l6rKrtKdFt9l\iqrou
Arlporrro0r,ou l-upvoolouKqtTouAuxelourun6vovroton6rov
OpyovropE6x66oeoqA6oxrr6v BrpAltlxvqtdtqrr6uovr6qopedv'

Y n o u p y e i oE 0 v t K { ql l o l d e i q q K q tO p q o x e u p d r o v
fl ol6oytoyrx6lvorlro0ro

NIKO>AANONTE:
ANAPEA>IOANNOYKA>:ETA:

B'td\r7
Evn[ou Auxebu

OPI-ANI>MOE: KAO>EOA: IAAKTIKOBNIBAION
AOHNA

To ptpl(o qur6 e(vqtevop;.tovtop6vnopoq ro tolrlov flp6ypo1lgoEnou6civytq ro
EvroioArixerorot dler npor6rpeton6 rr1pt(xri ovopr6p9oonrou oXokxorjeyXep6t-
ou OuorrflyrorrlB' AuxefoufEA EnATEArcrlvN. Aqn6vre,A. Kqoo6toxotI. Mou-
p ( r q , 6 x 6 o o qO E A B1 9 9 7 .
H oupgeroXrjrou xo0r1yr1rEr1ropdrq Moup(r4- ev6qc,n6toug oqpowx6repoug
bdoxdrouqrnq guorxriqornv Ellt6do - orq ouyypogfl r:ounponyo6UevoueYxept-
6(ou,ouv6Bolr,reoOoptonrdcrrqvnot6rqrorou Btplfouctuto0.
Euloprororiperouq 6exd6egouvo66)rgougprogxoo4yryCgAewepop6opuoqExnoi-
6euonqror rdroireporoug unefOuvouqrtrlv EpyoorqptoxtirvK6wp<ovOuotxtivEnt-
orr;gdrvor ono(orperrg e0oroxeqnopornpfoetg toug ouv6Bo]r.omv rlv re\x[ 6to-

U6peoonrou ouyKeKptpt6vBotupliou.
EuXoprmo0peenfo4grov x. Bqo0\qEu0upriouKotrrl!' x. Agpo6fur1ZepBoUmtg
gpow(6egrov ono(urvoqeileror, oe peydlo po0g6,11xcdroroOqor(qog 6r66oqq.

Erouyary{ 7
Hlerrpoorurr rdg ollrllenr6ptior rg

'Htrex'rporar payvqrqs 10
H iworq ne6io 27
Htrexrprop6rgcr 6opr1rqg 6trqg 43
To qtrerr-prrgdopr(o onoOrlreferor 49
Eporrloergror npoptrrlporo 54
Nrorcoupiv'ro 61

To 4lexrprxri pcripo 1O2 .63
121
To garv6peva 64
H 0eopia yro ro qtrexrprr6pefpcx 70
'Evrcro4rou rltrexrprro6pedporog 75
H 6rc9opd 6uvoprrr<o679
To rllerrprr6 rfxlopo 82
Avrrordre5 86
H yewrlrpro (rrqyr1)mo qtrerrprrd x6rlorpo
Eporrrloergror npoplrlporo 112
Nroroupivro 119

Muyvqn rdg oll4lern6pdo€r5

Eni6pooqpcryvrlrrrofrre6iouo€ p€uForog6pocry<oy6 122
To rltrerrprrdpefpo cosrrny4payvqrrxodne6iou 129
O prcryvqrrop6rogr n 6op4rq5 6trqg 14O
Topcryvqrrr6ne6iorrls fns 144
Epcorqoera5r npoplr;poro 146
Nroroupdvro 153

oGffi0&&&*es&cfr&s&s&s&os&s&s&

Tonpdplqpo rrls p€rqqopdgevipyerog 156

Torporv6pevorllerrpopcyvrprr4 encryoyrl 159

Orvdpor 165

Aurencry<oyq 169

H c{ronofqoqrrlg rllerrpoFcryvrlnKrel5rrayoryqg 174

Ep<orqoerogr npoplrlporo 189

Nroroupivro 196

EpyomqproKdos6qyd5 199

A'pipo5 Epycmqprord5oorrloerg199 ......231
........233
B'pdpogApoorrlpr6rqreq226

B r p l r o y p a g i o. . . . . . . . ...............

E u p e r { p r o. . . . . . . . . . . .

O qtrerrpropd5ror o pcryvrlrrop6g6, 6o dworr;gprepuOrrdnopel06v,
qrroritreoov, yrd €Korovrd6eglp6vro, 66o 6rorpoperrrdrre6fo petri-
rrls rq orroio prilpr rov 6irqro fvoro or<rrvqcvorrr6ooovrov {e1<o-
prord rord rpdno trou i6erXvedrr 6ev eilo'r perc{6 rou5 rovevd5

ei6ougouvdgero. H evorroiqorlroug unrlp{r: npoT6vrr15ovordlu-
qlqg evtoi<ovvdp<ov,rpuppiv<ovxdrco qrr6 rqv rrorrrtriorov gotvo-

pivcov rar o6rlyqoerq guorrq o€ Fltororvof,cylo orivOeorl,rr1trey6-
pevrlqlerrpopcryvrlrrrq odvOeoq.

Kord rr1 porpdlpovq rropeio rrpos rrlv ev,onoir1or1fv, o o<op6dv-
Oporror6rog6prov eOvrrorrlrcov irror {cxvouorqorr rd p6lou g (pqr€u-
rrlpcov rrou rrdp€upiorovro oe cxvorr6cp€uKroursorero65> oMd, ei-
rs ps rn Oe<opqrrrqroug rardprlorl, eire Fe-rrsr€XVrKigrouq lrqv6-
rrlr€S Kqrrrlv {e1<oprorq<pavrooio rou5, ouvdpotrov oro vq €firrd-
Xuv0ofv or rorerof qurof onoreleopqrrrd. Or 6peuvegrou fdAlou
Coulomb,(Kouldp) tou lrqlo6 Volta (B6lrcr),rou Aovo6 Oersted,
('Eporevr),rou enioqg fdlAou Ampdre (Aprrip), rov feppovc6v
Causs (frdou5) rqr Ohm (OF) rqr r6pra rov Ayylcov Faraday(Oo-
pcvrir) rar Maxwell(Md{youel) unrlp€ov ouverogopig,or onoieg
oov rous lefpcppoug rrou xcrepoivouv qrr(i ra pouvd, 6rlprofpyq-
oov ro rrlqr6 rrordprrr4g qlerrpopuyvqrrrq5 odvOeorlg.

Boorro(oroOpoi rqg 6rc6popiS npoS rr1',refuxq o6v0eoq urr4p-

{ov I npayprororroiqorl rou rrelpdForos O':rsted, r1eroayroyrlr45
iworcg rou rreEiouror q avordtrurpq rrlg q)terrpopcryvqrrrrlgerro-

ytoy4s,evc6ro 0ecopqrrx6urrdpoOporrlg re,\rr4goriv0eorlgunrlp€e

ipyo rou JamesClerkMaxwell.
Irq 1820 ro rreipcproOersted arrordlurpe rqv 6rrop{4 o}lr1le-

ni6pooqg ovdpreoooe pcryvrjre5ror qtrexr6rrxdpedporo xor 6qpr-
otipyqoe rr1 pdorpq urro\Ufoyro rdrroro rorvti ororleio avdpeoa

orov rllerrpropd ror rov Fcryvrlrlop6.H dpeuvcr<ovqtrercrpoptryvq-
rrrr6v oMqtrerrr6pdoe<rrvrou srolod0qoe, qrovipoo€ Ftcxor6pq c-
6uvapriorou v€uro)vrrof rrp6rurrou. O Far;rdayu, rrorc0rorcirvro5

rqv dworo <66vopqo116srrooroorl) F€ rqv eu<puiororrl od}rlqrpq
rou rre6iou6uvdpe<ovu, rrqp{e ouorqorrrd o rrpc6rogrrou o;rgroprl-
rrlo€ rrl veuratvrr{ 6uvoyrrq. Iro errirre6or(DVerpoppoyr6vq, vufio-

l6yrorqg o{iog unrlp{e r1ovordluqrn oro tlB31,and rov Faraday,
rou gqrvopivou rqg rllerrpoprcryvqrtrrl5en<ry<oyqg'H. rqv pto ovo-

rdlurpq rrou i6er{e orov dvoprorro rov rp6rro vo rrapdyer q}errpr-

opr6oe peydtrqxliparo, dvo yeyovris rrou ftr rillo(r prftxri 6Xr p6-

vo rov rprirro rpyooiog xor 6ropialo45 alki ror curliv ar<i;,ro rr1

I

e

HAEKTPOITATIKAEMIHAENIAPAIEIT

voorpolrio rou. M€prKig6erceriegapydrepoo Maxwell,6ivovrog

pioo cnd riooepr5p6voe{ror6o€rrso orivotror4g voporilero5rou

qtrerpoprayvqrropof66e, r{edrr or6roropcq:drsrououvrorofvro evt-

oio qlerrpopayvrlrrr6ne6io6ro6i6ovroor rov yopo pe r6poro, ro

o'Errrooirqoilrolturvexrrqpvroi6pr6oKsroaXrofrpqoryovqKrGroropvdgai6qrroolc6p<ooxprp{poop pero qos.
ovrdorrlKov)

pero(rjroug,evc60qKcoxrvq ouviXeroKdrl"r€ro gos.
l-pdrgopreo prpliocurd perqv eniyv<oodqr-rro prplfc cpuorxrlg

rdOeenop;g 6evnpiner vo rqpdooouvr,) rilo5 rr15roropfogrq5

ovopconrvqo5rcdrpl5Kqrrrlv onordtrurfrlprro5olryoerogorrirvrogror

ovavrippqrr;5T. ov6irqro 6y6ooor<6vqq enrmrlprqe(agdvroeopr-
orrxd ro <1dprou Aiq>qrr6 rqv orrio rou K€pduvorl-.lprvorrd pe-

prrig 6eroerie5e{orpdvror€rs ;.rcryvrlrrri5'noo6rqrerogr dpoleorrl
0fo4 rougqtrerrprrdrpoprioxrvoripevo[1. crogpnopeivoroXuprorei

6rr ro 4trexrpr16cpoprio0o undple r onroo6rlnor€ord le{rldyro

rtov qrtov<ov fiou iplowor;

Irrl 6r6ooratrio r4g nepaop6vrlSrd€nS ruprdplqoe q veur<ovrxq

o6v0eo4, 11Oeppo6uvaprrxxrcl xrol ovrimorX€Slrporcycoviorpreg iv-

vore566vopq rcr evipyero.Irrl 6eurripo'rd{q rou Aureiou, ro K€-

vrptr<6Odpo0o eivor11qtrerrpopayvqrrrrl <r6v0eoq.

Flrorerjoupedrr o€i(er rov x6rro vo aol1olr1Oierovei5 prerov qtre-

Krpopcyvrlrropr6.frorf 6ev eivor pr6voo 6urr6rrr4g rrou nordpe yra

vc ovdtl.rerro grrls. O qlerrpopoyvqrropd5 eivarivq npdypo ru-

prolerrrrd ouvucpaopivope rov rpdno nou (o6preror q e{dprr1or1

pog crr'out6v pdoo o116To q<osrrou FoS6iverr'arroyedporo., F€-
oa qrrd rqv rqtreonrrrrl errdvo, ro ovfprxopo rtov oocvofp 11rrlv

evepyerorcqrpogo6ooic rr15proprllcvic5 pcrg,6qproupyei fvc rrer-

orrrd errrXeip.ltro yrq rrlv ovcryrcrcirrlTovs rov lruopiooupe. Aev ei-
vor pdparo to 1.rovo6rx6l-.ro6oou5 routrirXrorov vr<60ouvrrlv ovd-
yKrlvo avoporq0o6v yra rq 6opq Korrrs trerroupyie5rqg 6Iq5 ror

va ern6rr6{ouvvo rrlv Korovo{oouv, q yvcoprpioxar 11e{orreiotorl

p€ rd qlerrpopcryvqrrrd gorv6yevc ouvroro6v rrpoOrro0io€rSo-

rropoirqreg.

I

e

La -^EKTpo>TaA-^r^KFrr^rr'A':A:E

HrtEr{rpocrcilumtqt

urtrtrTif,emtdp,donS

'Hlexrpoxal poyv{r4ge O rl}errproFfs. Toqtrerrpr1<6popriuone6-
Ouvoyrotr5ollqtrenr6pdoergToqlerrptr6rpoptiodyerorr rV,ropq-
Xovqyrarrlv (TTqpcryoyc(>popriouo. O v6posrou Coulombo O Uq-
yvqrro;rdgo Orr6r<irqrerstov pcryvrlrtoov H dworc re6io o l-leiiior<or
6pdoro1n6 ondorooqo [-leprypocepvrdl 5ne$iour Torl}errptrd'ne6io
. 'Evrqorrl llerrprro6ne6(ouo Tonoypqcpe(qv6gne6iouo [r.,voprrcd
o Muyvqrrrdne6for To 4lrxrprxrigoprio xor q 6oprir4g ril4g o
HtrerrpdvrooTorltrerrpr1<6popriotq 6opqrou ordpou.o H 6rrlrrlprl-
orlrou rllerrprro6gopriouo Hlerrp<jvreqle60epoo To llelrrplxd
goprio anoOqxedercrt O nurvorqg o Orjprrorrlor errpdp'-roo4
Evipyetrcpoprropivonuur<vtoroq Enine6onsurvorqg o H Xtr:F,rlrrrd-
rnro . Na 0up40oripro Nq ovupalrqOod;rer No kiooupr rpopf{.
Ftrro . Nroxou;rdvro.

O rltreKrpropos

HAercrpx0f o ner rdrr rrou d1er oXioq pr;qler<rpo[.lpdyporr orqv

rorvrldrcpqrou vqporog5tr<rrrvov qlerrltrr<<6yveyov6rcouvndpXel

ro xelprprndpr,o rlpr6rogovdogrepe6ulrr6 ro onoio mqv opXoio

ellr;vrrq ytrcOootorey6rovr1Aexrpovl-.1pot:pXercor116perofvrKovo-

g6prov6dv6p<rrrov orroioorq 6rdpr<eroqrc6vroovrlqpuve.Ie ro0q-

prl rordorooq eivorn 6popqnnirpo rrouXprlorporroro6porreo Ko-
prrotr6yropog.

Or 'lorveg*0o rrpirrervo qrov or mp<irorrrou 6rorr(orooovrq

yvcoorrnl opd{ev4r6rdrqrcfriou ofioKrd'ro rllerrpo - 6orepcorrd

rqv rprBrl rou p€ ivcr ro;rpdrr drpooprc-va ftr-

tttEtu,fm Pl{doSp Nw rer prrrpdetrocppdovrrreipeva. flop6tro fiou rl
D!
oqpooio rr15ld{q5 qAercrptoltdigXer oqpepo
MAGNETE,
6reupuv0ei;rnopo6pevo 6e1ro6;recu5apXrxq
Magneticifqc;orporibu&s magno oqpooio rqs rrlv 1616111frioou rropouo6(et

Mrgoctcrclluc, fc librir comprchcofus. ro relprpndpr dorepa ond rprpry.
r Gvtrr:rro Grrrrrro Col+ Or 'Ellqve5 cpoive'rorrror5c6racpdprlocvyro

lE6.g.d6fddqf.

rov qlerrprop6. Altrri ror ol6rlrlpq q ovOpo-

r6rrlro rord rrg 66c,lheries rrou orotro60q-

ocv 6ev66er(evo ou1'rrveiroro116our6v. To e-

n6prvo op6oqpo orrlv e{ifu{rl rcrlv r6e<6vyro

rov qtrexrpro;r6epcp<rviorqrpe6lrg oro 1600
;rerd Xpror6v.'Hrav ro rrepigq;.roo6ypoppo
tltpi ltuyvqru-ty-De A4agnete-pdoo oro orroio
o WilliamCilbert(OuiXropfrrnpnepr),o ouy-

88Drl{t, ypo<piogrou, roXupf(erqrdrr q rrapdlevq r6rd-
rnro rou qlerrpou er<64lc6verorrqr oe dllo
Ttfi GoTztANt3,
Arro lL DC.Errt.

oc6;.rarodrr<o5ro yucili ro Oeldgr,ro peroivr,

ro pouloripr, ro 6roprdvrrKdro opriOuorog.O Cilbert 0o 611;rroupy4-

o€l Kolrrlv rcrvoripyrolf{q qAercrprcydro v(xloporcrqpioer 6}o ro u-

+ (Dctivtrar 6n o nputrog dv9ponog rrou i6er{e ev|,o,gts>ov yn ng eAxnx(c,\ovar6rrlreq
rou 4)txrpoo qrav o O<xA4so MArlaroq,. IloAAoi roroptxoi :r1c,tmorrllLrlq'ro anooronoiv.
O lohn Bernal ypdgu oXe'n<d <O qAexrprcp6q eiXt tva paxpt xat po9rxd naptAo6v. An6
roug nch6rtpouq lpdvoug noo yvu;pi(ou1tt. ot av9pu.tnot 9qoatpr(av ro 1Aenpo xar t-
aLug tiXctv naparrlprloer 6n pnopo6oe 6artpa anr6 rp$tj va iAxu pxpa o<byara 'Hrcv
guorx6 va 6oov xcttrqv avaAoyia avdyeoa o'aurryv xat n1v noAt rcXupdrepry 66vay4 rou
u6yv4rq 'Hrav urio4c cpoorx6va evoayarti;vouv rs 6LioEcttv6ywct orrl yevtxrlpoyrxrl
ox(lql4 rav apyaiav yp6vavr.

I

e

HAEKTPO:TAKTEI:AAAH^ENIAPAIEI:

furd nou ouprr€prqdpovrd6l rr<o9ro qtrerrpo.
'Evogoqpeprvdrgordtrc,yos0o Frropotio€vo ou-
pnlqpcoOeFfsrrlv rropo€Idvrlr,o vdrlov,ro ld-
orrxo/ ro ntre{,ryr<trdro5,rrtroortrd,ro Koou-
rootiKtrr1prfro,rc xepcrprrrodM, d rr 6Xrprdvope
qurd. fro vo eivorrrtrqp'q0go irrperr€vo oupfi€-
ono prtroppdve6rlq ro ocirpororrou oqpepotrdyo-
vror 6rrltrerrprrdr1provcrlrig.

H xoOqptprv{ epnerpic. H or<dvrrlrou po(€6€rol oro 6foxo xoO<ri5
rroi(er ro nrrdn, ro rfvoypo rrou vrc60eot o6qydgoyyi(ovrog ro o-
pd{opo rou ouroKrvqrou,or yv<loroi ereivot Odpupornou orodpe
ror or prrxpigoniOe5nou pldnoupe ra0c65pyd(oupe ro vdttrovnou-
rdpro6 pog ev6 rourdXpovo ro vrcilOoupveq rol der oro oorpropo5,
eivoryeyovdro rllerrprrd, 611lo61o1qv ourti rrou ou;rpoivouvperd a-
116rqv rprprl rou qlerrpou. Av lprlorporror4oouprKeotrov opo qA(.-
Krprcq<og6ro6rrooiq rqrd rqv orroio ivc rrri;.roorrorrd qlerrprop6
;rnopo6pevo rro6pedrt oro 6ioro rou fitrtirt, oro ;reroMrrd opd(crl-

po rou ourorrvrlrou Kororo vdrtrovrrourdptooouvdprl
qldrrprorlperprpq.

Orrpuorropf ipcro6evpivouvorqv ruloio ncpor4-
pnorl.Avcnapdyouvro y€y()v6rooto epyoorrlpro,
opyavr6vourvlS fiqpcr4piloergrouS,<prrdXvouv
rorvodpyreoguoreuig,6qpro.rpyo6vrcrvoripyredgv-
vor€Se/ pnlouri(ouvrq ytroooqrous/errtorporef-
ouv rq poOrlparrrd, ovorp6Xouvorq yrc6orlrrou rrpoOrrdpler,
exrelodv rrerpdporc, perpo6v, roroyp,d<pouvKororro6elrrt6-
vouv rq prlv6trraroror rcrotrr;youv oc ouprrepdoporq ro o-
rroio rotrprodvrsr yevrre6ouvqrrorqlcd',rrdgrc vripoug.

H eplcm4prcr{ epnerpio. O r1trexrprop55lo,tr-r6v,{eriv4oe arro-
x.trerorrrdror ;rdvo pe fl{er5 oov cur6g rr,ru ovccpipope.'Orrcogr<d-
vouv Koror <puorroipnopofpe vo rrs cvrrrrcpcydyouFsoro spyo-
orqpro, vo rrS noporrlpqooup€ fi€prood-repope0o6rrdKol vo ovo-
(qrrlooupe rot rdnoto nooortrr1 npooiylrroq.

lro vo ro r<ororpipouprOecrlperooro(,pee16rrdgouoreudgrot e-
nrornFovrKd5ivvoreg.Or ouoreudg0o pr<xe5{urrqperqoouvoro vo
ovcrropdyoups rq yeyovdro p€ Tov rp6no rrou Oitroupreepeig. Or
iworeg pd5 eivoronopoirqrss oro vo nr:prypdqoup€ourd nou 0o
6rorrrororooup€orrl ytrc6ooorr;5 errrorqpr15H. iworo 11orroic rrpo5

-e

HAEKTPO:TATIKAEAIAIiAENIAPA:EI:

ro fiopdv 0o pa5lperoorei eivorq (v€urar\,tK46)rivopr1.
eoruryrHrrp<rifprlepivxeorvlupoprproeecviqdlrqXMnveeegdg6oueovivudolp.orJpev€rriigyvo6vaa6orvrcoig6p.pr1naAro,4iuvr0cqororu;polerrxreoruppqiiororpooiruvlro0s,ovoqiptrrrrdolg
lKeorrrvpor 1e6rp(ro1rrleledro<orpuopTo€rr_oaorrodrr)lKerdorpuepprrdrge.pEdivorpxidvroeofeulqa,gopdley6pevoq_
o116.rourpo{utrrgde,fu(61,eireotroupivrol:/p€poopivopet"r,epn",rpdfpSe,_b
rKop{ndpvlroosv'rylupdct-rcrnv6rlrpglloevxcroprrrorp<uidvn4ogoprdrlpp6ryo;u.r,1o1y.'<Anrvrlqvorxorodrodourqpveroqnvodio-
0q srrordiverro vrlproorrd rr;v rorox6pu<por,<o0c6r5o ogorpi6ro

poonrrls qtrerrprr45fl{qg _66vo-

xil;;il?#J;;:,;txfi":l;

Epeuvrivrosfi€rpqporrr<drqv qlirrproq rrov ourpdrov KorrtS
popgis otrlqleni8poo_q5 rorcl rlyouper os ()uyK€Kprpivo oupnepd_
op0r0 ro orro(o yevrrerjoupe.

-l. Mnopo1lte va ryAxrpiooupe tva o6pa
q. tdv ro rpi,qtoupepe tva xo;tp6rt lgaopa tftt

2^. Ap.t.i3odrvy-Aroeracxropurcpprtrvyaooocualpr€aroa€.aivAaAr11.L,6eq1n,7d\epxorlpv.rHcp€avAoAorr1uAlttan.iipao4
roug txirlArbvtru dre pe tA€,re1ire pe <inusor1.

I

e
HAEKTPOITKAETI>AAAHAFTIIAPAII IE

ToqtreKrprrg6oprioune0Buvyoro

rrgotr\rltrenr8pooerg

Or 66o qilexrpropoi.Xperd(eroriocogvq roviooupedrr n dl€n
ror q drr<ooqeivor66oyeyov6roevrel<696rorpoperrx6A. vr6 el
vor rdrr nou 6evouppoiverF€rrs popurrrig oltrqlerrr6pdoer5o,r
onoiegeivor p6voelrrrxi5. H naporrlprlorlyrq 6t1o6ro<poperr-
xo65r6noug 4lerrprr<6vollqlenr6pdoecovydvvrloerar rqv r6dc
yrCrIrlv ro{rvdpqoqr<ovocopdrovor 6rioopd6eg.Idpcpcovope
curqv ro oc6pcro,6rov rllerrpf(ovror, o) egdoovorroOodvror
ovrlxouvorrlv i6roop66o p) egdoovitrxovror6evovrlrouvorrlv
i6rcopd6o.

Tov 18oorc6voo l-dllog Dufay(Nrrgi) 6roreiverordl oe xsOe-
prd orr' ourig rrg oprd6eegprcpovi(eroivr,r 6rq(poperrr<ei 6o5qle-
xrproprodM. rtrder6,41a6r1y,ro66or1lerrpr,rpo65ro, ugorroiougovo-
p6(eruaA<1s6ro4r pqnv<it64e, vcdnopdll,qlo Oe<opoenf iOcvqr4v
drrcp€nev6grpirou ei6ougqtrerrpropo6.

Auvdpergpera{ri qlexrprxtiv gopriarv. Iov i6roqrc6voyewrjOrlre
xor4 r6do6t xo.rdrqv qlixrpwq onotou\ryrrortocopcrogeprgcvi-
(eru <xdn>ro onoio ovopd(erorqlexrpr16rpoprio.

To goprio eivqr<rdrr>,ro orroio6evr,l ei6errorCxcvei5.Aevi-
Xerpdpogo6re 1pc6poofre 6rqordoerg)..ro epc6rrlpo<n ovoltd(e-
rat qAexrpxdgoprio>6evprropodpevo 6ciooupreorrdvrqorl. Orrcog
ouppaivercr ;r'dlleg iwore56eveivqr6uvor6vvo ro opiooul.t€v,o
ro rreprypdgoup€6, qtro6r1p,re6pou5orr),o6orepougl.-lpogro rrd-
pdv,ro goprio 0o eivoryrCFI CISrdrr ro orroioeprpcvi(eroror-orlle-
xtproprdvo<oporoKdrro orroioeu06vercyrrto rts qtrerrprrigotrlq-
trerrr6pdoerA5v. ri vo 0e<opo6pderr ro drrqqtrerrpropivoocirpoo-
oref 66vapqoro dMo, 0c lipe drr ro golrrio rou ev65soref 66vo-
pn oro rpopriorou dllou o<6porogK. drr qvdloyo iyrve KqlF€rts
popurrrig otrtrqlenr6pdoero5',rrgorroie54 euOrivrclno6604reorrl
popurrrqpd(o'rou rd0eoc6poro5.

Ooprio 0errx6xar goprio cpvqnr6. H r[,dqrou Dufayyro 66oei6r1
rllerrpropof pere{eli10r1xoee r6doyro 66ordnoug 4trerrprro6
gopriou, ro 0enx6 Korro apv4nrc6o, e 'rpdrror6orerq opcovupc
goprio vo grrtoOofvrorKorro erepcovupv(rq dtrrovrot.

To Oerr16cpoprioeivolo rlrlpov6po,;rou uolc66ougrllexrpr-
o;ro6.@errr6ovoyd(ou1tero Eoprio nou eygdvi(eraroro yuaAi,6-
rdv ro rpi,tpoupeye peraf<nr66gaopa.

Tocpvqtrr6goprio eivor,perr1oerpdrou,o rlqpov<ipo5rou prl-
rrvc66oug4trerrpropro6A.pvqnx6 ovol.td(ou1treo goprio rrou eygd-

I

e

H^EKTPOITATIKAEMIHAENAPA:EI>

viC,eraotrov tpovirrl,6rdv rov rpi,tl,touypet pdAfuvo6gaoya.
Btrinoupe6rr yro va opioouperq OernrdrrlrdKdrrrlv opvqrr16-

rqrq rou gopriou Xprlorpofiorodp6e6oo6rropivoultrd rt qurd 6ev
eivornopd prioodppcorlq onoio dXeer nrrlrarqoer.

Orli€erS0enx6ranapvqnxdrrouXpqorFonorotipyrreoro 66oei-
611gopriou eivcr,guorrd 6crveropiveo5rrd rrlytrcbooorcovpo0rlpro-
rrrciv. H errrtroyq6eveivorrulcio. Booi(ttor rrdvo orrlv eprrrerp(o
-rr d1 pdvoo' ourrlv- ofycp<ovoF€rrlv o'noiopio rroodrqro Oer-
ro6 rpoprfouror prioioq rroodrqro opvrlrrKo66rqv ouvundplouv
oro i6rooc6;roeprpavi(ouvono'rileopro<prr16ivr>o, onoio rpipver
oro vou ro crrrorftreoporrls npdoOeorlegv65Oerrrodopt0po6pe
rov qv'ri0er6 rou.

:ipoupe errioq5<itrqv 66ooc6poro,yuotrfror perd{r,ytq rro-
pd6eryprrop, rgrofv pero{6rous Frorro-
o6rrlro r1trerrprrc<,6popriouperoprpd(e-
ror orrd ro ivc oro dllo Korrl qpxrK4ntr.-
rrp r rc 1o1u 6 e re p 6 rrlroK o rd o rp irp e t o r.

{ Erqv rrporerpdvrrl epinroorlro yuclf epr-
\ govf(e,or -e{ opr,rpo6-peOerr16rpoptio
t Korro perd{r peioo opvrlrrrdcpoprio.

ToqtreKrprKqooprio oy€rol

Mro dtrtrqoq;rcvrrxrl r6r6rrpc rou rllerrprrof gopriou eivqt n oyo-
y{.'H6n o116rov 1Boqr(6vqor epeuvrlrfgovrtper<rrrrr(ovrov q}e-
rrpropd ocrviva o6paro fipdypo rrou Frropodoe vs pier prioo crr6
6rdrpopc oorporo -6rro4 or uypo( orrdyror Kqr ro pdrollo- Xtopis
vo rropdrnpeiror percrivqoq 6trr19'.Hrov, {iqtro64,fvc apcpig peu-
ord rrou ro dtreyovprdfuoro qAexrpx6 peuor6. Mro ovdloyq ovrfiq-
qrrlsfirKporodoerqryro rrl 0epp6r1ra.

Ero epyaorripro. A5 orprlooupe6pog va pog roOo6qyrloerror rrdlt ro
neipol.ro. fldvcrroe pdoq o116rrtroorrr6 Bd(oupe pro pdp6o 1dtrrrvq.
Irrl yrc rqq dr<pqiloupe gpovrioer vo'ronoOerrlooupeivo rllerrprr6
erc<pepri5ro, orroio 0a orroreldo€r yro FqSr()v ovrlveutrl qtrerrprr<rtv
rpoprirrrvI.rqv dM4 crouprndpreprrcqtrexrpr<4rivpr1dp6o epovirrl.

(o)

I

e

HAEKTPO:TAKTEIIMAHAENIAPAIEII

Apio<oqptr6noupero ogcrpi6rovo ikerqt ctrrdtq ldlrrvq pdp6o.
Av orroparpdvoupreq pdp6oepovirqq il{r1 6rarqpeirorH. nopo-
r4prlonpdgo6qyeio' €vat,royrrdoupnipcopo. To ldtrrrvo qv'rrrei-
pevoqtrerrpiorqr<;ereenorpq.Mnopo6pevq XplorForrorrloou;rrqev
fworo Eoprb Korvo trtpeEoprioqre. H pd[]6o5epov(rqro6 pero-
pfpooerltrerrprrd<poprioH. trerr-prrdrpoprioepgoviorqreotqv dtr-

lr1 drpq ror rrpordtrrorrrlv itr{q oro ogorpf6rorou exrpeporjq.
(Dqiverqr6rr q Xdtrxrvrpl dp6o5entrperperq yeraxivqoqr1trercrpxoti
Eoprioupdooorr' ourrlv.Xprlorponorc6vrorogvovrxvturrl;rnopo6-
pevo 6ronrorrirooup6err ro qtrerrprr6goplio rrou ;rercprpdo'r4re
oto Xdtrrrvoorilpoeivqrqrrlopdvo o' 6trqrqv drroorl rou. Av ovrt-
rcroorqooup€ rrl 1dtrrrvrp1dp6opedllq o'n66rc<popetr1p6rirol-
tro,ro rparvdpev0oo errovatrqgOef.

Av dprcoo5rrl 0ior1rrlg perolfurrlgpdp6ot)X, pnorForrorqoouip- re
vqv rrlqo'rrr6 Xdpora,ro prqvuporrou rroipvoupepd5trdetdrt oro
dtrlo drpo rou rrtroottrodldporo 6evovrlS,srjeroqrlerrpt16rpop-
rio. Eivoroov ro rrlqorrrd vo eprro6i(srrl FsraKivrloqrllerrprrod
rpoprioupioo on6 qur6. Mrq yudhrvrpl dp6og,ivo loprdvr/ ro F€-
rd{,r,q nopoetrdvrlr,rcpouord(ouvrrop6pc'roFt ro rr}qorrrd ou-
prreprcpopd.

Mnopodprvea xdvoupeprrorrp6lerprlro€rvdpqorrlov ocoprdrcov
perprrqproro ov €rnrpinouv q 6everrrrpinouvrq preror(vqoqle-
rrprro6 gopriou prioaorrd qurd.

Ta o<6;lororrou errrrpirrouvrrl ;rerorivrlorrl popriou,ro ocopo-
ro -p€ dtrtrotr6yro-pdooorrd ro onoic ro r7,\ercrpxg6oprio dyerat,
trdyovrcrr1ilercrptrcaoyi<nyoi.Qopr((ovror pc pro orrtrqenorprlo116
dvadllo rpoprroprdvoodrpaKdrro <popr(orrou qrroKrodvorrtrc6ve-
ror o'6111rqv irrco4 rou5.To prdroMor,o uv0pcorrrvoo<opa1, 1yq,

eivorcrycoyoi.
Movur€q,triyovrorrc ocbpcrarrou 6eve'nrrpirrouvrq prerorivrl-

or1gopriou pioo on6 aurd. Arropovc6voupv',dllo trd,yror,o qop-

r-io,6nou epgovi(eror/o€ prorreproX(rou;. Toyuotri ro rllextpo

Kqrrq dtrIo ufurd trou ovacpipcpeeivar;rovrrrrd5.

A..ooflxoYUo Ii nuprflo YepFovl0 oidqpoq 1otrxdq

"{ ,l^o \$'rUq-!oryo.s

H 6rdrprorlaurq rov orrrpdrcovoe crycoyotlKsqrFovorig, rrou
rrpord04reya npc6rqgopd rord rr5 opXi; rou lBou orc6vco, rqv
erropl pogOe<opeircor rtrouoreurrrrlI.rlpepo Ai;re6116trqra utrr-
rd e;.rcpavi(ourdvnorq qtrerrprxrcl ryoyr;rdlqro.Tc 6rdrpopcutrrrd

I

e

HAEKTPOITATKI EI MAHAE II IAPA:LI:

FrropodF€vq ro xor-ord(oupeperprrrlprorrlv
rF4S rrls cryoyrF6rn'rdrsous.Oo ilou;.reFroli-
orq, orrl Ftd dKprlrtls oTroros0c rrpfrrervo u-
rrdpx€rouooop€uorql urc6vrrouovopd(oup€o-

ytoyods€vc6orrlv di\lr1drp4 0o ppioxovrorol

Fovorrfs.H oy<oyrpr,5rqerov6gperdltrou,yro
nopd6erypo0,o eivor revrdxrgexoroppfprogo-

pig peyotrrlrepcrlnd sK€fvrrlou yuCIfuodIe. pro

ypcptr4percgopdgro rll€KrprK6goprio rrveiror

notr6nro edrolq pricroorrd erorovtd6eqptrrd-

Tol6lrrvoxoppfuppireronr6voore l.l€Tpoperolfurododllporosrrqpd prfooorrd ro
p6oqpovornrr{oroppx6eivor trrycexo'roordrou povcor4o orrofoslopi(er ro
qoprropdvToo.deflve4r ondxfuoro4u odppoo116rov n6pyo rrourov orqpf(er.Iro
errpepo{g-ovrlveAuvrxtdi.noroq pera{6, oro pioov nls li'orqs eprrpovi(ovroror
oroupnfopeer roldprrouropdrollo,ro <rpopepdrror6rd>rqg rllerrpovrxr;g€fiqvdoro-
oqorpi6rroouerrpepo0egnovdpleror oqs rou 6efrepoupr,rodrou 20ouqrc6voo, l 4-
tildY(|)Yoi.
or4vxoroxdpug0r6l0qO. eoporjpderr
llerrprrdgopriorwf04xepdoondro H [q xcr o riv0pornos. H frl eivor aycoy6gdrrr<o5
ov0p6nrvoo6uo||posTnfn.

ror o dvOpronogA. ur6 dllore pogepnc,6f(eore opro;rivegenr6rr6-

{ergxordl}ore pc5e{unqpereiA. v,yro rrcpd6erypco, ur6 ro {e1d-
ooupr€rar Oel4ooupevo rltrerrpiooupirvea roppdrrpirollo rpcrc6-

vrqs ro pero lipr rar rpipovrdgro ndv<rloe 6qooprc,ypqyopo0o
roroldpoupe 6rr eivarpdroro.Auvardrrlro vd nerdlou;re xdrt r{.-

roro Ooiloupe pdvoov ego6rdooupero priratrloF€prq povorrrq
tropr1ror ro rrrdooupeorr' ourrlv.Av 6evgpovriooupevc xdvoupe

xdrr ovdloyo, q qlCrrproq0o pororc6veroyr,rori ro rpoprionou

<epgcvi(eror)F€rqv rprpqperoxrveiropr rCo<roou cry<oyrpouc6pro-
169pogrrposrnv ay<6yprf1r1.

O odptrg.'EvorltrerrpropivocvrrrefpevoC, Ipyd4 ypiyopo rrquervo
eivarqtrerrprqrdvoY. ne60uvogyr' ourd r;ivoro oipoq, o orroio5ru-

picogdrav iler uypooioeivcrcryoydgrou qler<rproproU.
Mnopodpevo trdpe6n ra goprio 6porrrerefouqvnd ro rllerrpr-

o;rivo ovrrreipevoorov oipo r16rr ro ovrrxefpevoexEopri(eratT. a

goprropivo pogrlAerrpoox6rrro6,rov oge-

0o0vorov oipo, ergopri(ovror.

To 4trerrpoox<irrnoT.o rllerrpoororr16 ex-
rpeprigr,o onoio pog porlOdevro ovrXve6-
ooup€rqv (rropouoio qtrerrprrodgopriou
6 e ve i v o rp d p c r c x q v d v q< i p y o v or 6 r o i r e p o
euoiooqro.Toqtrerrpoor.6rroo, yvroor65o-
vrlveurrlgrrou urrdpX€roro o1ofurdepycx-
orqpro,6ro0drerrotrf peyoldrepeg6uvar6-

I

K

e

HAEKTPO:TATKI EI AAAHAENIAPA:EI:

rrlr€S. Evvoeiror6rr rcorqurd eivoroXe'rrr6,5e6opdvou6rt orrlv e-
nopl pa5 undplouv rllerrpovrrd 6pyavo fiou rl euoroOqoioroug
rdver or6pro Korro qtrerrpoox6firo vo 6eilver ouyrptrrrd rrprrrrd,yo-
vo.

0 "x0tr6$xriopog1usu18ouortirv6or00Ke60([serTovqleKrptold.

Mropnxovnyrqrrlv(nol)oycryrl,

goPri(l)v

Arrd ro pdoo rou 17ouorr6vqor Euporroiorcippoav rno vo yoqre6-
ovrqr crr6 rov rllexrproprdA. pxtrof qrcv tK€ivorfiou rrpoorrdOqoov

vo KorooKeuooouv prlxovq rrou 0o prropouoevo
nopdysr <qtrerrprop6>oe peydtregnoodrqreg. H
npcirq Fnxcvi suro6 rou ei6ou5-qle r<rpoororrrcrl
Fnxov{- roroore udorrlK€ oro 1662orq [epproviao-
116rov Otto von Guericke('Orro <povlrdprxe).Boor-
xdg rqg rpqpo qrov pro orporpoorr<iOerdrpor ov K€-
cpdtrrro16ro6,rrou orpeg6rov ytipo crr6 d{ovo ror
qtrerrpr(6rov. O n€rpoporrorqg dyyr(e rqv enrrpd-
vsro rrpoKotrc6vrogqldr<rproqpe rprprl.
H rllexrpoorcrlx{ p41cv{ VVhimshurst,rrou ouvq-
0<og6rcx0irerdva etrtrqvrr<o61ofu16epyaorqpro,eivot
orr6yovoqrqq pq1ovr15rou Crttovon Cuericke.
'E1er66o orpo6ir<'regor orroior,drov 11p41ovr1trer-

I

h

e

HAEKTPOITATKIEI AAAHAETIIAPAIEI>

roupysi,qoprf(ovrot p€gopri'o6rogoperrro6r6nou. Mnopod;re
vo XprlorFonorqoouppreorirorc ;rqXcrvyqrovo naipvoupe6oe5
rroodrqre5gopriou Odloupee, ireOerrro6€iT€opvlrrKo6,Xtopi5vo
Xp€rdqsrovro rpi'poupsyudtrrvo4 r<eXprpnopdvorcobporoos Fdl r-
vo q pera{corducpdo;roro.

O v6posrou Coulomlb

Ko0r65{eruhyeroro lBogorc6vogo, q}er<rpropd-oge ovriOeoqpe
rq Neurcovrr6quvoprrq-Oeorpeiroerrrrorqpre4f rolq Xopfsxo0d-
lou poOq;rorrrdf.ro rov nol6 r6oproervoror6po prcryrx6e5r<, Oop-
pcorrrdg6, roore6oorrrd5ror nopd{evogO. g errrorrlpqnopoprfver

o16;rooro errirre6oFrCIoSuooc6peuorfli(s;rpCIForrrc6ev 6opivrov
Kqrrroporqprloeov,or orroiegfipcypor()fiorofvrorpreouoxeui5,6-

rrc'rOrsotrro4oleurrrdporrooruoorrurdpgp;o.irvqo1uovvrrfeqrcporororordrurervpoorrreigp.rypdgovrorropd
eppqve6ovrcpr foc o116fwore5rrou iXouvoro prera{rierrrvoqOei.
H orrouoioro)v fiooorrrc6vouprrepoopr,ircovpXf(erva yiveroror-
o0r1rqK. ovivogvdpog6eviXer ordpo 6rorurro0efT. rlvi6roenoXrl
ot <puorro<f rrror€6ouvo) rov v6prorrlq noyxdoprroigl{45 nopdlo
rrou6evdXer pilpr r6re qrro6erl0ferrrr6loparrxdH. vsur<rrvrrorul -

OevrforupropXierrdvo orrlv €upcrrrrolxerrlrrorqpovrr<ori1qlr1xor
6evorpr;verr epr0<6pyroro cgrprop4r4orAl.vdpeoooe 66oorrorro-
6rlrroreHd(eSrrrorerierqrorr orroo6qrore cxoreirqr proitrfr1ond
orr6oroo4ovdloyrl rrposro yrv6pevorov po(c6vroug r<oor vri-

orpoqo ovdtroyqfipos ro rerpdy<ovorrlg on6oroo4groug.

F-- c mlT'

K'

To 1785 o fdtrloq CharlesCoulomb (Irrpl Koul6pr){erivqoe rrlv
npc6rq fi€rpopqrrKq rrooorrr<r1dpeuvondvcrrorrg 4trer<rprr<odl5trr1-
trerrr6pdoergq, oTroior<apnogdpqorKorri6<ooerov rrpc6rov6po rq5

errro-( ;rr1grou qlerrproprorj.

To epdlrrlpa. flprv o11614 6rarrlrrolorl r;vd5rpuorrof v6prouundp-

1erouv(O.u5dvo epc6rqpofiou 6eviler crrd;roonovrrlOei. Irqv rre-

pirrr<oor1cu'rr1ro ep<6rqpcqrov: Or nl€.l<rpKi.qaAAqAernipdoequ-

To epyorou Charles-ns,xo6or.tvdpag ot xdnoto nooortx6 v6yo; Ilotoq eivcxto vdyoq,ao-
Auguslidne Coulombr6e;
{ 1 7 3 6 - 1 8X0o6p) o n q 0 i ( s -
rorondproevrunororol-r{
oopponoiovdpeoooropo- H yl6ooc rorv evvordrv.fro vo o6r1y40c'tiv6pco5or rpuorr<ooi e rd-

S4porrlxodyropxtoi r o rroro orrdvrrlorl rlrav ovoyroia q 6rordn<oorl rou €porrlporo5 pe

neipopo. rq poq0eroeworc6v.H 6orcpoopivq iworo 66vapr7i6elXverrovq vo

I

e

HAEKTPOITATIAKAEAI HAEANPA:EII

rrsprypdqr€rrs CIllrll€nr6pdosrsH. r<orvoripyitvovoto r1Axrpxd
Eoprio rporv6rovxor ourq rordtrtrr1troqv Kornopouoia(e dvooo-
pop6 perovdrr4po.ToEoprio ryrav<xdn>nou 6eveiyeax6pape-
rpr70ti.

H unor;rio.Aiyolpdvro rrprv€vspyonor40i oe Coulombo, Ayyloge-
peuvqrqgJosephPriestle(yT1o1eql-lpiotr0e) 6rer6ncooperorotrpqp4
r6doo6prprovop€rrlv onoio or r1Aexrgrcitugvdpegiouq,vanefiap-
yo1oav ot tva v6poavdAoyope exeivovrrlgnayxdoltdc,ii{4q. O i-
6ro9o6uvoro6oevo errrppeorc6oeorurrlvrqv un60eor1H. urrorpio
rou, <lporge,vOdppuvdelloug eupconoioug5uorro65vo ro €rIIXst-
prloouvO. Coulombqrov dvogond ouro65

0m"Pqeleuxerpoogroo"urGororru(dulqoymriqb
(1785P).dIoduvolrop6rpou

xor;r6trrortorioveuoioe[Tou
noi(errovfpoUe14p6060
ondyuoli,6cpevo4roxdrto
peporqou.Hp6F6oeqdpel
proUrKporirpoippoeroAtrrx{
oro6xporqg.flpdxerroyrro
TovtreydUe.(vuoyd
orprueoqp' erovonoio

Coulomrobrdqepveo
unotroyi(reoro;1err1p6erpo
rtovqtrerrprxridrvuv6petov.

floprigrourooreuf

Xpqorponortri0oq1x7c98
ondrovHenrCy avendish
yro14p6rpqod4uvripeorv

noyxrjupdroAqEIq.

H rrerpoporrr{ ernpepairrro4T.o rrp6rurrr),}orrr6v,urrqple ror r1-

rov orro6e116.O Coulomb,ercxr6rrepirroulpdvro ;rt'rd tov Ne6-
r(DVo,XprlorForroiqoercrourdg rqv ivvotrr 66vapr7Fs rov rpduo
rrou rrlv er1elpqorporrorqoerror o Nedr<rrvH, nprirq rou errr6i<o{,r1
qrov vc epeuvrloeor v or qtrerrprr<dg6uvdpilrsrrou ovorrr6ooovrov

avdpeocxoe 66o prrpi5 <poprroprdvtogqafpsg nerOoplorioov-6rro5
rcr or popurrrdg- oro vdpo rou ovrrorp6rpou 'rtrpcycirvou.Aur6
orlporve5rr qv yro opro;rdvr1p,ero{6 rorv rpoprirov,orr6orooq r q

6uvopq qrov F,yro o'ndorooq 6rrrldoro (2r')0o qrav (Fl4)yro ond-

oroorf rprrrldoro (3r) 0o qrcrvFl9 ror, yevrcdr€poyro orrdorooq pr

I

o

HAEKTPOIT.ATIAKAEA>HAETIIAPAIEI:

I 0o 4rov Fl1i.O 4ty6qorp(.rpeuqrov onoiovlpqorponofqoei6erXve
<irrxdrr riroro rporvdr-onvpdyparrvo ro;'6er.
e Xpero(6rcvar6po va epeuvqoaqv rl 66vopr1rlrav ovdtroynrrpos
rdrroroyrvd;revovriororXopero yrv6p€vom1m2/rcDVpopurrrcov
|j|1= pc(c6v.H ordq-rqrou (rov 6rr orq 06oqrcrrv;ro(c6mv 1Kdrm2,oro-
rroiegrlrov une60uvegyrq rS popurrrdgotrlqtrenr6pdoerrgin, perre
vcxOe<oprloreor rltrerrprrdgoprio q1Korq2ro orroior1rov,perr1
oerpdroug,urre60uvyorqrS rllexrprrdgrrMqlenr6pdoer5.

fro vq rarctrq{er,dp.S, oro avdAoyqnpos ro ytv6yevo1pero(d-
rqv rroodrqregrpopriou.O Co_ulonby,rcrvo ro rrer61erX, pnorpo-
r r o i r l o ep r o r e X v r r 49 g g ' q U r y t g _ , € _ . U g l o y ,oKuqp p e r p i c g .A { f ( e rv o
rrlv rropoKolouerlooutr..AnSdpoupep c perolhrq rpoprroprivq
orpoiparuog urroOdoou;dr€rr q rroo6rrlrcr poprioufiou rreprdXeri-
vqr q. Av rqv orou;rrrrloouFos€ pro evrelc6gdporoocp6prrorrl
ocpoiporor ;rerdrqv enorprrl rs ofiopoKptivoupredOepi'o0o i1er
noo6r4ro qlz. U ncpo6opl rou o4pepoOe<opeiroroorrl. Av orq
ouviXeroorou;rrr4oou;.rerdfurrl Flo orr' ourdgrrg ogoipego€ Fro
rpirq ogdprrorqnopdporoogoipc, pe,<irrlv oropdrpuvoq0o i-
louv -16oo q pio 5oo ror 11dllq- <poprloql4.

@O=+O@O:+@O O

Togopr[0,xd0eoqoipogperdrqvettogi 0oeivoro protri ouoplrxori

Iuveli(ovrc5 p'aurdv rov rpdrro 0o prrc,po6pevo 6ro0iroups rro-
odrrl'reg goptiou j, ql2, ql4, ql\, q116,q132,c<ourotrrig cpopr(ou>,
rrg orroieg;.rnoporipveCIXprlorHonorqooupyero vq errrpeporc6ooupre
6rr npdyporr q 66vapq ovdpeoo oe 66o rroodrqreg <popriouq, r<or
q, eivor ovdtroy4pe ro yrv6prevogrgz.
H 6rqrdrrtooq rou vripou. I-lopdlo rrou 6r:vneprerXovpeydlrl oxpi-
pero,ro nerpdpora rou Coulomburrqp{ov d;reoorqr rrerorrrd.Me
ogerqpio pro epc6rqorlKqrrn Srcrdrr<rroqprogundOeoqgnpol<rr-
prloeorrlv errrv6rlorlfi€rpoForrKc6v6rordl,eov Kororqv rorcrypog(
perprloe<ovyro vo o6r1yq0eof e ivo ouprrripoopo fiou 6Xerevoropo-
ro0ef orq <puor14agv6pog Coulomb.Avogipercr ornv rllerrpo-
ororrrq ollrltrenibpooq ovdpreooos qop'nopiva oqpercrd svrrrei-
p r e v o( o q p r e r c xrdp o p r i o ) .
H elxnr{ { ontoorrxri 66vcp4 avd;.rroo oe 66o o4perorri goprio
eivqr qvdloyn rpos ro yrvri;.levorov <popritov xqr qvriorpogCI CI-
vritoy4 rrpos ro rerpriyovo rqg pero[ri rou5 ontimqorls.

rwlKEtA^^H^Enr^PA:Er:

lr,

q' is"*-.-

F=knr l{' !"lq ' -

f2 /

h

'll

lF,

qr '+" --

'EXouvrr€pdosrrdvo orrd6rqr6orqXp6uor:oro v6posrou Coulomb
elorotrou0eivoeivqrorro6errd5H. eprrrorocrfvrq<ovrpuorrc6ov' ou-
r6v 6evorqpi(erororo fi€rpdFororrouircxveo CoulombF€To(uy6
orpdrpeogf.lerpdporopoor(6pevoorq oUyXpovrqeXvoloyio6ef-
Xvouvdrr o er<Ofr4rsou r ornv rropqfidvo eiiioroorp; piorerorcvdpe-
oq oro 6pro2,000000002ran1,999999998l:.ivqrouverrogefloyo vo

0ecopeiraior ogpre<2>d, rr<oegryeurroorrlpi{r:or Colomb.
Iro Are0vigljorrlpo (Sl)povd6oqtrerrprrc6gopriou 0e<opeirorro

ivo Coulombr,rououppotri(erq1rC.H rrprlrrlgoroOepdgkniyraro

rev6eivqr910'Nm'/C'. Xprlorporror€freonrfoq5q orogepdeo:
1l4rknx: 8,8510'" C'lN m' 11ley6prevqanrcAurrflitq\txrpxr1ors)e-
pd rou xevo6.

O poyuqnop6s

...<opno6oooAaecivarou orpEgu4 ro xapdfu;> r
NfxogKoppa8fog

Xrtrrd6elpgdvro rrporo6XprlorForrorrlOqerrfu{i6oyrorov rrpoocrvo-
rolrop6'ndvclorq fr1,ordvOporrroyrvc6pr(cxrovvltdyvqflop6,tqv r
6r6rqro 6rglc6rlrou guorKo6pcryv4r4(yoyv4rdfuOouv)a iker or-
6epivroovrrxeipevc'.Orr<ogou;rBoiveKr orlJ€rov rltrercrproyqd,dv-
vo'c Fqyvqrtoy6q,€yeror]peparrotrdpeyoldreprleuprirqro, orroo-
6qnore dpcoSq etrrrrrqr6r6rqrorou (puorr<op6oyvrlrrlorroretrei
rrlv rrp<oroplrq oqpcoiar4g.

Or oplriq noporqpqoergrrdvo orc Foyvrlrrrdgcrv6pevoqrov
66o ror f6erlvov6ro<poperrxigH. rrpr6rrlrirov q puorqprc664e5l-
rrrrcr16uvor6rqro rou Fcryvrlrdtrr0oHu.6e6rep4rlrav q e{iooupu-
or4pro6rlgernpovrlev65ele60epoupcp6opq,v4rnvq 6e(Xvrerov
Foppd.'Orrog<poiverocrxrr6rrg pdXpor 4pepoipeuvegq rrporrr'c1rr'

e

HAEKTPOIIATIKAEMI HAENIAPA:EI:

ourdsrrs rroporqp4osrrsrpirrsrvo fyrvr, Kupiosoe 66orr€proxis

rou r6opourrou oniXouv FsrCIqr6oug 4rhd6egltrrdperpo.:rnv
Kfvorqr orqv Elld6o.

Avri0eroon6 roug Krvd(ou5o,r'Etrlqvr:-5dnoq ouvipq KorH€ro
(lexrpo- 6evn pdnervo i6coocxvr6roireprl

npoooXq orrg rropo{evri5 rov payvrlrc6v.

Tr56rdrpopt:gpoprupiegrrdvcoo' ou-

rofg goiveror 6rr ouoroorrrd rrg cl'v6n-

oov. Ardprl ror o Aprorordlq5, our6 ro

cporvdpevono),upd0ero5,evc6ooXolq0q-
re pre16oo nclld (rlrqporo 6ev efle r1

6evOdtrqoerirrorc oXe6dvvo fi€r o6re yro

rou5 poyvqre<;o6re yro ro rllerrpo. Or

Krvi(or dpog {ievo6rorpdp4oqvyro rov

poyvqrrop6. E'nr1iepqoov vG rov e{4yq-
oouv qlAd Korrov o{ronofqoov. Bcor(6-

F€vororrlv 16rcir4tarou pop6opoyvqrrl

ToKopdpnrouPpioKeTooprrfispdT, 0qr60UXeorpiqKivduvXoripq vo rrpooovoro\i(eror d<prro{cvFcryvnr-r
orqvnu[(6r0ouT. otilloxoptif6t e{r6l6, verodpriproou. rd5 nu{i6eg or lrroi'€S0a ro0o6qyo6oov

(MrvroroU01p6ofloltinoir6lerpdyporpo) opydrepo ro xrvi(rra nloio ora ;rorprvd

ro(i6ro rou5. Ctryv<rloer5rous yrq ro po-

yvqrropd pc(i pe ro Spyovo <rru{f6a>i-
(proocrvrdrrore Kororrlv Eupc6nq.

Irov eup<onoir61c6porord ro rflo5 'rou peooiorvoerXereOef e-
rrf;rovc ro epc6rrlpo<<nouogeiA€rcr rl enrpovryrr1cro{i6ag vo 6ei-

XvEtro Poppd;, ror q ondvrnorl rrou rcuprrplodoeqrav 6t <r7ania
rou yeyov6roc ppioxerat orov oupsvcj>rqr ouyre rprpriva orov flofu-
rd oordpo. H dnoq.rqdrr o flotrrrd5cori6ng -r'ooripr rou poprd-

aorofoe payvrlrrrcqdtr[q oe 6leg rrg ru{itieg er1eyiver dva ei6ogne-

uoi0qorlg.

Irq oriyXpovrldprogenopl q petrir4 rc)u pffyvqrropof oplf(er pe

rq 6qpoofeuorl rou prptrfouDe Magneterou William Cilbert ro o-
rroio, 6rrco5eirrope,qrorileoe op6oqproKcryrd rqv e{dtrr{qro)v r-

6e<ovrrdvcoorov qtrerrprop6. To rrpc6ro fipdypCIrrou rrporeiver o
Cifbert €i'vol(vd {ava\otpe Ko,rvG avnptt-<orriooupep€ xptnrc5pdrt
on\qnore fyer ypagrei Sttypt r<itpayrct rov payv4nop6>.

To rrro oqpcvrrrc6oq;reiorou prptrioue'vcr 11dnoq,rrlrrou er<rppd-

(er olerrrd p€ rqv orrio npooovorotrro;ro(irqs pcryvnrrrrlgpel6vog.

fr'our6v, q crric 6ev ppior<eroor rous oup'ovo6g,olld eivqrq i6ro 11
fr1,otr5rlr1pn rl l-n alld r<orqrroxlerorrrd rior pr6von fn, n orroiq ou-
prreprcpdperoorov dvogrepdorro5 payvr1rr15O. i6rog,yrq vq evroXri-

o€r rov roluprop6 rou fipoyporonoirloe ivo oXe66vpeyaloguig

rreipoprc.Xpqorporror<rrvragivo preydtrorrrporprrdFoyvrlrrl, rov o-
j

e

A^^H^En,^D: A:E
E*r.TP.:TATTTFI

MrotenelaovfloYnPt rro(oov6pCIot€errela(oro )'orlvrKdP, rKprll-q),f6er-
ouninouefie {,edrr rcdO;eroyvqrrrcpqetr6'rorrou0c ppe0er(ovrd
rou rrpooqvorotr((eroFt € rov rp6no fiou rrPooq-
rorooxeu6ooGetilberl vcrolf(ovror or petr6vergr1;rru{i6c5Yfp<ral n6 rq
fr1.H 0epetrrc66oqugrrl cvoxdluqrqeivoriocoSrot q
pdvqoqpovrrrqrrouiyrve<rqv roropicrou Pcr\/rl-
rropof dooordpo qrov proenrorrlprcqxve(dprqrrl'

Or r6l6rrlrss'ro)v
FCrl,vnr(DV

lp4orponoi4oeo Cilbert.

Xpqor;rorrorc6vror5e1vr1ro65payvqre5 t:ival e6rotrovo oPYov6- I

ooufr€rls fioporrlprloelS pqs Kcl vcl rls ouvorgiooupe:
i) Ot ltuyvrlregtAxouv optolttva p6vo d'xd' ErrdS orrd ra ot6e-

pivro rcorro 1ofuip6rvo itrrouv erriorlSovrrxefpevorrou nept€1ouv
vrxdtrroe, ire ropdlro, eire opropfvo rcpdpto'to.

ii) Ot payv4reg aAAqAentipoiv Strra{6 r<>oq.
il) Or Stayv1reqpnopotjv Ko,ltruyvrlri(oov optoptva avrtxtiltwa,
ro ;rerorpffiouv, 6r1tr46r1o,e pcyvqre5. H 6rc6rrooia perorpotrlg

e

HAEKTPO>TAKTEI : AAAHAENIAPAIEI:

liyeror yayvqnoq.Mnopeivc lrpcryporonorrlOeeiirepeencgq eire
orrd orr6orcoq.

Oo Xperoorevfo roviooupe6rr ro rpicrnprirro gcrv<iprev6aeva-
noretrodvrpic 6rogoperrrdxorave(dprrlrogorvdprevoq,Md ouvt-
oro6v rper5nleupig ev65evroiouguorrodcporvoprivoruro, u Frro-
podpevq ro )r(.yepa.yvr1nxar1AAqAenifipcroKqo.0<o564tro6r1o, po-
yWv{rrlrqrSoriekef.'rOfovoqyoror6rlepFivtrryocvvqrrrrrKeirppl eelv6ovr,oo,ocvrrrprroeoipqevvoordoXheor4p6dn5tFqq5-
6evanorelef nopd er<6r1loor1rls pcryvrlrrxrlo5ltrqtreni6pooqgo-
vdpeoao'ourrlv xarorrl [q.
Oeropiegf.lporof npolcoprlooup€Koroe dllo rporv6pevapriooc-
rrd ro orroioepgovi(ovraror r6r6rqr€ST(Dvpayvrlrriv,0o orq0o6-
p€yrCfIuyooe 66oOecopieo5r,onoie5e{urrqpirqocvrous cpuorrorjg
va rreprypdqrourvno edrolq rq ouprr€prqroprdov pcryv4rc6vE.ivor
q Oeolpiorcov66orrdlov ror q Oeorpioyr(rrrlv 6nop{q nooorrlr<ov
pcryvqrro;ro6.
H oeorpiortov 66o n6lov. To 66odrpo rou pop6opayvrlrre; prpavi-
(ovrorvo noi(ouv ivo pdtror6roirepo1,6o<ml rlv oMqleni6pooq6oo
Kcforov rrpoocvorotrro;.rT6.c 66oqurd dr:pcovoprd(ovronr 6Aot.

I

H er6rllcooq16oodtr{e<o6voo ror onc,ioeovo6rlyr1ooerrlv r6ia
yro 66oei6r1n6lcov rord rp6no c6orer; d,\{r1vo cvrrororXefoe erri-
6poor1rr6lorv erep<6vupcoKvqrrl drrcoorl<reoM4lerri6poorlrrdltrlv
oprc6vuptrErvi6. cpedrr oe prorrcp6porolc'yrrqpcoior4re Korrl fio-
po6opl yrd rd 66oei6qrltrerrprrodrpopricu.O ivog arr<iroug rrd-
trouqovopd(erorp<iperoKsoro dtrlo5v6rro5.Or opropoipooi(ovror
orqv 161614Tro0u rrpoodvorofuopor'iO. rcxvo<prlooupvroe er6r1tr<rr-
0ei o npooovorotrroprrdo5u pop66popgouFqyv4rn,ro drpo nou
<Bliner>rrposro poppdovo;rd(erorB6peroge,v<ror dMogovopd(e-
ror vdrrog.Ave{dprrlrcqrr6 ro crX{Fq1es,,xdOepcqrur1rri1X5er66o
rr6lou5 orr<oo6rlrrore11dvovdprro opr0pdrrd,trcoyvevrrdrepo.
H Oeropioyro noorirqrrs ltoyvqrro;rod.Krrrdrov 18oor<6vo€pqo-
viorqre ror iyrveorro6errrlprro6woraevrel<r6c5vrfototXqF€ro rl-
lerrprrd goprfo, 11trey6pevrqroo6rrlro Fcyvrlrropori6, vc ei6og

I

e

HAEKTPOITATKI E: AAAHAENIAPA:EI:

(FcryvrlrrKoc6popriou>e,vrornopdvooe rd0e ndlo ;royvqrrl,ro o-
rroio qrov urre60uvoyro rrs ctrtrqlenr6pdoertgorv ;rcryvr1tc6Iev.o-
vcloyia pero 4trerrprrdrpoprfo0e<opqOr56err undpXouv66oei6r1
nooorqrcovFtryvnnopof,q p6pero(Oerrxr1x)ot 11vdrto (opvrplr4),
or ono(egppforovtcv orous ovriorotloug n6trougr,ov p6peroxor
rov v6rro,oe rp6rro <ilore,oe rd0e Fcr!,v4rrpl e66on6loug, q p6-
perorroo6rrlrovo eivor(oqprerq v6rro.

H dwors noo6rqra yayvqrrcyoi e{unqpdrqoeerrppo<rrrrdrr1guorxrlentorqpqyro
66oor<6ven5epfnou.Irqv enopl pog,dprcoge,voi4 fvvoro 4AercrpxE6oprio KuPlqp-
Xei,q dworanoo6r4rapayvqnoyoriXerouotoortrdeyxo'ratrergOOei.r6pro516-
yo5eivordrr orlpepornq o Hcryvrlrroy<oiv5rrper<on((ercpnerr5 Cworegrllerrprr6
goprfo ror riv4oq.

Eivor s6rivqro vtr crropovt6oouF€ TouS66o ;rcyvr;rrKori5 rr6lous.
fro nollo6g orcivego qlexrprop6g ror o Fofvrlrrop6g orolo60qoov
6pdprou56rorpoperrro69rcorove{dprqrou5. 4116ro 18o otc6vo,d-
F<rrSo, proFiveg o;ror6rqre5 ;.rerc{6 roug eilov oplioet vo rpoivo-
vrqr. T6oo elxrrxi5 6oo xor orrcoortxdg6u'rdperger6qlc6vowor o)
ovdpeoo oe poyvqrsg rcr p) ovdpeoo ot rll€Krpropr6vcoc6;roro.
Ario ei6q rltrerrprxodgopriou 6eldpoore, ro 0errr6 Korro opvrprr6
oMd rqr 66o ei6r1poyvqrrx<6vrr6trcov,rov l36peroKot rov v6rto rot
o'rqv (6ro,pdtrrorc, orprpc65loyrxrl, drr ro oyc6vupoqnoOofvrol
Kqrro etepcovupoitrrovrqr. Av {ercvrlooupelotrrdv qrr6 ro yeyov6g
6rr eivor 6uvqr6v vc urrdp€erdvc pr6voei6o5rpopriou -yro rropd-
6erypoOerr16-orropovorpivo,troyt16eivo vo ovop<orq0o6peprt-
n<o5rdrr ovdtroyo,pnopeivc ouppef Korot ivqv ndlo pcryvqrrrd.
Mrc orrlrl r6dq eivor va r6rgouprero pcryvrirr;oe 6rio xoppdrra pe
rrlv elrribo vo iloupre lcopioerfvo Bdperorr6lo ror ivq v6rto. H e-
pnetpio, 6lr.5, pog 6ror.;,re66Ierlo. oqpeionou Xotpiorrlreo ap1l165

t-El

Fcrl,vnrn<sepgcxvi(ovro6r>6ot6tror ereptivuporA. v errtlepr 4oou;re
vpqe,K0oop<Fp'ordrrodoouopuoeprrooeui6groxoortrvoorddlpeyorporuoFs.'Ocro\,o\ ,rlrensou 6qprroupYqoo-
KotcxvnpoorrcOqoou-

I
h

H^EKTPOITAKTEI IAAAHANEI EI>
^PA:

H€eq qvrry€rtrlrrf4oupr€nv dpvnonrrls 6InSoro vo 6e1rei rrlv 6-
rropqnevdqpayvqnKo6rr6lou, fiou 0o eivorpdvogrou. H noporrl-
pnonFCIS6eilverprro0epetrrc666rqorpopdavdproaoe qlerrprrd
rpopriorconr 6trou5pcryvqrrro6q.

Moyv{re5 rur qkrrplrri gopric. Eivqrioro5troyrr<v6o ovsporrl-

0o6pe: <<oyrayvryreqa,AtrryAcnt8pop1evrTAercrpxEdopria;>frcxvq
ro 6ror-rrorr6ooulFp€erd(erorvo errrorpdrpoupo€ro epyoorqpro.
o. Or ;royv{reg6evollr;lcnr6podv ;reorivqru 4k-
rrprrd goprio. Mnopo6pevq ro qvrrlqgOofpeXprl-
orporrocr 6vrogqlerrpoorolr r<der<rp;e.irg. l-ltrqodr(ou-
+ )l -y s ,,, F€rov rrdtroev65poyv4rnilro rll€Krpropfvoorporpi
6ro,ro orroioeivqro116povcorr16uhrd. floporqpori-
) +

pred,rrove{dprrlro orrd ro ef6ogKolrrlv rroodrqro

rou rpoprfourrou eprpovfZierqor o orpcrpf6ro6,ev

ouprpoiveror vev6gei6ou5d'lqtrenibpaor1.
p. Or poyv{rrg oll4lenr6poriv pe rrvodpevqgop-

riq. To gcrvd,pevoro XCIpCIKrrlpi(ouprrepoxoropofuxd og r6roirepo
oqpovrrrd. f1po6i6errlv rinop€q ev656eopo6 cvdpeoo orov HAe-

r<rproprKd orrov Moyv4rrop6 oe 66o 6r1),a6qrre6fq pretrir4gro o-

noio yrc rrotrtro6gorcirve5avonr610r1rcv oveldprqro Xropigol dv-
Oprorrovr o rrroredouvdrr ilouv prero{6rous rnv nopoprrcprlouyyi-

vtt0.

Mrc rolq r66cryro vo Srqrrrorrioouprecxurrlrqv cltrqleni6pcxoq ei-

vcl vo rdvoupe ivo rreipopo rrop6prorop' cvr6, fiou ytq npc6rq cpo-

pd npaypororro(r1oeo Apeprrovd,5Rowlarrd,ora 1876, o€ ptq rfio-

Xrl drrou q 6ro6rraoio yro rqv evorrofqoqqlercrpropro6rcoryuyvrlrr-
opo6 rrpoXropodoerrpos rnv otroxlrlpcoo4tqS.

Xpero(dpoore dvqv 4lerrprcr;.r6vo6ior<oo116govorr16
utrrxd,rov onoio vo ;rnopofge vo pd(oup€ os fi€pr-

,IA 4 orporpq y6p<rlo116ivcv d{ovo. Xpera(dpoore rcrfvqv
euo io0qro ovrXveurq pcryvrrr xc6voll4trerrr 6pdoerrrv.

N r / d\ ll*+'tl ll Mrcrpcryvqrrrqpetr5vcprrroprevfo ovrorroKpr0ei o' au-
16 ro pdlo Ocuprdoro.O r1,\rerpropivo5 6iorog ppi-

oK€ror r<ovrdorrl pel6vo. t)oo eivorariv4rog, ovdpre-

oo o' our6v Korrrl peldvo fievgaiveror vo er6qtrc6ve-

ror roprd otrlqtrenibpooq.'Orov, dpcrrsr,ov Oiooupe,

o€ rrsprorpoq{,q ouFrr€prqopdrnS peA6vogovepcbverqr v 6rrop-

€4ollrlleni6pcxoqg.O yayvrlrrlCo.AAqkrr6,ppde ro qAtrcrpx6Eop-
rio eESoov-xo; pdvoveE6oov-Bpioxovrcuoe oytnxrl rcivryory.

h

e-

HAEKTPOITATKEI AAAHAENIAPATELI

I

fle6ioror 6poorlon6on6oroorl

Mra r6dq noArri. O Cilbert itreyer<dnore6rt rd0e payvrlrrlsrr€pr-
pdlleror ond prroogofpo enrpporlg.Oovro((ircv, drt ivo or6epdvro

ovrrxefpevo0o 6e16rov rrlv enf6poorl rou proyvqrqp6vo eg6oov
<eroXcopo6oep>ioo o' ourq rq orpoipo enrppoqg.Ie odyXpovq6ro-
rdncooq 0c trdyope6rr rd0e Fq'l^/nrnsrreprf]dllerqr qrr6 iva po-
yvrlrrrd rre6io.

Axaplciu 6prio4 qn6 qrdorooq. Kord rou5 6rio orc6ve5rrou oKo-
lo60qoov q r6dorou ne6iou rripooe oro rrepr0c6ptoI.ro Frlxovrort-
r<6rrp6rurro rou rdopou/ ro orroio rrpordOrlre orrd rov Nedr<Dvq
r<ordyrveorro6ercr6qrrd ro oUvolo oXe6dvrcrv Eup<orroicovoroXo-
orr6v, rc rpuorrd <parv6;revroreprypdcpovroKr Cxetpprlvefovrcr Hsrrl
porlOerar<rlv6uvdpeo)vrtou ooro6vrqt o116orrrdorcoq.

Irrl veurovrrrl 6uvoprrq ot ndvrore etrr<rrri56uvdpergpopdrq-
ro5 6pouv arcapnia xu str6 anr6orcoq. H 6p,doqAerroupye(o' dvo
X6po oroerpd rqr qvqtrtroi<rrro orroio5 rropapr6veor nc0r15. O
Coulombneprypdcpovra516oo rrg r1trer<rprr6cld{;erg 6oo r<ctrtg q-
trercrprrdogrrc6oer5rrvrlOqrepfoo orc rrlaitrts rqs v€urc,lvrrq5o-
vril4rgr1g.Kcr yr' qur6v q 6pdor1qrr6 orrSorcro4trerroupyefo) oro-
prcx(oror p) ocpqvovrosorov nopeppolld;rtvo y6po povdlo dvo
pdtroOecrq. Me ovdloyo rpdno ovtrtro;rpdvErorKGrrrg allqtrerrr-
6pdoergpayvqrc6v.

O Faradayrcr 11dvvora re6io. Kord rqv rpirrl 6eroeriq rou 19ou
orcirvcqx r6dorou rre6iou errovqtrOeavave<rrpivrrlcor6prprrirepqI.ro
npoorqvro rqv errcvdrpepeo Michael Faraday(Mdrr<tOr opovrdt,
1791-1867),dvos quro6iEqxrog Ayytrogepeur,qrq5,o onoiog ipeMe
vo e{etrrX0eofro peyotr6repofi€rpoporrK6guorrd, 6trorvr<overro-

X6V.
H cvcvecl;rdvq ivvora nt6io {,erivqoe arrd tqv otrlqlerliEpaoq

pro1ruqrc6av,plrd org rivogevotrtrorrt165rprirrog rreptypogqg ou-
rc6v rov otrtrqtrenr6pdoecrrOv.Faradayrolupr(drov drt rqrd rqv €-
rrf6paoq ev65pcyvqrrl o'rivov d)rlo poyvrlrrl, o ono(o5 pp(or<eror
oe on6oroorl, q 6pdoq rrpoXcopdeor ta6rorcd.M' dtrlo tr6yropero-
rpiperor orov Xrrpo Trounop€ppdlleror ror oTrotref 1p6vo Ytd rrl
perd6ooq rrls. H r6io opvrdrov ro oKcpraio r r15<6pdoqgorrd on6-
oroon> rsr d6rvsorov 1c6poivo p6tro<rrpdrcropo>f.prlyopo ene-
rrdOrp<eKororo dtrtrayv<oord el6r1cllrltrenrtipdoeov.

I

e

HAEKTPOITAKTEIIAAAH^ET'AI PA:E:

O Farada0yec6pqoderr o Xc6poagvcipeocoto oc6poronou qtr-
lqlenr6podv-popurrxd,qlerrprrd, pqru4rrrd- q'raviva ne6io6u-
vdpeov Kofro govrdor4re 6n e{utrrlpErEoi ro va \nppd(erat 11
6pdoq an6 €vao<itpaoro dAAo.

H dvvorqnc6foo{pepo. I-lop6lorrou rl troyrrrlrrlg 6pdoqgon6 q-
n6oroorl 6eviler qn6truroeyrccrclerrpOqeir,6ic rou ne6iouor;pe-
po KuprqpxeIfd. pgcovopeaurqv, rorri rrlv n€prypqrprrl<ovq}ilrl-
lerrr6pdoe<o4v,iprpooq6iverqrorr5 r6rdr-r1r€roSu 1c6pouH. eprpd-
vrorlev6grllerrprxodgopriou q yrono6rd6eryprldop, edrr rrpoo6i6er
orov Xc6popio r6r6rqro,rqv orroio6ev6rd0srenpoqyoupiv<ogT.ov
e{ouoto6orfevo aorei 6uvdpr1e5os ofic,ro64noredtrlo goprio ppe-
Oeipioo o' qurdv.X<opir5o q o X6poS6ev0o erleaurrlvrqv r6rd-
rqro. Mnoporlpevo nodpe 6.n q rapouoiq, rou q aMonbvetro yds-
po rl6116qproupyiedvo rre6io6uvdperovA. iverorenio4gipgoorl
oro yeyov6gdrr q ctrloi<rrorp1erc6i6eroro116oqpefooe orlpre(poe
rrerrepooprCvTqcrXdrqro.

Oprop65,6r,cp€q KqrqviXveuoq

sv6srre6iou6uvdprccrlv

Oprol.rrig.Aipe 6rr o' i,vc Xd)po undpyu ne6io 6uvdyeuv eE6oov
ndvu o' iva rcaralilr1Aoun60eya, ro onoio 0a ppe1ei oe onoro\rl-
rrore o4yeio rou, aoxtirdt 66vo1t4.

'Vrraptq. fraT 4 guorrrl q 6rrap€q cv6<lne6iou6uvdpre<oovyer((t-
rcr orrcoo6{rrore

c. pe yn nqyry o.n6 rrlv orrofa errroprederorror
p. pe pn oprcytvry\nvuoparrrcq noo6rrTra q orroio ovrrororXf-
(eror oe rdOeor;peiorou Korro rreprypriger.
H pcpurrrq pd(o onoretref nqyrl ev,5gne6iou popdrrpog. To n-
lerrprrd rpoprio orroretrefnqyrl ev6gq,\errprrod ne6fou. OS nrly4,
rdtrog, evd5 yoyvqrrrod rre6iou prropodpe vo Oeorporiperrpo5 ro
rrcxpdveire iva pq'v4Tn eire (o6pgalvo F€To prlvupa rou rrerpdpo-
rog Rowland)rc rllexrprrd <popriooe rivqoq. Apydrepo, 0o pnopi-
oouF€vo rorovorloou;tr our<j rrou 6eldpoore orqv enoXq pa5 6rr
oe rdOe Fdl,vrlrrl <xp6povrcrr>4lerrprrd gopric oe x(vr1o4Korou-
verrr6gnqy{ rdOe ;lcryvqrrxo6rre6iou rivqt ro qtrerrprrd rpoprio, e-
<p6oovourd ppiorovrot -tos npog xdnolo odmqpo cvogopdg- oe
xfvr;o4.
To 6rovuoprorrx6pdye0osfiou rreprl,pdgerro rre6io pcp6rrlrc5
triyeror iwooq rou ne6fou pcp6rrlrog (d). frq ro qtrerrprrd ror ro

I

H

e

HAEKIPOITATIKEI AAAHAENIAPAIEII

p(E-o)ryovrr4lrtivrdnroeo6rilopXapyqvorlttFrxoorr6rorteo6divoruo(ldBt v),raovctrirolrqolrelra<. rMprerroo6nues6oipotu-
opo65Kqrrn cpuorrqoq;rdo'roou'rriv r<ovpre'ye0r06ov ooXolq0o6-
peopdo<opqerd.
Avf;6vtuoqH. ovilveuorlev6grre6iououv8ierutpreivo <rordMqlo>
un60qto.Yn60epo yro rqv ovflveuoqev65nr6iou papdrqro5eivor
guorrd,q papurrrqprd(oev6gonorou6(rrort:oc6porofgro. ro r1tre-
rrprrd ne6ioivo orroro6rlrro'r<epoprioapxeiyrqrrlv ovilveuoq.
'Oooyra rqv oviXveuorltov poyv4rrrc6rvre6iorv0, o oprceorod;re
rrposro rrop6vorous poyvqte5rot r6ptc orrl FoYvrlrrrrlpetr5vc,
yro rrlv orroiofloupe errrorlprdvde'rrre(votrivogr6roirepoeuoio0rl-
ros ovrxv€urq5rorvpcryvqrxrcilvoMqtrenr6pdoeorv.

nrprypaq{

'Ewoornl e6ioupoprirpoq

'Ewooqrltrerrprrornj e6iou

Ewooqpayvrprrodnt:6iou

'0rovIerroupy4epfIXovWri imshursl,
oroltirpoyripoondrovorpoddrrq
epgovl(rllrloerrrprxdncDioIl.4yri
rounedioeuivorrogopriorou
oxpoder,Tr4oo. qotpi6gtoepet
qtrerrprqrrodprionounoi(erropdlo
ovrpeut'ti.

frornuioondrrgpoprovdnqeg
ondxtrroro4uerxpepoUoggeitreroore

rdnorrodrdrqroultirpou.

T

e
HAEKTPOITKAFT' AAAHAEITAIPAIEII

IFl leptypog, nev,osn€c,olou

'Evonpriypoppo.H nepryporprelvd,5qlertprxo6ne6(ou0o rrpfrret
vo ovcgdperolo€ xo0dvoond rq orlpeiorou ollot<o;rivou1<6pou
Korvo pnopeivo 6ivetorrcvrrloet5oro tpolrrlporq rou rfrrou'
n6oo toyup6eivativa ne6iooro or1yeioaur6;
xard rq 6pdor7rou reiiou o' tvs goprlo undpXetxdnon optoy(vq

xare60uvorl;
n6oo 66orcoAeoivqtva ronolerrloouyt fva goprio mo or\peioaur6

rp' iro ep<orqpo. o4preioev55rre6iou0o ovrtororlf(oupe ;rroi-
Ie rdOe,lotrr6v,

vrdoll rot ivc 6uvayx5. Ercr65d,;rog crn6ro 66o ourd peyi0q,4
neprypccprol u rre6(ou0o elunqperq0r:pf ioo on6 opropiveSetx6-
vrs, ororro(e5dXouverrrvorlOeiylvoo GlrJerl'rorrot(ooruovv ooporo

rre6rqr6Xciporor triyovror6ovapx('qYpaHp€s.

-To rl\AeKrpt,ro[t q\AeKrPoororl-K'I on_ )€-?tolo

xrprrd 0o ewoodperc r1trer<rpoorortxd.

'bIF vroorlrl\A€KrPtK, onue?o, lou

Iuyrevrpc6voupr€rlv rrpooox{FoSo' dvoopropivooqpeiorou 1c6-

I

e H^EKTP.:TATTAK^E^HI ^Enr^PArEr:
|,||,

pou,ro M. Oipvoupemo M ro yrxp6ogcrlti6rorou rllerrpoororr-
rod errpepodsA. SurroOiooultedrt ro ogo pi6ro<pipe0r errrdgop-
rio q. Arorror<6voup6err oro goprio coreirqr 66vapq,xrourd or1-
proive6rrr ro M eivoroqpeioqlerrprro6 neDiou.To oXerrrdnerpd-
proropd5o6rlyo6voeouprnepdopdrorrou(xgopo6vro orlpefoM.

o H 66voFrlr,qv orroioqoxeiro ne6ioiler pirpo ovdloyo npos ro
6orrpoorrr6rpopriorrouXpqorporrotefrqettcdororeM. 'dMq trdyro,
ro rrqlfxo rrlg 66vcprr1(sF),rrou coxeirqt c/ ivq 6ortpoortx6gop-
rio, rrpo5rrlv rroo6rqro (q)rou rpopriouqurof eivororoOepd,'

o H 66voFrlrou rre6iourrdvo oe rdrroto 0ertx6<popriodlerrrdvro-
rr rlv i6rorore60uvo4.

TooqpeioM epgcvi(ercrlorrr6v,vo XqpoKrrlp(erct
r)on6 ivo opropivonooonx6 orotyeio,cirro5eivclro rrrllfrcoF/q
K0r
rr)o116prc oproprivqxare60uvoql Tqv rorvq rareriOuvorl6pdoq5
dtr<ovr<ovqlerrprr6v 6uvdpeov, nou 0q o<rrq0o6vegdoov oro orl-
peio M ppeOei onoro6rprore urr60epc-gop'rio 0ert16.
T6oo ro rrqtriro, doo rar rl XCIpoKTnprorrrrrql re60uvoq 6ev e-
{oprr6vrcr arr6 rrg rrpri5 r<ov Oertxt6vrpopri<ovKqrr<ov 6uvdpe<ov,
otrtrdouvOirouv rdrroro 1616111rroou orlpeibuM.
Iupg<rlvorlpe,rdlog ro oto0epd rrrllfr,r F/qva ro ovopd(oupe
y€rpo rr1stvraoryq roo ne\iou oro o4lttio ,V, 14 6e rore60uvorl vo
rri Oetopodpe rcare60uvoqrr1qt,vraonq rou ne\ioo oro o4peio M.
H o6v0eo4 ;rogo6qyei orov oproprdr,ou 6rsvuoparrrod peyiOoug
€vraoryrou ne\iou oro or1;reioM. Ewoeirqr 6rt, ov coXolrl0odpe pe
dvo dMo o4peioM',0o gOdooupeoro oupnipcopc 6tt ruour6 Xo-
porr4pi(erqr o116prrooproprivrlivroorl, yevrrd 6tagoperr14 o116e-
refv4 rou or;peiouM.

'Evrooq 4lerrprrod nediou (4, qrrtrd, rltrerrpL16rre6io E-)o' dvq
oqpeio rou oc ldpe ro n4lixo r4g 66vapr4g(F),nou qoxeirct oe
goprio q (ro onoio ppioxercr oro o4;reio) rrpos ro goprfo.
Xpqorporrorc6vroo56pBolo ilou;re,

ri
E = ;Y e{io<ooqopropo6rqg ivrooq,; qtrerrprro6 rre6iou

Movd6o6vrooq5rllerrprro6 rre6iou oro Lre0vigl6orrlpa efvqrro
l Newtonsvd Coulomb(1N/C).H povd6c,dprccn'5ou Xprlorpolror€irqstu-
vr10<oe5ivqrro ivo Voltwd pirpo (1Ylm),n on()i'G6,nco50a 6odpeo, upni-
rrr€rp€rr;v rrporlyo6pevq.

AEikt vo npooi{oupre6rr:

I

HAEKTPOITKAETIAAAHANEIAPAIEII

o. H xqre60uvor'lrrlsivrooqg eivarove{riprnrnorrd ro np6orlpo
rou rpopriou-urroOiprorosr/o orroioXF)rlorFofiotrloo. pe
p. H rore60uvorrlrls 66vopr1o5upr-irrrepr s rrlv rore60uvoq
rqg ivraorls ov ro goprio -un60epcreivq0rerrrd,evc6eivoro-
vriOerqps rrlv roretlOuvoqrqg dvrrroqsov ro cpoprio-urr6-
0epoeivoropv4rr16.
H e{ioororol propodrqg ivrooqgyp<icperoror r F : qE.Auro5
o rp6no5ypoq4sernoqpoivedrrr r1yv6on rrlg E oe xdnoro
oqpreiopogenrrpdnervo npoplirrouprerr166vop4,rrou 0o o-
orr1Oi eoe rdnorogoprio (q),ov our'6ppe0eoi ro oqpeioo, ro
onoio ovocpep6pooreM.rropotpe,p' dtrlo tr6ylovo unoloyi-
(oupr 6uvdpergXtopfsvo oololoripoorr rcdOrepopdp€rnv
nqyrl rou rre6iou,ro orroiorrs ooK€i. H 6uvor6rqro aurq a-

noretreivo o116To ntreovercrrlporoqg ne6rorrlgnporrrrq5.
Tone6ioevrigo4prenxodgopriou (ne6io(loulomb).H nlo onlq ne-
pinrcooqqlercrprronde6ioueivorourq mrp'onoio n finy{ rou eivqrd-

vcxor1;rerorgdoprio (Q)or<iv4roH. ivraoq orrlv rrepirrroorlou-
rr1prrropeeirirotrova unotroyrorie(1,ror<dOoerlpeio)cprei vo
ouv6udooupreqv e{rocoooqpropotriqs p€ro vdporou Coulomb.
Togdrporq5 eivor:

E : k'.r'r 8 ]

'Evo rrs8ioopoyevdgA. rp(voupehyrt rq Oeotpioyro vo {cva-
yupiooupeoro neipoproX. pqorporroro66p6eodporegperolfu-
ri5 ntrdreg,Korrrs rpopri(ouprpe€rc)usor<po6ircrerr5ls Frlxo-
v(gWimshurst.

H prionldro orrorrd Oer-rrd<popr(oror 11dl\r1 opvrl'rrx6,aMd ra rpop-
rio roug eivoronohjrco5 ioo. M'ivo qlercrprr<e6rrpe;.rdgavrlve6ou;.re
ro rre6ionou 6q;roupyry0ry<'Oe.rqv ro ocpolrpi6rpopioxercxorro 16po
pera{6 rcovrrtrorc6v,ro vrlpo orror}iver orr<irqv rororcdpugo, evc6cxv

I

e

HAEKTPOITAKTEl IAAAF]AEIAIIPA>IE

ppeOei{fo ond ou'r6v,ro ogorpi6rofiopoJsvsot rivqro.Odpvoupe

ro orporpi6rooe 6rdgopooqpeiorq5 neproXrlp5ero{6rov rrlorriv
ror ouyrpivouFrrrs evrdoergrorv oqpeiov qurc6v.Av 11on6oroorl

rorvntroxr6veivqrprrpqoeoxiorl perr5 6roordoer5rou5 11odyrprorl

6eilver6rr
o q rrp4 rqg iv'rooqgeivati6cyc 6Aara oqyeiarr1qneptoyqc.

o r76rc60uvorr7rTSeivatrcd]err\orc enftre\,aru)v 66onAarcdx.

o r7Eopd rrTSeivatndvrc an6 rq )enrcr\n)'drcarrpoqr,qv apvqnx(.
Mnopodpevo no6pre6rr oro ne6ionou 6r1;rroupytl0qrx1edwo-

oq eivorloprxd oraOep4. orqOepi 6lrqqt:l

. Opoyevi5rre6ioprnopodpveo OeoprlooupK€orro

yrlrvone6iopop6rrlrogoe rreprol{ o4preiovrclv orroiovor ofio-

ordoergqrr6 ro i6crpo5eivoroe oxiorl perr1yqrvrlorrivo, opxerd

prrpfg.

To o4prrox6goprfo togunriOe;ropdoc ori ne6ioopoytvdg.Av pi-
oq or opoyevigqtrexrprrdne6ioppeOiedvcroqprreord goprio p€Frl-
6evrrqaplxq rcXfrqro, 0o rrvqOeefu06ylrppoKorp€oraOepqe-
rrrrdXuvorl.
Erpdoorvo rpoprioeivorOerrx611rore60uv(rrrlrls rivqorlgoupnirrret
Ferrlv rore60uvoqrr15ivroorlgevcicrxveivorcpvqrrrde(vaor v'riOerr1.

Torroypogiuev6gns6ibu

Auvc;rrrdg ypaFFdS.H neprypcrpqrou odporou rre6iou 6evrrepro-
piorqxe orr5 6uvordrrlr€Sr<rrv6rcvuopdrcov.H cvdyr<qyro etr6vo
ouv6udorqKsF€ rq govrooio rou Michael FaradayKorpos i6<ooe
pro rroparripo 6uvor6rqro.

'Otrorpc5 dXouprecxvdyKnyro err6vo. fro vo rorworlooupe ro dro-
po grrdXvoupeerrdvegprenupryve5ogorp ro65, (<oypocpi(oupxeor
ypqppis ps rrs rpoxrdgrov qlerrpovitrrvyiprrr orr' ouro6g. H etx6vo
pd5 poqOdevl o Kqrqvorlooupero odpcro. Aurd nou rrpdretveo
Faradayrqv rpirq 6erqer(s rou 19ouorrilvoqrav vo errovoypcrprloou-
pe ro adporo rre6iopeypoppdg.H orperqp'orqg r6iog pprordrov oe

pro erx6vonpcryporrr4.Aurq fiou pos 6ivouvro or6q-
poprvfoprora6rqv ro pflc,upendvor o' 6vo rpfllo
lapri rcu dloupreorrd r<drorfva payv4rq. To prviopo-
ro 6rqrdooovror Korgrrd;vouv pro erxdvops ypolj-
pfg rr5 orroiego Faraday6v6rproo6€ovayx(.qypapyts.

Kdrr ovdloyo pnopofpr€vo Korcgipoupe Kqrorrlv
rrepirrroor; rou qlerrprrof rre6[ou.Ie yro trer<dvr1
F€ povtorrKdu, yp5, oro orrofo errrtrtrfouvetrogpoi
orrdpor XtrdnSr,orro0erodl.rerordllqtro ivo qoprr-

I

e

I A E K T P O T T A TOI KNEN' N N ' N ' O ' O " ' '
9

oFivo orirpor1dvoo6ornpogoprtopiv<ovocopdrcovA.qploupyo6-
p e ,6 q t r o 6 rr1r,p o D n o 0 i o e rysr,o d n q p € qr 1 ) , e r r p r r on6e 6 i o u .

Blirroupe drr or an6por 6reuOerofvrorrc pog 6ivouv pro err6vo pe
qtrerrprrig 6uvoprrig ypCIFpis,q onoia liyerar qlerrpr16 gdopo.
Aev eivar6riorotrovo errrprrlooupe6rr orr(; Tr€proxigdrrou ro rre6io
eivorouyrprrrrd roXup6repo€Figqvi(ercr ror peyatr6reprlnurv6rq-
ra ypappc6v.H errfp4orl progevroXderorr,rr crrr6rrlv errdvo (d) rrou
pog 6iver dvq rre6ioo;.royevigoro orroio or 6uvoprrr<dypsoppis €Fqo-
vi(ovror o' dtregrrg neprolis rou F€rqv i6ro rrurvdrqro.
Auvaprrdg ypopFds rcr dvrooq. To 6do rrcoqyo6prevouprrepdqro-
ro 0q po5 rcOo6rlyrloouvoro vo ouv66oouperqv err6vor<ov6uvopl-
rc6vypoppc6vp€ rrl Oecopio1, 1onoio neprl'pdcperro 4trer<rprrnde6io
Xpqolpofiorc6vrogrrlv dworo (,vraory.fro vo rorovorlooupe ourq rq
oriv6eoq0o enrorpirpoupsmo qlerrpr16ne6ioCoulombpenqyrl0e-
rrr<6rpoprio. Av eilope rrlv ulropov4 vo urroloy(ooupe rrlv ivroorl
rov 6rocpdp<oovqpreirovKot vo crXe6rdoorrp6evc ivo, rrdvrrro' ivo
rpriMo1opri, rq ovriororlc 6rov6oporo, l)o grrdlvopre dvo oXi6ro,
rrou 0q 06pr(erqv rrporlyori;revqerx6vo(c) r<ov6uvqrrrc6vypoppc6v.

Or ypcxppi5trou 0q 6rlprroupyqOo6avrr6 ro o6volo rcov 6rcvu-
oprdrarvE 0a eivqreuOeiegrol 0o ilouv rrxre60uvoqqr6 ro 0erlrd
goprio -rrqyq rrpos ro drrerpo. Ko0cig Ocronoproxpuv6;rooreorrd
to cpoprio- il1y4, or ypol-rpig0c opcrc6votrvKorro p6rpo rqg 6vro-
oqg 0o elorrc6veror.

I

e
HAEKTPOITATIKMEA:HAENIAPAIEI:

Av enqvoldpouprerrlv rrpoorrdOerpq' ivrxdllo ruXoioqlexrpr-

16ne6io0o 6rorrrorr6ooup6e116qproupyierar oXi6lopeypo1.t1.ti5

rrap6poregrrpogereivegrqg erx6vqsrou rrergdporog,aprei vo 6e-

lrodpe 6rr oe rd0eoqpeiorous ro 6rdvuopoE0o egdnr€,roto'qu-
ri5. Iro pero{6 orypcppi5 ouri5 0o dlouv rore60uvoqrrdvro o-
16 Oerrxdrrposopvqrrxd,q 6errurv<ir4rorous (fiopdrotrou0ei>
rrg rr;rig rrlg ivrooq5. H o6v0eord1l<ovGur,fv pa5poq0dervo ou-

voqriooupsO. r 6uvoprrigypopprigeivorypcrgpigpett5 orrofegar-
o)ryronorcira(t.vane6io\uvdpeuv. Mo5 6ivouvrrtrqpogopie156oo

yrdrrlv rore60uvoq6ooxoryrcro pirpo rq<;ivrooqg.

Or ntrqpogop(eSourig pcoi(ovror orrs rropqKdr<onopo6o1i5.
o To 6tdvuoFa E(M)rqg dvrco4g egdrreror oe rdOe oqpeio (M)
onorao6{nore 6uvo;rrr{S ypqFFrig.Ewoeiror drr qv 11ypoptp4ei-
vor euOeioo, gopdogro-uE(M)oupninret p'curr1v.
o H rareri0uvon rou E 6ivel Kqr rqv xcreri0uvoq r4g 6uvcFrKris

YopEoeFxFdrOiseo. 4peiorou rrediouq rruxvdr4rorov 8uvoplxriryvpop-

p6v eivar ovriloy4 rrpos ro pdrpo r4g dvrooqg oro o4;reio qurd.
Ag rpcwoorod;re pra nol6 prxpqerrrgdveroxdOerrlorr5 ypop;ri5.05
nuxvdrqro rov ypoyp<6v0o 0e<opo6preo rrrltrfrovrou oprOporri orv
ypoppo6v,or onoie5 nepvdve o116rqv errr<priverorr,pos ro eppc66v
rqg enrgdvero5.M'dllc lciyro 11nurvdrrlro ypopprr6ver<ppd(erov
aprOpdypopprc6rvrou Gvnororlef otq povd6crenrgdverog.

o or 6uvqFrrdgypupydg6ev
Fvovtor.And rri0e o4peio
u rre6iourrepvderpfc pdvo
KrlYpcpF4.

o or 6uvqprrdgypuppdg(exr-
o116Oerrrri goprfc xcr
o€ crpv4TrKo.

I

e

HAEKTPO:TAKTEI :AAAHAIEIIAPA:EI:

tltripru nou <pldrrouv>pe r1)\errprxrri re6iq

0propfvqo,6pr60r086104utrvexrprnreddiop,eroonoiovr;lvcriorouovvrrxeiperovou
xrioporuouqrorenrxorvtovToornive.diod4proupyeoinrod4r lexrprrgooprionouun6p;1ouv
m4vouprriorororeqdhrougH. nopouooioyt0yrproouvrrerpdvrdrrqvproupyoeroi nedio
droropoleoqro,nofeygivovrorvrrl4meogndrootoproouqoproprierqpoli0exro rdl}rqlov
oto04rqpioMv'6. Motrriyro0{,6proour6(6vrogoepey6tprori04d,nouousroorr6redv
unfplegr togu, plfnouvlpuqorponortivrrooqqtrexrprrxre6dirooug.

AuvoprKo

Eivor'1rucoorr6rcog6rov or <puorrcopirloiiv yro rrs otrlrltrerrr6pdoerg
XprlorFonororjv66o ytr6ooeg6rorpoperrrf5.Irq pio otr' ourf5 ru-
propXei q veur<ovrrq66vayr7evc6orqv d,lq o rrlprog pdtro5rrepvder
orq oletrr<dve6repqiwora 6uvayxrl utpyua.

H pdXprrc6po rreprypagq rou qlerrprro6 ne6iou pooiorqre oro
Sravuoporrr6 prdyeOotgvraoq ro onofo dler og orperqpfc rrlv 6v-
vora 6tivc1.rr;I.rc rropordrro rl fisprypo(pr1rou ne6iou 0o e;rnlou-
rror-efpre6vo ordpro priyeOo5r,o orrofo neprypd<perro ne6io orq
yk6oocxrq5 evdpyerogT. o pdye0o5liyer<l 6uvc;rlr6 rou ne6iou oe
xdrroro oqp€io M r<oroe ovri0eoq F€ rlv dvrooq eivar paOpor5.
Mnoporipe rrpororopofur<dvo no6pre6r excppd(€rrlv avd provd6o
<popriou6uvoprrq evdpyerorqv onofo Ocronorrqoer ivo <poprioav
ppeOieoro ouyKsKprpdvooqpeio (M) rou ne6ioucxuro6.

I

h

e

HAEKTPOITKAETIAAAHAETIIAPAIEII'

Enrorpigoupe oe ivo rrohd epc6rqpo:I-l6ooc,x6rog anstreirat 5
va oqrcdtooup€prd papd ntrpa Ko'rvs rq Eipoupe oe xdnoto 6-
qog; Irrl ytrc6ooorrlg guorr<r1rgo epc6rq;.ro'/verar: ;

tl6oq ev€pyua rpi.net va perappdoottltt orqv ntrpa yru va a-

vuteue€f;

H ondvrrloq eivoryvtoor(. H noo6rqro peroprpa(dpevqgevdp-

yerog perprdror l.rsro dpyo rqg 66vupr1sfior,)0o lperoo'rei vo oorq-
oouF€ylo vq rrlv qvuq;6ooups. E{unoro6cror 6116lo ourd oup-
poivouv ener6rlurrdpler ro ne6io poprlrqro;.

Oeropodperc6po ivo qlexrprr6 ne6io ro onoio nqyd(e r on6 dvo

-og urro0iooups- 0errrd cpoprropivouvrrreipevorcr €xreiv€rdrp€-

Xprro drrerpo.To drrerpoavqrer orrl 0eco5l11rrorrrldq.rqKorovrr-
ororXeioro <i€oron<j ro ne6io>rrls fi€rpCIporrr4geynerpicg.Iu-

yrevrp6voups rnv rrpooopl FoSo€ fvo orlpeioM rou ne6iou. Os-
vro(6poore ivo Oerrrdorlpercr<6<poprioq vo ppior<eror<i{ro> arrd
ro rre6ioqur6.

Avoporr6pocrr€: I-l6ooqr,c6noqansneirat yrs vs E€poupe ro
goprio q oro orly{o M rou re6ioo;

Irq ylc6ooo rq5 <puorrcqrgo epc6rqproyiverar:

116o1e1vtpyen rpi.rer va peraB$doou,ue oro Eoprio q yn va
tA?etoro orTpeioM;

Xperd(erartrorrrdvvo urroloyiooup€ ro ipyo rqg 6rjvoprlgrrlv o-
rroio rrpirrer vo qorodye r6ore, e{ou6erepcSvovrogrq 6rlvopq rou

ne6iou oro cpoprioq, vq ro gipoupe oro crqpeioM. Eivordporgo-

{roorlpei<ororo yeyovdgdrr I 6rivopq rrlv cnoio ooxef ro ne6io oe
rpoprio q eivorovdtroyqrrpos rrlv rrprqro6 q (F : Eq).Aur6 orlprcxiver

6rr ror ro ipyo rqg 0o eivorovdloyo npos rrlv rrprl rou q. Av ern-

Xerpqoou;-r6eqtro6qvo rdvoupe ro i6ropre6rntrdorogoprio orrd rqv
i6ro 6ro6pop1r1o dpyo 0o eivqr6rrrldoro. 'Onrog dpog xcr orrlv rrs-
pirrrororl rou rre6iou pop6rqrcg, ro 6pyo €o eivor6rrrldoro or<6po
Kordv 11preroxfvrlon(on6 ro drrerpo oro oqpreio M) yiverorrd 6rq-

cpoperrrrl6ro6popr1.

Egdoovtrorn6vro dpyoeivarovdtroyo'rou gopriou ro nqtriro
rou 6pyourrpos ro cpoprio(dpyoovd povdfia gopriou) 0o eivorpro
rroodrrlro cve{dprqrq o116ro preroxrvoriprevrpooprio oltrd xar qn6

ro ei6o5rqg 6ro6popr1g.
H rroo6rqro ourq crroretreilopoKrrlprorrKd ororleio rou orlpei-

ou M rar trdye'ror$ovapxd rou r1Atrcrptxotr,,e6iouoro orlpeio M.

Eivaro{rorrp6oerro <irrro dpyo rqg 66vopqgrqv orroic rrpirrer
vc oorrlooup€ yrCIvcryerogipouFs ro Oerrr6goprio qrr6 ro <drrer-
po) oro oqpeio M eivqr(oo pe ro ipyo rqg 66voprqgrqv onoio 0o o-

orofoe ro rre6io-oro goprio q- rard rq prerorivqorlrou q o116ro
oqpeioM oro drrerpo.Aur6 orprp<69ro ip'yo lpqorponoreiq quor-

- nnr*arorror,*uronnnnrn,ororr,r.

K4yfo rov oprop6rqs iworcs 6uvayrc6y. ',vt,rorrr6vo, uppoliooupe

peV" ro 6uvcprxdoro oqpeioM, peW"- ro dpyorqg 66vopr1rgqv
onoia qoref ro ne6forord rq perorfvrlorlev65gop, iou q orrd ro

M oro drrerpopnopodpevc ypdrpoupe:

rv/M - - wM-

q

Iro 6re0vfgl6or4po, povd6operprloe<orgr156rorpopdg6uvcprrof

eivorro 1 Volt.Iuppol(eror pe1 V xoreivtne{ opropodtoopt 1 JlC.
H ovopooicrou npoipleror o116'ro6vopo'rouAlessandrVoolta
(Aleoodvrpo86lro, 1745-1827r)oo lrolo6 guorxo6,o onoiogro-

ruoxedooerrlv npc6rqqlerrpr14orrllq.

Xperd(etorvo oqprerciooudprer qv ro -<oSrfposro dnerpo-6uvoprrrd

ev6goqpeioueivorcpvqrrrd,our6 orlproivedrrryrovo p€roKrvrlOxedf-
rroroOerrrd<poprio nd ro drrerpoo' our6 ro orlpreio6,evlperd(eror
vo preroprpdooupe€vdpyeroT.orre6ioperoprpd(eor ro <poprioevip-
yero.Toovdtroyoperq popdrqroeivordrr uv prapoprdnfrpc opl-
rd ppiorerorqqtrdKorrlv ogqooupevq rrr:oeor ro i6c9og,ro rre6io
poprirqrogrq5 yeraprpd(eer vipyeroT. o6uvoprr<r6ou e6d<poue5ivor
opvr;rrrdoeoXioqpeereivorou oqpreiorurouppior<eroqr-rql6repa.

H 6worc/pdye0o65uvo;ltx6q\exrpxot tre$iou

Avagiperor:oe ivo opropdvooqpeioM rou qtrexrprrodrre6i-
ou.

Opi(eror: ols ro nr'1lirorou dpyour4g i56vcpqsrrou soref 'ro
ne6io oe orroro6rlrror€goprio rqrd rrlv xivrlorlrou gopriou
qrr6 ro oqpreioM oro drrerpornpr<r--(,:>.\:er\c \r-r e

tuypotrf(eror:pero ypdppqV orr6re:

w"-

q

Eivqt:iwotq/piye0ogrqv orroio errrvoqoapyero vo neprypd-
goup€ro rre6ioorrl ylcOooorqg evipyercg.

'E1e<r ugpovd6operprloeco5ro: 1 Volt(1V)

Arocpopd6uvqHrKod

Kd0e oqpeio ev6grllercrprxodrre6iou 0o i;1er-orr1 yevrrcrrlrepinrco-
o4- ivc <6rrdrou> 6uvoprx6.Ag urroOioorrpe6116rio ouyrer<prpivo
oqpeic, ro A rqr ro B, ilouv 6uvoprrrd(o4 'npogro d'nerpo)14 V rcrr

e-

l3 nnr*rrorro*r' ,A^^H^EnraPArEr>

9 V. H 6ro<poprdov 66o6uvopttxt6ivo,rl pe,i V, 0c anoretrefKotro

avd povd6cAoprioudpyotl'1966vapqgrou te6iou rord rqv orror-
o8rlnore perorivrlorlev6gorrotou6qrrore<poprioucrr6 ro ivo oq-
peio(ro A) mo dllo. H noo<irrlro ourrl avcgdperoroe 66o-{uYK€-
rprpivqg6rdro{qg-orlpeioA rot B,triyercrlirogopri6uvo;rtxodrot
ouppotr(erorpeVourct dlerpdporo<o5povd6opirpqoq5ro 1 Volt.

Arcgopri 6uvoprxod(ri niorl) peru(ri 66o or;peitov(A rqr B)evri5

qlerrprrori ne6iouovopti(ercrro nqlfxo rou dpyour4g 66vopr1g

rrou soxei ro rrr6io ot xdrroro goprio, rorrri tr; perax(vqoq rou

gopriou qrrd ro dvo oq;reio(A)pdlp ro riillo (B)npog r4v noori.

rqrc Aopdou rou unoodporog. la

Vls=Vn'Vr=+

Erp6oovrdoo ro ipyo W^, doo ror ro goprio (q) eivorOerrrdgnood-
rrlr€S trdpe6rr ro rre6io (4 n nny{ o116rqv onoiq exrropederor)<Fs-
raprpd(er> oto rpoprfo evdpyercKqrro ipl,o Fetpd ourrl crprpr6g
rrlv evfpyero.
Kord 14 gopd rou rre6fou rc 6uvo;rxri clorrdrvovrct. Ag (pcrvro-

orofpe, yra ldyou5 onlorjoteuoqg, ivo opoyevdgqtrerrprrd,ne6io

xcrr6rio orlpeio I ror A rrdvo orqv i6ro 6uvtrprxqypctip{, 6toreray-

;.rivoo116f rrpog A rurd rq gopd rq 6uvcrprrnsypotrtr4SY. noOd-
TouF€6r-r<arp4voupred>vo 0errr6 oqperox6goprio oro oqpeio l-, o-
ndre qurd 0o errrroXuvOepi e rore60uvoq lrpos ro A. H oororipevrl

oro <poprio66vopr1iler rqv rare60uvo4 rq5 dvraorl5 orr<irercrd

rq ;rerorivqoq crr6 l-npog A, ro ipyo 0a e(vorOerr16.

v, - vo = ltrIA xat ecpdoovWro>Oxor q >0 0o eivqrvr>vo.
q

To ouprrripco,poeivcr yevrxdKorfid-
pouord(erpeydlo ev6rarpfpov:

o Kard rr7Ec'pd rr!q,6uva;nrc49ypsu-

V:10V V: BV V:6V V:4V F4q ra \uvapircd eAanr<bvovrat.

o KdOt.0enn5 goprio nou agr\verot

oe r1trercrprnctd6io yeranveirar r,poqpxpdrepa 6uvayxd.

Auvcprrr6rcqr6uvqprK4evipyero

Ko0<69prrorrirpc rr6grerelef0epoorrd rtirrotoorltrreiMo rrpogro
d6orpogr,o 0ert16ipyo rqg 66voprqFgdp<rspog6(verxor r-qvrrprl
rr15pcpurrr(5 6uvaprrrl5evipyerqsrnv r>rroiqeile 11nirpo (co5

I

e

HAEKTPOITAIIKEI A^AHAENIAPAIEI:

rrposro d6arpo5d)rov ppror6rqvoro orlpreiMo .
Avrio'rorXoro dpyorr1566vopq5rou q),errprrorrire6iourord rrl

perar(vr1ore1vd,g<popriouq o116ro orlpeioM oro drrerpopo56iver
Korrrlv (og rrpogro drrerpo6) uvoprrrel vdpyreo rqv onoio eiXero
oqperor6rpopriodrov pprordrovoro orlprrioM rou 4lexrprxo6rle-
6iou.Mnopo6pet,rorrrdv o ypdrpoup:e

V ":S t Vqr':'!qo rro t e U= V mg
H rogrlpogdrrerpo6uvoprrxeqvdpyerrorlv onoio <dXre>dvcrgop-
rropivoorlpreroro6vrrreipev6orov ppioxrroror oqpeioM 4lerrpr-
ro6 neEioueivoriorl prero yrv6pevorou 6u,voprror6ou orlpsiousfii
ro rpopriorou cvrrrerpivou.
A{i(ervo npooi{oupre5rr q 6uvcprr<er1vdpyerocvocpiperororo
rpoprroprivoovrrrefpevoevcirro 6uvoprrrai vogdperoroe or1;rrfo
rou rre6iou.

Mnopo6pevo no6pedrr ov dvarpoprropivoor1;.reroord-
vrrxefpevoppe0eoi e rcdrroroqpeioM evdgqtrexrprxo6ne6i-

OU

cr) H fvroorl rou qtrtrcrpxot ne\iou oro oqpeio M eivar o ou-
vretreorrjgp€ rov onoio 0o Xperooref vu rrollorrloordooupe
ro <popriorou ovrrK€rprivouyrq vo rrporrlper r16rlvopr1q o-
rroio 0o oor<qOieo' qur6.

F=Emg

p) To 6uvoprrrcr6ou qAtrcrptrcotre\iou oro oq;.reio M eivqr o
ouvretreorrlS p€ rov orroio 0o Xperoo'reivc notrlqrrloord-
oouFr ro cpopriorou ovrrKrrpivouyro r,o rrpordrger q 6uvo;rr-
rcrlrou evipyero.

g=Vmg

McxyvqrrKrore6io

To 8rrivuopo(Foyvnrrxrinc6io lir, H ttopouoi<revd5poyvrlrqotr-
trorriverro lcirpo.Adpedrr r<dOpeayvqrqg611;rroupypeciryvqrrxrdre-
6io.H ovriororXqrrposrnv dvroorlE6rovuoprorrrr<rro1odrrlrc/ rl o-
noio orro6i6trorot rcdOoeqpriorou pcryvrlrNo6rre6(ouKorro rrr-
prypdrpelriyeror tvraorl payvrynxo1neiiou B. Orro5 ror q dvrooq
4ler<rprron6e6iouergpd(err<oor urq rqv rre6rorrSl 6vopruqvd po-
vd6quno0iporos.

x

-e

HAEKTPO:TATKI FI AAAHAENiAPAiEI)

Tr eivcr,6H<rrSy,ro ro pryvqrrro rre6io,urr60e-
po; 'EXoupeq6q ovocpipeL6rr o 20og orc6vog16-

oo crlsnqyrl doo Korrrls u-rr60e;ro;rcryvqrrrorine-
6fou 0e<lpei ra xrvo6;.re',qrole rrprxti rpoptfo.

flpo5 ro nopdv, Ocropxe<rrodpeorqv nopo6olq

proyvqrrrcilvrr6lrrlv Korrov cvriororXtov rrooo-
rqrov pcryvrlrroporj(m), rrrg onoieg 0o Oecopoti-

predrr ooreiror q 66vaprqrou poyvlrrr<odrre6fou.
'Evogrrpooroprvdgopropdgyro rnv fvrooq rou
ne6iou 0o 6o0ei orrd rqv e€ioororBl : Flm,o6lt-
gcovops rrlv onoio q oor<o6pevoqe p6perondlo (m>0) 66vopq0o

dler rrlv rore60uvorl rou poyvrlrrrorj rre6f<luevc6q aoxotipev4oe
vdrro rrdtro (m<0) 66vapr10o dXero, e oldor prero 6rdvuoproB ovrf-

0 e r r 1r < o r e 6 0 u v o q .
H avrrprercSrrroorlurrl po5 pol0de r vo 6c6ooup€pro eppqvefo

orrl ouprr€prgopdrns Hoyvqrrrrlgpeldvo5, q onoio, drrorg{dpou-
ye, crrorelef yro ro pcryvrlrrrdrre6io dvqv ovrlveur( r6roirepoeuof-

o0qro.
Oecopo6pedr-roe xd0e ;rayvqrrrcqpeldvrrundpler dvo o6orqpro

66o ovriOercovrr6lcov,
'Otov q petr6vcppe0efo€ FrorfvrlrrKrdr,t6io (ro orroio

orrlv rr€proX{rnS pnopef vo Oe<opr;Oi oepoyevig)oe rdOe

ndlo rqg 0o oorrlOeipio 6rivopr1O. r 6rio 6uvdpergeivor

nopdtrtrqtrepge iocxpdrpa xor xoreu06vorrgovrfOereg
r<arq eniEpooqroug reivsrvo rrpooovorotriorr rr1petr6vo

rcordrq 0ior1rrlg euoro0o6grorpponio5 rqg. Korourrl

eivor 110dor1orrlv orroio q rorr60uvoq o116ro vdrro 116-
lo rpo5 ro pdperoouprrirrrrr p€ rrlv rcre60uvorl rou po-
yvqrrrori rre6iou B. H pel6vo ouverrc6g6p p6vo ovrXve6er

ro pcryvrlrfKdne6io otrld rcqr6rav ooppon{ p(.oa o' ou-

16 anoreAti xard rcdroro rpdro ytd K:puroypacpia>rqg

Kgr€uauvoncr,ou b rrlc Ir€.proxrlq,.

Tonoypotpic rou Fdyvqrrrod ne6iou. Au,,roprrdsypoFFdS.fldvor
o' (.vs riidpr ronoOerqpdvoopr-
(dvrra pd(oupe nolld5 K0rHr-
xpegpcryurlrrrdg petr<lveq.

Me roug avriOrroug nd'lou5 6uo

poyvqrriv 6rlproupyo6;redvo pa-
.yvqrrr6're6iopioc oro orrofoor

Be}6vegrrpooovorotrf(ovrcrr. H
qoroyprrqiq rrou rropoOdroupe

eivore6yAcorr4.Mog e;rrpovf(eir-

va odvo,\oarr6 ypc;rpiq. A5 prlv

3

e

HAEKTPOITAKTFIIAAAHAFTIAI PA:FII

{eXvdpedrr rdOeFe}<iuo6eiXverrqv xore60uvorrlou
pcryvrlrrronde6iouBrqg rre6rrox4rSqS.
Av ovrf yro prrpiqpoyvqrrxrlpgel6vegXprlorponorrl-
ooup€or6qpoprvioporrol errcivorrou0o ndpoupeeivor
or<prp<eigreivq rrou,drrcogiloupe ner, c60qoerov
Faradavyo npore(verrrlv €rKovoypdqnoronu odpcrou
ne6ioupe6uvoprrisypopHdS,
Aur6 rrou ouvipq prero prvic'prqreo(vor6116rov ppi-
Or1rovoro pqyvrlrr16ne6fopoyvrlriorr'1KoKvdrfipo-
oovorol(o'rrlKovp€rpdno rrop6porop€rr(;Fcryvqrrx6pgel6vssrou
rrporlyo6pevonuerpdporo5.

l-loporqpc6vrosrrlv erKdvqprero prvfoproro(poyvqrrrd rpdopo)
rcr yv<opi(ovrosnpoKoropofurd o€ rror€Srreprolig ro rre6(oeivot I-
oXupd,repo0, o pnopiooup€ vo rprdoouprecro ouyfidpoopo 5rr orrg
rreproli5 ourd5 epgovf(eror peyotrfreprlnrrrvdrrlro pcryvrlrrrc66vu-

vOprK(l)Yvp0ppov.
'Olo ro rroporrdvcoprro6ro6vvo 6rrorotroyrloouv

rq Oe<opqrrxn4poodyyrorlyr(rrrs Foyvrlrrrig 6uvopr-
r<i5ypoppd5
o To 8rdvuopo rou ;rayv4rrxod rre6iou B egrirrreror
oe rd0e o4pefo onoroo6rino:re6uvc;rrr4S ypqFFiS.
o H rore60uvo4 rou B 6fvrt rqv rorr60uvon rns
Moyv4rrx6rprioyoneroloerDotiglroyyvpfroqt.tptis.

:i,:,1',t'Jilllir||.:'ro,',1'fi'Xil,lnITuoJxvl'',do'ur"r1ynqn"rr,o'.xudg syvpc aeipvpardaosvlceilooyrr4in(opovsr.dr'orropdrcr6poo(rBe1)1

rou'OFrqryov4nofulrpopdanieve6KrioourBFs. rr5 rller<rprr<ydln5ppiq or Fc(yvqrrKi65u-
voprrrigypoppds6evrdpvovrorI.e ovriOeoqd,porg;,rerrg4trer<rprrdg
6uvoprrigypoFFiS,or orroiegeivorovorXrf<;o,r ;rayvqrrrigypoppig
eivor<rtrerord9.Byoivouvqrrd ro p6peronrjtrorou pcqrur1r-r1finyr1
ror rqrru0UvovrqfriposTov6rrorr6troorov orroioero6plovror.

Iro Are0vi5o6orrlpro1, 1povd6oprirpqorl5rou peydOoutsrroyvq-
rrrd nedioBldyercrTesla(Tfolo) ror ouppoAf(eropre1T.

e-

HAEKTPOITAKTEIIAAAHAEIlIAPAIEI:

Ie 6lq rq 6rdprero rou 6drorou dvorou orc6vq16oo 11dpeuvoyro

rq 6opri r4g ril4g 6oo rsr q ipeuva yro rrl grion rou 4ltrrprqrof
6ev erlav rorogiper vq 6c6oouvouyrporqprive5Oecopie5r,xoviq vo

eppqve6oouvdlo ro ouvorpqrr€rpqpcrrKdp4vriporc.

H 0e<opiodrr q 6111orroretreirqr o116dropq rorqxrodo€ ouv€-

1<ogi6ogoS, X<opiS6progvo pnopei vo 6ooer prc ondvr4orl oro e-
porqpo: 'Yndpyet dpaye xdron eoutreptxrl6oyq yta xd)e dropo;
To droprorou 19ou orcOvorlrov 1.rioOeyefucrxnrloo6rrlro 6111o9e o-
6rdronrl rivr1or1q, vrr ptrorri(ovrov 6prcrrrguprotrerrt rd olg dropo,

6qlo6q og ;.riooldrrlro o6rdoncorrl.
Avcrrdvrrlro ep<orqporourrrlplov Korr/ro rq <p6or1rou q.lexrpr-

ro6 <popriou.H ovriXqgq, rl onoio e{crolou0odoe vq ruoropXei o-
vrrperorrr(e rov rlhexrprop6ro5ivo ouveXrlgpeuord.

Kord rrg c{pxis rou €rKoorodqrc6vqq ouooc6peuoqfierpoporr-
rc6v6e6opivov 0o orrprir{errou5 0e<rlpqrrro69<puorro69rrpog 66o

rolupro;rodg. Ifpgcovo p€ rov npc6ro, rcr riropo d;1ouvontoo6ri-

noro xdnoro totorsprr{ 6opti ror pd}roro rroldr}oxq. Idpcpcovo
F€ rov 6e6repo,n rrny4 rou qlerrprroti qropriou 0o rrpdrrervo o-
vo(4r40ef o' ourriv orprpr65 r4 6op{.

To <poprioeivcr xpavrropdvo. Iro pero€6, orro(poororrrdrrerpd-

Forq -yro ro orroio 0o ;rrlrlooup€rno rdror- iOeoqv e1165pdXnS
rrlv drro!.rq6rr o rllexrprop65 eivorouve;iq peuor6 ror evioXuoov
priourrorpio evrel<rrg6rorpoperrrrlgloyrrrl<;,11orroio erle ergpoorei

rcr rrotrr6repo.Ifpgovo 1.r'ourqv,ro 4lerrprrri qoprio unrip;1tr
privo or oouveXei5noorirqreg. Iqprepo,'/ro vq neprypdrgoup€ou-
16 ro yeyovdg,lpqorponorotiperr16rorfrrcoorlro 4krrprxri gop-
rfo efvqt rpcvrro;rdvo rqv orroic 0o npo<rrrcOrlooupevo 6rooacprl-

viooupe.

To qlexrprrd <poprioeivor ivo piye0og rrou 6ev pnopei vo rroipver
6tregrrg rrpayprorrrd5rrpi5. Yndpler rrp<irroorr' dtro dva eldloro

orrg rroo6rqreg qtrexrprrodrpopriou. E(vorro treyd;.revoororlercS6eg
qtrerrprrd <poprio,ro orroio i1e r errrxpor4oervo ouppotri(eror ps ro
ypdFpo e. H g6oq <poiverorvd (oncryoprrjer>rrlv 6rrop{q rpopriou
rrou vo eivorprrrp6repoo116aurd. To ororleu66eggoprio perpqOq-
K€Kdrppdeqreioo pree: 1,6O210"C.
H onoro6qrrore, lorrr6v, noo6rrlTo rltrexrprxodcpopriou(q) efvoro-

I

e

H A E K I P O I I A T I K EAIA A H A EITAI P A I EI :

Kiporonotrlontrdororou ororXerr66oucgpollrioue (q=ne).Mro rro-
odrqro cpoprioupnopei vo eivor80e,81e, ti2e,6evprnope6i ptrt5vo
eivor80,4e.Me ro gopr(o ouppc(verord xdrrororp6rro 6,rr xorpe
ro vdprropporo51c6pogr,o oroio 6evprrropcvio rroipver6legrrg rr-
tris.
To ororlet<66er9llerrprrd goprio urrdpler<re66or6nou5.Yndpler
<o5Oerrrd(*e) xoroS qpvrlnKd(-e).

Hlexrptivro. Ie rdOeoXofu16epyoorrlproundpXerivcg ocotrrlvag
r<o0o6rr<or6rcvriv<ovT.ovtr6perar oarlrlvoCrookesA. v rov pdtroupe
vo trerroupyrloe0ro rorovorloouprxeolfrepu doo rropcrxdro0r o e-
nrlerpriooupvso lrsprypdq.roupe.

Lra 1879ivog oqprovrrx6Agyytrogenrorqpovosrls erroXrlgo,
WilliamCrookes(foufirapKpour5)petrerofoerqv r1trrerprr<rc1ryoyr-
pr<irqrafiou €Fqqv((tranpdooo' dvorleror6 oollqvo uq;qlo6r<e-
vod. Ira drpo rou ootrrlvounrlplov 611operotrfur<ofyoyof-qle-
r r p d 6 r o ,o r o u s o n o i o u ge q d p p o ( zS r a c p o p6i ru v c p r r o 6p e p r r < <16-v
trrd6<opvotrr.

Kord rr16rdprerarns oy<oyrpdrqro5ivo
nopd{evo <pOopf(ov,:poosro qrrivovrr qrrd
ro opvqrrxd qtrer<rpi,6r(ord0o6og)roixtopo
trpd6r6errlv ficpouo io -pdoo oro oolrlvo-
pro56iopqg c6porq<;.H 6iopq f6erXveva d-
1er rore 60uvoq crr6 ro qtrerrp66ro- r<dOo-
6o5 rrpog ro orr€vovrr roiltrlpo xor eu06-
ypoppn 6rd6oo4,dnog ro gc,ls,oe orlpreio
fiou p€ rqv nope;.rBotroq6racpovo65yr' ou-
Trlv ovrrrerpivou,vcr6qproupyefroor ro o-
rrivovrr roilcopo orrd. To dvoprorrou 6d04-
Ksorrl 6iopr1rlrov ra0o6txi.g arcriveqH. <p6o4rrlg nop6preveivo q(-
vrYF0.
'Hrav dpaye pn 6i.oyr1an6 otuyari\rc; Alrlncnq,rlrav xdron a-
xrwopoAia avdAoyrly€.ro Eus r7xdn dtrAo e'ntA<bg6nEoputx6;
Or neptoodreporAyylor errorrlpov€S/or: ovr(Oeoqpe roug dl-
trougEup<onofougu, noorrlpr{qv 6rr q 6i,rpq orroretrefroro116
orrrprorfbraT. o ;rrlv6poro rrls dpeuvc5d6erlvov drr or Ayylor ef-
1ov 6frro. Mdlroro, 11orr6rtrroq, rl orroio qrav 6uvordv vo errr-
plrleef rrdv<oorrl 6fopq e{orriog r[g nopcruoio5payvqrrrcodnr-
6iou, evOdppuv€rnv oyyfur<re1r6op1,alld ror i6erXve6rr ro ocrr-
pori6ro ourd rrpirre r vc eivor ocoporf6ro pe rltrerrprrd,gopr(o.
(ASpnv {eXvdpedrr ro poyvrlrr16rre6io errr6pdoro rrvotipevo
<poprio).H rsre60uvon rrls 6dopqgoe ouv6uqoprdrcorps rn qo-
pd rord rrlv orrofo orrirfuve, qrov oopapd errrlerprlpora unip

I

e

HAEKTPOITAKTEIIAAAHAEIlIAPA:EI:

rls' Aderrrooo'l{rncg6d1rrpr6ovrooocrxppoyr6f6relopoouivrodgedrtlortvro<5pAoypyrloiooqpcvpqurolrr<rddg'o'' J'J
Thomsoni6er€edrl ro oorPor6ro

oltrd ror pdla (m)'MerPr6vroS,
6dopr15ro, nql(rcorou <poprioun

onorotr6qrexr drt rrotr6filo orlP0
ott6 tr1<p6or1-t<;o'rverotrtrrrrirvltrerrpo-
fru. to i6ro,ove{dptrlto ei6o5rou oep(ouoro oolqvo' ovefdprq-
bi'cova,ve{dPrrlrosn6'ro xd0eocopcxri6rro156dqrqgrrpdrervedvo
ro on6 orr6rlnore.fto ro rroi{el dvovp6trtlfip<lrrcrYcovtoorrqqv e-
6vo;to,rrou errp6rtlro vo
rnorrlpovrKqe{dh{q rou olc6vorrou qKolc'60qoef'lp6rervero 6vo-

po r;terrp6vto(electron).

0idpnrdoprororrunb0e,uoooqoir6OodrptixoqeI6gorl lgo6ourorvvp0Ksrgortdiponvnpe0oitq(p0eo6oqnuonrro0oioootvtiion|ovovlrl4loovpvronvrqlooxpo6tropivqvorpornrtooorYidurooptp0Uvoryi0erovttnrrrg(popoveo0ottpr9r'ondl txvvdroerqtrnprgvi,drq0ootrrl([rdtldxrreol{rut6trerp(4ygpoh4o0erxyonr0trquopvnootvr et rKf ql p o v i o u . B i 9 0 | 0 , 0 I 0 -

Irrlv e{dtrr{,nrtov npcrypdrov ono6erl{)qre dtt ro opvqrrrd <pop-
rio rou r1trer<rpov(orlurov ro ororXer66eg<poprioYlo ro onofo,prlq-
;reprrov6sR' A' Millikan'
ocxp.e'Evrero Xp6vro'opydrepo(1908)o A perprloero qo prio rou
p' iuo .lrrru.rolriuo'nerpopo,xordrpepevo

qler<tpovioupe peydlrl orpfpero.

To rllerrptrr5 goprio orrl6op{ rou ardyrou' Anci no6' ti;rol5'rrpo-

i p" l oHv rcolv" , ro qtrerrP6vlo; r r d rov i6torov J ' J 'T h o m s o n 'T o rl^er<rp6-
dvr q o q 6 d O q < eo
rcr0d6ou,o'noretrodoov611-
vro erprdpnovrov <xn6ro ;rirotrtro rqg t'ire qurd qrov orlo Xafu<6'
lo6ri ouoro'n16 rr156trqgrou perdllou,
eire srrd oi6qpo, eite cln6 orroro6qnore dllo prdrotrlo'Totrpc6vrog

h

e

FlAEKTPOITKAETI:AAAHAENIAPAIEI:

Frqrropofiipo yevireuorrl oXup(orrlredrlro rllerrprivro eivotou-
orqflxd dlarv rov arriprovrqg rilqg.

EllvtAEl rO
TO HAEKTPONIO

YNEYOYNO
flA

TIJ J(HMEIA TIT EAAT. JKEIIAIOTHTEI

Ero provrilo rou or6pou rrou rrpdrerveo i6rog,otrtrdror orq
rno (rrrrorrrd>provrftrdr,rou rrpordOqrcrvrr16e6rep161eroerfo
rou qr(6voFoS,ro qlerrpdvroundpXouvFsro opvrlrrr6goprro
rous Kqrqrrorelofv ro povo6rrd<popioopvqrrrodqtrerrprr<o6
goptiou pioo oe rd0e dropo. Otrorc 4trr:rrp6vrorou x6opouei-
vor i6rc,p€rrlv ivvorc drr dlouv ioc cpvrlrrrd <popriorcl ioegpd-
(eg(qpepiog).

'Evoor6pr1ocopori6roo,uororrrd rou ar6pourr our5, eivqro
povc8rxriggopdo5 Oerrxorigopriou. Eivcxrro rrpordvro (p) rrou
gdper o morlerc66e0gerrr6rpoprio(*e). B\fnoupre6,r1lc6q,6t'ro
qtrerrprrd<poprio6evppiorerorp6vorou, l3piorerorrrdvrq oro u-
116-oro;rxdorrrpori6rar,o rller<rpdvroKqrro rrpor6vro.A{i(er va

roviooupedrr, rropdlo rrou or rroodrqreg<popriour<rrv6rjoooFo-
rr6(orveivoranoldr<rrgioeg,rl pdlc rou rrl)oroviou eivor€vrufio)-
orcxrdpeycldreprl-2000 nepirrouqopis- orrd rq pd(o rou r1tre-
xrpoviou.

Zrs 1932rl 6o1i4rou ordpou ou;.rntrqp,c60or1nrde,ivo ox6po
ooport6ropepd(o fuyopeyohireprlKotonri rr1pd(c rou np<rlrovf-
ou.ToTpiro our6 ooprorr6ro6eldpoore<irr6eviler qlexrprrd,gop-
ilo. Z' cur6 orprpc6gro yeyov6gpaoi(erorKorn ovopqoiorou. Ei-
vqrro verp6vro(n)neutron6, qlo64ou6erep6vro.

H 6rcr{p4on rou 4lerrprxod gopdou. Av gipoupeoe orevrleno-
gq 66oovrrxeipevoo,propdvoqlerrp6vrot)o peroBrpoorodqvtr6
ro 6vooro dllo. Kdrrriroro ouppciver6, 'rrrvrpipoupsrqv enrgd-
vtro rou orutrdrrdvo oro pdtrtrrvnooutrdfiepFGSKqrro qlexrpi-
(oupe.

flpdrrere606vq rro0predrr aur6 fiou rr€T(,Xoivouppee'rorprrpr;.ro
eivor ;rtorrotrf orevq erracpqrtrrv€rrr(poverirvrcov66o ovrrrerpi-
vorv.Eivqt6uvqrdvvo peroBrBooro6pverpiiorpengoo6rqregCIpvn-

r

e

H^EKTporTAAT^^rKHE^Er fr^pA:Er:
E

rrKodgopriou pero vq rrriooupepero(6rou<;6rio6rorpoperrrduh-
rd. Aeveivor,enopdvco5c,rprpig vo tripe6rr rq rllerrprxd goprio

<rrcp&yovro r1<yivovror>il.ro ocoordeivqrvo tripedrr ro qlerrpl-
x6 rpoprio<eprpovi(erqrA).ur6 rrououppoiveer ivqrptcdvdKdrdvo-

pq rtov 66oe66v Eopriou, rrou undpXouvcrro 6rdgopo oropcro,
rirora rirorero otrrx6goprfo vo 6rorrlpeirorcrro0ep6.

H undOeoqrq5 6rcrrlprlorlsrou gopriou enrpeporc60qrrdeoo

o€ FoKpooKorrrrrdrerpdpcrc6oo rqr oe oroprx6KorrruprlvrKden!
rre6o,lcopigva iler pilpr orlpepq,rrqpouoroorerfdrroroe{ofpeor1.
Og ofur6goprio 0eopodpero olyepprr6d0poroprrccovgopricov

rou ouorrlporog.Avcrpepdpevo€r ofiopovorl.rivo6orqpo,oe o6-
orrlpC6I qlc6q ro onoio 6evqvrqltrdooerritrqpe ro neprpdtrtrov
rou, prropotipeva nodpre6rr:
Orroreo6{nore;rerapoldgxor vo ouppoivr)uvor dvo orropovro-
;rdvoodorqyq ro ofux6goprio rou ntrpoFdvero, r xriOeXpovrr{
firyFri, ora0epri.

H np6roorl ourrl orroretrerfqv qpx{ rq5 6ror{p4o4g rou gop-
rfou.'Evcg dltrog tp6no5 vo 6rorunrirooLrl.rrq€ 6rcrrlpqorlrou
gopriou eivqrvq rrorlpe6rt ro Eoprio 6ev\r1ptoupytirato6re xo.ro.-
orp(.Eerat.

AvTpi{,ouprsqy6ro!e pn po0prooq,y6ro
8oelvo0renx6gopnopdrvoqr4poUproo
opvqrrxE6.[unoxodedrorrr o 4lexrprrd
goprio6ev64proupyriBqMxesT. 0rpi{,rUo

dyrvoenl6dyoqdtoyt'rprog0reigrrrorf or
opuqnxog0opriour,ovonoiopnopoUvpoe
rcptvpdt;,oul6pyeowoqdrrond14y6ro
npog14poUpropoeroFr96srlxou

4lerrpdvro.

Hlexrp6vro eled0epo. Or rrro ouvrlOropfvoroy<oyoi4trerrpropoti
eivor oorpakirg or percltrrrof. 4116FrKpooKonrrrldnorpq ourd
rrou 6rq0irouv rq pirollc ror 6ev ro 6ra€tirouv or Fovcorig eivor
rc etre60epoqtrercrp6vrc'.Orr<rrgrrrorefercr oqpepo, orous F€-
roltrrro69 ay<oyo6g,e1169 qrr6 ra 6€opn qlerrp6vro rrou <ovq-
KouvDoro dropo, urrdpXouv ror qlerrpdvro eAe60epo,'ro orroio

rlvodvrqt ovd;.reoooro dropc Kor ro rdv'rc rou prerdtrtrouA. rro-

relodv 6vo ei6og<rltrerrpovrro6oepiou>,r/rori r; xivrloq rou5 iler
Xcpcrrrlpo droxro, cvdtroyo Hs rrlv rivqc'r1r<ov popirov rd0e qe-
piou ocdporo5.

=



HAEKTPOITATIKAEAIAHAENIAPAIEII


Click to View FlipBook Version