विज्ञान तथा प्रविधी कक्षा ७

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw

sIff &

k/LIf0fsf nflu

gk] fn ;/sf/
lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno

kf7o\ j|md ljsf; s]Gb|
;fgf]l7dL, eStk/'
@)&*

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw

sIff &

k/LIf0fsf nflu

gk] fn ;/sf/
lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno

kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/'

k|sfzs
g]kfn ;/sf/
lzIff, lj1fg tyf kl| jlw dGqfno

kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; s]Gb|

;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/

© ;jf{lwsf/ kf7o\ j|md ljsf; s]Gb|

ISBN : 978-9937-601- -

o; kf7o\ k':ts;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ kf7o\ j|md ljsf; s]Gb| ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' df lglxt
/xs] f] 5 . kf7o\ j|md ljsf; s]Gbs| f] lnlvt :jLs[ltlagf Jofkfl/s ko| f]hgsf nflu o;sf] k/' }
jf cf+lzs efu xa' x' k|sfzg ug,{ kl/jt{g u//] ks| fzg ug{, s'g} ljB'tLo ;fwg jf cGo
k|ljlwaf6 /]s8{ ug{ / kl| tlnlk lgsfNg kfOg] 5g} .

k/LIf0f ;:+ s/0f M lj=;+ @)&*

kf7o\ k:' ts;DaGwL kf7sx¿sf sg' } klg ks| f/sf ;´¬ fjx¿ ePdf kf7o\ jm| d ljsf;
sG] b|, ;dGjo tyf ks| fzg zfvfdf k7fOlbg'xg' cg/' fw] 5 . kf7sx¿af6 cfpg]
;´¬ fjx¿nfO{ sG] b| xflb{s :jfut ub5{ .

xfdf| ] egfO

kf7o\ jm| d lzIf0f l;sfOsf] dn" cfwf/ xf] . kf7o\ k:' ts ljBfyLd{ f ck]lIft bIftf ljsf; ug]{ Ps d'Vo
;fwg xf] . o; kIfnfO{ bl[ i6ut ub{} kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; sG] bn| ] ljBfno lzIffnfO{ Jofjxfl/s, ;do;fkI] f
/ u0' f:t/Lo agfpg] p2]Zon] kf7o\ jm| d tyf kf7o\ k:' tssf] ljsf; tyf kl/dfh{g sfon{ fO{ lg/Gt/tf
lbFb} cfPsf] 5 . cfwf/et" lzIffn] afnaflnsfdf cfwf/et" ;fIf/tf, ul0ftLo cjwf/0ff / l;k Pjd\
hLjgfk] of]uL l;ksf] ljsf;sf ;fy} JolStut :jf:Yo tyf ;/;kmfO;DaGwL afgLsf] ljsf; ug{] cj;/
k|bfg ugk'{ 5{ . cfwf/et" lzIffsf dfWodaf6 afnaflnsfx¿n] k|fs[lts tyf ;fdflhs jftfj/0fk|lt
;rt] eO{ cg'zf;g, ;bfrf/ / :jfjnDag h:tf ;fdflhs Pjd\ rfl/lqs u0' fsf] ljsf; ug{'k5{ . o;n]
lj1fg, jftfj/0f / ;r" gf kl| jlw;DaGwL cfwf/e"t 1fgsf] ljsf; u/fO{ snf tyf ;fG} bok{ l| t cle?lr
hufpgk' 5{ . zf/Ll/s tGb?' :tL, :jf:Yos/ afgL Pjd\ l;hg{ fTdstfsf] ljsf; tyf hfthflt, wd,{ efiff,
;+:s[lt, Ifq] k|lt ;Ddfg / ;defjsf] ljsf; klg cfwf/et" lzIffsf ckl] Ift kIf x'g\ . b]zkd|] , /fli6o«
Pstf, nfs] tflGqs dN" odfGotf tyf ;+:sf/ l;sL Jofjxfl/s hLjgdf k|of]u ug,{' ;fdflhs u'0fsf]
ljsf; tyf gful/s st{Jok|lt ;hutf ckgfpg' / bl} gs hLjgdf cfOkg]{ Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿sf]
klxrfg u/L ;dfwfgsf pkfosf] vfh] L ug{' klg cfwf/et" txsf] lzIffsf cfjZos kIf x'g\ . o; kIfnfO{
bl[ i6ut u/LljBfno lzIffsf] /fli6«o kf7o\ j|md kf| ¿k, @)&^ sf] ddc{ g¿' k b]zsf ljleGg ljBfnodf
k/LIf0f ug{] k|of]hgsf nflu cfwf/e"t lzIff -sIff &_ sf] lj1fg tyf k|ljlw ljifosf] kf7o\ j|mdcg'¿k
of] k:' ts ljsf; ul/Psf] xf] .

o; kf7o\ k':tssf] n]vg >L hok|sf; >Ljf:tj, >L ;'jf; v/]n / >L lzj/fh kf8} n] af6 ePsf] xf] .
kf7\ok':tsnfO{ o; :j¿kdf Nofpg] sfo{df o; s]Gb|sf dxflgb]{zs >L c0fk;| fb Gof}kfg], kf| =8f /hgL
/fhe08f/L, 8f= Clif ltjf/L / >L kl| dnf avtLsf] ofu] bfg /xs] f] 5 . o; kf7o\ k:' tssf] ljifoj:t' ;Dkfbg >L
oj' /fh clwsf/L / >L lvngf/fo0f >i] 7af6 ePsf] xf] . o;sf] efiff ;Dkfbg >L u0fz] k;| fb e66\ /fO{ / >L lrgfsd' f/L
lg/fn} faf6 / snf ;Dkfbg >L >Lxl/ >]i7af6 ePsf] xf] . o; kf7\ok:' tssf] ljsf;df ;n+ Ug ;Dk"0fk{ |lt
s]Gb| xflb{s s[t1tf ks| 6 ub5{ .

o; kf7\ok':tsn] ljBfyL{df lgwf{l/t ;Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu ljBfyL{nfO{ ;xof]u ug{] 5 .

o;n] ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ / cfwf/e"t ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf sIff

lj|mofsnfkaf6 xg' ] l;sfOnfO{ dha't agfpg ;xof]u ug]{ 5 . of] lzIfssf] l;sfO ljm| ofsnfksf]

ofh] gf geO{ ljBfyLs{ f l;sfOnfO{ ;xof]u k¥' ofpg] ;fduL| xf] . kf7\ok:' tsnfO{ ljBfyLs{ f] l;sfOdf

;xofu] k'¥ofpg] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ cfwf/sf ¿kdfafnsl] Gbt| , l;sfOs]lGb|t, cg'ejsl] Gbt| , p2Z] odn" s,

k|of]ud'vL / ljm| ofsnfkdf cfwfl/t agfpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . l;sfO / ljBfyL{sf] hLjGt cge' jlar

tfbfTDo sfod ub{} o;sf] ;xh ko| f]u ug{ lzIfsn] ;xhstf{, pTk]|/s, kj| ws{ / vfh] stf{sf ¿kdf

e"ldsfsf] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . o; k:' tsnfO{ c´ kl/ist[ kfgs{ f nflu lzIfs, ljBfyL,{ cleefjs,

al' 4hLjL Pjd\ ;Dk0" f{ kf7sx¿sf] ;dt] ljzi] f e"ldsf /xg] x'Fbf ;Da4 ;a}sf] /rgfTds ;'´fjsf nflu

kf7\ojm| d ljsf; sG] b| xflb{s cg'/fw] ub5{ .

g]kfn ;/sf/

lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno

lj= ;+= @)&* kf7\ojm| d ljsf; s]Gb|

ljifo;"rL

PsfO ljifoj:t ' k[i7;ª\Vof

!= j}1flgs l;sfO !

@= ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ kl| jlw @!

#= hLjx¿ / ltgsf] agf6} %&

$= h}ljs ljljwtf / jftfj/0f *%

%= hLjg k|lj|mof (&

^= an / rfn !)(

&= bl} gs hLjgdf zlSt !@&

*= ljBt' \ / rD' jsTj !^)

(= kbfy{ !&%

!)= bl} gs ko| f]usf kbfy { !(&

!!= kY[ jL / cGtl/If @!*

! j}1flgs l;sfO

kf7 !

(Scientific Learning)

tkfO{Fsf] 3/ j/k/ r/fn] rf/f] vfO/x]sf] b]Vge' of]
eg] tkfOsF{ f dgdf ljleGg lh1f;fx¿ p7g\ ;S5g,\
h:t} M

r/fn] s] s] vfG5 xfn] f < lrq 1.1

r/fn] rf/f] vfg] tl/sf xfdLn] vfgf vfge] Gbf
s;/L km/s 5 <

r/fsf] rR' rfn] ubf{ 5l/P/ /xs] f] rf/f] l6Kg ;lhnf]
xfn] f <

csf]{ 36gf x]/f}F, laxfg ;a]/} lglZrt ;dodf lrq 1.2
p7\gsf nflu alarm 38Lsf] k|ofu] ul/G5 . 38L jf
dfa] fOndf ePsf] alarm aHbf pTkGg x'g] Wjlgn]
ubf{ xfdL lgb|faf6 Ao'FemG5fF} . of] xfd|f] bl} gs hLjgdf
xg' ] ;fdfGo 36gf xf] . t/ o;nfO{ ulxl/P/ ;f]Rg
yfNof}F eg] xfd|f] dgdf o; 36gf;uF ;DalGwt yk' |}
kZ| gx¿ pTkGg x'g ;S5g,\ h:tM}

38Laf6 s;/L Wjlg pTkGg xG' 5 xf]nf <

o;/L pTkGg xg' ] Wjlg xfdf| ] sfg;Dd s;/L cfOk'U5 xf]nf <

xfdL Wjlg s;/L ;G' g ;S5fF} xfn] f <

j1} flgs l;sfO s'g} j:t' jf 36gf bV] bf dgdf pTkGg x'g] lh1f;faf6 ;?' xG' 5 .
j/k/ ePsf ljleGg j:t' jf 36gf bV] bf xfdf| ] dgdf pSt j:t' jf 36gfsf ;DaGwdf
s], lsg, s;/L < nufotsf lh1f;f p7g\ ] u5g{ \ . s'g} j:t' jf 36gf bV] bf dgdf
pTkGg x'g] lh1f;fx¿sf] hafkm vfH] g jm| da4 ¿kdf cWoog ug]{ k|lj|mof j1} flgs
l;sfO kl| jm| of xf] .

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff & 1

j}1flgs l;sfO k|lj|mofcGtut{ xfdLn] b]vs] f jf efu] s] f 36gfx¿sf af/]df uxg
¿kdf ;fR] g], To;sf sf/0fx¿ vf]Hg], kZ| gx¿sf] ;dfwfg vf]Hg] sfox{ ¿ kb{5g\ .
j}1flgs l;sfO kl| jm| ofsf r/0fx¿ o;ks| f/ 5g\ M

1. jl/kl/sf j:t' jf 36gfsf] cWoog ug{]
2. j:t' jf 36gfsf ;DaGwdf k|Zg ug{]
3. k|Zgx¿sf] ;Defljt pQ/sf] cg'dfg ug]{
4. pko'St ljlw ckgfP/ k/LIf0f ug]{
5. k/LIf0faf6 k|fKt tYofª\ssf] l6kf6] ug]{
6. tYofª\ssf] ljZni] f0f u/L lgisif{ lgsfNg]
7. lgisif{ kf| Kt ePkl5 cfkm"n] u/s] f ;Dk0" f{ sfo{sf] k|ltj]bg ug]{

j1} flgs l;sfO k|lj|mofdf dfly plNnlvt r/0fx¿ jm| da4 ¿kdf canDag ul/G5 .

1.1 lj1fgsf k|ofu] fTds sfo{ (Practical work of science)

j1} flgs l;sfOdf k|ofu] fTds sfo{sf] dxŒjk0" f{ el" dsf x'G5 . ko| f]ufTds sfo{

eGgfn] sg' } lglZrt ljifoj:t;' uF ;DalGwt eP/ ko| f]uzfnf leq jf aflx/ ul/g]

sfox{ ¿ kb5{ g\ . ko| f]ufTds sfo{n] xfdL sg' } l;4fGt jf tYox¿sf] cgd' fg jf

k/LIf0f ug{ ;S5fF} . lkmN8df uP/ ul/g] ;jI{] f0f, kl/ofh] gf sfo{ a9L vfh] dn" s xG' 5g\ .

df8] n] lgdf0{ f u//] ul/g] ko| fu] fTds sfon{ ] sg' } oGq jf z/L/sf cªu\ x¿n] s;/L sfo{

u5{g\ eg/] gd'gfsf ¿kdf k|b{zg ug{ ;S5f}F . ljleGg ks| f/sf ko| f]ufTds sfo{nfO{

cjnf]sg, k/LIf0f, kl/of]hgf, ;j]{If0f tyf df]8n] lgdf0{ f cflbdf 5'6\ofP/ cWoog

ug{ ;lsG5 .

cjnf]sg sfo{

k/LIf0f sfo{

ko| f]ufTds sfox{ ¿ ;j]{If0f sfo{

kl/ofh] gf sfo{

df]8]n lgdf0f{ sfo{

2 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &

k|of]ufTds sfo{ ubf{ j}1flgs l;sfOsf ljleGg r/0fx¿nfO{ j|mda4 ¿kdf
ckgfpg'kb{5 . j}1flgs l;sfOsf ljleGg r/0fx¿dWo] pko'St ljlw ckgfP/
k/LIf0f ug{, k/LIf0f ubf{ k|fKt tYosf] l6kf]6 ug{ / tYofª\snfO{ u0fgf /
ljZni] f0f u/L lgisif{ lgsfNgsf nflu ko| fu] fTds sfo{ ugk{' g{] xG' 5 . lj1fgsf w/] h} ;f]
ko| f]ufTds sfo{ lj1fg ko| f]uzfnfdf ug]{ ul/G5 . slxn]sfxLF k|ofu] zfnfeGbf aflx/
jftfj/0fdf ePsf j:tx' ¿nfO{ cjnf]sg / ljZn]if0f u//] klg ko| f]ufTds sfo{ ug{
;lsG5 . k|ofu] fTds sfos{ f sx] L dxŒjx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ M

1 k|ofu] fTds sfon{ ] cg';Gwfg k|ljm| ofdf cfjZos kg]{ dxŒjk0" f{ l;kx¿ lgdf0{ f
ug{ ;3fpF5 .

2. k|of]ufTds sfo{ ubf{ l;ss] f] 1fg / l;ksf] ko| fu] u//] ljleGg k|sf/sf
;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 .

3. /rgfTds ;f]r / l;ksf] ko| f]u u/]/ gofF j:t,' lgod jf l;4fGtsf] cfljisf/
ug{ klg ;lsG5 .

xfdLn] cWoog ug{] l;nl;nfdf k:' tsdf lbOPsf sg' } ljm| ofsnfk, j}1flgs tYo
/ l;4fGtnfO{ k/LIf0f ug{ klg k|ofu] fTds sfo{ ugk{' 5{ . ljBfno txdf ul/g]
ko| fu] fTds sfon{ fO{ ko| fu] zfnf leq jf aflx/ ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf ko| fu] fTds sfox{ ¿sf
sx] L pbfx/0fx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

ko| f]uzfnfleq ul/g] sx] L ko| f]ufTds sfox{ ¿

ljBt' s\ f] ko| fu] u/]/ ljB't\ rD' as agfpg]
k|sfz k/fjt{gsf] lgod kd| fl0ft ug{]

gg' sf] 3f]naf6 g'gsf dl0fe 56' o\ fpg]
cf;jg lj|mofnfO{ ko| fu] u/]/ kb| zg{ ug{]

;"Idbzs{ oGqsf] ;xfotfn] ;I" d hLj / Kofhsf sfi] fnfO{ cjnfs] g ug]{

k|of]uzfnfaflx/ ug{ ;lsg] s]xL ko| f]ufTds sfox{ ¿

ljleGg la?Jffsf ¿kfGtl/t h/fx¿ cjnf]sg u//] ltgLx¿n] ug]{ km/s km/s sfo{

yfxf kfpg]

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff & 3

cfk\mgf] j/k/ kfOg] hgfj/x¿sf] -u8F o\ fn} f, h'sf, kt' nL, zª\vl] s/f, gfDn] h'sf,
cflb_ cjnf]sg u/L ltgLx¿sf ljz]iftf yfxf kfpg]

j/k/ pknAw ;fduL| sf] k|ofu] u/]/ k/df0f' ;/+ rgfsf] df8] n] tof/ ug]{

cfºgf] j/k/sf] :ynut ed| 0f u/L k|fs[lts ;f| t] sf] klxrfg ug]{

kmn" sf ljleGg efux¿sf] cjnf]sg u//] ltgLx¿sf] sfo{ yfxf kfpg]

skfndf sfOFof] /u8]/ l:y/ ljB't\ (static electricity) pTkGg ug]{

ljleGg ks| f/sf r66\ fgx¿sf] cjnf]sg u/L ljzi] ftf cWoog ug{]

ko| fu] fTds sfo{ ubf{ klg xfdLn] Psbd} xfl] ;of/L ckgfpg' kb{5 . k|of]uzfnfdf
ko| fu] fTds sfo{ ubf{ ljleGg sfrF jf df6fsf ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ko| f]u ugk{' g{] xG' 5 . o;}
u/L /;fog lj1fgdf k/LIf0f ubf{ s8f cDn (strong acid) jf xflgsf/s /;fogx¿
klg ko| f]u ug{'kg]{ x'g ;S5 . k|ofu] zfnfdf xfdLn] ckgfpg] ;fjwfgLn] ubf{ x'g;Sg]
b3' 6{ gfaf6 aRg ;lsG5 . olb o:tf ;fjwfgL ckgfpFbf ckgfpFb} klg slxn]sfxLF
b3' 6{ gf eOxfnd] f o;af6 xg' ] xflgnfO{ sd ug{ ;lsG5 . ko| fu] zfnfdf k|ofu] fTds
sfo{ ubf{ ckgfpgk' g]{ s]xL ;fjwfgLnfO{ tn lbOPsf] 5 M

1. ko| fu] zfnfdf s'g} ko| fu] fTds sfo{ ug{ hfg'cl3 Pk|f]g nufP/ hfgx' f];\ . s'g}
vfB jf ko] kbfy{ lnP/ ko| f]uzfnfdf gk:gx' f;] \ .

2. hg' ;'s} /;folgs kbfy{nfO{ ;'£g', :jfb lng] jf xftn] 5'g] ko| f; gug{x' f];\ .

3. k|of]ufTds k'l:tsfdf lgbz{] g ePsf]afxs] jf lzIfssf] lgb{z] glagf k/LIf0f
gugx{' f];\ .

4. ko| fu] zfnfdf ePsf 66' \g jf k'm6\g ;Sg] ;fduL| sf] htg u//] k|ofu] ugx{' f;] \ .

5. s'g} kbfyn{ fO{ ttfO;sk] l5 ag{/ / Uof;F /]u'n6] /nfO{ aGb ug{'xf;] \ .
6. ko| fu] zfnfdf ;kmf kfgLsf] wf/f, cfuf] lgefpg] oGq (fire extinguisher),

cfsl:ds 9f]sf (emergency door) sxfF 5g\ ofb ugx{' f;] \ / ltgLx¿sf]
k|of]u ug{ l;Sgx' f];\ .

ko| f]ufTds sfo{ jf k/LIf0fsf] kl| tjb] g nv] g

sg' } ljm| ofsnfk, ko| fu] fTds sfo,{ k/LIf0f ul/;sk] l5 Tof] sfo{ ugs{' f] p@Z] o, cfjZos

4 lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff &

;fdu|L, ljlw, glthf, lgisif{ cflb h:tf ljifoj:tn' fO{ ;d]6/ tof/ kf/]sf] lj:t[t
ljj/0fnfO{ kl| tj]bg elgG5 .

k|ltjb] g lsg nV] gk' 5{ <

1. s'g} klg ko| f]ufTds sfo{ jf k/LIf0f ubf{ cfkm"n] u/s] f sfos{ f] lj:t[t ljj/0f
;DalGwt JolStnfO{ ae' mfpg

2. j}1flgs cWoog / cg';fGwgsf jm| ddf yfxf ePsf] tYonfO{ ;an} ] a‰' g] u/L
:ki6 kfg{

3. sg' } k/LIf0f ul/;lskl5 k|fKt glthfnfO{ To; sfos{ f] p@]Zo jf tYo, l;4fGt
jf lgod;Fu tn' gf ug{

4. s'g} sfo{ jf k/LIf0f ug]{ j|mddf ;f] sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ cfOkg]{ r'gf}tLx¿ / ;f]
sfo{af6 k|fKt lgisifs{ f] clenv] /fVg cflb .

ko| f]ufTds sfo{sf] kl| tj]bg nv] g 9frF f km/s km/s xg' ;S5 . sltko k|ofu] fTds
sfos{ f] df}lvs k|ltjb] g dfq klg ug{ ;lsG5 . kl| tj]bg n]Vbf ko| f]ufTds sfo{
ul/Psf] ldlt;d]t pNn]v ug{'k5{ . k|ltj]bgdf sx] L dxŒjk"0f{ cª\ux¿ eg] 5'6fpg'
xbF' g} . ko| f]ufTds sfo{ ul/;s]kl5 ko| fu] fTds sfo{sf] k|ltj]bg tof/ ug'k{ 5{ .
k/LIf0f ug{,] kl/ofh] gf sfo{ jf df]8n] lgdf0{ f ug{] cflb hg' ;s' } ko| fu] fTds sfo{
eP tfklg To;sf] k|ltjb] g lglZrt 9fFrfdf nV] gk' g{] xG' 5 . k|of]ufTds sfo{sf]
kl| tj]bgdf xg' k' g]{ dV' o cªu\ x¿ 5f6] s/Ldf tn k:| t't ul/Psf] 5 M

zLifs{ (Topic)

sg' } klg kl| tjb] g nV] bf ;a}eGbf klxn] To;sf] zLif{s nV] g'kg{] x'G5 . kl| tj]bgdf
n]lvg] zLifs{ n] s'g ko| f]ufTds sfo{ ul/Psf] /x5] eg]/ yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . sg' }
ko| f]ufTds sfo{ jf k/LIf0fsf] zLifs{ g} kl| tj]bgsf] zLif{s xG' 5 .

p2]Zo (Objective)

ko| fu] fTds sfo{ lglZrt p2]Zo kf| lKtsf nflu ul/G5 . k|ltjb] g n]Vbf ko| f]usf]
p2]Zo pNnv] ugk{' 5{ .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff & 5

cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿ (Materials required)

k/LIf0fsf jm| ddf ljleGg ;fduL| x¿ ko| fu] ul/Psf] xG' 5 . o:tf ;fduL| x¿sf] ;r" L tof/
u/L kl| tjb] gdf nV] gk' 5{ . cfjZos ;fduL| sf] ;r" L x/] /] cGo JolStn] klg tL ;fduL| x¿sf]
;ª\sng u//] ;f] k|of]u ug{ ;S5g\ .

k|of]ufTds sfo{sf ljleGg v08nfO{ ydfl{] d6/
cGo JolStn] klg ;lhn};Fu a'‰g] kfgL
u/L tL r/0fx¿sf k:| 6 lrqx¿ klg :6\of08
k|ltj]bgdf ;dfj]z ug'{k5{ . o;/L
lrqx¿ ;dfj]z ubf{ lrqdf ePsf lrq 1.3
ljleGg efux¿sf] gfdfs/0f klg
ug{'k5{ . k|of]ufTds sfo{ ubf{ lng]
cfsF8f jf 8f6fnfO{ klg kfOrf6{,
u|fkmk]k/df lrqsf dfWodaf6 k|:t't
ug{ ;lsG5, h:t} M ydf{]ld6/n] kfgLsf]
tfkj|md gfKg] lj|mofsnfksf] lrqnfO{
oxfF b]vfOPsf] 5 .

ljlw (Procedure)

k|of]usf j|mddf ul/Psf sfo{x¿nfO{ l;nl;n]jf/ ¿kdf n]lvG5 . o;nfO{ g}
k|of]ufTds sfo{ ug{] ljlw elgG5 . ljlwsf r/0fx¿nfO{ cªs\ g ug{'k5{ . ljlwdf
cªs\ g ul/Psf r/0fx¿nfO{ k5o\ fpbF } cGo JolStn] klg ljm| ofsnfk ;lhn} ug{ ;S5g\ .

cjnfs] g (Observation)

k|of]ufTds sfo{ ug]{ s] b]lvof] jf xfd|f] p@]Zocg';f/sf sfd jf ePg eg]/
cjnfs] g ul/G5 . k|ltj]bgdf cjnf]sgaf6 k|fKt tYofªs\ sf] l6kf]6 ul/G5 . o;n]
p@]Zocg';f/sf] glthf lgsfNg ;xof]u u5{ . To;}n] cjnf]sg klg k|ltj]bg
n]vgsf] dxŒjk0" f{ efu xf] .

ljZni] f0f (Analysis)

k|of]ufTds sfo{ ubf{ cjnf]sg ubf{ bl] vg] tYo jf tYofªs\ sf af/]df 5nkmn jf
ljZn]if0f ul/G5 . o; jm| ddf ul/g] 5nkmn / ljZn]if0fn] xfdLnfO{ glthf kf| Kt ug{
dbt kU' 5 .

6 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &

u0fgf (Calculation)

cjnf]sgaf6 k|fKt tYofª\ssf] ljleGg ul0ftLo ljlwaf6 u0fgf u/L glthf
lgsflnG5 . t/ ;a} lsl;dsf k|of]ufTds sfo{df u0fgf gxg' ;S5 .

glthf (Result)

ko| f]usf] glthfnfO{ kl| tj]bgsf] cGTolt/ nl] vG5 . glthfn] ko| f]usf] p@Z] o k"/f eof]
ePg yfxf x'G5 .

lgisif{ (Conclusion)

ko| fu] fTds sfo{ u//] cjnfs] g, k/LIf0f, tYofªs\ sf] u0fgf ul/;sk] l5 kf| Kt glthfsf
cfwf/df xfdL Pp6f lgisif{df k'U5f}F . o;nfO{ kl| tj]bgsf] clGtdlt/ nl] vG5 .

;fjwfgL (Caution)

kl| tj]bgsf] cGTodf cfjZostfcg';f/ ;fjwfgL klg nV] gk' 5{ . ;fjwfgLn] ubf{ cGo
JolStn] ;f] k|of]ufTds sfo{ ubf{ xf]l;of/Lkj" {s ug]{ xg' fn] b'36{ gf xg' ] ;Defjgf
sd xG' 5 .

sx] L k|ofu] fTds sfox{ ¿sf] kl/ro / ltgLx¿sf gdg' f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M

kl/of]hgf sfo{ ( Project Work)

kl/ofh] gf sfo{ lj1fgsf] s'g} klg Ifq] -ef}lts, /;fog, hLj lj1fg, e" tyf cGtl/If
cflb_ df k/LIf0f ug{,] cg';Gwfg ug{,] df]8]nsf] lgdf0{ f ug{] cflb h:tf ljBfyL{x¿n]
ug]{ zl} Ifs ultljlw xf] . ljBfyLn{ ] s'g} klg If]qdf u/]sf kl/ofh] gf sfon{ fO{ sIffdf
kb| z{gL (exhibition) df k:| t't ug{ ;Sb5g\ . xfdLn] lj1fg ljifodf ul/g] s]xL
kl/ofh] gf sfox{ ¿nfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf tn lbOPsf] 5 M

k/LIf0f ug]{ kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Experimental project work)

k/LIf0f ug]{ kl/of]hgf sfo{ lj1fgdf w/] }h;f] ul/g] kl/ofh] gf sfo{ xf] . o;df ljleGg
j}1flgs k4lt / r/0fx¿ cjnDag ub}{ sg' } lj1fgsf] tYo jf l;4fGt;Fu ;DalGwt
k/LIf0f jf lj|mofsnfk ul/G5 . xfdLn] u/s] f] k/LIf0f jf ljm| ofsnfknfO{ cjnfs] g

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff & 7

u//] To;sf cfwf/df Tof] l;4fGt jf kl/sNkgf l7s 5 ls 5g} eg]/ lgisif{ lgsfNg]
ul/G5 . h:t} xl/of] la?Jffn] vfgf agfp5F ls agfpFbg} eg]/ ul/g] :6fr{ k/LIf0f .

k|bz{ g jf df8] ]n lgdf0{ f ug{] kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Demonstration project work)

kb| z{g ug]{ kl/ofh] gf sfod{ f sg' } tYo jf l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t eP/ j1} flgs jf
cGo JolStn] klxNo} ul/;s]sf sfon{ fO{ kg' M k/LIf0f ug]{ ub{5fF} . o;sf nflu
cfjZos kg]{ hfgsf/L ko| f]ufTds k'l:tsf jf OG6/g6] af6 vf]Hg] u5f}{ . o;/L lgdf0{ f
ul/Psf df8] n] nfO{ sIffdf jf lj1fgsf] kb| zg{ Ldf kb| z{ g ug{] ul/G5, h:t} M dflg;sf]
kmf]S;fn] ] s;/L sfo{ u5{ eg]/ df]8]n jf gdg' f agfO{ kb| {zg ug]{ sfo{ .

;ª\sng u/]/ ul/g] kl/ofh] gf sfo{ (Collection project work)

of] sg' } tYo jf l;4fGtsf af/d] f /xs] f] cjwf/0ff :ki6 kfgs{ f nflu ljleGg j:tx' ¿sf]
;ª\sng u/]/ ul/g] kl/of]hgf sfo{ xf] . of] kl/of]hgf sfo{ em66\ xb] f{ k|bz{ g
ug]{ kl/of]hgf sfo{h:tf] b]lvG5 . ljleGg ;dodf ;ª\sng ul/g] j:t' jf
tYofªs\ sf cfwf/df sg' } kl| jm| ofsf af/d] f ;Defljt JofVof ug{ ;S5f,F} h:t} M tkfOsF{ f]
;d'bfodf vfgf ksfpgsf nflu k|of]u eO/x]sf pmhf{sf ;f| ]tx¿sf] ;ª\sng u//]
tYofªs\ sf cfwf/df gjLs/0fLo jf cgjLs/0fLo s'g pmhf{sf] vkt eO/x]sf] 5
eg/] lgisif{ lgsfNg ;S5f}F .

cg';Gwfgd"ns kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Research project work)

cg';Gwfgdn" s kl/of]hgf sfo{ lj1fgsf klxNo} :yflkt tYo jf l;4fGtx¿df
cfwfl/t eP/ gofF s/' f kQf nufpg ul/G5 . o; ks| f/sf] kl/of]hgf sfo{ j1} flgs
jf pRr txdf vf]h / cWoog ug]{ ljBfyLx{ ¿n] ug{] u5g{ \ . o; sfo{ gofF tYo kQf
nufpg ul/g] ePsfn] ubf{ w/] } nfdf] ;do nfUg] ub5{ , h:t} M dª\un u|xdf dfgj
j:tL a:ffpg ofU] o 5 ls 5g} eg/] eO/x]sf] cg';Gwfgdn" s sfo{ .

k/LIf0f (Experiment)

lj1fgsf] k|of]uzfnf leq ul/g] k|of]ufTds sfo{nfO{ k/LIf0f elgG5 . xfdLn]
ko| fu] zfnfdf s'g} ko| f]ufTds sfo{ ug{ hfg'cl3 s]xL k"j{ tof/L ugk'{ g]{ x'G5 .
xfdLn] ug]{ k"j{ tof/Ln] ubf{ k|ofu] fTds sfo{ ;lhn};uF ;DkGg ug{ ;lsG5 . kj" {
tof/L r/0fdf k|of]ufTds sfo{ ugs'{ f] p2]Zo, cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿, lj|mofsnfk

8 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &

ug]{ ljlw tyf ;fjwfgLsf pkfox¿ ;DaGwdf :ki6 lrq 1.4
xg' 'k5{ . ko| f]ufTds sfo{ ubf{ lglZrt r/0fx¿ cjnDag
ug'{k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu æla?jfn] kfgL ;f]:5 ls
;f]:b}g <Æ eg]/ yfxf kfpg] p2]Zon] k/LIf0f ug]{ xf] eg]
lgDgfg;' f/sf r/0fx¿ cjnDag ugk{ 5{ M

-s_ k/LIf0f ug{ s] s] ;fdu|Lx¿ rflxG5 <

bO' {cf6] f xl/of la?jf, b'O{cf6] f lunf; jf ljs/ / /ftf] jf k|:6 b]lvg] cGo s'g} d;L
tof/ ug'{k5{ .

-v_ k/LIf0fsf ljlw s] s] xG' 5g\ <

k/LIf0fsf j|mddf bO' c{ f]6f lunf;df cfwf hlt ;kmf kfgL eg]{, Pp6f lunf;df /xs] f]

kfgLdf /ftf] d;L ld;fpg], o;kl5 bj' } lunf;df Ps Pscf6] f xl/of] la?jf 4-5
3G6f;Dd /fVg] sfox{ ¿ ug'{k5{ eGg] yfxf x'g'k5{ .

-u_ k/LIf0f ubf{ s] s] ;fjwfgL ckgfpg] <

la?jfsf sf08 / kftsf] /ª xl/of] xg' ] xb'F f k/LIf0f ubf{ kfgLdf xl/of] /ª ld;fpg'
xb' g} eGg] s/' fdf ;fjwfg x'gk' 5{ .

-3_ k/LIf0fsf j|mddf s] cjnfs] g ug]{ <

lunf;df /x]sf] la?jfnfO{ 4-5 3G6fkl5 cjnfs] g ubf{ d;L xfn]sf] lunf;df /xs] f]
la?jfsf] sf08 / kftsf] /ª xNsf /ftf] ePsf] x'G5 .

-ª_ tYofª\s s;/L ;ª\sng ug]{ <

o; k/LIf0fdf cjnfs] g dfq u/] kU' 5 t/ sltko k/LIf0fdf tYofªs\ ;ªs\ ng ugk{' g{]
x'G5 . o;/L tYofª\ssf] ;ªs\ ng ubf{ l6kf6] ug{], tflnsf agfP/ eg{], tYofª\snfO{
u0fgf (calculation) ug{] h:tf sfo{x¿ ugk{' 5,{ h:t} M

j/k/sf j:t'x¿sf] tfkj|md gfKbf ltgLx¿sf] tfkj|mdnfO{ l6kf6] ug'k{ 5{ .

clgoldt cfsf/ ePsf] 9ª' \ufsf] cfotg lgsfNg' 5 eg] d]hl/ª l;lnG8/df ePsf]
;?' sf] kfgLsf] cfotg / 9ª' \uf xfln;sk] l5sf] cfotg lngk' 5{ .

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff & 9

ks| fzsf] k/fjt{gsf] lgodnfO{ k|dfl0ft ug'{k¥of] eg] ljleGg dfgsf] cfkltt sf0] f
/ k/fjlt{t sf0] fnfO{ gfk/] tflnsf agfO{ eg{'k5{ .

-r_ glthf s;/L yfxf kfpg] <

dflysf ljm| ofsnfkdf bj' } lunf;sf la?jfn] kfgL ;f:] 5g\ t/ /ª gld;fOPsf]
lunf;sf] la?jfsf] /ªdf sg' } kl/jtg{ b]lvbF g} . /ª ld;fOPsf] lunf;df ePsf]
la?jfdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gsf cfwf/df la?jfn] h/fsf] ;xfotfn] kfgL ;f:] 5 eGg]
glthf lgsflnG5 .

k|ofu] fTds sfo{ ul/;s]kl5 o;sf] ljj/0f jf o;af6 k|fKt glthfnfO{ l;nl;nfa4
¿kdf l6kf6] ul/G5 . o; sfon{ fO{ k|of]ufTds sfos{ f] k|ltj]bg n]vg elgG5 .
ko| fu] fTds sfos{ f] ljj/0f;~rf/ ugs{ f nflu kl| tj]bg nl] vG5 . xfdLn] sg' } sIffdf
jif{el/ u/s] f ko| f]ufTds sfo{sf] clenv] /fVgsf nflu ;a} k|ltjb] gx¿sf] ;ªs\ ng
u/L kmfOndf jf 56' 6\ } k|ofu] fTds sfkL agfP/ clen]v /fVgk' 5{ . kl| tj]bg n]vgdf
Ps¿ktf Nofpgsf nflu kl| tjb] gnfO{ lglZrt 9fFrfdf n]Vg] ul/G5 .

k|ltj]bg gd'gf 1

zLif{s M xfjfsf] lglZrt cfotg xFb' }g .

p2Z] o M xfjfsf] lgZrt cfotg xG' 5 ls xbF' g} eg/] k/LIf0f ug{]

cfjZos ;fduL| M vfnL ldg/n jf6/sf] af]tn lrq 1.5 Knfl:6ssf] af]tn

ljlw

1. Pp6f vfnL ldg/n jf6/sf] aft] nsf] lasf]{ vfl] nof] .

2. af]tnsf] lkFwaf6 an nufP/ aft] nnfO{ lgrf]b{} 3'dfOof] .

3. o;/L lgrfb] {} ;Dej eP;Dd aft] nsf] lkwF af6 lrqdf bv] fPsf] h:t} ;fgf agfOof] .

4. ca aft] nnfO{ ce}m lgrfg] { ;Dej gePkl5 af]tnsf] lasf{] vf]lnof] .

cjnfs] g M af]tnnfO{ lgrf]/]/ o;sf] lasf]{ vf]Nbf af]tnaf6 hf8] n] xfjf lgl:sof] .

glthf M xfjf (air) sf] lglZrt cfotg gxg' ] ePsfn] o;nfO{ ;lhn} lgrf]g{ {

10 lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff &

;lsG5 . xfjfnfO{ lgrf{b] f{ o;n] cfu] 6]sf] 7fpsF f] cfogt (volume) 36\5 / rfk
(pressure) a95\ . To;n} ] af]tnsf] lasf]{ vf]Nbf xfjf hf]8n] lgl:sPsf] xf] .

lgisif{ M dflysf] lj|mofsnfksf cfwf/df xfjfsf] lglZrt cfotg xFb' g} / o;nfO{
sf]Rg ;lsG5 eg]/ k|dfl0ft ug{ ;lsG5 .

k|ltjb] g gdg' f @

zLifs{ M clS;hgsf] afNg ;3fpg] u'0f

p4]Zo M s'g} klg j:t' aNgsf nflu clS;hgsf]
cfjZostf k5{ .

cfjZos ;fduL| M d}gaQL jf 6s' L, l;;fsf] lunf;, lrq g= 1.6
l6gsf] Sofg

ljlw

1. b'Oc{ f]6f aln/xs] f d}gaQL jf 6s' L lnOofF} .

2. Pp6f l6gsf] Sofg lnP/ To;sf] dv' vfN] of} / o;sf] ;txsf] jl/kl/ kmnfdsf] sf6Ln]
;;fgf] Kjfn kf¥of}F .

3. Pp6f dg} aQLnfO{ l;;fsf] lunf;n] / csf{] dg} aQLnfO{ Kjfn kf/s] f] l6gsf]
Sofgn] 5f]KofF} .

cjnf]sg M l;;fsf] lunf;n] 5f]k]sf] d}gaQL Psl5g kl5 lgEof] . l6gsf] Sofgn]
5fk] s] f] dg} aQL eg] lg/Gt/ aln/x\of] .

glthf M lunf;n] 5f]k]sf] dg} aQL Psl5g kl5 lgEg'sf] sf/0f lunf; leq
clS;hgsf] sdL eP/ xf] . l;;fsf] lunf;leq jfo'd08ndf /x]sf] clS;hg l5g{
;Sbg} . vfnL lunf;leq /x]sf] xfjfdf x'g] clS;hgn] ubf{ d}gaQL Psl5g an]/
lgE5 . l6gsf] Sofgdf kf/s] f] ;;fgf] Kjfnaf6 xfjfdf /xs] f] clS;hg leq hfg] xbF' f
dg} aQL aln xG' 5 .

lgisif{ M s'g} klg j:tn' fO{ aNgsf nflu clS;hgsf] cfjZostf k5{ . clS;hg
jfo'd08ndf /x]sf] xfjfdf ldl;P/ /xs] f] x'G5 .

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff & 11

ljrf/0fLo k|Zg

tkfOnF{ ] lrqdf bv] fPsf] h:tf] nfnl6gsf] ko| fu] uge{' Psf] jf u/s] f]
bV] ge' Psf] 5 < nfnl6gnfO{ jl/kl/af6 l;;fn] 3/] s] f] eP klg lsg
o;sf] dflykl6\6 ;fgf Kjfnx¿ kfl/Psf] xG' 5 < s] o:tf Kjfn
gePsf] eP nfnl6g aNYof] ls aNb}g lyof] xfn] f, ljrf/ ugx{' f;] \ .

kl| tj]bg gdg' f 3

zLif{s M cf;jg (distillation) lj|mof åf/f kfgL / nj0fsf] lrq g= 1.7
ld>0faf6 z4' kfgL (distilled water) 5'6o\ fpg] .

cfjZos ;fduL|

/fpG8 a6d ˆnf:s (Round bottom flask)
ydfl{] d6/ (thermometer)
/a/ ss{ (rubber cork)
sf]lgsn ˆnf:s (conical flask)

l6«kf8] :6fG8 (Tripod stand)
ag{/ (burner)

sG8]g;/ (condenser) lrq g=1.8
sfl] gsn ˆnf:s (conical flask)

p@Z] o M cf;jg lj|mofaf6 kfgLdf /xs] f kbfy{x¿ 5'6o\ fP/ z4' kfgL k|fKtx'G5 .

ljlw

1. ;jk{ y| d Pp6f /fpG8 a6df ˆnf:sdf cfwfhlt kfgL lnof}F . /a/ sss{ f lardf
Kjfn kf//] ydf]{ld6/ /fVf/] / ssn{ ] ˆnfS;sf] d'v aGb u¥ofF} .

2. /fpG8 a6d ˆnf:snfO{ l6k« f]8 :6fG8dfly /xs] f] tf/sf] hfnLdf cl8gu] /L
:6\ofG8sf] ;xfotfn] /fVofF} .

3. /fpG8 a6d ˆnf:sdf ydf{]ld6/ /fVbf To;df ePsf] kfgLsf] ;txeGbf dfly

12 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &

/fVof}F lsgls o; ydfl{] d6/nfO{ kfgL pDn]/ afkmdf kl/jt{g ePkl5 afkmsf]
tfkjm| d gfKgsf nflu /flvPsf] lyof] .

4. afkm /fpG8 a6d ˆnf:ssf] 3fF6Laf6 l;w} aflx/ lg:sG5 eg]/ lrqdf b]vfPsf]
h:tf] /fpG8 a6d ˆnf:ssf] 3fF6Laf6afkm lgl:sP/ hfg] af6f] (steam outlet)
df sG8g] ;/nfO{ hf]8o\ fF} .

5. o;kl5 sG8g] ;/sf] jl/kl/ lrqdf bv] fPsf] h:tf] dl' gaf6 jfkmnfO{ lr:ofpgsf]
nflu lr;f] kfgL k7fof}F . afkmnfO{ lr:ofpbF f k7fPsf] kfgL tft/] dflykl6\6 /x]
sf] Kjfn (steam outlet) af6 aflx/ lgl:sof] .

6. b|jLs/0f ePsf] kfgLsf] afkm tnlt/ aUg] u/L sG8g] ;/nfO{ sx] L 58\s] kf/]/
/fVof}F .

7. o;/L ;a} ;fdfgx¿ lrqdf b]vfP h:t} ldnfO;s]kl5 kfgLnfO{ ag{/sf]
k|ofu] u//] ttfof}F .

cjnfs] g M kfgLnfO{ sx] L ;do -10 b]lv 15 ldg]6_ ttfO;s]kl5 kfgL pDng yfN5
/ afkmdf kl/jtg{ xG' 5 . oxfF /fvs] f] ydf]l{ d6/n] kfgLsf] afkmsf] tfkj|mdnfO{ gfk]/
bv] fpF5 . kfgLsf] afkm lj:tf/} sG8g] ;/df k7fPsf] lr;f] kfgLn] ubf{ bj| Ls/0f eO{
kfgLdf kl/0ft x'G5 . sG8]g;/nfO{ 58\s] kf//] /fvs] f] xg' fn] bj| Ls/0f ePsf] kfgL
tnlt/ hfG5 . bj| Ls/0f ePsf] kfgL yf]kf lj:tf/} sf]lgsn ˆnf:s jf tn /flvPsf]
ef8F fdf hDdf x'G5 .

glthf M wf/f, s'jf jf cGo ;f| ]tsf] kfgLaf6 cfj;g ljm| ofaf6 z'4 kfgL (distilled
water) 56' o\ fpg ;lsG5 .

kl/of]hgf sfo{

tkfOs“{ f] 3/ glhs} /x]sf] s'g} d7dlGb/ jf sg' } ;f:+ s[lts ;Dkbfsf] :ynut ed| 0f
ug{x' f];\ . tkfO{“n] u/s] f] e|d0fsf cfwf/df To; Ifq] nfO{ jftffj/0fLo b[li6n] :j:y /
fVg ckgfpg ;lsg] pkfonfO{ ;d6] L kl| tjb] g tof/ u/L sIffsf7] fdf k|:t't ug'{xf;] \ .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff & 13

df]8]n lgdf{0f k|ljm| of

bfofF lrqdf sfuhsf] k|of]u u/]/ k|sfz ;+Zn]if0f
k|lj|mof (photosynthesis) nfO{ sf]nfh df]8]nsf
¿kdf b]vfOPsf] 5 . tkfO{Fn] lj1fg ljifodf
k9\g'ePsf cGo s] s] lj|mofsnfk, l;4fGt jf
tYox¿nfO{ o;/L sf]nfh df]8]ndf k|:t't ug{
;Sg'x'G5 < sIffdf ;fyLx¿;Fu 5nkmn ug{'xf;] \ .

sg' } klg ;;fgf j:t' jf 6j' m| fx¿nfO{ ;ªs\ ng u/L sg' } lrq 1.9
;txdf 6f;F /] agfPsf] df8] n] nfO{ sfn] fh elgG5 . sfuh
jf j/k/ kfOg] cGo j:t'x¿sf] ;ª\sng u//] k/df0f,'
vfB zª[ \vnf, ljleGg ks| f/sf afbnx¿, kfl/l:ylts
k4lt cflbsf] gd'gf agfpg ;lsG5 .

tkfO{Fn] sIffdf k[YjLsf af/]df cWoog ubf{ Unf]a
b]Vg'ePsf] xfn] f . kY[ jL / Unfa] sf lardf s] s] ;dfgtf
xf]nfg\ < Unf]anfO{ x/] ]/ kY[ jL;Fu ;DalGwt s] s] tYo a'‰g
;lsG5 xf]nf < sIffdf ;fyLx¿lar 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

Unf]anfO{ k[YjLsf] gd'gfsf ¿kdf lgdf0{ f ul/Psf] x'G5 .

Unfa] x/] ]/ xfdL kY[ jL uf]nfsf/ /xs] f] / of] cfˆgf] sIfdf

clnslt 9lNsPsf] yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 .

Unfa] lqcfoflds df]8n] xf] . nDafO, rf}8fO,prfO cflb lrq 1.10

ldn]sf] df]8]nnfO{ lqcfoflds (Three-dimensional) df8] n] elgG5 . o;/L g} xfdL

u|xx¿sf] cfsf/ / b'/LnfO{ Wofg lbbF } ;fo} { k|0ffnLsf] klg lqcfoflds df]8]n lgdf{0f

ug{ ;S5fF} .

xfdLn] ;f}o{ kl/jf/sf] gd'gf lgdf{0f ubf{ sf]nfh jf lqcfoflds df8] ]n bj' d} f lgdf{0f
ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fo} { kl/jf/df /x]sf ;o" { / ux| x¿sf] kmf]6f] ;ªs\ ng u/]/, lrq sf/] /]
jf sfuh 6f;F /] k:| t't u¥of} eg] ;f}o{ kl/jf/sf] sf]nfh df]8n] aGb5 .

df6f,] u2f, s'g} ;fdfgnfO{ hfu] fpg sf6{'gleq /fVg] kbfy{ (packet cushioning),

14 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &

;;fgf 9'ª\ufsf 6'j|mf / /ªsf] k|of]u u/]/ ;fo} { kl/jf/sf] lqcfoflds df]8n] lgdf{0f
ug{ ;lsG5 . oxfF lrqdf /x]sf ;;fgf 9'ª\ufn] dª\un / ax[ :klt u|xsf] lardf w/] }
;ª\Vofdf /x]sf lzzu' |x (asteroids/ baby planet) nfO{ hgfpF5 . o;/L lgdf0{ f
u/s] f] df8] n] x]/]/ ;f}o{ ;"o{ / cGo ux| x¿sf] cfsf/, b/' L / cj:yf cWoog ug{
;lsG5 .

xfdLn] ko| fu] ug{] u/]sf ljleGg j:t'

jf oGqx¿n] s;/L sfo{ ub{5g\ eg/]

a'‰gsf nflu xfd|f] j/k/ pknAw

;fduL| sf] ko| fu] u//] ltgLx¿sf] gdg' f

lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ df]8]n lgdf{0f

elgG5 . ;f}o{d08n, u|x0f, dfgj

z/L/sf leqL cªu\ x¿ h:tf kT| oIf b] lrq 1.11

Vg g;lsg] j:t'sf] df8] n] lgdf0{ f u//] cWoog ug{ ;S5f}F . df]8]nn] lj1fgsf l;4fGt

tyf tYox¿nfO{ cem k|:6 kfg{ dbt u5{ . To;}n] sg' } j:ts' f] df]8n] lgdf0{ f ug{'

j1} flgs l;sfOsf dxŒjk0" f{ sfo{ xf] . df]8n] n] jf:tljs oGqsf] h:tf] sfd ug]{

Ifdtf gePklg df]8n] lgdf{0f ug'k{ g{] sx] L sf/0fx¿ tn lbOPsf] 5 .

1. df]8]n lgdf{0f u//] ljleGg oGq jf xfd|f] z/L/sf cªu\ x¿n] s;/L sfd u5{
eg]/ b]vfpg / JofVof ug{ ;lsG5 .

2. tL oGqx¿ cfwfl/t ePsf] lj1fgsf] l;4fGt k|:6 a'emfpg ;lsG5 .

3. o:tf df]8n] x¿ lj1fgsf] kb| zg{ Ldf /fv/] ;j;{ fwf/0f dflg;nfO{ klg Tof] oGqn]
s;/L sfd u5{ eg]/ b]vfpg ;lsG5 .

df8] ]n lgdf{0fsf] gd'gf 1

zLif{s M dfgj kmf]S;fs] f] df]8]n lgdf{0f ug'x{ f;] \ . lrq 1.12

p@]Zo M Zjf;kZ| jf; xb'F f xfdf| ] z/L/df /xsf]
kmf]S;f]n] ug]{ sfo{nfO{ cjnf]sg ub}{ o;n]
ug}{ sfo{ l;4fGt k|:6 kfg{sf nflu kmf]S;f]sf]
df8] n] lgdf0{ f ug{ vfl] hPsf] xf] .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff & 15

cfjZos ;fdu|L M an] 'g -tLgcf]6f_,
s}FrL jf rSs,'
Knfl:6ssf] bO' { ln6/sf] af]tn,
Knfl:6ssf] gnL - @) ;=] ld= nfdf]_,
6k]
;fN] 8l/ª d]l;g / x6 Un' ug,
Y- cfsf/sf] hose sgS] 6/ .

agfpg] ljlw

1. dfly lbOPsf ;a} ;fduL| x¿ ;ªs\ ng ugx{' f;] \ .

2. Knfl:6ssf] gnLnfO{ Y- cfsf/sf] hose
sg]S6/sf] Pp6f dfq Kjfn ePkl6\6
hf8] g\ x' f;] \ . hfl] 8;sk] l5 o;nfO{ 6k] n] jl/kl/ a/] /] jf
x6Un' ugsf] k|of]un] hf]8]sf] 7fpFaf6 xfjf
gl5g{] agfpgx' f;] \ .

3. Y- cfsf/sf] hose sg]S6/sf] Ps}kl6\6 /x]sf

b'O{cf]6f Kjfndf Pp6f Pp6f an] 'g afFWg'xf;] \ . lrq g= 1a.1fFW3g'xkmff];]S;\ f.]sf] df8] ]n
sgS] 6/ / a]n'g afws] f] 7fpFnfO{ /a/n] xfjf gk:g] u/L

4. Knfl:6ssf] aft] nsf] lkwF eGbf sl/a 5 ;=] ld= dfly srF} L jf rSsn' ] ;fjwfgLkj" s{
sf6g\ x' f];\ .

5. aft] nsf] lasfs{ f] lardf Knfl:6sf] gnL l5g{] Kjfn agfpgx' f;] \ . gnLnfO{ lasfs{ f]
Kjfndf l5/fpFbf l;=g=3 df afFws] f bj' } an] 'g lrq g= 1.8 df b]vfPsf] h:t}
Knfl:6ssf] af]tn leq kg{] u/L /fVgx' f;] \ .

6. af]tndf lasf{] s;L lasfa{] f6 xfjf gl5g{] agfpgx' f;] \ .

7. 7'nf] an] g' sf] d'vaf6 clnslt tn t;] f{] kg{u] /L sf6\gx' f;] \ . a]ng' sf] lkFwlt/
;fgf] ufF7f] agfpgx' f;] \ .

16 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &

8. an] 'gsf] sf6]sf] efunfO{ tGsfP/ aft] nsf] tnkl66\ sfl6Psf] efudf /fd/| L
xfjf gk:g] u/L afWF gx' f];\ .

cjnfs] g

-c_ af]tnsf] tnkl66\ /flvPsf] a]n'gsf] uf7f]df ;dfP/ lj:tf/} tfGgx' f];\ .

-cf_ tfg]/ Psl5g To;nfO{ lj:tf/} 5f8] \g'xf;] \ .

an] 'gsf] ufF7fdf ;dfP/ la:tf/} tfGg] / 5f8] \g] sfo{nfO{ af/Daf/ ug'x{ f];\ . o;f] ubf{
af]tnleq /x]sf] b'j} a]ng' sf] cfsf/df s] kl/jt{g x'G5, /fd/| L cjnf]sg ugx'{ f;] \ .

sfd ug]{ l;4fGt M af]tnsf] tnkl66\ /x]sf] a]ng' sf] ufF7fn] fO{ la:tf/} tfGbf xfd|f]

z/L/df /x]sf] 8fPkm| fd vl' DrP/ Zjf;k|Zjf; ljm| ofdf ;ªn\ Ug tGt'x¿ aflx/tkm{

tlGsg] k|ljm| ofnfO{ hgfp5F . o;f] ubf{ 5ftLleq /x]sf] efu (chest cavity) sf]

cfotg a9\gfn] kmfS] ;fd] f /x]sf] xfjfsf] rfknfO{ 36fp5F . kmf]S;fd] f /x]sf] xfjfsf]

rfk 36g\ fn] jfo'd08ndf /x]sf] xfjf trachea /bronchi xbF' } kmf]S;f];Dd kU' 5 .

jfod' 08nsf] xfjf Knfl:6ssf] gnL

xbF' } k:gfn] aft] nleq /xs] f bj' }

an] g' sf] cfsf/ a95\ . o; df8] n] df Zjf;k|Zjf; ljm| ofdf efu lng]

ha xfdL tGsfPsf] an] g' sf] uf7F f] cªu\ x¿nfO{ df]8n] df ePsf tn lbPsf
nfO{ la:tf/} 5f8\5fF} o;f] ubf{ efux¿n] hgfPsf] 5 M

8fPk|mfd tlGsG5 . 8fPk|mfd Knfl:6s aft] n = 5ftLleqsf] vfnL efu

tlGsbf 5ftLleq /x]sf] efu Knfl:6ssf] gnL = 6o« flsof
(chest cavity) sf] cfotg Y- cfsf/sf] hose sg]S6/= af| ]GsL
36\5, h;n] kmf]S;f]df /x]sf] aft] nleq /xs] f] a]ng' = kmfS] ;f]
xfjfnfO{ aflx/ ws]N5 . of]

kmf]S;f]sf] df]8]ndf tGsfPsf] aft] nsf] tn ufF7f] kf/]sf] a]n'g = 8fokm| fd

a]n'gsf] ufF7f]nfO{ 5f]8\bf af]

tnleq /xs] f an] g' sf] cfsf/ klxn]s} cj:yf cfpF5 . o;/L xfdL kmfS] ;f]sf]

df]8n] agfP/ xfdf| ] z/L/df Zjf;kZ| jf; lj|mof xb'F f s;/L xfjf xfdf| ] kmf]S;f;] Dd

cfpg] / kmf]S;f]af6 aflx/ lg:sg] u5{ eg]/ bv] fpgF ;S5fF} .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff & 17

kl/ofh] gf sfo{
tkfO{“sf] j/k/ pknAw ;f| ]t / ;fwgsf] ko| f]u u/]/ s'g} Pp6f tŒjsf k/df0fs' f]
df8] n] tof/ u/L sIffdf kb| z{ g ugx{' f;] \ . o; df8] ]n lgdf{0f ubf{ ug{e' Psf] sfdnfO{
ab“' fut ¿kdf nv] /] sIffdf lzIfsnfO{ bv] fpgx' f;] \ .

cEof;

1. tn lbOPsf] tflnsfaf6 pko'St zAb 5fgL vfnL 7fpd“ f eg'{xf;] \ M

lg/Gt/ l;4fGt k|b{zg ;fjwfgL 9frF f cg'R5b]

-s_ ko| fu] fTds sfon{ ] xfdLn] k9s] f =================== nfO{ cem k|i6 kfg{ dbt
k'U5 .

-v_ k|ofu] zfnfdf xg' ;Sg] ;Defljt b'36{ gfaf6 aRg ==========================
ckgfpg'k5{ .

-u_ xfdLn] u/]sf sfo{sf] k|ltj]bg Pp6} ========================== df nV] gk' 5{ .

-3_ lj1fgsf ljleGg df8] n] x¿ lgdf{0f u/L ======================= ug{ ;lsG5 .

-ª_ l;sfO =========================================== rln/xg] k|lj|mof xf] .

2. tnsf kZ| gsf] pkoS' t ljsNkdf ;xL lrx\g -√_ nufpg'xf];\ .

-s_ sg' } j:t' jf 36gf;uF ;DalGwt j1} flgs l;sfO kl| jm| of s;/L ;?' xG' 5 <
-c_ k|ofu] fTds sfo{ u/]/
-cf_ j:t' jf 36gfsf] ljZn]if0f u/]/
-O_ s'g} j:t' jf 36gf b]Vbf pTkGg x'g] lh1f;faf6

-O{_ j:t' jf 36gf;uF ;DalGwt tYofªs\ sf] ;ªs\ ng u/]/
-v_ tn lbOPsf dWo] s'g ko| fu] zfnfleq ul/g] ko| f]ufTds sfo{ xf] <
-c_ g'gsf] 3f]naf6 gg' sf dl0fe 56' \ofpg]

18 lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff &

-cf_ cfºgf] j/k/sf] :ynut ed| 0f u/L k|fs[lts ;|ft] sf] klxrfg ug]{

-O_ kmn" sf ljleGg efux¿sf] cjnfs] g u//] ltgLx¿sf sfo{ yfxf kfpg]

-O_{ skfndf sfOFof] /u8]/ l:y/ ljB't\ (static electricity) pTkGg ug]{

-u_ tnsf dWo] ;a}eGbf z4' -/f;folgs ¿kn_] kfgL s'g xf] <

-c_ wf/fsf] kfgL

-cf_ jiffs{ f] kfgL

-O_ af]tndf /fv]/ 3fddf ttfPsf] kfgL

-O_{ l8l:6n];g ljlwaf6 56' \ofPsf] kfgL

-3_ Zjf;kZ| jf; kl| j|mofdf jfo'd08ndf /x]sf] xfjf kmfS] ;f;] Dd k¥' ofpg]
efunfO{ s] elgG5 <

-c_ 6o« flsof -cf_ a|f]GsL

-O_ c / cf bj' } -O{_ af| G] sLcfn] ;

-ª_ nfnl6g jf 6s' LaQLnfO{ lg/Gt/ aln/xgsf nflu jfod' 08ndf /x]sf]
s'g UofF;sf] cfjZostf k5{ <

-cf_ sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8 -cf_ gfO6f« h] g

-O_ cfu{g -O{_ clS;hg

3. tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ j}1flgs l;sfO eg]sf] s] xf] <

-v_ xfdf| ] j/k/ bV] g] j:t' jf 36gfaf6 s;/L j}1flgs l;sfO ;DkGg
x'G5 < pbfx/0f;lxt :ki6 kfg{'xf;] \ .

-u_ "lj1fg ljifodf ko| fu] fTds sfos{ f] dxŒjk0" f{ e"ldsf xG' 5 . " o;
egfOnfO{ k'li6 ug'{xf;] \ .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff & 19

-3_ k|ltj]bg n]vg egs] f] s] xf] < k|of]ufTds sfod{ f k|ltj]bg nv] g lsg
cfjZos xG' 5<

-ª_ kl| tjb] g lsg sg' } lglZrt 9frF fdf nV] gk' g]{ xG' 5, sf/0f lbg'xf;] \ .

-r_ lj1fgsf] ko| f]uzfnfleq ul/g] k/LIf0fsf] k|ltjb] g nV] bf sg' sg' s'/fnfO{
;dfj]z ugk{' 5{ < 5f]6s/Ldf atfpg'xf];\ .

4. km/s 56' \ofpgx' f;] \ M

-s_ ko| f]uzfnf leq / aflx/ ul/g] ko| fu] fTds sfo{

-v_ sfn] fh df]8]n / lqcfoflds df8] ]n

20 lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff &

@ ;r" gf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw
(Information and Communication Technology)

cfhsf] o'u lj1fg / k|ljlwsf]

o'u xf] . j}1flgs cfljisf/ tyf

cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf ;fwgx¿n]

xfdf| ] hLjgdf w/] } 7n' f kl/jtg{ x¿

NofPsf] 5 . sDKo'6/, OG6/g]6,

l8lh6n Sofd]/f, l;l; Sofd]/f

-closed circuit -CC_, kmf]6f]

skL d]l;g, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg

cflb ;~rf/sf ;fwgn] xfd|f] lrq 2.1
bl} gs hLjgnfO{ ;xh agfOlbPsf]

5 . df]afOn kmfg] df ePsf] ljsf; / kl/jtg{ n] ubf{ ;r" gf tyf ;~rf/ If]qdf

cfd"n kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 . xfd|f] bz] n] klg kl5NNff] ;do ;r" gf tyf ;~rf/ /

kl| jlwsf] Ifq] df km8\sf] df/s] f] 5 . clxn] OG6/g]6sf] ;xfotfn] dfa] fOnsf] ko| f]u

u//] ufp3F /df ;dt] b]z ljbz] df ePsf cfkmGthg;uF lel8of] sndf s/' fsfgL ug{

;Dej ePsf] 5 .

cfhefl] n k7gkf7g ug{] l;nl;nfdf

klg cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] Jofks

k|of]u eO/x]sf] 5 . sDKo'/,

kf| ]hS] 6/ h:tf k|ljlwsf] k|ofu] u//]

sIffsf]7fdf gofF tl/sfn] k9\g

;S5fF} . sIffsf7] fdf dfq geO{ 3/d} lrq 2.2

a;/] klg z}lIfs /l] 8of] sfo{j|md ;'g]/ jf 6l] nlehgx]/]/ k9g\ ;lsG5 . ;r" gf tyf

;~rf/sf ;fwgx¿sf] ko| fu] n] sIffsf7] f cem a9L k|efjsf/L x'G5 . xfdLdf o:tf

;fwgx¿sf] ko| f]u;DaGwL l;kx¿ x'g' h?/L xG' 5 .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff & 21

2.1 ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf ;fwgx¿ (ICT tools )

lj|mofsnfk 2.1

lrqdf xfdf| ] b}lgs hLjgdf k|of]u x'g] ljleGg cfOl;6Lsf ;fwgx¿ lbOPsf
5g\ . oL ;fwgx¿sf pkofl] utfsf ;DaGwdf 5nkmn u/L tnsf] tflnsf egx{' f;] \ M

lrq 2.3

j|m= ;= ;fwg÷pks/0fsf] gfd pkofl] utf

1. /l] 8of] uLt, ;dfrf/ jf ljleGg sfoj{ m| d ;g' /] dgf/] ~hg lng
2. 6]lnkmfg] 6f9f /x]sf dflg;;Fu s/' fsfgL ug{
3. ================== ==================================

4. =================== ==================================

/]l8of], 6]lnlehg, kqklqsf, sDKo'6/, k|fh] ]S6/ cflb cfOl;6Lsf ;fwgx¿ x'g\ .
logLx¿nfO{ ;r" gf tyf ;~rf/ / kl| jlwsf Ifq] df ljleGg sfox{ ¿ ug{ ko| fu] ul/G5 .
cfOl;6Lsf ;fwgx¿n] ;r" gf lgdf0{ f ug]{ (create), bv] fpg] (display), e08f/0f
ug]{ (store), k;| f/0f ug{] (transmit), ;f6f;f6 ug]{ (exchange) nufotsf sfo{x¿
ub5{ g\ . dflysf ljm| ofsnfkdf lbOPsf ;~rf/sf ;fwgx¿nfO{ Psxf]/f] / bf]xf]/f]
;~rf/sf ;fwgx¿df 5'6\ofpg ;lsG5 .

22 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &

1. /l] 8of], 6l] nlehg / kqklqsf h:tf ;~rf/sf ;fwgx¿af6 sg' } ;"rgf jf
hfgsf/L kf| Kt ePtf klg xfdLn] t'?Gt} 5nkmn jf cGt/ljm| of ug{ ;lsFbg} .
To;n} ] logLx¿ Psf]xf]/f] ;~rf/sf ;fwgx¿ x'g\ .

2. 6l] nkmfg] , dfa] fOn jf sDKo6' / h:tf ;~rf/sf ;fwgx¿sf] ko| f]un] jm' g} ;"rgf
k|fKt u/L bf]xf/] f] ;+jfb jf 5nkmn ug{ ;S5f}F . To;}n] logLx¿ bf]xf/] f] ;~rf/
sf ;fwgx¿ xg' \ .

s'g} klg j:t'af/] hfGg,' l;Sg' jf a‰' g' ;r" gf xf] . /]l8of] ;'g/] , 6l] nlehg x/] ]/ jf
klqsf k9/] xfdL b'lgofel/sf 36gf jf j:ta' f/] ;r" gf kf| Kt u5fF}{ .

s'g} klg ;r" gf jf hfgsf/L dfl} vs, lnlvt jf cGo dfWodaf6 b'O{ jf b'Oe{ Gbf a9L
JolSt jf ;dx" lar cfbfgkb| fg ug]{ sfo{nfO{ ;~rf/ elgG5 . csf{] zAbdf eGg'kbf{
cfˆgf] efjgf jf cg'ejnfO{ lnlvt, df}lvs jf cGo dfWodaf6 JoSt ug{n' fO{
;~rf/ elgG5 .

k|ljlw eg]sf] sg' } sfd ug{ jf s'g} j:ts' f] cfljisf/ ug{ j1} flgs 9ª\un] sfd
ug]{ k4lt xf] . :yfgLo / cfw'lgs b'j} kl| jlw j1} flgs tYo jf l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t
ePsf xG' 5g\ . ;r" gf tyf ;~rf/ / kl| jlw (Information and Communication
Technology) sf] 5f]6f] ¿k g} cfOl;6L (ICT) xf] .

;r" gf tyf ;~rf/ / kl| jlwsf Ifq] df ljleGg sfox{ ¿ ug{ k|of]u ul/g] pks/0fNffO{
cfOl;6Lsf ;fwg elgG5 . cfOl;6Lsf s]xL ;fwgx¿nfO{ tn rf6{df lbOPsf] 5 M

;"rgf tyf ;~rf/sf ;fwgx¿

/l] 8of] sDKo6' /, Nofk6k

6]lnlehg :Sofg/, lk|G6/

kqklqsf OnS] 6f« ]lgs a's l/8/

lstfa :df6{kmf]g

6]lnkmf]g l8lh6n Sofd]/f

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff & 23

cfOl;6Lsf] k|ofu] ;DaGwdf sdn / pgsf a'afsf] cge' j tnsf] tflnsfdf lbOPsf]
5, tflnsf cWoog u/L 5nkmn ug{x' f;] \ M

;~rf/sf ;fwg clxn] -sdnsf] cg'ej_ klxn] -sdnsf] aa' fsf] cg'ej_

;fyLefO{;Fu df]afOn kmf]gaf6 klxn] klxn] ufp3F /df 6l] nkmfg] sf]

6l] nkmf]g s/' fsfgL u5{g\ . OG6/g6] ePsf ;l' jwf lyPg . lhNnf ;b/ds' fddf
/l] 8of]
;fyLx¿;uF kf| oM d;] G] h/af6 l;Q} dfq sx] L NofG8nfOg kmf]g /x]sf]
6]lnlehg
df s/' f u5g{ \ . lyof] .

sdnnfO{ /]l8of] ahfpg cN5L klxn] clxn]h:tf] w/] } /]l8of] :6;] g

nfU5 . slxn]sfxL ;'Gg'k/]df lyPgg\ . Tof] a]nfdf /l] 8of] gk] fn

cleefjssf] dfa] fOnaf6 cgnfOg jf lala;L g]kfnL ;j] faf6 ;dfrf/

/l] 8of] ;'Gg] u5{g\ . ;G' g' kYof]{ .

klxn] 3/df 6]lnlehg lyPg . Tof]
an] f ljBt' \ gku' s] f] ePklg ufpFel/
pgsf 3/sf6] l] nlehgdf ;oeGbf df Ps bO' { hgfsf] 3/df Aof6«Laf6
w]/} Rofgnx¿ cfpF5g\ . pgL k|foM 6l] nlehg xy] {] . sa] n' gePsf sf/0f
km6' an / lj|ms6] sf] kT| oIf k|;f/0f g]kfn 6]lnlehg / Ps b'O{cf]6f
(live game) xg] { dg k/fpF5g\ . ljb]zL Rofgn cfpFYof] . Rofgn
/ kmf]6fsf] u'0f:t/ clxns] f] h:tf]
/fd|f] lyPg .

sdn cfk"mnfO{ dg kg]{ klqsfsf] klxn] ;dfrf/ k9\gsf nflu

kqklqsf cgnfO{g ;+:s/0f sDKo'6/df g} nfOa/]| Ldf /xs] f ;dfrf/kqdf e/

k9\g] u5{g\ . kg'{kYof{] .

lr7Lkq sdn 6f9f ePsf cfkmGt;Fu klxn] ;fyLefO;{ Fu e]6]/ g} s'/fsfgL
s/' fsfgL ugk{' bf{ ljleGg ;fdflhs ug'{kYof{] . e6] gx'g] ;fyLnfO{ sx] L
;~hfnsf] k|of]u u5g{ \ . va/ ug'{kbf{ lr7L n]v]/ k7fpg]
rng lyof] .

24 lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff &

k|Zgx¿

-s_ ;r" gf tyf ;~rf/sf nflu klxnf ko| f]u x'g] ;fwgx¿ s] s] x'g\ <

-v_ ;r" gf tyf ;~rf/sf nflu ko| f]u x'g] cfwl' gs ;fwgx¿ s] s] xg' \ <

-u_ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ If]qdf klxn] / clxn] s] s:tf kl/jt{g ePsf] b]Vg'x'G5 <

-3_ ;~rf/sf ;fwgsf] cTolws k|of]u ubf{ s] s:tf ak] mfObfx¿ xg' ;S5g\ <

kl/ofh] gf sfo{

tkfOs{F f] 3/, ljBfno / glhssf] sfofn{ o j/k/ cfOl;6Lsf s] s:tf ;fwgx¿
k|ofu] ePsf 5g\ < tL ;fwgx¿nfO{ s] s] sfddf ko| f]u ug'{ePsf] jf u/s] f]
b]Vge' Psf] 5 < ;fw] vf]h u//] ;"rgf ;ªs\ ng ugx{' f];\ . To;kl5 tn lbOPsf] h:tf]
tflnsf agfO{ k|To]s ;fwgsf kmfObf / ak] mfObf n]Vg'xf;] \ M

;fwgx¿ ko| fu] kmfObf ak] mfObf

/]l8of] ;dfrf/ jf k9b\ } jf v]taf/Ldf sfd ub}{ xfdLn] t'?Gt} bfx] f]/f]
uLtx¿ ;'Gg klg ;'Gg ;lsG5 . 5nkmn jf cGt/ljm| of ug{
dfa] fOn ;lsGg .
s/' fsfgL jf s'/fsfgL ug,{] kmf]6f] lvRg],
======== va/ cfbfg /]l8of] ahfpg,] ;dfrf/ o;sf] cToflws k|of]un]
kb| fg ug{ k9g\ ] h:tf ljleGg sfo{ ug{ ubf{ afnaflnsfnfO{
;lsG5 . dfa] fOn rnfpg] afgL
=================== kg{'sf ;fy{ cfFvf sdhf/]
=================== x'G5 .

====================

cfOl;6Lsf ;fwgx¿sf] ko| f]unfO{ OG6/g6] n] yk Aofks agfPsf] 5 . OG6/g6] kxFr'
ePsf] dfa] fOn tyf sDKo6' /df cgnfOgdfkm{t ljleGg l;sfO ;fduL| x¿ vfH] g,]
cWoog ug]{nufot ljleGg sfox{ ¿ ug{ ;lsG5 .

2.2 OG6/g6] , Od]n / a|fph/ ( Internet, email and browser)

lrqdf sg' } Ps ljBfnosf sIffsf7] fdf ljBfyL{x¿ k7gkf7g ul//x]sf] bv] fOPsf]
5 . o; lrqnfO{ /fd|/L cjnfs] g ug{x' f];\ / 5nkmn ug{'xf;] \ .

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff & 25

kZ| gx¿ 

1. lrqdf b]vfPsf] sIffsf7] f tkfOs{F f]
ljBfnosf] eGbf s] km/s 5 <

2. s] tkfO{F klg o;/L g} sIffsf]7fdf jf
sDKo6' / ko| fu] zfnfdf k9g\ 'x'G5 <

3. lrqdf bv] fOP h:t} k9g\ sf nflu tkfOn{F fO{

s] s] ;|ft] ;fwgx¿sf] cfjZostf kb5{ < lrq 2.4

4. OG6/g6] sf] kxrF' gePdf klg o;/L sDKo6' /af6 tkfOn{F fO{ cfjZos kg{] hfgsf/L

vfH] g ;lsPnf <

sDKo'6/df cfjZos ;r" gf vfH] gsf nflu OG6/g6] sf] cfjZostf k5{ . OG6/g6]

;;+ f/el/ 5l/P/ /xs] f s/f8] fF} sDKo6' /x¿larsf] ;~hfn xf] .of] Ps sDKo6' /fOh kl| jlw

xf] . OG6/g6] k|ljlwn] g} ;;+ f/el/ /x]sf sDKo'6x¿df ePsf ;"rgfx¿ cfbfg k|bfg

ug{ ;Dej ePsf] xf] . sDKo6' /nfO{ tf/ jf tf/ljlxg dfWodaf6 OG6/g6] ;~hfndf

hf8] ]/ xfdLnfO{ cfjZos ;"rgf vfH] g / cfbfgkb| fg ug{ ;S5f}F .

sDKo6' /df OG6/g6] hfl] 8Psf] jf ghfl] 8Psf] s;/L yfxf kfpg] <

sDKo6' /sf] k|of]u u/L cgnfOg ;fduL| vfh] ug{ jf ;"rgf cfbfg kb| fg ug{ sDKo6' /
df OG6/g]6 hf]l8Psf] x'gk' 5{ . slxn]sfxL OG6/g6] hf8] ]sf] sDKo6' /df klg k|fljlws
sf/0fn] OG6/g6] grns] f] x'g ;S5 . sDKo'6/df OG6/g6] kx'Fr eP gePsf] yfxf

kfpg] tl/sf b]xfPsf lrqx¿df b]vfOPsf] 5 . lrq 2.5

tf//lxt OG6/g]6sf] kxFr' ePsf] sDKo6' / tf/ hl8t OG6/g6] sf] kx'Fr ePsf] sDKo6' /

tf//lxt OG6/g]6df ;d:of ePsf] sDKo6' / tf/ hl8t OG6/g]6df ;d:of ePsf] sDKo6' /

26 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &

OG6/g]6 cfhsf] ;dosf] dxŒjk"0f{ cfjZostf

xf] . OG6/g]6n] cfOl;6Lsf ;fwgx¿nfO{ Ps

cfk;df hf]8]sf] x'G5 . OG6/g]6sf] ;xfotfn]

;+;f/el/ 36]sf 36gfx¿sf af/]df t¿' Gt} yfxf

kfpg ;S5f}F . OG6/g]6sf] kx'Fr ePdf ljleGg

kqklqsfx¿ klg sDKo6' /df k9\g ;lsG5 . xfdLn] lrq 2.6

w/] } ko| fu] ug{] ;fdflhs ;~hfnx¿af6 klg xfdLnfO{ cfjZos kg{] 1fg jf hfgsf/L

kf| Kt ug{ ;lsG5 . OG6/g6] n] ubf{ cfh ljZj g} Pp6f ;fgf] ufF ph:tf] ePsf] 5 .

af| ph/ (Browser)

sDKo6' /df cgnfOg ;fduL| vfh] ugs{ f nfluOG6/g6] kxrF' eP/ dfq kU' bg} . OG6/g6]
rnfpg] PlKns];gx¿ OG:6n ul/Psf] xg' k' 5{ . o:tf PlKns];gx¿nfO{ a|fph/
elgG5 . Chrome, Mozila firefox, safari cflb w]/} k|ofu] ul/g] a|fph/x¿ xg' \ .

sDKo6' /df ko| f]u ePsf ;ˆ6jo] /cg';f/ k|ofu] xg' ] af| ph/ klg km/s xg' ;S5g,\
h:t} M windows,linux, mac, android, ios ;ˆ6jo] /x¿ k|ofu] ePsf sDKo'6/df
k|ofu] xg' ] a|fph/ km/s km/s x'g ;S5g\ .

ja] ;fO6 (Website)

ljleGg ;ª\3;:yfx¿n] cfˆgf] j]a;fO6df hfgsf/Lx¿ /fvs] f x'G5g\ . j]a;fO6
www af6 ;'¿ ePsf xG' 5g\ . www sf] k/" f ¿k world wide web xf] . of]
Pp6f ;"rgf k0| ffNfL jf 8f6fx¿sf] ;ª\ux| xf] . ja] ;fO6df w]/} kmf6] f], lel8of] jf
8s'd]G6sf ¿kdf ;"rgfx¿ /flvPsf xG' 5g\ . sg' } Ps ;:+ yfsf] j]a;fO6 ljZjsf]
c¿ sg' } klg j]a;fO6;Fu ldNbg} . t;y{ kT| os] ;:+ yfsf] ja] ;fO6sf] lglZrt 7u] fgf
x'G5 . o;nfO{ Web address jf Universal Resource Locator (URL)
elgG5 . oxfF pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf dfgj ;f| t] tyf ljsf; sG] b|, ;fgfl] 7dL eStk/' sf]
j]a;fO6df cfkm"nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ hfgsf/L vfH] g] tl/sf tn lbOPsf] 5 M

1. s'g} browser vfn] ]/ To;sf] lrqdf b]vfPsf] h:tf] ;r{af/df uO{ www.
cehrd.gov.np 6fOk u//] enter lyRg'xf];\ .

2. bfofFlrqdf bv] fPsf] h:tf] ja] kh] v'Ng5] , hxfF ljleGg link x¿ x'G5g\ .

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff & 27

3. kh] sf] info centre uO{
df downward arrow
df click ug'{xf];\ .
To;kl5 ToxfF ljleGg
option x¿ b]lvG5g\ .
ltgLx¿dWo] s'g} Pp6f
5fGg'xf;] \

4. Option x¿dWo] olb

tkfO{Fn] online study

5fGg'eof] eg] lrqdf / cfkm" nfO{ cfjZos jlrf qdg2.k7g{] ljifoj:t' 5fg/] ljleGg
bv] fPsf] h:tf] kh] vN' g5]

s'/fx¿ cfkmF} l;Sg klg ;Sg'xg' 5] .

kl/of]hgf sfo{

lzIff tyf dfgj ;f| t] ljsf; s]Gbs| f] j]a;fO6 www.cehrd.gov.np df hfg'xf;] \ .
To;kl5 info centre online study linkdf /x]sf] S.N. 6 df /xs] f] virtual class
of all compulsary subjects (Class 1-10) df /x]sf] click to open df lSns
ug'x{ f;] \ . To;kl5 erc{' n sIffsf] youtube page vN' g5] . kh] sf Playlists df
uO{ ToxfF /x]sf lel8ofd] Wo] sIff 7 sf lel8of]x¿ vfh] ]/ xg] '{xf;] \ . cfjZos k/]
lzIfssf] ;xof]u lng'xf;] \ .

;r{ OlGhg (search engine)

af| ph/df s'g} klg s/' f vfH] gsf nflu xfdLnfO{ ;r{ OlGhgsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
af| ph/df google, bing / yahoo h:tf ;r{ OlGhgx¿ x'G5g\ . logLx¿dWo] s'g}
Pp6f ;r{ OlGhg af| ph/nfO{ install ubf{ g} default ¿kdf 5flgPsf] xg' ;S5 .
kl5 af| ph/sf] setting df uP/ xfdLnfO{ dgkg{] ;r{ OlGhg 5fg/] To;nfO{ default
;r{ OlGhgsf ¿kdf /fVg klg ;lsG5 . oxfF pbfx/0fsf nflu google chrome
a|fph/df default ;r{ OlGhg /fVg] tl/sf tn lbOPsf] 5 .

1. sDKo'6/ jf dfa] fOndf google chrome vf]Ng'xf];\ .

28 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &

2. To;kl5 chrome sf] bfofkF 6\l6 dflysf] efudf /x]sf] ⋮ lrx\gdf lyRg'xf;] \ .

3. o;kl5 setting df click ug'{xf];\ / afofFtkm{ efudf /x]sf] search engine
df hfgx' f];\ .

4. search engine df uO;sk] l5 lrqdf bv] fPsf] h:tf] bfoftF km{ search engine
used in address bar sf] option df uO{ Google, Bing jf Yahoo dWo]
s'g} Pp6fnfO{ 5fg/] make default df click u/]/ default search engine
agfpgx' f;] \ .

5. s'g} Pp6f search engine nfO{ default agfO;s]kl5 google chrome
vfn] /] address bar df cfkmn" ] vfh] L ug{] word 6fOk u/]/ search ubf{ ljleGg
hfgsf/Lx¿ k]hdf b]lvG5g\ .

o;/L sg' } Pp6f ;r{ OlGhgnfO{ default agfpg ;lsG5 . sg' } ;"rgf vf]Hbf
af| ph/df default ;r{ OlGhgn] vfH] g rfx]sf ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg hfgsf/L
bv] fp5F . uu' n ;r{ OlGhgsf] k|ofu] w]/} ePsf] kfOG5 . ja] ;fO6 yfxf gePsf]
;|f]taf6 klg ;r{ OlGhgdf key words 6fOk u/L ;fduL| vf]h ug{ ;lsG5 .
pbfx/0fsf nflu olb tkfOn{F ] ;r" gf kf| Kt ug{ rfxs] f] ljBfno jf ljZjljBfno,
;/sf/L jf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, dGqfno cflbsf] ja] ;fO6 yfxf 5 eg] ;r{ OlGhgsf]
ko| fu] gu/L klg l;w} address bar df web address 6fOk u//] ;DalGwt sfofn{ osf]
dV' o j]akh] df hfg ;Sg'xG' 5, h:t} M a|fph/sf] address bar df www.moest.
gov.np 6fOk u/]/ search ubf{ lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnosf] j]a;fO6df
hfg ;lsG5 .

kl/of]hgf sfo{ 2.2

a|fph/sf] ;r{ OlGhgdf uP/ lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnosf] j]a;fO8
vf]Hgsf nflu search bar df ministry of education, science and technology
6fOk u//] ;r{ ug'x{ f;] \ . o;kl5 bfofF lrqdf b]vfPsf] h:tf] lzIff, lj1fg tyf
kl| jlw dGqfnosf] j]a;fO6sf] link b]lvG5 . To;df uP/ click ugx{' f];\ .

ca af| ph/sf] csf]{ Tab df uP/ dflyNnf] efudf /x]sf] address bar df www.
moe.gov.np 6fOk u/]/ enter key lyRgx' f];\ .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff & 29

ca ;r{ OlGhgaf6 ;r{ u/]/ b]lvg] j]akh] / l;w} web address 6fOk ubf{ bl] vg]
ja] kh] Pp6} 5 ls 5g} , cjnfs] g ug'{xf];\ .

Oas' (E-book)

Oas' jf On]S6f« ]lgs a's lstfasf] l8lh6n k|sf/ xf] . Oas' sDKo'6/, :df6{kmf]g
jf cGo Oas' l/8/sf] k|of]u u/L k9\g ;lsG5 . w]/h} ;f] Oa's PDF( Portable
file document) format df kfOg] ePsfn] sDKo'6/ jf dfa] fOndf Oa's k9g\ sf
nflu adobe reader jf cGo s'g} PDF file ;kf]6{ ug{] PlKns];gsf] h?/t kb{5 .
cfk"mnfO{ s'g} klg ljifosf] hfgsf/L rflxPdf ;r{ OlGhgdf vfh] /] Oas' 8fpgnf8]
ug{ ;lsG5 . Oas' n] sDKo6' /sf] yf]/} space cfu] 6\g] ePsfn] ubf{ Pp6f sDKo6' /df
klg xhf/f}F Oa'sx¿ c6fpg ;S5g\ .

lrq 2.8

kf7o\ j|mdsf] j]a;fO6df cfˆgf] sIffsf] Oa's vfH] g] tl/sf

1. kf7\ojm| d ljsf; s]Gb|sf] j]a;fO6 www.moecdc.gov.np df hfg'xf];\ .

2. To;kl5 lrqdf bv] fPsf] h:tf] j]akh] (webpage) vN' g] 5 .

3. ja] k]hsf] bfoftF km{ /x]sf] textbook df click ugx'{ f;] \ .

4. sIff ;d"x (Grade six-eight) df uO{ grade seven 5fGgx' f;] \ .

5. ca lrq g= 2 df bv] fPsf] h:t} cfkm" nfO{ rflxPsf] kf7o\ k':tssf] gfdsf]
bfofFtkm{ /xs] f] download link df click ug{x' f;] \ ca screen df bl] vg]

30 lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff &

downloads sf] j6gdf click ugx{' f;] \ .

6. o;kl5 tkfO{FnfO{ rflxPsf] Oa's
sDKo'6/df 8fpgnf8] xG' 5 . sDKo6' /
sf] downloads folder df uP/ pSt
lstfasf] kmfOn save eP/ /xs] f] xG' 5 .

7. 8fpgnf]8 ePsf] Oa'snfO{ Adobe lrq 2.9
reader, google drive, af| ph/sf] ko| f]

u u/]/ df]afOn, sDKo6' / jfa's l/8/df k9g\ ;lsG5 .

olb Oas' download ug{] website yfxf 5g} eg] cfkm"nfO{ rflxPsf] k':tssf] gfd
a|fph/sf] search bar df 6fOk u/]/ ;r{ ugx'{ f;] \ . oxfF lrqdf kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]
Gb|sf] ja] ;fO8af6 sIff 7 sf] lj1fg tyf kl| jlw lstfasf] l8lh6n e;g{ 8fpgnf]8
ugs{ f nflu cdc science book class 7 n]v/] ;r{ OlGhgdf ;r{ ul/bF 5} . ;r{ u/]
kl5 kl5 ;f] ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg website link x¿ bl] vG5g\ .

tkfO{nF fO{ pko'St nfUg] jf j]a;fO6df uO{ tkfO{FnfO{ cfjZos ;fduL| 8fpgnf8]
ug{ ;Sgx' G' 5 .

Od]n (Email)

Odn] ljBt' Lo ¿kdf va/ cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ ljlw xf] . o;sf] k|ofu] n] x'nfsaf6
lr7Ldfkmt{ va/ cfbfgkb| fg ug{] rngnfO{ Hofb} Gog" ePsf] 5 . Odn] dfkm{t
cIf/, lrq, >j0f ;fdu|L, lel8of] cflb ;Gb]zsf] ¿kdf t'?Gt} Ps 7fpFaf6
csf]{ 7fpFdf k7fpg ;lsG5 . Od]ndfkm{t ;Gb]z cfbfgkb| fg ug{ sDKo'6/, OG6/g]6
/ Od]n ;]jf rflxG5 . Gmail, Hotmail, Yahoo, outlook cflb ;]jfdfkm{t ljleGg
sDkgLx¿n] Odn] ;]jf k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . of] ;j] fsf] k|ofu] u//] Odn] 7]ufgf
ePsf JolStx¿lardf ljBt' Lo dfWodaf6 kqfrf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . \

Od]n vftf (email account) vf]Ng] tl/sf

Gmail, Hotmail, Yahoomail,outlook cflb dWo] sg' } klg Odn] ;]jfdf gofF
vftf vf]n]/ xfdL Odn] ;j] fsf] k|ofu] ug{ ;S5fF} . Gmail uu' n sDkgLn] lgzN' s
k|bfg u/]sf] Odn] ;j] f xf] .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff & 31

Odn] cfbfg k|bfg ug{sf nflu xfdf| ] b]zdf klg w]/} dfqfdf ko| fu] xbF' } cfPsf] Od]
n ;j] f xf] . Odn] dfq geP/ xfdLn] ko| fu] ug{] Android smatphone df /x]sf
ljleGg ;]jfx¿ ko| f]u ug{sf nflu klg Gmail account rflxG5 . gofF Od]n vftf
vf]Ngsf nflu pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf Gmail account vf]Ng] tl/sf tn lbOPsf] 5 .

1. tkfO{nF ] ko| f]u ug{] af| ph/sf] ;r{ OlGhgdf uP/ Gmail account sign up
6fOk u//] ;r{ ug{'xf;] \ .

2. ;r{ ubf{ b]lvg] ljleGg j]a;fO6dWo] bfofF lrqdf b]vfPsf] j]a;fO6df
hfg'xf;] \ . gofF Odn] vftf vf]Ng] j]akh] vN' g5] .

3. To; j]akh] df eg{'kg{] cfˆgf] JolStut ljj/0f (personal information) ;xL
eb{} hfgx' f;] \ .

4. ljj/0f eb}{ hfFbf username olb c¿ s;}n] klxn]g} k|of]u u/]sf] ePdf
csf{] s;n} ] k|ofu] gu/]sf] jf ToxfF suggestion df lbPsf dWo] s'g} username
/fVg'xf];\ .

5. Password /fVg] 7fpFdf kf;j8{ /fVbf letter (a-z), number (0-9) / special
character (! @ # $ %) ldnfP/ strong password /fVg'xf;] \ . t/ o;/L
/fv]sf] kf;j8{ tkfOFn{ ] ;Demg ;Sg] x'g'k5{ .

6. ;a} ljj/0f el/;s]kl5 next df click ugx{' f;] \ .

7. To;kl5 bfofF lrqdf bv] fPsf] h:tf] ja] kh] bl] vG5 . o;df tkfOn{F ] cfˆgf]
df]afOn gDa/, hGd ldlt, lnªu\ cflb ;xL eg{'xf];\ .

8. o; ja] kh] df recovery email address df olb tkfOFn{ ] klxNob} l] v ko| fu]
u/s] f] sg' } email id ePdf Tof] /fVgx' f;] \ . olb tkfO{F klxnf] k6s email account
vfN] bx} g' x' G' 5 eg] tkfOs{F f cleefjssf] jf glhssf] ljZjfl;nf] dflg;sf] email
id nfO{ recovery email address df /fVg'xf];\ .

9. o; ja] k]hdf el/Psf] dfa] fOn gDa/, hGd ldlt, recovery email address
n] ubf{ olb tkfO{nF ] cfˆgf] Od]n vftf jf kf;j8{ la;g{ ' eof] eg] To;nfO{ kQf
nufpg ;lsG5 . To;}n] gofF Od]n vftf l;hg{ f ubf{ cfˆgf] JolStut ljj/0f
;xL eg'{k5{ .

32 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &

10. o;kl5 privacy and terms ePsf] j]ak]h v'Ng5] . o; k]hsf] tn scroll ub{}
hfg'xf];\ / cGTodf /xs] f] I agree df click ug{'xf];\ .

11. To;kl5 screen df b]lvg] google sf ljleGg ;]jfx¿dWo] Gmail df
hfgx' f];\ . ToxfF tn screen df b]vfPsf] h:tf] j]ak]h vN' g] 5 .

12. ca tkfOs{F f] gofF Odn] vftf l;h{gf eof] . olb tkfO{F rfxgx' 'G5 eg] cfˆgf]
kf| ]kmfOn kmf6] f] /fVg] tyf cGo setting ldnfpg klg ;Sgx' G' 5 .

kl/of]hgf sfo{

tkfO{F cfˆgf] nflu gmail, hotmail (msn), yahoomail jf cGo s'g} Pp6f
ja] ;fO6df uP/ gofF Od]n vftf l;hg{ f (create email account) ug'{xf];\ . gofF
vftf l;hg{ f ubf{ cfˆgf] ljj/0fx¿ ;xL /fVgx' f];\ . vftf vf]ln;s]kl5 sIffdf ePsf
;a} ;fyLx¿sf] email id cfbfgk|bfg ugx'{ f;] \ .

Od]n k7fpg] jf cfk\mgf] Od]ndf cfPsf] ;Gb]z x]g{] tl/sf

Gmail, hotmail, Yahoomail cflb ljleGg kf| ]u|fddfkmt{ Odn] k7fpg ;lsg] eP
tfklg oxfF Gmail dfkm{ t Odn] k7fpg] tl/sf tn lbOPsf] 5 .

1. a|fph/sf] address bar df uP/ www.gmail.com 6fOk u//] enter key
lyRg'xf;] \ .

2. Od]nsf] j]akh] df uO{ tkfO{sF f] jf cleefjssf] Odn] / kf;j8{ /fv/] sign in
df lSns u/]kl5 lrqdf b]vfPsf] h:tf] Odn] sf] ja] k]h vN' g5] .

3. Odn] k7fpgsf nflu kh] sf] dflyNNff] efudf bfoftF km{ /xs] f] ± df lSns ugx{' f;] \ .

4. Odn] sDkf]h ug]{ kh] df /x]sf] To ePsf] row df k7fpg' kg{] JolStsf]
Od]n 7]ufgf 6fOk ug{x' f];\ . Pp6} Odn] w]/}hgfnfO{ k7fpg' k/]df kfn}kfnf]
;a}sf] Odn] 7]ufgf 6fOk ugx'{ f;] \ . o;sf ;fy} CC / BCC u//] klg Ps} k6s
w]/} hgfnfO{ Odn] k7fpg ;lsG5 .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff & 33

5. 7u] fgfeGbf tn subject df kf| Kt ug{] dflg;n] Od]ndf /x]sf] ljifoj:ta' f/]
hfgsf/L kfpFg] u/L pko'St zLif{s /fVgx' f];\ .

6. To;kl5 Odn] sf] Joxf/] f 6fOk ugx{' f;] \ . olb sg' } kmfOn, kmf6] f] jf lel8of] k7fpg'
k/]df ;aeGbf tnsf] row df send sf] bfofkF 6\l6 /x]sf ljleGg ljsNkx¿dWo]
bf;] f| d] f /xs] f] attach file option ko| fu] u//] k7fpgk' g{] kmfOn attach ugx{' f;] \ .

7. k7fpg' kg{] kmfOn jf sfuhft tof/ ePkl5 send df lSns ug'{xf];\ . tkfOn{F ]
k7fPsf] Od]n kfpg] JolStsf] Odn] sf] inbox df t'?Gt} k'U5 .

cfkm"n] k|fKt u/s] f] Odn] k9\g k]hsf] bfofFtkm{ /x]sf] inbox df lSns ugx{' f;] \ .
To;kl5 Od]ndf /x]sf] ;Gb]z jf k7fPsf kmfOnx¿ bl] vG5g\ . Od]ndf attach u//]
k7fPsf] file sf] l7s tn ePsf] 8fpgnf8] df lSns u/L o;nfO{ 8fpgnf]8 ug{
;lsG5 / rflxPsf] a]nf k9g\ jf k|ofu] ug{ ;lsG5 .

ljm| ofsnfk 2.2

tkfO“n{ ] sIff 7 df ug'{ePsf] sg' } Pp6f ljifosf] kl/of]hgf sfo{nfO{ dfa] fOnn] kmf]6f]
lvRg'xf];\ jf lzIfsnfO{ kmf6] f] lvRg nufP/ Od]n ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . To;kl5 tkfOs“{ f]
sIffsf ;fyLnfO{ Od]n 7u] fgf dfu]/ Odn] dfkmt{ cfbfgk|bfg ugx{' f];\ . Od]n cfbfgkb| fg
ug{ jf Toxf“ k7fPsf ;Gbz] jf kmfOnx¿ 8fpgnf8] ug{ ;d:of ePdf lzIfssf]
;xofu] lng'xf];\ .
Od]nsf] ko| f]u ljleGg ko| fh] gsf nflu lbgfgl' bg al9/x]sf] 5 . l8lh6n ¿kdf
;Gb]z cfbfgkb| fg ug]{ Od]n l56f,] 5l/tf] / ax'pkof]uL dfWod xf] . o;sf w]/} kmfObf
ePtf klg o;sf] k|ofu] ubf{ ;fjwfgL ckgfpg g;s]df xfdL 7n' f] ;d:of klg
kg{ ;S5fF} . Od]nsf sx] L kmfObf / ak] mfObfx¿ aF'bfut ¿kdf tn lbOPsf 5g\ .
kmfObfx¿ (Advantages)

1. o;sf] ult w]/} g} l56f] xg' ] ePsfn] t?' Gt} ;~rf/ ug{ ;lsG5 .

2. Od]n h'g;s' } ;do k7fpg jf k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .

3. Odn] dfk{mt cIf/ dfq geP/ >j0f ;fduL| , kmf6] f], lel8of] jf ljleGg kmfOnsf]
link klg k7fpg ;lsG5 .

4. OG6/g]6sf] kx'Fr ePsf] h'g;'s} sDKo'6// mobile af6 klg d]n k7fpg
jf k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .

34 lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff &

5. OG6/g6] sf] z'Nsafx]s Odn] k|foM lgzN' s ¿kdf k7fpg jf kfpg ;lsG5 .
6. Od]n w/] } hgf JolStnfO{ klg Ps}k6s k7fpg ;lsG5 .

a]kmfObfx¿ (Disavantages)

1. kf| ksnfO{ Odn] xg] s{ f nflu klg OG6/g6] sf] cfjZostf kg{] xbF' f OG6/g6] gePsf]
If]qdf of] k|efjsf/L xb' }g .

2. Odn] dfkm{t sDKo6' /df efO/; klg kmn} g ;Sg] xb'F f o;n] sDKo'6/df ePsf]
8f6f jf kmfOnnfO{ gi6 ug{ ;S5 .

3. k7fPsf] ;Gbz] ko| fu] stfn{ ] Odn] vfn] /] gx/] d] f va/ cfbfgkb| fg gxg' klg ;S5 .

4. Od]ndf cfpg] cgfjZos spam n] ubf{ x}/fg agfpg] ub{5 . Od]n
lg/Gt/ ko| f]u ul/Pg eg] inbox df w/] } d]n hDdf eP/ dxŒjk0" f{ ;"rgf
gb]Vg klg ;lsG5 .

5. Od]nsf] kf;j8{ ufK] o /fVg'kg]{ / ;do ;dodf kl/jtg{ ul//xgk' 5{ . kf;j8{
lal;P{ / olb cfˆgf] Odn] vftf l/se/ ug{ ;lsPg eg] cfˆgf] vftfaf6
;wFe} l/nfO{ jl~rt x'gk' g]{ cj:yf klg cfpg ;S5 . o;af6 aRgsf nflu
gofF Odn] vftf l;h{gf ubf{ cfˆgf] dfa] fOn gDa/ jf csf]{ js} lNks Odn] ;xL
/fVgk' 5{ h;n] ubf{ kf;j8{ lal;{Psf] v08df klg j}slNks dfWodaf6 cfˆgf]
Odn] vftf l/se/ ug{ ;lsof];\ .

Odn] sf s]xL ak] mfObfx¿ ePtf klg clxns] f] ablnbF f] ;dodf Odn] sf] ;/' lIft
/ ;xL ko| f]u ug{ ;sd] f o;af6 w/] } kmfObf lng ;lsG5 .To;n} ] xfdLn] Od]nsf]
;/' lIft k|ofu] ug{ l;Sgk' 5{ .

2.3 :k|]8l;6 (Spreadsheet)

sDKo'6/df d'Vo ¿kdf lx;fa ug{, uf| km jf rf6{ tof/ kfg{sf nflu agfPsf] Pp6f
kf| ]u|fd :k8|] l;6 xf] . o; k|f]u|fdsf] ;xof]un] ubf{ Pp6f command lbP/ w]/} 7N' 7'nf
lx;fa 5f6] f] ;dodf ug{ ;S5f} . JolStut, Jofkfl/s tYff sfofn{ o ko| fhgsf] :k8]| l;6
k|fu] f| dsf] k|ofu] lbgfgl' bg al9/x]sf] 5 . ahf/df pknAw ljleGg k|fu] |fdx¿dWo]
Microsoft Office Kofs]hdf /xs] f] Microsoft Excel w/] } k|of]u ul/g] :k]8| l;6

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff & 35

kf| ]u|fd xf] . tkfO{Fx¿n] sIff 6 df :k|]8l;6df s'g} klg tYofª\s jf 8f6fnfO{ s;/L
eg],{ :k|8] l;6df el/;ss] f 8f6fnfO{ j0ffg{ j' |md (alphabetical), 36\bf] jf a9b\ f]
jm| ddf /fVg] tl/sf l;Sg'ePsf] lyof] . log} tNnf] sIffdf l;ss] f l;kx¿nfO{ klg
k|ofu] ub}{ :k|]8l;6df hf8] g\ ,] 36fpg,] u'0fg ug,]{ efu ug{], rf6{ jf 6]an OToflb
tof/ ug{ l;Sg] 5fF} .

lj|mofsnfk 2.3

tn :k8]| l;6df Pp6f kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] gfd, lnªu\ / pd/] lbOPsf] 5 . tn
lbOPsf] :k8]| l;6 / tYofªs\ nfO{ /fd/| L cWoog u//] tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] hjfkm vfH] gx' f;] \ M

1. kl/jf/sf ;b:osf] pd/] nfO{ s'g column df el/Psf] 5 <

lrq 2.10

2. gjLgsf] pd/] / lnªu\ nfO{ sg' row df /flvPsf] 5 <

3. sdnfsf] pd/] 25 jif{ /x]sf] s'/f :k|]8l;6af6 yfxf xG' 5 . 25 jif{ /xs] f] cell
nfO{ :k|]8l;6df s'g gfdn] hgfpg] ul/G5 <

4. oxfF tn vfnL ePsf] 7fpFdf olb tkfO{sF f] gfd eg{'eof] eg] tkfOs{F f] pd/] nfO{
s'g cell df egk{' 5{ <

:k8|] l;6df ePsf] cf“s8f jf tYofªs\ nfO{ hf]8g\ ] tl/sf

1. sDKo6' /sf] ;ra{ f/df uP/ excel 6fOk u/L search u//] blank :k8]| l;6 vfN] gx' f;] \ .

2. lrqdf h:t} ljleGg hfgsf/LnfO{ :k]|8l;6df eg{x' f;] \ . oxfF t/sf/Lsf] gfd
(Name of the vegetables), dfqf (quantity), b/ (rate) / /sd (price)

nfO{ b]vfPsf] 5 .

36 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &

3. :k8]| l;6df /xs] f] kT| os] ;ªV\ ofnfO{
Tof] ;ª\Vof /x]sf] row / column

n] hgfpg] ul/G5 . 6df6/sf]
k|lts]hL b/ ?= 70 :k|]8l;6df
row-C / column-2 df /xs] f]
5 . To;n} ] o;nfO{ C2 n] hgfpg]
ul/G5 eg] Rofpsf] dfqf 0.5 Kg
nfO{ B7 n] hgfpg] ul/G5 .

4. ;a} t/sf/Lsf] dfqfnfO{ hf8] g\ sf

nflu klxnf] t/sf/Lsf] dfqf 2 lrq 2.11

/xs] f] cell (B2) df lSns u//] o;nfO{ drag (select and move) ub{} clGtdsf]

t/sf/Lsf] dfqf 0.5 ;Dd tfGg'xf;] \ . o;f] ubf{ B2 bl] v B7 ;Dd ;a} cell

select x'G5 .

5. :k|8] l;6sf] bfofFkl6\6 /x]sf] autosum df lSns ug{'xf];\ . ;a} t/sf/Lsf]
dfqfsf] hf8] To;eGbf tnsf] cell B8 df cfpg] 5 .

6. olb tkfO{F{n] tf]s]sf]
;ª\Vofsf] dfq hf]8

lgsfNg' 5 eg] l/hN6

nV] g] sg' } Pp6f cell -h:t}
D8) df lSns ugx'{ f];\ .

7. olb 6a] ndf /x]sf] cfn'sf]

d"No 140 / Rofpsf] dN" o

125 nfO{ dfq hf8] g\ ' 5 eg]

To; cell df=D2+D7 lrq 2.12

6fOk u/]/ enter key lyRgx' f];\ . To;kl5 logLx¿sf] hf8] D8 cell df cfpg]

5.

8. o;/L g} tkfO{nF ] …±Ú lrx\gsf] ;6\6fdf …-Ú lrxg\ /fv]/ 36fpg / …/ Ú lrxg\
k|of]u u//] efu ug{ klg ;Sg'x'g] 5 .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff & 37

9. pbfx/0fsf nflu olb
tkfO{Fn] cfn'sf] d"Noaf6
Kofhsf] dN" o 36fpg' 5 eg]
o;sf] pQ/ nV] g] df lSns
u//] =D3-D4 6fOk u//]
enter key lyRgx' f;] \ .

10. o;u} /L olb tkfOn{F ] Rofpsf]

k|lts]hL b/nfO{ 6df6/sf]

b/n] efu u/]/ lgsfNg' 5 lrq 2.13

eg] l/hN6 lgsfNg] cell df lSns u//] =C7/C2 6fOk u/L enter key lyRgx' f;] \ .

:k]|8l;6df u0' fgkmn lgsfNg] tl/sf

1. oxfF 6df6/sf] hDdf d"No
lgsfNgsf nflu 6df6/sf]
dfqfnfO{ o;sf] b/n] u'0fg
ug'{kb5{ .

2. To;}n] 6df6/sf] hDdf dN" o
lgsfNgsf nflu D2 cell df

lSns ug'x{ f]; .

3. ToxfF =B2*C2 6fOk u/L lrq 2.14
enter key lyRgx' f;] \ . o;kl5
D2 cell df 6df6/sf] hDdf
dN" o 140 cfpg]5 .

4. 6df6/sf] d"No lgsfln;s]kl5 cGo t/sf/Lsf] d"No Ps}k6s lgsfNgsf
nflu D2 cell sf] tnk6\l6 bfof lsgf/df drag u//] D7 cell ;Dd tfGf]/

5f8] \bfv]l/ Psk} 6s km/s km/s t/sf/Lsf] hDdf dN" o cfpF5 .

5. o;kl5 t/sf/L lsGgsf nflu ePsf] hDdf vr{ D2 b]lv D7 ;Dd select u/]/
dflysf] h:t} autosum u/]/ lgsfNg ;lsG5 .

38 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &

6. oxfF ;a} t/sf/Lsf] hDdf d"No (D8) nfO{ t/sf/Lsf] dfqf (B8) n] efu u/]/
kl| ts]hL t/sf/Lsf] cf};t dN" o klg lgsfNg ;lsG5 .

7. t/sf/Lsf] hDdf dfqfn] t/sf/Lsf] hDdf d"NonfO{ efu u/L cf};t d"No
lgsfNg'xf;] \ . o;/L :k|8] l;6sf] ko| f]un] cf};t klg lgsfNg ;S5f}F .

PS;]n :k|]8l;6sf] k|of]un] ul0ftsf hf]8, 36fp, efu, u'0fg / cf};t lx;fa
gu/Lsg ;lhn} lgsfNg ;S5f}F .

ljm| ofsnfk 2.4

tkfOs“{ f] clGtd k/LIffsf] dfsl{ ;6df ePsf] 8f6fnfO{ l:k8| l;6df e//] lzIfssf]
;xofu] df tkfO{“sf] s'n k|fKtfªs\ / kf| Ktfªs\ sf] cf;} t k|ltzt lgsfNgx' f];\ .

:k]|8l;6 ;k\m6j]o/df uf| km / rf6{sf] lgdf{0f ug{] tl/sf

:k|8] l;6 k|fu] f| ddf ljleGg tYofªs\ nfO{ uf| km jf rf6d{ f bv] fP/ cfsi{ f0f ¿kdf k|:t't
ug{ ;lsG5 . tYofªs\ df /xs] f ;a} 8f6fx¿ k9g\ ;do nfUg] / a'‰g klg sl7g xg' ]
ePsfn] sg' } klg ljifoj:t'nfO{ Graph, Pie-chart, Bar diagram df k:| tt'
ugf{n] cWoog ug{ klg ;xh x'G5 . tYofªs\ nfO{ ljleGg ks| f/sf rf6s{ f ¿kdf
k:| tt' ubf{ rf6{ xg] {] lalQs} oxfF /xs] f ljifoj:ta' f/] :ki6 x'G5 .

1. s'g} klg tYofª\snfO{ ;j{k|yd
:k|8] l;6df eg'x{ f;] \ .

2. oxfF lrqdf lj=;= @)&& c;f9bl] v Fatality
kf}if;Dddf ;8s b'3{6gfsf] sf/0f
d[To' ePsf dflg;sf] ;ª\VofnfO{
bv] fOPsf] 5 .

3. o; tYofª\snfO{ pko'St rf6{df lrq 2.15

k:| tt' ugs{ f nflu oxfF /xs] f ;a} 8f6fnfO{ select u/]/ insert df ug{'xf;] \ .

4. lrqdf bv] fPsf] kx]nF f] 3]/fleq /xs] f rf6s{ f ljleGg ks| f/dWo] pko'St s'g}
Pp6f 5fGgx' f];\ .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff & 39

5. o;kl5 tkfO{Fn] 5fgs] f] rf6{ :k8]| l;6 k]hdf bl] vg] 5 .

lrq 2.16 lrq 2.17

6. o; rf6s{ f] bfofFkl66\ dfly /xs] f] ± lrx\gdf click u/]/ cfpg] ljleGg

ljsNkx¿af6 cfkmn" fO{ rflxg] check () u//] rf6{df /fVg / grflxgn] fO{

uncheck u/]/ x6fpg klg ;lsG5 .

7. oxfF /x]sf] axis titles df click u/]/ x-axis / y-axis df lrqdf h:t} zLifs{
/fVg klg ;lsG5 .

ljm| ofsnfk 2.5

tkfOs“{ f] ljBfnodf k9g\ ] ljBfyLx{ ¿sf] ;ªV\ of sIffut ¿kdf lgsfn/] sIff / ljBfYfL{
;ªV\ ofnfO{ :k]|8l;6df e//] kfOrf6{ / uf| kmdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .

2.4 kmf]6f] (Photo)

tkfO{F olb gofF 7fpFdf 3D' g hfge' of]

eg] s] ugx{' G' 5 < kSs} klg Tof] If0fnfO{

kl5;Dd ;Demgfdf /fVgsf] nflu kmf6] f]

lvRg eg] 56' fpg' xG' g xfn] f . hGdlbg,

cGgk|f;g, j|taGw, ljjfx h:tf

cj;/df xfdL cfkm}F klg df]afOnn]

kmf6] f] lvRg ;S5fF} . ;"rgf jf hfgsf/L lrq 2.18

l8lh6n dfWodaf6 l56f] / 5l/tf] ¿kdf ;~rf/ ug{sf nflu kmf]6f] Psbd} pkof]uL

xG' 5 . kmf]6f] jf ;r" gf ljleGg ;ˆ6jo] /af6 t?' Gt} k7fpg / kf| Kt ug{ klg ;lsG5 .

40 lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff &

df]afOndf g} x'g] pRRf u'0f:t/sf] Sofd]/fn] ubf{ cfhsfn kmf]6f] lvRg] kl| jlw w/] }
g} ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 . lvlr;ss] f] kmf]6fn] fO{ ljleGg ;ˆ6jo] /sf] ko| f]un] Ol8l6ª u/]/
ce}m cfsif{s agfpg, ;fOh 36fpg jf a9fpg ;S5fF} .

dfa] fOn jf Sofd/] fn] lvr]sf] kmf]6f] sDKo'6/df ;fg]{ tl/sf

1. df]afOn jf Sofd]/f
nfO{ switch ON u//]
data cable (USB) n]

sDKo6' /df hf8] g\ x' f;] \ .

2. Device sDKo'6/df lrq 2.19
hf]l8Psf] ;"rgf
l:jm| gdf cfpF5 . ca
hf8] s] f] device df s]
ug{ rfxg'x'G5 eg]/
l:j|mgdf ePsf ljsNkdWo] Pp6f 5fGg'xf];\ .

3. xfdLn] kmf]6f] jf kmfOn ;fg{k' g]{ ePsfn] File transfer df lSns ug{x' f];\ .

4. ca sDKo'6/sf] This PC>Devices and drives df hfg'xf];\ . ToxfF
sDKo6' /sf] df ePsf drives ;u} hf]8]sf] external device (camera or
mobile) klg gfd;lxt bv] fpg5] .

5. gfddf lSns u/]/
folder leq hfg'xf];\ .

6. ToxfF /xs] f ljleGg folder
x¿dWo] Pictures jf
DCIM>camera leq

hfgx' f];\ .

7. ca device df ePsf lrq 2.20
kmf]6fx¿ sDKo'6/df
b]lvG5g\ . 41

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &

i. ;fgk'{ g{] kmf]6fnfO{ select u/]/ kmf]6fleq jf lsgf/df dfp; /fv/] right
click u/L copy (Ctrl+C) ug'x{ f];\ .

ii. w/] } kmf6] fnfO{ Ps}k6s ;fg'{kg{] ePdf Pp6f kmf6] fdf lSns u/k] l5 Shift jf
Ctrl key lylr/fv/] (press and hold) cGo ;fgk{' g{] kmf6] fx¿ 5fg/] select
ub}{ hfg'xf;] \ . cGTodf dflysf] h:Tf} Ps}k6s copy ug{x' f;] \ .

iii. olb sg' } folder df ePsf ;a} kmf6] fnfO{ ;fgk{' g]{ ePdf folder gvfn] L
folder nfO{ g} select ugx{' f];\ jf folder vf]n]/ o;df ePsf ;a} kmf6] fnfO{
Ctrl+A lyr/] Psk} 6s select ug{x' f];\ .

8. sDKo6' /df ;fgk{' g{] folder jf drives df uP/ right click u/L Paste (Ctrl+V)
ug'x{ f;] \ . tkfOF{n] select u/s] f kmf6] fx¿ sDKo6' /df bv] fpg] 5 .

kmf6] f] Ol8l6ª (Photo editing)

kmf6] f] sf65f6F (edit) gul/sg klg Pscfk;df cfbfgkb| fg ug,{ ;fdflhs ;~hfndf
cknf]8 ug{ ;S5fF} . t/ xfdLn] lvrs] f kmf]6fnfO{ s]xL ;fdfGo Photo tools sf]
k|of]u u//] cem} cfsif{s agfpg ;lsG5 . l8lh6n kmf6] fnfO{ Ol86 u/]/ kmf6] fsf]
;fOh 36fpg jf a9fpg klg ;lsG5 . gofF sdr{ f/L egf{ k|ljm| of, ljBfnodf gofF
ljBfyL{ egf{ 5gf6] h:tf sfo{df cgnfOgaf6 klg cfj]bg dfUg] ul/G5 . o;/L
cgnfOgaf6 cfj]bg lbbF f xfdLn] cfjZos sfuhft jf kmf]6fnfO{ tfl] sPsf] ;fOh,
tfl] sPsf] file format (JPEG, PDF etc) df /fVg'kb5{ . tf]lsPsf] kl/lwleq /x]/
kmfOn jf kmf]6f] cknf]8 u/]df dfq cfj]bg lbg ;lsG5 gq kmf]6fx¿ cfjb] g lbFbf
upload ug{ ;lsbF}g . xfdL cfkm}nF ] ;fdfGo kmf6] f] edit ug{ ;sd] f kmf6] fnfO{ cfsifs{
agfpgs' f cGo y'k|} sfox{ ¿ ug{ ;S5f}F . kmf]6f] Ol8l6ª;DaGwL s]xL ;fdfGo Photo
tools nfO{ oxfF tn k:| tt' ul/Psf] 5 .

kmf]6f] sf6\g] (Crop)

slxns] fxLF xfdLn] lvrs] f] jf sg' } ;|f]taf6 lnPsf] kmf]6f] xfdLnfO{ rflxPsf] h:tf]
7\ofSs} gxg' ;S5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf kmf6] fnfO{ crop u//] cfkm" nfO{ rflxPsf]
;fOhdf Nofpg ;lsG5 .

42 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &

kmf]6fnfO{ crop ug{] tl/sf

1. h'g kmf]6fnfO{ crop ug'{kg]{ xf] To;nfO{ pko'St k|f]uf| daf6 vfN] g'xf;] \ . h:t}
widows 2010 df ePsf] Photos k|f]u|fdaf6 vfN] g ;lsG5 .

2. kmf]6fnfO{ select u//] dfp;df right click u/L b]lvg] ljleGg options dWo]
open with df uO{ kmf6] f] vfN] g] sg' } Pp6f k|fu] f| dnfO{ default k|f]u|fd agfpg
klg ;lsG5 .

3. kmf6] f] vfl] n;sk] l5 kmf6] fsf] dfly ;ae} Gbf bfoftF km{ /xs] f] crop df lSns ugx{' f;] \ .

4. o;kl5 kmf]6fsf] jl/kl/ pHofnf] 3/] f nfU5 . 3]/fdf click u//] drag ub}{ xfdLn]
kmf6] fdf /fVgk' g{] If]qdf dfq pHofnf] 3]/fnfO{ ldnfpg'k5{ .

5. 3/] fsf] rf/lt/sf] s'gfdf /x]sf] 8NNff] efudf dfp;nfO{ drag u/]/ rnfpbF f
rf/l} t/sf] pHofnf] efu 36a9 xG' 5 . To;n} ] olb sg' } Pstk{m -bfof,F afofF, tn
jf dfly_ sf] efu dfq 36fpg' jf a9fpg' k/]df sg' fdf geP/ lar efult/
dfp;nfO{ drag u//] rnfpg'xf;] \ .

6. xfdLn] /fVgk' g{] kmf6] fsf] jl/kl/ efudf dfq pHofnf] 3]/fnfO{ ldnfO;sk] l5
crop and rotate df click ug'x{ f;] .

7. o;kl5 kh] sf] bfofFtkm{ tn /xs] f] save a copy df click ugx{' f;] \ .

8. o;kl5 edit u/]sf] kmf]6f] sDKo'6/sf] s'g folder df /fVg] xf] To;nfO{ 5fg]/
save ugx'{ f];\ .

o;/L xfdL sg' } klg kmf6] fdf /xs] f] cgfjZos efu jf cfu] 6s] f] Ifq] nfO{ x6fO{ rflxPsf]
h:tf] kmf]6f] agfpg ;S5fF} .

kmf]6fdf ks| fz (light) / /ª (colour) ldnfpg]

1. Edit ug{k' g]{ kmf6] fnfO{ dflysf] h:t} sDKo6' /df Photos kf| ]uf| daf6 vf]Ng'xf;] \ .

2. kh] sf] bfofFk6\l6sf] dflyNnf] efudf /xs] f] Edit and create>Edit df hfgx' f;] \
-kmf6] f] vl' n;s]kl5 Ctrl+E lyr/] klg l;w} Edit df hfg ;lsG5 .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff & 43

3. o;kl5 afofFlrqdf b]vfPsf] h:tf] kh] b]lvG5 . lrqsf] dfly bfofF efudf
/x]sf] Adjustments df ugx{' f;] \ . lSns ul/;s]kl5 Light, Color, Clarity
h:tf ljleGg ljsNkx¿ bl] vG5g\ .

4. Light nfO{ 36fpg jf a9fpg o;sf] lardf /xs] f] vertical nfOgdf drag
u/]/ bfofF afofF rnfpgx' f];\ . o;nfO{ hg' cj:yfdf /fVbf kmf6] f] /fdf| ] b]lvG5
ToxL adjust ug'xf];\ .

5. kmf]6fdf Light nfO{ ldnfP h;/L g} color nfO{ klg ldnfpgx' f;] \ . cfjZos
ePdf ToxfF adjustments df ePsf cGo s'/fx¿nfO{ klg ldnfpg ;lsG5 .

6. Adjustment sf] tn /xs] f] spot fix df click u/]/ kmf6] fdf ePsf bfux¿df
w/] k} 6s lSns ub}{ bfux¿ x6fpg klg ;lsG5 .

7. kmf]6fdf ;a} s'/fx¿ ldnfO;sk] l5 tof/ ePsf cfsifs{ kmf]6fnfO{ save a
copy df click u//] sDKo'6/df save ug{x' f];\ .

o;/L xfdL s'g} kmf]6fdf ePsf] light, color, clarity, spot fix h:tf s/' fx¿nfO{
ldnfP/ kmf6] fnfO{ cfsif{s agfpg ;S5f}F .

kmf]6fsf] ;fOh 36fpg] jf a9fpg] tl/sf (Image size adjustment)

1. sDKo'6/df ms paint vfN] gx' f];\ .

2. Ms paint sf] afofF dflykl66\ /xs] f] File>Open xbF' } sDKo6' /df ePsf kmf6] fnfO{
select u/]/ ms paint df vfN] gx' f];\ . (Ctrl + O l;w} lyr/] klg kmf]6fnfO{
vf]Ng ;lsG5 .

3. kmf]6fnfO{ zoom in / zoom out u//] screen df kmf6] fnfO{ /fd|/L k/' } bl] vg]
agfpgx' f;] \ .

4. Resize df uP/ horizantal jf vertical pixels NffO{ ldnfpg'xf];\ .

5. kmf]6fsf] tn Pixels / size lbOPsf] x'G5 . h:t} M kmf]6fsf] Pixels 4272 x
2848 / ;fOh 3.3 MB 5 .

44 lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff &

6. kmf]6fsf] tnk6\l6 /xs] f] maintain aspect ratio df  lrx\g xbF' f horizental
jf vertical pixels dWo] s'g} Pp6fnfO{ ldnfpFbf csf]{ cfkm}F ldN5 .

7. b'jn} fO{ ldnfpg] ePdf o;sf] tnk6l\ 6 /x]sf] maintain aspect ratio df click
u//] ToxfF ePsf] lrxg\ nfO{ x6fpgx' f];\ . / o;kl5 horizantal / vertical

pixels b'j}nfO{ ldnfpgx' f;] \ .

8. kmf]6fsf] ;fOh a9fpg'kg]{ ePdf Pixels a9fpg'xf];\ / 36fpg'kg]{ ePdf
36fpgx' f;] \ .

9. Pixels nfO{ 36fpg] jf a9fpg] sfd ul/;s]kl5 OK jf Enter key lyRgx' f];\ .

10. ca ;fOh 36]sf] jf a9]sf] kmf6] fnfO{ Ctrl+S lyr/] Paint df save ugx'{ f;] \ .

11. cGTodf sDKo6' /sf] Desktop jf s'g} folder df kmf]6fnfO{ rflxPsf] image
format df save ugx'{ f];\ .

12. o;/L xfdL sg' } klg kmf]6fnfO{ Ms Paint k|fu] f| daf6 rflxPsf] cfsf/df /fVg
;S5fF} .

gf6] M olb OG{ 6/g6] sf] kxr“' ePsf] v08df online image resize ;r{ ubf{ vN' g] ljleGg
ja] ;fO6af6 klg kmf]6f]sf] ;fOh ;lhn} 36a9 ug{ ;lsG5 .

lj|mofsnfk 2.6

lzIfssf] ;xof]udf dfa] fOnn] tkfOs“{ f] sIffsf] ;fd"lxs kmf6] f] lngx' f];\ . kmf]6fnfO{
Od]naf6 Pscfk;df cfbfgkb| fg ug{x' f;] \ . ms paint af6 kmf6] fnfO{ cfkmn" ] rfxs] f]
ljleGg size df 36fpg] jf a9fpg] k|of; ug'x{ f];\ .

ljm| ofsnfk 2.7

ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rL (world heritage site) df k/]sf gk] fnsf ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;"rL
tof/ ugx{' f;] \ . oL ;Dkbfx¿sf] lrq OG6/g]6af6 vfh] /] Pp6f kfj/kf]OG6 lkh| ]G6g
tof/ ug'x{ f];\ .

kfj/kf]OG6 lk|hG] 6];g (Powerpoint Presentation)

s'g} klg ljifoj:t'nfO{ c¿n] ;lhn} a'‰g] u/L] k|:t't ug{sf nflu
kfj/kfO] G6af6 k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 . xfdLn] ug{] lk|h]G6];gnfO{ cfsifs{ ¿kdf k|:t't

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff & 45