विज्ञान तथा प्रविधी कक्षा ७

-7_ s:tf k|sf/sf kl/jt{gx¿nfO{ efl} ts kl/jt{g elgG5, pbfx/0f;lxt
n]Vg'xf;] \ .

-8_ /f;folgs kl/jt{g eg]sf] s] xf], xfd|f] b}lgs hLjg;uF ;DalGwt x'g]
o:tf kl/jt{gsf tLgcf6] f Jofjxfl/s pbfx/0f lbgx' f];\ .

-9_ lgDglnlvt pbfx/0fx¿nfO{ ef}lts jf /f;folgs kl/jt{gcGtu{t
juLs{ /0f ug'x{ f];\ M

-c_ kfgLsf] jfikLs/0f

-cf_ cG8fnfO{ pl;Gbf

-O_ afkmsf] b|jLs/0f

-O_{ vlgh OGwg abNg] kl| j|mof

-p_ kfgLdf lrgL 3'Ng] k|lj|mof

-0f_ olb s'g} Pp6f tŒjsf] Go6' «f]gsf] ;ªV\ of 18 5 eg] pSt tŒjsf] gfd
s] xfn] f < pSt tŒjsf] kf/df0fljs ;+/rgfsf] df]8]n agfpgx' f];\ .

196 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &

!) bl} gs k|of]usf kbfy{
(Materials Used in Daily Life)

sfutL ;fag' Vffgg] 'g

kmnfdsf lsnf ;Nkm/

lrq 10.1 b}lgs ko| f]usf kbfy{x¿

lrqdf lbOP h:t} xfdL b}lgs hLjgdf ljleGg ks| f/sf kbfy{ pkofu] u5f{}F . tL
kbfys{ f] u'0f km/s km/s x'G5 . h:tM} s'g} s8f, s'g} g/d, sg' } tfk ;g,]{ sg' } g;g],{
s'g} :jfbsf cfwf/df cldnf, lttf, 6/f,{ gl' gnf xG' 5g\ . o:t} u'0fsf cfwf/df tL
kbfy{x¿nfO{ ljleGg ;dx" df juLs{ /0f ul/Psf] xG' 5 .

10.1 cDn, Iff/ / nj0f (Acid, base and salt)

lj|mofsnfk 10.1

tkfO“s{ f] cfk\mgf] 3/sf] efG5fdf ko| f]u xg' ] kbfyx{ ¿nfO{ u0' fsf cfwf/df cldnf], lttf] /
g'lgnf] ;d"xdf ljefhg ug{'xf;] \ / sIffdf k|:t't ugx'{ f;] \ M

cldnf] lttf] g'lgnf
============================== ================================= ==================================

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff & 197

;a} kbfy{nfO{ :jfbsf cfwf/df 5'6\ofpg c;xh x'G5 lsgeg] sltko kbfy{
z/L/sf nflu xflgsf/s xG' 5g\ . sg' } kbfyn{ fO{ cDn nj0f jf Iff/ s] xf] egL

56' o\ fpg ko| fu] ul/g] /;fognfO{ ;r" s kbfy{ (Indicators) elgG5 . ln6d\ ; sfuh,
ldyfOn c/G] h / kmg] fN] kmyflng ;fwf/0f ;r" ssf pbfx/0f xg' \ . ;r" s kbfyn{ fO{ c¿
kbfyd{ f ld;pbF f To;sf] /ªdf kl/jtg{ cfO{ cDn, Iff/ jf nj0f 56' o\ fpg ;lsG5 .

ln6d\ ; kk] / ldyfOn c/G] h km]gfN] kmyflng

lrq 10.2 ;r" s kbfy{

:yfgLo ;fduL| pkofu] u/L ;"rs kbfy{ agfpg] tl/sf

:yfgLo ¿kdf kfOg] ;lsg] /ftf] un' fasf] kmn" , /ftf] aGbfsf]kLsf] kft, Kofhsf 6'jm| f,
a;] f/sf] wn' f,] rs' Gb/ cflbsf /ªu\ Lg efuaf6 ;lhn;} uF ;r" sx¿ tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 .

lrq 10.3

;r' s cDndf /ª nj0fdf /ª Iff/df /ª

jGbfsf] ;"rs /ftf] jf un' faL sn]hL lgnf] jf xl/of]
Kofhsf] ;r" s /ftf] a}hgL xl/of]
a];f/sf] ;"rs kx]nf] kxF]nf] /ftf]

ljm| ofsnfk 10.2

Kofhsf] Pp6f bfgf lngx' f];\ . To;nfO{ dl;gf] u/L sf6\g'xf];\ .
Kofhsf 6j' m| fnfO{ cNsfx] n jf sfutLsf] /;df 8a' fpgx' f;] \ . o;nfO{
@) ldg6] hlt pdfNgx' f;] \ . lkmN6/ kk] /sf ;xfotfn] pSt 3fn] nfO{

5fg]/ z'4 ;"rssf] 3fn] tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 . lrq 10.4 Kofhsf 6'jm| f

198 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &

lrq 10.5 efG;fdf ePsf /;fog

ljrf/0fLo k|Zg

a;] f/sf] 3f]n k/]sf] n'ufnfO{ w'b“ f /ftf] lsg xG' 5 <

k|foM v/fgL jf a];f/sf] ld>0fnfO{ v;L af]sfsf] 5fnfdf nufpb“ f uf9f /ftf] b]lvG5 lsg xfn] f <

ljm| ofsnfk 10.3

ljBfnosf] ko| f]uzfnfaf6 /ftf] / lgnf] ln6d\ ; kk] / lnO{ lrqdf h:t} u/]/ cfkm\
gf] efG;fdf ePsf /;fog -sfutLsf] /;, bxL, 6df6/sf] /;, s/n] fsf] /;, kfgL
cflbsf] 3fn] df 8a' fpg'xf];\ . ln6\d; kk] /sf] /ªdf s:tf] kl/jt{g cfof] jf cfPg
cjnfs] g ug'x{ f];\ / tn lbOPsf] tflnsf egx{' f;] \ M

/;fogx¿ /ftf] ln6\d; lgnf] ln6\d;

sfutLsf] /; kl/jt{g ePg /ftfd] f kl/jt{g eof]
bxL
6df6/sf] /;
s/n] fsf] /;
kfgL

Dfflysf ljm| ofsnfkdf lgnf] ln6d; k]k/nfO{ /ftfd] f
kl/jtg{ ug]{ kbfy{ cDn (acid) xg' \ . logdf cldnfk] gf
ePsfn] cDn elgPsf] xf] h:t}M bxL, 6df6/, sfutL
cflb .

ln6d; k]k/nfO{ lgnf] /ªdf kl/jt{g ug{] kbfyx{ ¿ Iff/ lrq 10.6
xg' \ . /ftf] / lgnf] b'a} ln6d\ ; kk] /df /ª kl/jtg{ gx'g]
kbfy{ nj0f x'g\ . 199

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &

;r" sx¿sf] /ªsf] :6fG88{ tflnsf

;r" s kbfy{ cDn Iff/ nj0f

/ftf] ln6d\ ; /ftf] lgnf] t6:y
lgnf] ln6\d; /ftf] lgnf] t6:y
ldyfOn c/G] h /ftf] kxnF] f] t6:y
km]gf]Nkmyflng /ªxLg un' faL t6:y

o;/L xfdf| ] bl} gs hLjgdf pkofu] df cfpg] kbfyn{ fO{ cDn, Iff/ / nj0f -t6:y_
u/L tLg ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L cWoog ul/G5 .

cDn (Acid)

xfdLn] vfg] u/]sf crf/, sfutL, OdnL, ef]u6] cflb d'vdf kfgL cfpF5 .
cldnf] :jfbsf kbfy{x¿ xg' \ . ;fwf/0ftof cldnf] :jfb ePsf kbfy{nfO{ cDn
elgG5 . xfdLn] vfg] crf/sf kl/sf/x¿, :ofp, ;'Gtnf, sfutL, efu] 6] cflb kmn
cDnLo kmn x'g\ . cDnnfO{ +cªu\ |]hLdf Acid elgG5, o;sf] cy{ cldnf] (Sour)
eGg] x'G5 . vfBkbfyd{ f x'g] cDnsf sf/0f w/] } vfB j:t'x¿sf] :jfb cldnf] xG' 5 .
;|f]tsf cfwf/df cDn k|fªu\ fl/s / (Organic) ck|fª\ufl/s (Inorganic) b'O{ u/L
ks| f/sf x'G5g\ .

lrq 10.7 cDnsf;f| t] x¿ lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff &

200

hLjhGt', af]6la?jf tyf kmnkmn" x¿af6 kf| Kt ul/g] s] tkfO“{nfO{ yfxf 5 <
cDn kf| ª\ufl/s cDn x'g\ . oL cDn g/d / vfgof]Uo
dflgG5g\ . vlgh kbfya{ f6 pTkfbg ul/g] cDnnfO{ sldnf / df/} Ln] lrNbf kmlds{
ck|fª\ufl/s cDn elgG5 . oL cDn vfgLhGo cDnsf] sf/0f lrns] f] 7fp“df
j:ta' f6 kf| Kt xG' 5g\ . To;n} ] oL cDnnfO{ vlgh cDn kf]Ng] / b'Vg] xG' 5 .

(Mineral Acid) klg elgG5 . xfO8f« S] nf]l/s cDn,
;Nˆo'l/s cDn / gfOl6s« cDn ck|fª\ufl/s cDnsf
pbfx/0f x'g\ .

b}lgs hLjgdf k|ofu] df cfpg] sx] L vfgof]Uo cDn / ltgsf;f| ]tx¿ tn k|:tt'
ul/Psf] 5 M

j|m=;= cDnsf] gfd ;f| t]

!= ;fOl6«s cDn ;G' tnf, sfutL, ufn] e8] f

@= P:sfle{s cDn cdnf tyf cldnf] kmnkmn"
#= 6f6l{ /s cDn efu] 6,] cªu\ '/, l;:g'
$= Doflns cDn :ofp
%= NoflS6s cDn bw' , bxL
^= Pl;l6s cDn legu] /, cldnf] crf/
&= sfaf{]lgs cDn ;f8] fkfgL, lr;f] ko] kbfy{
*= cShflns cDn rl/cldnf], l;:g'

lrq 10.8 10.9

cDnsf efl} ts u'0f (Physical Properties of Acid)

-c_ ;fdfGotof cDnsf] :jfb cldnf] xG' 5 / o;n] lgnf] ln6d\ ; sfuhnfO{ /ftf]
/ªdf kl/0ft ub{5 .

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff & 201

-cf_ s8f cDnn] 5fnfnfO{ kf]N5 .

-O_ cDnn] ldyfOn c/G] hnfO{ /ftf] /ªdf kl/0ft u5{ .

-O_{ cDnn] kmg] f]Nkmyflngsf] /ªdf kl/jt{g NofpbF g} .

ljrf/0fLo k|Zg

-c_ a;] f/df ;fag' kfgL xfNbf /ftf] xG' 5, lsg <

-cf_ 3fpdf g'grs' k¥of] eg] rx¥ofp5F , lsg <

ko| fu] fTdssfo{ 10.1

:yfgLo :t/df kfOg] un' fasf] /ftf] kmn" sf] /;af6 t/n ;r" s kbfy{ tof/ kfgx{' f;] \ .
o;nfO{ cDn, If/ / nj0f 56\ofpg ko| fu] u/L /ªdf ePsf] kl/jtg{ nfO{ tflnsf
agfO{ egx{' f];\ / k|ofu] fTds kmfOn tof/ kfg{'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk 10.4

;f8] fkfgL jf cGo s'g} k]o kbfy{sf] lasf]{ vfN] g] lalQs} lgl:s/x]sf] Uof“; glhs} lehs] f] lgnf]
ln6d\ ; / /ftf] ln6d\ ; sfuh nUgx' f];\ . s] kl/jtg{ eof], lsg < o;f] x'gs' f] sf/0f sIffdf
5nkmn ugx'{ f];\ .

Iff/ (Base)

lj|mofsnfk M 10.5

gx' fpg] a]nfdf ;fag' sf] lkm“h dv' leq k¥of] eg] lttf] xg' ]
ub5{ . lhpdf ;fag' nufpb“ f lrKnf] xg' ] u5{ . sfr“ f] xnj' fj]
b vfb“ f 6/f]{ x'G5 . s/]nfsf] t/sf/L ;w“} lttf] xg' ] ub5{
. oL j:t'x¿ lsg lttf jf 6/f{ ePsf xfn] fg\ < sIffdf
5nkmn u/L lgisif{ k:| tt' ug'{xf;] \ .


lrq 10.10 Iff/

k|foM lttf] jf 6/f]{ :jfb ePsf kbfy{ Iff/ xg' \ . sx] L Iff/x¿ kfgLdf 3n' ]/ cNsfnL
agfpF5g\ . Iff/x¿ lrKnf] ks| l[ tsf x'G5g\ . Iff/ / cDn ldnk] l5 nj0f jf gg' .

202 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &

;fl] 8od xfO8f« c] S;fO8, kf6] fl;od xfO8f« c] S;fO8 cflb

Iff/sf pbfx/0f x'g\ . PNdl' god xfO8f« c] S;fO8 / DofUg] s] tkfO{n“ fO{ yfxf 5
l;od xfO8f« c] S;fO8sf] ld>0f -PG6fPl;8_ Uof:6f« Ol6;sf]
cfi} fwLsf ¿kdf ko| fu] ul/G5 . v/fgL Iff/ xf] . of] ef8“ f /
sk8f wg' df6fsf] cDnLokg
Iff/sf] s8fkgsf cfwf/df s8f Iff/ / g/d Iff/ u/L 36fpgsf nflu k|of]u ul/
bO' { k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . s8f Iff/sf] :jfb lng'xbF' }g o;n] G5 .
kf]Ng jf hnfpg ;S5 .

ljrf/0fLo kZ| g

-c_ ss{nf] jf lkF8fn' ksfpFbf cldnf] xfNg] rng 5, lsg <

-cf_ l;:gn' ] kf]ns] f 7fpFdf ;fag' jf lttk] ftL nufpg] ul/G5, lsg <

Iff/sf ef}lts u'0f (Physical Properties of Base)

-c_ Iff/n] /ftf] ln6\d; sfuhnfO{ lgnf] /ªdf kl/jtg{ u5{ .
-cf_ Iff/sf] 3fn] lrKnf] ;fag' sf] h:tf] x'G5 .
-O_ w/] } h;f] Iff/sf] :jfb lttf] jf 6/f{] xG' 5 o;sf] 3fn] ;fag' h:tf] lrKnf] xG' 5 .
-O{_ Iff/n] kmg] fN] kmyflngnfO{ u'nfaL /ªdf kl/jtg{ ub{5 .

nj0f (Salt) lrq 10.11 nj0f

nj0fx¿ ;fdfGotof t6:y ofl} us xg' \ . cDn / Iff/ ldnL nj0f aG5 . ;f]l8od
Snf]/fO8 -vfg] g'g_, ;f]l8od sfafg]{ ]6 cflb nj0fsf pbfx/0f xg' \ . ;fdfGotof
nj0fx¿ t6:y, cDnLo / Iff/Lo u/L tLg k|sf/sf x'G5g\ .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff & 203

k|of]ufTds sfo{ 10.2

ko| f]usf cfwf/df tn lbOPsf kbfy{x¿df ljleGg ;r" sx¿ /fVbf s:tf] k|sf/sf]
/ª bl] vG5, tflnsfdf egx'{ f;] \, lgisifn{ fO{ sIffdf k:| t't ug{x' f];\ M

j|m=;= kbfy{ /ftf] lgnf] ldyfOn kmg] f]
ln6d\ ; ln6\d; c/]Gh Nkmyflng

! ;f]l8od Snf/] fO8

@ ;f]l8od xfO8«f]cS;fO8

# ;Nˆol' /s cDn

nj0fsf ef}lts u'0f (Physical properties of salt)

-c_ kf| oM nj0fsf] :jfb g'lgnf] jf lttf] x'G5 .

-cf_ nj0fx¿ ;fdfGotof kfgLdf 3'ngzLn x'G5g\ .

-O_ nj0fx¿ k|foM jf /ª\uLg x'G5g\ .

-O{_ nj0fx¿ klUng / plDng a9L tfk rflxG5 .

-p_ nj0fn] ln6\d; kk] /, ldyfOn c/]Gh / kmg] f]Nkmyflngdf sg' } c;/ ub}{g .

cEof;

1= vfnL 7fp“df ldNg] zAb eg{'xf];\ M

nj0f ;fOl6s« cDn Iff/ kmld{s ldyfOn c/]Gh
-s_ df/} L / sldnfn] lrNbf 5fnfdf ========= sf] sf/0fn] ;l' Ggg] / kfN] g] xG' 5 .
-v_ v/fgL =====================sf] pbfx/0f xf] .
-u_ ;fl] 8od Snf/] fO8 ============== cGtut{ kb{5 .
-3_ ufn] e]8F fdf ================ x'G5 .
-ª_ ;fwf/0ftof cldnf] :jfb ePsf kbfy{df================ kfOG5 .

204 lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff &

2= tn lbOPsf dWoa] f6 ;xL ljsNk 5fGgx' f];\ M

-s_ vfg;] f]8f sg' kbfyc{ Gtu{t k5{ <

-c_ cDn -cf_ Iff/
-O_ nj0f -O_{ ;r" s

-v_ :ofpsf] /; cDnLo kbfy{ xf] o;n,]

-c_ lgnf] ln6d\ ;nfO{ /ftf] /ªdf kl/jtg{ u5{ .
-cf_ /ftf] ln6d\ ;nfO{ lgnf] /ªdf kl/jt{g u5{ .

-O_ ldyfOn c/G] hnfO{ kxn]F f] /ªdf kl/jt{g u5{ .

-O{_ km] gfN] kmyflngnfO{ t6:y /ªdf kl/jt{g u5{ .

-u_ lbOPsf kbfy{x¿dWo] sg' kbfyd{ f Iff/Lo u0' f x'G5 <

-c_ bxL -cf_ ;fa'g
-O_ legu] / -O{_ cªu\ '/

-3_ nfOs]gaf6 tof/ ul/g] ;fwf/0f ;r" s s'g xf] <

-c_ ldyfOn c/]Gh -cf_ lkmgf]Nkmyflng
-O_ ;fwf/0f ;"rs -O_ol' ge;{n ;"rs

-ª_ kf| oM Iff/x¿sf] ljz]iftf s:tf] xG' 5 <

-c_ cldnf] / lrKnf ] -cf_ g'lgnf] / 6/f]{
-O_ cldnf] / tLtf] -O{_ 6/f{] / lrKnf]

3= sf/0f lbg'xf];\ M 205

-s_ l;:g' 5'Fbf kf]N5 .
-v_ vfg] gg' sf] 3fn] df ln6d; kk] / b'jfpFbf /ª kl/jt{g xb' }g .
-u_ sfutL / ;G' tnf cldnf] x'G5 <
-3_ cDnnfO{ ;fjwfgLk"j{s rnfpg'k5{ .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &

4= km/s nV] gx' f;] \ M

-s_ cDn / Iff/
-v_ s8f Iff/ / g/d Iff/

5= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ n]Vgx' f;] \ M

-s_ cDn egs] f] s] xf] < :yfgLo ¿kdf kf| Kt ug{ ;lsg] sg' } b'Oc{ f6] f cDnLo
kbfys{ f] pbfx/0f lbgx' f;] \ .

-v_ ko| fu] zfnfdf k|ofu] ul/g] tLgcf]6f cDnsf] gfd nV] g'xf;] \ .

-u_ Iff/ egs] f] s] xf] <bl} gs hLjgdf k|ofu] ul/g] Iff/x¿sf] ;"rL tof/
ugx{' f;] \ .

-3_ s:tf] k|sf/sf] cDnnfO{ k|fª\ufl/s cDn elgG5 < of] cDn ck|fªu\ fl/s
cDneGbf sg' sg' s'/fdf km/s 5, pNnv] ugx{' f;] \ .

-ª_ cDn, Iff/ / nj0fdf ;"rsn] b]vfpg] /ªsf cfwf/dftnsf] tflnsf k"/f
ug{x' f];\ M

;r" s kbfy{ cDn Iff/ nj0f

ldyfOn c/]Gh /ftf] ===== t6:y
ln6\d; sfuh ========= lgnf] ===
km] gf]Nkmyflng /ªxLg ===== t6:y

-r_ lbOPsf tLgcf6] f 6]:6 6\oa' x¿df leGgfleGg} /;fogx¿sf] 3fn] /flvPsf]
5 . ldyfOn c/G] hsf] k|ofu] u/L pSt 3fn] x¿ cDn, Iff/ jf nj0f x'g\
egL s;/L 56' \ofpg ;lsG5, tflnsfdf k|:t't ug{x' f;] \ .

206 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &

-5_ cDn / Iff/sf ef}lts u'0fx¿lar t'ngf ug{'xf];\ .

-h_ nj0f egs] f] s] xf] < o;sf d'Vo ks| f/ nv] L Ps Pscf6] f pbfx/0f klg
lbgx' f];\ .

-em_ km" naf6 /ftf] ln6\d; sfuh s;/L agfpg ;lsG5, JofVof ugx{' f];\ .

-`_ ;r" s kbfy{n] ss] f cfwf/df ljleGg kbfyn{ fO{ cDn, Iff/ / nj0fdf
5'6\ofpF5, n]Vgx' f;] \ .

-6_ ;'Gtnfsf] /;, n'uf w'g] ;f8] f / gg' kfgLsf] 3fn] tLgcf6] f af]tnx¿df
/flvPsf] 5 . /ftf] / lgnf] ln6d\ ; kk] /sf] ;xfotfn] tL tLg ks| f/sf
kbfyx{ ¿ cDn, Iff/ jf nIf0f egL s;/L 56' o\ fpg' xG' 5, JofVof ugx{' f;] \ .

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff & 207

10.2 wft' / cwft' (Metals and Non-metals)

lj|mofsnfk 10.6

tkfOs“{ f] 3/ jf ljBfnodf /xs] f ljleGg j:tx' ¿sf af/d] f cWoog ugx{' f;] \ / lbOPsf] tflnsf k/" f
ugx{' f;] \ . tflnsfdf pNnv] ePsf j:ts' f] u0' fx¿sf cfwf/df tL j:tx' ¿nfO{ bO' { ;dx" df ljefhg
ugx'{ f];\ M

j|m=;= j:t' s8fkg 6ns tfksf] tf/h:tf] agfpg l6ªu\ cfjfh
k|;f/0f

! kmnfd s8f 6lNsG5 x'g] ;lsg] cfpg]

@ sf7 g/d 6lNsbF }g xb'F }g g;lsg] gcfpg]

#

$

xfd|f] j/k/ ljleGg lsl;dsf j:t'x¿ kfOG5g\ . ltgLx¿nfO{ ljleGg sfo{sf
nflu ko| fu] ul/G5 . j:t'x¿df ePsf u'0f / ljzi] ftfsf cfwf/df lglZrt sfdsf
nflu 5gf]6 ul/Psf] x'G5 . tfksf] k;| f/0f xg' ], kUng,] tfkj|md a9L xg' ] ePsfn]
vfgf agfpg] ef8F fs8'F fx¿ cflNdlgod, l:6n cflbaf6 tof/ ul/G5 . To:t} ljB't\
g;g]{ ePsfn] Knfl:6snfO{ tf/sf] aflx/ sr' fnssf¿kdf k|of]u ul/G5 . o;/L
ljleGg u'0fx¿nfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ tŒjx¿nfO{ wft' / cwft' ;d"xdf juL{s/0f ul/
Psf] 5 . cflNdlgod, h:tf, kmnfd, ;'g, tfdf / rfbF L wft' x'g\ eg] ;Nkm/ -uGws_ /
cfofl] 8g cwft'sf pbfx/0f x'g\ . tnsf] lrqdf wft' / cwft'sf pbfx/0fx¿ lbOPsf]
5 . oLafxs] cGo wft' tyf cwft'x¿ klxrfg u/L sIffdf 5nkmn ugx'{ f;] \ .

sx] L pkof]uL wft' / cwft'x¿

lrq 10.12 wft' / cwftx' ? lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &

208

xfdf| ] j/k/ /x]sf sx] L kbfy{x¿ s8f, 6ns ePsf ttfpbF f tfltg,] lxsf{pbF f s'lRrg]
/ cfjfh cfpg] x'G5g\ . o:tf kbfyx{ ¿nfO{ wft' elgG5 . kmnfd, tfdf, ;'g, rfbF L,
cflNdlgod cflb wft' xG' 5 . j/k/ /xs] f s]xL kbfyx{ ¿ g/d, g6lNsg,] ttfpbF f
aNg], tfk / ljBt' \ g;g]{ xG' 5g\ . o:tf kbfyx{ ¿nfO{ cwft' elgG5 . sfuh, sk8f,
Knfl:6s, ;Nkm/, cfof]l8g, clS;hg, Snfl] /g cflb cwft' x'g\ .

cflNdlgod (Aluminium)

cfNd'lgod k|s[ltdf z'4 ¿kdf kfObF }g t/ of}lus jf c¿ lrq 10.13 nj0f
kbfy{;Fu ldl;Psf] cz4' j:t' -wfp_ sf ¿kdf kz| :t
kfOG5 . o;sf] kd| v' wfp aS;fO6 (Bauxite) xf] . o;af6
g} cflNdlgod k|zfw] g ul/G5 .

efl} ts u'0f / pkof]lutf (Physical properties and uses)

-s_ cfNdl' god ;t] f] xn'sf wft' xf] . o;df kmnfddf h:tf] lvof klg nfUbg} .

-v_ of] xns' f ePsfn] uf8L / xjfOh{ xfhsf]
a8L agfpg k|of]u ul/G5 .

-u_ of] ljBt' s\ f] ;r' fns xf] . To;n} ] o;nfO{

ljB't\ tf/x¿ agfpg ko| fu] ul/G5 .

-3_ of] tfksf] ;'rfns xf] . o;nfO{ lrq 10.14 nj0f
3/fo;L ef8F fsF8' f agfpg ko| f]u ul/G5 .

-ª_ o;nfO{ sd tfkjm| ddf kufNg ;lsG5 . To;}n] cflNdlgod kftf / tf/x¿

agfpg ko| fu] ul/G5 .

-r_ o;nfO{ xfjf / kfgLn] c;/ ub}g{ . To;n} ] cfNdl' god k]G6 agfpg k|ofu]

ul/G5 .

h:tf (Zinc)

h:tf k|s[ltdf wfp / ofl} ussf ¿kdf kfOG5 . o;sf] k|d'v wfp lhª\s An]8 (Zinc
blende) xf] . o;af6 g} h:tf k|zfw] g ul/G5 .

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff & 209

efl} ts u0' f (Physical properties) lrq 10.16 lhªs\ An8]
-s_ of] wft' xNsf lgnf] dl0fe cfsf/sf] xG' 5 .
-v_ of] tfk / ljBt' \sf] ;'rfns xf] .
-u_ o;nfO{ lr;f] / kfgLn] c;/ u5{ .
-3_ o;df lvof nfU5 .
-ª_ o;nfO{ sd tfkj|mddf kufNg ;lsG5 .

pkofl] utf (Uses)

-s_ h:tfnfO{ xfO8f« h] g Uof;F tof/ kfg{sf nflu k|of]u lrq 10.17 h:tf kftf
ul/G5 .

-v_ o;nfO{ ldl>t wft' -lkQn, sf;F _agfpg ko| fu] ul/G5 .

-u_ z'is ;]n (dry cell) aflx/L cfj/0f agfpg ko| f]u ul/G5 .

-3_ lkl| G6ª Ans (printing block) x¿ agfpg k|ofu] ul/G5 .

-ª_ h:tf kftf 5fgf] 5fpgsf nflu ko| f]u ul/G5 .

kmnfd (Iron)

k|s[ltdf kmnfd wfpsf ¿kdf kfOG5 . kmnfd d'Votof
xd] f6fO6 (Haematite) wfpaf6 kz| f]wg ul/G5 .

ef}lts u'0f (Physical properties) lrq 10.18 xd] f6fO6 wfp
-s_ kmnfd sfnf] / v/fgL /ªsf] wft' xf] .
-v_ o;nfO{ 3f]6\bf 6ns cfp5F . lrq 10.17 kmnfd
-u_ o;df lvof nfU5 . lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff &
-3_ o;df rD' asLo u0' f x'G5 .
-ª_ o;df xfjf / kfgLn] ;lhn};Fu c;/ ub5{ .

210

pkofl] utf (Uses)
-s_ ljleGg k|sf/sf cf}hf/ / xftxltof/ agfpg kmnfd ko| fu] ul/G5 .
-v_ 3/fo;L ef8F fs'F8f agfpg ko| f]u ul/G5 .
-u_ 3/, kn' / oftfoftsf ;fwg agfpg k|ofu] ul/G5 .
-3_ l:6n (Steel) pTkfbg ug{ k|ofu] ul/G5 .
-ª_ 58, kfOk / tf/x¿ pTkfbg ug{ k|of]u ul/G5 .

;g' (Gold)

ks| [ltdf ;'g z4' cj:yfdf kfOG5 . oL r66\ fgx¿sf lardf / gbLsf] afnj' fdf
kfOG5 .

efl} ts u0' f (Physical properties)

-s_ ;'g rxlsnf] kxnF] f] /ªsf] wft' xf] .

-v_ of] tfk / ljB'ts\ f] ;r' fns x'G5 .

-u_ of] lglij|mo wft' xf] . lrq 10.20 r66\ fgdf kfOPsf] ;g'
-3_ o;n] xfjf / kfgL;Fu k|ltljm| of ub{}g .

-ª_ o;df lvof nfUb}g .

pkofl] utf (Uses)

-s_ ;'g uxgf agfpg ko| fu] ul/G5 .
-v_ bj] Lbj] tfsf dl" t,{ l;Ssf / d]8n agfpg ko| fu] ul/G5 .
-u_ ;:tf] wft'df hnk nufpg ko| f]u ul/G5 .
-3_ cfi} fwL agfpg k|of]u ul/G5 .
-ª_ bftF nfO{ afWF g k|of]u ul/G5 .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff & lrq 10.21 ;g' af6 ags] f uxgfx?
211

tfdf (Copper)

dflg;x¿n] w/] } klxn]bl] v ko| fu] ub{} cfPsf] wft' tfdf ks| [ltdf wfts' f ¿kdf
kfOG5 . o;nfO{ d'Votof rfNsfk] fO/fO6 (Chalcopyrite) wfpaf6 k|zfw] g ul/G5 .

efl} ts u'0f (Physical properties) lrq 10.22 rfNsf]kfO/fO6 wfp

-s_ tfdf /ftf] v}/f] /ªsf] wft' xf] .
-v_ of] tfk / ljBt' \sf] /fd|f] ;'rfns xf] .
-u_ of] lr;fdf dlng xbF' } hfG5 .
-3_ of] ;lj|mo wft' xf] .
-ª_ o;df lvof nfUb}g .

pkofl] utf (Uses)

-s_ tfdfsf ef8F fs'8F fx¿ agfpg ko| f]u ul/G5 .

-v_ ljB't\sf tf/x¿ agfpg ko| f]u ul/G5 . lrq 10.23 tfdfsf] tf/

-u_ lkQn, sfF; h:tf ldl>t wft'x¿ agfpg ko| f]u ul/G5 .

-3_ tfdfsf l;Ssf, d"lt{ / tSdf agfpg ko| f]u ul/G5 .

-ª_ /f;folgs kbfy{ / cf}ifwLx¿ agfpg k|ofu] ul/G5 .

rfb“ L (Silver)

rfbF LnfO{ ks| l[ tdf wfp / of}lussf ¿kdf kf| Kt ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] d'Vo wfp
ch{G] 6fO6 xf] . o;}af6 rfFbLsf] k|zf]wg ul/G5 .

efl} ts u0' f (Physical properties)

-s_ rfbF L ;]tf] 6ns ePsf] wft' xf] .

-v_ of] tfk / ljB'ts\ f] ;r' fns xf] .

-u_ o;nfO{ xfjf / kfgLn] c;/ ubg}{ .

-3_ o;df lvof nfUb}g . lrq 10.24 ch]{G6fO6 wfp
-ª_ of] sd ;ljm| o wft' xf] .

212 lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff &

pkofl] utf (Uses)

-s_ ax'dN" o ef8F fsF'8f, l;Ssf, tSdf agfpg rfbF L k|of]u ul/G5 .
-v_ u/uxgf agfpg o;sf] ko| fu] ul/G5 .
-u_ ;:tf] wft'x¿df hnk nufpg o;sf] k|ofu] ul/G5 .
-3_ bfFtdf ePsf] vfnL 7fpFdf eg{ pkofu] ul/G5 .

-ª_ cfi} fwL agfpg ko| fu] ul/G5 . lrq 10.25 rfb“ Laf6 ag]sf uxgf

ljm| ofsnfk 10.7

tkfOsF{ f] 3/ jf ljBfnodf lgDglnlvt wfta' f6 ags] f j:tx' ¿sf] ;r" L agfpgx' f;] \ . tL
wft'af6 ags] f j:ts' f] pkofu] ;DaGwdf ;f]wvfh] u/L tnsf] tflnsf k"/f ug{'xf;] \
/ sIffdf k|:tt' ug'{xf;] \ .

jm| =;= wft'sf] gfd wft'af6 ag]sf j:t'x¿ wft'af6 ag]sf j:t'sf] pkof]u

!= cflNdlgod
@= h:tf
#= ;'g
$= rfbF L
%= tfdf
^= kmnfd

;Nkm/÷uGws (Sulphur)

;Nkm/ k|s[ltdf z'4 ¿kdf kfOg] cwft' xf] . of] kfgLdf 3N' bg} . kf| oM Hjfnfd'vL hfg]
If]qdf kf| s[lts ¿kdf kfOG5 . ofl} ussf ¿kdf ljleGg wft'sf] ;NkmfO8sf ¿kdf
kfOG5 . Kofh, n;g' , tf]/Lsf] tn] df klg ;Nkm/ kfOG5 .

efl} ts u0' fx¿ (Physical properties) lrq 10.26 ;Nkm/
-s_ ;Nkm/ k/fnh:tf] kx]Fnf] /ªsf] 6Nsg] 7f]; kbfy{ xf] . 213
-v_ kfgLdf c3n' gzLn cwft' xf] .
-u_ tfk / ljB't\sf] sr' fns xf] .
-3_ o;n] cDn;uF k|ltlj|mof ub}{g .
-ª_ of] xfjfdf aNbf ;Nkm/8fOcS;fO8 aGb5 .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &

pkof]lutf (Uses) lrq 10.27 ;nfOsf] sf6“ L

-s_ ;Nkm/ ;Nˆo'l/s cDn agfpg ko| fu] ul/G5 .
-v_ aGbs' df /fVg] af?b agfpg k|of]u ul/G5 .
-u_ ;nfO{sf] sfF6Ldf /fVg] d;nf agfpg ko| f]u ul/G5 .
-3_ k6sfx¿ agfpg k|ofu] ul/G5 .
-ª_ 3fpdf nufpg] cfi} fwL agfpg ko| fu] ul/G5 .

cfof]l8g (Iodine)

cfof]l8g Pp6f pkofu] L cwft' xf] . o;nfO{ dflg;x¿n] w]/} klxnb] l] v pkof]udf
NofPsf] kfOG5 . of] ljleGg ks| f/sf vfgfx¿df klg kfOG5 . z/L/df o;sf] c;Gtn' g
xFb' f yfO/fO8 /fu] nfUb5 .

efl} ts u'0f (Physical properties) lrq 10.28 cfofl] 8g
lrq 10.29 cfof]8]S;
-s_ cfofl] 8g 6nsbf/ cwft' xf] .
-v_ of] 3n' gzLn x'G5 .
-u_ of] tfk / ljBt' s\ f] sr' fns xf] .

pkofl] utf (Uses)
-s_ unuf8F xg' af6 hf]lug o;sf] ko| f]u ul/G5 .

-v_ lzz' cj:yfdf af}l4s ckfª\utfaf6 aRgsf
nflu o;sf] k|of]u ul/G5 .

-u_ l6GSr/ cfofl] 8g (Tincture of iodine) agfpg
ko| f]u ul/G5 . o;n] 3fpx¿ lgsf] kfg]{ sfd
ub5{ .

-3_ z/L/ b'vs] f] 7fpFdf nufpg] cfof8] S] ; dnd
agfpg ko| fu] ul/G5 .

214 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &

cEof;

1= lbOPsf] vfnL 7fpdF f ldNg] zAb egx'{ f;] \ M

cfofl] 8g s'rfns rfNsf]kfO/fO6 xd] f6fO6 h:tf uG3s

-s_ cwft' ljBt' \sf] ============ x'G5 .
-v_ yfO/fO8 uG| yL kmN' g] ============ tŒjsf] sdLn] ubf{ xf] .
-u_ ;nfOs{ f] sf6F Ldf +===================/;fog ko| f]u ul/G5 .
-3_ lk|lG6ª Ans agfpg ==========wft' k|of]u ul/G5 .
-ª_ tfdfsf] wfp ================xf] .

2= lbOPsf k|Zgsf] ;xL pQ/ 5fGgx' f];\ M
-s_ tnsf dWo] cwft'sf] u0' f sg' xf] <

-c_ 6Nsg ] -cf_ ;'rfns
-O_ g/d -O_{ pRr pDng] / kUng] laGb'

-v_ tnsf dWo] kf| oMh;f] sg' wft'df UofNefgfOh];g (Galvanization)
ul/G5 <

-c_ rfbF L -cf_ tfdf
-O_ cflNdlgod -O{_ h:tf

-u_ cfNdl' godsf] wfpsf] gfd s] xf] <

-c_ xd] f6fO6 -cf_ aS;fO6

-O_ chG]{ 6fO6 -O_{ DofUg]6fO6

-3_ tnsf dWo] a9L lvof nfUg] wft' sg' xf] <

-c_ kmnfd -cf_ ;g'

-O_ rfFbL -O_{ tfdf

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff & 215

-ª_ cfof] g'gdf s'g tŒj ld;fOPsf] x'G5 <
-c_ lhª\s -cf_ ;Nkm/
-O_ clS;hg -O_{ cfofl] 8g

3= sf/0f lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ vfg] gg' df cfof]l8g ld;fOPsf] x'G5 .
-v_ k|s[ltdf ;g' z4' ¿kdf kfOG5 .
-u_ cflNdlgod wft' uf8L / xjfOh{ xfhsf] a8L (Body) agfpg ko| fu] ul/G5 .

4= km/s n]Vg'xf];\ M

-s_ wft' / cwft'
-v_ vlgh / wfp

5= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ n]Vgx' f;] \ M

-s_ lbOPsf] tflnsf k"/f ugx'{ f];\ M

wft'sf] gfd dV' o wfp pkof]lutf

kmnfd
rfbF L
tfdf
cflNdlgod

-v_ wft'sf efl} ts u0' f n]Vg'xf];\ .

-u_ wftx' ¿ tfk / ljBts\ f ;r' fns x'g,\ sf/0f;lxt k:| 6 kfg'{xf];\ .

216 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &

-3_ lbOPsf wftx' ¿ klxrfg u/L tflnsf k/" f ugx{' f;] \ M
j|m=;=+ wft'sf] lrq wft'sf] gfd k|d'v ljz]iftf dV' o sfo{

1.

2.

3.

-ª_ cfi} fwLsf ¿kdf ;d]t k|of]u ul/g] sg' } b'Oc{ f]6f cwfts' f] gfd nv] L
ltgLx¿sf] yk pkofl] utf n]Vg'xf];\ .

-r_ lgDglnlvt wft'sf ef}lts u0' fx¿ nV] gx' f;] \ M

wfts' f] gfd ef]lts u'0f

kmnfd
rfbF L
tfdf
cflNdlgod
;g'

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff & 217

!! kY[ jL / cGtl/If (Earth and space)

a|x\dff08df ljleGg cfsfzLo lk08x¿ /x]sf 5g\ . ;"o{, rGb|df, kY[ jL cflb cfsfzLo
lk08x¿ x'g\ . oL lk08x¿nfO{ tf/f, ux| , pku|x cflbdf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 .
;f}o{d08ndf k[YjLnufot cGo u|x / pku|xx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . oL s;/L ag]
xfn] fg\ < cfsfzdf sxf;F Dd km}lnPsf xfn] fg\ < oL lk08x¿ s]af6 ag]sf xf]nfg\ <
s't"xn cem} klg dflg;df /lxcfPsf] kfOG5 .

lrq 11.1 cGtl/If

;f}od{ 08ndf /xs] f] k[YjL xfdL ;as} f] ;femf jf;:yfg xf] . o;sf clwsf+z aflx/L
/ leqL efux¿ df6f] / r66\ fgn] ags] f 5g\ . o;/L g} ;a} cfsfzLo lk08x¿sf
clwsf+z efux¿ r66\ fgx¿ ldn/] ag]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

11.1 r6\6fg (Rock)

tkfOF{ cfkm\ gf j/k/ s8f kbfy{ bV] g' ePsf] 5 . oL s8f kbfy{ lrq 11.2 r6\6fgsf gdg' f
r6\6fg xg' \ . kY[ jLsf] leqL tyf aflx/L efudf r6\6fgx¿ lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &
/x]sf 5g\ . r66\ fgx¿ ljleGg vlghx¿ ldn/] ag]sf
xG' 5g\, h;sf] /ª, agfj6, uxf| kF} gf km/s km/s xG' 5 .

218

r6\6fg 6'j|mf 6'j|mf eP/ df6f] lgdf{0f x'g] ub{5 . To;n} ] df6fdf r6\6fgsf ;;fgf
6j' m| f kfOG5g\ .

r66\ fg aGg] k|ljm| of (Formation of Rock)
Psl5g ljrf/ ugx{' f];\ t Û
k|s[ltdf r6\6fgs;/L ag] xfn] fg\ < pBfu] af6 r6\6fg agfpg ;lsG5 ls ;lsFb}g
xfn] f <

lj|mofsnfk M 11.1
ljBfno jf 3/df pknAw ;r" gf / kl| jlwsf ;fwgx¿sf] pkofu] ub{} r66\ fg aGg] kl| jm| ofsf]
lel8of] x]/]/ sIffsf ;fyLx¿;“u Pscfk;df 5nkmn ugx{' f];\ .

lrq 11.3 ;]l8dG] 6];g ljlwaf6 r6\6fg aGg] k|ljm| of

gbLgfnf / emgf{af6 aus] f] kfgLn] df6f,] afnj' f, af]6la?jf, sf7 cflb aufP/
n}hfG5 . tL kbfy{ gbL tyf ;db' |sf] lkFwdf lylu|P/ a:5g\ . nfdf] ;do;Dd tL
j:t' w]/} lylrPkl5 cTolws rfk / tfkn] ubf{ hd/] s8f x'G5g\ / r66\ fgsf] ¿k
lnG5g\ . s'g} r6\6fg s8f / sg' } s]xL g/d xG5g\ . ljleGg r66\ fgsf /ªklg km/s
km/s kfOG5g\ . o;sf s0f s'g} dl;gf / s'g} 7'nf bV] g ;lsG5 . s'gs} f] ;tx v;f| ]
/ s'g}sf] lrNnf] x'G5 . sg' n} fO{ km6' fpFbf kq kqdf 5'6\l6G5g\ eg] s'g} afnj' fh:t}
wn' f] xG' 5g\ .

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff & 219

lj|mofsnfk M 11.2

tkfO{s“ f] ljBfno jf 3/ j/k/ /xs] f ljleGg lsl;dsf r66\ fgx¿sf] gd'gf ;ªs\ ng
ug{'xf];\ / k|Tos] nfO{ 56' 6\ f56' 6\ } cª\såf/f ;ªs\ t] ug'x{ f];\ . tL r6\6fgx¿nfO{ lgDg u'0fsf
cfwf/df 56' \ofO{ tflnsfdf eg'x{ f];\ / sIffdf 5nkmn ug'{xf;] \ M

r6\6fgsf] ;ªs\ ]t s8f jf g/d /ª kqePsf] jf gePsf] v;|f] jf lrNnf]

1
2
3

...

agf]6sf cfwf/df r66\ fgx¿nfO ljleGg ks| f/df tLg efudf juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

r66\ fgsf ks| f/x¿ (Types of Rock)
pTklQ tyf lgdf{0f ljlwsf cfwf/df r6\6fgx¿nfO{ tLg ;dx" df juLs{ /0f ug{
;lsG5 hg' lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M
!= cfUg]o r6\6fg (Igneous Rock)
@= kq] r6\6fg (Sedimentary rock)
#= ¿kfGtl/tr6\6fg (Metamorphic rock)

cfUg]o r66\ fg kq] r6\6fg ¿kfGtl/t r6\6fg

lrq 11.4 r66\ fgsf k|sf/x¿sf] gd'gf lrq

220 lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff &

!= cfUg]o r66\ fg (Igneous rock)

cfUg]o r66\ fg kY[ jLsf] pTklQsfnb]lv g} lgdf{0f x'Fb}

cfPsf] xf] . ;f] avt kY[ jLsf] ;tx ;]nfP/ ag]sf r66\ fg

cfUg]o r66\ fg xg' \ . k[YjLsf] leqL efudf /xs] f] t/n
/ UofF; kbfy{sf] ld>0f DofUdf (Magma) ef}ule{s lrq 11.5 cfUg]o r66\ fg
sf/0fn] kY[ jLsf] ;txaflx/ cfO{ ;]nfP/ s8f ePkl5 cfUg]o

r66\ fg aGb5 .

sx] L dxŒjk0" f{ cfUg]o r6\6fgx¿

-s_ u]|gfO6 (Granite)

of] sfnf] tyf v/} f] /ªsf] r66\ fgxf] hg' lgs} s8f / alnof]

xG' 5 . of] cfsif{s / lrNnf] ;txsf] x'g] ePsfn] o;nfO{ kf| oM

efG;f tyf e¥ofªdf la5o\ fOG5 . lrq 11.6 u]g| fO6

-v_ Kol' d; (Pumice)

w]/} Kjfnx¿ / l5b| l5b| k/s] f] xns' f r6\6fgnfO{ Ko'ld; r66\ fg

elgG5 . lrq 11.7 Kol' d;
-u_ clA;l8og r66\ fg (Obsidian Rock)

of] sfrF h:tf] / sdhf]/ lsl;dsf] r6\6fg xf] . o;nfO{
Hjfnfdv' L sfFr (Volcanic glass) klg elgG5 .

@= kq] r6\6fg (Sedimentary rock) lrq 11.8 clA;l8og r66\ fg

xfjf, kfgL, tfk cflbn] k[YjLsf] ;txdf ePsf lrq 11.9 kq] r6\6fg
j:tx' ¿ 6j' m| g] / lvOg] u5g{ \ . o;/L 6j' m| s] f ;;fgf 221
j:tx' ¿ gbL, vfn] f, jiff,{ jfon' ] ubf{ Ps 7fpaF f6
csf]{ 7fpdF f k'U5g\ / y'lkF|b} hfG5g\ . s8f tfk /
rfkn] ubf{ Pscfk;df 6flF ;P/ s8f r66\ fg aGb5g\ .
o; kl| jm| ofaf6 ags] f r66\ fgnfO{ kq] r66\ fg elgG5

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &

. kq] r6\6fgdf hLjfjz]if (fossil) ldl;Psf] xG' 5 . o:tf r66\ fgsf] cWoogaf6
k[YjLdf hLjx¿sf] pTklQ slxnb] ]lv eof] eGg] yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 .

sx] L dxŒjk0" f{ kq] r6\6fg

-s_ r'g9'ª\uf (Lime stone)

;d'b|leq a:g] s8f cfj/0f (shell) ePsf hgfj/x¿ lrq 11.10 r'g9ª' \uf
d/]kl5 ltgsf cfj/0f tyf x8\8Lsf 6'j|mfx¿ ;d'b|sf]
lkwF df txtx aG5g\ . tL txx¿ lylrP/ rg' 9ª' u\ f aG5 .
of] r66\ fg /ftf], v/} f], ;t] f,] sfnf] /ªsf] dl;gf] bfgfbf/
x'G5 . l;d]G6 agfpg of] r66\ fgsf] k|of]u ul/G5 .

-v_ :ofG8:6fg] (Sandstone)

afnj' fsf] txtxdf l;lnsf, n];fOnf] df6f], cflb 6fFl;P/ lrq 11.11 :ofG8:6f]g
ags] f] r66\ fgnfO{ :ofG8:6fg] elgG5 .

-u_ ;]n (Shale)

afn'jfsf s0feGbf klg ;fgf] s0fnfO{ l;N6 lrq 11.12 ;n]
elgG5 . l;N6eGbf klg ;;fgf s0fx¿ Pslqt
eP/ ag]sf] df6fn] fO{ Sn] (Clay) elgG5, l;N6 /
Sn] ldn/] ags] f] r66\ fgnfO{ ;n] (shale) elgG5 .
of] r66\ fg sfnf] / g/d xG' 5 .

-3_ ;ªu\ l' 6sf (Conglomerate)

of] r66\ fg ;;fgf 9ª' u\ fsf 6j' m| fx¿, luvf,{ afnj' f Pscfk;df
6fFl;P/ aGb5 . of] r6\6fgnfO{ sªs+\ 8 r6\6fg klg elgG5 .

lrq 11.13 ;ª\ul' 6sf

3= ¿kfGtl/t r66\ fg (Metamorphic rock)

nfdf] ;do tfk / rfksf sf/0faf6 cfUgo] / kq] r66\ fgx¿ ¿kfGt/0f x'G5g\ .

222 lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff &

r66\ fgx¿ ¿kfGt/0f xFb' f ltgsf] sx] L jf ;a} vlghdf
kl/jtg{ xg' ;S5 . o;/L Ps ¿kaf6 kl/jltt{ eO{ csf]
{ ¿k aGg] r6\6fgnfO{ ¿kfGtl/t r6\6fg elgG5 . o;
lsl;dsf r66\ fgx¿ k[YjLsf] leqL efudf kfOG5g\ .

r66\ fg / ltgsf ¿kfGtl/t r66\ fg lrq 11.14 ¿kfGtl/t r66\ fg

r66\ fg ¿kfGtl/t r6\6fg

l;lnsf Sjf6h{ fO6
r'g9'ª\uf l;ª\ud/d/
sfO] nf u|k] mfO6, :n6]
uk|] mfO6 lx/f
lg;, l;:6
u|]gfO6, l8of/] fO6

r66\ fgsf] dxŒj (Importance of rock)

ljm| ofsnfk 11.3
b}lgs hLjgdf r6\6fgx¿nfO{ s'g s'g sfdsf nflu pkof]u ul/G5, ;r" L tof/ kfg{x' f];\
/ sIffdf 5nkmn ug{x' f;] \ .

r6\6fg k[YjLsf] ;txdf kfOg] 7f;] / s8f kbfy{ xg' ,\ h;sf] pkofu] ljleGg If]qdf
ul/g] ePsfn] o;sf] dxŒj lgDgfg';f/ /xs] f] 5 .

-s_ 3/ tyf ejg lgdf{0f ug{ lrq 11.15 b}lgs hLjgdf r6\6fgsf] pkof]u 223

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &

-v_ r6\6fgnfO{ s'Fb/] d"lt{x¿ agfpg
-u_ 3/, d7dlGb/x¿sf] 5fgf 5fpg
-3_ ljleGg lsl;dsf l;ª\ud/d/ (marble) nfO{ 3/ tyf d7dlGb/ ;hfpg

-ª_ 3/df nf]xf/] f], l;nf6} f], hftF f], cfv] n cflb k/Dk/fut k|ljlwsf¿kdf k|ofu] ug{

-r_ ax'd"No /Tgx¿ agfpg

-5_ l;d]G6 agfpg cflb .

g]kfndf kfOg] s]xL dxŒjk0" f{ r6\6fgx¿

1. ;ªu\ l' 6sf

;;fgf 9ª' u\ fsf 6j' m| fx¿, luvf{ tyf afnj' f cfk;df 6flF ;P/ ;ªu\ l' 6sf aG5 . o;nfO{
sª\s8 r66\ fg klg elgG5 . g]kfnsf vfn] fgfnf tyf gbL lsgf/df ;ª\u'l6sf
r66\ fg kz| :t kfOG5 .

2. :ofG8:6f]g

afn'jfsf s0fx¿ cfk;df 6fFl;P/ :oG8:6fg] aG5 . :ofG8:6f]g r66\ fg vfn] f tyf
gbL lsgf/df kfOG5 .

3. l;lnsf

ljleGg r66\ fgx¿ lvOP/ ags] f] afn'jf g} l;lnsf xf] . l;lnsf l;lnsg / clS;hg
tŒj ldnL ags] f] x'G5 . of] klg gk] fnsf ;a} gbLgfnf tyf vfn] fx¿df kfOG5 .

4. rg' 9'ªu\ f

r'g9ª' u\ f SoflN;od sfaf]{g6] af6 ags] f] xG' 5 . of] r6\6fg dl;gf] bfgfbf/ xG' 5 . of]
/ftf,] v/} f,] ;t] f], sfnf] /ªsf] xG' 5 . o;nfO{ kf]n]/ r'g tyf l;dG] 6 agfpg k|of]u
ul/G5 . rg' 9'ª\uf ufb] fj/L, eF;} ,] rf]ef/, pbok'/, hfu] Ldf/f cflb :yfgdf kfOG5 .

5. l;ª\ud/d/

rg' 9'ª\uf kl/jtg{ eP/ l;ªu\ d/d/ -dfan{ _ aG5 . of] kq] r66\ fg k'gM kl/jt{g
eO{ aG5 . o;sf] kq}kq Jojl:yt ¿kdf /xs] f] xG' 5 . l;ª\ud/d/ 3/, ejg, dlGb/

224 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &

cflbdf eO' dF f 5fKg ko| fu] ul/G5 . uf]bfj/Ldf l;ª\ud/d/sf] 7'nf] vfgL 5 .

6. :n6]

:n6] klg kl/jltt{ r6\6fg xf] . dl;gf s0fx¿ ldn]/ ag]sf] jf bfgfbf/ lsl;daf6
kq}kq Jojl:yt ¿kdf ags] f r66\ fg :n6] xg' \ . :n]6 3/ 5fpg tyf ljBfnodf
n]Vg] kf6L agfpg ko| f]u ul/G5 . tgx'Fsf] aGbLk'/df :n6] sf] 7n' f] vfgL 5 .

kl/of]hgf sfo{

;ªsng ul/Psf r66\ fgnfO{ 3/ jf ljBfnodf pknAw ICT sf ;fwgx¿sf] pkofu] /
k|of]uzfnfdf /xs] f r66\ fgx¿sf gdg' f ls6;“u t'ngf u//] cfUg]o, kq] / ¿kfGtl/t r66\ fg

sg' sg' xg' , 56' o\ fpgx' f;] \ . ltgsf Ps Pscf6] f dV' o ljzi] ftf;lxt lbOPsf] tflnsfdf egx{' f;] \ M

r6\6fgsf] kq] r66\ fg ljz]iftf ¿kfGtl/t ljz]iftf cfUg]o ljz]iftf
;ª\s]t g= r66\ fg r66\ fg

1
2
3

cEof;

1\ = vfnL 7fp“df ldNg] zAb eg{'xf;] \ M cjz]if rg' 9'ªu\ f

:n]6 Kol' d; cfUgo] kq

-s_ r66\ fgx¿ ===================, kq] / ¿kfGtl/t u/L tLg k|sf/sf x'G5g\ .

-v_ kq] r66\ fgdf hLjhGt'sf] ========== klg ldl;Psf] xG' 5 .
-u_ l;d]G6 agfpg ============= ko| f]u ul/G5 .

-3_ ljleGg kbfy{sf] tx tx ldnL ============ r66\ fg aGb5 .

-ª_ ljBfnodf n]Vg] kf6L agfpg ¿kfGtl/tcGtu{tsf] ============= r6\6fg
pkof]u ul/G5 .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff & 225

2= lbOPsf ljsNkaf6 ;xL pQ/ 5fGg'xf;] \ M

-s_ tnsf dWo] ¿kfGtl/t r6\6fg sg' xf] <
-c_ 8f]nfd] fO6 -cf_ Kol' d;
-O_ l;lnsf -O_ lx/f
-v_ 58\s] 5fgf 5fpgsf nflu s'g r66\ fgsf] ko| fu] ul/G5 <
-c_ :ofG8:6fg] -cf_ rg' 9'ª\uf
-O_ ;ªu\ 'l6sf -O_{ :n]6
-u_ dfa{nnfO{ s'g ks| f/sf] r6\6fgcGtut{ /flvPsf] 5 .
-c_ kq ] -cf_ ¿kfGtl/t
-O_ cfUgo] -O{_ ax'dN" o
-3_ Sjf6{hfO6 r6\6fg sg' r6\6fgsf] ¿k kl/jt{g eO{ ag]sf] ¿kfGtl/t

r6\6fg xf] <
-c_ l;lnsf -cf_ sf]Onf
-O_ ug]| fO6 -O_ u]|kmfO6
-ª_ nfef / DofUdf sg' r66\ fg;Fu ;DalGwt 5 <
-c_ l;ª\ud/d/ -cf_ clA;l8og
-O_ ;n] -O_{ l8of/] fO6

3= km/s 56' o\ fpg'xf];\ M

-s_ kq] r66\ fg / cfUg]o r66\ fg
-v_ dfa{n / r'g9'ªu\ f

4= lbOPsf r66\ fgx¿nfO{ tflnsfdf eg'{xf;] \ M

ug]| fO8, :ofG8:6fg] , Ko'ld;, lx/f, ;n] , dfa{n, clA;l8og, ;ªu\ 'l6sf, l;:6

¿kfGtl/t r66\ fg kq] r66\ fg cfUgo] r66\ fg

226 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &

5= lbOPsf r6\6fgx¿ klxrfg u/L tflnsf k"/f ugx'{ f];\ M

j|m=;+= r66\ fgsf] lrq r6\6fg kd| v' dV' o sfo{

1. gfd k|sf/ ljzi] ftf

2.

3.

6= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M

-s_ r6\6fg eg]sf] s] xf] < r66\ fg s] s] kbfyx{ ¿ ldn/] ags] f] xG' 5 <

-v_ cfUg]o r66\ fg s;/L aG5 <

-u_ kq] r6\6fg eg]sf] s] xf] < of] r66\ fg s;/L aGb5 <

-3_ r66\ fgsf] dxŒjsf] ;r" L tof/ kfgx'{ f];\ .

-ª_ gk] fndf kfOg] kd| v' rf/cf6] f r6\6fgsf] gfd nv] L ltgLx¿sf] agfj6sf]
ljzi] ftf / kfOg] :yfgnfO{ tflnsfdf bv] fpgx' f];\ .

11.2 ux| x¿ (Planets)

tf/fx¿dWo] ;o" { Pp6f tf/f xf] . of] xfdL a:g] kY[ jLaf6 ;a}eGbf glhssf] tf/f xf] .
xfdLn] x]bf{ cGo tf/f eGbf rlDsnf] / 7'nf] bl] vG5 . ;'o{nfO{ kl/j|mdf ug{] cfsfzLo
lk08x¿ ldn]/ ;f}od{ 08n aG5 .

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff & 227

lrq11.16

-c_ ;"oa{ f6 ;ae} Gbf glhs / 6f9f s'g s'g u|xx¿ kbf{ /x]5g\, tn' gf ugx{' f;] \ .
-cf_ cfsf/sf cfwf/df ;a}eGbf 7'nf / ;fgf u|x sg' sg' /x5] g,\ tn' gf ugx'{ f;] \ .
-O_ u|xx¿sf] agf]6df s] km/s kfpgx' G' 5 <
-O{_ u|xx¿sf] /ªdf s] km/s 5 <

kl/ofh] gf sfo{

ljleGg cfsf/sf 9 cf6] f df6f] jf lk7fsf uf]nfsf/ 8Nnfx¿ lngx' f;] \ . ;ae} Gbf 7n' f]
8NnfnfO{ ;"o{ agfpg'xf];\ / cGo cf7cf6] f 8NnfnfO{ cfsf/, b/' L, / :yfgsf cfwf/df
8Nnf agfpg'xf;] \ ;fo} {d08nsf] ;fwf/0f df8] n] ;dx" df tof/ ugx{' f;] \ .

lrq 11.17 ;fo} d{ 08nsf] lrq lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &

228

;"o{ / ;o" n{ fO{ kl/j|mdf ug{] ux| , pku|x, pNsf, pNsflk08, k'R5]| tf/f cflbsf]
;d"xnfO{ ;f}od{ 08n elgG5 . ;o" s{ f] jl/k/ 3D' g] lk08x¿nfO{ ux| elgG5 . To:t}
u|xsf] jl/kl/ 3D' g] ;;fgf lk08x¿nfO{ pkux| elgG5 . ux| x¿sf] cfk\mg} ks| fz
xbF' g} . ;fo} {d08ndf cf7cf6] f ux| x¿ /xs] f 5g\ .

-s_ aw' (Mercury)

of] ux| ;ae} Gbf ;fgf] / ;o" a{ f6 ;a}eGbf glhssf] u|x
xf] . of] u|x ;"os{ f] w]/} glhs /x]sfn] lbpF;f] w]/} tftf]
xG' 5 . o;sf] jfo'd08n 5g} . o; u|xsf] pku|x 5}g .

-v_ zj' m| (Venus) lrq g+ 11.18 a'w

of] ux| ;aeGbf tftf] / rlDsnf] ux| xf] . kY[ jLaf6 ;aeGbf lrq g+ 11.19 z'qm
glhssf] ux| xf] . of] Morning and evening star eg]/
lrlgg] ux| xf] . o;sf] klg pkux| 5}g . of] u|x k[YjLsf] lrq 11.20 kY[ jL
cfsf/;uF ldNbfhN' bf] ePsfn] o; ux| nfO{ kY[ jLsf] hD' Nofxf
u|x elgG5 . of] ;a}eGbf tftf] u|x xf] . lrq 11.21 dª\un
229
-u_ kY[ jL (Earth)

of] ux| ;hLjnfO{ cgs' n" x'g] ;a} jftfj/0f ePsf] u|x
xf] . b'/Lsf lx;fan] ;o" {af6 t];f| ] :yfgdf /x]sf] of] u|xsf]
Ps dfq pkux| , rGbd| f (Moon) xf] . o;nfO{ hLljt u|x
klg elgG5 . k[YjLaf6 ;a}eGbf glhssf] ux| z'jm| xf] .


-3_ dªu\ n (Mars)

of] ux| nfO{ /ftf] u|x klg elgG5 . kY[ jLkl5 ;hLjsf lglDt
cg's"n u|xsf¿kdf j}1flgsx¿n] o; u|xnfO{ lnPsf
5g\ . of] u|x k[YjLl;t ldNbfh] 'Nbf] 5 . o; ux| sf l8df;]
/ kmf]af]; u/L bO' {cf]6f pku|xx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff &

j[x:klt (Jupiter) lrq 11.22 jx[ :klt
lrq 11.23 zgL
of] ;a}eGbf 7n' f] u|x xf] . o;sf] aflx/L ;tx afbnn]
5fk] s] f] 5, o; ux| sf] dWo efudf 7n' f] /ftf] bfu bl] vG5 . lrq 11.24 c?0f
o; ux| sf ;a}eGbf w/] } pku|xx¿ /x]sf 5g\ h;sf] ;ª\ lrq 11.25 a?0f
Vof ^& /x]sf] 5 . o; ux| nfO{ ux| sf] /fhf klg elgG5 .
o;n] ;ae} Gbf tLju| ltn] ;"os{ f] kl/jm| df ub5{ .

-r_ zlg (Saturn)

j[x:kltkl5sf] bf];|f] 7n' f] ux| zlg xf] . of] jl/kl/af6
tLgcf]6f r]K6f rSsfx¿n] 3]l/Psf] 5, h'g a/kmsf
6j' |mfx¿af6 ags] f] x'G5 . o; ux| sf ^@ cf6] f pku|xx¿
/xs] f 5g\ .

-5_ c?0f (Uranus)

of] u|x UofF; / t/n kbfya{ f6 ags] f] 5 . of] ux| df klg
zlg ux| df h:t} rSsf 5g\ . tL rSsfx¿ sfag{ sf 6j' m| faf6
ags] f x'bF f ;lhn;} Fu bV] g ;lsFb}g . o;sf @& cf6] f
pku|xx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .

-h_ j?0f (Neptune)

;o" {af6 ;a}eGbf 6f9f /x]sf] ux| j?0f xf] . ;o" a{ f6 ;a}
eGbf 6f9f ePsfn] u|xx¿dWo] of] ux| ;a}eGbf lr;f] u|x
xf] . o; u|xsf !$ cf]6f pku|xx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .

cfsf/, b/' L, lbg / jifn{ ufPsf ljj/0fsf cfwf/df cf7cf6] f
ux| x¿sf] ;fdfGo tn' gfTds tflnsf M

jm| ;= u|xsf] gfd ;"o{af6 cf};t cfsf/ -Jof;_ b}lgs ult jflifs{ ult

b'/L-ls= ld=_ ls= ld= -cIf ed| 0f ;do_ -sIf kl/ed| 0f_

1 aw' (Mercury) 5.76 × 107 4851.2 58.65 lbg 87.97 lbg

230 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &

2 zj' m| (Venus) 10.7 × 107 12035.2 243.02 lbg 224.7 lbg

3 kY[ jL (Earth) 14.88 × 107 12735 23 306f 56 365.25 lbg
ldg6]

4 dªu\ n (Mars) 22.56 × 107 6742.4 24306f 37 686.98 lbg
ldg6] 22 ;]sG] 8

5 a[x:klt 76.8 × 107 1139040 9 306f 55ldg6] 12 jif{
30 ;s] G] 8
(Jupiter)

6 zlg (Saturn) 144.0 × 107 115811.2 10 306f 30 29.5jif{
ldg6]

7 c?0f 288 × 107 50441.6 17306f 14 84 jif{
448 × 107 48972.8 ldg]6 24 ;]sG] 8 164 jif{
(Uranas)
16 306f 6
8 a?0f ldg6] 36 ;]s]G8

(Neptune)

kl/ofh] gf sfo{ M

;dx" ut ¿kdf leGgfleGg} rf6k{ k] /df ;o" { / ;o" ;{ uF b/' Lsf cfwf/df jm| d;} uF cf7cf6] f
u|xx¿sf] agf]6 bl] vg] k|:6 lrq;lxtsf] dflysf] tflnsf agfO{ sIffsf7] fsf] leQfdf
6fF:gx' f];\ .

cEof;

1= vfnL 7fp“df ldNg] zAb egx{' f;] \ M

tf/f 8 pku|x ;fo} {dG8n pku|x 9

-s_ ;o" { / o;sf] j/k/ 3D' g] cfsfzLo lk08x¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ ======= elgG5 .
-v_ ;o" { demf}nf =========== xf] .
-u_ k[YjL =========== xf] .
-3_ ;fo} { kl/jf/df =========== cf]6f ux| x¿ 5g\ .
-ª_ rGb|df ============ xf] .

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff & 231

2= hf8] f ldnfpgx' f;] \ M

ux| sf] gfd ;"o{af6 cf};t b/' L 6f9f

!= zlg 5.76 × 107 ls=ld=
@= j?0f 144.0 × 107 ls= ld=
#= kY[ jL 448.0 × 107 ls= ld=
$= a'w 14.88× 107 ls= ld=

3= tflnsf k"/f ugx{' f;] \ M

!= ;"o{af6 ;ae} Gbf 6f9fsf] ux|
@= ;"oa{ f6 ;a}eGbf glhssf] u|x
#= ;ae} Gbf 7n' f] u|x
$= ;a}eGbf pHofnf] ux|
%= ;ae} Gbf ;fgf] ux|
^= pku|x gePsf] u|x

4= km/s 56' o\ fpgx' f;] \ M

-s_ tf/f / u|x

-v_ leqL u|x / afx\o ux|

5= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

-s_ ;f}od{ 08n eg]sf] s] xf] < o;df sltcf6] f ux| x¿ /xs] f 5g\, ;"rL
agfpgx' f];\ .

-v_ lrqdf lbOPsf] u|xsf] gfd klxrfg u/L k|To]s u|xsf b'O{ b'O{cf]6f
ljz]iftf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .

-u_ ;o" n{ fO{ sG] b| dfg/] b/' L / cfsf/nfO{ ;Gtn' g /fVb} cf7cf6] f ux| n] lglZrt
sIfdf /xL ;o" s{ f] kl/jm| df u/s] f] ;kmf gfdfªl\ st lrq sf]g{x' f;] \ .

232 lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff &

11.3 rGbd| f (Moon)

ljrf/0fLo kZ| g

/ftL cfsfzdf b]lvg] tf/fx¿ / u|xx¿eGbf rGb|df
tn' gfTds ¿kdf 7n' f] / rlDsnf] bl] vgs' f] sf/0f s] xfn] f <

rGb|df kY[ jLaf6 ;aeGbf glhs /xs] f] cfsfzLo lk08 lrq 11.26 a?0f
xf] . kY[ jLsf] Ps dfq k|fsl[ ts pkux| rGbd| f xf] . o;sf]
u'?Tjan k[YjLsf] eGbf sd 5 . o;df kfgL / jfo'd08n
tyf jfod' 08ndf hnjfik 5}g / xfjfx/' L klg rNbg} .
o;sf] cfsfz sfnf] b]lvG5 . rGb|dfdf kY[ jLdf h:t} kxf8
/ d}bfgx¿ 5g\ t/ hLjx¿ 5}gg\ .

rGbd| fn kY[ jLsf] kl/jm| df ubf{ bL3j{ Q[ df 3D' g] x'gfn] k[YjLaf6 rGbd| f ;w}F ;dfg

b/' Ldf /xb}Fg . k[YjLaf6 rGb|df;Ddsf] cf;} t b/' L 3,84,400 km 5 . o;sf] Jof;

3,476 ls= ld= 5. o;n] kY[ jLsf] k/" f Ps kl/j|mdf ug{ 27 1 lbg nufpF5 . Pp6f
cf}F;Laf6 csf]{ cf}F;L ;Ddsf] ;dofjwLnfO{ Ps rGb| dlxgf 3 elgG5 .;fdfGotof

of] ;dofjwL 29.5 lbgsf] xG' 5 . h;nfO{ Ps rGb| dlxgf klg elgG5 . jf:tjdf

ltlyx¿ egs] f rGb| dlxgfsf ut] xg' \ . k"jL{o ;:+ s[ltdf ltly / rGb| dlxgfsf] dxŒj

5 . xfd|f ;Dk"0f{ rf8kj,{ hGd/ d[To' ;+:sf/sf sfox{ ¿ ltly / rGb| dlxgfdf g}

cfwfl/t 5g\ .

kl" 0f{df (Full moon) s] tkfOn{“ fO{ yfxf 5
kY[ jLaf6 rGbd| fsf] cfsf/ k0" f{ pHofnf]
bl] vg] cj:yf kl" 0fd{ f xf] . tnsf] lrqdf rGb|dlxgfsf] ut] -ltly_ s'g sg' x'g\ / tL
30 ut] k"l0fd{ f xf] . ltlydf rGbd| fsf] cfsf/ s:tf] bl] vG5 <
cf};“ L (New moon) b|i6Jo M lbOPsf] lrqdf 1,2,... n]
k[YjLaf6 rGbd| f gb]lvg] cj:yf cf;F} L ;"o{dlxgfsf] ut] hgfp“5g\ eg] k|ltkbf,
xf] . tnsf] lrqdf 15 ut] cfF;} L xf] . låtLof,===n] rGb| dlxgfsf] ltly hgfp5“ g\ .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff & 233

lrq 11.27 ;"o{ / rGb| dlxgf pNnv] ePsf] kfqf]

k"l0f{df (Full moon)
k[YjLaf6 rGb|dfsf] cfsf/ k0" f{ pHofnf] -ufn] fsf/_ bl] vg] cj:yf k"l0fd{ f xf] . dflysf]
lrqdf 15 ut] k"l0fd{ f xf] .

cf}+zL (New moon)
kY[ jLaf6 rGb|df gb]lvg] cj:yf cf}z+ L xf] . dflysf] lrqdf 30 ut] cf}+zL xf] .

z'Sn kIf (Bright half)
cf+};Lb]lv kl" 0fd{ f;Ddsf] ;dofjlwnfO{ z'Sn kIf elgG5 . zS' n kIfdf rGb|dfsf]
pHofnf] efu jm| dzM a9\b} hfG5 . of] cjlw sl/a 15 lbgsf] x'G5 . dflysf] lrqdf
1 ut] bl] v 15 ut] ;Ddsf] cjlw z'SnkIf xf] .

si[ 0f kIf (Dark half)
kl" 0fd{ fbl] v cf;+} L;Ddsf] ;dofjlwnfO{ si[ 0fkIf elgG5 . si[ 0f kIfdf rGbd| fsf] pHofnf]
efu qmdzM 36\b} hfG5 . of] cjlw sl/a 15 lbgsf] xG' 5 . dflysf] lrqdf 16 ut]
bl] v 30 ut] ;Ddsf] cjlw si[ 0f kIf xf] .

234 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &

gIfq df; (Sideral month)

rGbd| fn] k[YjLnfO{ Ps kl/j|mdf ug{ nfUg] cjlwnfO{

gIfqdf; elgG5 . of] nueu 1­ lbgsf]
27 3
xG' 5 . tnsf] lrqdf rGb|dfnfO{ laGb' 1 af6 ;'?

eO{ k[YjLnfO{ Ps kmGsf nufpg jf laGb' 2 ePsf] lrq 11.28 rGb|df; / gIfqdf;

:yfgdf cfpg nfUg] ;do gIfqdf; xf] .

rGb|df; (Synodic month)

Ps cf;F} Laf6 csf]{ cf}F;L;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{ rGb|df; -rGbd| lxgf_ elgG5 . of] nueu

29.5 lbgsf] xG' 5 . x/s] cf;F} Laf6 goF f rGb|df; ;'? x'G5 . rGb|dfn] k[YjLnfO{ Ps

kmGsf] nufpFbf kY[ jL klg cfkmg\ f] sIfdf s]xL 6f9f -dflysf] lrqdf laGb' 2 af6 3

;Dd_ kl' u;ss] f] xG' 5 / k'gM csf{] cf}F;L cfpg 27 ­1 lbg eGbf nueu bO' { lbg
3

kfrF 306f;do a9L nfU5 . To;n} ] rGbd| f;sf] cjlw gIfqdf;eGbf a9L xg' uPsf] xf] .

s] tkfO“{nfO{ yfxf 5

-s_ kY[ jLn] ;"o{sf] kl/jm| df ug{] Ps j[Qsf] 3600 sf] sf]l0fs gfknfO{ a/fa/ 12
efu nufpb“ f cfpg] 300 sf] sf]0f k[YjLn] kf/ ug{ nfUg] ;donfO{ Ps ;fo} { dlxgf
elgG5 . lj=;=+ cg;' f/sf] dlxgf lx;fa ubf{ hg' dlxgfdf 30 sf] sf]0f kf/ ug{
k[YjLn] hlt lbg nufp5“ Tof] dlxgf Tolt g} lbgsf] x'G5 . kf| oM u/L ;f}o{ dlxgf 30
bl] v 31 lbgsf] xG' 5 .

-v_ ;fo} { dlxgf 356.25 lbgsf] x'G5 eg] rGb| dlxgf 354.37 lbgsf] xG' 5 .

clwsdf;÷dndf; (Adhik Maas)

ljm| ofsnfk 11.4
rGb|dlxgf / ;o" d{ lxgfsf ut,] ltly pNnv] ePsf] kfqf] lng'xf;] \ . ;fo} d{ lxgfsf] s'g ut]af6
rGb| dlxgf ;'? ePsf] 5, cjnfs] g ug{x' f;] \ . ;fy} xfdf| ljljw rf8kj{x¿sf] ldlt ;o" { /
rGb|dlxgf b'jd} f n]Vgx' f];\ .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff & 235

bl} gs Jojxf/df ;fo} { dlxgf ko| fu] xg' ] t/ rf8kj{ tyf wflds{ sfox{ ¿ rGbd| f;cg;' f/
xg' ] ePsfn] oL bj' } dlxgfnfO{ ;Fu;u} ldnfP/ nluPsf] 5 .x/]s dlxgfsf] cfF;} Laf6
rGbd| lxgf ;'? x'G5 . h'g ;fo} { dlxgfdf rGb|df; ;'? xG' 5, Tof] rGbd| f;sf] gfd
ToxL ;f}o{dlxgfsf gfdaf6 /flvG5 . oL b'O{ dlxgf ;?' xg' ] lbg eg] Pp6} gxg'
;S5 . slxns] fxLF ;f}o{ dlxgf w/] } lbgsf] ePdf Pp6} dlxgfdf b'Oc{ f6] f cf}F;L kg{
;S5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf bj' } rGb| dlxgfsf] gfd Pp6} ;fo} { dlxgfsf] /fVg'kg{] xG' 5 .

lj=;=2077 c;f]h dlxgfdf 1 ut] cf}F;L ltly ePsfn] ;f] lbgaf6 rGb|
dlxgfsf] c;f]h ;'? eof] / ToxL dlxgfsf] 30 ut] km]l/ csf]{ cf+F;L k/]sfn]
csf{] rGbd| f;sf] gfd klg c;fh] g} /fVgk' g{] eof] . To;f] xbF' f c;fh] rGbd| f; bfx] fl] /g
uof] . o:tf] cj:yfdf bfx] fl] /Psf] rGbd| f;nfO{ clws dlxgf÷dndf;÷k?' iffQ] d dlxgf
elgG5 . ;fdfGotof x/s] tLg jif{df Pp6f clwsdf; kg{ hfG5 .

Ifodf; (Kshay-Maas)

;f}o{ dlxgf / rG›dlxgf ldnfg ug]{ qmddf ha rG›df kY[ jLaf6 ;aeGbf 6f9f /x]sf]
cj:yf x'G5, Tolt a]nf rG› dlxgf s]xL nfdf] xg' ] / ;o" {af6 k[YjL ;aeGbf glhs /
xg] x'bF f ;fo} { dlxgf 5f6] f] xG' 5 . o;f] xF'bf 5f]6f] ;fo} { dlxgfdf Pp6f klg cfzF} L gkg{
;S5 . o;/L ;fo} {df; / rGbd| f; ldnfg ug]{ qmddf sg' } ;f}o{ dlxgfdf rGb| dlxgf
66' \g hfG5 . oxL rGb| dlxgf 6'6g\ ]nfO{ Ifodf; elgG5 . Ifodf; ePsf] jif{ bO' c{ f]6f
dndf; kg{ ;S5 . Ifodf; vf;u/L sflts{ bl] v df3;Dd kb{5 .

rGbd| fsf] snf (Phases of Moon)

lrq 11.29 rGb|dfsf] km/skm/s cfsf/

rGb|df ;w}F Psgf;n] bl] vGg . o;sf] cfsf/ xFl;ofsf] h:tf]af6 k"0f{ ufn] f] eO{ kg' M

xFl;of cfsf/df kU' 5 clg of] j|md bfx] fl] //xG5 . o;/L kY[ jLsf] ;txaf6 rG›dfsf]

236 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &

;txdf xb] f{ pHofnf] efu /o;sf] cfsf/df bl] vg] km/skgfnfO{ rG›dfsf] snf
elgG5 . rGb|dfsf] snf b]lvg'sf sf/0f rGbd| fn] cfk\mgf] cIfdf k[YjLnfO{ kl/j|mdf
ug,{' rGbd| f cfk}mFdf cbLKt j:t' x'g' / k|sfz l;wf af6fdf lxF8g\ ' /xs] f 5g\ .

cfF};Lsf] b'O{ lbgkl5 cfsfzdf

rGbd| fsf] ;fgf] efu bV] g ;lsG5,

o;nfO{ waxing crescent

elgG5 . kl" 0f{df cfpge' Gbf s]xL

lbg cufl8 rGb|dfsf] clt yf]/}

efu dfq sfnf] bl] vG5 . o;nfO{

waxing gibbous elgG5 .

To:t} k"l0fd{ fkl5 rGb|dfsf] clt

yf/] } efu sfnf] /xG5 . h;nfO{ lrq g+ 11.30 rGb|dfsf] snfsf] lrq

wanning gibbous elgG5 / sfnf] efu a9b\ } uP/ cf;F} L cfpge' Gbf sx] L lbg cufl8

yf]/} efu pHofnf] bl] vG5 h;nfO{ wanning crescent elgG5 .

kl/ofh] gf sfo{ 11.3

lrq g+ 11.31 rGb|dfsf] snfs]f lrq

-s_ cfsfz v'nf ePsf] /ftdf kl" 0fd{ fb]lv cfF};L;Dd / cf}+;Lb]vL kl" 0fd{ f;Ddsf]
;dodf rG›dfsf] cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ . ;fx] L cfwf/df rGbd| fsf] cfsf/ pNnv]
ePsf] rf6{ agfO{ sIffdf 5nkmn ug'{xf;] \ .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff & 237

-v_ 3/df ko| fu] ul/g] ufh] L kfqf] jf leQ] kfqf] ko| fu] u/L cfkF mn" ] dgfpg] rf8kjx{ ¿sf]
af/d] f ltly, ldltsf] af/d] f 3/kl/jf/ jf 5/l5ds] sf ljlzi6 JolQmx¿l;t kfqf]
xg] {] tl/sf l;Sgx' f;] \ . l;ss] f s/' fx?nfO{ sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .

cEof;

1= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

-s_ rGbd| fsf] 5f]6f] kl/ro lbg'xf;] \ .
-v_ rGb| dlxgf eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf] dxŒj nV] g'xf;] \ .
-u_ s[i0fkIf / z'Sn kIflar km/s 5'6\ofpgx' f;] \ .
-3_ clwsdf; eg]sf] s] xf] < of] s;/L x'G5 <
-ª_ rGbd| f; / gIfq df;lar km/s 56' o\ fpgx' f;] \ .
-r_ Ifodf; egs] f] s] xf] < of] s;/L x'G5 <
-5_ rGbd| fsf] snf eg]sf] s] xf] < cf}F;L / k"l0f{dflarsf] cGt/nfO{ kl/eflift

ug'x{ f;] \ .
-h_ rG›dfsf] snfsf] ;kmf lrq agfpg'xf;] \ / gfds/0f;dt] ugx'{ f];\ .
-em_ lrqdf rG›dfsf] snf b]vfOPsf] 5 . lrqdf lbOPsf cª\sx¿nfO{ cfwf/

dfGb} rG›dfsf k|Tos] cj:yfsf] gfdfs/0f ug{x' f];\ .

lrq 11.32 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &

238

11.4 u|x0f (Eclipse)

k[YjL / rGbd| f cbLKt j:t' xg' \ eg] ;o" { rfFlx bLKt j:t' xf] . s'g} klg ckf/bz{s
j:tn' ] ks| fzsf] ls/0fnfO{ 5S] bf 5fof aG5 . ;o" {sf] jl/kl/ k[YjL / kY[ jLsf] jl/kl/
rGb|df 3'Db} hfbF f sg' } ;dodf ;"o{, k[YjL / rGbd| f Pp6} ;/n /v] fdf k5g{ \ . oL
Pp6} ;/n /v] fdf kbf{ rGbd| f / k[YjLsf] 5fof Pscfk;df k5{ . ;o" {, rGbd| f / k[YjL
Pp6} ;/n /]vfdf k/d] f ux| 0f nfUb5 .

5fof (Shadow)

ljm| ofsnfk 11.5
cWof/f] sf7] fdf Pp6f d}gaQL jf 6rn{ fO6 afn/] sx] L k/ Pp6f ;fgf] an /fVg'xf];\ . pSt
ansf] 5fofnfO{ leQfdf kf/]/ cjnf]sg ugx'{ f];\ .

-c_ s] ansf] 5fof leQfdf Psg} fzsf] 5 <

-cf_ s] tkfO{Fn] sg' } a]nf cfkm\gf] 5fof klg o:t} k|sf/sf] b]Vge' Psf] 5 <

lrq 11.33

ckf/bzs{ j:tn' ] ks| fznfO{ 5S] bf 5fof aG5 . j:tn' ] ks| fznfO{ k/" f 5s] d] f ;3g 5fof
/ cfl+ zs ¿kdf 5s] d] f lj/n 5fof aGb5 . o;s} cfwf/df ux| 0fsf] cWoog ul/G5 .

lj|mofsnfk 11.6

Pp6f aNa, Pp6f ;fgf] an / Unfa] lnP/ lrqdf lrq 11.34
lbOPsf]h:tf] df8] ]n agfpg'xf];\ . aNa nfO ;o" ,{
Unf]anfO{ k[YjL / annfO{ rGb|dfsf] ?kdf 239
dfGgx' f;] \ . tLg} j6f j:tn' fO{ l;wf kg{] u/L /fVgx' f;] \ .
ca kfnk} fnf] Unfa] -kY[ jL_ / an -rGbd| f_ nfO{ lardf
/fv/] csfj]{ :td' f k/s] f] 5fo“ fsf] cjnfs] g ugx{\ f;] \ .

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff &

rGbd| fn] k[YjLnfO{ / k[YjLn] ;o" n{ fO{ lg/Gt/ kl/jm| df ub5{ . o; jm| ddf slxns] fxLF
oL tLgcf6] } cfsfzLo lk08 l;wf nfOgdf kb{5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;"o{ / kY[ jLsf
lardf rGb|df k/]df, rGbd| fsf] 5fof k[YjLdf k5{ . o;sf ;fy} ;o" { / rGbd| fsf
lardf k[YjL k/s] fa]nf kY[ jLsf] 5fof rGbd| fdf k5{ .

u|x0f nfUgsf sf/0f

k|sfz l;wf /v] fdf dfq lxF8g\ '
rG›dfn] k[YjLnfO{ / kY[ jLn] ;o" {nfO{ kl/j|mdf ug{'
;o" ,{ kY[ jL / rG›df Pp6} l;wf /v] fdf kg'{

;o" ,{ rGbd| f / kY[ jL olb Pp6} ;/n /v] fdf k/sf]
v08df kY[ jLsf] 5fof rGbd| fdf kg{] kl| jm| ofnfO{ rGbu| x| 0f
(Eclipse) elgG5 . k[YjLaf6 b]lvg] u|x0f d'VotM b'O{
lsl;dsf x'G5g\ M

-s_ rGb| u|x0f (Lunar eclipse) lrq 11.35
-v_ ;o" { u|x0f (Solar eclipse)

-s_ rGb| ux| 0f (Lunar Eclipse)

1. ;o" ,{ rGbd| f / k[YjL olb lrq 11.36 rGb|ux| 0f
Pp6} ;/n /]vfdf kg{'

2. ;"o{, rGb|dfsf] lardf
k[YjL kg]{ x'Fbf k[YjLsf]
5fof rGb|dfdf kg{'

3. k|sfz ;w} ;/n /v] fdf
lx8g\ ' .

rGbd| fsf] k'/e} fusf] kY[ jLsf] ;3g 5fof kg{ uof] eg] rGb|dfsf] k'/} efu cFWof/f]
bl] vG5 . o;nfO{ vuf| ; rGbu| |x0f (total lunar eclipse) elgG5 . olb rGb|dfsf]
sx] L efudf dfq k[YjLsf] ;3g 5fof kg{ uof] eg] rGbd| fsf] sx] L efu dfq cWF of/f]
bl] vG5 . o;nfO{ v08u|f; rGb|u|x0f (partial lunar eclipse) elgG5 .

240 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff &

kl/ofh] gf sfo{

rGb| u|x0f x'g] /ftdf rGb|dfnfO{ lg/Gt/ cWoog ul//xgx' f];\ . ux| 0fsf] ;dodf
rGbd| fsf] pHofnfk] gfdf cfPsf km/sx¿nfO{ sfkLdf l6kf6] ub{} hfgx' f;] \ . ux| 0fkZrft\
lgDglnlvt kZ| gsf cfwf/df Pp6f kl| tjb] g tof/ kfg'x{ f];\ / lzIfssf] ;xof]udf
dlN6ldl8of ko| fu] u/L sIffdf k|:tt' ug{'xf];\ .

pSt u|x0f xb'F f ;o" ,{ rGbd| f / k[YjLsf] j|md s:tf] x'G5 <

pSt u|x0f sg' ltlydf ePsf] xfn] f, lsg <

pSt ux| 0fsf] lrq agfpgx' f];\ .

-v_ ;"o{ ux| 0f (Solar Eclipse)

k[YjL / ;"o{sf lardf rGb|df lrq 11.37 ;o" { u|x0f
/xs] f] / tLgcf6] } lk08 Pp6} ;/n
/v] fdf k/]sf] cj:yfdf ;"o{af6
kY[ jLdf hfg] ks| fznfO{ rGbd| fn]
5]lslbG5 / k[YjLdf rGb|dfsf]
5fof kb5{ . pSt cj:yfnfO{
;"o{u|x0f elgG5 . ;"o{u|x0f
cf}F;Ldf nfU5 .

rGbd| fsf] ;3g 5fof k[YjLdf k/]sf 7fpaF f6 ;"o{sf] k/' } efu 5l] sPsf] b]lvG5 . o;
cj:yfnfO{ vuf| ; ;"o{u|x0f (total lunar eclipse) elgG5 . kY[ jLdf lj/n 5fof
k/]sf] :yfgaf6 ;o" n{ fO{ xb] f{ ;"os{ f] sx] L efu dfq 5]lsPsf] b]lvG5, o; cj:yfnfO{
v08u|f; ;"o{ ux| 0f (partial solar eclipse) elgG5 . gfª\uf] cfFvfn] ;"o{ ux| 0f
x]g'{ xFb' g} .

kl/of]hgf sfo{

-s_ tkfOs{ f] j/k/ pknAw ePsf km/s km/s cfsf/sf anx? -h:t} km' 6an,
ljm| s6] an / 6a] n6l] g; an_ jf df6fs] f] ko| fu] u/L km/s km/s cfsf/sf
ufn] fsf/ j:t' agfO{ ;o" { ux| 0f / rGbu| x| 0f nfUg] tl/sfsf] df8] n] tof/ ugx{' f;] \ .
u|x0f nfUg] k|ljm| ofnfO{ ;d]6L k|ltj]bg tof/ ugx'{ f];\ / sIffdf k:| tt' ug'{xf];\ .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff & 241

-v_ ljBfnodf pknAw eP;Dd ICT sf] ko| f]u u//] ux| , rGb|df, rGb|dfsf] snf,
rGbd| f;, gIfqdf;, clwsdf;, Ifodf; / ux| 0fsf] af/]df cWoog u/L kZ| g
tof/ u//] sIffsf ;fyLx¿sf] ;dx" agfO{ xflh/Lhjfkm kl| tofl] utf ;~rfng
ug'{xf;] \ .

cEof;

1= vfnL 7fp“df ldNg] zAb /fVgx' f;] \ M

u|x0f ;"o{u|x0f rG›ux| 0f v08u|f; vu|f; ;/n/v] f

-s_ ;o" { / rGbd| fsf lardf kY[ jL k¥of] eg] ============ nfU5 .
-v_ rGbd| f cWF of/f] bl] vg] u|x0f ============ xf] .
-u_ gfª\uf] cfvF fn] ============ x]bf{ cfFvfnfO{ xflg kU' 5 .
-3_ ux| 0f nfUbf ;o" ,{ rG›df / kY[ jL Pp6} ========= df k5{g\ .
-ª_ ;3g 5fof kg]{ ux| 0fnfO{ ============== elgG5

2= tn lbOPsf ljsNkdWo]af6 ;xL ljsNk 5gf6] ugx{' f];\ M

-s_ rGb| ux| 0fsf nflu x'gk' g]{ cfjZos j|md s'g xf] <
-c_ k[YjL, ;"o{ / rGbd| f -cf_ rGbd| f, ;"o{ / kY[ jL
-O_ ;"o,{ rGbd| f / k[YjL -O{_ ;"o,{ kY[ jL / rGb|df
-v_ ks| fznfO{ kf/bz{s j:tn' ] 5S] bf s] aGb5 <
-c_ 5fof -cf_ ux| 0f -O_ wAaf -O{_kbf{
-u_ ;o" {u|x0f tn lbOPsf sg' cj:yfdf x'g] ub5{ <
-c_ kY[ jL / rGb|dfsf lardf ;o" {
-cf_ ;"o{ / kY[ jLsf lardf rGbd| f
-O) ;o" { / rGbd| fsf lardf kY[ jL
-O_{ rGb|df / dªu\ nsf lardf kY[ jL
-3_ kY[ jLdf rG›dfsf] ;3g 5fof kbf{ s'g u|x0f nfU5 <
-c_ v08uf| ; ;"o{ux| 0f -cf_ v08uf| ; rG›ux0f
-O_ vuf| ; rG›ux0f -O{_vu|f; ;o" {u|x0f

242 lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff &

-ª_ lj/n 5fofdf s:tf] ks| f/sf] u|x0f b]lvG5 <
-c_ vu|f; -cf_ jno
-O_ v08u|f; -O_{ k"0f{ vu|f;

3= km/s nV] g'xf];\ M

-s_ vuf| ; / v08u|f; ;"o{ u|x0f
-v_ vu|f; / v08u|f; rGb|u|x0f
-u_ ;3g 5fof / lj/n 5fof

4= sf/0f lbgx' f;] \ M

-s_ rGbu| |x0f k"l0fd{ fdf dfq nfU5 .
-v_ ;"ou{ |x0f cf;F} Ldf dfq nfU5 .

5= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ 5fof eg]sf] s] xf] < of] s;/L aG5 <
-v_ kl/jm| df ug{] jm| ddf ;o" { / rGbd| fsf lardf kY[ jL cfof] eg] sg' ux| 0f

nfU5 < pSt ux| 0fsf] gfdfªl\ st lrq sfg] x{' f;] \ / 5f6] f] JofVof ugx{' f;] \ .
-u_ s'g u|x0fdf xfdL ;o" {df sfnf] efu bV] 5fF} < pSt u|x0fsf] lrq agfO{

gfdfª\sg ugx{' f];\ .
-3_ ux| 0f nfUgs' f ;fdfGo sf/0fx¿ s] s] xfn] fg,\ pNn]v ugx{' f];\ .
-ª_ lbOPsf] lrqsf] cWoog u/L ;f]lwPsf kZ| gx¿sf] cWoog ugx{' f;] \ .
-c_ lrqdf b]vfOPsf] u|x0fnfO{ kl/eflift ug'x{ f];\ .
-cf_ lrqdf bv] fOPsf] u|x0f sg' ltlydfnfU5 <
-O_ ;3g 5fof k/]sf 7fpFdf s:tf] lsl;dsf] ux| 0f b]lvG5 <

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