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rrlro rltrerrprrqgroXdo5rrou
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vouJouleo, rrlv €o<oreprroq-
vriorooq.
V,l : Po1- l2r
l
€
t07
ITO HAEKTPIKOPEYMA
H e{io<ooqV, : E- lr enrorlpoivedrrr rl }{EAFtoSrrny4s€ivqrFs-
yctrdrepqo116rrlv nohrrl rdor1,erpdoovn rrny{ 6rcppfroro116qle-
xrplr<6pe6po.H HEAou;rninrerprerq prirrrorrlrofurrlrdoq rrou
pnopei vo epgcrvioeqrnqyr1A. ur6 ou;.rpoivtdr'rovn rrny46ev6rcp-
pieror ond,pe6po.Mnoporipevc Oecrrporiepneforlg6rr or rrpi5
roug ouprrrirrrouevrp6oovrl €otrlr€prxro1vrioroon rrls nqyrlgOeco-
pr1Oei-ooexion F€rrs urr6lorrregovrrordoer5rou rurtrriporos- o-
orlpovrq.
Kur,\opop€yewqrproror owrororrl
Mnopod;revc <npoptr6qroupr€o)pedponou 0o nepdoer o116dvq
rdrtroproyvororr6vororXefcorvrptvvo ro ,JuvopFotroyrlooupHe.
6ro6trooio}iyeror eniAuorrlou xuxAuparoqI.e nepinrcooqfiou ro
r6xlopo onoretreirarorrd qvrrordr4 yvororqgovrioroorls (R)ror
ond yewrlrprCpI €yv<rrordororXeiorour6rrlrog (E,r), prnopofpevo
dlouperq nopoxdro rp€rSnpooeyyioetos1'onp6ptrqpo.
o. Ipagrx{ npoodyyrrrqX. opdoooup€o€ Kor-
vd o6orqpoq€dvtovrrl lqpqKrrlprorrrrVl : f(l)
rns rrrly{s Korrrl XopoKrnprorrrrrlou oprro6 o-
vrrordr-r1T.ooqpreiroopns0o pog6c6oerro pe6-
F0rrou6rappderro xrixlo;ro.
Av ro ororleio rcur6rnrcs rrls rrnynseivorE
: 4,5Y, r : 1,5O ror 11cvrioroo4rou ovrrord-
'rnR : 12(1,ro pe6poOcleivq|r: 0,33A.
p. npoodyyroq;rdoo r4g 6ror{pqorls rqg €-
vdpyerogI.'dvo rdxkoprcrrrou ofiorele(rorarrd
nqyrl r<oor vrrordrq, rl pr(rvqevepyerorr6lro6rro-
oio 0o eivor1.rroo6rdronrl perarporrqrr15evip-
y€ros,p€Trlvorroiqrpotpo6orenf rqyn ro 16-
r.lc,-rpao,e 0epprrqevdpyto Kororrlv ovrioroorl
Rclld Kororrlv eo<oreprxorvl riorcoq r rrls ysv-
vqrprog. I6prcp<rrvpc€ rrlv qpx{ rrls 6rorqpryrr15r45 evipyercs Fno-
po6peva ypdrpoupe.
Avd ;rovd6oXp6vou = Avd provd6o1p6vou + Avd ;rovo6oXp6vou
npoogep6uewloNKn ev6pyetonouroro- ev6pyeronou Kovoro-
voJ\(oxerorqrrlv )rioxerotorrlv eoorreprnq
ev6pyero owforoorl r
owlorqon R.
EI +lrR lrr
orr<ire | = E
R+r
I
o
t08
TO HAEKTPIKO PEYMA
H releurqiq ourrl e{io<loq ovocpiperor Korog e{ioroorl roo v6-
pou Ohm yn xAetor6xtjrcAuspape ovrrmdrq rcr nqyrl. Av rq oror-
Xeic rour6rrlrqs r4s rrrly4s eivor(4,5V, 1,5O) ror R = 12 Q rdre a-
nd rqv e{io<oorn1oipvoupe rqv rrprl rrlg ivroo4g I : 0,33 A.
y. Ilpoodyyro4 ydoro rou 6e6rrpou xsv6vo Kirchhoff. O 6edre-
po5 xovdvogrou Kirchhoffproglier drr xo'rd prlxogev6grtrerorori
rurlc6porog ro d0poropq r<ov6rogopc6v6uvoprrorl e(vor pr16dv.
Tov erpcpp6(oupreV: AB+ VBN+ VNp+ Vr : J (en6pevooX4po),
AIld VBN= VpR: 0 (or cryoyof ouv6ioeorg dlouv opetrrlrdo ovr[
oroorl).
Vo, = lR (o oytoyd5AB eivqrovrrmdr4g).
Vrp : -Vp^r: - (E- lr) (H V^ eivorrrotrrrflrdoq rqg yewrlrprcg).
Iuven<69lR : E- lr r] | : E/ (R+ r).
Btrdnoupe6rt, tfte orolou04ooups ro l.rovorrdrrrqg 6rorrlpr1or1g
rqg evdpyero5 efre orol ou0r;oouF€ ro\' 6edre po rqvdvc rou
Kirchhoff,grdvoupe oro i6roonordtreopc.
0onpdnevronpoodfoupdurroroyoryoPi Axorl,l8nou
ouvddoruovugndlourglg n4y{gpero0rporou
ovrror6reqivoor yroyoiuvddoeopgeoo{povr4
owioroo4A. ur6o4poiuedttV' = 0 f Vr= VrT0ollpsio
6nlo6r{ouxurl6poroAqxorPeivorrooduvopTrro6.
fdroroXUKetoryroro o41eioBxorN.Hrdo4,Iorn6v,
o r o urqd l o u qr 4 qU y t | qe i v oorn o l d r oig0 qI e r n v1 6 0 0
oro6xporouowrmdrq.
IuvSeorlnqycbv
l. hiv6eoq oe oerpdr
Avoiyouperqv <rrtrorcdr>llerrpr14 orr1tr4rcov
4,5 V. Blfnoupe 6rr oro eoorreprxd rqs u-
ndplouv rpio rutrrv{iprrdrltrerrprrd ororXeio
rrou ouv6fovrqr p€'ro{6 roug pre;rerolfurd
orjpporo. l-'lopcrqpo6pedrr o Oerr165n6tro5
rou rrpr6'rouororleiiru ouv6derorcry<6yrp;ore
rov opvrlrrK616lo 'rou 6e6repou,rou orroi-
ou o Oerrrd5rrd,log,ruvSderoFrrsrov cpvnrr-
16 rou rpirou. Kcr'qur6v rov rp6rro fiopo-
;rfvouv 6rjo ndtror <ttre60epor>o, Oerr165rou
rrporou Kqto opvrlrr169rou rpftots,yro vo
qrrorel{ioouv rous n6trougqtrerrprrrlgorq-
lqg. flpdxerrsr yro c'6v6eoqrrqy<6voe oerpd.
I
e
TO HAEKTPlKO PEYMA
Me potrr6perpo11ye qlerrp6prerpo6rorrro'rr6vouFen€ioqgdrr 11rd-
oq cvdpeocorous ndAou5rdOemorleiou, 6rcrv6ev6roppier-acr n6
pedpo,eivqr1,5V. Eivor11rllerrpeyeprrrrrlou 66vopq.
Me rov i6rorpdno ouvOiovr-o6rixo ouoo<rrpeuriNg rrelfou- Ko6-
piourcov'1,2V rcr 6qproupyeiroirvag ou(roop€urq5<6<o6erdpol-
TOS).
H(oouuovo4oOpreouprp"dr6olvqrl40olll,6eoxu6ro)0uoolrpuqnr,oorrrovp{rioou
onoreleiroorttd6[trrot1eioK, o06vroouq61eEr = 2
V,r = 0,010 xoreivoor uvbedeudoucoerp6.
Ewoefio6tr olopotn4ptol6(6SodeK600lllD
ovogdperqorrqvqkrrpeyeprr{r4g6rivoIr1.
--l}-]l-- Mnopodyevc ono6ei{oupe6rr ro-
rd rr1ofv6eorlnqyriv oe oerpdro o6-
-t---' orrlpq rrou rrlloxdrrrer roo6uvopepi e
qlerrprrrl rrrlyrjrq5 onofcg:
l-
o) q rltrerrpeyeprrx6q6vopr1eivqri-
l. orl F€ro dOpcropcrrov HEArov n4-
Y6v.
I
A p) q eoore6rrrqrq5 crvriorooqeivct
iorl pero dOporoporttrv eocoreprrcirov-
e vrrordoecovrorv rr4y6v.
TO HAEKTPIKOPEYMA
E,o= Er+ E2+ Ert... * E"xot
f,o=lr+12+13+...+r,.
Avoryewrlrpregeivar<i;.roreg,
0c roX(ietE,o: vE Kqr rE : vr.
2. Ilapdllql4 odv6eoqripor-
ov yevu4rprriv
Av ouv,5iooupraeycbyrpo<itroug
roug 0r:rrro69n6trouqevdgou-
vdlou yevvrlrprc6xvqr ouv6f-
oouF€-orr1ouvdlerc- cyc6yr-
po 6trougrous dpvrlrrro69rrci-
loug r,:rrvyevvrlrprc6qvur(6v
0a iXoupenopdltrrllrl o0v6e-
orl.
E{erd(ouperr1o6v6eorc1u-
ro0 rou rdrrou yrc Trlvnepi
trerrprr(lrrlyrlrrls onofoS
vq'p"p)qi'FqI rttcollStco*oi1pt1ee6pyrtre5rpqnorrrvlrYr(ido6Sr6ovocqper1(eviovcrioriqoqpepr€ornxvtrqdtorpeorrrp/perdyneopurrpr6(r6o-
nlr10o5r<rrvnqyc6v.
I
e
TO HAEKTPIKOPEYMA
Oe<upireoryvomd ro morXerc66qelegrrprrd<poprieo = 1,61[r" C.
2.8.Trliyeror ivrooq rllerrprxodpsdporos;
flcogrq F€rpitrs;floroeivor4 povd6ope-
rpqoe<o5;
2.9.l-l<o65rorunt6veroor npc6rogxovtivog
2.1. floregeivororrpergopd6e5<porvopdvov rou Kirchhoffl-;roriliyeror rcovcivoxgor<iXr
qnd ro onoionpo6i6eroqr 6nop(r1qtrerrpr-
v6yo9;
xoripeuparo5A; vogipere6do<porv6;revo2.10.flrr;5pnrlpotipveo perprlooupreq 6ro-
yrordOeopd6o. c p o p d6 u v o p r r , rpoedr o [ 66 6 oo r l p e i < oevv d 5
2.2.H ollrlleni6poorlrou rllerrprrorjpe6- rurlc6porog;
ForosH€Hq1/4rr1iXer,pdporo6, do6rpreg. 2.11.Ikog6rorun6veroor 6edreporgov6-
l-loreegivorourf5; vosrou Kirchlroffr;orfliyeror rovdvoqror
2.3.Toralororprrou 1820o AavdgOersted 6yrvdyoq;
qvqroiv<rloreo qrrorileopoev<ingerpdpa- 2.12.HperoprSo(dpeov'4dvcrp4yoruxlc6-
ro5ro onoioOecopeirramr oprrd.flororlrav ;roro5rlltr<rprrrrrloX6geivorforlprero yrv6pe-
ro nerpopo;frorf0eopeitororoprrd; vor45rdorlgoro drpo rou qrq;luroqenirrlv
2.4.Trorprp<ireqivorq ErivoprLqaplacefl;oro ivrooqrou peri;rorog[l.ro5ono6crrvderor;
uhrd 0oXp€rooroulcls6oreo, vro ouvoppo- 2.13T. rtriyeroravriorooqevdgayoyo6;
loyrlooupev,o er6qtrco0qe6f6vopqo u rrl; 2.14.tltlg 6rqrund)verqorv<1poro5u Ohm;
2.5.fleprypdrl,r6r6eogarvdp€vroq onoioe- 2.15A. n6rr e(aprdrorq ovrimoorlevd5ru-
vrcrXrjourqvv rupiapXrdl noqq drt ro <4tre- trrv6prroa6yrrr1,o6;
xrprr<pdedyoeivctruteu0uvdpevrrivl rlorl4- 2,16.Trp6lo rroi(erivq rrorevordperpIoe;
lexrprr<ogroi priou;>floroocrrpori6erqivoror rr 6racpipeornri ivov pooordrrl;
<popi5erou gopriouquroJ;
2.6.TrOecrlpeirgoorpd rou qlerrptrodperi- 217.Tteivorro gorv<ipevJo uleA; vogipere
66o4lerrprrfgouoreuigxmd rrllerroupyio
p0ros;
tov ono(corvo cpcrvdpeovuordnof(eropvq-
2.7.'Orsvfvog;rerollrx6gaycoyd6grappfe- rrrd pdtro;
rqr snd qlerrprrdpedpo<undpxouurp) €rs 2.18.fkogqno6errvderqOrecoprlrrdrdrr rc-
6rocpoperrrrdagX6rrlre5o) q ro16111rrorlg
0ep;rrrr1r5<ivr1orq<5ovele60epolvrltrexrpo- rd rr1orlv6eor616oovrrororcilvoeoerpd11r-
vfov p) 11roXdrqroperor<ivrlorqcglv qle- oo6rivoprolvrioroorleivcrfo4pero dOpor-
rrpovfrr.lrvory) raXrirqra6rd6ooqr5ou qle- [email protected];
rrprrodne6ioupioo orovcrYtrlyf6lo. rqon6 2.19.I-lcrlogno6errv6e'rOqrecoprlrr1rd1oXi-
rr5 roli'rr1rc5auri5 rfvar4 peyoldrepq; orlrrlsroo6dvCIporvlsrimooqgperrg6uoo-
floroeivqr11prrp<ireprl; vrordoergrorri rrlvnopdll4lr; odv6eo4;
I
h
o
IO HAEKTPIKOPEYMA
2.20.fko5eivar11XopoKrrlprorrorrpl ndlrl qlerrprxofperiporr6- o6rlyrloorvr10eopq-
progyewrpprogl;-ko5pnoporipevo unotroy(- rrrrl oriq,rqorrlvenrvdrlorqrlgiworoggopti
ooupecn6 rqv roprrdlrlourrl rrlv rrprlrr15 rou r1Aepxxrod pedp,a7sq.
qtrerrpeyeprrr6q65vopq5Korrnv rry4rou p. H gopdrou qlerrprrofperiyoro5eivoro-
perjporogppaXururlc6oeog; vri0erqon6 rr1cpoldrivqoqgrov rllerrpo-
2,21.frtrfyerorqlerrpeyeprrr6rl6voyq;rrog viorvev65peu;roropdpopuerotrlrxoroi yro-
yrw4rprc5;
Yo6.
2.22.Trevvooripleiyovroq drr q yewrlrpro y. H gopdrou rllerrprrorpi edporo5xo0opf-
eivor ivoqevepyerordp5erorponio5; (erorcn<irqv nofuxdrrlrorrls rporpo6dr4-
oqs.
2,23.fpd,qmrqv e[iooroqnou errppd(erro 6. To qltr<rprr<p6eriponpor<oleeirrponq
v<iporou Ohmyrorle ror<ixrirlurprof.kogc- rrls poyvrlrrrrl5pskivo5npogopropivrl
no6erxvderoprdoerou v<i;,ro6urcrqpr1or1gnleupd.AvoMd{,e1r 1qopd rou, 11payvrlrrrrl
rr15evipyerog; peldvo0o errpone'nposrqvdtrlr1nleupd.
2.26.Menore5onri rr5nopordro npord-
oer5oul.rgoveire;
o. 'Evrooqqlerrprro6periporo5liyeror ro
n4lfro rou goprior,nounepvdan6 pro6ro-
roprlrou ayoyo6rreopropdvXo pdvonpo5
I{c cvcpoarl$oipe... rov Xpdvoourd.CtopropdgroXdreyrorrlv
nepfnroo4Xpovrrdmo0epoupe6yorog.
p. Iuvrl0oqprerpdpreqv dvroo4rou pedpo-
2,24,Yndpyouvrp€rSr,ouldXrorovo, pd6eg rogpoor(dpevmorrlvcMrlleni6poorlou Hr
gorvopivroovn<iro onoionpo6i6era1r 16- xdnoropcl,v4rrl.
nop{q qlexrprrodpefporogE. ivor: y. Iuvq0ogperpdperrlv ivrooq rou pedpro-
o. ...........r.q.50epporpooior5crlvyeroltrr- ro5 poor(riyevoorrovopropdrqq.Merpdpe
xc6vcryoyr6v
p gorvdpevtoin, c,r.g.......... 6qlo6qro rllerrprxd<popriyoeer6rrd<ipyo-
y. ..........q..l.errprrc6pveupdrov
To <porvdpevdap,ols,nou rrErltrcbvovroo-r voKor o Xpdvope;povdperpo.
6. H povd6o;.rerprlrrertlogu peyi0ougivro-
n<oo6qnoreeivoor urd rrls ......o. pd6o5. orlpeiparoqeivor o 1 poAr.
e. H povd6operprlcre<rrorug gopriou(1rou-
Io5 (qroUpevo ouynlqpc6oerreq revd trdpn)6eveivor0epetrr<iro6lrl1dgopi(eroro-
Xprlorponordlvrotr5i{,erognd rr5nopcxdrro: nd rr50eyefuc66epro;vd6egdvrooq5r1tre-
o OdpJ.rqvoorAl u€opeicoo. rTl pirrlso A6-
rrprrof pefporo5xorXp<ivou.
€qor1. H rltrerrp6luon. Kqtoyoyrirvo
Oepprrdo KorHcryvrlr6.v np6rns o Xrlpr- 2,27,'Eyooyreo 6pyovor45oeli6og80.
xd o Allrllent6poorl. o) Bpeirerrlv rdorl
r)6rsv o peruyoryi5e(vormr10ior130 ror o
2.25.Menoregond rrgnopordro npord- 6efrrq5mq 0dor1rou oXqporog
oergoupgcuveire; rr)<jrqvo peraycrrl<pigerorrvrlOoerfrl 0for1
o. Ta Oepprrgxdorv<ipev-oonorileopo rou 10rqro 6efrrqgorrl0ior1rou oXrlporog
I
e
TO HAEKTPiKO PEYMA
p)Oilerevo perp4oerfeioq76Y.Tono0e- c) po= psl,i F)pt = p,l2 y) pn= pe
Trlmerov perayoyriorrlvfiro xcrdMqlrl 0i- 6)p^:2p, e)pn= 4pa
or1f.loro0o eivqr11iv6er[r1; 2.33.floro<iXerpeyolUrepqovrforcorl,i-
2.28.Ynoloyimr rrlv cvrimcorl voglopnrrlpos rtov 60W11ivc5 rcov100W;
E{4yr1me.
2 . 3 4 .A o p n r r l p e 5o u v 6 i o v r o ro e o e r p dr o r
peuporo6orofvrcpreopropiv4rdoq.
o) Avivo5 :n'ouro6g (Ko€i)r)r 0o ouppei
mougundlornouq;
p ) A v n p o o r e 0 o d vo e o e r p dn e p r o o d r e p o r
lcynrrlpeg,rr 0o ouppef Hsrov gorropd
rov }opnrf prov;
2.35.Iro onirr oogorlopnrqpeqouv6io-
vroror oerpd11oe6ruKld6ooqA; rxoroloyrl-
orerrlv an(vrr1or1.
2.36.Kqrd rq odv6eoq66oovrrororc6voe
orrpd.
o) H peroBrl3o(6peovr4o odorqporllexrpr-
2.29.flororond rou5nopordrrrlcryoyodqu- rq roXri5ei'rorioq pero d0poroportov r-
noxodouvmov v<iporou Ohm; oXriovnou rqrwoliorouv or66oqvrrotd-
c. Xdlrrvorotr<ir6rpo. lulyio revody. xtitrrv-
6pogonri oloupivro6. Kpumulfurd5ovop- rrs
0<rlr115.
p) H roo6dvrprol vrforoorleivcrprrpd,reprl
2.30.Ie norocpuorxytiiyeOo5ovrrororXfe qrrdro d0poropororv6uoqvrrmdoeov
xcOeprodn6 rr5ncpordr<opovd6ep5€rp{- y) H rdoq o'rodrpa rou evd5eivoroncoo64-
o€(l)s; nore ioqperqvrdoq oro drpa rou dMou
o.10 p.1V \.1) 6.1C e.1A. 6)Or6rjoovrrordregEroppiovroorn6 pe6-
poro iotove'ndo€rov
2.31.Iq AEHnlqpovoupsyronopoXqrlle- Menoroonri ro nopondvo ouprptrrveire;
rrprrorigoprfou,qlexrprrrlgroXrio511qle-
rrprxq5evipyero5; 2.37. Kurur-qvnopdtrlqlrlodv6eor6l rioo-
vrroror<6v
2.32.LvoprreoMrrd opoyevo( 6pparoA rcr o) H peroprf]o(dpevrloorofmrlpo rltrerrpr-
B iXouvorprpc6r5rlv i6rcovriorcorl.Avro 14 roXrigeivoriorlpero d0poroportov r-
prlxogror 116rdperpor5ou oripporo5A eivor oX6convou r:qrwotriorouvorovrtordreg.
6rnldorqrov ovrfororXcopveye0<6rovu B, p) H roo6dv<ropvr1riorooqeivorprrp6rep4
on<iro dOporoproov 6uocvrrmdoeov
y) Or6uoavrrordre56roppdovroarr6 pfi-
noroond rr5nopardro oXdoerpgero{6 pcro iorove'ndoeovp6voveg6oovorovrr-
rov er6rr<iclvvtrordoeovpAKorpBeivorq ordoergrou<e: fvcrioeg.
oomn; 6)H rdorl oro drpo rou evd56eveivorioq;re
I
e
HAEKTPIKOPEYMA
rrlv rdorl or0 dKp0ro dl ou y) Eivorrvepyeraxdpqerurponfo5.
Menorocn<iro nopondvo oupgoveire; 6) 'EXreco5oror'1iea raurdrrlrogrqv rlle-
2.38.H peraprBo(dptvorl' ivo rprlyaru- rrpeyeprrrr6lrivcrpKrlorrrlveooreprrrol vrl
rlciporog qlerrprr<rr1oX6g
o) Eivonr dvroreiorlpero yrvdpevror15rd- 0r00n.
Menoroond ou'rdoupcpovefre;
orlsoro drpo rou rpr;parogenfro pe6pc(l) 2.4l.Iuvappoloyoripievc rrlxl<rrppoerlle-
nou6roppierro rprlpo. rrprrrlnqyrl,6rcrrdnrqror ovrrordrq.Iog
p)Eivoor exdOenepinroorliorlpero yrvdpe- (rpodpeva ouprlrlprioereru revd:
volR<inouR4 ovrimoo4rou rprlporog. 'Orav o 6nxdn.qs tivat cvorxr6g\ rdorl
y) Eivor;avdpovd6olp6vouperoprpo(6pe- orouqn6AooqrrlgTTrly4tiqvu ........r.qv qAe-
vrl0ro rprlpoevipyero. xrpeyqnx766vryq rqgrrrry4c,.'OrsxvAei-
Menorc and ro napcndvcrol upgroveire; oouyEro \nxdrrry4 ........e..ivaitorypt royr
vdyevorr1gtvrctorlgrou pe1yarogeri rqv
2.39.Ilofudme dlo doc noprmdvovrorro- HEArqs rqy4q, q nohx4 rdoq rqc nqyr1gti-
0c6grcr doqunovoodvroprsrq oriroc rsr vst.......r.qv rdorlora d,xparou avnordrrl.
ro oXqporor,q onoionopoOiroupre. H HEArrlsnqyr1e<iv;at........rr1nvohxrl16o11
ev<br7..,.....eivatiorl pt.ro rtrpdywvorr19t-
vrdonqrou pilyaroc, eni rqv np7 r1qavri-
t orsong,
effi€Mn dirU I{a }r0oouprepcp}.f1patc
t-l \:==J
2.42.IqXpovrri orrypqt = 0 rleivouperov
6rordnrrrl ou rl'rlc5pqros.
q) fldre0o ovdtl.roet}opnrrlpog;
p) l-loro0q eivorrl qopdrq5 riv4or1r5tovrl-
lerrpovirovorouquyrrryo65;
y) Merd ndoo Xp6vodvorl}errpdvro0q
grdoermo lop'nrqpq,ovrn Xpovrrrolrryrq
t = 0 Fpioreroor rrlvneproXrql gnqyrlg;(H
ondvr4orol og0o6o0eni pooe1ryrorrxd).
2.40.H rller<rprrrnlqyr1o' ivo rf rlcopo l:-----
o) flapdyerllerrpxdgoprio.
p) Eivont r1yrel vdpyerougnd rrlv dvvoro6rr "**/.
ncpdyerevdpycraon6 ro pq6iv.
I
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TO HAEKTPIKO
2.43.Toperiporrlg6iop49qlerrpoviovoe fuc6v220Vl800W. fldoo pedpanepvdeur rr6
prar4ledpoorleivor6;.rAf.l6oo qlexrpdvra rd0eproouor€uq;tl<ioorrtroporarprrclle-
ovd 6eurep<ilenro<Xrundve>orrlv oOdvrl rrprrrl5evfpy:ro50s rqrovotro0o6qvv or
rqs; ouoreudogurt5 lerroupyrloourvourdXpovo
2.44,Zro xdrlopo rou oX(parogeivoryvco- eni20trenrd;
ord drr| = 2A,lr = 1A,l+= 0,5A. 2,47.Lc;(qrodprveo npoplirgererrlvivro-
Ynoloyiorerrgrrpi5 121, 3l,srrovovrforor- orlrou pedporongou 0o 6rappdedrvw svrr-
Xorvpeupdrov. ordrq 2kOov oro dxpcrou erpappdooupr
t6oq24 V. fldoorlkrrpdvro0o 6ripXovror
ond pio6roroprrrol u oerdOe6eurepdlenro;
2.48.Arorpdpc:rvrpcfvoyrrof cvrrordreg
ouvEiovrqnr opdltrqlo.Arxoroloyrlorreov
roXuprop<dH: oo66vapqwrioroo4 rougi-
Xerrr;rrp1rrpdrcprlorond rq prrpdrepo4-
vrimoon>.
2 . 4 9 . ' E vXad k r v oo d p p oi X e r p r 1 x o 5 1r omr
eppa6dv6rcropr115mm'.Irs drpo rou e-
rpoppd(ero"raoq12VY. noloyiorerov opr0-
2.45.Oecoprloroe xdrlopa rou oXrlyorog. pd rov qlerrprvirovnou nepvorivond ;rio
Aivovroor rrrpiglr = 10A,l, = 4A,l, = 2A, 6roroprrlou oelpdvo1min.Aiveror11er6rx4
L= 6Ad,rovrleivouF€rov 6tor6nrr1Y. no- ovrioroorrl ou Xolxodiorlpe1,7.10uOm.
troyiorerrgrrpig ror npoo6ropiorrerggo- 2.50.'Evqopoyev6rgoppdrrXatrroJiXer
pig rtovun<jlornorpveuprdrov. o X 4 p oo p 0 o y r u v f onuo p o l l r l l e n r n i 6 o u
6rqordoetll2v(tcm x 30 cmx 60 cm.Kd0e
gopdnou 6roliyoupe66oqrrdvqvrir6pe5
Korrrs Oeolpor-<pdcr<poro>u, npordnrer
ivcl6inolo, q crvrioroo4rou onoioue{ap-
rdrqr o116ro Z,euydper6pc6nvou 6rold(o-
pr.eYnoloyforr:rnv rrprlr4g ovriorooqg
oe rdOepio nrpinrooq. Oeopefror yvrll-
ord 5rr q er6rrrci vrforoo4 rou Xakod ef-
v o r1 , 7 . 1 O u O m .
2.51T. oo6po po5eivoar yorydrgou qlerrpr-
opoti.Oopefgrou KrvouFrvorupoprioueivor
rq r6vroNorprtu, Koliou,Xltrolpioruor Mo-
yvqoiouA. nr5;.rerpqoeprp5f0qre6tr 11er6rrrl
2.46,Zro onirr fXouyeovdqer rourtiXpovo ovrimoo(rou eivornepira 5Om.Exrpqme
rper5ldpne5r<ov220Vl10W0 ,rov Oeppoor'- rrlv qlexrprrrcl nrfmoorlrou 6eirrqrouX€pr-
govo 220Vl400W0 rr dvooreyv<rrrrlppootr- o6oog.Irq our,iXerou,noloyiorero pedyo
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TO HAEKTPIKOPEYMA
n o u e o i r e p d o eorv € g q p p o c n { r a o q l ? Y . 600sl
2,52,fts ro Xdtrrrvooripporortov€otorspr-
rriv eyraromdoecorvo piyrmoenrrpendpe-
vope6paefvor11A svd mm'6roroprlgy,rari
oMor65orcryoyopf ioo orousrorXou5unep-
0eppoivowaOr.raycrlyorof u 6tl;rariouoogi-
louv 6roropr1l ,5mm'.I-16oe1i1vor11ouvofurq
pfyrorqroX6grov ouoreur6vn,ou 0c pno-
poriocvvotrerroupy4oopuivoo oro 6oydro;
2.53.H XopoKrrlprorrerrvydg6rn6lounopr- oersrrlv ouvohrdroravolrordyevrrloX6.
ordverororo crX4paT.o6inotroouvforqror 2.57.Aro0irouF€dporouos vrordrts rcov
ond 66oroprro6a5yoyo65raro dvogon'qu- 10O. Menororprino0o inpeneva ouv6i-
rodgdXer ovrforcorlRr= 3000.Menoto ooupeoprol.rivouo5n' ouroti5c6mtva6qpr-
oupy4oouyoevrrordrral ) 15Op) 32,5O y)
120-.
2.58A. ra0iroupsrpsrsovrrordre5dporou5
(R)r, ou5onoiou5ouv6douppee6lou5roug
6uvorodgtpdnou<;f.loro0o efvor11uvrioru-
orlrou ouorqporc5or rd0enepinrcoorl;
rp6no ouv6iovroror611uoyroyoff;loroeivor 2.59.Tpetgovrtordre5Rr= 120, R2= 60,
R:: 12Oouv6do'rro6rnco5oro oXrlparar
q rrprlrrlqorrrimoo4grou 6edrepoauyoyori;
2.54.Tper5ovrrordregR,: 20C)R, z= 40, onorelorivro 6inrllo(AB).
R: = 16O ouv6iovroroeoerpdror 4 rdoq Ynoloyiorero pe(,paronou6roppfourvou5
oro drpo rou ouorqpcro5eivcr12V.Io5
(r1ro6pvec unotroyioeroe) rqv ivraorl rou ovrrordregro016grcr 146rogopd6uvapr-
pedporogrcr p)r4v rdorloro drpo rou R,. rod pero{6rov oqpei<oAvror f, qv oro 6i-
nolo erpcppoorerdf oqVr = 12V.
2.55.Atjoovrtord'regRr= 140Orqt R,ouv-
6iovruroeoerpdl.-lopeppd),lerdcvr oopne-
pdprerpoo;relr1r6oo5vrioroorlgror oro d-
Kporou ouorrl;roroqr;rdorl eivor20V.l-ldor1
eivor11rrprlrr15R,ov ro apnep6;rerp6oei- 2.60.Mrur1trerprr<qOeppdorp6o00W110V
Xve5r 0mA; ouv6ieruor eoerpdpeqlerrprrdlcpnrrlpo
52W6V.Iro o6cr11;.erorpop;rd(errodrorl
2.56T. prrgovrrmdregouv6fovrudrnorgmo 110VN. o e{erdoereov o lopnrqpc5ler-
oXrlpoxormc drpo rou ouorrlporos€qqp- roupyex( qvovrrd.
p6(eror do4 30V.Iog (r1ro6pveo unoloyi-
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TO HAEKTPIKO PEYMA
2.61.A6oypoFpdpserogopdqqlerrprrq5e- pd 6uvuprroroirou5ndlougrrlsnny4sy)
vipyera5perocpipourv4v i6roroXroi rrlv i6ro r4v evdpyerToTouKorovdliorero ovrord-
on<imcor1E. r4 pio 4 perogopdyiverarund rr15oe'106eu'repdtrenro.
rdoq 200Vevr6mqv dMq yiverorun6 rdoq 2.65.'Evoogvrrordrrl5(R= 12O) ouv6derqr
10kV.TondXo5rorvayoy6v prerorpopde5i-
vorriroro c6oreorldyrrrrou gorvopdvou pe4lerrprx4rnqtrqO. floupeq rdoq oro d-
Kporou wrrcrdrq vo eivur1,38V. l-lorer5r-
Jouleoncitrerevgo tivcr f6re5ror orr566o pdgnpdnervo iXerq HEAxarq eo<oreptror-;
ypopH6sY.noloyforerov ld'yonou npdner vrioroo4r4g orqlqg;Aiverordrr 11ivroorl
vo fXouvor6rdperporrolv cry<oytorovrv66o rou periycrogppcrXuruxlc6oerorsls m4lqS
ourriv ypo1.r1.rov.
eivcr1,5A.
2.66.Tiooeporiporaqlexrpxd morXrioouv-
6dovrqor eoerpdT. pergriroreqoerpdogror-
Xeicrlovuv6iorrarnopdMqlo, or<1r€xor6q-
proupyeiroprroouororx€io666ero dporov
ororXefcrrOvr. n<ilorrqg ouorotXic5ouv6do-
2.62.Tperqovlordreg R:= 10f),Rz= 20O vrorF€potrr<5rerpeooreprr4gavrioroorl5
ror R,: 30Ce) ivorouv6e6epivoer oerpd. 19Co) n6re6runrorr6verc6trt q rdorl eivcr
BpaXururl<ovouryo€ oqpeioA rqr A rcOrir5 5,7V.Ynoloyirrrerqv HEArdOemorXeiouw
rqrrq I rqrB. eivoryv<oor6drr oreotoreprrdrgoug ovrt-
Ynoloyforerqv roo6rivo;.orrv1rioraoq rou mdoergeivcr0,750.
6rndlou(AB).
2.63.flp6rerrovr o 6qproupyqooudpveaqle-
rrprrri r0xlorycyeoumoryio4 onoiodXerr1-
trexrpeyeprrx6rul vopq24Yxureooreprrqo-
wimooq 1O,rper5cwrmdoer5R,= 20O,R2
= 3C)R:= 160 or oerpdxqrCvqcpnep<jpe-
rpo aprlqric5 eo<oreprrraj5vrimaorl5.Icg
(qro6pevo npoptriq.reore) rqv dv6er{r1rou
opnepopirpoup)rrlvrdoq oro dxporq5 R.
y) rr1peraBrpo(dpeov4r4v R,4lexrprr4r-
oXriror 6)rqv o6{qor1rrls€oor€prKr1O5eppr-
xrlgevipyeron5ou ouvretreiraorrrlvR,avd
6eurepdlenro.
2.64.Ic ororXieo proqyewrjrpro5eivcrE:
6Vror r = 0,5O.Avorn6lor rr15ouv6e0o6v
cry<6yrpeora drpo avrrmdrrlR= 1,5O,u-
noloyiorea) rov opr0p<ri<ovrllerrpovitov
nou 6rdpXovrosrr6 praonoro6rlnore6roro-
prioeXpdvo106eurepolinrov p)146ro9o-
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H Bo)raixqorq)q
Toxavohptonou tEtpvt 11or4A4Volta,r1ravaoEaA<bqr7,rccv1'rqrdrqs vd 6ivetqAurpt-
xdpe6ya,6nwq xato nuxvwrr1skpnAqLeydenx)d)e Eopd noo utbvovrav pt otippa ra
66odxpa rr19L. e sx(.o\, 61ttugy, e r7 gdAq Leyden6ri0ereoopa,pdraronAtovtxrr1pa.
Mtrd rryvayd)ypq o6v6eoqnnv 66odxpwv rqs, q \ngopd \uvapxoti 6ev iderXvevo e-
{acpavi(erar
L' tvaypdpya orovJ. Banksn,p6e6porqSBaoArxrlSErapti<xqrou Aov6(vouo, i6toqo
VoltaypdEer
20Mdprry1800
<<...o1u1oxtu1,yn rqv onofu
oaq,yi\dto, tivat avaltgipoAo6-
n 0a,cctgxarar'Arlfet.Eivu tva
o1orqpa aywyrilvnou f,Xouv
rono1erq)ti xsrd (.va,vtt6tx6
rp6no Eixoor,oapdvra, efrlvra
xoltpdna XaAxoi(r1xaA|rtpa
apY6p''ou)x, u}€vu a'nd ra o-
roia't pooapp6(eratoe i.vs
xoypdn xaoonf pou (r1xaAhe-
ps VE$cpyipou) xatav61teod,
roug crputStarayapno1 4 6tp-
paroc,,tpnonopiva pe ay6yr-
lro uyf'6.H v(.uouoxturlpou 1tt-
peircttro anoriAeopa rrlCAd-
AqqLe,rden.
2e tva opt(6vnorpantQ ro-
ro)et<it i.vs peraAAtx6ioxo
xcrtrtcivu,ot ' cturdvnpooapp6-
(u tv<x6bxo an6'4,ttu6dpyupo.
[ldvu rou paQu tva orpbpa e-
Strortop(.vope uyp6 xat apt-
outgperd ivs,6ioxoarr6 dpyu-
po, xt ,jorepa€vavat<1pa\iorco
'rpoevoi66atopryp66pnoouor,oXvr'o1npoairoi(e6r,oay'rn6tXotrrralAti.rvl1a6aoxo6,pgaqeApr1r6o,onoovps(.,pvononppt<i itvpsao.\uuyvKepyis(rosvirrccxtyg<pue-
pig va ni,gru. Me xapn uxooapd (e6yr1perdAAu;vr7orqAqdvcn xavrl va npoxaAtiri.-
vsyHqo€ 6trorovayyi(tt rc 66odxpctrr1gStera y(.prurou...)).
(Aroonaoya)
-
itlTC HAEKTPIKOPEYMA
H vi,d,ouoxtuq npoxdAtoepqd-
AouEaE(.pov orqv entorr1povtxrl
xotv6rrla rrls troy7q. To No(.1tppro
rou 1800npooxaAeopi.vooqro [7a-
piot, o Volta,exrtAti netpdyara pt
rrlv <txnArlxnxrl>orrlArlrou. O No-
noAiur,,rapayytAvet vd,KdrdoK€.ud-
orei pru pqdArl ouorotyia (pnara-
pis) sn6 600 orrlAtq,rqv onoia npo-
oE€.puxqv EcolePolytechniqu(et1o-
Aoreywxrol yoArl rou l1aprcto6.Mn
ax6ya fiXup6r€.pl ouororXia xcra-
oxeudQ:rcxoro Aov\ivoar6 rrl.Royal
Socie{ziBaofuxrlEraryeia)O. t ouvt-
rrereg6rodiXovru rl pfa rqv dAAr1H.
(.peuvarrdvu oro qAexrprcp6e6pa
apyi(et n ntpoioreirat. ZrqvAyyAia
o HumphryDavy(XdltEpuNrfipu)
1epefu<hvet rqv rTAxtrpoyqpeia, ev<i.t
eixootr:epinouyp6vrc apy6repao
OerstedErdvetoro xpiotltontipalta,
pt.ro or:oio spXGu q moy7 rou qAe-
xrpopayqnopo1.
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I
. Eni6pqoqFoyvrlnKornie6iouo€psuFqrogripocyoTi . I-l66-
vcprqLaplacoeH eni6poopnoyvrpKon6e6iouoepeuparoqrdpo
nluioroo Hlerrprr6grrvqr(pog. ToqlsKrprxrpi edyuog rr4y{
pcyv4rrrorni e6iouo Mcryvrlrr1n6e6foeuOrjypCIppFeouupurogd-
pouuyroyodo Mcryvnrr1n6e6ioootrqvoer6oo6H5 iworqpsYvqrt-
x6 iino\o r O lruyvrFroprixgorq 6op{ r4g 6149o H rivrlorlrov
qtrerrpovironvqyqrou poyvrpropood H 0eopioWeisso Toga-
yvqrrxrni e6ior4g l'qg. Na Oup4$orip.eNo ovop(')r4goripoe
Nafuioou;rnepopl{poro o NroxouFdvro.
Ie npoqyofpevore<pdAcr6od0qreq eurcrrpiovo prlryoou;ryero otr-
trrllenr6pdoerrqllexrprrc6vpeupdrov Korpcryvqrc6vH. iworo;.ro-
yvrynx6ne6io p6gporlOr1onecpd ro16 xord rr5 mpr6re5rrsprypd-
rpig curc6vrrov otrtrqlenr6pdoecrlEvi.no;le6rr urrd Tn prq ro Fto-
yvqrr16ne6ioenr6pdorous peupororpdpoucsrytoyofgevr6on6 rqv
dltrq ro qlexrpr16peripa6qproupyenfeiriopoyvqrr16I.ro regd-
loro nou opli(er 0a errr6rc6{oupvro epp<r06voupfureyoneproo6re-
po orq 66oourd (qr4poro Fero vq ov,r(qrqooup€rous vdpoug
orous onoiougunoroderI 6pdoqxorq 6rlyroupyiorou pcryv4rrxo6
re6iou,rou rre6iou6, qlc64,yroro onoio ro qlerrprrd pe6pc,orro-
relei rqv nr1yro1lld Korro und0epo.
F(IYvqrrKorineEiou
(r€P uF(Irogopo (|Y(DYo
H 6uvopnLoploce
T6oo ro rltrercrprrdpor6p 6oo ror ro aprrep6pr€rpops orpecp6prevo
rrloioro lerroupyo6v pdoer rrlg eni6pooq<;pa1rurlrqoe peuporog6-
po aycoyd.Iro rrpoqyofpevo regdlcro cvagepO1rcopeo'aurq rrlv
eni6pooq rar einope drr pnopo6p€ vd l'rlv neprypdgoup€ Fs rrl
porlOerdTnSvsurolvrr<45iworag66vo'pr1. Ero rropcxrcdrc0rlc petrr-
r4oouperqv emi6pooqaurq 6re{o6rrd.
Ero epyaorriproX. pqorporrororiipvea po-
yvqrrlnerotroer6r=1i.poupre6n orov 1c6po
rrouoproOer€ir,ofrrrd roug 66on6lou5
rou, ro pcryvrlrrr,rlr6e6ioeivoropoyevigpre
<popdan6 rov p,5ps1rer6tronpo5ro v6rto.
O eu06ypoppoagyoly6geivorrprrlpoevdg
xuxlc6poro5perrrlyrlouve1o65periporog,
pooordrq,oprrr;p6perpKooroy<6yrpuro-
ypd.Tono0ero6preov ayroy6oe0ioq ro-
roxdpugrliror rou dvorprlparou vo ppG
oK€rol<pioc>o'fo pcryvrlrrr6rre6ioT. od-
Kporou eivorBu0ropdvooro ay<iyrpouypd
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M A I N H T IK EAI A A HAEIIAPAIEiI
iror c6meq ev6eldpev6qpdoqxdrrorog66vopqgvq eivsr6uvsr6vvq
er6qlco0eil.0eivouperov 6rqx6nrr1rar plinouf € rov crl,oydvo p€ro-
xveirqro€Frovio Oioq.
H rare60uvonrqs ;rayv4rrr{g6rivag4gLaplace.O rpdrroqnou
;.reraxrv40rlxoecry<oy6ngpo6i6er qv rore60Lrvorrlrls ooro6pevrl5
66vopqgE. ivorprrorore60uvorloouvr10rorqC. tprcryvqrrelgpgovf(e-
ror vo 6po - piocrrrou rre6iou-orov crl,<rrypdt:rdrroro 66vopqnou
6evdlero6rerr16rerl0uvoro1u ne6iouo6rerr16re60uvorqou cryo-
yo6. H oororipevrl66vopqiLrr 6re60uvorx1dOerqKo,orov crl,<rlY6
r(q,orrlv ivroo4 'roune6(ouB.Av ovoorpirpouperq <popdrou Fq-
yvqrrrco6ne6iou 6rorqpc6vrogro pe6pc o-
perdptrqro, plfnoupe <irrq rpopdr4g 66vo-
pqg Laplaceovaorpdgrerqr.H ovcorpogrl
6rorrrorc6verorKororrlv rrepirrroorl fiou o-
vcorpirgoupe rr1<popdrou pe6proro56ro111-
p6vrag ro puyvrlrq orrlv op1rrl 0ior1rou.
To vo neprypdr.;,rouFrsrl <popdrqg 66vo-
pq5 Laplace6ev eivor .16ooedrcotroA. piotrrg
nopoxdrco erc0drou;re'rp€lSr€Xr/tKigyro rrlv
nepryporprlrrls Korarprlvoupeorov crvcryvc6-
orrl rrlv errrloyrl ourrjg rrou 0o tcrrprd(er
rreproo6repoorrl 6rrq rou orirprl.
1. H npc6r4 cn' ourfg eivoro leyd;revo5rov6vog rou Maxwell.fro
vo rrl Xprlorporrorqoouperrpirrer err65 o116ro i>rdvuopoB vo Oe<oprl-
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pou aycoyo6pegopd rq rpopdrou qlerrptro6 pedporog.Edpcp<ov;ore
rov rsvdvq rou Maxr,velIl rpopdqg 66vo;.rqgLaplaceeivor11rpopd ro-
rd rrlv orroic 0o peroxrvq0ei o 6e{rdorpogos r,rxlios (pro pi6o 11iva
ovorXrqpr)r,ov orroio <pwro(dpoore vo mpirpr;ror rord ro ouvropd-
repo rpdtro l0 npog B. Av dXou;rtKdrofiroorei pe raroopibro Korp€
rrppnouodv eivor guorrd vc 6ef{ouprerrporipqoq orov rov6vq
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ME IO ANOINHTI
TIATIOEAO NA ME-
AETHIQ HAEKTPOI",IATNH.
lir,ri 2. H reXvrrqrqg 6e{rd5ncldpns Frrop€vi o FCISgovti'rreproo6-
rtpo Korsvorlr4.Oovro(6poore vo rc,'rroe€rofpetr16e{rdrrotrd-
i\' \-. '--/., pn, Fsr€vroPivo rov ovrix€tpo/o€ TF,6rro<6orero riooepo 6d-
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rrirre6orrlg noldpqg pag0o iler <popdorrd rqv noldprl FqSnpos
To€otrrrrprr6rr1g,6rrrogrpoiverororo crXrlpo.
3. YndpXeor rdproo rovdvoqrorv rorc6v6o1r6lcovrou 6e{ro6
leprori. Mord(eroprerd F€TovrrpoqyodprevTo€. vr(6voupr€ov o-
vriXerpa,rov 6eixrrl Korrov 1lioorou 6elrodpogleprod oe rpdrro
rirorevo cxvrrororlorivoe ivq rproop0oyrilvrooriorrlpo c{6vov. Av
o ovrile rposovrrororxeiorrl qopd rou pe6porogKoro 6sfKrrlsorq
gopd rou FcryvqrrKonde6iou,o pioo5 l)o pog6eiXverrq cpopdrqg
pcryvr;rrrq6g6vapq5.
To pdrpo rns Fqlvqrrx{g 6rivop4gLaplace.Errrorpigouper6pc
orrlvrr€rpcxprcx6rrrrdcrrcl {qyrovcxepeuvqoouprrc orprpc6oguppoi-
v€rps ro ;rfrpo rr1566vopqgLaplace.
To epc6rqpo{van: sn6 norcus rrap<iyovrerqca9opi(erarto pt-
rpo rqq,66vsprlsLaplaceE; {aprdru and rrl,E6or7rou ayuyo6; a-
16 ro p4xoqrou uytuyo6;anr6ro pdpog rou uyuyoti; EQaprdrara-
n6 r4v i.waoq rou peiparoc; Karnon yopEry€yet4 oyenrcrel fo,p-
rrloq; Ava<pepdpoopreiporo orqv erdrr<nrel pirrroo4 rrou o prupd-
rogdpogcrl,oydseivareuQfypCIpl1os.
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Idpgcrlvcye ourrlvo Hqyvnrrsyrigogr:iAerotorrs xrv{oer5rtov
4lexrpovialv rrou ou;.rperdlouvoro riropc. Ag pdloupe6p<ogro
npdyporc oe xdrrorqoerpd.
4116rq 6exqeriorou 1820orguorrofovcryvolpi(ourvno 61166o
<av6poron>pdyporo drr<ogo <puorrdF5cryvnrrlKs orro peuporocpd-
po rrloioro 6rlproupyodivvo nopdporoonordtreopcA. nivovrr oro
yeyovd5qur6 or rrrOqvo6i pdpor rou0q ltnopodoevo rpopq{erq
guorrq ordqq rlrovrperg:
(c) Tc 4lertprxd pefycro rreprdlouvrrirrolougo6porougquot-
ro6qpcryvqreg.
(F)Ot rpuorxopi oyvqregrpdpouvxd'norqo6porc qlercrprrcd
pe6;rorc.
(y)Yndplouv66o6rogoperrrigrrnyis pcyvqrropof.
H dnoqrqrou AmpEre.O Ampdreuroorrlpr{e o0evopdrq 6e6-
repq dnogq. Oavrdorqxe6rr or puorqpr<66e1r561614r€rc5ovFq-
yvqrriv dnpenevc ogeilowor oe o6pcro xletord qlerrplrri peri-
porc, 6rr o pcryvqrropr66gr,1trc6rej,iXepio ror pdvo(rrny{Drr ourq
qrov rc qlexrprrdpedproro.
drr doo Krov Kopporrd(oupievo payvqrqnpordnrouv
ndv-irpoopucgreyvqre5prrp6reporT. oyeyov65ourd pdgo64yeforoloyr-
xd ouprripoopc6rr Kqrro rrroprlrpdrpr];rrlraevdgpayvrprlorror€-
tro6vororXerc66eprogyvrlre5T. o rporvdllevqorov yv<oordorov
Ampdre. orrd ourd, roXupiorrl<6err ror oro prrpdraro
rprlpcxrc-rerxlgrv6c1d1v1r-5orcg p<ipra6rrcogrrior€r'e-undplouv xlerord ;rr-
rpoororrrrd pedparora orrofqeu06vovrcryrro rrs prcr,pqrrrig1616-
TrlT€s.
flcp6tro 6pr<or5o qvoyvcrlpro;rCvxodpo5rou Ampdre11erropl
rou 6evrjrov <6prp1vo1 uroOerrlo€Frlo rriroro drrorg4.ASpn FcS
6roge0ye6r rr rqrd rq 6eroeriorou 182(l6evurrdplerorirev6{q
yrd €o<or€prr64opr1r<ovordporvKotyto rrvoripevarllexrpdvrc.H r-
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l,tt9 MANf HTTAK^E^:H^Enr^pArEr:
6iq rou AmpErea1ruoqOqcreMd 6ev{e1dor4reevrel6g.
H dworq payvrynxf ponf. fo rr; ouyrp<irrl(TFraSOecopioy5ro rov
poyvrlrrop6XprlorForrorrlOqererr6g crr6 rrlv iworo payvqnrc66i-
rro.lorqr 11iworo / priyeOoygayvqnxrlpoTri, q onoio orrorelei ro
ororXeioraurdrqrog rdOepaprlrrrof 6rrrcilou.EivorpdyeOo6gro-
vuoporrxd.H rore60uvo4rnS opiorrlxe€rot riote, xo0<65ro 6irro-
lo npooovoroli(eror ;rioo oe payvqrrr6rie6i'oq payvqrrrrlponq
rou vd reivervq orrorrrloerrrlv rorerjOuvorrlou pcrprlrrro6rre6i-
ou. H ;rcrpqrrrqpon4 ev6gpap6opcrl,vnrlnlo ix€r ouvencirr5ored-
0uvoqorrd ro v6rro n6lo rrposro pdperoev<611pcryvqrrrrpl onrl e-
v6gpeuporog6pouayoyod 0q eivorrdOer-qoro errine6orou 16-
xlou ror prexore60uvoqrdroro <oorevo ov'rorrorpiv€rqol rov rrpo-
ocvorotrrop6.
H ohxrl pcrprlrrxrlporrqev65ouor4polog 6rrr6tr<oevivorio4 trre
ro 6rcvuopcrrx6d0poroporov pcqrurlrrxcp6ovn6v.'Evoo6orrlpro
66o xuxfur<opveupdrovrov orroirovrq errirre6seivqrnopdtrlqtro
iler ouvofur4pon4 p46iverpdoovorgopCgr<rlv66opeupd'rcuevivor
cxwipporre5.
H rivqo4 rorv r;lerrpovicrv n4yri rou Fqlvnrrspod. Kctd rq 6e6-
repq 6excerio rou qrc6voFoSor<puorxoi;f1ouvrrro 6e10epi ro€oo-
reprrrl6opqyro rd0e dropo rr iXouvuroOerqoeivro opropivopo-
vrilo yr' ourd. Iro oroprr6 povrfAo,rcdOqetrexrp6vrroreprgdperor
y6p<rol rrd rov rrup4vooe rtreror( rpolrdr evcrrour6xpova rr€pt-
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vrlorlrou rrlavrlrq pa5.
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rov rruprlvo,roo66vo;r4pe<xleror6pedp<x->6qlo6r1pe ;.rcryvr1rrr6
6inolo- qrov une60uvryl rCrIr16qproupyiorrov prcryvrlrrxonbev6icov
rcovFcryvrlrc6Av.urd 6;ro56eveivornopd 6voprxp6FipoSrns orl-
peprvr;dgrrog45.
flol6 o6vropoerrerpdrqoeq r6io 6rr 11rdpron4y4 rou Fcrl^,nrr-
opo0 rlrov q r6rorreprorpoqr{orv qlerrl:ovicov4 orroiailer 6re-
0vco5errrrporrloevro liyeror spin(onrv).
Kord rrlv 16ro,reprorpogeqv654lerrp,oviou,q xivrloqrou qle-
rrpovrro6 gopriou prropeivo Oecopr1f0reoo66vopqpreorrerpoord
xurhrd pe6poro.Ko0ivo o116ourd rooiiuvayepf eprrpooxorrr16
poyvrlrr166inolo orr6re ror ol6rtrr1po'ro rrsptorp€gdpevorlle-
rrpovrr6 goprio roo6uvapeFi eFcrlrrlrrK<6jfnolo KorXopqKrrlpi(e-
ror o116opropdv4poyvqrrrrlporr4.
BCpcroro povritroev6grylerrpoviourrou rreprorpigerory6p<o
orrd rov eour6 rou e(vqrnol6 prlXcvror1r6xql 6evyivercrqrro6e-
I
116on(r rq odyXpovrrl povrrrcq
guorrrl.Oordoo q 6nop€qFa-
yvqrrr4<p; orr{Sorc ororlerr66q
curd oopdrtq efvotorlpepoeu-
priroro orro6exrrlrar Oe<opeiror
6rt oyeri(eror percdrrorqev6oye-
vrl rreprcirporrpr1r rivrloq.
Eeivu rulcio ufur6,dnoq ei
vor, ldyou 1dprv,o 1otrr6gq o
y6lup6og,rdOeivo crr6 ro r1tre-
rrp6vrancpouord(er opropivq
pcyvrlrrr(pon4.Or xrv4oer65-
F<rrrSo\/ qtrercrpoviciolovuv r-i-
Torousrfpooovorotrropodcg6ore
pdKpooKonrr4d ouvohrq puyvqrrrqponrlvq eivotioq pepr16fv.
Aurd dya4 6evroXdeyrro rous p6vrproupqayvqregO. r pcryvrlrrrcig
pondgKorrs payvrprrdrre8iorrou 64proultyo6vrcrrupi<rl5crrd rq
spin ror,,rrlle r<rpovi<ovroug 6ev
otrlqloovorpodvror atrtrdouvOd-
Touv Trl proyvrlrrrcprlorrq ror ro
pcyvqrr<d rre6iorrou ouvo6e6et
rd0e poivqrq pr6vr;ro.
H Oeopic Weiss. Kdrr ovdtroyo
ouppaiverKoro€ 6lo ra or6rlpo-
pcryvqrrrrdufurd. H 0eopio dpog
our4 6ev prrropievo e{qyqoer c-
rrdtrurq rr5 16rorrepdrqrdgtou5.
H r6roireprl oul.Irrsprgopd
r<ov or6qpopayvqrrrr6v utrrxcbv
epprlverierorotr6repc pe rq le-
ydprevql)eorpiaWeiss (BdrS).Ei-
vor firo Oeorp(ofiou ufioorrlpf(er drr rcd0eorSqpopayvqrrr<u6trrr<6
-oe Oepporpaoialopqtr6repq orrd rr1XqpcKrrlprorrrrlrou Oeppo-
r<pooioCurie- qrroreleiror arrd prxpooron'rxi5neproldg rrou ldyo-
vrqr ptryvqrrri5 rreprold5(domains)Weisr;.To dropcxr<d0enepro-
XrlgiXouv pcryvqrrrig ponig <ouorqpd> rrpooovorotrroprfve5npog
p r r oo p r o p d v qr o r e 6 0 u v o q .
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pr16>pcryvqrr16ne6io, or FcryvrlrtKigpondg rdOe rreprolq5 reivouv
vq rrpooovorohorodv preonoritreoFc ro rr<6;ravq qrrorrd pcrl,vn-
rrrcqporrq KorvG prayvqrf(eror.Ie opropivc ufurd o rrpooovcxrotrl-
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M A T N H T I K EAI A A H A E I I I A P A:: E
ef<oreprrd;rcryvqrrrdne6io.Tq ufurdqurd t,ivoror1ru<oorpoqf s Fd-
vrporprcyvqregIe. dtrlegdp<ogrreprrrr<6oera5r,r6 rq orryprlrrou
na6ervo errr6pdro e{<orepr1;6rcryv4rr1n6e6fo,r1Oepprrrrlivqoqi-
Xsroov onoritreoporq ufurdvo encxvfplo\rroor rqv rrporlyofpevq
rordorooq.
Or ypc;-rprrd6groordo€rsrtrrvrr€-
prolcbvWeissilouv piyeOogrrlg
rd€nSrcov10-:pdXp1r 0-'cm,rrptrt-
F0 fiou oqpoiver6rr yivovroropc-
ri5 ror peprrpoor6rrro.
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;rra5 Oeopiog 11orroic 6ev i1e r pr{Xpr
orlpepoavorp,eOeEi.vvoefror6rr yro
ro n<itg0o ovrrloppovdpoor€ r0
rrpdyporcxoripro 6ev prropotipevc
xdvou;;e rcoprrrnip6Btrerprl.H e€tfu€n
rr1senrcrr1ylS eivar yn evrurutonxq
6rc& xaoia apg rcp qr r7oEev/ 6nq) €.6o etuv, e',ar Aqoe6o xnv, evon orq-
o€u)vt e6parcboeuv Ko,st vdrpordsv q onoia 6evoraltcrd,et nori.
No ouvor}riooupe:
1. OAo ro l.royvqrrrd ne6iq oge(lovror or 4lexrprrd gopria
xrvofpevc.
2. H rfvr;oq rri0e 4lexrpoviou pdoo oro riro;ro xor xtipto 4 t-
8rorrrprorpog{ rou 6qproupyei dvc moryr:r66rg pcyvqrrxd 6fno-
lo rar euodverar yto rr5 ;rolruqnrdg r6rrirqregrtov drugriporv ufu-
xr6v.
3. Or npoocvorofuopof Tou rropouorriiiouv rc morlertir6n Fq-
yvqrrrri 6inola orov prxp6KooFo rou rd0ri o6;rcrog pnopodv va
pog 6rroroloy{oouv rrs FqKpooxorrrxdg;r<:yvrlrrrdgrdr<irqregrou
oriporog.
4. Irrg ofyXpoveg onrirper5 yro rov orliqpopoyv4rropri sFrrs-
prdlerar xcr 4 OetopiqWeiss. AeXripuore cirr rq or6qpopoyv4rrrri
ufuxri orrorelodvrar qrrd ;rayvrprrdg rreproldg oe xdOe pia clnri
rrg orrofeg u<piororcr dvog <ouornpdsD lrpooovqrofuopdg rtov
morlero6t6v Fqyvqrr Kt6v6rnriltov.
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MATNHTKI E:AAAHAEI'IIAPAIIIE
Mro pcryvqrrxpqetr6vorcpe;.raopipvqeraror6pucpovrlpoo116ro xi-
vrpo pdpouSrlS, rrpoo-ovorotri(eroror r(i rrlv rore60uvoqrou yqr-
vouFcyvnrrrorjne6iouB,erp6oovpiporo orqv rr€ptoxrr;rlg 6evundp-
louv dMe5rrnyis pcryvqrrxr6rvre6i<orvrou vcxerrr6podrvrdvotrqg.
Toyeopoyvqrrrdne6(ooe rcdOoeqpeibrou Xcipouror oe rd0e
lpovrrrl oTlytr4neprypdgerorFr ro morl:io rou 6rov6oporogB.To
6rdvuopoB rdOerdrrouovqreroeivo ou6s6p,U5uororar6pugo e-
rrine6onou l6yerot yayvrynx6qp,eor1pppu6qroor6nou.
Arrdro rilog rou 15ouorc6vqor Euponoiory,'<6pr(o6vrr 11pcryvq-
rrrrl petr6vo6ev6eilverorprpcigrrposrov (i6perondlo. Torcrox6pu-
rpoerrirre6o(;rcryvqrrr6pgreoqppprvdcgr)roorroiotoopponeof ;qpori-
(erperov yeoypocprr6peorlppprvr6ou r6nou pro6ie6p4ycovio4 o-
noio ldyerorpcyv4rrx{ onrirfuoq. Kd0esrr6KltorlXqpoKrqpi(eror
o5 cvorotrrxqq 6urrrr1e, cpdoowv riaroryo o pdperogn6log rq5 peld-
vogppiorcercqrvorofurdq 6urrrcdrou ystol/pogrro6peorlppprvod.
Mro or6prorroporrlpqoqfiou frqvqv t:rriorlgor Eup<oroiorrord
rov err6yevocrc6vor,lruv 6rr rord rrlv rortpporriorq5 q pel6va6ev
qrrxvopr(d,vrloI.rq ytrc6ooa
rou rre6iouprrroporipvea
rrodpre6rr oe rd0e rdrro ro
6rd:vuopBo oXrlpori(€rp€ro
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rroutriyercrpoyvrlrrx{ d-
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rcr -6rro5 ouppoiverorrlv
Eup<6rrq1- 1dyrfuoq0eorpei-
rc 0errrrl.Ie ovriOerrlrre-
pfrrroroqq iyrfuoq 0ecopef-
rqr opvnrrK4I.uvq0og qvo-
1 6 ru p e ro 6 rd v u o p oB o e
6 6 o r d O e r e go u v r o r r 6 o r sK 0 -
rd rp6ro c6orerqr or 66o
vo avrlKouv oro errfrre6o
rou FcryvrlrrxodpeorlpQprvodH. pio o116rrg ouvrorrrioeg(8") eivor
opr(6vrro*ror q dllr; (B")eivor,piporo,rc<r'roxd,pugr1,
* llpdrrervo or1;reroOei6rqr polvrlrrr<( pel6vo rqv onofo ouvr10<o65ro0droupeeivor
orperrrrj rrepfxcror6pu<god{ovo. Aur6 o4poiver6rr rtxrd rqv rfvqorl r45 6rorrlpeircr oe
opr(6vrro erri,re6o.'Orcxv,ouven<ogr,oopponeipcg 6ei;1vrerrlv opr(6vrlo ouvtorooc rou
ye<opcryvqrror6 ne6iou.
MAINHT]KE:AAAHAEINAPA:EII
EerdOelpovrrrl orrygrl Kdroe xdOe16-
rro ro yrlrvopcyvrrr16rre6ionpoo6ropi-
(eror orrd,ro rpio ;.rcqrurprrodrorleio: o)
rqv Foyvnrrxrlorr<ixlron9) rrl proyvqrrxq
Cyrtrroqror y) tqv opr(dvrrqouvror<lroq
B.. Or rrpig xor r,:rlvrpr<6vpoyvqrrrov
ororXeiconvcpouord(ouv nepro6rxi5olld
ror orr6ropegperopold5O. r nepro6rxd5
peropoligefvcrrlpeprlor€KSorerqoregO. r
o r r d r o p e gp e r o p o T ' i go u v o 6 e 6 o uov p r o ; 1 6 -
vo guorrd <porvdpre6vnccogeivoror qho-
rdg rr1Af6egro, noh16 oitrog Koror o€r-
opof.
To 66ooqpeiorrrs orrofo11iyrfuoq ef-
vcr iorl pe *90' rcrr-90' ro orlpreio6qlo-
611oro onoiq 11rpripoopivrlpcryvqrrrrpl e-
t r6 v oy iv e ro r ro rq r6 p u g n q rro re lo 6 v
rou5 66opcrlruqrrro6ng6trou5rrls fns. Or 66oaurof rr6trorppioro-
vrqr rovrd orous y€oypogrKo65ndtrousX<rrpfdsp<ogvc oupn(-
rrrouv peourodg.Iro pdperorlprogciproxovrd oro popero6urr16
dr<porq5 l-porvlcv6iogppioxeroro ivog yso)Fcryvrlrrrd1516lo5o, o-
rroiogo6pg<ovcF€TouSopropo6grrou iXoupe6eX0eqfrroreleiivq
<v6'rrop>cryv4rrrdndtro.
Ie prorrrp<6rr1npooiyyroq
ro yea)Fcryvqrr1rr6e6io0u-
;ri(erro ne6ionou 0o 6r1pr-
oupyo6oeivog pcp6opa-
yv4rrl,;o onoio50c ppror<i-
rov o'ro rivrpo rr15Fq5rcr
0o oXrlpdrr(eproy<lviorre-
p(rrou11,5' perov yrlrvod-
(ova rreprorpog4s.
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trsl
11y*:t1^ryapa:rr:.l
3.9.florqeivcr4 eliooloqopropo6rou ;reyi-
9ougyuyvryrtx46nnepar6rqra;\ noprord-
verro rdOeodppoloo' ourrlrqv e[fooorl;
3.10.l-loroeiva 11r6rorrepdrrlro rvor64po-
prayvrlrrr6uvhrr6v;
3.1.o) Trorprp<i5ewoodpeHsrov dpo6tl- 3.11.l-lorouhrd lcporrrlpi(ovroor ) 6ropo-
valtrl Laplace; y v q r r r dp ) n o p , r p a y v q r r x d ;
p) Ie roro oupnepdoporao,Xerr(dp€vHq€ 3.12,Atr6r q'rorelefroro rllexrpopoyv4-
rr16r1vapo1u1rq,;rd5o6r1yi e11nerpoyorrx4 rqg; l-loror6r6'rqroa{ronoreirorord rqv
ipeuvo; rorooreuf rou;
3.2.flc6gopr(era4r 6rerj0uvorqou ;leyiOoug 3.13.No ovogriperreiooepr5egoppoyd151-
tvrao11yayvqnxoi ne6iou; Ierrpo;rayvrlrciv.
3.3.q) florqeivar11ouprneprgopedvd5peu- 3.14.H rivqoqrdOe4trerrpovioruoo6uvopei
pepuyvqrrrd6fnolo.Ie norqrivqoqovoge-
; . r o r o g < 5 pnoluq r o i o u p r i o ao e o p o y e v i 5p o -
yvqrrxdne6(o; p6poore;
p) ndtgepprlvtrieroOreopqrrrdrl ouFnspr-
gopdourq; 3 . 1 5 .T re i v q ro r n e p r o X dWge i s s ;
3.4.Peuporo6oro6pivroe peroMrrdntrqioro 3.15.Trliyercr poyvrlrrrrol ndrhoq; fldre
ro onoioppforeropr foo oepoyvqrlrdne- Xoporr4pi(eroorvorotrrrq;
6io.floroeivoro epnd6ronou 0o qvrprro-
nfooupenporerpdvovuo 6rlproupyrlooud;r-e 3.17.Trtriyerorpcryvqrrrd( yrfuorll;-ldreXo-
porrqpi(erorerrrrrl;
vovrllerrprr6rrvrlrrlpal;-lc6{genipoow ro
epnd6ro ur6 orreXvrrorfqg enoX45rou
Ampdre;
3.5.Kd0epeuporocp6pcors),tlly66sqproupyei
payvrlrrr6ne6ioA. ndrr e{oprdrorq ivroorl
rou HcryvqrKonrej Eiouo' fvo oqpeiorou I{a cvcpool.l}o0pe...
a) orrlyevrxrnlepinroorl
p) oenepinr<oonqou o ay<oydegivqreu06-
YpCIl.rpos; 3 . 1 8 .l - l e p r y p d q r6r 6e or p 6 n o u gH €r o u s o -
3.6.fleprypdqrrrso pcyvrlrrr<n5e6foevdg nofou5pnoporiyevo ovrXvedoouprrelv 6-
eu0uypdpyopueuporo<pdpooyuroyo6K. d- nqpqripcryvnrrronde6fou.
vr€Ksrivo xordtrlqlooX4F0.
3.7.Trliyeror nrlvfo;Trro r6rofrepeov6rq- 3.19.H 66vo;.rLra1plac1e1oorodpevo4eeu-
<pdponvcpouord(e6rvoo<olqvoer6ndq5vio; 0fypappopruporo<pdpooyrrlyroi ofiofos
ppioxerooreop,ryevrpigayvrlrrrdne6io
3.8.lleprypdqrrr€o poyvqrrrdne6ioevd5 a) 'E1er rrlv roredOuvorrlov 6uvo;rrr6v
peu;rurogdpouocolrlvore6orj5.
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h KEAr^^H^E'rl1r iE
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y t r l y 6 s6 e ve i v o rx d 0 e r o go r r 5 6 u v o p r r i 5
ypoHHirSou ne6fou
y) E€oprdrorqnd ro ultrd rou cryoyoti
6) EFgavf(errr1peyol6rep4rrprlerpriooov
oyory6geivornopdllrllo5 perr5 6uvoprrd5
ypqppdrsou ne6iou.
Menorosn'ourd 6rogoveite;
3.20.Mdoaoe opoyevi5yoyv4rr16ne6io
Bpiorerorivo peuporocptipnotroforoT. r0o
ouppefov avrrorpigouperour<iXpovrorl 3.23.flc65pnopcdyevo ovnlTopo0dooupe
qopd rou poyvqrrxonde6iouror rq gopd rrl ouprrrprgopndou nopouord(oupvdoo
rou qlexrprrorpJed;rorog; o e o p o y t v i gp a y v r l r r x dn e 6 i op r op a y v q t t r r l
3.21.'EvqXdtrrrveouOriypcppoofpyo pno- petr<5vxorivo peuparorpripnotroioro;
pefvc rrveiroroe rorordpugo enine6oyri- 3c),2'E4v.Mqp(seauopeooropgo6yepnvoilqo;riuoyrovrnlprrorndoec6voiorotri-
po on<5ro orl6vqro drpo rou, 6nco5oro
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