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OU; 1.25.Oeopqorerrdvregoprropivoorirgoro
A, B,f, A, E.Aveivuryvcoor6drr ro A dtrretlo
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1920ora i6raeprrlrrjparo;Ttewootioovlf- rerro B rot 6rt ro A eivoOr errrdcpoprropdvo,
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ouivo;
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rrg ro0o6rxrio5rrive5,rl g6on rctv orrofrov StepheCn rayrpoono-
0o6oeva epeuv4oeotv
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eivor o rllerrpdvranou 6eveivorele60tpo; ppioxovrcvndvoro' ivo rpond(r.Mnopeirt
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rrl; Andrr t{aprdror; 0o pnopo6oart\/0r0 rororpipere;
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ntrrlordooupreo 66orpopriooro yrodtr1s.
nporlyotipevrol5ndorooqS0o 6tnlootoore(
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rfXouperqv ondrltorl;rroglenrrl56doyqg Xouvfieplooc,r€p€otr€6eepqotrerrp6vto-
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eivurq perc{6rouqooxotipev6q6vopq;
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lerrpovirov,drov 11perc{,6rougqtrerrpr14
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rvcorrlodpo:
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<popriorou. rou u6poydvo1u1<lrrivor4g rurtrrrr1r5po-
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rore60uvorlrlg66vop45nou qoreiraroei- opXrr<rdr1orlrou nuxvorq rlrav2 '100Vu, -
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(11ro6pveo npoo6ropfoerae) rrlv ivrooq rvorq ror rqv rllerrprrrrl ou evdpyero.pH.
rou qlexrprrodne6iouoro oqpeioA ror p) ercpriprron4porolei repouvrinou 6roprei
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pp(oreroor ro orlpeioB oeondoroorl12cm rou sv ro 614lerrprredivorpira (r=8).p. Av
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rr166vopr1Fp) Oerrrp<ilvrcroq I nrlyq rou 11- noroefvcrro qoprio rou fiuKvorn;t. H
lerrprrorine6fouvo npoo6ropioererlv i- npoqyo6pelqrdorl 6rorrlpeiroorroOeprxlor
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2. To npdyporc eivor6rocpopertredgdoovurrdpXer
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napd6erypao,r ev6ei{egrrorv'rprrirov prnepopirprDevivqt
I : 330m& lr : 110mAKorl, : 220mA.Mog6ei1vouv,
611}o6161rr, l,+1, : l. Toyeyo'v6o5trroloyeiror-rqt rrd-
fu- ond rqv apXqrqg 6rcrrlprlrrrlsrou 4trerrprrofgopti-
ou Koryevrrefercpr€rrlv noprxdr<rrnpdrco4.
To dOporoporov peuprirov rrou <nlqord(ouv>o'
dvcv x6;rpo eivor ioo ;rero ri0poroFortov peu;rrirov
lrou (orroporpfvovrar>qrrdqurdv.
rot rov6vcg errr
g oMd avcrpiperar o€ FroreXvrr{, rqv orroio prrro-
podpevq Xprloryonoro6pderqv rdvoupeunoloyropoU5mo ruxlc6po-
rcr.XaporrrlpGerq np<irogerrer6rlouppr cxivrevo urrdplerivo5 ord;.ro
ravdvogKirchhofof onoio5ovc<p6perorr<6; ragopig6uvoprxo6.
O GustavKirchhoff(l-ro6orcp KipXorp)t,dlog, o onoiog6rar6-
rro)or Korrous 6rjo rccrv6veu5r,rrpp€eivcA ovopromdgfeppav6squ-
orr6gnou iQlot orrd ro 182aptyptto 1\ti7.
I
HAEKTPIKOPEYMA
FISraryqp* Suvtlprxoti
Merpqorrlrlsroorls
Avd;reoooe 6riooqpeioev65ruxlcirliqrosurrdpler-orrl yevrxrrlre-
pinrcoorl-prc6rocpop8duvoprrror6;,6nors<ruvqOi(eravor tripe,rd-
rrorardor1.A6oqrr6 ro 6pyovoperc orroi<0r o prrropo6oopvraeTq
prerpqooupeeivoro qtrercrpovrrdngotrpoypoqosKqrro polrdperpo.
O natrpoyp,igos onoretrefrorrupirogcrn6ivo ocolqvortvo6,
pio gOopi(ouooo06vr1p, rio6rdro€nyrq 6rlproupyioqtrerrpovrrrlg
6iopqgro0c6gxor6rord{ersyro rrlv errporrqrr156iopqg,drro5 ei
vor,nopc6eiypcroqldprv, ivo (edyogond opr(6vrrorrlcri6ro, ro
orroio errpinouv rr1 6ioyr1 roror6pucpo r:rivq (eriyo5 qrr6 xcro-
r6pucporrlqriEro o116rq orroio q 6iopr1 errpineror opr(6vrra. Av
oro rrponyofpevo rdrl<rlpo 0elrlooupe va gerprgooupsrqv rdoq o-
vdpeoo mo orlpre(oA ror l-,ouv6ioupre1c{ciqpeiaourd prero rrtrqr<i-
6tq rqtqK6puqns orrdrfuo45, orr6re orq'u oOdvr1ro opXr16ilvog
rr15r1trxerpovrxrl56iopr4gOo percrrv4Oef rcrrd priccrn6oroorl rrlv o-
rroiq e6xolo pnopodpe vo ovcrydyouproee Volts.
To polr6perpo. O rllerrpovrrdg nolpo'ypdcpo5eivarorprpq5 otr-
ld eivarPcp6Sr<xr6tiorotropercgdperor.
Arrdour(, trorrri,vr,rlv dnorgqro Botrrd-
FerpontreoverreiA. ev6rogdpeor nd ro q-
pnep6perpoofre oe trerroupyioorjreoe
epcpdvroqT.o rccvrpdvrou €ivor,piBoro,
poOpoloy4pivo<reVolts(V).To rorv6Bol-
r6prerpo6ro0i'rerorivrp-oFtr!'vnrnKorq-
yc6yrporrtroioroT. o rrlcioro peuproro6o-
to6pevootrtrqtrerrr6ppderov pcryvqrrrlor
orpirperor,orr(rrt orpdrperorxor o 6ei-
Krrlsrrououv6ierqrp' ourd. H er<rporrrl
rou 6eirrq eivot,rvdtroyrrlou pe6pcrogpe
I
4
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TO HAEKTPIKOPEYMA
ouvirrsro-o6l.rgovCFI srov v6poOhm,rrou0o pelerqooupeopy6-
rtpo - vo eivqrovdtroyqKornpos rq 6roqropd6uvoprxori.
To polrdperpo,lorndv,perpder rr16rrxgopd6uvc;.trxor6r,ouu-
ndpler avdpeooorous 66oorpo6iKTrs('rou)).'OrcxOv elrlooupvreo
perprlooupreq Orocpop6duvcprxo6ovdpeoooe 66ooqpefoA, B e-
vdgrurlc6porog,ouvEiouproeycSyrprcou5 axpo6fxregprerq on-
peiaourd. H rdoq ovdpeooorous 66oar<po6iKrs-srnv orroia6ei-
Xv€rro 6pyavo-0q eivorioq ror ps rrlv rciorlovdpeoooro A rol B.
H o6v6eoqaurrl rou potrrdyerpoutriyercrroriv6eo4oe 6lsxild6o-
oq. Arrdro polr6perpo0c rrepdoerp, ipcrro,peripcrar r1rdoq rqv
orroioOitrouprveo perp4ooupe0o ollorcrr0eiT. ooqdlpo reprop((e-
Torov 11ovriorooq rou polropdrpoueivrrr-oe oxion prerrlv ovrf-
ordorl rou ayolyorlAB- oorlpovrrl.
--J
frovoperpfoouryoepedpoo'6vooqpeio frovoperptiooulrrqe6rogopduuopnod
rouxurA6porogX,pe16(evroor(K6{,ouUeD ov6;reooe6doo4peiroouruxhrlporog,
ro rdrlopooroo4peiourdxqrvo ouvddouporydryrprouqoxpo66rrerqou
nopeppdlouropoepnepdperpo. polTdpoTppoeruo oqpeiolr,,rpigvo
6roxdrl,ourollsrfillopo,
T
e
TO HAEKTP KO PEYMA
Iuvorpi(ovrogprnopodpvrec nodpedrr:
Iro qlerrprxd ruxfuiprqrqrl rdorl (6rcqopd6uvoprrof)ovogi-
psrqros 66ooproyivooqpeiorou rcurl6;rc{ToTso orroiqorror€-
lodv rqr drpo rdnorou rprrlprorogE.ivorpiyeOo5olyepprr6,pnopef
6qlo6q,n rrFrnrrls vo eivcrOerr14o, pvrlTrrrl r1pr16ivM. nopodpevo
rqv prerprlooupef,repenotrpoypdgoeftt pepotrr<ipetpo.
lSrorqr€rSqsroorls
(3,5v) 1. Arlpiroupyo6;i.vroe 16rl<opotrrrr:1trerprrq orqtrq,6ro-
r6nrr1ror 66olopnrqpeg,roug onoiougouv6ioupeoe
oerpd.Me rcordtrtrqlpootrr6perpoperpdpsrrSrdoetg
Vor,Vrr,Vor,Korpp(oroupeV^u= 2,9V,Vr, : 1,45V rot
Vo,: 4,35V. To o6prrepoopscivordrt V^,: Vor+V*
ror yevrreferopr €rqv e{q56tortincrlorl:
H rrio4 ora rirpo evdgouv,flou cytoyr6v-o€ o€r-
pri- eivorfoq gero ri0poropqr,tllvrdoetov rrou urrrip-
Xouvo€ xoOdvavorrd aurods rous oytoyodg.
H npoqyoripreveq{iocooqypdcpercxr ct Vr,r+Vur*(-Va:r) 0. Er-ret-
6(, 6pcog-Ver: Vro,0o roXrierrot Vor+VurV* rn: 0. Ie pio YtvrK€u-
pivq 6rordrrooqFfiopo6peouverrc6vgo r-rotipr6err:
Karri trr{rogev6gxlerorori rurl6parog ro olyepprrri riOpor-
oFtr rtrrv6rogoptiv 6uvaprroriefvarioo pe pq6dv.H np6roorl o-
rrorelei rov leydprevo6erireporuvdvs Kirr:hhoff.Xaparrrlpf(eror
xav6vaq-ror dXr<ogvdpo5-errer64cvacpipr;raro/uoroonKdo, e pto
relyrxq rrou FoSporlOdevro rdvoupeunotroyollodgoro qAerrprxd
xurlc6poro,X<opivSo qrrorelefrdrrotovove{dprrlrov6porqg <pu-
orxrlg,yrori <rctrdfir€rdr)arr6 rrg yevrri5rxp1i5yrq rrl 6rarrlpqoq
rou rpopriouKqrrq Drcrrlpqoqrrlg evipyerrrgE. i6ope6rr rdrr ovd-
troyoouppaiveror Fr rov npc6roravdvq Kirchhoffo, ono(ogro16-
rr€rorarr<irrlv opx4rrls 6rorr1pr1oqro5u gopriou.
2. Orrdxvoupeivo or6pcxr6xk'rpoper1fu;xrprro{t{In 4,5V, 6to-
rdnrq ror 66otropnrrlpe5r,o drpo r<rrvonoicovouv6iovrqtcvd 6tio
cry<rryrpdorr<rr5mo crX4po.Arl;rrcupyorjvroirror 66o 6ro-
rdo6c6oerg1, 1A xor 11B. Eivcrau'rovdqro 6rr, cxv0etrrloou-
pe vo perprlooupsrrgTdoerqorc drpo rdOetroprrrrqpo,
B OCrIrdpoupe ro i6ro orrorfleopo/ yro rov orrlodorcro
l6yo 6rr or lcpnrrlpeg dlouv rorvd drpo. H odv6eorlcu-
rr1trdyerornopriltr4tr4 odvdeorl tos rrpos xrinoro triorl
Korrq XcpcKrqpcer q ro6rrlto r<ovrdoeov. Oo pnopo6-
oope,6qtra6q,rq odv6eorlqur4, vo q lipre rcanoorcoxrl.
TO HAEKTPIKO PEYMA
To rlAer prrc6rcirtrclpo
Ego6roopdvor<r opope6pyovofiou prropo6vvo ;.rcgprerpodvqtre-
rrprrd pedprorcror 6rorpopig6uvoprrodprnoporipde1rpdvovo (o-
vrrrpiooupe>ouvofuxd ivo rllexrprrcdrdrtr<rrpo,
olld ror vo ro pelerrlooupeT. orrpc6rorrpEpq
rrou 0o rrpirrervo r(ivoupeeivorvo ovoyv<opi-
ooup€dvoiva rc 6rdrgoporprqporo(ororleio)
rrou ro arroretro6vI.rrl ouviXero0o e{erdoou-
percdOme orXeioXcoprordc,rrd ororrrdsv€py€r-
orr1.Oo neprypdr.poup6rqelo, 6r1r,q lerroupyio
rou orrlytrc6ooorq5 svdpyerog.
<Erorlero>ev6gx url6Fqrog. Avoyvt6prorl.
An6 rq m4ln rou AlessandrVooltapilpr ro otro-
rlqpcopivoxuxlc6procrrqg oriyXpovqrgllexrpo-
HlerrprKrKi riKlollor[AEdpoonq vrxq5urrdplerpio <arr6orooq>66orrepirrouor-
c6vrr;vm, q 8rdpxeror<ovorroi<rrqviwora rtirlo-
1.royvc6pro;erroonor6qrror€ rvrurrcoororcer{lifu{q.Irlpepo,o dpo5
qAercpx6rc6tcAapcavogiperor o€ pro peydlqrrorxrtrioororleiov ro
orroiaouvoppotroyo6pervooqrroretro6v.
'Evoonldxdrlouooroepyooripro
'Evox6rtropopnopeivo rrepriler troprrrrrlp,oovrrordr4,oyo-
yo6go6v6eonsr,ruKvordgq, trerrporrvrlrrlpo,pooordrrl,qlexrpo-
trurrxi5ouoreuig,polrdprerpo6, io6e5lulvfeg revo6,rpuoroltro-
6io6eg6, io6egZener,thermistorr,rlvio, qlexrprrrlorr1trry1e, vv4rpra,
-e
ToFr^EKTPTPKEoYMA
tn
ouooopsurrl rr ivo ocop6dlleg 6ro'rd{ergpreov6poto nou io<rr5,
6ev0o dXerovei5ouvcvrrloertrori.
Airrola. I'durd, 6FtS,'ro orotleic rou r:url6porosrlou ovo-
rpipopeurrdplerrdrt rotv6.Ko0dvorou5 dtr;e6l6odrpo (orpo6i-
rreg, rr6loug)oro orroiqurrdpler-yevlrd- xdrrotq6rarpopd6uvq-
;.rrro6A. ur65eivotrqt o trdyoqrrouot qtrerrpovrroriq l6ve 6irro-
lo.
H Xaparrqprmrxri ro;rndlq.'Evo 6inotroeivqt6uvor6vvo tret-
roupyeipenorrfie5rrpi5 6rogopdg6uvoprllo6(rdoqs)oro dr<po
rou.H roptdlq, I orroioorretrovf(ertr1ouvciprrloqrdorl5-pefpo-
rog V : f(l),trr{yeroXrCIpqKrnptorlrrrolpn6,\r1yra r<dO6einolo. H
petrfrrlrns HdSpoqOdedrp p6vovo 8rcrpivc'upr€o 6rdcpopa6ino-
Ao pero{6 roug,otrtrdKqrvo npop}dq-roup'rre1}erroupyioroOevd,5
orrd ourd, 6tov ro rrcpeppdtroupo€s rdrrotc,r6xlolpo.
iil Xcporrrlprorrrrl,_
Xoporrrlprorrxrl v: fir)
v : f(r)
peroll rori
11trexrprxrl5
or{1115
r.!--: ,f, ,
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o€ rHrlFoKuKncDporos
A5 rpovrco'ro6yte,r<bpo,,fva peupro'rorp6por6rlcopra rt ivo rti4po
rou ro orroio srroretreirot orrorletorrrd ond 6inotro rpogo6orori-
prevc.Oc prropo6oeyro rropd6erYPqvo rrepriler ivc truprrrrlpc Kol
ivo qlerrprrd por6p. 'Orrog rot rdOe6irrotrr lcoptord, ro rpqpo e-
v6g rur<Ico;rorog
o. iXer 66o drpa (A,B),pe ro orroio ouv6ferot ye ro undlotno
16r<lco;rcAxv. dpeod rou5 urrdpXer prro6to<popd6uvoprrod (V^r).
p. 6roppderorarr6 4trerrpr16pedpolor.
y. rpogo6oreirot pe qtrerrprrrlev6pyero.
ArolouOc6vrosrrl Oecopio;rrroporlpeva <prdooupros € Flc e{roco-
orl, Hsrrlv onofo q ovd povd6o 1p6vou peroprpo(6pevr1ev6pyero
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ouoxrrf(€ror 1600 p€ ro psdpo Inu6oo lior p€ rq 6rorpopdSuvcprr-
rod Vou.
=errvdpe qrr6 rov oprop6 rrlg ivvorog \tagopd 6uvaptrco6.
'Eloupre1161rr1ar drr oro qlexrprrd ne6io q pero{6 66o oqpeiarv
(A,B)6rocpopd6uvoprxo6eivsre{ oproprodioq pe ro rrqtrfr<Wo o/q,
dnou W^uro dpyo rov 6uvdpeov rou nr:6iou rord rq peraxivrloq
rou cpopriou(q) orrd ro ivo orlpefo(A) oro dllo (B).Av rc6po ro
dpyo WouovrrKqroorq0ef ps rov dpo <peroprpc(dpevq -piocrr
rou ne6iou- qtrerrprr<r1evfpyero>pnopc6pe vo xorotrdpoup€yro-
ri 116rogopd 6uvoprrrod(rdoq) orc drp,a rou rpqporos (A,B)0e-
opeiror <ogq ovd povd6o rpoprfou evdlryerorrou peroprpd(eror
o'ourd.
AB /y'
K60peoyovdrr
noprm6vqeorpriocv6q
CoulomHbT. doonro
6xporouABerqpd(er
r4vovrilrovti6ropopriou
evdpycnrou
peroprpf(eororor
rp{poAB.
'Orqv trdprey,ro napd6erypa, 6rr cvirpeoo oe 66o oqpeio peu-
porogdpou r<urck6porogurrdpXerrdoq 6 Volts, evvooripedrr oro
rF(Fq rrou oproOerefror orrd ro orlpefcra,or6, oe rd0e Coulomb
perorrvoriprevorulAerrprrodcpoprfoupreroprpd(erolevipyero 6
Joules.H peroprpo(oprdvr1lo,rrrdv, o€ ,f,propivolpdvo evdpyero
(W) oE r<dOerpqpo (AB)rurtrc6porosOrxeivor ioq pe ro yrv6prevo
Vne'Qrrls Ero<popd8guvoprrorlerrf r4v noodr4ro cpopriourrou
percrrv4Orlrexord ro lpdvo qurdv. Erp<ioorvo pedpo eivor ouve-
1dg-oro0ep6, yro ro rpqpcxAB OcxroX6r:IrAB: q/t, 11q : l^rto116-
r€ KGrW : VorlortT. o rlqtrfr<or,itroq, rqg peroprpo(dpevqg-oe
1p6vo t- evdpyeros npos ro 1p6vo qurd (t) qrrorelef rrlv ro16 (P).
p = Vnslrs.p(Watt) : rl(Volt)xt (Ampdre).H e{f-
Oq eivar
o(l)orl ^orrrdv
TO HAEKTPIKO PEYMA
P=Vl
pog6iver*rqv rltrexrprrrol X6r,roupreroprpdZeroo'r€vcrpqpo ru-
xlc6proroogve{dpr4to ond rq g6oq rov rpogo6otofpev<rl6vlnd,-
tr<ovr,rourreptiXovroot 'our6.
Kord rr1lerroupyio,lotn6v, evd56rn6lou oTrdro (euydprrdorl
- pe6poprnopo6;rveo unoloyfooup€Korrq peraprpo(6pevrqlle-
rrprrq roXrjM. noporipree,rrioqgo, n6 rr5 rrpri; ro1uo5xorrdoqgyro
rr1trerroupyiopro5ouoreuqgvc rrpoo6topiooupreo pe6;rotretroup-
yio5rqg. 'Evo5Oeppooig<ovo45000W6rsv Letroupyeui rr6tdoq**
220V0q 6rappieracr nd pe6po| : 4OOO12V2:0 18,18A.
H l e r r p r r dp e d p o( l ) Hlerrpr16 goprio W
Htrexrprrrqdoq N) ovd povd6oXpdvou q
Meroprpc(<ipevqevdplrsrct
avd ;.rovd6ogopriou
Hlerrprrqroyrig(P) Meroprpo(opdvqevfp'1ero
ovd povd6o1p<ivou
Irov rrivqro yrropef xovei5vo 6rorpfver 6r-r{errv<ovrogarr6 rpio
pey60q,goprio, 1p6vo, evipyercrrot rroipvovroS r<dOecpopd66o c-
n6 ourd Xri(oupe rpio dllo peyiOr1r,qv fvrooq psfFloros, rrlv rd-
orl Kol rrlv roX6.Arrd rer ror rrfpo q e(iocooqP : VI ipXerot cosou-
virrero rorv rptcirvoprop6v.
* YnoAoyioapeq yioq o11j P = Wlt yn rqv ntpintwory ora9epr1irdor1gxar ora9tpotj
peiycroq. Ano6erxvierar6n 11i6roefiocooqP : Vt toxtet yn rq (orryynia) petap$a(6-
yevq rcyi ot xs9t nepirnu:oq.
** Or oxnxf.gaooxeutcrpoEo\orolvrar ye perjpa evaA)ooodyevoE.6xdynnqOepya-
vrxtc ouoxtuiq, pn oytorl rqqpopcpfisP = vl lJds6ivetn1yfo1 4AexrpxtltoXrjt96oov,
6yutq, toqV xatI Xptlotltonoul1orivavriororya ot tworcg ercpy5gtdoq xat evepydqt,vta-
or1,nc onoftc 0a oovavrrlooultt oro xeEd/.arcYd rs evatr\aoodyevapajpara.
TO HAEKTPIKO PEYM
HlercrpKr quvri'oroorl
AgunoOioouprderr iXouprerpsrscryoyo65d, rr oe
roOivqvqrr6 quro65ecpapp6(ouprrslv i6rordo4
ror 6rr rq qvriororlo pe6poroeivotlr : 400mA,
lz : BmAxot l, = 1mr\.To ougrrdpoolioeivotdrt
o npc6rognopouordilerotrrirepqoyroyrpdr4ro
arr6 roug dltroug66o evriro rpfro5 <ovrrorire-
ror) fi€prood,reproqr orrd rous rp€rsor4 6rdtreu-
oq rltrerrprxofpe6polo5.Ooiverortroyrr<e6nioqg
vc 6e10orip6er-ro rpirog crl,toydespgo'ri(erorrc6gopig peyoldre-
pq ovriorcorl orrd rov 6e6reporor rer6nr6oreg<popigpreyotrrireprl
cvriorooq orrd rov np<r5ro.
Or rpuorroforro6eldpevoor urrl rq tr<lyrxnrlporeivouvdvopovd-
p€rpopriyeOogro, orroiovcx<pcOpotroyerir>g cxvrrordoer-5q ovri-
orpogcxtrg cryoyrpdrrlr€Sr-ov 6rorp6prrcrvryc,.ryco6rqv Sritreuoq -
Aerrprro6periporo5T. o piyeOogtrdyer<qxlrtrrprr{ ovriorooq a-
yroyodrcr opi(eror rognqlfro r4g rtio45 U) nou e;rgcppri(erar
orc rirpo rou, rrposr4v dvrooq (l) rou peri;roro5rrou rov 6rop-
pder.fra ro ou;rpoho;.rr6ou peyiOoug)(pr1orFrorrore6irroer0vrigro
ypdypoR,oplrd rqg trd{qqResistance.
R= V e{ioroo4opro;rodr4g qlexrprrrig ovrforooqg
TT
Iro Are0vig lforrlpro, povd6o perplloeotgrrlg ovriorooqg eivor
ro 1 Ohm (Opr)I.uppolf(erar pe 1O. lo16er1C): 1Vl1A.Aurd or1-
poiver6tr 6vogffl,ary6seprrpovi(eorvdpeoc oe 66o oqpeio rou cxvri-
ordorl 1f Ohm, erpdoov,rord rqv erpcl>proyo4ro oqpeia qurd rd-
orlg 1 Volt, o ay<oyd56rappieror orrd perjpo 1 Amp6re.
To avriorpoqo rrls r;ler<rprrcqogvrioroorlg trdyerarqler<rprrccr1-
yroyrp6rqro(G).
To rrpciro epcbrqpo tfuor; An6 n e€,aprdratq avrioraory evdq
ouyrcercpry€vouuyu;yori; Enqped(eror d6rcryearrd 14 6rcrpopd6uva-
prro6 rrou 0o egcrppdoou;reA; v Oilouprr:orrdvrqorl oro rpc6ro ou-
16 epc6r4pq6ev iXou;re dllq enrtroyrlo116ro vo npoorp6youpe
orrlv (€rupqyopio rou €pyoorqpiou, ecpo6roopivorp, 6parc, pe potr-
r6prerpo(11nolpoypdgo) rcoropnep6perpo.Xpero(dpoor€or<d,pro
pra 6rdra[q rrou vcx;rag 6iverrrorrrtr(qrrpc6vrdoq5. Mra xordtrtrqtrr1
rir-oro 6rdro{q e(vurro rrorevor6perpo.
I
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TO HAEKTPIKO PFYMA
1. O oytoy6g- 6inotro(AB)eivorivo roppdrr odppo1dfu<rvo.
Eg6oov6ev6roppierqro116pefpo, 4 rdorl oro drpo rou eivor
pq6iv.Egopp6(ouperdoq 1 Volt Kqrro cpnep6perpoFdS6erXver
83 mA.Zuvelf(oupep'our6v rov rp6rro KcrKortrypdcpouproe o-
roretrio;.rcro o€ rrivoro. AvrrorpigouFs rllv rdoq, orr6re qv'rr-
orpirperor Kqrro pe6po.Iuprrtrqprivoup€Tovrrivoro Fsrd orro-
relfopo,o rov vitov perpqoecovM.rropodp;ytro rrlv rdoq ror ro
pedpovq XprlorForrorrloour;drpea opvqrrxigrrpig.
vn,(v) 0 1 1,5 2 2,4 3 3,6 4 -1 -1,5 -2 -2,4
f^,(mA) 0 83 125 167 200 250 300 333 -83 -125 -167 -2OO
R(O) 12,0512 11,97 12 12 12 12,0112,0512 11,9712
Kord rq 6rdprercxr<ovperprlo€ov gpo-
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