-5_ hnfwf/ / l;d;f/ Ifq] sf dxŒj Aff/] ks| fz kfgx'{ f;] \ .
-h_ g]kfn hl} js ljljwtfdf wgL 5, ts{ lbgx' f];\ .
-em_ km/s n]Vgx' f];\ M
-c_ kg' M k|of]u / k'gM rjm| 0f -cf_ hnfwf/ Ifq] / l;d;f/ Ifq]
-O_ gjLs/0fLo / cgjLs/0Lo ;f| ]t
-~f_ jftfj/0f / hl} js ljljwtfsf] kf/:kl/s ;DaGwnfO{ JofVof ug'x{ f;] \ .
-6_ kofj{ /0fLo ;Gtn' g sfod ugd{ f dflg;n] vN] g el" dsf JofVof ugx{' f;] \ .
-7_ kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] egs] f] s] xf] / o;nfO{ sg' cfwf/df juLs{ /0f ul/Psf] 5 <
-8_ kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] x¿sf] ljgfzsf sg' } kfrF cf6] f sf/s tŒjx¿af/] 5f6] f] j0fg{
ug'{xf];\ .
$= lrqsf cfwf/df kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ nV] g'xf];\ M
-c_ o; lj|mofsnfkn] sl[ if Ifq] df s] c;/ u5{ <
-cf_ o;n] hn;|ft] nfO{ s] c;/ u5{ <
-O_ o; lj|m|ofsnfkn] jGohGtn' fO{ s;/L k|efljt u5{ <
-O_{ oxfF s'g s'g kf| s[lts ;Dkbfsf] pkl:ylt 5<
-p_ o;nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ tkfOFs{ f] el" dsf s] s] xg' ;S5 <
96 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &
%kf7 ! hLjg k|lj|mof (Life Process)
tnsf] lrqdf ;hLjdf x'g] s]xL hLjg kl| jm| ofx¿ b]vfOPsf] 5, o;sf] cWoog u/L
tnfsf kZ| gdf 5nkn ugx{' f;] \ M
kfi] f0f hLjg pkfkrfog
kl/jxg kl| j|mof Zjf;kZ| jf;
k|hgg\ lg:sf;g
lrq 5.1
-c_ hgfj/ / jg:klt bj' d} f x'g] hLjg k|ljm| ofx¿ s'g s'g x'g\ <
-cf_ oLdWo] sg' } Ps hLjg kl| j|mofdf c;Gt'ng ePdf hLjnfO{ s:tf] c;/ knf{ <
-O_ s'g hLjgkl| j|mofaf6 kf]ifs tŒjx¿ z/L/sf] k|To]s sfi] fdf kU' 5 <
-O{_ sg' hLjg kl| jm| ofaf6 hgfj/df vfgfsf] kf]ifs tŒj ;f]:g] sfo{ xG' 5 <
;hLjx¿sf] z/L/df dfq xg' ] kl| jm| ofnfO{ hLjg kl| jm| of (Life process) elgG5 .
hLjg kl| j|mofn] ubf{ g} ;hLjx¿nfO{ hLljt agfPsf] xG' 5 . z/L/leq x'g] o:tf
k|lj|mofx¿n] ubf{ g} sf]ifx¿n] cfjZos j:t'x¿ k|fKt u/]/ ltgLx¿ :j:Yo
/xg'sf] ;fy} ltgLx¿sf] cfsf/ / ;ªV\ of a9\5 . jg:klt tyf dfgj z/L/df x'g]
Zjf;kZ| jf; lj|mof, kfrg lj|mof, kl/jxg, lgisf;g ljm| of, k|hgg lj|mof, j[l4 cflb
hLjg kl| jm| ofsf sx] L pbfx/0fx¿ xg' \ .
lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff & 97
5.1 kl/jxg / zfi] f0f (Transportation and absorption)
xfdLx¿ afFRgsf nflu vfgf vfG5f}+F . vfgfsf] kfrg
/ zf]if0f kl| j|mofg} kfrg k0| ffnL xf] . xfdLn] vfPsf]
vfg]s'/f lsg kR5 < s] vfgf kr]/ dfq z/L/n]
To;af6 kf]ifs tŒj k|fKt ug{ ;S5 < vfgfsf] kfrg
eO;s]kl5 x/]s sf]ifdf kf]ifs tŒjx¿ s;/L k'U5g\
xf]nf < xfdLn] vfPsf] cf}ifwL k6] df uP klg To;sf] c;/
cf}Fnfsf] 3fpdf s;/L x'G5 xf]nf < sIffsf ;fyLx¿;uF lrq ;F 5.2 la?jfdf x'g] kl/jxg
5nkmn ug'{xf;] \ .
;a} ;hLjsf] z/L/df ePsf x/]s hLljt sfi] fnfO{ :jf:Yo /xg / afFRgsf nflu
ltgLx¿nfO{ clS;hg tyf kf]ifs tŒjsf ;fy} cGo kbfy{x¿sf] klg cfjZostf
kb5{ . o;} u/L x/]s sf]ifdf s]xL o:tf j:tx' ¿ klg aG5g\ h'g sfi] fnfO{ sfd
nfUbg} . To:tf kbfy{x¿nfO{ z/L/af6 aflx/ kmfNg' kg]{ xG' 5 . sfi] fnfO{ cfjZos
kg{] kbfy{ sf]if;Dd kè' ofpg] / sfd gnfUg] j:t'nfO{ sfi] faf6 ;DalGwt lgisf;g
cª\u;Dd kè' ofpg] sfdnfO{ kl/jxg elgG5 . jg:klt / hgfj/x¿df kl/jxg /
zf]if0f sfo{ km/s km/s tl/sfaf6 xG' 5 .
5.1.1 la?jfx¿df kl/jxg / zfi] f0f (Transportation and absorption
in plants)
ljm| ofsnfk 5.1
Pp6f ef8“ fdf /ª\uLg kfgL lnP/ To;df km"n;d]tsf] Pp6f la?jfsf] xfu“ fnfO{
lrqdf bv] fPh:t} /fVgx' f];\ . pSt la?jfnfO{ tLgbl] v rf/ 306fkl5 cjnfs] g
ugx{' f;] \ . s] To; la?jfsf] /ªdf sx] L kl/jtg{ bl] vof] < lsg xfn] f, 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \ .
la?jfx¿nfO{ ks| fz ;+Zni] f0f lj|mof ug{sf nflu kfgLsf] cfjZostf
kb{5 . k|foh;f] la?jfx¿n] df6faf6 kfgL / cfjZos vlgh nj0fx¿ lrq 5.3
;f;] /] lnG5g\ . h/faf6 ;f;] ]/ lnPsf] kfgL / To;df 3f]lnP/ /xs] f
nj0fx¿nfO{ la?jfn] kft;Dd} tfG5 . o;} u/L la?jfn] kftdf agfPsf] vfg] s'/fnfO{
To;n] x/s] efudf kè' ofp5F . pkoS{' t ;a} kl| jm| ofx¿ la?jfdf xg' ] kl/jxgsf pbfx/0f
x'g\ . la?jfdf kl/jxgsf nflu ljz]if tGtx' ¿ x'G5g\ . Ps lsl;dsf] tGtn' ] df6faf6
98 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &
kfgL tyf nj0f kbfyx{ ¿ ;f];/] kft;Dd k'¥ofp5F h:fnfO{ hfOnd tGt' (Xylem
tissue) elgG5 . To:t} u/L csf{] lsl;dsf] tGtn' ] kftdf ags] f] vfBkbfy{nfO]{
la?jfsf] x/s] efudf k'¥ofpF5 h;nfO{ km\nf]od tGt' (Phloem tissue) elgG5 .
lrq 5.4 kftdf /xs] f :6fd] f6fx¿ :ofp / cfn'sf] ;txdf /xs] f nl] G6;]nx¿
la?jfdf clS;hg / sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8sf] kl/jxg klg x'G5 . la?jfdf clS;hg
/ sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8 h:tf Uof;F x¿sf] kl/jxg :6f]df6f / n]lG6;n] h:tf ;;fgf
l5bx| ¿af6 x'G5 .
lj|mofsnfk 5.2
Pp6f la?jf lnP/ To;sf] Pp6f kftsf] bj' } ;txdf Eofl:ng jf luh| bNg'xf;] \ . b'O{ lbgkl5 To;
kftsf] cjnfs] g ug{x' f];\ . To; kftdf s] kl/jtg{ bl] vof] < k|fKt lgisif{ sIffdf 5nkmn ug{'xf;] \ .
5.1.2 hgfj/x¿df kl/jxg / zf]if0f (Transportation and
absorption in animals)
hgfj/x¿ km/s km/s agf]6 / km/s km/s ;fOhsf x'G5g\ . s] ;a} hgfj/x¿sf]
z/L/df Pp6} tl/sfn] kl/jxg xG' 5 xf]nf < km/s km/s hgfj/x¿df km/s km/s
tl/sfn] kl/jxg x'G5 . ;/n agf]6 ePsf hgfj/x¿df kl/jxgsf nflu s'g} vf;
cªu\ kfOFbg} eg] ljsl;t hgfj/x¿df kl/jxg k0| ffnL /x]sf] x'G5 . 9f8 gePsf
hgfj/ / 9f8 ePsf hgfj/x¿df x'g] kl/jxg klg km/s km/s ljlwaf6 x'G5 .
Ps sf]ifLo hgfj/x¿sf] z/L/ Pp6f dfq sf]ifn] ag]sf] x'G5 . cldaf h:tf
hgfj/x¿sf] z/L/df ltgLx¿nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ vfgf / clS;hg h:tf kbfy{x¿
sfi] f lemNnLaf6 leq l5g]{ / cgfjZos kbfyx{ ¿ sfi] f lemNnLaf6 g} aflxl/g] x'G5g\ .
o:tf kbfy{x¿ ;fO6fK] nfHddf g} a9L uf9fkgaf6 sd uf9fkglt/ kml} nP/ kl/jxg
x'G5 . o; ljlwnfO{ l8ˆoh' g (diffusion) elgG5 .
lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff & 99
:kf]Gh h:tf hgfj/x¿sf] z/L/ w]/} sf]ifn] cf]l:6ofaf6 l5/]sf
ag]sf] eP tfklg ltgLx¿sf ;a} sf]ifx¿
;dfg agf]6 ePsf x'G5g\ . logLx¿sf] z/L/ clS;hg / vfB kbfy{
el/ cf]l:6of eGg] lgs} dl;gf l5b|x¿ x'G5g\ lrq 5.5 :kfG] hdf xg' ] kl/jxg
/ c:s'nd eGg] Pp6f cln 7'nf] l5b|
xG' 5 . :kfG] hx¿sf] kl/jxgdf oL bO' { lsl;dsf
l5bx| ¿sf] lgs} 7n' f] e"ldsf xG' 5 . :kfG] hsf]
cf]l:6ofaf6 kfgL;uF} clS;hg / vfB kbfy{
leq l5b{5 . To;sf sf]ifx¿n] cfjZos
vfgf sfd gnfUg] kbfy{
kbfyx{ ¿sf] zfi] f0f u/k] l5 sfd gnfUg] kbfy{x¿ d'v
c:sn' daf6 aflx/ kmfNb5g\ .
aflx/L tx leqL tx
xfO8«f / h]nLlkm; h:tf ;/n agf6] ePsf ax'sf]
ifLo hgfj/x¿df kl/jxgsf nflu ljz]if tGt' / Vff]s|f] z/L/
cGo /rgfx¿ /xs] f xG' 5g\ . xfO8f« sf] z/L/ vf]sf| ] lrq ;+ 5.6 xfO8f« df xg' \] kl/jxg
gnL h:tf] xG' 5 hg' sfi] fsf bO' c{ f6] f txaf6 ag]sf]
xG' 5 . aflx/L txn] ;/' Iff lbg] sfd ub5{ eg] leqL
txn] kfrg, zf]if0f / kl/jxg h:tf hLjg
k|lj|mofx¿ ;~rfng ub{5 . xfO8«fnfO{ cfjZos
kg{] vfgf / clS;hg h:tf kbfyx{ ¿ To;sf] dv' af6
kfgL;u}F leq l5b5{ g\ . o;/L l5/s] f vfBkbfyx{ ¿sf]
kfrg lj|mofkl5 cfjZos j:tx' ¿ ;f]l;G5g\ eg]
sfd gnfUg] kbfy{x¿ d'vaf6 g} z/L/ aflx/
kmflnG5g\ .
dflg;nufot ljsl;t hgfj/x¿df kl/jxgsf
nflu cª\ux¿sf] Pp6f ;d"x xG' 5 h;nfO{ /St lrq ;+ 5.7
;~rf/ k0| ffnL (blood circulatory system) elgG5 . of] k0| ffnL /ut (blood),
/StgnLx¿ (blood vessels) / d6' ' (heart) ldn]/ ags] f] x'G5 . /utdf clS;hg,
100 lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff &
kf]ifs tŒj, cfjZos nj0f cflb h:tf kbfyx{ ¿ /StgnL (blood vessels) xFb' } kT| o]
s sfi] fdf k'U5g\ . sf]ifx¿n] l8ˆo'hg ljlwaf6 cfjZos kf]ifs tŒjx¿ ;f];]/ lng]
/ sfd gnfUg] kbfyx{ ¿nfO{ /uts} dfWodaf6 aflx/ k7fp5F g\ . o; sfon{ fO{ ;~rfng
ug]{ sfd d6' n' ] (heart) ub5{ . d6' n' ] /utnfO{ lyr/] /StgnLdf k7fpgF ] ub5{ . o;/L
dflg;df kl/jxg / zfi] f0f x'g] sfo{ ;DkGg xG' 5 .
kl/of]hgf sfo{
Pp6f rf6k{ k] /df dfgj z/L/df xg' ] kl/jxg al' emg] u/L :ki6 /ªu\ Lg lrq agfpgx' f;] \ .
5.2 lgisf;g ljm| of (Excretion)
lrq ;+ 5.8
s] tkfOFn{ ] laxfgLkv la?jfx¿sf kftsf] lsgf/fdf kfgLsf yf]kfx¿ 6fFl;P/ /xs] f]
b]Vge' Psf] 5 < tL kfgLsf] yfk] f sxfaF f6 cfPsf xfn] fg\ < ;hLjx¿sf z/L/df
ljleGg hLjg k|ljm| ofx¿ xb'F f sx] L o:tf kbfy{x¿ klg aG5g\ hg' z/L/nfO{ sfd
nfUb}gg\ . o:tf kbfyx{ ¿ z/L/leq /lx/xFbf ljiffn' kbfy{sf] lgdf{0f u/L ak] mfObf
ub{5g\ . o;} u/L s]xL kbfy{x¿ z/L/leq cfjZostfeGbf a9L x'G5g\ . o:tf
kbfy{x¿nfO{ z/L/af6 aflx/ kmfNgk' g{] xG' 5 . ;hLjx¿sf] z/L/leq /x]sf o:tf
cgfjZos kbfy{x¿ z/L/af6 aflx/ kmfNg] lj|mofnfO{ lgisf;g ljm| of (excretion)
elgG5 . ljleGg dfqf / ljleGg ¿kdf jg:klt / hgfj/ b'j}n] lgisf;g
ub5{ g\ .
lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff & lrq la?jfdf lgisf;g lso| f 101
5.1.1 la?jfx¿df lgisf;g ljm| of (Excretion in plants)
lj|mofsnfk 5.3
Pp6f la?jf lnP/ To;sf] Pp6f xf“ufnfO{ ;S' vf kfl] nlygdf l5/fP/ kf]lnlygsf] dv' nfO{ /fd/| L
afW“ g'xf];\ . rf/kf“r 3G6fkl5 To; kf]lnlygsf] cjnf]sg ugx{' f];\ . To;df s] kl/jtg{ bl] vof] <
sf/0f;lxt lgisif{ lgsfNgx' f;] \ .
la?jfn] clS;hg, sfag{ 8fOc{ S;fO8 / kfgLsf] lgisf;g ub5{ g\ . xl/of la?jfx¿n]
ks| fz ;Z+ ni] f0f ljm| of ubf{ lg:ss] f] clS;hgsf] sx] L dfqf pSt la?jfn] Zjf;kZ| jf;df
k|ofu] u5{g\ eg] a9L ePsf] clS;hg jfod' 08ndf hfG5 . la?jfn] /ftL Zjf;k|Zjf;
lj|mof ubf{ lg:ss] f] sfag{ 8fOc{ S;fO8 Uof;F ltgLx¿nfO{ sfd nfUbg} lsgeg] /ftL
la?jfdf k|sfz ;Z+ n]if0f lsof xb' }gF . t;y{ la?jfx¿n] Zjf;k|Zjf; ubf{ la?jfnfO{
grflxg] sfag{ 8fOc{ S;fO8 UofF; jfo'd08ndf :6f]df6faf6 kmfNg] ub5{ g\ .
lrq 5.9 la?jfdf lgisf;g lso| f
la?jfx¿n] a9L ePsf] kfgLnfO{ klg pT:j]bg (transpiration) lj|mofaf6 afkmsf
¿kdf aflx/ kmfN5g\ . la?jfx¿sf kftdf /x]sf :6f]df6f eGg] ;;fgf l5bx| ¿af6
o; lsl;dsf] lgisf;g sfo{ x'G5 . logLx¿df hgfj/df h:tf] ljzi] f lsl;dsf
lgisf;g cªu\ x¿ xbF' g} g\ . la?jfx¿dWo] sx] L la?jfn] vf6] f] (resin), bw' h:tf] kbfy{
(latex) / t]n h:tf] kbfy{ (oily substances) h:tf kbfyx{ ¿ lgisf;g ub5{ g\ .
5.2.2 hgfj/x¿df lgisf;g lj|mof (Excretion in Animal)
hgfj/x¿df lgisf;g ljm| ofsf nflu lgisf;g k0| ffnL /xs] f] xG' 5 . ;a} hgfj/x¿sf] lgisf;g
k0| ffnLdf Pp6} lsl;dsf cªu\ x¿ xb'F g} g\ . Ps sfi] fLo hgfj/x¿df lgisf;g ltgLx¿sf]
sfi] f lemNnLaf6 xG' 5 . l8ˆoh' g ljlwaf6 Ps sfi] fLo hgfj/nfO{ sfd gnfUg] kbfyx{ ¿
102 lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff &
ltgLx¿sf] sf]if lemNnL xbF' } aflx/ lgl:sG5g\ . :kfG] hdf lgisf;g sfo{ c:s'ndaf6
xG' 5 eg] xfO8f« n] of] sfo{ d'vaf6} ub5{ . km6\ofªu\ f| h:tf ls/fx¿df lgisf;g sfo{
dflNkmlhog 6\o'a'n (malphigian tubule) eGg] gnL h:tf /rgfx¿af6 xG' 5 .
lrq 5.10
dflg; / cGo ljsl;t hgfj/x¿df 5fnf, kmfS] ;f] /
lduf{}nf h:tf cª\ux¿af6 lgisf;g x'G5 . ljsl;t
hgfj/x¿sf] z/L/df 5fnfn] kl;gf, kmf]S;fn] sfa{g
8fO{cS;fO8 / lduf}{nfn] d"qsf ¿kdf lgisf;g
ub{5 . 5fnfdf /x]sf kl;gf u|GyLn] a9L kfgL tyf
nj0f / o'l/ofsf] lgisf;g ub{5g\ . o; k|lj|mofn]
z/L/sf] tfks|d lgoGq0f ug]{ sfo{ klg ub{5 . kmfS] ;fn]
Zjf;kZ| jf; ljm| ofdf pTkGg sfag{ 8fOc{ S;fO8nfO{ aflx/
kmfNg] sfod{ f dbt ub5{ . ldufn{} f dq" k0| ffnLsf cªu\ x¿
xg' \ h;n] /utaf6 a9L ePsf] kfgL, nj0f / ol' /ofnfO{
dq" sf ¿kdf 56' \ofp5F . Dffgj z/L/df dq" k0| ffnLn]
lgisf;gdf kd| 'v e"ldsf vN] b5 . o; k0| ffnLsf] lgdf0{ f lrq 5.11
b'Oc{ f6] f lduf{}nf (kidneys), b'Oc{ f6] f d"qgnL (ureters), Pp6f dq" y}nL (urinary
bladder) / Pp6f dq" dfu{ (urethra) n] u/]sf xG' 5g\ .
ldufn}{ fn] /utaf6 a9L ePsf] kfgL, nj0f, / o'l/ofnfO{ dq" sf ¿kdf 56' o\ fp5F .
o;/L 56' \ofOPsf] dq" nfO{ d"qgnLn] d"qy}nLdf nh} fG5 . dq" y}nLdf hDdf ePsf] dq" ,
d"qdfu{ x'Fb} z/L/aflx/ ˆofF lsG5 .
ljm| ofsnfk 5.4
Pp6f rf6{k]k/df dfgj d"qk|0ffnLsf] gfdfª\lst lrq agfO{ To;nfO{ /ª
nufpgx' f;] \ .
lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff & 103
5.2.3 la?jf / hgfj/df xg' ] lgisf;g ljm| ofdf km/s (Differences between
excretionin animals and plants)
lj|mofsnfk 5.5
tn lbOPsf] tflnsf k/" f ug'{xf;] \ M
hgfj/ km/skgsf] cfwf/ la?jf
========================= lgisf;g cª\u =================================
========================= lgisfl;t kbfy{ =============================
========================= lgisfl;t kbfys{ f] pkof]u ================================
5.3 Zjf;k|Zjf; ljm| of (Respiration)
xfdL s]xL 306f;Dd vfgf / kfgLlagf afFRg ;S5f}F . s] xfdL nfdf] ;do;Dd Zjf;
gkm]/L a:g ;S5f} <
xfdLn] vfPsf vfg]s'/fx¿sf] kfrg / kl/jxg dfq eP/ To;af6 zlSt kfpbg} f}F .
zlSt kf| Kt ugs{ f nflu vfgfaf6 kf| Kt kfi] fs tŒjx¿nfO{ cemF} 6S' o| fP/ zlSt pTkfbg
ugk{' g{] xG' 5 . pSt sfo{ sfi] fleq clS;hgn] dfq ug{ ;S5 . o; sfos{ f nflu
cfjZos clS;hg xfdLn] Zjf;k|Zjf; ljm| ofaf6 kfp5fF} . Zjf;k|Zjf; lj|mofaf6
pTkGg zlStsf] ko| fu] af6 g} ljleGg lsl;dsf sfd ug{ / z/L/leq x'g] hLjg
k|ljm| of ;~rfng ug{ ;Dej ePsf] xf] . o; lj|mofnfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf tn lbOPcg;' f/
JoSt ug{ ;lsG5 .
Uns' f]h + clS;hg kfgL + sfag{ 8fOc{ S;fO8 + zlSt
s] Zjf; kmg] '{ (breathing) / Zjf;k|Zjf; lj|mof (respiration) ug{' Pp6} k|lj|mof
xf] < k|foh;f] oL bO' { zAbx¿sf] k|of]u Ps csf{sf nflu ul/g] eP tfklg km/s
k|ljm| of x'g\ . Zjf; kmg] ]{ sfo{ z/L/leq eP tfklg sf]ifaflx/ xG' 5 eg] Zjf;kZ| jf;
ljm| of sf]ifleq xg' ] kl| jm| of xf] . hgfj/ / la?jf ;a}n] Zjf; kmb] f{ clS;hg lnG5g\
/ sfag{ 8fOc{ S;fO8 kmfN5g\ .
104 lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff &
5.3.1 la?jfx¿df Zjf;k|Zjf; lj|mof (Respiration in plants)
lj|mofsnfk 5.6
la?jfn] Zjf; km]bf{ sfa{g 8fO{cS;fO8 kmfNg] tYosf] k|bzg{
cfjZos ;fduL| sfl] gsn km\ nf:s, las/, Pp6f ss,{ U cfsf/sf]
sfr“ sf] gnL, r'gkfgL
ljlw : Pp6f sfl] gsn k\mnf:s lnP/ To;df s]xL cªs\ l' /t rgf lrq 5.12
jf s/] fp /fVg'xf];\ . pSt km\ nf:sdf sss{ f] ;xfotfn] U cfsf/
sf] sf“rsf] gnL h8fg ug'{xf];\ . sf“rsf] gnLsf] csf]{ 5]p rg' kfgL
/flvPsf] ljs/df 8a' fpgx' f;] \ . sl/a cfwf 306fkl5 rg' kfgLdf cfPsf]
kl/jt{g x]g{x' f];\ . r'gkfgL lsg bl' wnfe] of] <
s] tkfO“{nfO{ yfxf 5, sfag{ 8fOc{ S;fO8n]
r'gkfgLnfO{ b'lwnf] agfp“5 < sf]lgsn
k\mnf:sdf /x]sf] cª\s'l/t lapn] Zjf;
kmb] f{ 5f8] s] f] sfag{ 8fOc{ S;fO8n] rg' kfgLnfO{
bl' wnf] agfPsf] xf] . o; k|of]un] of] k|dfl0ft
ub5{ ls la?jfx¿n] klg Zjf; km]bf{ sfa{g
8fOc{ S;fO8 kmfN5g\ .
s] tkfO“{ eGg ;Sgx' G' 5, la?jfsf] sg' efuaf6 lrq 5.13
clS;hg / sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8sf] cfbfg k|bfg x'G5 < ltgLx¿sf] kftdf /x]sf :6fd] f6f /
cGo efudf /xs] f n]lN6;]nx¿af6 o:tf Uof;“ x¿ cfx] f/] bf]xf]/ u5g{ \ . lbFp;f] Zjf; km]bf{ lg:s]
sf] sfa{g 8fO{cS;fO8 Uof“; k|sf; ;Z+ ni] f0f lj|mofdf k|of]u x'G5 . /ftL la?jfx¿n] pSt sfag{
8fO{cS;fO8 xfjfdf kmfN5g\ .
/ftsf] ;dodf ?vd'lg ;'Tg' :jf:Yosf nflu Tolt /fdf| ] dflgb“ }g, lsg xf]nf <
5.3.2 hgfj/x¿df Zjf;k|Zjf; ljm| of (Respiration in animals)
lj|mofsnfk 5.7
tkfO“{ ;fdfGo cj:yfdf cf/fd;“u a;/] Ps ldg]6df slt k6s Zjf; km]g{' xG' 5, l6kf]6
ugx{' f;] \ . Pp6} :yfgdf bO' { ldg6] ;Dd ;se/ a9L ultdf pkm| gx' f;] \ / kml] / Ps ldg6] df slt
k6s Zjf; kmg] e{' of,] l6kf6] ugx{' f;] \ . oL bO' d{ f s] km/s kfpge' of] / lsg < o; ljm| ofsnfknfO{
kl/jxg / Zjf;kZ| jf; lj|mof;u“ s;/L hf]8\g ;lsG5 <
lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff & 105
hgfj/x¿n] Zjf;k|Zjf; lj|mof
ug{ ljleGg tl/sf / km/s km/s
cª\ux¿sf] ko| f]u ub{5g\ . Ps sf]
ifLo hgfj/x¿, :kf]Gh / xfO8«f h:tf
hgfj/x¿n] Zjf;k|Zjf; ljm| ofdf s'g
cª\usf] ko| f]u u5g{ ,\ 5nkmn ugx'{ f];\ .
Ps sfi] fLo hgfj/x¿df sfi] f lemNnLaf6}
/ :kfG] h / xfO8f« h:tf hgfj/x¿df
Zjf;kZ| jf; ljm| ofsf nflu clS;hg /
sfag{ 8fOc{ S;fO8sf] cfjt hfjt z/L
sf] ;txdf /xs] f ;;fgf l5bx| ¿af6 xG' 5 .
;fª\nf, km6\ofªu\ |f, / laR5L h:tf lrq 5.14 dfgj Zjf;k|Zjf; k|0ffnL
ls/fx¿df Zjf; kmg] s{ f nflu a'snª\u/ :kfO/]sn h:tf efux¿ xG' 5g\ . df5f /
rk] uf8fn] kmN' sfaf6 Zjf; kmb] 5{ g\ eg] dfgj / cGo ljsl;t hgfj/x¿df Zjf;kZ| jf;sf
nflu kmfS] ;f] h:tf cªu\ x¿ x'G5g\ .
xfdL gfsaf6 Zjf; kmb] 5{ f“} . gfssf] ;DaGw 6f« lsof (trachea) / af| GsfO{ (branchi) h:tf
Zjf;gnL;u“ xG' 5 . tL Zjf;gnLx¿ 5ftLleq /xs] f bO' c{ f6] f kmfS] ;fx¿ (lungs) ;u“ hfl] 8Psf
xG' 5g\ . kmfS] ;f] egs] f] 5ftLleq /xs] f] yn} L h:tf] /rgf xf] / o;df cgluGtL xfjfsf ;;fgf
yn} Lx¿ (alveoli) /xs] f xG' 5g\ . Zjf; kmb] f{ gfs xb“' } l5/]sf] xfjf Zjf; gnL x“'b}
PlNecf]n;df kU' 5 . PlNecf]n;sf] j/k/ Soflkn/Ldf /xs] f] /utn] af]s]sf] sfag{
8fO{cS;fO8 5f]8]/ clS;hg lnG5 / z4' xG' 5 . Tof] z'4 /utn] pSt clS;hgnfO{
sf]if sf]ifdf k'¥ofp“5 . sfi] fdf vfB kbfy{sf] ljR5b] g eO{ zlSt pTkGg xG' 5 .
106 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &
cEof;
!= ;xL ljsNkdf l7s lrx\g -√_ nufpg'xf;] \ M
-s_ sg' kl| jm| ofdf cgfjZos kbfyx{ ¿ sfi] faf6 lgisf;g cªu\ ;Dd cfp5F <
-c_ Zjf;kZ| jf; -cf_ /St;~rf/
-O_ lgisf;g -O{_ kh| gg
-v_ sg' efudf clS;hg / sfag{ 8fOc{ S;fO8sf] ;f6km/] x'G5 <
-c_ ldufn{} f -cf_ nl] G6;]n
-O_ hfOnd -O_{ PlNecfn] ;
-u_ ls/fx¿sf] Zjf;kZ| jf; cªu\ s'g xf] <
-c_ :6fd] f6f -cf_ :kfO/s] n
-O_ n]lG6;]n -O_{ 5fnf
-3_ la?jfx¿sf kmndf kfOg] l5b| h:tf] efu s'g xf] <
-c_ :6f]df6f -cf_ :kfO/]sn
-O_ nl] G6;]n -O{_ PlNecfn] ;
@= tn lbOPsf zAbx¿af6 pko'St zAb 5fg/] vfnL 7fp“df eg'{xf];\ M
hLjg kl| so| f, sfag{ 8fOc{ S;fO8, Zjf;kZ| jf; ljm| of, lgisf;g ljm| of, clS;hg
-s_ vfgfnfO{ 6S' o| fP/ zlSt kf| Kt xg' ] sfo{ =================== ljm| ofsnfk xG' 5 .
-v_ la?jfx¿n] Zjf;k|Zjf; ubf{ ======================Uof;F lnG5g\ . .
-u_ Ps sf]ifLo ;hLjx¿sf] z/L/sf] ===================tl/sfaf6 kl/jxg xG' 5 .
-3_ ;hLjx¿sf] z/L/df dfq kfOg] ljm| ofnfO{ =============================elgG5 .
#= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ nV] g'xf];\ M
-s_ dfgj z/L/df xg' ] lgisf;g ljm| ofsf] 5f6] f] j0fg{ ug'{xf];\ .
lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff & 107
-v_ la?jfx¿df kl/jxg s;/L xG' 5 <
-u_ Zjf;kZ| jf; lj|mofsf] dxŒjaf/] ks| fz kfgx'{ f;] \ .
-3_ Ps sf]ifLo hgfj/x¿sf] lgisf;g ljm| of s;/L x'G5 <
-ª_ la?jfx¿sf] lgisf;g lj|mofaf/] j0f{g ugx{' f;] \ .
-r_ dfgjdf Zjf;kZ| jf; ljm| ofaf/] 5f]6f] j0fg{ ug{'xf;] \ .
-5_ ls/f / df5fsf] Zjf;kZ| jf; lj|mofdf km/s n]Vg'xf;] \ .
-h_ hgfj/ / la?jfdf xg' ] lgisf;g ljm| ofdf s] km/s 5 <
-h_ xfdL bf8} bf :jfF :jfF x'G5 / d'6s' f] w8\sg klg a9\5, JofVof ugx{' f;] \ <
-~f_ lbOPsf] lrqsf cfwf/df tn lbOPsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ n]Vgx' f;] \ M
-c_ oL cªu\ ;d"xsf] sfd s] xf] <
-cf_ P sf] gfd n]Vg'xf;] \ . P
-O_ sg' efudf PlNecf]n; x'G5 < Q
-O{_ Q sf] sfd n]Vgx' f];\ .
-p_ clS;hg / sfa{g 8fO{cS;fO8sf] ;f6k\ m] / s'g efudf xG' 5 <
-6_ dfgj z/L/df d"qsf ¿kdf lgisfl;t kbfy{nfO{ 56' \ofpg] / z/L/ aflx/
kmfNg] cª\u ;dx" sf] lrq lvr/] s'g} rf/ efusf] gfdfs/0f ug{'xf;] \ .
108 lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff &
^ an / rfn (Force and Motion)
xfdL bl} gs hLjgdf ljleGg lsl;dsf sfdx¿ ub{5fF} . tL sfdx¿ ug{sf nflu
an nufpgk' g{] xG' 5 . hg' j:td' f an nufOG5 To;df ansf] c;/ b]vf kg{
;S5 . l:y/ cj:yfdf ePsf] j:t'df an nufpFbf j:t' rfndf cfp5F eGg] s'/f
cWoog ul/;Sg' ePsf] 5 . rfndf ePsf] j:t'n] :yfg klg kl/jtg{ ug{ ;S5 hg'
l;wf jf afªu\ fl] 6ª\uf] af6fdf x'G5 . j:tx' ¿df xg' ] tf}n klg Ps lsl;dsf] ans}
kl/0ffd xf] . o; PsfOcGtu{t b/' L, :yfgfGt/0f, ju] , ult, u?' Tjan, tf}n, 3if{0fan
/ sfo{ tyf ;fdYoa{ f/] 5nkmn ul/g] 5 .
6.1 b'/L tyf :yfgfGt/0f (Distance and displacement)
/d]zsf] 3/ A 7fFpdf 5 Aff6f] v
/ pgsf] 3/sf] k"j{df B Aff6f] s lrq 6.1 b/' L / :yfgfGt/0f
7fFpdf /x]sf] ljBfno hfg]
bO' {cf6] f af6f] /x]5g\ . af6f]
v df /x]sf] k'n eTs]sf] 3/
x'gfn] pgL af6f] s eP/
ljBfno hfG5g\ hg' afªu\ fl] 6ª\uf] 5 .
s] Tof] af6fdf /d]z Pp6} lbzfdf lxF8\5g\ xfn] f < /d]zsf] 3/ / ljBfnolarsf]
;ae} Gbf 5f6] f] b/' L ePsf] af6f] sg' xf] <
s'g} lglZrt lbzf gePsf] af6f] s n] A / B larsf] b'/L (distance) bv] fp5F eg]
af6f] v n] kj" { lbzfdf :yfgfGt/0f (displacement) b]vfpF5 .
lj|mofsnfk 6.1 D
Pp6f gfKg] lkmQf lnP/ ;fyLx¿;“u ljBfnosf] rp/df hfg'xf];\ . lrqdf b]vfP h:t} b'/L]
AB,BC / CD gfk]/ lrx\g nufpg'xf];\ . To;kl5 Ps hgf ;fyLnfO{ A af6 lx8“ g\ ;?' u/L
B / C xb“' } D ;Dd kU' g eGgx' f];\ . tkfOs“{ f ;fyLn] kf/ u/]sf] hDdf b'/L kQf nufpgx' f;] \ .
lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff & 109
hDdf b'/L =A b]lv B ;Ddsf]b/' L + B b]lv C ;Ddsf] C 10m D
b/' L + C bl] v D ;Ddsfb] /' L =10 m +25 m + 10 25m
m = 35 m
ca A bl] v D ;Ddsf] b'/L gfk]/ :yfgfGt/0f kQf
nufpgx' f];\ . A 10m B
lrq 6.2 b'/L / :yfgfGt/0f
s] b'/L / :yfgfGt/0f ;dfg 5 < s] b/' L / :yfgfGt/0fsf] lbzf ;dfg 5 < :yfgfGt/0f
sg' lbzfdf ePsf] 5 <
b/' L egs] f] Pp6f :yfgaf6 csf]{ :yfgdf hfbF f kf/ ul/Psf] af6fsf] hDdf nDafO
xf] h'g lglZrt lbzfdf gxg' klg ;S5. o;nfO{ d n] ;ª\s]t ul/G5 . b'/LnfO{ k"0f{
¿kdf JoSt ug{ dfg dfq eP kU' 5 . o; sfo{df lbzfsf] cfjZostf xbF' }g . To;}n]
o;nfO{ :sn] / kl/df0f (scalar quantity) elgG5 . b'/LnfO{ j]u (speed) / ;dosf]
(time) u0' fgkmnsf ¿kdf klg kl/eflift ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] P;= cfO={ PsfO
ld6/ (m) xf] .
b'/L (distance) = ju] (speed) x ;do (time)]
:yfgfGt/0f eg]sf] bO' { :yfgx¿larsf] ;ae} Gbf 5f]6f] b/' L xf] hg' Pp6f lglZrt
lbzfdf x'G5 . o;nfO{ s n] ;ª\st] ul/G5 . o;nfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf JoSt ug{ dfgsf
;fy} lbzfsf] klg cfjZostf kb5{ To;}n] o;nfO{ e]S6/ kl/df0f (vector quantity)
elgG5 . :yfgfGt/0fnfO{ ult (velocity) / ;dosf] (time) u'0fgkmnaf6 klg
kl/eflift ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] P;= cfO{= PsfO klg ld6/ (m) g} xf] .
:yfgfGt/0f (s) = ult (velocity) × ;do (time)
lj|mofsnfk 6.2 B 5m C
lrqdf /f]zgL lx“8]sf] af6f] A, B, C / D
b]vfOPsf] 5 . pgL laGb' A af6 lx8“ \g ;?' u/]/ 3 m 3m
km]l/ pSt laGbd' f g} kmls{lG5g\ eg] lbOPsf] lrqsf
cfwf/df lgDglnlvt kZ| gx¿df 5nkmn u/L lgisif{ A 5m D
lgsfNg'xf];\ M
lrq 6.3 cfotfsf/ af6f]
lrq 6.3 cfotfsf/ af6f]
110 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &
k|=;= kZ| g cj:yf sf/0f
!= sg' cj:yfdf b/' Lsf] dfg zG" o xbF' g} t/ :yfgfGt/0fsf]
dfg z"Go x'G5 <
@= sg' cj:yfdf b/' L / :yfgfGt/0fsf] dfg a/fa/ xG' 5 <
#= sg' cj:yfdf :yfgfGt/0fsf] dfg C0ffTds x'G5 <
ha /f]zgL A af6 lx8F ]/ kml] / A df g} kl' U5g\ pgsf] ult zG" o x'G5 lsg eg] A af6
A sf] :yfgfGt/0f zG" o 5 t/ pgn] 16 m b'/L kf/ u/]sL xl' G5g\ . o;} u/L pgL
A af6 B df k'Ubf b'/L / :yfgfGt/0f ;dfg xG' 5 lsg eg] pSt b/' L l;wf af6fdf
5 . /fz] gL af6fdf dfl] 8bF f ;?' df lxF8]sf] lbzfaf6 ljk/Lt ePsf] xg' fn] :yfgfGt/0f
C0ffTds xG' 5 .
lj|mofsnfk 6.3
tn lbOPsf cfwf/x¿df 5nkmn ugx'{ f];\ / b/' L / :yfgfGt/0fdf km/s nV] gx' f];\ M
km/s 56' \ofpg] cfwf/x¿ b'/L :yfgfGt/0f
!= kl/efiff
@= lbzf
#= :sn] / jf e]S6/
$= ju] jf ult;Fu ;DaGw
6.2 ju] / ult (Speed and velocity)
8f]NdfnfO{ 3/af6 af6f] s sf]
ko| fu] u/L ljBfno k'Ubf 30 af6f] s 1800 m
ldg]6 ;do nfUb5 eg] pgsf]
lx8“ fOsf] j]u kQf nufpgsf
nflu pgn] lx“8]sf] hDdf
b'/LnfO,{ pSt b'/L kf/ ug{ 3/ 1200 m
nfu]sf] ;don] efu ugk{' b{5 . lrq 6.4 3/ / ljBfnolarsf] b/' L
pSt af6f] s df lx“8b\ f ltgn] kf/ u/s] f] b'/L 1800 m 5 .
o; cj:yfdf,
lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff & 111
ju] =
= m/s = 1m/s (1minute = 60 sec, 30m= 60 x30 =1800 s) To;sf/0f,
o; cj:yfdf 8fN] dfsf] j]u 1m/s 5 .
ju] egs] f] s'g} j:ts' f] rfnsf] b/ (rate of motion) xf] . o;nfO{ PsfO ;dodf
kf/ u/s] f] b'/Lsf ¿kdf klg kl/eflift ug{ ;lsG5 . of] Pp6f :sn] / ;ª\Vof xf] /
o;sf] P;= cfO={ PsfO m/s xf] .
8fN] dfn] pSt af6f] lx8F b\ f 3/bl] v ljBfno;Ddsf] ;aeGbf 5f6] f] b/' L cyft{ \ :yfgfGt/0f
1200 m dfq x'G5 . o; cj:yfdf,
ult=
= m/s=0.67m/s (1minute = 60 sec, 30m= 60 x30 =1800 s)
To;sf/0f, o; cj:yfdf 8fN] dfsf] ult 0.67m/s kj" { lbzflt/ xG' 5 .
ult egs] f] sg' } j:ts' f] :yfgfGt/0fsf] b/ (rate of displacement) xf] . o;nfO{
PsfO ;dodf ePsf] :yfgfGt/0fsf ¿kdf klg kl/eflift ug{ ;lsG5 . of] Pp6f
eS] 6/ ;ª\Vof xf] / o;sf] P;= cfO={ PsfO klg m/s g} xf] .
lj|mofsnfk 6.4
tn lbOPsf cfwf/x¿Dff 5nkmn u/L j]u / ultdf km/s nV] gx' f];\ M
km/s 56' \ofpg] cfwf/x¿ ju] ult
!= kl/efiff
@= lbzf
#= :s]n/ jf e]S6/
$= b/' L jf :yfgfGt/0f;Fu ;DaGw
112 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &
6.2.1 ul0ftLo ;d:ofx¿ Q 78 m R
12 m
pbfx/0f 1 /lxdfn] P af6 Q, R, xFb' } S
S ;Ddsf] af6f] kf/ ul/g\ . ltgnfO{ P 32 m 100 m
b]lv Q ;Dd k'Ug 1 ldg]6 / Q b]lv
R ;Dd k'Ug 2.5 ldg]6 ;do nfUof] . P 28 m
P b]lv R ;Dd k'Ubfsf] ltgsf] j]u / ult kQf nufpgx' f;] \ . lrq 6.5
oxf,F
b/' L (d)= 32 m + 78 m = 110 m
:yfgfGt/0f (s) = 100 m
;do (t) = 1 min + 2.5min = 3.5 min = 3.5x 60s =210 s
j]u (speed) = ?
ult (velocity) = ?
ju] sf] kl/efiffcg';f/,
ju] =
= m/s =0.52m/s
ultsf] kl/efiff cg';f/,
ult =
= m/s = 0.48m/s
To;sf/0f /lxdfsf] j]u 0.52 m/s / ult 0.48 m/s P bl] v R tkm{ 5 .
pbfx/0f 2
Pp6f sf/ 30 m/s sf] ju] df uO/xs] f] 5 . pSt sf/nfO{ 80 km sf] b'/L kf/ ug{
slt ;do nfU5 <
lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff & 113
oxfF,
b/' L (d) = 80 km = 80 x1000 m = 80000 m
ult (velocity) = 30 m/s
;do (t) = ?
j]usf] kl/efiffcg';f/,
ju] =
30 =
t = = 2666.67s = 44.45 min.
To;sf/0f sf/nfO{ pSt b/' L kf/ ug{ 44.45 min. nfU5 .
6.3 u?' Tjan (Gravity)
lbOPsf lrqx¿sf] cjnf]sg
ugx'{ f;] \ . s] em/gfsf] kfgL / le/
fnf] ;txsf /flvPsf] 9'ª\ufsf]
rfnsf] lbzf ;dfg 5 < o:tf] lsg
ePsf] xfn] f, Psl} 5g ;f]Rg;' t Û
Go'6gn] ;qf}F ztfAbLsf]dWolt/ lrq 6.6 -s_ em/gf -v_ v;fns] f] 9'ªu\ f]
?vaf6 :ofp v;]sf]b]Vbf o:t}
lh1f;fsf] pQ/sf] vfh] L u/s] f lyP . pgn] j:t'x¿sf] tnlt/sf] v;fOsf] sf/0fsf
¿kdf k[YjLsf] cfsif0{ f zlStnfO{ klxrfg u/s] f lyP . k[YjLsf] o; cfsif0{ f annfO{
u'?Tjan (gravity) elgG5 . aD| xf08df /xs] f k|Tos] j:t'x¿n] Ps csf{nfO{ o:t}
cfsif0{ fanaf6 cfˆgf] sG] b|lt/ tflg/xs] f xG' 5g\ eGg] s'/f klg Go6' gn] g} kQf nufP
/ To; annfO{ u?' Tjfsif{0f an (gravitation) elgof] . k[YjLnufot ;a} vuf]nLo
jf cfsfzLo lk08x¿df ePsf] cfsif{0f annfO{ u?' Tjan elgG5 . k[YjLsf] u'?Tjan
klg o;sf] s]Gb|lt/ nfus] f] x'G5 .
k[YjLdf jfo'd08n x'g' / rGbd| fdf jfod' 08n gx'g'sf] sf/0f s] xf]nf <
114 lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff &
kY[ jLsf] u?' Tjann] ubfg{ } kY[ jL cfˆgf] 7fpdF f c8g\ ;ss] f] xf] . o;sf] j/k/ jfod' 08n
3l] /P/ /xg ;Sgs' f] sf/0f klg k[YjLsf] u'?Tjan g} xf] . o;}u/L u?' Tjann] ubf{
cfsfzaf6 jiff,{ cl;gf lxFp cflb kY[ jLsf] ;txlt/ v:5g\ . kfgL tnlt/ aUg] cflb
h:tf 36\gfx¿ x'G5g\ . u?' Tjans} sf/0fn] ubf{ j:tn' fO{ dfly kmfNbf jf tn emfbf{
To;sf] ultdf kl/jtg{ cfp5F . ult kl/jtg{ sf] o; b/nfO{ u?' Tj kj| u] (g) elgG5 .
u?' Tj k|ju] (g) sf] cf;} t dfg 9.8 m/s2 xG' 5 . kY[ jLsf] u?' Tjann] ubf{ g} s'g}
j:ts' f] tf}n xG' 5 .
lj|mofsnfk 6.5
k[YjLsf] u?' Tjan gePsf] eP xfdf| ] b}lgs hLjgdf s] s] c;/x¿ ky]{ xfn] fg\, 5nkmn u/L
lgisif{ sIffdf k:| t't ug{'xf];\ .
6.4 tfn} / o;sf] gfk (Load and its measurement)
ljm| ofsnfk 6.6
Pp6f ;fgf] / Pp6f 7'nf] 9'ªu\ f lnP/ To;nfO{ 8f]/Ln] afw“ ]/ emG' 8\ofpg ldNg] agfpgx' f];\ .
To;kl5 Pp6f l:kª| AofnG] ; lnP/ kfnk} fnf] b'j} 9'ªu\ fsf] tfn} gfKg'xf];\ . bj' s} f] tfn} ;dfg
gxg' s' f] sf/0f s] xfn] f <
sg' } j:t'sf] tf}nsf] dV' o sf/s k[YjLsf] u'?Tjan xf] . a9L
lk08 ePsf j:t'df a9L u?Tjan nfU5 eg] sd lk08 ePsf
j:t'df sd u'?Tjan nfU5 . h'g j:t'df u'?Tjan a9L
nfU5 To; j:ts' f] tf}n a9L x'G5 . tfn} gfKgsf nflu l:kª|
Aofn]G;sf] k|ofu] ul/G5 / o;nfO{ Go6' g (N) PsfOdf gflkG5 .
j:ts' f] lk08 / tfn} larsf] ;DaGwnfO{ tnsf] ;'qdf b]vfpg
;lsG5 .
tf}n (weight) = lk08 (mass) x u'?Tjkj| u] (acceleration
due to gravity)
cyft{ \ W = m x g lrq 6.7
lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff & 115
ul0ftLo ;d:ofx¿
pbfx/0f 1.50 kg lk08 ePsf j:t'sf] tf}n slt xf]nf, lx;fa u/f}F M (g= 9.8 m/s2)
oxfF,
lk08 (m) = 50 kg
u'?Tj k|j]u (g) = 9.8 m/s2
tf}n (W) = ?
;q" fg;' f/,
W=mxg
= 50 x 9.8
= 490 N
To;sf/0f pSt j:t'sf] tf}n 490 N 5 .
pbfx/0f 2.1200N tfn} ePsf j:t'sf] lk08 slt xf]nf, lx;fa ug'{xf];\ M (g= 9.8
m/s2 )
oxf,F
tfn} (W) = 1200 N
u'?Tj kj| u] (g) = 9.8 m/s2
lk08 (m) = ?
;q' fg;' f/,
W = mxg
m=
= = 122.45 kg
To;sf/0f pSt j:t'sf] lk08 122.45 kg 5 .
116 lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff &
6.5 3if{0f / o;sf] k|s[lt (Friction and its nature)
tkfOF{ lx8\bfv]l/ af6fdf jf 3/leq} slxNo} lrlKng' ePsf] 5 < Ps k6s lrKn]sf]
7fpF jf cj:yf ;Demg'xf;] \ t . s:tf] 7fpFdf lrlKng' ePsf] lyof] < ;S' vf jf lunf,]
lrNnf] jf v;|f,] u'8g\ ] j:t'dfly jf gu'8g\ ] j:t' dfly < tkfOF{ lrKn]sf] 7fpF lunf],
lrNnf] jf u'8g\ ] dWos] } sg' } lyof] ls cGo <
kf| oh;f] lunf, lrNnf / u8' g\ ] j:tx' ¿n] ;Dksd{ f /xs] f ;txx¿lar sd /f]sfj6
pTkGg u5g{ \ . o;sf ljk/Lt ;fwf/0ftof ;'Svf, v;f| / gu'8g\ ] j:t'x¿n] ;Dks{df
/x]sf ;txx¿lar a9L /f]sfj6 u5{g\ . o;/L b'O{cf]6f ;txx¿ ;Dksd{ f /xFbf
ltgLx¿sf] rfndf /fs] fj6 pTkGg ug{] annfO{ 3if0{ f an (frictional force) jf
3if{0f (friction) elgG5 .
ljm| ofsnfk 6.7 cj:yf !
Pp6f O6“ f lnP/ wfufdf afWg'xf];\ / l:kª| AofnG] ;df cj:yf @
hf]8g\ x' f];\ . ca cj:yf ! sf] h:t} /fv/] l3;fg{x' f;] \ . slt cj:yf #
an nfUof] l6kf]6 ugx{' f];\ . o;kl5 To; O6“ fnfO{ cj:yf lrq= 6.8
@ sf] h:t} /fv]/ cl3sf] lso| fsnfk bf]xf¥] ofpg'xf;] \ .
nfu]sf] an l6kf6] ug{x' f];\ . andf kl/jtg{ eP gePsf]
ljZni] f0f ugx{' f;] \ . o;kl5cj:yf # sf] h:t} u/L Pp6f
O“6fdfly csf]{ OF6f /fv]/ cl3sf] ls|ofsnfkdf h:t}
tfGgx' f];\ / nfu]sf] an l6kf]6 u/L o; ko| fu] sf] glthf
ljZn]if0f ugx'{ f];\ / ko| fu] sf] lgisif{ lgsfNg'xf;] \ .
3if0{ f ansf] dfqf ;Dks{df /xs] f ;txx¿sf] agf]6
(surface texture), P8\x];g\ u'0f (adhesion
property) / ;txdfly kg]{ lyrfO andf lge{/
ub5{ . o;nfO{ ;Dksd{ f /x]sf ;txx¿sf] If]qkmn /
j:t'sf] ultn] sg' } c;/ ub{g} .
3if{0fnfO{ ;'Vvf 3if{0f (dry friction) / km\ lrq 6.9
No'8 3if{0f (fluid friction) u/L b'O{ lsl;ddf
ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . Dry friction eg]sf] 7f]; 117
j:t'x¿sf] ;txlar x'g] 3if0{ f xf] eg] fluid friction
egs] f] t/n jf UofF; j:tx' ¿;uF sf] 3if{0f xf] . Dry
lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff &
friction nfO{ l:y/ 3if{0f (static friction), ult 3if{0f (kinetic friction),
u8' b\ fvl] / xg' ] 3if0{ f (rolling friction) / l3;b| fvl] / xg' ] 3if0{ f (sliding friction) u/L
rf/ lsl;ddfdf 56' o\ fpg ;lsG5 .l:y/ 3if0{ f (static friction) sf] dfg ult 3if{0f
(kinetic friction) sf] dfgeGbf a9L x'G5 . o;} u/L u8' b\ fv]l/ x'g] 3if{0f (rolling
friction) sf] dfg l3;b| fvl] / xg' ] 3if{0f (sliding friction) sf] dfgeGbf sd xG' 5 .
To;} sf/0fn] ubf{ s'g} 8«dnfO{ l3;fg{ eGbf u'8fpg ;xh x'G5 .
3if0{ fsf kmfObf / a]kmfObf
tkfOsF{ f] hQ' f jf rKknsf] tNnf] ;txdf agfOPsf a6' 6\ fx¿ lvOPdf lrlKng] ;Defjgf
a9L x'G5 lsg < s] 3if0{ f gePsf] eP xfdL lxF8g\ ;SYofF+} jf uf8Lx¿ ;8s\ df u8' \g
;Sby\ ] xf]nfg\ <
xfdLn] uf8Lx¿sf] 6fo/df y/L y/Lsf a6' \6fx¿ agfPsf] bv] ]sf 5fF} . To;f] ugs{' f]
sf/0f ;8s / kfªu\ |flar xg' ] 3if0{ f a9fpgsf nflu g} xf] . o;f] gu/d] f uf8L
lrlKnG5 . tkfOn{F ] ;fOsn rnfpbF f /f]Sg' kèof] eg] a]|s nufpg'x'G5 . as|] nufpFbf
/a/sf u6\6fx¿ / kfªu|flar 3if{0f eO{ ;fOsn /f]lsG5 . s] 3if{0f gePsf] eP
u'l8/xs] f jfxgx¿nfO{ /f]Sg ;lsGYof] xfn] f <
bO' c{ f6] f sf7sf 6's|fx¿nfO{ lsnf 7fs] /] jf g6afN] 6 k|ofu] u/L hf]8\bf klg 3if0{ fn]
g} dxŒjk"0f{ el" dsf v]ns] f] xG' 5 . o;/L xfdf| ] bl} gs hLjgnfO{ 3if0{ fn] ;xh agfpg]
ePsf] x'gfn] o;nfO{ xfdf| ] ldq dfGg ;lsG5 . 3if{0faf6 y'k}| kmfObfx¿ eP tfklg
o;sf ak] mfObfx¿klg 5g\ . s] tkfOn{F fO{ 3if{0fn] ubf{ cK7\of/f] ePsf] s'g} 36gfsf]
;Demgf 5 <
rfndf ePsf ;txx¿lar pTkGg 3if{0fn] oflGqs zlStnfO{ tfk zlStdf kl/jltt{
u//] oGqsf] sfoI{ fdtf 36fpF5 . o; cj:yfdf tL oGqx¿sf] ko| f]u u/L sfd ubf{
a9L an nfUg'sf ;fy} oGqx¿df lvOg] / eflF rg] sfo{ a9L xG' 5 . hªu\ ndf ?vsf
xfFufx¿lar 3if{0f eO{ cfufsf] lemNsf lg:s]/ 89]nf] klg nfU5 . o;/L 3if0{ fsf
ak] mfObf klg 5g\ . 3if0{ fsf pko'S{ t c;/x¿sf cfwf/df o;nfO{ zq' / ldq b'js} f
¿kdf lng] ul/G5 .
118 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &
6.5.2 3if0{ f 36fpg] tl/sf (Measures of minimizing friction)
lbOPsf lrqx¿sf] cjnf]sg
ug'{xf];\ . dflyNnf lrqx¿df
9f]sfsf sAhfdf (hinge) /
;fOsnsf] r]gdf t]n / lu|h
nufpgs' f] sf/0f vfH] g] k|of;
ug'{xf];\ . o;} u/L lrqdf
b]vfOPsf jfxgx¿nfO{
ljzi] f cfsf/ lbOgs' f] sf/0fms]
xf]nf < 3if{0fn] oGqx¿sf] lrq 6. 10
sfo{Ifdtf sd ug{] ePsf] x'gfn] ljleGg pkfox¿ ckgfP/ 3if{0f 36fOG5 . tkfO{nF ]
oGqx¿df 3if{0f 36fpgsf nflu s] s:tf pkfox¿ ckgfPsf] bV] ge' Psf] 5<
v;|f] ;txdf eGbf lrKnf] ;txdf / l3;|bf xg' ] 3if{0feGbf u8' fpbF f xg' ] 3if0{ fsf] dfg
sd x'G5 . log} hfgsf/Lx¿sf] k|of]usf cfwf/df v;f| ] ;txnfO{ lrKnf] agfP/, xfjf
/ kfgLdf rNg] oGqx¿sf] l:6d« nfOG8 cfsf/ lbP/ tyf l3;|g] ;txdf u8' \g] Joj:yf
u/]/3if{0f 36fOG5 .
ljm| ofsnfk 6.8
lrq A df b]vfPh:t} Pp6f rf/kf6] sf7sf] lrq 6. 11 3if{0f 36fpg] pkfo
AnsnfO{ wfufn] afFw]/ lrKnf] ;txdfly
/fVg'xf];\ . To;kl5 To; wfufnfO{ Pp6f
l:k|ª Aofn]G;df afFw]/ lrq B df b]vfPh:t}
tfGgx' f;] \ . slt an nfUof] gf6] ugx{' f;] \ . oxL kl| jm| of
v;f| ] ;txdfly /fv/] bf]xfè] ofpgx' f;] \ . andf s]
kl/jtg{ cfof] < To;kl5 pSt AnsnfO{ v;f| ] ;txdfly
g} /fv/] lrq C df bv] fPh:t} 2/3 cf6] f l;;fsnddfly
u8' fpgx' f;] \ . ca andf s] kl/jtg{ bl] vof] < To;sf
cfwf/df ko| fu] sf] lgisif{ lgsfNgx' f];\ . s] ;fRr}
lrKnf] ;txdf / j:t'nfO{ u8' fpbF f 3if{0f 365\ <
lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff & 119
3if0{ fsf] pkofu] u//] oGqx¿df kfªu\ |f / an a]l/ªsf] k|ofu]
ul/Psf] xG' 5 . an a]l/ªdf bO' {cf6] f rSsfx¿sf lardf u]8Lx¿
/fv]/ Pp6f rSsfdfly csf]{ rSsf 3'dfOG5 . o;/L 3'dfpFbf
xg' ] 3if0{ fsf] dfqf 36\g uO{ yf/] } an nfUg] ePsf] x'gfn] o;sf]
ko| fu] kªv\ f, ljBt' df6] /x¿/ u8' g\ ] tyf 3D' g] cGo oGqx¿Dff klg lrq 6.12 anal] /ª
ul/G5 .
6.6 sfo{ / ;fdYo{ (Work and power)
6.6.1 sfo{ (Work)
tkfO{Fn] cfh s] s] sfd ug'{eof] < tL
sfdx¿dWo] s'g s'g sfd ubf{ tkfO{Fn]
nufPsf] anaf6:yfgdf kl/jt{g cfof] < tL
sfdx¿sf] klxrfg ugx'{ f;] \ .
lj1fgsf] b[li6sf]0fdf nufPsf] ann] ubf{ lrq 6.13
j:t'df lj:yfkg ePsf] v08df dfq sfd ePsf] dflgG5 . rfn pTkGg ePg eg]
sfo{ ePsf] dflgbF g} .
lbOPsf lrqx¿sf] cjnf]sg ug{'xf];\.
lrqdf kx/f lbPsf] ;'/IffsdL{,
kl9/x]sL aflnsf, 9f]ns ahfO/x]sf]
k?' if / kfs{df lxl8/x]sf] k'?if b]vfOPsf]
5g\ . s] tL ;a} hgfn] lj1fgsf] efiffdf
sfd u/s] f x'g\ t < ss;n] sfd u/s] f
5g\ < sf/0f;lxt klxrfg ugx{' f;] \ .
jf:tjdf ef/L afs] /] pleO/xs] f] cj:yfdf
sfo{ ePsf] dflgb}g . sfo{ x'gsf nflu lrq 6.14
sg' } j:td' f an nufP/ To;df rfn pTkGg u/fpg'k5{ . sg' } j:t'df an k|ofu] u/L
To;nfO{ rfndf Nofpg'nfO{ g} sfo{ elgG5 . o;sf/0f olb s'g} j:td' f sx] L an
nufpbF f To; j:tn' ] sx] L b/' L kf/ ub{5 eg] ToxfF sfo{ ePsf] xG' 5 .
120 lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff &
cyf{t, sfo{ (W) = an (f) x b/' L (d)
sfo{sf] P;= cfO{= PsfO h'n (J) xf] . s'g} j:t'df 1 N sf] an nufP/ 1 m b'/L kf/
ubf{ ToxfF 1 h'n (J) sfo{ ePsf] xG' 5 .
olb s'g} sfd ubf{ nufPsf] an 3if0{ f ansf] ljk/Lt lrq 6.15
lbzfdf nfu]sf] 5 eg] To:tf] sfon{ fO{ 3if{0f la?4 sfo{
(work against friction) elgG5 . sg' } klg j:tn' fO{
l3;fbf{ jf u8' fpbF f o; lsl;dsf] sfo{ xG' 5 . lxF8\bf,
;fOsn u8' fpbF f, 7n] fuf8f ws]Nbf, ef/L afs] /] lx8F b\ f
cflb h:tf sfo{ lsl;dsf sfo{sf pbfx/0f xg' \ .
olb sg' } sfd ubf{ nufPsf] an u'?Tjansf] ljk/Lt lbzfdf lrq 6.16
nfU5 eg] To:tf sfon{ fO{ u?' Tjan lj?4 sfo{ (work against
gravity) elgG5 . s'g} j:t'nfO{ prfNbf jf dflylt/ kmfNbf
o:tf] sfo{ ePsf] xG' 5 . Ogf/af6 kfgL dfly tfGg,' j:t'nfO{
dfly p7fpg,' psfnf] af6fdf lx8g\ ' cflb o; lsl;dsf sfos{ f
pbfx/0f xg' \ .
6.6.2 ;fdYo{ (Power)
Ps 7fFpaf6 csf]{ 7fpF df hfgsf nflu ;fOsn jf df6] /;fOsn sa] f6 l56f] kl' uG5
xf]nf < s] ;fOsn / df6] /;fOsnsf] sfo{ ug{] Ifdtf ;dfg 5 t <
;a} j:t' jf oGqn] Pp6} b/df sfd ubg{} g\ . sx] L JolSt jf oGqn] s'g} sfd yf]/}
;dodf ug{ ;S5g\ eg] cGo JolSt jf oGqn] ToxL sfd ug{ a9L ;do nufpg]
x'G5 . o;f] x'gfsf] sf/0f km/s km/s JolSt jf oGqsf] sfo{ ug{] Ifdtf km/s km/s
xg' ] ePsfn] xf] . sg' } JolSt jf oGqsf] sfd ug]{ IfdtfnfO{ To; j:t' jf oGqsf]
;fdYo{ (power) elgG5 .
bftf/fdn] Pp6f v]t vGg tLg 306f nufpge' of] t/ ;f]xgn] Tolt g} Ifq] kmnsf]
vt] bO' { 306fdf vGg ;Sg' eof] eg] pxfxF ¿n] u/s] f] sfo{df s] km/s eof] xf]nf <
oxfF bj' } hgfn] a/fa/ sfo{ ug'{ePsf] 5 . t/ bftf/fdn] eGbf ;fx] gn] sd ;dodf
Tolt g} sfd ug'{ePsf] 5 .
lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff & 121
PsfO ;dodf u/]sf] sfo{ x]g]{ xf] eg] ;fx] gn] kl| t306f u/s] f] sfd bftf/fdn] eGbf
a9L x'g cfpF5 . h;n] sd ;dodf ;fx] L sfd k"/f ub5{ To;sf] ;fdYo{ a9L
x'G5 . kl| t;s] G] 8 cyf{t Ps PsfO ;dodf u/]sf] sfo{nfO{ ;fdYo{ elgG5 jf ;fdYo{
eg]sf] sfo{ ug]{ b/ xf] . o;nfO{ jf6 (watt) PsfOdf gflkG5 . cyft{ ,
;fdYo{ (P) =
u/s] f] sfo{nfO{ hn' (J) / nfus] f] ;donfO{ ;s] ]G8 (s) df gflkG5 . t;y{ ;fdYo{nfO{
h'n kl| t;]s]G8df gflkG5 . ! h'n kl| t;s] G] 8nfO{ ! jf6 klg elgG5 . s'g} klg oGqsf]
;fdYo{ yfxf kfPdf To; oGqn] slt l56f] sfo{ ub{5 eGg] yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 .
oGqsf] ;fdYo{nfO{ cZj zlSt (horse power) df klg gflkG5 .
1 cZj zlSt (horse power) = sl/a 746 jf6 (W)
1000 W = 103 W = 1 kW (kilowatt)
1000000 watt = 106 W = 1 MW (Megawatt)
ul0ftLo ;d:of
pbfx/0f 1 /lZdnfn] cfˆgf] 3/af6 20 kg ds} lnP/ 2 km 6f9f /x]sf] kfgL 36\6df
uOg\ . ltgn] slt sfo{ ul/g < olb ltgn] pSt sfo{ 1 3G6fdf ul/g\ eg] ltgsf]
;fdYo{ slt xfn] f <
oxf,F
b/' L (d) = 2km = 2 x 1000 m = 2000 m
lk08 (m) = 20 kg
;do (t) = 1 h = 60 x 60 s = 3600 s
sfo{ (w) = ?
ca pSt j:t'sf] tf}nsf nflu,
tfn} (F) = m x g
= 2 X 9.8 = 19.6 N
;"qfg';f/,
122 lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff &
sfo{ (W) = F x d
= 19.6 x 2000m/s
= 39200 J
km]l/,
;fdYo{ =
=
= 10.89 watt
To;sf/0f /lZdnfn] u/]sf] sfo{ 39200 J 5/ ltgsf] ;fdYo{ 10.89 watt 5 .
kl| tlaDag
b/' L / :yfgfGt/0f ju] / ult
b'/L M Pp6f :yfgaf6 csf{] :yfgdf hfbF f ju] M s'g} j:t'sf] rfnsf] b/
kf/ ul/Psf] af6fsf] hDdf nDafO ult M sg' } j:ts' f] :yfgfGt/0fsf] b/
:yfgfGt/0f M bO' { :yfgx¿ larsf] 3if{0fan / o;sf] ks| l[ t
;a}eGbf 5f6] f] b/' L 3if{0f M l3;g| ] ;txx¿df /f]sfj6
pTkGg ug]{ an
u'?Tjan / tf}n an / rfn ks| [lt M l:y/ 3if{0fsf] dfgeGbf
u'?Tjan M k[YjLn] cfˆgf] ult 3if0{ fsf] dfg tyf l3;|bfv]l/
sG] b| lt/cfsif{0f ug]{ an (force and Motion) xg' ] 3if{0fsf] dfgeGbf u8' \bfvl] /
tf}n M s'g} j:t'dfly nfu]sf x'g] 3if{0fsf] dfg sd x'g]
u'?Tjan sfo{ / ;fdYo{
3if0{ f 36fpg] tl/sf sg' } j:td' f an nufpFbf j:t'n] b'/L kf/
v;f| ] ;txnfO{ lrKnf] agfP/ ug{' sfo{ xf] .
xfjf / kfgLdf rNg] oGqx¿sf] sfo{ (W) = an (f) xb'/L (d)
l:6d« nfOG8 cfsf/ lbP/ ;fdYo{ egs] f] sfo{ ug{] b/ xf] .
l3;|g] ;txdf u'8\g] Joj:yf u/]/ ;fdYo{(P)= sfo{ / ;do
lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff & 123
cEof;
!= ;xL ljsNkdf l7s lrxg\ -√_ nufpgx' f;] \ M
-s_ sfos{ f] PsfO sg' xf] <
-c_ Watt -cf_ Newton -O_ Joule -O{_ Horse power
-v_ an / b/' Lsf] u'0fgkmnnfO{ s] elgG5<
-c_ sfo { -cf_ ;fdYo{ -O_ :yfgfGt/0f -O_{ 3if0{ f
-u_ :yfgfGt/0fsf] pbfx/0f sg' xf] <
-c_ ufn] fsf/ af6fdf kf/ u/]sf] b'/L
-cf_ cfoftfsf/ af6fdf kf/ u/]sf] b/' L
-O_ gfua]nL] af6fdf kf/ u/s] f] b/' L
-O_{ l;wf af6fdf kf/ u/]sf] b'/L
-3_ s'g egfO{ ;To xf] <
-c_ l3;b| f x'g] 3if0{ feGbf u8' \bf x'g] 3if{0f a9L x'G5 .
-cf_ l3;|bf x'g] 3if{0feGbf u8' \bf xg' ] 3if{0f sd xG' 5 .
-O_ ult 3if0{ feGbf l:y/ 3if0{ f sd x'G5 .
-O{_ ult 3if0{ feGbf u'8\bf xg' ] 3if0{ f a9L xG' 5 .
-ª_ sfo{ / ;fdfYo;{ DaGwL sg' egfO l7s xf] <
-c_ sfo{ ;dodf e/ k5{ eg] ;fdYo{ b'/L / andf e/ kb5{ .
-cf_ sfo{ an / b/' Ldf e/ k5{ eg] ;fdYo{ sfo{ ug]{ b/df e/ kb5{ .
-O_ an nufpbF f sfo{ xG' 5 eg] yf/] } ;dodf w/] } sfo{ ubf{ ;fdYo{ xG' 5 .
-O_{ sfo{ ubf{ 3if0{ fn] c;/ u5{ t/ ;fdYo{nfO{ 3if0{ fn] c;/ ubg{} .
124 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &
@= tn lbOPsf zAbx¿af6 ;xL zAb 5fg/] vfnL 7fp“df egx'{ f];\ M
;fdYo{ u?' Tjan ult j]u 3if{0f jf6
-s_ PsfO ;dodf kf/ u/s] f] b/' L ============================xf] .
-v_ ;fdYos{ f] PsfO====================xf] .
-u_ sfos{ f] b/nfO{ ======================= elgG5 .
-3_ an al] /ªsf] ko| f]u ubf{ ====================365\ .
#= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ tn lbOPsf efl} ts kl/df0fx¿sf] PsfO nV] g'xf;] \ M
b/' L, :yfgfGt/0f, sfo,{ ;fdYo{, j]u, ult
-v_ pbfx/0fsf cfwf/df b/' L / :yfgfGt/0fnfO{ :ki6 kfgx'{ f;] \ .
-u_ "3if0{ f xfdf| ] zq" / ldq bO' 6} xf]" o; egfOn{ fO{ k'li6 ugx{' f;] \ .
-3_ sg' cj:yfdf sfo{ ePsf] dflgG5 < pbfx/0f;lxt nV] gx' f];\ .
-ª_ 3if{0f 36fpg] sg' } tLgcf]6f pkfox¿ nV] gx' f];\ .
-r_ sfo{ / ;fdfYol{ arsf] ;DaGw pbfx/0f;lxt k:| 6 kfg{x' f;] \ .
-5_ tn lbOPsf ;"qx¿ k/" f ug'x{ f];\ .
sfo{ = j]u =
ult = ;fdYo{ =
-h_ "3if{0fn] xfd|f nflu ;xof]uL e"ldsf klg v]N5" . o; egfOsf]
pbfx/0f;lxt k'li6 ug{'xf];\ .
-em_ 3if{0f 36fpg' kg{] sf/0f :ki6 kfg{x' f;] \ .
lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff & 125
-`_ km/s nV] g'xf];\ M
-c_ b/' L / :yfgfGt/0f -cf_ sfo{ / ;fdYo{
-O_{ ju] / ult -O{_ u'?Tjan lj?4 sfo{ / 3if{0f lj?4 sfo{
-6_ ul0ftLo lx;fa ug'{xf;] \ M
-c_ /fl] xtn] ;fe] mf] /v] fdf bf8} /] 400 m sf] b/' L kf/ ug{ 35 s nufp5F g\
eg] pgsf] ult kQf nufpgx' f;] \ . (11.43 m/s)
-cf_ Pp6f j:tn' ] 5 ;s] ]G8df 100 ld6/ b'/L kf/ u/]5 eg] To;sf]
j]u slt xf]nf < (20m/s)
-O_ Pp6f 20 m/s sf] ultn] ul' 8/xs] f] sf/n] 10 ;s] ]G8df slt b/' L
kf/ unf{ < (200m)
-O_{ Pp6f j]m| gn] 1500 kg sf] lhknfO{ 120 m dfly;Dd prfNg
20s nufp5F eg] To; jm| g] n] u/s] f] sfo{ / To;sf] ;fdYo{ kQf
nufpg'xf];\ . (180000J, 9000W)
126 lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff &
&kf7 ! b}lgs hLjgdf zlSt
(Energy in Daily Life)
xfdLnfO{ laxfgb]lv an] s' f;Dd bl} gs lj|mofsnfk ug{sf nflu jm' g jm' g zlStsf]
cfjZos kb{5 xfn] f, ;Demg'xf;] \ t Û
lrq g= 7.1
-c_ lrqdf s'g s'g zlStx¿ b]vfOPsf] 5 <
-cf_ bl} gs hLjgdf zlSt k|ofu] xg' ] cGo s] zlStx¿ xfn] fg\ <
;o" { jf cGo ks| fzsf ;f| ]tx¿af6 cfpg] zlStn] ubf{ xfdLn] j/k/sf j:tx' ¿
b]Vg ;S5f} . ks| fz ;uF ;uF } ;"oa{ f6 cfpg] tfkn] ubf{ k[YjLsf] tfkjm| d ;hLjx¿nfO{
afFRgsf nflu ;x' fpFbf] 5 . Wjlg zlStsf sf/0fn] ubf{ xfdL Pscfk;df jm' /fsfgL
ug{ ;S5fF} . 6]lnlehg x]bf{, uLt ;'Gbf / cfkm"nfO{ dg kg]{ afhf ufhf ahfpbF f klg
WJflg zlSt pTkGg x'G5 . ljB't\ zlSt t xfd|f] bl} gs hLJfgdf cfjZos kg{] Psbd}
dxŒjk"0f{ zlStsf] ;|f]t xf] . xfdf| ] b}lgs hLjgdf aQL afNg], 6]lnlehg xg] ,{] sDKo'6/
rnfpg,] dfa] fOn rfh{ ug{] h:tf sfox{ ¿ ugs{ f nflu klg ljBt' \ zlStsf] cfjZostf
kb5{ . hf8f]ofddf ljBt' \sf] k|ofu] n] lx6/ afn/] klg z/L/nfO{ Gofgf] kfg{ ;S5fF} .
To;n} ] ljBt' \ zlStsf] k|ofu] lbgfg' lbg al9/xs] f] 5 . xfdL o; PsfOdf xfdL log}
tfk, k|sfz / Wjlg zlStx¿sf af/]df 5nkmn ug]{ 5f}F .
lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff & 127
ljsl;t b]zx¿sf] pmhfs{ f] ;|ft] sf ¿kdf Gol' Sn/ zlStsf] k|of]u u5g{ \ . Gol' Sno/
pmhf{af6 cTolws dfqfdf tfk pTkGg xG' 5 . o;/L pTkGg xg' ] tfk zlStsf]
k|ofu] u/]/ ljB't\ zlSt klg pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . cfhsf] ljZjsf] cfjZostf eg]
sf] zlStsf] ;xL ;b'kof]u ub}{ dfgj hLjg ;xh agfpg k|of]u ug'{ g} xf] . zlStnfO{
ljgf;sf/L sfod{ f geP/ ljsf; sfod{ f ko| f]u ug{] u/]df eljiodf hghLjgnfO{
cem ;xh / ;/n agfpg ;lsG5 .
7.1 pmhf{ (Energy)
bfofF lrqdf v]tLkftLsf] sfd ub}{ u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . tkfOnF{ ] klg kl/jf/df cleefjsx¿n]
o;/L vt] af/Lsf] sfd u/s] f] bV] ge' Psf] g} xfn] f .
!= vt] LkftL ug],{ ef/L af]Sg], bf8} g] h:tf
sfdx¿ ug{sf nflu xfd|f] z/L/nfO{ lrq g= 7.2 v]tLkftLsf] sfd
ss] f] cfjZostf k5{ <
@= ss] f] ko| fu] n] ;jf/L;fwg u8' fpg,] snsf/vfgfdf dl] ;gx¿ rnfpg] h:tf sfox{ ¿ ug{
;lsG5 <
j'mg} klg sfo{ ug{sf nflu xfdLnfO{ zlStsf]
cfjZostf kb{5 . xfdLn] bl} gs ¿kdf ljleGg sfd
ugs{ f nflu rflxg] zlSt vfgfaf6 k|fKt ub5{ fF} .
dflg;nfO{ rflxg] zlSt vfgfsf ¿kdf af6] lj?jf
/ hgfj/af6 k|fKt x'G5 . uf8L, xjfO{hxfh,
snsf/vfgfdf /x]sf d]l;gx¿ rnfpgsf nflu lrq g= 7.3 sf]Onf afNbf pTkGg xg' ]
cfjZos kg{] zlSt l8h]n, k6] f« n] , dl6t]n, sf]Onf jf tfkn] /n] u8' b\ }
ljB't\ zlSt cflbaf6 k|fKt x'G5 .
gjLs/0fLo / cgjLs/0fLo pmhfs{ f ;|ft] x¿ (Renewable and non
renewable sources of energy )
tkfO{Fsf] 3/df vfgf ksfpgsf nflu s] sf] k|of]u ug{] ug{'ePsf] 5 < vfgf ksfpg
ko| f]u ul/g] bfp/f, ufa] /UofF;, PnkL -Lp_ Uof;F / ljBt' \ s;/L kfpFg jf pTkfbg
ug{ ;lsG5 <
128 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &
s;}n] vfgf ksfpg bfp/f, uf]a/Uof;F , PnkL -LP_ UofF;, ljBt' \sf] k|ofu] u/]/
rNg] lx6/ jf OG8S;g r'Nxf] (Induction stove) sf] ko| f]u ug'{xG' 5 xf]nf . bfp/f
hªu\ naf6 kfpgF ;lsG5 . alu/xs] f] kfgLdf x'g] zlStnfO{ pkof]u u//] hnljBt' \
/ vlgh tn] nfO{ kz| fw] g u//] PnkL -LP_ UofF; lgsflnG5 . ;jf/L ;fwg rnfpg,
hf8f] df;} ddf z/L/nfO{ Gofgf] kfg,{ cGgafnL ;'sfpg, lgdf{0f sfo{df ljleGg
ks| f/sf cfh} f/ jf pks/0fx¿ rnfpg klg pmhf{sf] cfjZostf kb5{ .
lrq g= 7.4
jm' g} klg sfo{ ug{ ;Sg] IfdtfnfO{ zlSt (energy) elgG5 . zlSt kf| Kt ug{ ;lsg]
j:t'x¿nfO{ zlStsf ;|f]t elgG5 . bfp/f, ufa] /Uof;F , sf]Onf, PnkL -LP_ UofF;,
k6] f« l] nod kbfy{, ;o" { cflb zlStsf ;f| t] x¿ xg' \ .
dflg;sf] ko| f;n] t'ngfTds ¿kdf 5f6] f] ;dodf lgdf0{ f u/L cfˆg} hLjgsfndf
k]ml/ k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] pmhfs{ f ;|ft] x¿nfO{ gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ (renewable energy)
elgG5 . bfp/f, afofU] of;F , ufa] /Uof;F , jfo' pmhf,{ ;fo} { pmhf{ cflb gjLs/0fLo pmhfs{ f
;f| ]tx¿ xg' \ . gjLs/0fLo pmhfs{ f ;|f]tx¿nfO{ t'?Gt} jf s]xL jifl{ eqdf k'gM pTkfbg
ug{ ;lsG5 . 5f6] f] ;dodf klg pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] ePsfn] gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf]
;ª\s6 xFb' }g . To;}n] xfdLn] ;s;] Dd gjLs/0fLo pmhfs{ f] ko| fu] df hf8] lbgk' b5{ .
lrq g= 7.5 vlgh tn]
pmhf{sf ;|ft] x¿ h;nfO{ lgdf{0f xg' sf nflu nfvf}F jif{ nfUg] ub5{ , ltgLx¿nfO{
cgjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf ;|f]t elgG5 . logLx¿nfO{ xfd|f] hLjgsfndf k'gM k|ofu] ug{
lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff & 129
;lsbF g} . l8h]n, k6] «f]n, dl6tn] ,PnkL -LP_ UofF;, sfO] nf, Go'lSno/ pmhf{ cflb
cgjLs/0fLo pmhfs{ f ;f| t] x¿ xg' \ . cgjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf ;f| t] x¿dWo] k]6«fl] nod
kbfy{ / sfO] nfnfO{ hLjfjz]if OGwg (fossil fuel) elgG5 . lgisif{df pmhfs{ f
;f| ]tx¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M
pmhfs{ f ;f| t] x¿
gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ cgjLs/0fLo pmhf{
bfp/f, uf]a/Uof;F , afof] UofF; l8hn] , k]6«fn] , dl6t]n
;fo} { pmhf{ sf]Onf
jfo' pmhf{ PnkL UofF;
ljm| ofsnfk 7.1
tkfO{“sf] 3/, ljBfno jf j/k/ k|of]u eO/x]sf ljleGg pmhf{sf ;|f]tx¿sf] gfd
;fw] vfh] u//] l6Kg'xf];\ . tL pmhf{sf ;f| ]tx¿nfO{ gjLs/0fLo / cgjLs/0fLo pmhfs{ f ;|ft] df
5'6\ofpg'xf];\ / sfkLdf nV] gx' f];\ . dflysf ljm| ofsnfksf cfwf/df tkfO“{sf] ;db' fodf jm' g
k|sf/sf] pmhfs{ f] vkt a9L eO/xs] f] 5 kQf nufpgx' f;] \ .
hLjfjzi] f OGwg (Fossil fuel)
cfhefl] n w/] h} ;f] oftfotsf ;fwgx¿ l8hn] , k6] f« ] lrq g= 7.6
naf6 rNg] u5g{ \ . sfO] nf afn/] lg:sg] tfk zlStaf6
/n] rnfpg / snsf/vfgfdf dl] ;gx¿ rnfpg
;lsG5 .
oL k6] «fn] , l8hn] , dl6t]n, sf]Onf cflb s;/L aG5g\ eg]/ slxNo} ;f]Rge' Psf] 5 <
d/s] f hLj jf jg:kltx¿sf] ;8]un/] ars] f] s8f efu -cl:yk~h/ jf z/L/sf]
aflx/L efu ;n] _ la:tf/} ;d'b|sf] lkwF df hDdf x'G5 . oL j:tx' ¿ nfdf] ;do;DDf
130 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &
hDdf x'g] j|mddf tNNff] txnfO{ dflyNnf]
txn] 9fS5 / ljleGg txx¿ aG5g\ . tNNff]
txdf /x]sf] kbfy{nfO{ dflyNnf] txn] k|bfg
ug{] cTolws tfk / rfksf] sf/0fn] ubf{ vlgh
t]ndf kl/jt{g xG' 5 . kq] r66\ fgdf ar/] /xs] f]
hLj jf jg:kltx¿sf] z/L/sf] efu w/] } tfk / rfksf]
sf/0fn] kl/jtg{ eO{ aGg] pmhfn{ fO{ hLjfjzi] f pmhf{
(fossil fuel) elgG5 . k6] f« n] , l8hn] , dl6tn] , sfO] nf
cflb hLjfjzi] f pmhfs{ f ;f| ]tx¿ x'g\ . cfhsfn lrq g= 7.7 hLjfjzi] f pmhf{ aGg] kl| j|mof
lbgfg'lbg hLjfjz]if pmhfs{ f] dfu ljZjel/g} al9/x]sf] 5 . hLjfjzi] f pmhfs{ f d'Vo
kmfObf / a]kmfObfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNnv] ug{ ;lsG5 M
hLjfjz]if pmhfs{ f kmfObfx¿
1. cGo k|sf/sf OGwgx¿sf] bfhF f]df ;j{;n' e 5 .
2. vlgh t]nnfO{ ;lhn;} Fu Ps 7fpFaf6 csf{] 7fpdF f 9'jfgL ug{ ;lsG5 .
3. of] axp' kofu] L OGwg xf] . To;n} ] ljleGg ;jf/L;fwg / snsf/vfgf
;~rfng ug{ o;sf] k|of]u xG' 5 .
4. k|z:t tfk cfjZos kg{] pBf]u, sf/vfgfx¿;dt] sfO] nfsf] ko| f]u x'G5 .
hLjfjz]if pmhfs{ f ak] mfObfx¿
1. hLjfjzi] f OGwgsf] lg/Gt/ cTolws ko| fu] n] o;sf] e08f/ l/lQg] vt/f xG' 5 .
2. hLjfjz]if OGwg cgjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf ;f| t] ePsfn] ubf{ o;nfO{ t?' Gt} k'gM
lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsFb}g . of] aGgsf nflu nfvfF} jif{ nfUg] ub{5 .
3. hLjfjz]if OGwg afNbf pTkGg x'g] w'Fjf -sfag{ 8fO{cS;fO8_ n] jftfj/0fnfO{
k|b"if0f u/fp5F . o;n] ubf{ g} xfdf| ] k[YjLsf] tfkjm| d a;g]{ L a9\b} uO/x]sf] 5 .
lj|mofsnfk 7.2
tn lbPsf pmhfs{ f ;|ft] x¿nfO{ gjLs/0fLo jf cgjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf] ;f| t] df 56' o\ fpgx' f;] \
/ ltgLx¿sf] Pp6f Pp6f kmfObf / ak] mfObf nV] g'xf;] \ .
lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff & 131
;f| ]t gjLs/0fLo jf kmfObf ak] mfObf
cgjLs/0fLo
sfO] nf ;lhn} 9j' fgL ug{ ;lsG5 . sf]Onf afNbf pTkGg xg' ] w'jF fn]
hnljB't\ cgjLs/0fLo jftfj/0f k|b"if0f u5{ .
;f}o{ zlSt
ufa] /UofF;
k]6f« ]n
jfo' pmhf{
j}slNks pmhf{ (Alternative energy)
cgjLs/0fLo zlStsf] k|of]unfO{ sd ug{sf nflu ko| f]u ul/g] pmhfs{ f ;|ft] x¿nfO{
j}slNks pmhf{ elgG5 . hnljB't,\ ;f]nf/ zlSt, uf]a/UofF;, afof] UofF; cflb
gk] fndf ko| f]u eO/xs] f sx] L js} lNks pmhf{ x'g\ . gk] fn s[lifk|wfg b]z ePsfn] ubf{
ufp3F /df v]tLkftL ul/G5 . vt] LkftL ug{ / bw' bxL vfgsf nflu ufO{j:t' kfNg]
ul/G5 . ufO{ a:ts' f] dndq" nfO{ ko| f]u u/]/ lg:sg] uf]a/UofF;nfO{ vfgf ksfpg
k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . ljB't\sf] kx'Fr gk'u]sf / ef}uf]lns ¿kn] ljs6 7fpFdf
;fn] f/ zlSt klg cgjLs/0fLo pmhfs{ f] pko'St ljsNk xg' ;S5 . To;}n] g]kfnsf]
efu} f]lns agfj6 / kl/l:yltnfO{ xb] f{ ;f]nf/ zlSt / ufa] /Uof;F pkoS' t j}slNks
pmhfs{ f] ;f| t] sf ¿kdf ko| f]u eO/x]sf 5g\ . j}slNks pmhfs{ f] ko| fu] a9fpgsf nflu
gk] fn ;/sf/n] cflys{ cg'bfg jf cGo ;x'lnot klg k|bfg ug{] u/s] f] 5 .
pmhf{ art ug{] pkfox¿ (Ways of saving energy)
xfn ljZjel/ l8h]n, k]6«fn] , sfO] nf, PnkL -LP_ Uof;F h:tf hLJffjzi] f pmhfs{ f]
dfu / vkt cToflws eO/x]sf] 5 . ljZjel/sf] pmhf{sf] dfunfO{ wfGgsf nflUf
cTolws dfqfdf cgjLs/0fLo pmhfs{ f] ko| fu] eO/xs] f] kfOG5 . cgjLs/0fLo pmhfs{ f]
ko| f]u cTolws dfqfdf xg' ] t/ aGgsf nflu eg] nfvfF} s/f8f}F jif{ nfUg] xg' fn]
o;sf] e08f/ l/lQg] vt/f xG' 5 . k]6f« ]n, l8hn] , sfO] nf, PnkL -LP_ UofF; h:tf
cgjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf] cTolws ko| f]un] ubf{ lgs6 eljiodf cfpg ;Sg] ;d:ofnfO{
132 lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff &
pmhf{ ;ªs\ 6 (energy crisis) elgG5 . pmhf{ ;ªs\ 6sf] ;d:ofnfO{ sd ug{sf
nflu xfdLn] pmhfs{ f] art ugs'{ f ;fy} ;xL ;bk' ofu] ugk'{ 5{ . pmhf{ art ugs{' f
;fy;fy} ;s;] Dd gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf] k|of]udf hf8] lbg'k5{ .
slxn]sfxL xfdLNf] cgfjZos aQL afn]/ 5f]8g\ ,] /l] 8of] 6]lnlehg gxb] f{ klg vf]n]/
5f8g\ ], h:tf ljm| ofsnfkn] ubf{ pmhfs{ f] cgfjZos k|ofu] eO/xs] f] x'G5 . pmhf{sf]
ldtJooL / ;xL tl/sfn] ko| fu] ug{' egs] f] g} pmhfs{ f] art ug{' xf] . pmhfs{ f] ldtJooL
k|of]u ug{] afgLn] pmhf{ ;ªs\ 6sf] ;d:ofnfO{ sd ug{ dbt ub{5 . gjLs/0fLo
pmhfs{ f ;f| ]tx¿ hnljB't\, ;f}o{ pmhf,{ afof] Uof;F jf ufj] / UofF; cflbsf] ko| f]u
a9fpgfn] cgjLs/0fLo pmhfs{ f] dfunfO{ sd ug{ ;lsG5 . xfdf| ] bz] sf] ;Gbed{ f pmhf{
;ªs\ 6sf] ;d:ofnfO{ sd ug{ lgDglnlvt pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5 M
1. gk] fn s[lifkw| fg b]z ePsfn] ubf{ uf| dL0f Ifq] df ufa] /UofF;sf] ko| f]u ugd{ f
hf]8 lbg]
2. ljB't\Lo ;jf/L ;fwgsf] ko| f]u a9fpb} nh} fg]
3. xfdf| ] bz] df hnljBt' s\ f] ;Defjgf w/] } ePsfn] o;sf] pTkfbg a9fpbF } o;nfO{ vfg]
ksfpg,] ljBt' L\ o ;jf/L;fwg rnfpg] h:tf axp' kofu] L sfddf w/] } ko| fu] ug{]
4. bz] sf] w]/h} ;f] ee" fudf 3fd nfUg] ePsfn] ;fn] f/ Kofgnsf] k|of]u u//] lgl:sg]
ljB't\ zlStsf] ljleGg sfddf k|of]u ug{]
5. vlgh tn] , sf]Onf jf kf| sl[ ts Uof;F sf] ;66\ fdf ;s];Dd gjLs/0fLo pmhfs{ f
;|ft] x¿ k|ofu] ug]{
6. hgr]tgf km}nfpg] ljleGg sfoj{ m| dx¿ u/]/ pmhf{ art ug{] pkfox¿af/]
l;sfpg] cflb .
k|ltlaDag
1. jm' g} klg sfo{ ug{ ;Sg] IfdtfnfO{ zlSt -pmhf{_ elgG5 .
2. dflg;sf] ko| f;n] tn' gfTds ¿kdf 5f6] f] ;dodf lgdf0{ f u/L cfˆg} hLjgsfndf
km] l/ ko| fu] ug{ ;lsg] pmhfs{ f ;|ft] x¿nfO{ gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ elgG5 .
lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff & lrq g= 7.8j}slNKfs pmhf{ 133
3. ;o" {, xfjf, kfgL, jghª\un, jfof]UofF; cflb gjLs/0fLo pmhfs{ f ;f| t] x¿ x'g\ .
4. lgdf0{ f xg' sf nflu w/] } nfdf] ;do nfUg] / xfdf| ] ko| f;n] t?' Gt} xfdf| ] hLjgsfndf
lgdf0{ f ug{ g;lsg] pmhf{sf ;f| t] nfO} cgjLs/0fLo pmhf{ elgG5 .
5. sfO] nf, k6] fn] , l8hn] , kf| sl[ ts Uof;F cflb cgjLs/0fLo pmhfs{ f ;f| t] x¿ xg' \ .
6. kq] r66\ fgdf ar]/ /x]sf] hLj jf jg:kltx¿sf] z/L/sf] efu w]/} tfk / rfksf]
sf/0fn] kl/jtg{ eO{ aGg] pmhfn{ fO{ hLjfjz]if pmhf{ elgG5 .
7. cgjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf] cTolws k|of]un] ubf{ lgs6 eljiodf cfpg ;Sg]
;d:ofnfO{ pmhf{ ;ªs\ 6 elgG5 .
8. cgjLs/0fLo zlStsf] k|ofu] nfO{ sd ug{sf nflu k|ofu] ul/g] gjLs/0fLo
pmhfs{ f] ;f| ]tnfO{ js} lNks pmhf{ elgG5 .
9. pmhfs{ f] ldtJooL ko| fu] ug{' eg]sf] klg pmhfs{ f] art ug{' xf] .
cEof;
!= lbOPsf] vfnL 7fpd“ f pko'St zAb eg'{xf;] \ M js} lNks,
nfvfF,} gjLs/0fLo, sfag{ 8fOc{ S;fO8,
art, cgjLs/0fLo
-s_ sfO] nf ================================= pmhfs{ f] ;|f]t xf] .
-v_ cgjLs/0fLo pmhf{ aGgsf nflu ======================== jif{ nfUg] u5{ .
-u_ vlgh tn] afNbf pTkGg xg' ] ================ Uof;nF ] jfo' kb| "if0f u/fpF5 .
-3_ xfdLn] pmhf{sf] ==============================ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; ug'{k5{ .
-ª_ pmhf{ ;ª\s6sf] ;d:ofnfO{ sd ugs{ f nflu ==============================
pmhf{sf] k|ofu] df hf8] lbgk' 5{ .
134 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &
@= pkoS' t ljsNkdf l7s lrxg\ -√_ nufpgx' f;] \ M
-s_ ;jf/L ;fwg u8' g\ sf nflu cfjZos kg{] dV' o zlSt jm' g ;f| t] af6 pTkGg
x'G5 <
-c_ k]6«fn] -cf_ k|fsl[ ts UofF; -O_ Kof/flkmg t]n -O_{ vfg]tn]
-v_ tn lbOPsf dWo] j'mgrflxF gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ xf] <
-c_ k]6«f]n -cf_ sf]Onf -O_ LP UofF; -O{_ hnljBt' \
-u_ gk] fnsf] ;Gbe{df tnsf dWo] j'mg ;f| ]taf6 ;ae} Gbf a9L ljB't\ pTkfbg
ug{ ;lsG5 <
-c_ kfgL -cf_ xfjf -O_ lhofy] dn{ -O_{ ;o" {
-3_ tnsf] ;d"xaf6 gldNbf] 5fGg'xf];\ M
-c_ sfO] nf -cf_ hnljB't\ -O{_ afof]UofF; -O{_ bfp/f
-ª_ pmhf{ art ug{ ckgfpg ;lsg] JolStut sfo{ s'g xf] <
-c_ pmhf{ art;DaGwL ;rtg] f a9fpg]
-cf_ ldtJooL tl/sfn] ko| fu] ug]{
-O_ jl} sNks ;f| ]tsf] k|of]u ug]{
-O_{ pmhf{ art ug]{ sfgg' sf] kfngf ug]{
#= km/s 56' o\ fpg'xf];\ M
-s_ gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ / cgjLs/0fL pmhf{
-v_ h}ljs OGwg / hLjfjzi] f OGwg
$= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ nV] gx' f;] \ M
-s_ pmhf{ ;ªs\ 6 eGgfn] s] a‰' g'x'G5 < pmhf{ ;ª\s6nfO{ sd ug{sf nflu
tkfOs{F f] j/k/ eO/x]sf j'mg} bO' c{ f6] f ko| f;x¿af/] rrf{ ug'x{ f];\ .
lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff & 135
-v_ gk] fnsf] ;Gbed{ f j'mg js} lNks pmhf{sf] ;|ft] pko'St x'G5 xf]nf <
sf/0f;lxt kl' i6 ugx'{ f;] \ .
-u_ pmhfs{ f] ldtJooL ko| f]u ug{' egs] f] g} pmhf{sf] jrt ug'{ xf] . o;
egfOnfO{ ts;{ lxt n]Vgx' f;] \ .
-3_ hLjfjz]if OGwgsf kmfObf / a]kmfObf pNnv] ug'{xf;] \ .
-ª_ j}slNks pmhf{sf ;|f]tx¿sf] k|ofu] ug{] tl/sfnfO{ JofVof ug{'xf];\ .
-r_ hLjfjzi] f OGwgsf] ko| fu] n] jfo' kb| i" f0f lgDTofp5F . o;sf] ljsNkdf sg'
pmhfs{ f] sg' js} lNks ;f| t] ko| fu] ug{' pkoS' t dflgG5, ;e' mfj lbgx' f;] \ .
7.2 tfk / tfkj|md (Heat and temperature)
cGgkft ;'sfpg, n'uf ;'sfpg, vfgf ksfpgsf nflu xfdLnfO{ j'mg zlStsf]
cfjZostf k5{ < hf8f] ofddf xfdLn] z/L/nfO{ s;/L Gofgf] agfpFg ;lsG5 <
cGgkft tyf n'uf ;s' fpgsf nflu tfk zlSt rflxG5 h'g xfdLn] ;o" a{ f6 k|fKt
ub5{ fF} . hf8fo] fddf z/L/nfO{ Gofgf] agfpgsf
nflu afSnf] nu' f nufpg], bfp/f afn/] cfuf]
tfKg] jf lx6/ afNg] ub5{ fF} . bfp/f jf lx6/
afNbf pTkGg xg' ] tfkn] ubf{ xfdf| ] z/L/nfO{
Gofgf] /fVg dbt ub5{ .
lrqdf Pp6f /s]6nfO{ cGtl/Ifdf k7fpFb}
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;df ePsf] OGwg aNbf
pTkGg xg' ] tfk zlStn] /s6] nfO{ dflylt/ ws] lrq 7.8
N5 . tfk Ps k|sf/sf] zlSt xf] h;sf] ubf{ xfdLn] tftf]kgf -Gofgf]kgf_ sf] dx;';
ub5{ f}F . tfksf] P;=cfO={ PsfO (S.I. unit) h'n (J) xf] .
tfkj|md (Temperature)
tLgcf]6f lunf;df cfwf kfgL el/Psf] 5 . Pp6f lunf;df dgtftf] kfgL, csfd]{ f
wf/fsf] kfgL / t;] |f] lunf;df lk|mhsf] kfgL /flvPsf] 5 .
136 lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff &
tkfOFn{ ] jm' g lunf;df wf/fsf,] j'mgdf
dgtftf] / jm' gdf lr;f] kfgL 5 eg]/
56' \ofpg ;Sgx' G' 5 < Psl5g 5nkmn
ug'x{ f;] \ t .
xfdLn] lunf; 5f]P/ dfq klg j'mg
lunf;df dgtftf,] jm' gdf wf/fsf] / lrq 7.9
jm' gdf lkm| hsf] lr;f] kfgL kfgL 5 eg]/
5'6o\ fpg ;lsG5 . t/ olb tkfOFn{ fO{ Pp6f lunf;df dgtftf], csfd{] f cln w]/} tftf]
/ t;] f| ] lunf;df plDnPsf] kfgL lbPdf eg] 5'6\ofpg ufxf| ] k5{ . lsgls dgtftf,]
cln w]/} tftf] / plDnPsf] ;a} kfgL tftf] g} xG' 5 . tftf]kfgL ePtf klg logLx¿sf]
tftf]kgfsf] dfqf km/s km/s x'G5 .
j'mg} j:ts' f] lr;f]kgf jf tftf]kgfsf] dfqfnfO{ To; j:ts' f] tfkj|md elgG5 . j:ts' f]
tfkjm| d gfKgsf nflu ko| fu] ul/g] pks/0fnfO{ ydf]l{ d6/ elgG5 .
ydf]{ld6/ (Thermometer)
Snlgsn ydf]l{ d6/ ko| fu] zfnf ydf]l{ d6/ l8lh6n ydfl{] d6/
lrq g=7.10
Hj/f] cfpbf ydf{l] d6/n] z/L/sf] tfkj|md gfKg'ePsf] 5 < j'mg} klg j:ts' f] tftfk] gf
jf lr;fk] gfsf] dfqf gfKgsf nflu rflxg] pks/0fnfO{ ydf]l{ d6/ elgG5 . z/L/sf]
tfkjm| d gfKg] ydfl{] d6/nfO{ lSnlgsn ydfl{] d6/ elgG5 . cfhefl] n dflg;sf] tfkjm| d
z'4 / ;/' lIft tl/sfn] gfKg lSnsn ydfl]{ d6/sf] ;6\6f l8lh6n ydf{]ld6/sf] ko| f]u
ul/G5 . bl} gs hLjgdf jf ko| fu] zfnfdf ljleGg j:t'x¿sf] tfkj|md gfKgsf nflu
ko| f]u ug{] ydf]{ld6/nfO{ k|of]uzfnf ydf{l] d6/ elgG5 .
lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff & 137
ko| fu] zfnf ydf{l] d6/ (laboratory thermometer)
k|of]uzfnf ydf]{ld6/sf] aflx/L efu a]ngf cfsf/
sf] x'G5 . ydf]{ld6/sf] aflx/L efu l;;faf6
ag]sf] x'G5 . o;sf] tn kl66\ rflxF dflyeGbf clns
;f3'Fl/Psf] x'G5 . tnkl6\6sf] ;f3'l/Psf] efunfO{
aNa elgG5 . ydf]{ld6/df aNadf cNsf]xn jf
kf/f] -ds{/L_ t/n kbfy{sf ¿kdf /flvPsf] x'G5 .
ydfl{] d6/sf] leqkl66\ lar efudf Hofb} dl;gf /fF} h:tf] lrq g=7.11 k|ofu] zfnf ydf{]ld6/
Soflkn/L 6\o'a (capillary tube) xG' 5 . j'mg} j:t'sf] tfkjm| dsf] 36a9 xF'bf ydf]
{ld6/df /flvPsf] t/n kbfy{ Soflkn/L 6\oa' df tn emg]{ jf dfly r9g\ ] u5{ .
j'mg} klg j:t'sf] tfkjm| d gfKgsf nflu ydfl{] d6/sf] aNanfO{ To; j:t'leq jf
;txdf 5fP] / /flvG5 . jm' g} j:t'df 5f]P/ aNanfO{ /fVbf ;f] j:td' f ePsf] tfksf]
c;/n] ubf{ aNadf ePsf] t/n kbfYfs{ f] cfotg a9\5 . cfotg a9b\ f t/n kbfYf{
ydf{]ld6/df ePsf] Soflkn/L 6o\ 'asf] dflylt/ r9\5 . Soflkn/L 6\oa' df ePsf]
ydfl{] d6/df /flvPsf] t/n kbfys{ f] ;txsf] gfk lnP/ j:ts' f] tfkjm| d gfKg ;lsG5 .
tfkjm| dsf PsfOx¿ (Units of temperature)
tkfO{Fsf] j/k/sf] clxns] f] tfkj|md slt xfn] f < tkfOF{x¿n] j/k/sf] tfkjm| d yfxf
kfpgsf nflu ss] f] ko| f]u ug'x{ G' 5 <
kl| jlwsf] a9\bf] ko| f]un] ubf{ OG6/g]6sf] kxr'F ePdf xfdL :df6k{ mf]g jf sDKo'6/daf6
j/k/sf] tfkjm| d yfxf kfpg ;S5fF} .
xfdL la/fdL eP/ c:ktfn hfbfF z/L/sf] tfkjm| d, tf}n, /utsf] rfk (blood
pressure) cflb gfKg] ul/G5 . JolStsf] z/L/sf] tfkjm| d gfk]/ Hj/f]cfPsf] 5 ls
5g} eg]/ yfxf x'G5 . o;/L z/L/sf] tfkjm| d gfKbf j'mg PsfOdf nl] vG5 xfn] f <
;fdfGotM xfd|f] z/L/sf] tfkjm| dnfO{ )F PsfOdf gflkG5 . xfd|f] z/L/sf] tfkj|md
;fdfGo cj:yfdf 98.6)F xG' 5 t/ Hj/f] cfPsf an] f z/L/sf] tfkjm| d a9\5 .
To;}n] Hj/f] cfPsf] dflg;sf] z/L/sf] tfkj|md 98.6) F eGbf a9L x'G5 .
dflysf pbfx/0faf6 tfkj|mdnfO{ ;]lN;o; (C) / km/]gxfO6 (F) PsfOdf gflkG5
138 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &
eg]/ yfxfF kfpgF ;S5fF} . tfkj|mdsf] rngrNtLsf PsfOx¿ C / F eP tfklg
o;sfS] .I. PsfO rflxF sl] Neg (K) xf] . sl] Neg -K_ S.I. PsfO ePsfn] o;nfO{
j}1flgs gfkdf Ps¿ktf Nofpgsf nflu ;+;f/el/ g} k|ofu] ul/G5 . ;]lN;o;, km/]
gxfO6 / s]lNeg tfkjm| dsf PsfOx¿ xg' \ .
tfkjm| ddf PsfOx¿larsf] ;DaGw (Relationship between different
scales of temperature)
tfksf] c;/n] ubf{ 7f]; cj:yfdf /x]sf kbfYf{ t/n / t/n cj:yfdf /x]sf
kbfy{ UofF; cj:yfdf kl/jtg{ xG' 5g\ . 7f]; cj:yfdf /x]sf kbfy{ t/n cj:yfdf
kl/jt{g x'g] lglZrt tfkjm| dnfO{ kUng] laGb' (melting point) elgG5, h:t} M 00C
tfkjm| ddf a/km kfgLdf kl/jt{g x'g] ePsfn] a/kmsf] kUng] laGb' 00C xf] . t/n
cj:yfdf /xs] f j:t' Uof;F cj:yfdf kl/jtg{ xg' ] lglZrt tfkjm| dnfO{ pDng] laGb'
(boiling point) elgG5, h:t} M 1000C df plDn/xs] f] kfgL afkmdf kl/jtg{ x'g]
ePsfn] ubf{ kfgLsf] pDng] laGb' 1000C xf] . tfkj|mddf km/s :sn] x¿ ;]lN;o;,
km/g] xfO6 / sl] Neg :s]ndf a/kmsf] kUng] laGb' / kfgLsf] pDng] laGb'nfO{ tn
tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 M
j:t' ÷ :sn] ;]lN;o; km/g] xfO6 s]lNeg
a/kmsf] kUng] laGb'
kfgLsf] pDng] laGb' 00 C 320 F 2730 K
1000 C 2120 F 3730 K
tn lbOPsf] ;"qsf] ko| fu] u//] logLx¿ larsf] cGt/;DaGw lgsfNg ;lsG5 M
==
==
oxfF tfkj|mddf tLgcf]6f :s]n ePtf klg xfdLn] Ps k6sdf j'mg} Pp6f
lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff & 139
:s]nsf] tfkj|mdnfO{ csf{] :sn] df kl/jt{g ug{ ;S5f},F h:t} M ;]lN;o; tfkjm| dnfO{
km/g] xfO6df abNbf
= ;q" sf] ko| f]u ug{'kb5{ .
ul0ftLo ;d:of
;fdfGo cj:yfdf dflg;sf] z/L/sf] tfkjm| d 98.60F nfO{ ;l] N;o; :sn] df abNgx' f;] \ .
;dfwfg
xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5,
=
or, =
or, =
or, =
or,
;]lN;o; :sn] df dflg;sf] z/L/sf] tfkjm| d 370 C x'G5 .
¿kfGt/0f;DaGwL yk tLg cf6] f km/s km/s ul0ftLo lx;fa yKg]
ljm| ofsnfk 7.3
tkfO{“sf] 7fp“sf] lglZrt ;do -laxfg * ah]_ sf] tfkjm| d Ps xKtf;Dd gfKgx' f;] \ . ydf]l{ d6/
pknAw gePdf dfa] fOndf ePsf] df;} d;DaGwL PlKns;] gsf] ko| f]u u/]/ tfkjm| dsf] dfg
lng'xf;] \ . tfkjm| dsf] dfgnfO{ ;]lN;o; :s]ndf eP km/g] xfO6 :sn] df / km/g] xfO6 :sn] df
eP ;l] N;o; :s]ndf ¿kfGt/0f u//] tnsf] tflnsfdf egx{' f;] \ M
af/ tfkjm| d (0C) tfkjm| d (0F)
cfOtaf/
;f]daf/
============== ============ ============
140 lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff &
ljm| ofsnfk 7.4 ydf]{ld6/
Pp6f las/df plDn/xs] f] kfgL lngx' f;] \ .
kfgLsf] tfkjm| d gfKg ydfl{]d6/nfO{ :6o\ fG8sf]
;xfotfn] c8o\ fpgx' f;] \ . kfgLdf ydfl{] d6/ kfgL
/fVbf ydfl{] d6/sf] aNa kfgLleq 8a' s] f]
x'gk' b{5 . 38L jf :6kjfrsf ;xfotfn] :6\of08
kfgLsf] tfkjm| d kT| os] b'O{ bO' { ldg6] sf]
km/sdf gfk/] l6kf]6 ugx{' f;] \ . kfgLsf]
tfkjm| dnfO{ Y-axis / ;donfO{ X-axis lrq g= 7.12
df /fv/] lrqdf bv] fP h:t} u|fkmk]k/df
jf sDKo6' /df :k|]8l;6 ko| f]u u//] uf| Kfm lvRg'xf;] \ / sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
;do -ldg]6_ tfkj|md (0C)
2 80
72
4
============== ============
u|fkm k]k/df ;a} tfkj|mdnfO{ el/;sk] l5
;a} laGbn' fO{ xftn] /v] f tfg/] hf]8g\ x' f;] \ .
j:t' tfkjm| d (0C)
wf/fsf] kfgL 22
klUn/xs] f] a/km
plDn/x]sf] kfgL ==========
============
lj|mofsnfk 7.5
k|ofu] zfnf ydf]{ld6/sf] ko| f]un] sI.fsf]7f, wf/fsf] kfgL, klUn/x]sf] a/km, plDn/x]sf]
kfgLnufot j/k/ ePsf ljleGg j:t'x¿sf] tfkjm| d gfk/] tflnsfdf egx{' f];\ .
lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff & 141
-c_ dflysf ljm| ofsnfksf cfwf/df wf/fsf] kfgL / pDn]sf] tftf]kfgLdf jm' gsf]
tfkjm| d a9L /x]5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-cf_ lsg pDns] f] kfgLsf] tfkjm| d wf/fsf] kfgLsf] eGbf a9L ePsf] xfn] f <
tftf] j:td' f lr;f] j:t'sf] eGbf a9L tfk zlSt x'g] ePsfn] ubf{ pDn]sf] kfgLsf]
tfkj|md a9L ePsf] xf] .
tfkjm| d / tfksf] ;DaGw
lrof, skmL h:tf tftf] vfgj] m' /f Ps}l5gdf lsg ;n] fpF5g\ < hf8f] ofddf wf/fsf]
kfgL lsg Psbd} lr;f] x'G5 < s] oL k|Zgx¿af/] tkfOn{F ] slxNo} ;f]Rg'ePsf] 5 <
b'w jf kfgLnfO{ pdfn/] lrof jf skmL agfOG5 . To;n} ] lrof jf skmLsf] tfkjm| d
xfd|f] j/k/sf] tfkj|mdeGbf w]/} xG' 5 . lrof jf skmLdf /xs] f] tfk To;sf] j/k/
k|zf/0f xg' ] x'bF f rf8} ;]nfpF5 .
hf8f] ofddf xfdf| ] j/k/sf] tfkjm| d w/] g} } sd xG' 5 . wf/fdf /xs] f] kfgLsf] klg tfkjm| d
jftfj/0f;Fu a/fa/ xG' 5 . dflg;sf] z/L/sf] tfkjm| d ;fdfGo cj:yfdf ;wF} l:y/
(98.60 F ) x'G5 . To;n} ] hf8f] ofddf xfdLnfO{ wf/fsf] kfgL Psbd} lr;f] nfU5 .
j'mg} klg j:td' f /x]sf] tfk zlStsf sf/0fn] ubf{ To;sf] tfkj|md a9L jf sd x'g]
ub5{ . tfkjm| dsf] sf/s (cause) tfk xf] eg] tfkjm| d rflxF tfksf] c;/ (effect) xf] .
lj|mofsnfk 7.6
b'Oc{ f6] f lunf; jf las/ lng'xf];\ . Pp6f lunf; (a) df pDn]sf] tftf]kfgL / csf]{ lunf; (b)
df wf/fsf] lr;f] kfgL cfwfhlt egx'{ f];\ / b'js} f] tfkjm| d gfk]/ nV] g'xf];\ . ca bj' } lunf;sf] kfgL
c6g\ ] Pp6f 7n' f] lunf; lngx' f];\ . 7n' f] lunf;df lr;f] / tftf]kfgL bj' n} fO{ ld;fP/ ld;fPsf]
kfgLsf] klg tfkjm| d gfKgx' f;] \ . o; lj|mofsnfkkl5 tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] af/] 5nkmn u/L lgisif{
lgsfNgx' f];\ M
lr;f] / tftfk] fgLdWo] jm' gsf] tfkjm| d a9L
/x5] <
ld;fPsf] larsf] lunf;sf] kfgLsf] tfkjm| d
tftf]kfgLsf] eGbf a9L jf sd /x5] < lrq g= 7.13 tftf] / lr;f]kfgL ld;fPsf]
ldl;Psf] kfgLsf] tfkj|md lr;f] / tftfk] fgLsf] eGbf lsg km/s ePsf] xfn] f <
142 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &
tftf] / lr;f]kfgLnfO{ ld;fpbF f ldl;Psf] kfgLsf] tfkj|md tftf]kfgLsf] eGbf sd /
lr;f]kfgLsf] eGbf a9L x'G5 . tfk ;wF} tftf] -a9L tfkjm| d ePsf_] j:t'af6 lr;f]
-sd tfkjm| d ePsf]_ j:t'df ;b{5 . tftf] j:tn' ] tfk lbg] / lr;f] j:tn' ] tfk ux| 0f
ug]{ u5{ . To;}n] ldl;Psf] kfgLsf] tfkj|md tftf] kfgLsf] eGbf sd / lr;f] kfgLsf]
eGbf a9L xG' 5 .
hf8f]df kfgL ttfP/ gx' fpg' cufl8 pDn]sf] jf w]/} tftf] kfgLnfO{ lr;f] kfgL;Fu
ld;fP/ l7Sssf] dgtftf] agfP/ gx' fpg] ul/G5 . o;/L tftf] / lr;f] kfgL ld;fpbF f
ag]sf] dgtftf] kfgLsf] tfkjm| d klg tftf]kfgLsf] eGbf sd / lr;fk] fgLsf] eGbf
a9L xG' 5 .
cEof;
!= sfi] 7sdf lbOPsf zAbx¿af6 pkoS' t zAb 5fgL tnsf] vfnL 7fp“
eg'{xf];\ M
a9g\ ] 1000 C Gofgfk] gf tfkj|md 36g\ ]
00C s]lNeg ydfl]{ d6/ tfk 370 C
tfk Ps k|sf/sf] zlSt xf] h;n] xfdLnfO ================== k|bfg ub5{ . tfkn]
ubf{ j:t'sf] tfkj|md ============= jf ============= ub{5 . jm' g} klg j:t'nfO{
ttfpbF f Tof] j:ts' f] ============================= a9g\ ] ub{5 . tfkjm| d gfKg] oGqnfO{
========================= elgG5 . ;]lN;o;, km/g] xfO6 / ============================
tfkjm| dsf PsfOx¿ x'g\ . :j:y dflg;sf] tfkjm| d ====================== x'G5 .
====================== a9L tfkjm| d ePsf j:ta' f6 sd tfkjm| d ePsf] j:td' f
;b5{ . ;db' | ;txdf kfgLsf] hDg] laGb' ===================== ;]lN;o; / pDng]
laGb' ===================== ;l] N;o; xf] .
@= pkoS' t ljsNkdf l7s lrx\g -√_ nufpg'xf];\ M
-s_ tfkj|mdsf] S.I.PsfO j'mg xf] <
-c_ ;]lN;o; -cf_ km/]gxfO6 -O_ s]lNeg -O_{ ¥o'd/
lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff & 143
-v_ k|ofu] zfnf ydf]l{ d6/df tfkj|mdsf] dfg sltbl] v slt;Dd x'G5 <
-c_ 00C bl] v 1000C -cf_ 100C bl] v 1100C
-O_ -100C bl] v 1100C -O_{ 00C b]lv 1100C
-u_ tfksf] k|;f/0f
-c_ tftf] j:ta' f6 lr;f] j:td' f xG' 5 .
-cf_ lr;f] j:t'af6 tftf] j:td' f xG' 5 .
-O_ sd tfkj|md ePsf j:ta' f6 a9L tfkj|md ePsf j:t'df xG' 5 .
-O_{ tftf] jf lr;f] j:t'lar Pscsf{df x'G5 .
#= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ tfk eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf] S.I.PsfO n]Vgx' f;] \ .
-v_ ko| fu] zfnf ydf]l{ d6/sf] Pp6f ;kmf lrq agfO{ o;sf ljleGg efux¿sf]
gfdfs/0f ug'xf];\ .
-u_ tfk / tfkjm| dsf] lardf jm' g} bO' {cf]6f km/s n]Vgx' f;] \ .
-3_ hf8f] ofddf wf/f jf Ogf/sf] kfgL 5F'bf lsg lr;f] dx;;' xG' 5, sf/0f
lbgx' f;] \ .
-ª_ cfhef]ln dflg;sf] tfkj|md gfKg lSnlgsn ydf{l] d6/sf] ;6\6f l8lh6n
ydfl{] d6/ ko| f]u ul/G5, lsg, sf/0f n]Vgx' f];\ .
$= tfkjm| dsf] dfg abNgx' f];\ M
-s_ 370C nfO{ 0F df lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff &
-v_ 270C nfO{ 0K df
-u_ 2730K nfO{ 0C
144
7.3 Wjlg (Sound)
sIffsf]7fdf lzIfsn] s'g} ljifo lzIf0f ubf{ pSt ljifo lzIf0f ;do÷3G6L (period)
sf] ;do ;lsPsf] s;/L yfxf x'G5 < sfx] L dflg; glhs cfO/xs] f j'm/f p;nfO{
gbV] bf klg yfxf kfpg ;lsPnf <
sIffdf 3G6Lsf] ;do ;lsPsf] hgfp 3G6L ah]kl5 yfxf kfp5fF} . 3G6L aHbf
pTkGg xg' ] Wjlg ;'g]/ jm' g} ljifosf] sI.f ;lsPsf] yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . dflg;
lx8F \bf pTkGg x'g] k}tfnfsf] cfjfhaf6 dflg;nfO{ gb]Vbf klg xfdLtk{m cfO/xs] f]
yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . Wjlg Ps ks| f/sf] zlSt xf] h;n] ubf{ xfdLnfO{ ;'Gg dbt
ub{5 . xfdLn] afN] bf pTkGg xg' ] Wjlgn] ubf{ Pscfk;df jm' /fsfgL ug{ ;S5fF} .
dlGb/df 306 aHbf pTkGg x'g] Wjlg ;'g/] xfdL cfgGb lng] ub5f{F} . dfbn, tanf,
af;F /' L h:tf jfBjfbgaf6 Wjlg pTkGg x'G5 . Wjlg Ps ks| f/sf] zlSt xf] hg' j'mg}
j:t'df sDkg xb'F f pTkGg xG' 5 .
Wjlgsf] k|zf/0f (Transmission of sound)
3G6L, dfbn, af;F /' L h:tf Wjlgsf ;f| t] x¿af6 pTkGg ePsf] Wjlg xfdLn] s;/L] ;G' 5f}
xfn] f < jfo'd08n gePsf] eP xfdLn] ;xh} j'm/fsfgL ug{ ;SYof}F xf]nf < xfdLn]
jm' /fsfgL ubf{ pTkGg ePsf] Wjlg jfod' 08ndf /xs] f] xfjfsf dfWodaf6 k;| f/0f xG' 5 .
lrq 7.14 sx] L Wjlg pTkGg ug{] -;fª\lutLs_ afhfx¿
Wjlg jfod' 08ndf /x]sf] xfjfsf] dfWodaf6 k;| f/0f xb'F } xfdf| ] sfg;Dd cfOk'U5
/ xfdLn] Tof] cfjfh ;'Gg ;S5f}F . Wjlg 7f;] , t/n / Uof;F dfWodaf6 k;| f/0f
x'g] ePtf klg xfdf| ] jl/kl/ jfod' 08n /x]sfn] ubf{ ;fdfGot j'm/fsfgL ubf{ WJflg
xfjfsf] dfWodaf6 k;| f/0f xG' 5 . j'mg} ;f| ]taf6 pTkGg ePsf] Wjlg Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{
7fpF;Dd k'Ug] kl| jm| ofnfO{ Wjlgsf] k;| f/0f elgG5 .
Wjlg Ps 7fpFaf6 csf{] 7fpFdf k;| f/0f x'Fbf t/ª\usf] ¿kdf k;| f/0f x'G5 . zlSt
Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf k|;f/0f xF'bf lx8\g] af6fnfO{ t/ª\u (wave) elgG5 . xfd|f]
lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff & 145
lrq 7.17 Wjlgsf] k|;f/0f
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