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नेपालको कू ल ग्राहस्थ उत्पादनमा कृ षि क्तषे ्रको योगदान करिब २८ प्रतिशत
छ । नेपाली कृ षक परिवारले आय –आरनज् तथा आर्थिक सरु क्षाको लागि जीवन निर्वाहमखु ी
कृ षि कर्म गर्ैद आएका छन् । कृ षि क्ेषत्र नेपालको अर्थतन्त्रको एक महत्वपूर्ण हिस्सा बनेको
छ । साना एवम् निर्वाहमखु ी किसान दाजभु ाइ तथा दिदीबहिनीहरुका लागि ठू ला, जटिल र
महंगाभन्दा स्थानीय ज्ञान र सिपमा आधारित सजिला र अनकु ु लन योग्य कृ षि प्रविधिहरुको
प्रयोग गर्नु उपयकु ्त हनु ्छ । त्यस्ैत थोरै ब्यवसायिक कृ षकहरुको भन्दा धेरै साना कृ षक
परिवारहरुको उत्पादन तिब्र गराउन सके खाद्ध्य सरु क्षा र पारिवारिक पोषणमा सधु ार आउने
कु रामा दइु मत छैन ।

नेपाल सरकार, कृ षि तथा पशपु न्छी विकास मन्त्रालय, जलवायु प्रकोप समतु ्थान निर्माण आयोजना (कृ षि

व्यवस्थापन सूचना प्रणाली) ले कृ षकहरुको लागि कृ िष तथा पशपु न्छीसँग सम्बन्धित “बारम्बार सोधिने प्रश्न–उत्तरहरूका
संगालो” Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) प्रकाशन गरेको छ, जसमा कृ षकको लागि उपयोगी उत्पादन परु ्व देखि

बजारीकरण सम्मका विविध विषयहरु प्रश्नउत्तर शैलीमा समेटिएका छन् र कृ षकले बझु ्ने गरि विषयवस्तुलाई सरलीकरण
गरिएको छ । साना कृ षकहरुका लागि अति उपयोगी र समयानकु ु ल प्रविधिहरुको बारेमा जानकारी दिने र स्थानीय रुपमै
उपलब्ध स्रोत, साधन तथा सामग्रीहरुको समचु ित उपयोग र परिचालन गरी कृ षि प्रणालीमा सधु ार गर्ने उद्ेशध ्यले कृ षि र
पशपु न्छी पालन सम्बन्धी सम्पूर्ण जानकारी सहितको यो संगालो (FAQs) प्रकाशन गरेकोमा मलाई अत्यन्त खशु ी लागेको
छ । खाध्यान्न बाली, फलफू ल बाली, तरकारी बाली, नगदेबाली, तेलहनबाली, दलहनबाली लगायत सबै बाली एबं
पशपु ालन, कु खरु ापालन र माछापालनमा ब्यबसायिक रुपमा कृ षि खेती गर्दा कृ षकलाई दैनिक आइपर्ने जिज्ञासाको समाधान
यस संगालोमा प्रश्नउत्तरको रुपमा समेटिएका छन् । यस संगालोको सहयोगले कृ षकहरुले बाली लगाउने, सिफारिस
गरिएका जात, मलखाद व्यवस्थापन, सिंचाई व्यवस्थापन, बाली बिरुवाको शत्रु तथा तिनका रोकथाम, पशपु ालन उत्पादन
तथा व्यवस्थापन आदि कु रामा सहि निरयण् गर्न सक्छन । यो संगालो कृ षि प्राबिधिक र कृ षक मात्र नभई कृ षि प्रसारमा
काम गर्ने सबै प्राविधिक तथा कृ षिसँग सम्बन्धित सरोकारवालाहरूलाई समेत उपयोगी हनु े बिश्वास मैले गरेको छु |

यस संगालो तयार पार्न आफ्नो क्षमतालाई अत्यन्त कु शलताका साथ प्रयोगमा ल्याई लेखनमा पनु ारावोकलन र
सहयोग परु ्याउनु हनु े विषय-विशेषज्ञ टोलि एबम् आयोजना व्यवस्थापन इकाईका कृ िष प्रसार अिधकृ त श्री प्रकाश पन्थलाई
धन्यवाद दिन चाहन्छु । अन्तमा यस प्रकाशनबाट नेपालमा जलवायु मैत्री कृ षि पद्धतिको कार्यान्वयन र विस्तारका लागि
आवश्यक ज्ञान र क्षमताको परिपरु ्ति हनु ेमा बिश्वस्त छु । यसमा उल्लेख गरिएका प्रविधि, प्रक्रिया र पद्धतिहरु नेपालको
तराई, मध्यपहाड र हिमाली क्तषे ्रमा कृ षि कार्यमा संलग्न हनु ु भएका कृ षक समदु ायका लागि अति नै लाभदायक हनु ेमा
मलाई पूर्ण बिश्वास छ ।

-----------------------
शिव नन्दन प्रसाद शाह
राष्ट्रिय आयोजना निर्देशक

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बहसु ंख्यक नेपाली जनताको आय र रोजगारीको प्रमखु स्रोत रहेको कृ षि क्तेष ्रको राष्ट्रिय अर्थतन्त्रमा महत्वपूर्ण
योगदान रहेको छ । तथापी कृ षि व्यवसायीकरण मार्फत देशमा ब्याप्त गरिबी निवारण तथा आर्थिक सम्वृद्धि हासिल गर्न
विभिन्न चनु ौतीहरु रहेका छन् । अधिकाशं साना कृ षक रहेको हाम्रो सन्दर्भमा त्यस्ता कृ षकहरुको कृ िष उत्पादकत्व वदृ ्धि
नभए सम्म देशको समग्र खाद्ध्य सरु क्षा र गरिबी न्युनीकरण सम्भव हनु े देखिदैन । यसका लागि कृ षकहरुले स्थानीय
ज्ञान र सिपमा आधारित सजिला र अनकु ु लन योग्य कृ षि प्रविधिहरुको प्रयोग गर्नु उपयकु ्त देखिन्छ ।

जलवायु परिवर्तनले नेपालको कृ षि क्ेषत्रमा विभिन्न किसिमका चनु ौती तथा अवसरहरुको सजृ ना गरेको छ।यसमा
पनि अवसरहरु भन्दा जलवायु परिवर्तनबाट नेपालको कृ षि प्रणालीको जलवायु संकटासन्नता जस्तै खडेरी, अनियमित
बर्षा, बाढी, पहिरो, रोग कीराहरुको प्रकोप आदी जस्ता जलवायजु न्य खतराहरुबाट हनु े क्षति हरेक वर्ष वदृ ्धि हँदु ै गएको
छ।फलस्वरूप कृ षि क्ेतष ्रको उत्पादन तथा उत्पादकत्व ह्रास हँदु ै गएको र राष्ट्रिय अर्थतन्त्रमा समेत योगदान घट्दै गएको
देखिन्छ । नेपालको कृ षि प्रणालीको दिगो विकास गर्नका लागि कृ षि प्रविधिहरुको प्रभावकारी कार्यान्वयन र विस्तार
अपरिहार्य भएको छ जसको अवलम्बनबाट कृ षि उत्पादन र उत्पादकत्वमा वदृ ्धि भई गरिबी न्युनीकरण र खाद्ध्य सरु क्षामा
टेवा पगु ्दछ।

नेपालका कृ षकहरुका लागि अति उपयोगी बारम्बार सोधिने खेती प्रविधिबारे जानकारी दिने र स्थानीय रुपमै
उपलब्ध स्रोत, साधन तथा सामग्रीहरुको समचु ित उपयोग र परिचालन गरि जलवायु मैत्री कृ षि प्रणालीमा टेवा परु ्याउने
उद्दशे ्य नेपाल सरकार, कृ षि तथा पशपु न्छी विकास मन्त्रालय, जलवायु प्रकोप समतु ्थान निर्माण आयोजना (कृ षि

व्यवस्थापन सूचना प्रणाली) ले कृ षक दाजभु ाइ तथा दिदीबहिनीहरुको लागि कृ िष तथा पशपु न्छीसँग सम्बन्धित “बारम्बार
सोधिने प्रश्न–उत्तरहरूका संगालो” Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) प्रकाशन गरेको छ । यस संगालोमा कृ षकको

लागि उपयोगी उत्पादन परु ्व देखि बजारीकरण सम्मका विविध पक्षहरु प्रश्नउत्तर शैलीमा समेटिएका छन् र कृ षकले बझु ्ने
गरि विषयवस्तुलाई सरलीकरण गरिएको छ । खाध्यान्न बाली, फलफू ल बाली, तरकारी बाली, नगदे बाली, तेलहन बाली,
दलहन बाली लगायत सबै बाली एवं पशपु ालन, कु खरु ापालन र माछापालनमा ब्यवसायिक रुपमा खेती गर्दा कृ षकलाई
दैनिक आइपर्ने समस्याका समाधान यस संगालोमा प्रश्न–उत्तरका रुपमा समेटिएका छन् । यस संगालोको सहयोगले
कृ षकहरुले उपयक्ु ्त बाली, सिफारिस गरिएका जातहरू, मलखाद व्यवस्थापन, सिंचाई व्यवस्थापन, बाली बिरुवाको शत्रु
तथा तिनका रोकथाम, पशपु ालन तथा व्यवस्थापन आदि कु रामा सहि निरय्ण गर्न सक्छन् । यस संगालो कृ षि प्राबिधिक
र कृ षक मात्र नभई कृ षि प्रसारमा काम गर्ेन सबै प्राविधिक तथा सम्बन्धित सरोकारवालाहरुलाई समेत उपयोगी हनु ेछ ।

अन्तमा यस प्रकाशनबाट नेपालमा दैनिक कृ षि जीवनमा अाइपर्ने आवश्यक कृ षि पद्धतिको कार्यान्वयन र विस्तारका
लागि आवश्यक ज्ञान र क्षमताको परिपरु ्ति हनु ेमा आयोजना विश्वस्त छ।यस संगालोमा उल्लेख गरिएका प्रविधि, प्रक्रिया
र पद्धतिहरु नेपालको तराई, मध्य पहाड र हिमाली क्ेषत्रमा कृ षि कार्यमा संलग्न हनु ु भएका कृ षक समदु ायका लागि अति
नै लाभदायक हनु े अपेक्षा गरिएको छ ।

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F 5f]6f] kfSg] cjlw -!)) bl] v !!)_ lbg, xf]rf] -!)) b]lv !)% ;=] dL=_ / pTkfbsTj $@)) s=] hL= kl| t

x]S6/ lbg ;Sg] h:tf u'0fx? /x]sf 5g \ .

%_ xlbg{ fy ! wfg s:tf] If]qsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] xf] <
F t/fO{, leqL dwz] , l/e/ al] ;g tyf *)) ld6/ ;Ddsf] prfO{sf] nflu l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] xf] .

^_ xlbg{ fy ! wfgsf] hft s:tf] afnL k|0ffnLdf nufpg ;lsG5 <
F wfg–wfg–afemf,] wfg–ux'F–ds}, wfg–ds}–wfg, wfg–cfn'–Kofh, wfg–uxF'–wfg .

&_ hD' nf jf ;f] ;/xsf] If]qsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] wfgsf hftx? s] s] 5g\ <
F rGbggfy !, rGbggfy # wfg hD' nf jf ;f] ;/xsf] xfjfkfgL xg' ] Ifq] sf] nflu l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] 5 .

*_ kfv] /n] L h]7f]a9' f] wfgsf] hft s'g Ifq] sf] nflu l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] 5 <
F of] aif]{ wfg kfv] /f pkTosf / o; cf;kf;sf If]qx? -^)) b]lv ()) ld6/ prfO_{ sf] nflu l;kmfl/;

ul/Psf] xf ] .

(_ v'dn !) wfgsf] hft s'g Ifq] sf] nflu l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] 5 <
F sf7df08f} pkTosf / ;f] ;/xsf] xfjfkfgL ePsf] kxf8L Ifq] sf] nflu l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] 5 .

!)_ v'dn !) wfgsf] hftsf] ljz]if u'0fx? s] s] 5g\ <
F kfSg] cjlwM !#^ lbg, cf;} t prfO{ !)%=* ;=] dL, pTkfbsTj $&&* s]=hL= k|lt xS] 6/ . ^) lbg;Ddsf]

a]gf{ /fK] bf klg /fd|f] pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 . cl;lGrt If]qx?sf] nflu pko'Qm / 5?jf wfgsf] ?kdf klg
vl] t ug{ ;lsg] h:tf u0' fx? /x]sf 5g \ .

af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf] 1

!!_ xfn} dWo kxf8 / tNnf] kxf8sf] nflu l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] hft s] xf] <
F v'dn * wfgsf] hft dWo kxf8 / tNnf] kxf8sf] nflu lj=;+= @)^# ;fndf l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] xf ] .
!@_ xfOl{ a|8 wfgsf hftx? eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
F bO' { leGg cfgj' f+lzs >f]t ePsf wfgx? aLr qm; u/fP/ lgsflnPsf] ky| d k:' tfsf] wfgsf hftx?nfO{

xfO{la|8 wfg elgG5 .
!#_ gk] fnsf] t/fO tyf leqL dwz] sf] nflu pkoQ' m wfgsf a0fz{ s+ / hftx? s] s] xg' \ <
F t/fO{ tyf leqL dwz] sf] nflu klGhst[ wfgsf a0f{zs+ / hftx?M l8=jfO{ !*, l8=jfO{ ^(, o'=P;= #!@,

P/fOh{ ^$$$, uf/] vgfy %)( .
!$_ aLp pdg| sf] nflu df6f]df Gog' td tfkqmd slt cfjZos x'G5 <
F aLp pdg| sf] nflu df6fd] f Go'gtd !) bl] v !% l8uL| ;l] G6u]|8 -l8=;]=_ tfkqmd cfjZos xG' 5 .
!%_ wfg v]tLsf] nflu s:tf] df6f] pko'Qm xG' 5 <
F wfg vt] L anf}6] df6f] afx]s ;a} ks| f/sf] df6f]df ul/G5 . o;f] ePtf klg kfFufs] f] dfqf a9L ePsf]

lrD6o\ fOnf] bf]d6 dlnnf] df6f] /fd|f] x'G5 .
!^_ wfg v]tLsf] nflu pkoQ' m df6fs] f] kL=Pr= slt xf] <
F wfg v]tLsf] nflu df6fs] f] kL=Pr ^=% bl] v &=% pkoQ' m dflgG5 .
!&_ wfg slt lsl;dn] nufpg ;lsG5 <
F wfg tLg lsl;dn] nufpg ;lsG5 M

l lxNofP/ a]gf{ /f]Kg]
l kfvf] hldgdf wfgsf] aLp 5g]{
l hldg lxNofP/ aLp 5g]{ -5?jf wfg_
!*_ wfgsf] aLpsf] nflu aLp 5gf6} s;/L ug]{ <
F aLp 5fGbf !) ln6/ kfgLdf !=^% ls=uf| = vfg] gg' 3fn] ]/ tof/ kfl/Psf] 3fn] df aLpnfO{ xfNgk' b{5 . o;f]
ubf{ k'i6 / c;n aLp lkwF df / sd;n aLp kfgLsf] ;txdf cfp5F  . lylu|Psf] aLpnfO{ kfgLaf6 lgsfnL,
;kmf kfgLn] kvfNgk' b5{ / aLpsf] nflu k|ofu] ug {] .
!(_ wfgsf] aLpnfO{ s] n] pkrf/ ugk{' b{5 <
F sfa{G] 8flhd @=% u|fd kl| t ls=uf| = aLpsf b/n] pkrf/ ug {] . aLp 5g{'eGbf % bl] v & lbg cl3 g} aLp
pkrf/ ug{'kb{5 .
@)_ wfgsf] aLp b/ slt xf] <
F !=^ s=] hL= kl| t s¶f jf @=% s]=hL k|lt /fk] gL jLp kofK{ t x'G5 .
@!_ wfgsf] a]gf{sf] pd/] slt xg' k' b5{ <
F l56f] kfSg] hftsf] nflu # b]lv $ xKtf;Ddsf] a]gf{ / l9nf] kfSg] hftsf] nflu $ bl] v % xKtfsf] ag] f{
pkoQ' m xG' 5 .

2 af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf]

@@_ wfgsf] a]gf{ /f]kk] l5 kfgL w/] } lbg;Dd l6sfpg s] ug{k' nf{ <

F df6fn] fO{ /fdf| ;] uF lxNofP/ Psgf;n] afp;] -/f]kfO{ ubf{ v]tsf] lxnf] ;Dofpg] sfd_ u//] lxnf] df6f]
;Dofpg' kb{5 .

@#_ l;+lrt Ifq] df wfgsf] nflu dnvfb slt cfjZos kb{5 <
F kl| t s]=hL=df

cj:yf 8L=P=kL= ol" /of kf6] f; uf]a/ dn
/fk] gL #=!@ (=% @=% #))
s¶f @=@ ^=@ !=& @))

@$_ cl;+lrt Ifq] df wfgsf] nflu dn vfb slt cfjZos kb5{ <
F -kl| t s]=hL= df_

cj:yf 8L=P=kL= ol" /of kf6] f; ufa] / dn
/f]kgL @=! %=^ !=^ #))
s¶f !=$ #=& !=! @))

@%_ wfgvt] df kfgLsf] dfqf cj:yf cg;' f/ s;/L Aoj:yf ugk{' b5{ <

F /fk] fO{ ubf{ @–# ;=] dL= kfgL x'g'kb{5 . /f]kfOs{ f] # lbg;Dd l;r+ fO{ glbg] / To;kl5 vt] df nuftf/ % ;=] dL=
;Dd kfgL hdfpgk' b{5 . uf]8fO{ / dnvfb 6k8];« ubf{ % lbg ;Dd kfgL s6fpg'kb5{ . afnf k;fpg] /
km"n kmN' g] cj:yfdf v]tdf !) ;]=dL= kfgL hdfO{ /fVg'kb{5 . wfg sf6\g] cj:yfeGbf !)–!% lbg cufl8
bl] v vt] af6 k"0f{ ?kdf kfgL s6fpg' kb5{  .

@^_ wfgsf] aLp 5g]{ / /fK] g] ;do slxn] xf] <
F l pRr kxf8dfM a}zfv–h7] df aLp 5/L h7] –cfiff9df /f]lkG5 .

l dWo kxf8dfM a}zfv–h7] df aLp 5/L h]7–>fj0fdf /fl] kG5 .

l t/fOd{ fM h7] –cfiff9df aLp 5/L cfiff9–>fj0fdf /f]lkG5 .

@&_ wfgdf emf/kft lgoGq0f s;/L ug{] <

F ;fdfGotof ag] f{ /fk] ]sf] #)–#% lbgkl5 klxnf] uf8] fO{ / emf/kftsf] k|sfk] x]/L /fk] s] f] %%–^) lbgdf bf];f| ]
uf]8fO{ ug'{ kb{5 .

@*_ /f;folgs ljlwaf6 emf/kft lgoGq0f s;/L ug{] <

F emf/kft lgoGq0fsf] nflu ag] f{ /f]k]sf] @–# lbgleq kfgLdf kftnf] lemNnL xg' ] u/L Ao'6fSnf]/ @ ld=nL= k|lt
nL6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g{ klg ;lsG5 .

@(_ wfg afnL sf6g\ ] ;do s;/L yfxf kfpg] <
F *%–() k|ltzt bfgf kfls;sk] l5 afnL sf6\gk' 5 { .

#)_ wfgdf 89j' f /f]usf] Joj:yfkfg s;/L ug{] <

F 89j' f /fu] sf] nIf0f b]lvPsf] z?' sf] cj:yfdf @ lsnf]uf| d ufOs{ f] uf]a/ !) nL6/ kfgLdf @ 306f;Dd
lehfpg] / dl;gf] sk8fn] 5flg;sk] l5 !)) u|fd Do/" 6] ckm kf]6f; -kf6] f; dn_, !) uf| d a];f/ ld;fP/
3f]n tof/ kf/L :k]o| /n] 5s]/{  .

af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf] 3

#!_ wfgdf kmb] sl' xg] /fu] sf] nIf0f s] xf]nf <
F /f]uL a]gf{ of af6] x? :j:y ag] f{ af6] x?eGbf cUnf] xg' ,] kxl+] ng] / sl' xP/ dg]{ ub5{ g\ .
#@_ wfgdf kmb] sl' xg] /fu] sf] /fs] yfd s] xfn] f <
F of] /f]u aLpaf6 ;g{] ePsf]n] aLpnfO{ sfa{G] 8flhd # u|fd kl| t s=] hL= aLpnfO{ pkrf/ u/]/ dfq # lbgkl5

Aof8 /fVg] . of] ljlw v'dn $ wfgsf] hftsf] nflu cfjZos 5 .
##_ wfgdf sfnf] kf]s] /fu] eg]sf] s] xf] <
F of] /f]un] ubf{ wfgsf] afnfdf bfgfsf] ;§f 9;' Lsf lahf0fx' ?sf] kf]sf] aGg hfG5 . of] kfs] f] aflx/af6 xl/of]

/ leq kxn] f] jf ;'Gtnf /Ësf] xG' 5 . kl5 uP/ of] kf]sf] sfnf] ?kdf kl/0ft xG' 5 .
#$_ wfgdf sfnf] kfs] ] /fu] sf] /fs] yfd ug{ s] ug'k{ nf{ <
F sfaG{] 8flhd @=% uf| d kl| t ls=u|f aLpsf b/n] pkrf/ ug{] . aLp 5ge{' Gbf % b]lv & lbg cl3 g} aLp

pkrf/ ug'k{ b{5 .
#%_ wfgdf v}/f /fu] sf] nIf0f s:tf] x'G5 <
F /f]u nfud] f ufFh sd xfNg], af6] xf]rf] x'g] / tNnf kftx? kx]l+ ng] x'G5g\ . kx+n] f]kg k|foM kftsf g;fx?sf]

aLrdf b]vf k5 { .
#^_ wfgdf v/} f /fu] sf] /f]syfd ug{ s] ug{'knf{ <
F wfg /f]kL ;s]kl5 of] ;d:of cfPdf % lsnf]uf| d lh ;Nkm]6 / @=% lsnfu] |fd rg' -3/ kf]Tg] r'g_ kl| t

xhf/ ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ Ps xS] 6/sf b/n] 5s{g ] .
#&_ wfgdf uaf/f] sL/fsf] Joj:yfkfg s;/L ug{] <
F /f]u/ jf O{ld8fuf]N8 -Ol{ d8fSnfl] k8| _ @ u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ k|ofu] ug{ ;lsG5 .
#*_ wfgsf] km8\s] sL/fnfO{ h}las tl/sfn] Joj:yfkg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
F of] sL/f aQLdf cfslift{ xg' ] xg' fn] lognfO{ aQLsf] kmGbfdf kf//] dfg{ ;lsG5 .
#(_ wfgsf] km8s\ ] sL/fnfO{ /f;folgs tl/sfn] Joj:yfkfg s;/L ug{] <
F /f;folgs ljifflb Ol{ d8fuf]N8 -O{ld8fSnfl] k8| _ )=% ld=ln= kl| t ln= kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g {] .
$)_ wfgdf kft a]?jf sL/f lgoGq0f ug{ s] ugk'{ nf{ <
F wfgdf % k|ltzt af]6x?df gfS] ;fg k¥' ofpgf;fy dfnfyfog @ ld=ln= jf ;fOk/d]yL| g -!) O={ ;L=_ )=$

ld=ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5s{g ] .

!=@ ux“' (Wheat)

!_ t/fOs{ f] nflu pko'Qm ux'sF f hftx? s'g sg' xg' \ <
F ltnfQ] df, laho, cflbTo, uft} d, es[ 6' L, gk] fn (&!, gk] fn @(& h:tf hftx? t/fO{ If]qsf nflu pkoQ' m

xg' \ .
@_ t/fOs{ f] nflu tftf] xfjf ;xg ;Sg] uxFs' f hftx? s] s] xg' \ <
F laho, uf}td, cflbTo, gk] fn @(&, es[ 6' L hftx?n] tftf] xfjf ;xg ;Sg] vfnsf hftx? 5g \ .

4 af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf]

#_ t/fOs{ f] nflu ;V' vf ;xg ;Sg] ux'sF f hftx? sg' s'g x'g\ <
F e[s'6L, g]kfn (&! hftx?n] ;V' vf ;xg ;Sb5g \ .

$_ kxf8sf] nflu pkoQ' m uxsF' f hftx? sg' sg' x'g\ <
F 8fFkm,] wf}nflu/L, uf}/f / 8An=' s=] !@)$ kxf8L xfjfkfgLsf nflu pkoQ' m hftx? xg'  \ .

%_ ux'Fsf] aLp b/ slt xf] <
F s]=hL k|lt s¶f jf ^ s=] hL kl| t /fk] gL aLp cfjZos kb{5 .

^_ ux'Fsf] aLp 5g{] pkoQ' m ;do slxn] xf] <
F l t/fO{M pRrtd pTkfbg k|fKt ug{] d+l;/sf] klxnf] xKtfbl] v d+l;/ t]>f] xKtf;Dd 5/L ;Sg'kb5{  .

l kxf8M pRrtd pTkfbg k|fKt ug{] sflts{ rf}yf] xKtfbl] v d+l;/ bf];f| ] xKtf;Dd 5/L ;Sgk' b5{  .

&_ dnvfb slt ko| fu] ug{] <
F kxf8sf] nflu -s]=hL= / kl| t /f]kgLdf_

cj:yf 8L=P=kL= ol" /of kf]6f; ufa] / dn
l;+lrt $ & !=% %))
cl;+lrt # % !=% %))

t/fOs{ f] nflu -k|lt s¶f s]=hL=_

cj:yf 8L=P=kL= ol" /of kf6] f; uf]a/ dn
l;+lrt # % ! #%)
cl;+lrt @ #=% ! #%)

*_ ux'F afnLdf l;+rfO{ slxn] slxn] ug'k{ b{5 <

F ux'F 5/]sf] @)÷@% lbgdf -lzv/ h/f lg:sg] a]nf_, afnf lg:sg] ;do / bfgf el/g] ;dodf l;+rfO{
ug{'kb{5 . hfgsf/Lsf] nflu uxsF' f] km"n v]ns] f] an] fdf l;r+ fO{ gug'{ /fd|f] xG' 5 .

(_ uxsF' f] >ft] aLp sxfFaf6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 <

F /fli6o« aLp lahg sDkgL, gk] fn s[lif cg;' Gwfg kl/ifb cGtut{ sf sfo{qmd, :yflgo :t/df /x]sf Puf| ]e6] ,
aLp pTkfbs ;d"x÷;xsf/L lghL sDkgL / hfgsf/Lsf] nflu s[lif 1fg sG] b|df ;Dks{ u/L uxF'sf] >f]t
aLp kf| Kt ug{ ;lsG5 .

!)_ uxdF' f ;f3F /' fk] ft dfq ePsf] emf/kft lgoGq0f lgoGq0f ug{ s] ugk{' nf{ <

F l t/fOs{ f] xsdf M #% u|fd cfO;fk] |f6] '/fg -)=&% ;lqmo laif_ !% ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO Ps s¶f If]qkmndf
ux'F 5/s] f] #) b]lv #% lbgdf 5g ]{ .

l kxf8sf] xsdfM %) uf| d cfO;f]k|f6] '/fg -)=&% ;lqmo laif_ @% ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO ! /f]kgL Ifq] kmndf
uxF' 5/s] f] #) bl] v #% lbgdf 5g {] .

!!_ ux'Fdf rf8} fkft -h:tM} ay'jf_ dfq ePsf] emf/kft lgoGq0f ug{ s] ugk'{ nf{ <

F l t/fOsf] xsdfM #% u|fd @,$–8L -)=* ;lqmo laif_ !% ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ ! s¶f Ifq] kmndf ux'F
5/]sf] #) b]lv #% lbgdf 5g ]{ .

af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf] 5

l kxf8sf] xsdfM %) u|fd @,$–8L -)=* ;lqmo laif_ @% ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ ! /f]kgL If]qkmndf uxF'
5/]sf] #) bl] v #% lbgdf 5g {] .

!@_ uxFd' f ;f3F '/f] / rf}8f kft emf/kft lgoGq0f ug{ s] ugk{' nf{ <
F l t/fOsf] xsdfM !% u|fd @,$ 8L -*) 8An'=kL_ / #%u|fd cfO;fk] |f6] '/fg -&% 8An=kL_ !% ln6/ kfgLdf

ld;fO{ ! s¶f Ifq] kmndf ux'F 5/]sf] #) bl] v #% lbgdf 5g]{ .

l kxf8sf] xsdfM @% u|fd @,$–8L -*) 8An=' kL_ / %) uf| d cfO;f]kf| 6] /' fg -&% 8An=' kL_ @% ln6/
kfgLdf ld;fO{ ! /fk] gL If]qkmndf ux'F 5/]sf] #) b]lv #% lbgdf 5g]{ .

!#_ uxF'df sfnf] kfs] ] /f]usf] Aoj:yfkg ug{ s] ug{k' nf{ <
F efO6feS] ; @)), @ u|fd k|lt s=] hL= n] aLp 5g'{ cufj} aLpsf] pkrf/ u/d] f sfnf] kfs] ] /f]usf] k|sf]k

Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 .

!$_ uxdF' f sfnf] l;Gb'/] /f]usf] Joj:yfkg ug{ s] ug{k' nf{ <
F cj/f]wL hftx? nufpg] h:t} t/fOs{ f] nflu laho, ltnf]Qdf / kxf8sf] nflu 8fkF m] / pRr kxf8sf] nflu

wfn} flu/L .

!%_ kxn+] f] / v/} f] l;Gb/' ] /f]usf] Joj:yfkg ug{ s] ug{k' nf{ <
F cj/f]ws hft nufpgM]

l t/fO{sf] nfluM ljho, ltnfQ] df / kxf8sf] nflu 8fkF m] .

l kxf8sf] nfluM wfn} flu/L .

/f;folgs t/LsfM

b'a} l;Gb'/] /f]usf] nflu kf| ]lksfg] fhfn] @% O{=;L= )=! k|ltzt emf]n ko| fu] ug]{ .

!^_ u'nfaL uaf/f] sL/fsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ s] ug'k{ nf{ <
F uaf/f] nfUg] Ifq] df aLp b/ !) bl] v !% k|ltzt;Dd a9fpg] . ;fy} 6«fohf]km; @ Pd=Pn= kl| t ln6/

kfgLdf ld;fO 5sg{ k' 5 { .

!&_ nfxL sL/fsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ s] ugk{' nf{ <
F Old8fSnf]k|L8 -sGkmL8f/] @)) Pd=Pn_ $)) ldln ln6/, %)) ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ ! xS] 6/ jf #) s¶f

hldgdf 5s{g' k5{ . bfgfnfO{ dv' n] 6fS] bf s6' S' s cfjfh cfof] eg] ux'F sf6\g yfNg ] .

!*_ ux'nF fO{ sf6g\ ] pkoQ' m ;do s;/L yfxf kfpg] <
F uxsF' f] afnf d'lgsf] 8fF7 kx]n+ f] ePkl5 uxF' kfs]sf] dflgG5 . afnf xftdf df8b\ f bfgf /fd/| L 56' \of] eg]

ux'F sf6\g yfn] xG' 5 . uxs'F f] bfgfnfO{ 6fS] bf s'6'Ss ePkl5 sf6g\ yfNg] .

!(_ uxn'F fO{ yGSofpg] pko'Qm tl/sf s] xf] <
F sf6L ;s]kl5 /fd/| L ;kmf ug]{ / !–@ 3fd ;'sfO{ ux'F ;]nfPkl5 e08f/0f ug'{kb{5 .
@)_ e08f/0f ubf{ sL/faf6 arfpg] pkfo s] xf] <
F Pndl' god kmf:kmfO8sf] -;]Nkm;_ Pp6f rSsL sl/a !) lSjG6n a/fa/sf] uxdF' f xfjf gl5g]{ efF8f]df /fVg'

kb{5 . aLp /fv]sf] bO' { dlxgfdf 3fd nfu]sf] lbgdf Ps rf6] L x]gk{' b5{ / kg' M Ps rSsL ;]Nkm; /fVg ] .

6 af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf]

@!_ uxs'F f] aLp pTkfbg ubf{ bO' { km/s hft aLrsf] km/s slt x'g'k5{ <
F Ps hft bl] v csf{] hft;uF slDtdf # ld6/sf] k[ystf b/" L cfjZos kb5{  . uxFs' f] ;Gbe{df sfnf] kfs] ]

/f]u nfUg] v]teGbf !%) dL6/ km/sdf aLp afnL nufpg' kb{5 .

@@_ aLp pTkfbgdf /f]luË eg]sf] s] xf] <
F aLp afnLdf cfpg] cgfjZos c? af6] x?nfO{ x6fO{ gi6 ug]{ ks| [ofnfO{ /f]luË elgG5 .
@#_ /fl] uË lsg ug{] <
F aLpdf z4' tf sfod ug{ /fl] uË ug{'kb5{  .
@$_ /f]luË slt a]nf ug]{ <
F /f]luË k|so[ f hg' ;'s} an] fdf klg ug{ ;lsG5 t/ u'0f:t/ o'Qm aLp pTkfbg ug{ c? hft;uF ;ld>0f x'g

glbg km"n km'Ng' cufl8, km"n km'ns] f] a]nf / afnL sf6g\ ] an] fdf /fl] uË ug'{ clt cfaZos 5 .

!=# ds} (Maize)

!_ t/fO{ tyf leqL dw]zsf nflu pko'Qm pGgt ds}sf hftx? sg' s'g xg' \ <
F /fdk'/ sDkfl] h6, c?0f @, /fdk/' @, c?0f ! h:tf hftx? t/fO{ tyf leqL dwz] sf nflu pkoQ' m 5g \ .
@_ dWo kxf8sf] nflu pkoQ' m pGgt dss} f hftx? s'g sg' xg' \ <
F vd' n kxn] f,] dgsfdgf !, dgsfdgf #, b]ptL, zLtnf, dgsfdgf $, kfl] ifnf] ds} !, dgsfdgf %,

dgsfdgf ^ .

#_ pRr kxf8sf] nflu pkoQ' m pGgt ds}sf hftx? sg' s'g xg' \ <
F u0f]z !, u0fz] @ h:tf hftx? pRr kxf8sf nflu pkoQ' m xG' 5 .
$_ t/fOs{ f ds}df lsg bfgf gnfUg] ;d:of cfPsf] xf]nf <
F ds}sf] wfg rd/f lg:sg] an] fdf jftfj/0fsf] tfkqmd !) l8u|L ;l] N;o; eGbf sd / #% l8u|L ;l] N;o;

eGbf a9L ePdf bfgf gnfUg] ;d:of x'G5 .

%_ t/fOs{ f dsd} f bfgf gnfUg] ;d:ofaf6 aRg s] ugk{' nf{ <
F c;f]h of dl+ ;/df ds} 5g{ ;lsof] eg] pQm ;d:ofaf6 aRg ;lsG5 .
^_ ds} v]tLsf] nflu s:tf] df6f] pko'Qm xG' 5 <
F kfgL ghDg], dlnnf], bd' 6 tyf lk Pr dfg &=)–&=# ePsf] df6f] pko'Qm xG' 5 .
&_ dss} f] aLp b/ slt xf] <
F nfOgdf nufpbF fM ^&) uf| d kl| t s¶f jf ! s]=hL kl| t /f]kgL jf @) s]=hL= k|lt x]S6/
xnf] k5fl8 nufpg] xf] eg]M ! s=] hL= k|lt s¶f jf !=% s=] hL= kl| t /f]kgL jf #) s=] hL= kl| t xS] 6/ aLp

kof{Kt x'G5 .

*_ ds} /f]Kbf af]6 ;V+ of slt x'gk' b{5 <
F ;fwf/0ftof dss} f] af]6 Ps /fk] gLdf @,%)) af6] , Ps s¶fdf !,^^^ / Ps x]S6/df sl/a %),))) bl] v

%%,))) af]6 ePdf a9L pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 .

af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf] 7

(_ ds} /f]Kbf Ps nx/bl] v csf]{ nx/ / Ps af]6b]lv csf{] af6] sf] b/" L slt xg' 'kb5{ <
F o;sf] nfuL Ps nx/b]lv csf{] nx/ &% ;]=dL= / Ps af]6bl] v csf{] af6] sf] b"/L @% ;=] dL= sfod u/]df

pQm af]6 ;+Vof sfod ug{ ;lsG5 .

!)_ ns] df ds} slxn] 5g{] <
F ns] df kmfNu0' f–rt} df ds} 5g'{ /fd|f] x'G5 .
!!_ dWo kxf8df ds} slxn] 5g{] <
F dWo kxf8df r}t–a}zfvdf ds} 5g'{ /fdf| ] x'G5 .
!@_ t/fO{ tyf leqL dw]zdf a;Gt] ds} slxn] 5g{] <
F kmfNu0' f–r}tdf ds} 5g'{ /fd|f] x'G5 .
!#_ t/fO{ tyf leqL dw]zdf aif]{ ds} slxn] 5g]{ <
F a}zfv–h7] df ds} 5g{' /fdf| ] xG' 5 .
!$_ t/fO{ tyf leqL dwz] df lxpFb] ds} slxn] 5g{] <
F ebf–} c;fh] df .
!%_ dnvfbsf] k|of]u s;/L ug{] <
F l8=P=kL= / kf]6f;sf] ;Dk0" f{ efu hldg tof/Ldf xfNg] / o"l/ofsf] cfwf efu af]6 3'F8f 3'F8f ePsf]

cj:yfdf / cfwf efu h'Fuf / rd/ lg:sg] an] fdf xfNg ] .

!^_ l;r+ fOs{ f] lx;fadf ds}sf] ;Dab] gzLn cj:yf sg' xf] <
F hu'F f lg:sg] cj:yf / bfgf kfl] 6nf] xg' ] cj:yf ds}sf] ;Dab] gzLn cj:yf xf] / o:tf] cj:yfdf df6f]df

lr:ofg sdL b]lvPdf l;r+ fO{ lbgk' b{5 .

!&_ a;Gt] / lxpbF ] dsd} f l;r+ fO{sf] lx;fjn] Vofn ug"k{ g{] s/' f <
F a;Gt] / lxpbF ] dss} f nflu /f]Kg] a]nfdf df6f]df lr:ofg sd ePdf l;r+ fO{ ugk{' b{5 .
!*_ ds}df uf]8dn] of emf/kft Aoj:yfkg slxn] ug]{ <
F klxnf] uf]8fO{ ds} pd|s] f] # b]lv $ xKtfleq ul/;Sg' kb5{  . / bf];f| ] uf8] fO klxnf] uf]8fO{ u/]sf] # b]lv $

xKtfkl5 ul/G5 . bf>] f] uf8] fOd{ f ps]/f lbOG5 .

!(_ ds} efFRg] a]nf eof] eGg] s;/L yfxf kfpg] <
F dss} f] bfgf pKsfO{ vfo] fdf uf8Lg] efult/ sf]6o\ fO{ x]/]df sfnf] kq b]lvPdf ds} kfs]sf] lglZrt xG' 5 .
@)_ ds} efRF g] an] fdf lr:ofg slt x'gk' b{5 <
F ;fwf/0ftof dss} f] bfgfsf] lr:ofg #) kl| tzteGbf sd ePkl5 efFRg' pko'Qm x'G5 .
@!_ ds}nfO{ e08f/0f ubf{ lr:ofg kl| tzt slt xg' k' b{5 <
F dsn} fO{ hlt;Sbf] a9L 3fddf ;s' fO{ e08f/0f ug{'kb{5 . e08f/0f ug{sf] lgldQ !@ b]lv !$ kl| tzt

lr:ofgdf Nofpg' kb5{  .

@@_ ds} e08f/0fdf sL/fsf] lgoGq0f s;/L ug{] <
F Pp6f l;8aLg -! b]lv @ lSjG6n_ df Ps rSsL ;]Nkm; /fvL xfjf gl5g]{ u/L aGb ug{'kb{5 .

8 af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf]

@#_ ds}sf] uaf/f] lgoGq0f ug{ s] ug{'k5{ <

F uaf/fs] f] cfqmd0f b]lvPdf ;]leg u]8f, yfof8] ]g u8] f, kmf/] ]6 u8] f, ˆo'/f8]g u8] f dWo] s'g} Ps #–$ bfgf ds}
af6] sf] kT| os] u'jfd] f $ / % kftsf] cj:yfdf klxnf] kN6 / @% / #) lbg kl5 bf]>f] kN6 ko| fu] ug' k5{ .

@$_ ds}df lsyf{ lgoGq0f ug{ s] ugk{' 5{ <

F l tkl;n cg';f/ ljifo'Qm rf/f agfO{ !) ls=u|f= kl| t xS] 6/ 5g{k' 5 { .

l uxF'sf] rfs] /–! ls=uf| , Snf]/f]8]g jf dfnflyog wn' f–] % u|fd, ;Vv/ jf en] L–% uf| d / d'5\g rflxg]
hlt kfgL xfnL 5gk{' b5{ .

@%_ ds} e08f/0fdf 3g' af6 aRg] jfg:klts pkfo s] 5 <

F l af]emf]sf] wn' f] @)–@% u|fd kl| t sh] L cgfhsf b/n] /fVbf 3'gaf6 arfpg ;lsG5 .

l em';l] tnsf] t]n !–@ ld=ln= kl| t lsnfu] |fd cgfhsf b/n] pkrf/ u/]/ yGSofPsf] cgfhdf 3g' /
k'tnLx?n] Iflt ug{ ;Sbg} g \ .

@^_ ;k' / u]g| Aofu eg]sf] s] xf] <

F Knfli6s emfn] f xf] h;df !@ kl| tzt lr:ofg ePsf cgfh of aLpnfO{ * dlxgf;Dd ;/' lIft e08f/0f
ug{ ;lsG5 . o;df ^% sh] L tf}n;Dd aLp e08f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

@&_ blIf0fL dss} f] kft 89j' f /fu] sf] lgoGq0f pkfo s] xfn] f <

F ds} /fK] ge' Gbf klxn] aLpnfO{ ly/fd gfds laiffbLn] ! lsnf] u|fd aLpnfO{ @=% uf| d ly/fdsf b/n]
aLhf]krf/ ugk{' b5{ .

@*_ pQ/L dss} f] kft 89'jf /f]usf] lgoGq0f pkfo s] xf]nf <

F ds} /fK] g'eGbf klxn] aLpnfO{ ly/fd gfds laiffbLn] ! lsnf] uf| d aLpnfO{ @=% uf| d ly/fdsf b/n]
lahfk] rf/ ug'k{ b{5 . / 8fOy{ ]g Pd–$%, @ uf| d k|ltln6/ kfgLsf b/n] 5g{' kb{5 .

@(_ Wjf;] yU] n] /f]uaf6 aRg] pkfo s] xf]nf <

F cj/f]wL hftx? nufpgM] pRr kxf8sf] nflu u0fz] –!, u0fz] –@ / dWo kxf8sf] nflu b]ptL, lztnf,
dgsfdgf–# .

#)_ dss} f] >f]t aLp sxfaF f6 kf| Kt ug{ ;lsG5 <

F /fli6«o aLp lahg sDkgL, gk] fn s[lif cg;' Gwfg kl/ifb\ cGtut{ sf sfoq{ md, :yflgo:t/df /xs] f aLp
pTkfbs ;dx" of ;xsf/L, lghL sDkgL / hfgsf/Lsf] nflu sl[ if 1fg sG] bd| f ;Dks{ ug ]{ .

#!_ dss} f] hftsf gfd k5fl8 /flvg] cÍn] s] hgfpF5 <

F hf]8f cÍn] dss} f] bfgf kxn] f] hgfp5F , lahf8] cÍn] bfgf ;t] f] hgfpFb5 .

#@_ ds} afnLdf dnvfbsf] dfqf slt ko| fu] ug'{kb{5 <

F kl| ts]=hL=df

cj:yf l8=P=kL= ol" /of kf]6f; uf]a/ dn
xS] 6/ !%) @)) %) !%)))
/fk] gL &=% !) @=% &%)
s¶f % ^=^ !=^ %))

af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf] 9

!=$ hf} (Barley)

!_ hf}sf] bfgfsf] k|ofu] s] s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <

l pQ/L pRr eu] dfM /f]6L, l98F f], ;ft' tyf hfF8
l t/fO{ tyf dWo kxf8dfM ;ft,' hf8F tyf /S;L
l ;fy} hfa} f6 dfN6 agfO{ To;af6 lao/, lJx:sL cflb ko] kbfy{x? agfOG5 .
@_ hf}sf] gn s] s;/L ko| fu] ug{ ;lsG5 <
F 5fgf nufpg tyf hgfj/x?nfO{ v'jfpg hf}sf] gn ko| fu] ul/G5 .
#_ hf}df kf]if0f tTj s] slt x'G5 <
F sfaf]{xfO8«6] M &$ k|ltzt, lrNnf] kbfy{ M !=# k|ltzt, k|f]l6g M !! k|ltzt, lr:ofg M !@=% k|ltzt,
cNj'ldGjfO8\; M !!=% kl| tzt tyf /z] f M #=( kl| tzt .
$_ hf} s:tf] xfjf kfgLdf xG' 5 <
F lxpbF df a9L 708f x'g] 7fpdF f o;sf] j[l4 /fd|f] xG' 5 .
%_ hf} s:tf] df6fd] f pko'Qm xG' 5 <
F ux'F v]tL xg' ] xNsf bf]d6 df6f]df hf} v]tL /fd|f] xG' 5 . ;fy} Iffl/okg tyf gl' gnf]kg ePsf] df6f] ;xg
;Sb5 / lk=Pr dfg ^=% bl] v & ;Dd /fd|f] dflgG5 .
^_ t/fO{ tyf leqL dwz] sf] nflu pkoQ' m l;kmfl/z hf}sf hftx? sg' sg' xg' \ <
F Pr=aL=Pn= %^, l;=cfO= !),$$*, dfN6, sr] t/fO{ tyf leqL dw]zsf] nflu l;kmfl/z ul/Psf hftx?
xg' \ .
&_ sf7df8f}+ / ;f] ;dfg xfjfkfgL ePsf Ifq] sf nflu pkoQ' m hfs} f hftx? s'g sg' xg' \ <
F af]g; hft sf7df08f} / ;f] ;dfg xfjfkfgL ePsf] If]qsf nflu pko'Qm x'G5 .
*_ hf}sf] aLp pkrf/ s] n] ug]{ <
F @ u|fd sfaG]{ 8flhdn] k|lt lsnf] u|fd aLp pkrf/ ug ]{ .
(_ hfs} f] aLp 5g]{ pkoQ' m ;do slxn] xf] <
F l t/fO{ / leqL dw]zM sflts{ !% bl] v dl+ ;/sf] cGTo;Dd 5/L ;Sg'kb5{ .
l dWo kxf8M sflt{s !% b]lv d+l;/sf] t];f| ] xKtf;Dd 5/L ;Sg'kb5{ .
l dWo pRr kxf8M c;f]h klxnf] xKtf;Dd 5/L ;Sgk' b{5 .
!)_ hf}sf] aLp b/ slt xf] <
F l ;dodf nufpg l;l+ rt Ifq] dfM @=% s=] hL= k|lt s¶f -&) b]lv *) lsnf] uf| d k|lt x]S6/_
l l9nf] u/L nufpg l;l+ rt If]qdfM #=# s]=hL kl| t s¶f -!)) lsnf] u|fd k|lt x]S6/_
l cl;l+ rt Ifq] sf] nflu M #=# s]=hL kl| t s¶f -!)) lsnf] u|fd k|lt x]S6/_ |
!!_ hfs} f] aLpnfO{ s;/L nufpg] <
F 5?jf / nfOg b'a} tl/sfn] nufpg ;lsG5 . hf;} uF cfn;, tf/] L / sx] L dfqfdf rgf / d;' /' f] ld;fO{
t/fO{df 5bf{ pkoQ' m xG' 5 .

10 af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf]

!@_ dnvfb slt k|ofu] ug{] <
F s]=hL= / k|lt /fk] gLdf

cj:yf l8=P=kL= o"l/of kf6] f; uf]a/ dn

/fk] gL #=@ #=^= @=% %))

!#_ hf} afnLdf l;r+ fO{ slxn] slxn] ug'k{ b{5 <

F ufFh cfpg] an] fdf, afnf lg:sg] ;do / bfgf el/g] ;dodf l;r+ fO{ ug{'kb{5 . hfgsf/Lsf] nflu hf}sf]
vt] df kfgL hDg lbg' xb'F g}  .

!$_ hfd} f ;f3F '/f]kft dfq ePsf] emf/kft lgoGq0f ug{ s] ugk'{ nf{ <

F l t/fOsf] xsdfM #% u|fd cfO;fk] |f6] '/fg -)=&% ;lqmo laif_ !% ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO Ps s¶f If]qkmndf
hf} 5/s] f] #) bl] v #% lbgdf 5g {] .

l kxf8sf] xsdfM %) u|fd cfO;f]k|f]6/' fg -)=&% ;lqmo laif_ @% ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO ! /fk] gL Ifq] kmndf
hf} 5/s] f] #) b]lv #% lbgdf 5g ]{ .

!%_ hfd} f rf8} fkft -h:tM} ayj' f_ dfq ePsf] emf/kft lgoGq0f ug{ s] ugk'{ nf{ <

F l t/fOsf] xsdfM #% uf| d @,$ -8L -)=* ;lqmo laif_ !% ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO ! s¶f If]qkmndf hf}
5/]sf] #) bl] v #% lbgdf 5g ]{ .

l kxf8sf] xsdfM %) uf| d @,$–8L -)=* ;lqmo laif_ @% ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO ! /f]kgL Ifq] kmndf hf}
5/s] f] #) b]lv #% lbgdf 5g {] .

!^_ hfd} f ;f3F '/f] / rf}8fkft ba' } lsl;dsf emf/kft lgoGq0f ug{ s] ug'{knf{ <

F l t/fOsf] xsdf M !% u|fd @,$ -8L -*) 8An=' kL_ / #% uf| d cfO;f]k|f6] /' fg -&% 8An=kL_ !% ln6/
kfgLdf ld;fO{ ! s¶f If]qkmndf hf} 5/s] f] #) bl] v #% lbgdf 5g]{ .

l kxf8sf] xsdf M @% u|fd @,$–8L -*) 8An'=kL_ / %) u|fd cfO;fk] f| ]6/' fg -&% 8An=' kL_ @% ln6/
kfgLdf ld;fO{ ! /fk] gL If]qkmndf hf} 5/]sf] #) b]lv #% lbgdf 5g{.]

!&_ hf}df sfnf] kf]s] /f]usf] Aoj:yfkg ug{ s] ug{'knf{ <
F sfa]G{ 8flhd @ uf| d kl| t s]=hL= n] aLp 5g{' cufj} pkrf/ ug {] .

!*_ hf}df kx+]nf] l;Gb'/] /f]usf] Joj:yfkg ug{ s] ug{'knf{ <

F hfs} f] cj/f]ws hft afg] ; nufpg,] ;dodf /fK] g] . ;fy} lhg]a @=% b]lv # u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO
!% ÷ !% lbgsf] cGt/df 5g {] .

!(_ un' faL uaf/f] sL/fsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ s] ug'{knf{ <

F uaf/f] nfUg] If]qdf aLp b/ !) bl] v !% k|ltzt;Dd a9fpg] . ;fy} 6f« ohf]km; @ Pd=Pn= kl| t ln6/
kfgLdf ld;fO 5s{gk' 5{ .

@)_ nfxL sL/fsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ s] ug{'knf{ <

F Old8fSnfk] L| 8 -sGkmL8f/] @)) Pd=Pn=_ $)) ldln ln6/, %)) ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ ! x]S6/ jf #) s¶f
hldgdf 5s{g' k5{ .

af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf] 11

@!_ hfn} fO{ sf6g\ ] pkoQ' m ;do s;/L yfxf kfpg] <
F hf}sf] af]6 kxl]+ nP/ ;'Sg yfnk] l5 ;fy} u]8f ;fx|f] ePkl5 hf} sf6g\ yfn] x'G5 . bfgfnfO{ dv' n] 6fS] bf

s6' 'Ss cfjfh cfof] eg] hf} sf6\g yfNg] .
@@_ hfn} fO{ yGSofpg] pkoQ' m tl/sf s] xf] <
F sf6L ;sk] l5 /fd/| L ;kmf ug{] / !–@ 3fd ;s' fO{ hf} ;]nfPkl5 e08f/0f ug{'kb{5 .
@#_ e08f/0f ubf{ sL/faf6 arfpg] pkfo s] xf] <
F PNd'lgod kmf:kmfO8sf] -;N] km;_ Pp6f rSsL sl/a !) lSjG6n a/fa/sf] hf}df xfjf gl5g{] efF8fd] f /fVg'

kb5{ . aLp /fv]sf] b'O{ dlxgfdf 3fd nfu]sf] lbgdf Ps rf6] L x]g'{kb{5 / k'gM Ps rSsL ;N] km; /fVg]

!=% sf]bf] (Finger millet)

!_ sfb] f]sf] bfgfsf] ko| fu] s] s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
F /f6] L, l98f] ;fy} hf8F tyf /S;L h:tf vfB kbfy{ agfpg sfb] f]sf] ko| fu] ul/G5 .
@_ sfb] fs] f] gn s] s;/L ko| f]u ug{ ;lsG5 <
F hgfj/x?nfO kf}li6s cfxf/fsf] ?kdf sf]bfs] f] gn k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
#_ sf]bf]df kf}li6s tTj s] slt xG' 5 <
F sfaf{]xfO8«6] M &^=#@ k|ltzt, lrNnf] kbfy{ M !=# k|ltzt, kf| l] 6g M (=@ kl| tzt, vlgh kbfy{ ^=! k|ltzt .
$_ sfb] f] s:tf] xfjfkfgLdf xG' 5 <
F sf]bf] ;dlztfi] 0f xfjf kfgLdf x'g] afnL xf ] . o;n] ;V' vf ;xg ;Sb5 . o;sf] nflu cf}ift clwstd

tfkqmd @& / Gog" td !* l8=;=] pko'Qm dflgG5 . jflif{s jiff{ #%) b]lv !))) ld=ld= ;Dd xg' ] 7fpdF f
o;sf] j[l4 /fdf| ] xG' 5 .
%_ sfb] f] s:tf] df6f]df pkoQ' m x'G5 <
F kfgL ghDg] / anf}6] bf]d6 df6f] /fd|f] xG' 5 . ;fy} clDno df6f]b]lv w/] } g'lgnf] df6f]df klg vt] L ug{
;lsG5 .
^_ dWo tyf pRr kxf8sf] nflu pko'Qm l;kmfl/z sfb] fs] f hftx? sg' sg' x'g\ <
F cf]Vn] ! sfb] fs] f] hft dWo tyf pRr kxf8sf] nflu l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] hft xf ] .
&_ dWo kxf8sf] nflu pko'Qm l;kmfl/z sfb] f]sf hftx? sg' s'g x'g\ <
F 8Nn] !, sfa]| sf]bf] ! dWo kxf8sf] nflu l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] hft xf ] .
*_ leqL dw]z, t/fO{ / dWo kxf8sf] nflu pko'Qm sf]bfs] f] hft s'g xf] <
F 8Nn] ! leqL dw]z, t/fO{ / dWo kxf8sf nflu l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] hft xf ] .
(_ sfb] f]sf] Aof8 slxn] /fVg] <
F Aof8 /fVbf dWo kxf8sf] nflu ag] f{ ;fg'{ eGbf !=% dlxgf / a];L tyf 6f/sf] nflu ! dlxgf cufl8 /fVg'
pkoQ' m xG' 5 .
!)_ sf]bfs] f] aLpnfO{ pkrf/ s] n] ug]{ <
F @=% uf| d ly/fdn] kl| t lsnf] u|fd aLp pkrf/ ug {] .

12 af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf]

!!_ sfb] f]sf] aLp b/ slt xf] <

F ;fwf/0ftof Ps x]S6/sf] nflu * bl] v !) lsnf] uf| d aLp rflxG5 . a]gf{ ;f/]/ ubf{ $ lsnf] u|fd aLp
Ps x]S6/sf] nflu k'Ug] u/L a]gf{ pdfg{ k'U5 .

!@_ sfb] f] nufpg] pko'Qm ;do slxn] xf] <

F t/fO{, a];L / 6f/df ds} efrF k] l5 >fj0fsf] dWo b]lv dWo;Dd / #,@@%–%,))) lkm6;Dd cfiff9 dWob]lv
>fj0f dWo;Dd / %))) lkm6eGbf dfly cfiff9 dlxgf leqdf nufpg' /fdf| ] xG' 5 .

!#_ sf]bf]sf] a]gf{ ;fbf{ slt pd/] sf] x'gk' 5{ <

F pRr kxf8L If]qdf ;ft xKtf, dWo kxf8L Ifq] df $–% xKtfsf] / t/fO{ tyf leqL dw]zdf #–$ xKtfsf]
ag] f{ ;fg'{ kb5{  .

!$_ sfb] f] vt] Lsf] nflu dnvfbsf] dfqf slt k|of]u ug'k{ b{5 <
F s]=hL= kl| t /fk] gLM

cj:yf 8L=P=kL= o"l/of kf6] f; ufa] / dn
/fk] gL !=)* !=&$ )=* %))

!%_ sfb] f] afnLdf l;+rfO{ slxn] slxn] ug{' kb5{ <

F jif]{ kfgLsf] e/df vt] L ug]{ ePsf]n] o;nfO{ l;r+ fO{ lbg] rng 5g} t/, kfgL hd]df af6] kxn] f] eO{ a[l4
gxg' ] xg' fn] kfgLsf] lgsf;sf] Aoj:yf /fdf| ] xg' 'kb{5 .

!^_ sf]bf] afnL slxn] ;Ddf kfSb5 <

F hft / nufPsf] 7fpF cg';f/ aLp /fv]sf] !@)–@)) lbg ;Dddf kfSb5 . kxf8df w]/}h;f] sflts{ !%
b]lv dl+ ;/ !% ;Dddf kfSb5 .

!&_ sf]bf] afnLsf] e08f/0f s;/L ug{] <
F sfb] f] bfgfdf sL/fn] cfqmfd0f ug{ g;Sg] ePsfn] ], #–$ 3fd ;'sfO ;V' vf 7fpFdf yGSofpg' kb{5 .

!*_ sf]bf]sf] pTkfbg ;/b/ slt xfn] f <

F /fdf| ] Aoj:yfkgdfM k|lt x]S6/ @%)) bl] v ##)) lsnf] bfgf / ^))) b]lv *))) lsnf] ;Dd gn pTkfbg
x'G5 .

!(_ sfb] fd] f kftsf] yfK] n] /f]usf] Aoj:yfkg ug{ s] ug{' knf{ <

F afnf lg:sg] a]nfdf DofGsfh] a] # uf| d kl| t ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO !) lbgsf] km/sdf @ k6s k'/} af6] leHg]
u/L 5sg{ 'kb5{  .

@)_ a]gf{sf] 89'jf /f]usf] Aoj:yfkg ug{ s] ug{' knf{ <

F DofGsf]h]a jf lhga] @=% bl] v # uf| d kl| t ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO 5sg{ 'kb{5 . jf @=% uf| d ly/fdn] kl| t
lsnf] uf| d aLp pkrf/ ug ]{ .

@!_ l/¶] sL/fsf] Aoj:yfkg ug{ s] ug'{ knf{ <

F dnflyog w'nf] @) lsnf] k|lt xS] 6/sf b/n] aLp /f]Kg' cufj} df6f]df ld;fpgfn] l/¶] sL/fsf] Aoj:yfkg
ug{ ;lsG5 .

af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf] 13

@@_ v'd|] sL/fsf] Aoj:yfkg ug{ s] ug'{ knf{ <

F dfnflyog wn' f] @) lsnf] kl| t x]S6/sf b/n] aLp /f]Kg' cufj} df6f]df ld;fpg] h;n] ubf{ v'd|] sL/fsf]
ks| f]knfO{ Joj:yfkg ug'{ kb{5 .

@#_ ws]{ tyf un' fjL uaf/f] sL/fsf] Aoj:yfkg ug{ s] ug{' knf{ <

F uaf/f] nfUg] Ifq] df aLp b/ !) b]lv !% kl| tzt ;Dd a9fpg ] . ;fy} 8N] 6fdy] L| g @ Pd=Pn= k|lt ln6/
kfgLdf ld;fO 5s{gk' 5 { .

!=^ kmfk/ (Buckwleat)

!_ g]kfndf slt ks| f/sf kmfk/ vt] L ul/G5 <

F g]kfndf b'O{ ks| f/sf ld7] / ltt] kmfk/sf] v]tL ul/G5 .

@_ kmfk/df kfi] f0f tTj s] slt xG' 5 <

F sfaf]x{ fO86«] &)–&# k|ltzt, k|fl] 6g !^ kl| tzt / nfOl;g Pldgf] Pl;8 klg a9L kfOG5 .

#_ kmfk/ s:tf] xfjfkfgLdf x'G5 <

F l lttM] lr;f] xfjfkfgL rflxG5 .pRr kxf8L If]qdf -#))) bl] v $))) lkm6_ df vt] L ul/G5 .

l ld7]M tn' gfTds ?kdf Gofgf] rflxG5, To;n} ] pRr kxf8sf] a;] L, kmf6 b]lv lnP/ dWo kxf8, t/fO,{
leqL dw]zdf v]tL ul/G5 .

$_ kmfk/ s:tf] df6f]df pkoQ' m x'G5 <

F xNsf anf6} ] / anf}6] bf]d6 df6f] /fdf| ] xG' 5 . o;n] kfgLsf] lgsf; gePsf] lrD6\ofOnf] df6f] tyf w]/} rg' sf]
dfqf ePsf] df6f] ;xg ;Sbg}  .

%_ kmfk/ v]tLsf] nflu hUuf tof/L s;/L ug]{ <

F wfg v]tdf nufpg] xf] eg] wfg sf6\gf ;fy / af/Ldf xf] eg] ds} efRgf ;fy Ps jf b'Ok6s /fd|/L 8Nnf
km'6\g] u/L hldg tof/ kfg {] . hUufdf kfgLsf] /fdf| ] lgsf;sf] Aoj:yf x'g'kb{5

^_ kmfk/sf] nufpg] pkoQ' m ;do slxn] xf] <

F pRr kxf8df az} fv–h]7, dWo kxf8df >fj0f–efb| / dWo kfi} f dWo kmfu'g tyf t/fO{ / leqL dw]zdf
sflt{s–dl+ ;/ klxnf] xKtfdf nufOG5 .

&_ kmfk/sf] aLp b/ slt xf] <

F 5?jf lalwjf6 nufpFbf dL7] kmfk/ ^)–&) lsnfu] |fd / tLt] kmfk/ $%–%) lsnf]uf| d kl| t x]S6/ rflxG5 .

*_ kmfk/ s;/L nufpg] <

F o;nfO{ 5?jf lalw tyf nfOg{ df nufpg ;lsG5 . nfOg{ df /f]Kbf nfO{g b]lv nfOg{ @% ;=] ld= / /f]Kg]
ulx/fO{ %–& ;]=ld= xg' 'kb5{  .

(_ kmfk/ v]tLdf dnvfbsf] dfqf k|lt /f]kgL slt ko| fu] ug{' kb5{ <

F kxf8sf] af/Ldf ds}-kmfk/ afnL k0| ffnLsf] nflu

s=] hL= / k|lt /fk] gLdfM

cj:yf l8=P=kL= ol" /of kf]6f; uf]a/ dn
/f]kgL @=!& @=$ )=* ^))

14 af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf]

t/fOs{ f] vt] df nufOg] wfg}–kmfk/–ds} afnL k0| ffnLsf] nflu

s=] hL kl| t s¶f l8=P=kL= ol" /of kf]6f; uf]a/ dn
cj:yf @=* !=& !=! $))

s¶f

!)_ kmfk/ afnLdf l;+rfO{ slxn] slxn] ug{' kb5{ <

F af/Ldf aif]{ kfgLsf] e/df vt] L ug{] ePsfn] ] o;nfO{ l;+rfO{ lbg] rng 5}g.t/, kfgL sd kg]{ / l;rF fO{sf]
Aoj:yf 5 eg] pd|]sf] @)–@% lbg kl5 kmNg] a]nfdf l;FrfO{ lbg' cfjZos xG' 5 .

!!_ kmfk/ afnLdf emf/kft slxn] lgoGq0f ug]{ <

F kmfk/afnL rf8} a9g\ ] ePsf]n] / kft rf}8fx'g] ePsf]n,] Psgf;n] pdd| f o;df emf/sf] k|sf]k sd} xG' 5 .
t/ aLp kftnf] pdd]| f @)–@% lbgkl5 Ps k6s uf]8d]n u/L emf/kft lgsfNgk' b{5 .

!@_ kmfk/ afnL sg' dlxgf / slt ;do ;Ddf kfSb5 <

F sflts{ bl] v dl+ ;/ ;Ddf kfSb5 . hft / nufPsf] 7fpF cg;' f/ aLp 5/s] f] &%–() lbg ;Dddf
kfSb5 .

!#_ kmfk/ afnLsf] e08f/0f s;/L ug]{ <

F kmfk/sf] bfgfdf sL/fn] cfqmfd0f ug{ g;Sg] ePsfn] ,] #–$ 3fd ;s' fO lr:ofg kl| tztdf NofO{, ;Vvf
7fpFdf yGSofpgk' b5{  .

!$_ kmfk/sf] pTkfbg ;/b/ slt xfn] f <

F /fd|f] Aoj:yfkgdf ld7] kmfk/ kl| t xS] 6/ !$)) / tLt] kmfk/ !^%) lsnf] k|lt x]S6/ ;Dd bfgf pTkfbg
xG' 5 .

!%_ kmfk/afnLdf nfUg] km]b s'lxg] /f]usf] Aoj:yfkg ug{ s] ug'{ knf{ <

F d6] fNoflS;n -*_ + DofGsfh] ]a -^$_ ! u|fd kl| t ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ aLp 5/]sf] !% lbgleq 5/d] f o;
/fu] sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 .

af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf] 15

t/sf/L afnL (Vegetables)

kZ| ‍g–pQ/

@=!= ufn] e8] f (Tomato)

!_ uf]ne8] f vt] Lsf nflu s:tf] xfjfkfgL pko'Qm xG' 5 <
F ufn] e]8f Gofgf] xfjfkfgL ePsf] pi0f, pkf]i0f / lztf]i0f ;j} Ifq] x?df vt] L ug{ ;lsg] afnL xf ] . o;sf]

vt] Lsf] nflu @)–@& l8=;]= tfkqmd pko'Qm xG' 5 . lbp;fs] f] tfkqmd @% l8=;=] / /ftsf] tfkqmd !%–@)
l8=;]= ePdf af6] df k|z:t kmn nfUb5 . ;fwf/0ftof t/fO{ / leqL dw]zdf lxpbF ] afnL / kxf8df jif{]
afnLsf] ?kdf nufO{G5 . of] afnLn] t';f/f] vKg ;Qmg}  .

@_ uf]ne8] fdf kfOg{ ] pkofu] L d"Vo tTjx? s'g s'g x'g\ <
F uf]ne]8f Ps pRr sf6] Lsf] t/sf/L afnL xf ] . o;df le6fldg P=, jL=, ;L, O{=, tyf SoflN;od / kmf:] kmf/] ;

h:tf vlgh tTjx? kfO{G5g \ . o;nfO{ t/sf/Ldf ld;fP/, crf/ jgfP/ jf sfFr} ;nfbsf] ;fy} ;;,
sr] ksf] ?kdf klg jgfOG{ 5 .

#_ o;sf] vt] L ug{ s:tf] :yfg 5gf6} ug{ pko'Qm xf]nf <
F ;s];Dd kfl/nf] :yfg hxfF ljxfg b]lv jn] 'sf ;Dd /fd|/L 3fd nfUg] lgsf;sf] /fd|f] Joj:yf ePsf], jnf}6]

bf]d6 df6f] ePsf,] l;rfO{sf] ;'ljwf k|ofKt :yfg 5gf}6 ug{' kb{5 .

$_ ufn] e]8f vt] L ug{sf] nflu pkoQ' m ljpb/ k|lt /f]klg slt cfjZos knf{ <
F jLpb/ hft cg;' f/ hft cg;' f/ o;sf] jLp b/ %–!% u|fd rflxG5 . lj?jfsf] lx;fj ubf{ cUnf] hftnfO{

!))) / xfr] f] hftnfO{ !%)) lj?jf kl| t /f]kgL nufpg' kg]{ x'G5 .

%_ uf]ne8] fsf hftx? s] s] 5g\ <
F uf]ne]8fsf dV" o ?kdf bO' { lsl;dsf hftx? 5g \ . klxnf hftx? hg' xfr] f -l86/ldgG] 6_ xg' ,] bf];|f]

lsl;dsf hftx?df jf]6 cUnf] -OlG86/ldg6] _ xg' ] vfnsf xG' 5g \ .

^_ ufn] e]8fsf] l86/ldg6] / OlG86/ldg6] hftdf s] km/s 5 <
F l86/ldg6] hftx? xf]rf x'G5g \ . Ps} rf6] L kmn" kmN' g] tyf kmn nfUg] / 5f6] f] cjlwdf afnL kfls ;Sg]

x'G5 . OlG86/ldg6] hftx? cUnf xG' 5g\ . Ps} k6s km"n gkmN' g] jf6] gd?Ghn] lg/Gt/?kdf km"n kmN' g] /
kmn nfUg] lqmof eO/{ xG5 .

&_ j0fz{ +s/ -Hybrid_ hft eg]sf] s] xf] <
F bO' { cnu k|sl[ tsf efn] / kfy] L hftx?nfO{ qml;Ë u/L ljsl;t ul/Psf hft j0f{z+s/ -Hybrid_ xf] .

pGgt hftsf] h:tf] jiff{} ;Dd nufpg ;lsGg o;sf jLp jif}l{ kR5] kmg] {' kg{] x'G5 .

*_ g]kfndf pTkfbLt uf]ne8] fsf] j0f{z+s/ hftsf] gfd s] xf] <
F gk] fndf pTkflbt j0f{z+s/ uf]ne]8fsf] hft ;[hgf xf ] . jiff{} b]lv j0fz{ s+ /hftsf] vt] L ePtf klg cf=j=

@)^&/)^* df dfq of] hft pGdf]rg ul/Psf] xf ] .

16 af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf]

(_ j0f{z+s/ hftsf ljzi] ftfx? s] s] x'g\ <

F j0f{zs+ / hftx?df ljz]ift j9L pTkfbg lbg,] /f]usL/f cj/fw] ug{] 708L, udL{, ;xg ug{,] cUnf] xf]rf] xg' ]
cg'jf+lzs u'0fx? df}hb' /x]sf x'G5g \ .

!)_ jd] f;} dL uf]ne]8f vt] L eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <

F ckf| s[lts ?kdf ufn] e8] fnfO{ rflxg] tfkqmd cfbt|{ f cflbsf] Joj:yfkg u/L l;hg eGbf cuf8L cyjf
k5f8L vt] L ul/g] k4ltnfO{ j]df;} dL elgG5 .

!!_ uf]ne]8fdf tflnd / sf6F 5fF6 eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 / s:tf hftx?df tflnd / sf6F 5f6F sf] cfjZostf
x'G5 <

F uf]ne8] fsf] jf6] nfO{ j9L ‰oflËg glbg Ps jf b'O{ j6f dfq xfFufx? /fvL cGonfO{ ;fg}df x6fOG5 . xf]rf
hftx?df of] t/Lsf pkoQ' m x'b}g t/ cUnf hftx?df clgjfo{ ?kdf ug{' kb{5 . sfF65fF6n] jf]6nfO{ v'Nnf
jgfO{ lbG5 h:n] ubf{ jf6] :j:y /xL u0' f:t/Lo kmn nfUb5 .

!@_ ufn] e8] f vt] Ldf ;t] f] lemFuf s:tf] vfnsf] sL/f xf] < o;sf] k|sf]kn] cGo ;d:of klg cfpg] ;'lgG5,
o;nfO{ s;/L Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 <

F ;]tf] lemFuf ;I' d sL/f xf ] . o; sL/fsf jo:s / jRrfx? b'j}n] kft / km"nsf] /; r';/] kft kxFn] f]
/ lj?jfnfO{ sdhf/] tN' ofpFb5g \ . log} sL/fsf] dfWodjf6 ufn] e]8fdf efO/; /f]u ;b{5 . logLx?sf]
Joj:yfkg ug{ ;s] ;Dd gLddf cfwfl/t ljiffbL cyjf /f]u/ jf ;fOk/d]lyg @ ld=ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf
ld;fO{ 5g{' kb5{  .

!#_ ufn] e8] f v]tLsf] nflu Knfli6s 3/ lgdf{0f s;/L ul/G5 <

F uf]ne8] f v]tLsf] nflu Knfli6s 3/ -/f]n_ lgdf{0f ubf{ c:yfoL / :yfoL bO' { lsl;dn] lgdf0{ f ug{ ;lsG5 .
c:yfoL lsl;dsf Knfli6s 3/ lgdf0{ f ubf{ jf;F , ;'tnL, Knfli6s l;6sf] ko| f]u ul/G5 eg] :yfoL lgdf{0f
ubf{ kmnfdsf] kj" fw{ f/ tof/ u/L Knfli6s cf]8fO{ tof/ ul/G5 .

!$_ t/fO{ / kxf8df lgdf0{ f ul/g] Knfli6s 3/x?df s] km/s 5 <

F kxf8df tof/ ul/g] Knfli6s 3/x? k'/} 9flsg] u/L jgfOP{ sf] x'G5 eg] t/fO{df jgfOg] Knfli6s 3/x?
j/Lk/L vN' nf /fvL kfgL, cl;gf cflbjf6 jRg] u/L 5fgfd] fq nufOPsf] x'G5 . t/fO{df jgfOg] o:tf 3/x?
leq gul' D;g] v'Nnf xg' h?/L x'G5 .

!%_ Knfli6s 3/ / kf]nL xfp; lgdf{0f ubf{ s:tf] Knfli6s ko| fu] ug'{ kb{5 <

F Knfli6s 3/ lgdf{0f ubf{ ;]tf] Knfli6s ;L6sf] ko| f]u ug{' kb{5 h;n] ubf{ ;"os{ f] ks| fz lj?jf kU' g ;sf;] \ .

!^_ uf]ne8] f ksfpg] ljlw s] s] 5g\ <

F ufn] e]8fnfO{ kfSg] cjlw ;Dd jf]6d} /fv]/ jf bfgf l5lKkPkl5 l6k]/ :6f]/df klg ksfpg ;lsG5 .
ufn] e]8f l6Kg] ljlw o;nfO{ glhs jf 6f9f jhf/ sxfF ljqmL ug]{ To;df e/ k/s] f] xG' 5 .

!&_ ufn] e]8fnfO{ l9nf] kfsf;] eGgsf nflu s] ul/G5 <

F ufn] e8] f 9Lnf u/L kfsf]; cyjf 6f9fsf] jhf/df ljlqm ug{sf] nflu e]6\gf] ;lxt kl/kSj xl/of] kmnsf]
6'Kkf efusf] /u+ xNsf xl/ofj] f6 kxFn] f] xl/of] /u+ df kl/jt{g ePsf] cj:yfdf l6Kg' pko'Qm xG' 5 .

!*_ ufn] e]8f kfs/] gkfss] f] s;/L klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 <

F uf]ne]8f kfSg z?' u/]kl5 o;sf] kmn sfF8fjf6 g/d x'Fb} hfg] tyf /u+ df kl/jtg{ xF'b} hfG5 . ufn] e]8f
^ j6f ljleGg cj:yfdf kfs]sf] ;s+ ]t /]vf kb{5 tL dWo] kl/kSj xl/of] / /ftf] jf s8f cj:yfdf /fd|f]
xG' 5 .

af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf] 17

!(_ 6f9f ahf/df ljlqmsf] nflu sg' cj:yfdf uf]ne]8f l6Kg plrt xfn] f <

F 6f9f jhf/ ljlqmsf] nflu ljzi] ft xl/of] kl/kSj kmnsf] 6K' kf efusf] /u+ xNsf xl/ofj] f6 kx]nF f] xl/of] /+udf
kl/0ft ePsf] x'g' kb{5 . o:tf] cj:yfsf] uf]ne8] f e08f/0fsf nflu klg l6Kg] ul/G5 .

@)_ ufn] e]8f KoflsË ubf{ s:tf] sG6g] /df /fVg' kb5{ <

F uf]ne8] f ljz]ift Knfli6s qm]6, sf7sf] jfs;, 6f]s/L jf sf8j{ f]8{ jfs;df KoflsË ul/G5 . 9'jfgL ubf{
KoflsË u/s] f kmnx? efF8f] leq xlNng' xFb' g}  . 6f9f 9'jfgLsf] nflu sf8j{ f]8{ jfs;df /fVg' pkoQ' m x'G5 .

@!_ ufn] e]8f km"n km"n]sf] lbgbl] v kmn kfSg slt lbg nfUb5 <

F ufn] e8] f km"n kmn" s] f] lbgbl] v kmn kfSg $% b]lv ^) lbg nfUb5 .

@@_ ufn] e8] f pTkfbg ubf{ dnvfbsf] dfqf slt lbg cfjZos x'G5 <

F uf]ne8] f v]tLsf nflu k|lt /fk] gL !%)) s=] hL= sDkfi] 6 dn !) s=] hL= gfO6f« ]hg, !) s=] hL= kmf:] kmf/] ;,
&=% s]=hL= kf6] f; dn ko| fu] ug{' kb5{  . o; jfxs] lkgf, jfofh] g, lh+s ;Nkm6] h:tf ;'Id tTjx? klg
ko| fu] ug{ ;lsG5 .

@#_ ufn] e8] fdf 3D' tL afnL / cGt/afnL sf] s] dxTj 5 <

F ufn] e8] f vt] L ug{] hdLgdf 3'DtL afnL nufpbF f df6f]jf6 pTkGg xg' ] /f]ux? nfUbg}  . ufn] e]8fsf cUnf]
hftx? vt] L ul/Psf] 7fpFdf sfpnL, aGbf / xl/of ;fu;AhL h:tf cGt/afnL nufOP{ df kl| t OsfO{
hdLgaf6 j9L cfDbfgL lng ;lsG5 .

@$_ uf]ne8] f vt] Ldf s:tf] vfnsf] afnL cGt/afnLsf] ?kdf nufpg ;lsG5 <

F uf]ne8] f v]tL ul/Psf 7fpF vf; u/L Knfli6s 3/ / 6g] ndf xl/of ;fu;AhLx? cGt/afnLsf] ?kdf
nufpg ;lsG5 .

@%_ ufn] e8] fdf l;rfOs{ f] dxTj s:tf] /xG5 < s'g s'g cj:yfdf l;rfO{ ug'{ kb{5 <

F ;fwf/0ftof df6fs] f] cj:yf / df;} d x/] L &–!@ lbgsf] km/sdf l;rfO{ lbg cfjZos x'G5 . uf]ne]8fsf]
lj?jf ;f/s] f] jn] f, km"n kmN" g] cj:yf tyf kmnx? jl[ 4 xg' ] cj:yfdf l;rfO{ lbg' h?/L xG' 5 . yfk] f l;rfO{
cToGt ke| fjsf/L b]lvPsf] 5 .

@^_ 5fkf] lbg] / dlNrË egs] f] s] xf] < o;sf] nflu s'g sg' j:tx' ? ko| f]u ug'{ pkoQ' m xG' 5 <

F 5fkf] / dlNrË eGgfn] ;s' s] f] emf/kft, k/fn, wfgsf] e;' cflb uf]ne8] f /fK] g] ljlQs} df6f] dfly 5fK] g]
k|so[ fnfO{ hgfpbF 5 . cfhsn sfnf] /u+ sf] @)) u]h jf ;f] eGbf jfSnf] Knfli6ssf] 5fkf] nufpg] rng
5 / of] nfebfos klg 5 .

@&_ uaf/f] egs] f] s:tf] vfnsf] sL/f xf] < ufn] e8] f v]tLdf uaf/f]sf Joj:yfkg s;/L ul/G5 <

F uaf/f] Ps lsl;dsf] vk6] sL/fsf] nfef{ xf] h;n] km"n, nfef{, Kok" f / jo:s u/L rf/ cj:yfdf cfˆgf]
hLjgL k"/f ub5{  . nfef{ cj:yfdf o;n] uf]ne8] fnfO{ Kjfn kf/L gfS] ;fgL k¥' ofpFb5 . uaf/fs] f] Joj:yfkg
km'n cj:yf bl] vg} ug{' kb5{  . olx km"n cj:yfdf Wofg ko' f{‍pg ;lsPg eg] km"njf6 lg:ss] f] nfef{ kmnsf]
e]6\gfj] f6 k;]/ / cfwf z/L/ jflx/ / cfwf z/L/ leq /fv]/ vfO/{ x]sf x'G5g \ . o:tf] cj:yfdf xftn] l6k/]
kmfNg ;lsG5 .

@*_ uaf/fn] fO{ xftn] gi6 ug{ g;lsPsf] cj:yfdf s;/L Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 <

F km]/f]dg kf;f]sf] k|ofu] n] klg o; sL/fsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 . kf;f]df ldyfOn ol' hgn / sL6gfzs
ljiffbL /fvk] l5 ldyfOn o'lhgnsf] jf;fgfn] efn] k'tnLx? o; kf;f] kb5{ g\ / efn] kf]yLsf] ;F;u{ xg'
gkfO,{ eljiodf logLx?sf] ;+Vof jl[ 4df sdL cfpbF 5 .

18 af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf]

@(_ uaf/fs] f] lgoGq0fsf nflu 3/]n' tyf /f;folgs pkfox? s] s] 5g\ <

F uf]ne8] f nufPsf] Kn6df jLr–jLrdf ;okqL kmn" , c;kmL{ kmn" nufof] eg] oL km"nx?sf] uGwn] sL/fx?
Tot} cfslif{t eO{ Pslqt xG' 5g\ / oxfF ljifflbsf] ko| f]u ubf{ ;lhnf] t/Lsfn] /fs] yfd ug{ ;lsG5 .
dfly pNnl] vt pkfPx?n] gePdf gLddf cfwfl/t ljiffbL h:t} jfof]nk] # uf| d k|ltln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/
jgfPsf] emfn] k|ofu] ug{] cyjf OG8f];Nkmfg #% O{=l;= !=% ld=ln= kl| t ln6/ kfgLdf jgfPsf] emf]n klg
5g{ ;lsG5 .

#)_ lnkm dfOg/ sL/fn] uf]ne]8fdf sltsf] gfS] ;fg ko' fp{ F5 / s;/L Joj:yfkg ul/G5 <

F o; sL/fn] uf]ne8] fsf] kftdf c08f kfb5{ / lj:tf/} c08fjf6 nfefd{ f kl/0ft ePkl5 kft leq ;]tf] ;'?Ë
agfp5 / cGtdf kft v/} f] e} ;s' /] db{5 . o;sf] Joj:yfkgdf ufOs{ f] uxtF' , gLddf cfwfl/t sL6gfzs
ljiffbL cyjf /fu] / @ ld=ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g{' kb5{  .

#!_ ag] f{ s'lxg] -Damping off_ /f]u nfUg glbg s'g–sg' pkfox? ckgfpg ;lsG5 <

F jg] fs{ f] 8fF7 sl' xg], jg] f{ sl' xg] /fu] g;/{ L cj:yfdf nfUg] /f]u xf] . o;n] ubf{ j]gfs{ f] 8f7F s'lxg,] 9Ng] / dg{]
ub5{  . o;sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ k|Tos] jif{ Pp6} Jof8 ko| fu] gug,{] kfgLsf] lgsf;sf] /fd|f] kj| Gw ldnfpg],
;f}o{ phf{jf6 Kof8 pkrf/ ug{] kmdfl\{ng %) ld=ln= kl| t !) ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ ! ju{dL6/ Jof8sf]
pkrf/ ug{] jf jl] ei6Lg jf SofK6fg !=%–@ u|fd kl| t ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ Jof8sf] pkrf/ ug'{ kb{5 .

#@_ cuf6} / k5f6} ] 89j' f /f]udf s] km/s 5 < oL /f]ux? nfUg glbg s'g sg' pkfox? cjnDjg ug{
;lsG5 <

F 89j' f /f]u cfn' afnLsf] ;je} Gbf 3fts /fu] xf] . cuf}6] 89j' f /fu] df j9' f kftsf] dflyNnf] ;txdf sfnf,
yf]Knfx? bv] fkb{5g\ kl5 uP/ kft kx]Flng] / ;'s]/ emg{] ub5{ eg] k5f6} ] 89'jf /fu] df z?' df kftsf] lsgf/f
jf 6'Kkfd] f ;–;fgf v/} f] sfnf bfux? bv] f kb{5g\ / km}nb} hfbF f k'/} kft 8fF7 / kmndf ;dt] nfUb5 .
/fu] L bfgfdf v}/f] lsl;dsf] bfu b]lvG5 tyf kl5 k'/} bfgf sfnf] /u+ sf] eO{ s'x/] emb{5 . /fu] u|:t jf]6
k'/} sxP' sf] h:tf] bl] vG5 . o; /f]ujf6 jRgsf] nflu uf]ne]8f kl/jf/ jfxs] sf 3'lDt afnL nufpg], /f]u
;xg] hftx? dgk|s] ;, ;h[ gf h:tf hftx?sf] vt] L ug{], 8fOy{ g] Pd–$%, l/8f]ldn jf jl] ei6Lg h:tf
ljiffbLx? @–# u|fd !)–!% lbgsf] cGt/fndf 5g'{ kb{5 .

##_ ˆoh" fl/od cf]Onfpg] /fu] -Fusarium Wilt_ s;/L pTkGg x'G5 / o;sf] /fs] yfd s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <

F of] /f]u ˆo'hfl/od gfds 9;' Ln] ub5{  . o;sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ kftx? kx]lnG5g,\ cfO] nfpFb5g\ / jf]6x?
ljiffbLaf6 Joj:yfkg ug{ ufx|f] kb5{  . o:tf] cj:yfdf 3D' tL afnL k|0ffnL ckgfpg], kmdf{lngn] Jof8
pkrf/ ug,{] @–# u|fd AnfO6{ S; %) k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ af6] sf] kmb] df leHg] u/L xfNbf /fu] sd
ug{ ;lsG5 .

#$_ JofS6l] /on cfO] nfpg] /f]u -Bacterial Wilt_ s;/L lrGg ;lsG5 < o;sf] Joj:yfkg s;/L ug{' kb{5 <

F uf]ne8] fsf] kftx? z'?df tnlt/ nqg,] cf]Onfpg] / l5§} lj?jf dg]{ ub5{  . /f]uL jf]6sf] 8fF7 sf6/] x]bf{
sf]6s] f] 7fpjF f6 v}/f] lkk h:tf] ¥ofn lg:sG5 . o;sf] Joj:yfkg vf; u/L uf]ne8] f kl/jf/sf] vt] L
ul/Psf] hUufdf Ps–bO' { jif{ v]tL gug,]{ j]gf{ pv]Nbf, uf]8d]n ubf{ rf]6 k6s nfUgaf6 arfpg] / cGTodf
NkfG6fd] fOl;g :6K«] 6f]dfOl;g lSng h:tf ljiffbLx? ! uf| d k|ltln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ :k]| ug{' kb{5 .

#%_ h/fdf nfUg] luvf{ /f]u -Rootnot Nematode_ s:tf] x'G5, o;nfO{ s;/L Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 <

F of] h/fdf nfUg] gd] f6f]8sf] sf/0fn] nfUb5 . /f]uL jf6] x? xf]rf x'G5g\ tyf kftx? ;fgf cfsf/sf /
kxF]lnPsf xG' 5g \ . jf]6x? pv]n/] x]bf{ h/fx?df uf7F fx? bv] f kb{5g\ . o;sf] Joj:yfkgsf] nflu o;

af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf] 19

kl/jf/sf] vt] L ul/Psf] hUufdf t'?Gt} v]tL gnufpg], pQm hUufdf ;"o{d'vLsf] vt] L nufpg], j]gf{ ;fg{]
jn] fdf !–@ u|fd sfaf]ˆ{ o/" fg @% u|fd gLdsf] lkgf k|Tos] vf8ndf xfNg] . lkgfnfO{ dnsf] ?kdf klg
ko| f]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

#^_ kft uh' dh' kg{] -Leaf curl virus_ s] n] kmn} fp5F < o;sf] Joj:yfkg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <

F of] efO/;sf] sf/0fn] pTkGg xg' ] /f]u xf] . o;sf] sf/0fn] jf6] ;fgf,] 5f6f] xg' ] / kft tnlt/ bfl] jg{ ] ub5{
/ gofF cfPsf kftx? kx]lF nG5g\ . kmn ;fgf–;fgf xG' 5g\ / Hofb} yf/] } kmNb5 . of] /f]u ;t] f] lemuF fn] / cGo
r;' /] vfg] vfnsf sL/fn] km}nfpF5 . o;sf] Joj:yfkg /fu] u|:t lj?jf pvn] ]/ kmfNg,] hnfpg,] l:qmg
xfp;df lj?jf pTkfbg ug]{ / /f]u/ h:tf bl} xs ljiffbL ! ld=ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5gk{' b5{  .

#&_ uf]ne]8fdf bv] f kg]{ cGo efO/; /fu] x?af6 jrfpg cGo ljlwx? s]–s] 5g\ <

F ufn] e]8fdf 6f6k] f6] efO/; h:tf cGo /fu] x? klg b]vfkb{5g \ . o;sf] /f]syfd ug{ ljiff0f' d'Qm df6f]df
v]tL nufpg], /f]u ;xg] vfnsf hftsf] dfq v]tL ug]{, ufO{ e;F} Lsf] b'w !) ld=ln= kl| t ln6/ kfgLdf
ld;fO{ Jof8 / afnLdf !% lbgsf] cGt/df 5bf{ /fu] j[l4 x'g kfpbF }g .

#*_ ufn] e]8fsf] kmn s] sf/0fn] km6' b\ 5 -Fruit Cracking_ x'G5 < o;nfO{ s;/L sd ug{ ;lsG5 <

F kmn bO' { ks| f/n] km'6]sf] bl] vG5 . klxnf] kl/kSj xl/of] cj:yfdf kmndf e]6\gfsf] j/Lk/L cfF}7L cfsf/df
km'6\5 eg] csf{] k"/f kfss] f] cj:yfdf kmnsf] km]bjf6 6K' kflt/ km'6/] hfG5 . o:tf] cj:yf sd ug{
uf]ne8] f jf/Ldf lgoldt l;rfO{ u//] , gkm'6\g] hftx? nufP/, ;dod} kmn l6k]/ tyf jf]8f{] ldS:r/ :k|]
u/]/ Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 .

#(_ kmnsf] 6K' kf sl' xg] -Blossom End Root_ s:tf] cj:yfdf nfUb5 / s;/L Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 <

F of] /f]u df6f]df lr:ofgsf] sdL tyf w]/} lr:ofg xg' / SoflN;od tTjsf] sdLsf] sf/0fn] bv] f kb{5 .
z'?df kmn xl/of] 5Fb} kmnsf] 6'Kkfdf bfu b]vfkb5{ / kl5 sfnf] xG' 5 . o;sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ v]tL ul/Psf]
df6f]df lgoldt lr:ofg sfod /fVg] / SoflN;od tTj lj?jfdf pknAw u/fP/ ug{ ;lsG5 .

$)_ kmn l/Qf] x'g] -Puffiness/ Hollowness_ ;d:of / ljs[lt s;/L pTkGg x'G5 <
F kmn l/Qf] xg' ] ;d:of uef{wfg lqmof /fd/| L gxg' ' / E?0fx?sf] j[l4 gePsf] sf/0fn] o:tf] ljs[lt bv] f

kb5{  . o;jf6 kmn lunf] tyf sd tf}nsf x'g], jLp /xg] y}nLx? ub' L, hn] L kbfyn{ ] el/Psf xbF' g} g\ .
kmnsf] jflx/L efu j[l4 x'G5 t/ leqL efu j[l4 xbF' g} kmn:j?k vfq] mf] x'G5 .

$!_ sL6gfzs ljifflbsf] ;s+ ]tx? s] s] 5g\ <

F sL6gfzs ljiffbLx?sf] j§f÷kfs6] x?df /ftf], kxn] f], lgnf] / xl/of] /u+ sf ;s+ ]tx? lbOPsf xG' 5g\ . /ftf]
/u+ sf] ;+st] n] ;j} eGbf vt/f sf] ;+s]t lbG5 eg] qmdzM 36\b} uP/ xl/of] ;s+ t] sd hfl] vdk"0f{ xG' 5 .

$@_ t/sf/Ldf k|ofu] ul/g] ljifflb sg' /u+ sf] xg' sd vt/fsf] ;+st] ub{5 <

F t/sf/Ldf ;s;] Dd 3/fo;L / hl} js ljiffbLsf] ko| fu] ug{ :jf:Yosf] nflu nfebfos xG' 5 t/ s'g} s'g}
cj:yfdf /f;folgs ljiffbLsf] ko| fu] gu/L gx'g] cj:yf cfPdf xl/of] /+usf] ;+s]t ePsf] ko| f]u ug'{ kb5{
/ o;df n]lvPsf] ljiffbL k|of]u kl5 afnL l6Kg / k|of]u ug{' kg{] ;donfO{ k0" f{ ?kdf kfngf ug{' kb{5 .

$#_ /fdf| ] Joj:yfkg u/]sf] uf]ne8] f vt] Ljf6 kl| t /f]kgL slt ;Dd pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 <

F ufn] e]8fsf] pTkfbg o;df k|of]u ul/g] dnvfb afnL Joj:yfkg nufotsf w/] } s'/fx? e/ kb5{ tfklg
v'Nnf ;+]lrt hftn] !%))–@%)) s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgL j0f{zs+ / hftn] $))) s]=hL= k|lt /fk] gL tyf ;h[ gf,
ljz]if h:tf hftx?n] !),))) s]=hL=;Dd pTkfbg lbPsf] /]s8{ kfOG5 .

20 af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf]

$$_ ufn] e8] f kmn s:tf–] s:tf] cj:yfdf l6Kg ;lsG5 <

F ufn] e]8f kmn w/] } cj:yfx?df l6Kg ;lsG5 t/ ^ j6f cj:yfnfO{ clu+sf/ u/]sf] kfOG5 h:tM} ckl/kSj
xl/of], kl/kSj xl/of], u'nfjL /u+ z'? ePsf] u'nfjL /ftf] s8f / /ftf] w/] } kfss] f] t/ klxnf] / clGtd
cj:yfsf] kmn l6Kg' nfebfos xbF' g}  .

$%_ kmn l6kL ;s]kl5 s:tf] 7fpdF f /fVg' kb{5 <

F ufn] e8] f kmn l6kL ;sk] l5 5xf/L d'gL ;kmf 7fpdF f lkmFhfpg' kb5{  . cfsif{s /u+ , cfsf/ / cfsl[ t gePsf
kmnx? x6fpg' kb5{  .

$^_ kl/kSj xl/of] tyf kfs]sf] ufn] e8] f slt lr:ofgdf j9Ldf slt lbg ;Dd e08f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 <

F kl/kSj xl/of kmnx? !@–!$ l8=;=] tfkqmd / ()–(%% ;fk]lIft cfb|{tfdf &–@! lbg ;Dd e08f/0f ug{
;lsG5 eg] k/' } kfss] f kmnx? *–!) l8=;=] / plQs} cfbt{| fdf $–& lbg ;Dd e08f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

$&_ 6f9f 9j' fgL / jhf/sf] nflu ufn] e8] f 5gf6} ubf{ s:tf–s:tf pkfox? cjnDjg ug'{ kb5{ <

F 6f9f 9'jfgL cyjf jhf/sf] nflu ufn] e]8f l6Kbf ;s] ;Dd kl/jSj xl/of] cj:yfdf l6Kg' kb{5 / o;df
s'g} lsl;dsf] rf6] k6s gnufOs{ g e6] \gf] ;lxt l6Kg' kb{5 . o;nfO{ l9nf ksfpgsf nflu l6kL ;sk] l5
SoflN;od Snf/] fO8 !=&% u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLsf b/n] !% ldg6] 8'jfO{ pkrf/ ug{ ;lsG5 .

$*_ kz| f]wgsf] nflu ufn] e]8f s:tf] cj:yfdf l6Kg' pkoQ' m xG' 5 <

F k|zf]wgsf] nflu /ftf] s8f cj:yfdf cyft{ \ kmnsf] /+u k/" } /ftf] ePsf] t/ kmnx? lunf] geO{;ss] f]
cj:yfdf l6Kg' pkoQ' m xG' 5 .

$(_ ufn] e8] fsf] jLp lgsfNg s:tf] cj:yfsf] kmn l6Kg' pkoQ' m x'G5 <

F ufn] e8] fsf] jLp lgsfNgsf] nflu /ftf] w/] } kfs]sf] cj:yfdf l6Kg' kb{5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf kmnx? k/' } /ftf]
/ 5fDbf lunf] xG' 5g\ .

%)_ jhf/ efpm /fdf| ] ePsf] jn] f uf]ne8] f kmnnfO{ rfF8} ksfpg] sg' } tl/sf ckgfpg ;lsG5 ls <

F kl/kSj xl/of] ufn] e8] f kmnnfO{ e]6g\ f] ;lxt l6kL kfss] f] ufn] e8] f, kfs]sf] s/] f ;Fu ld;fP/ e08f/0f ubf{
l56f] ksfpg ;lsG5 .

%!_ kofj{ /l0fo Ifq] -Ecological Belt_ cg';f/ a]df;} dL uf]ne]8f vt] L ug{] pkoQ' m ;dox? sg' sg' xg' \ <

F dWo kxf8 -!)))–!%)) dL6/_ df h]7–c;f/, j]zL -#))–!))) dL6/_ df c;f/–;fpg / t/fO{ -#))
dL6/_ df ebf} dlxgfdf vt] L nufpg] pkoQ' m dflgG5 .

%@_ t/sf/L afnLdf jLdf s;/L ul/G5 <

F vfBGg afnL, t]nxg, bnxg afnL tyf kzk' lF Ifx?df h:t} t/sf/L afnLdf klg jLdf ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf]
nflu glhss} afnL jLdf ug]{ sDklg tyf s[lif 1fg s]Gb| / sl[ if ;Dks{ sfofn{ ox?df ;Dks{ u/L o;
;DjlGw hfgsf/L lnO{ jLdf ug{ ;lsG5 .

%#_ jLdf ul/Psf] afnLsf] Ifltk"lt{ clwstd slt kl| tzt ;Dd jLdf sDkgLn] Aoxfb] {5 <

F aLldt afnLsf] Ifltsf] Plsg u/L clwstd () k|ltzt ;Dd Iflt Aoxfg] {] k|fjwfg 5 .

af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf] 21

@=@ Kofh (Onion)

!_ Kofh vt] Lsf nflu s:tf] xfjfkfgL cfjZos kb{5 <

F Kofh lr;f] df};d / lxpF bdf x'g] afnL xf ] . lj?jfsf] ljsf;sf] nflu sd tfkqmd /fdf| ] x'G5 eg] ufgfs] f]
ljsf; xg' tfkqmd s]xL j9L rflxG5 . o;sf] v]tL km:6fpg tfkqmd, k|sfz tyf lbgsf] nDjfOn] ljzi] f
e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 .

@_ efu} f]lns Ifq] sf cfwf/df nufOg] Kofhsf s'g–s'g hftx? pknAw 5g\ <

F gk] fndf kr| lnt Kofhsf hftx?df /8] lqmof]n, k';f /8] , gfl;s /8] , gfl;s %#, Pu[ kmfp08 8fs{ /8]
xg' \ . oL ;j} hftx? t/fO{ / dWokxf8df nufpg ;lsG5 eg] pRr kxf8sf] nflu /]8 lqmof]n Pp6f dfq
hft l;kmf/L; ul/Psf] 5 .

#_ gk] fndf Joj;flos ?kdf Kofhsf] jLp sxfF pTkfbg ul/G5 < o;sf] pknAwtf sxf–F sxfF 5 <

F gk] fndf Kofhsf] jLpm Joj;flos ?kdf ?sd' sf] ;dlztfi] 0f t/sf/L jLp pTkfbg s]Gb| tyf cf;kf;sf
ufpkF flnsfx?df pTkfbg eO/x]sf] o; If]qdf ljz]iftf /8] lqmof]n hftsf] jLp pTkfbg xG' 5 / ;f] jLp
ljleGg Puf| e] ]6x?df kfO{G5 .

$_ Kofhsf] nflu s:tf] df6f] pkoQ' m x'G5 <

F Kofhsf] v]tL hg' ;'s} dlnnf], kfgLsf] /fd|f] lgsf; ePsf,] xn'sf bfd] 6 df6fd] f ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] /fd|f]
pTkfbg lng ^=) bl] v ^=* lk=Pr= dfg ePsf] df6f] pko'Qm x'G5 .

%_ Kofh v]tLsf nflu s:tf] :yfg pko'Qm x'G5 <

F Kofh v]tLsf] nflu :yn 5gf}6 ubf{ kfl/nf] ljxfg b]lvg} 3fd nfUg] hUuf 5gf}6 ug{' kb{5 . Kofhsf] jf6]
jl[ 4 eGbf ufgf] nfUgnfO{ j9L tfkqmd h?/t kb5{  .

^_ o;sf] vt] Lsf nflu slt ljpb/ k|lt /f]klg cfjZos x'G5 <

F Kofhv]tL ubf{ s/Lj @ dlxgf cufl8 g} jLp x'gk' b5{  . Ps /fk] gL hdLgsf] nflu %)) u|fd jLp eP
k'Ub5 .

&_ Kofhsf hftx? s:tf s:tf /u+ sf kfO{G5g\ <

F gk] fndf kr| lnt hftx? /ftf, ;t] f / kx]nF f 5g \ .

*_ Kofhsf] jg] f{ cfkm} pTkfbg ug{ sg' –s'g s/' fx? Wofg lbg' kb{5 <

F Kofhsf j]gf{ cfkm} tof/ ug{ ! ld6/ rf}8fO{, # ld6/ nDjfO,{ !)–!% ;]=ld= prfO{ ePsf] Jof8df %–&
;=] ld= sf] km/sdf s'n;] f] jgfO{ jLp v;fNg' kb{5 To;kl5 5fkf] xfNg] / jLp pd|]kl5 ;f] 5fkf] x6fpg'
kb5{  .

(_ Kofh vt] L ubf{ hUufsf] tof/Ldf sltsf] Wofg lbg cfjZos x'G5 <

F Kofh v]tL ubf{ ufgf] afnL ePsf] sf/0fn] cGo t/sf/L afnLdf eGbf ljzi] f Wofg lbg' kb5{ . /fd|f;] uF
vghft] u/L @%–#) ;]=ld= ;Dd df6f] wn'[ f] kf/L cfjZos dfqfdf dnvfb /fVg'kb{5 .

!)_ o;sf] vt] L slt k|sf/n] ug{ ;lsG5 < s'g tl/sfn] vt] L ubf{ j9L pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 <

F ;fwf/0ftof Kofhsf] tLg ks| f/n] v]tL ul/G5M ;f]em} kftnf] jLp 5//] , j]gf{ pdf/L plrt b/" Ldf jg] f{ ;f/]/
tyf klxn] Kofhsf ;fgf ;fgf ;6] tof/ u/L pQm ;6] jf6 Kofhsf] vt] L u//]  . Kofhsf] ;6] jf6 ul/g] vt] L
ljz]ift jd] f};ddf ul/G5 .

22 af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf]

!!_ Kofhsf] pTkfbg k|lt /f]klg slt xG' 5 / ufgf] Kofh pTkfbg / xl/of] ;fusf] nflu nufOPsf] sg' af6
j9L kmfObf lng ;lsG5 <

F Kofh vt] L ubf{ o;nfO{ ckgfpg' kg]{ ljlwx? /fd/| L ckgfPsf] v08df @)))–#))) s=] hL= kl| t /f]kgL
pTkfbg xG' 5 . v'b gfkmfsf] lx;fjn] xg] ]{ xf] eg] jd] f;} ddf ;]6 k|of]u u/L nufOPsf] xl/of] ;fu pTkfbg
jf6 bf]Aa/ j9L kmfObf lng ;lsG5 .

!@_ j]df};dL Kofh v]tL ug{ s'g t/Lsf cjnDjg ug{' kb{5 <

F j]df;} dL Kofh v]tL ug{ ;6] pTkfbg ubf{ klg Kofhsf] lxFpb] g;/{ L /fvh] :t} /fVg] xf] t/ jLp eg] lgs}
kftnf] 5g'{kb5{ tyf dnvfbsf] dfqf klg j9fpg' kb{5 . @–# u|fdsf] ;]6 /fK] g] xf] eg] ^)–&% s]=hL=
Kofhsf] ;6] kl| t /fk] gL Ifq] kmnsf] nflu cfjZos x'G5 .

!#_ Kofhsf] ;6] -jLpm Kofh_ s;/L pTkfbg ul/G5 <

F Kofhsf] jLp 5/L jg] f{ tof/ ul/G5 / tLg} jg] f{jf6 cfjZostf cg;' f/ ufgf jf ;6] tof/ ul/G5 . ;]6
tof/ ug{ jg] f{ tof/ ug{ eGbf kftnf] u/L jLp 5l/G5 . ;]6jf6 ljz]ift xl/of] ;fu vfgsf] nflu /f]lkG5 .

!$_ Kofh v]tL ubf{ vfB tTjx?sf] s] dxTj 5 / s'g tTjsf] j9L cfjZostf kb{5 <

F Kofh vt] L ubf{ vfBtTjsf] Hofb} dxTjk0" f{ :yfg /xG5 . hUuf tof/Lsf] j]nfdf nufPsf] dnvfb jfx]s
lj?jf /fd|/L ;/]kl5 klxnf] k6s #)–$) lbg leq dlN6KnS] ; jf @ Pd Pn Puf| ]ldg kl| tln6/ kfgLdf
ld;fO{ !%–!% lbgsf] km/sdf $ k6s 5g{' kb{5 . Kofhdf ljz]if u/L lhs+ / sk/sf] sdL xg' ] x'gfn] oL
tTjx? cfwf s]=hL= lh+s tyf ! s=] hL= sk/ k|lt /f]kgLsf b/n] xfNg l;kmfl/; ul/G5 .

!%_ hl} js ljiffbL eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf] k|of]uaf6 s] s] kmfOb{ f x'G5 <

F gLd, uxtF' , c;/' f] jf uGw cfpg] j:t' k|ofu] u/L 3/fo;L jf kz| fw] g ljlw 4f/f jgfOP{ sf] afnL jf kzx' ?df
logsf zq' lj?4df k|ofu] ul/g] kbfyn{ fO{ h}ljs ljiffbL elgG5 . o;sf cjz]ifx? -Residues_ nfdf]
cjlw;Dd g/xg] xbF' f dfgj :jf:Yosf] lx;fjn] nfebfos xG' 5g\ .

!^_ KofhnfO{ /fd|f] a[l4 u/fpg s'g s'g lj?jf jws{ /;fogx?sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 <

F KofhnfO{ /fdf| ] jl[ 4 u/fpg df6fd] f ko| f]u ul/Psf d'Vo tTjx? jfx]s cGo lj?jf abs{ /;fogx? h:t}
el] hdS] ; cfwf / @ ld=ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLsf b/n,] Puf| l] dg % uf| d kl| t ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ ;ft lbgdf
! k6s :k]| ubf{ lj?jfsf] j[l4 /fd|f] eO{ pTkfbgdf jl[ 4 x'G5 .

!&_ Kofh vt] L ubf{ uf8] dn] s;/L / slt kN6 ;Dd ug'{ kb5{ <

F Kofh xs' g{ ] j]nfdf emf/kft lgoGq0f ug]{ / df6f]nfO{ klg xns' f kfgLsf] nflu uf8] d]nsf] h?/t kb{5 .
Kofh ;f/]kl5 #–$ k6s ;Dd uf]8dn] ug'{ kb5{ kmn:j?k df6f] xns' f eO{ ufgf] 7"nf] x'G5 .

!*_ Kofh vt] Ldf cfpg] emf/x?sf] Joj:yfkg s;/L ul/G5 <

F k6s k6s l;rfO{ ug'{ kg{] x'bF f KofhafnLdf j9Lg} emf/kft knfpbF 5 . ctM afnL cjlw e/df $–% k6s
emf/kft pv]Ng' kb5{  . emf/gfzs ljiffbL j;flngsf] klg Kofh v]tLdf ko| fu] ug{ ;lsG5 .

!(_ Kofh afnLdf l;rfO{ / lgsf;nfO{ s;/L Jojl:yt ug{ ;lsG5 <

F df;} d tyf df6fs] f] lr:ofg x]/L %–& lbgsf] km/sdf l;rfO{ lbg' kb{5 . KofhnfO{ kfgLsf] cfjZostf
cGo afnLnfO{ eGbf j9L x'G5 . afnL cjlwe/ !)–!@ k6s l;rfO{ lbg' kb{5 t/ lgsf;sf] Joj:yf klg
Tolts} h?/L xG' 5 . Kofh pv]Ng] !% lbg cuf8L l;rfO{ jGb ug{' kb{5 .

af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf] 23

@)_ Kofh afnLdf bv] f kg]{ d"Vo–d"Vo sL/fx? s'g sg' x'g / o;sf] Joj:yfkg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <

F Kofh afnLdf nfUg] d"Vo sL/f ly|K; g} xf ] . o;n] ubf{ kftdf ;t] f tyf kx]nf wAjfx? b]lvG5g\ tyf
kft vl' Drg] / dg]{ ub5{ g \ . o; jfxs] pkm| g] vk6,] nfxL, ;'n;n' ] h:tf sL/fn] klg bM' v lbG5g \ . hl} js
ljiffbLx?jf6 /f]syfd xg' g;sd] f dfnfyfog /f]u/ yfof]8fg, ge' fg h:tf ljiffbLx? @ ld=ln= kl| t ln6/
kfgLsf b/n] :k|] ubf{ lo sL/fx?sf] Aoj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 .

@!_ Kofhsf] jh} gL wAjf -Purple Blotch_ /f]usf] nIf0f s:tf] x'G5 / o;sf] Aoj:yfkg s;/L ug{
;lsG5 <

F o;sf] cfqmd0faf6 kftdf j}hgL /+usf] sG] b| ePsf] ;fgf ;t] f] bfux? b]lvG5g\ / tL bfux? ljsl;t eO{
kft / km"nsf] 8fF7nfO{ 3b] 5{ g\ kmn:j?k kft / 8f7F ;S' b5g \ . o;sf] /fs] yfd ug{ )=@% kl| tzt 8folyg
Pd–$% :k|] ug{ ;lsG5 / ke| fjsf/L kfOPsf] 5 .

@@_ Kofhdf nfUg] 8fpgL ldN8o' -Downy Mildew_ /f]u s:tf] jftfj/0fdf j9L kmn} G5 / s;/L Joj:yfkg
ug{ ;lsG5 <

F of] /f]u pRr cfb{|tf ePsf] Ifq] jf jftfj/0fdf j9L km}nG5 . o;sf] cfqmd0faf6 kft / km"nsf] 8f7F nfO{
j}hgL /+usf] 9';L ljsf; xG' 5 / kl5 xl/of,] kxFn] f] /u+ df kl/0ft eO{ kft / 8fF7 lg:t]h eO{ eflrG5 /
o;sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ )=@ kl| tzt lhgj] 5gk{' b5{  .

@#_ JofS6l] /on g/d ;8g -Bacterial Soft Rot_ sg' cj:yfdf nfUb5 / o;sf Joj:yfkg ljlwx? s] s]
5g\ <

F of] /fu] e08f/0fdf ufgfsf] dflyNnf] efu ;8g\ uO{ bu' {lGwt x'G5 . of] /f]u j9L cfb|{tf ePsf] 7fpFdf
km}nG5 / o;jf6 aRgsf] nflu e08f/0f ug{' cufl8 /fd|/L ;s' fpg], rf]6k6s gnufpg] / rf]6 k6s nfus] f
5g\ eg] e08f/0f ug{' cuf8L g} x6fpg' kb5{  . e08f/0f 3/ ;V' vf, lr;f] / xfjf vN] g] x'gkb{5 .

@$_ Kofh v]tL ;DaGwL ;d:of cfOkbf{ sg' sg' lgsfox?df ;Dks{ ug'{ kb5{ <

F Kofh vt] L ubf{ cfO{kg]{ ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg x]t' ;Dks{ ug{' kg]{ klxnf] lgsfo egs] f] lhNnf l:yt sl[ if
1fg s]Gb| g} xf] . To; jfxs] klg ;/sf/L kmfd{ sG] b|, t/sf/L ljsf; lgbz{] gfno / gk] fn s[lif cg';Gwfg
kl/ifb h:tf lgsfox?df ;Dks{ ug{ ;lsG5 .

@%_ Kofh v]tLdf sL/fx?sf] h}ljs ljlwjf6 s;/L Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 <

F Kofhdf b]vf kg{] lyK| ;, nfxL h:tf sL/fx?nfO{ 3/df tof/ ul/Psf] gLd, jfe] mf,] ufO{sf] ux't cflbsf]
ld>0f j]nf–j]nfdf :k|] ug{ ;sd] f sL/fx? eufpg ;lsG5 . o; jfxs] jhf/df lgddf cfwfl/t h}ljs
ljiffbLx? klg pknAw 5g \ .

@^_ Kofhdf nfUg] /f]ux? Joj:yfkg ug{ ko| f]u ul/g] 3/fo;L ljlwx? s] s] 5g\ <

F Kofhdf nfUg] /fu] x? Joj:yfkg ug{ ;jk{ y| d 3D' tL afnLdf j9L Wofg lbg' kb5{  . Kofh nfuPsf]
v]tLjf/Ldf l;rfO{ / lgsf;sf] /fdf| ] kj| Gw ug]{ / gLd, uxt' afh] f] h:tf j:tx' ? k|ofu] u/L jgfOPsf
kbfy{ jn] f j]nfdf k|ofu] ug{' w]/} /f]ux? Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 .

@&_ Kofh vt] Ldf dnvfb Joj:yfkg s;/L ul/G5 <

F Kofh vt] Ldf dnvfb Joj:yfkgsf] nflu !)))–!%)) s]=hL= uf]j/dn, !)–!@ s]=hL= gfO6«f]hg, &–*
s=] hL= km:kmf]/; tyf #–$ s]=hL= kf6] fl;od k|lt /fk] gL cfjZos kb{5 . o; jfx]s lj?jf jw{s /;fogx?
klg ko| fu] ug{ ;lsG5 .

24 af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf]

@*_ Kofh vGg' eGbf cuf8L s'g–sg' pkfo ckgfpFbf nfdf] ;do e08f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 <

F KofhnfO{ nfdf] ;do ;Dd e08f/0f ug{ ;lsof;] eGgsf nflu vGg' eGbf !%–@) cufl8 bl] v l;rfO{
gug{] Kofh ufgf] l5Kofp5F g\ kft kxFl] ng z?' ePkl5 xft v'§f jf 8d« sf] ;xfotfn] !)–!% lbg cufj}
jf]6 dsf{O lbg] tyf vGbf v/] L rf6] k6s gnufO{ / /fd/| L ;'sfP/ e08f/0f ug'{ kb5{ h;n] ubf{ KofhnfO{
nfdf] ;do;Dd e08f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

#)_ Kofh ;s' fpg] -Curing_ eGgfn] s] al' emG5 < of] ljlw s;/L ckgfO{G5 <

F Kofh vgL;sk] l5 xfjfbf/, 5fofbF f/ tyf ;V' vf :yfgdf ;'sfpg h?/L xG' 5 h;nfO{ ;s' fpg] jf Sol' /Ë
elgG5 . Kofhdf ePsf] cToflws lr:ofg 36g\ uO{ Kofh vlF bnf,] ;fgf] tyf jflx/sf] jfq] mf ;V' vf tyf
kftnf] eO{ e08f/0f ug{ ;xh xG' 5 .

#!_ dl] ns xfO8{ «fhfO8{ sf] ko| fu] lsg / s;/L ul/G5 <

F Kofhsf] ufgf tof/ xg' ' eGbf @ xKtf cufl8 g} Kofhsf] jf6] df dl] ns xfO8{ f« hfO{8 gfds /;fog @%))
lk=lk=Pd=k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5/d] f e08f/0fdf Kofh pdg| ] ks| o[ f cj?4 xG' 5 h;n] Kofhsf] e08f/0f
cjlw a9fFpb5 ;fy} Kofhsf] u0' f:t/ lgwf{/0f ug{ d2t ub5{  .

#@_ KofhnfO{ s;/L s;/L e08f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 <

F KofhnfO{ ;'Vvf, lr;f] tyf xfjf ;r+ f/ x'g] lsl;dsf] e08f/ 3/ rflxG5 . :yfgLo :t/df eg] v/sf]
5fgf] ePsf] xfjf /fd|f] ;+rfng xg' ] h'6sf] jf]/fn] 5fl] kPsf] e08f/0f ;+/rgfdf e08f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

##_ Kofh ljqmL ug'{ cuf8L s;/L KoflsË ug{' kb5{ <

F Kofh ljqmL ug'{ cuf8L xfjf l5g]{ h6' sf] jf/] fdf KoflsË ug'{ pkoQ' m x'G5 .

#$_ Kofh e08f/0fdf l5§} pd|g÷] 6';fpg] sf/0f s] xf] / o;af6 aRg s] pkfP ug{ ;lsG5 <

F Kofhsf] ufgfx? hLljt ePsf]n] :jf; kZ| jf; lqmof hf/L g} /xG5 / ufgf]df kfgLsf] dfqf /xs] fn] ] ;o" {sf]
k|sfz kfpgf;fy 6;' fpg yfNb5 . 6';fpgaf6 jRgsf] nflu ;s] ;Dd cFWof/f] sf7] f tyf afnL vGg' cufj}
dl] ns xfO8«fhfO{8sf] ko| f]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

#%_ Kofh sf6\bf lk/f] Uof;F kml} nG5 lsg <

F Kofhdf Ps lsl;dsf] Plngf]h gfds OGhfOd{ x'G5 h;sf] dfWodjf6 ;fOgf] kf| k] fgl] yon P; cS;fO{8
gfds Uof; jG5 h'g xfjf dfkm{t cfvF fdf kU' 5 / lk/f] eO{ cfvF f kfN] b5 .

#^_ Kofh e08f/ cfn' e08f/df s] leGgtf 5 <

F Kofh e08f/0f ubf{ ;'Vvf, lr;f] tyf xfjf ;+rf/sf] k"0f{ ;+of]hg xg' ' kb5{ .hf] cfn' e08f/0fsf] k|ljlw
eGbf km/s 5 .

#&_ afnL pTkfbg pk/fGt gfS] ;fgL xg' ] sf/0f s] s] x'g ;Sb5g\ <

F Kofhsf] ufgf]df kz| :t dfqfdf lr:ofg /xg] x'gfn] pkoQ' m ?kdf e08f/0f ug{ ;lsPg eg] l5§} gfS] ;fgL
x'G5 . ljzi] ft k"0f{ gl5lKkPsf, rf6] k6s nfus] f / xfjfsf] ;+rf/ /fdf| ] gxg' ] 7fpFdf e08f/0f ul/Psf]
v08df j9L gfS] ;fgL Joxfg] '{ kg]{ xG' 5 .

@=# sfpnL (Cauliflower)

!_ sfpnL ;d"x cGtu{t s:tf / s'g s'g t/sf/L afnL kb5{ g\ <

F sfpnL afnL ;dx" cGtut{ kg]{ t/sf/L afnLx?sf] slnnf kft 8f7F , kmn" tyf kmn h:tf] b]lvg] h;nfO{
t/sf/Lsf] ?kdf pkef]u ul/G5 . o; cGtu{t kg]{ afnLx?df sfpnL, aGbf, a|fs] fpnL, Uof7F sfj] L, a|f;] ]N;
:k|fp6«, rfOlgh aGbf cflb kb5{ g\ .

af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf] 25

@_ sfpnL s:tf] xfjfkfgLdf xg' ] t/sf/L afnL xf] <
F of] afnL lr;f] xfjfkfgL, hf8] f] df};ddf x'g] afnL xf] . lr;f] ;xg ;Sg] afnL ePsf]n] dWo kxf8 /

t/fO{df hf8fs] f] ;dodf / pRr kxf8L Ifq] df udL{ / jiff{tsf] ;dodf vt] L ul/G5 .cfhsfn jd] f;} dL
v]tL kl| jlwaf6 !@ dlxg} cg';f/sf] xfjfkfgLdf v]tL ul/G5 .

#_ sfpnL vt] Lsf] nflu s:tf] df6f] pkoQ' m x'G5 <
F sfpnL v]tLsf] nflu ;fwf/0ft %=% b]lv ^=^= ;Dd lk=Pr=dfg ePsf] lr:ofg u|x0f ug{ ;Sg] / kfgLsf]

lgsf; ePsf,] kz| :t kf| Ëfl/s kbfy{ ePsf] bfd] 6 df6f] pko'Qm xG' 5 .

$_ g]kfndf sfpnL vt] Lsf nflu /fdf| ] / kr| lnt :yfgLo hft sg' xf] / lsg <
F g]kfndf vt] L ul/g] hftx?dWo] :yfgLo hftx?df sf7df08fF} nfs] n ;j}eGbf /fd|f] dflgG5 .o;jf6 5gf}6

u/L Hofk–" ! / Hofk–" @ ljs;Lt ul/Psf] 5 . logLx? dWo df;} dL hftx? xg'  \ .

%_ sfpnLsf cuf6} ] hftx? sg' s'g xg' \ <
F sfpnLsf cuf}6] hftx? $%–^) lbgdf tof/ x'G5g \ . k';f lbkfnL, k';f sflQsL, l;Ne/ sk, :gfl] di6Ls

o; ;dx" df kb5{ g\ . t/ nufpg] ;do / kofj{ /0fLo cj:yf cg;' f/ l;Ne/ sk, :gf]ldi6Ls h:tf
hftx?nfO{ dWod hftx?df /fv]sf] klg kfO{G5 .

^_ sfpnLsf dWod / k5f6} ] hftx? sg' s'g x'g\ <
F dWod cjlwsf hftx? ^)–() lbgdf tof/ x'G5g . :gf] lsË, :gf] qmfpg, Pg P;=nfOg cflb o; ;dx" df

kb{5g \ . k5f}6] hftx? !))–!@) lbgdf tof/ x'G5g\ . :gf] jn–!^, lsjfh] fO{G6 h:tf hftx? o; ;dx" df
kb{5g \ .

&_ sfpnL vt] Ldf jg] f{ hv{/fpg] s] xf] / cuf6} ] hftsf sfpnLsf j]gf{x?nfO{ hv{/fpg] ul/Gg lsg <
F sfpnLsf jg] fx{ ? klxnf] g;{/Ljf6 bf];|f] g;/{ Ldf ;f/L s]xL 7n" f eP kl5 dV" o vt] jf/Ldf nufpg tof/

ul/g] cj:yfnfO{ hv{/fpg] (Hardening) elgG5 . cuf6} ] hftsf j]gf{x? hv{/fpg] ul/bg} lsgsL 5f]6f]
cjlwdf afnL tof/ x'g] x'bF f hv/{ fpg] ;do vr{ ubf{ pTkfbg /fdf| ] xFb' g}  .

*_ sfpnLsf] jLp pd|g] ljlQs} km]b s'lxP/ 9Ng] dg]{ ub5{ lsg < o;sf] Joj:yfkg s;/L ul/G5 <
F jLp 5/]kl5 pd|b} u/s] f] e|0' fdf To;sf] km]bdf / j9\b} u/]sf] h/fdf 9';Ln] cfqmd0f ub5{ / lj?jf 9Ng]

dg]{ ;d:of pTkGg x'G5 . of] /f]u gnfuf]; eGgsf nflu jLp /fK] g' eGbf !%–@) lbg cufj} ! efu
emdn{ l8xfO6{ %) efu kfgLdf ld;fO{ Jof8sf] df6f] !) ;=] ld= leHg] u/L pkrf/ ug'{ kb{5 . jLp pd]|kl5
jl] eli6g jf jf]8f]l{d\ S:r/n] pkrf/ ug{' kb5{  .

(_ j]df};dL ?kdf vt] L ug{ s'g s'g hftx? pkoQ' m xG' 5g\ <
F j9L tfk, lr;f] tyf /f]u sL/fsf] kl| t/fw] L hftx? j]df};ddf nufpg ;lsG5 . o:tf u0' fx? ljzi] ft

j0f{z+s/ hftx?df kfOG{ 5 . h:t} :gf] qmfpg :gf] ldli6s, :gf] lsË, :gf] SjLg, :gf] 8fe] , l;Ne/sk, xjfO{6
snfp8 cflb xg' \ .

!)_ j]df;} dL vt] L ug{ sg' s'g s'/fx?df Wofg lbg' kb5{ <
F j]df};dL v]tLsf] nflu t/fO{ eGbf dWo kxf8 / pRr kxf8 j9L pko'Qm dflgG5 . o;sf] nflu hftLo

ljljwtf, cg's"n jftfj/0fsf] ;h[ gf efu} f]lns If]qsf] pkofl] utf h:tf s/' fx?df Wofg lbgk' b{5 .

26 af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf]

!!_ Anl] GrË -Blenching_ eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 / An]lGrË x'g] vfnsf hftx? slxns] fxLF kftn] 5fl] kbFg} g lsg
xfn] f <

F Anl] GrË eGgfn] sfpnLsf] kmn" -Curd_ sf] jflx/ / j/Lk/L jf dflyNnf] txsf kftx?nfO{ ;d6] L s8{ 5f]kLg]
lx;fjn] jflF w lbg] t/Lsf xf] h;n] ubf{ 9j' fgL ubf{ sfpnLsf] kmn" jflx/L jftfj/0fdf ;fe] m} kbg}{ / /+u
kl/jt{g geO{ ;]tf] cfsif{0f g} /xG5 . sltko o:tf hftx? klg ljsf; ul/Psf 5g\ t/ klg sfpnL
afnLnfO{ cfjZos dfqfsf] lr;fk] g / vfBtTjsf] dfqf ku' g] eg] kft /fd|/L j9b\ }gg / km"n -Curd_ nfO{
5fK] bg} g\ . cfkm} An]Gr hftsf] pbfx/0fdf km| d] G] 6nfO{ lng ;lsG5 .

!@_ kftleq ;?' Ë jgfpg] sL/fn] lj?jfnfO{ gf]S;fgL ko' fp{ Fb5 / o;sf] Joj:yfkg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <

kftdf ;?' Ë jgfpg] sL/f Pp6f ;fgf] lemFufsf] cf;F} f xf] / kftx?df vg/] dl;gf] jfËfl6Ëf ;t] f w;f{x?
jgfpbF 5g \ . logLx?sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;s] ;Dd h}ljs ljiffbLn] g} lgoGq0f ug{' kb{5 t/ lgoGq0fdf
sl7gfO{ b]lvPdf 8N] 6fd]lyg jf ;fOk{ /dfl] yg !–@ ld=ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ :k]| ug{' kb5{  .

!#_ sfpnLsf] ufF7f] /f]u -Club Root_ s:tf] hdLgdf b]vfkb{5 < o;sf] Joj:yfkg s;/L ul/G5 <

sfpnL afnLsf] ufF7f] /fu] clDno df6fd] f nfUb5 . of] df6f]df hLljt /xg] 9';Ljf6 pTkGg xG' 5 / o;sf]
hLjf0f' !% jif{ ;Dd df6f] /lx/xG5 . 9';Lsf] sf/0fn] h/f c;fdfGo ?kn] 8Nnf] xG' 5 h/fn] /fd/| L sfd
ub{} / pTkfbg x|f; x'G5 . o;sf] Joj:yfkg xt] ' df6f]sf] lk=Pr=dfg &=)–&=# ;Dd xg' ] u/L s[lif rg' f
k|ofu] u/L 3D' tL afnL k|0ffnL ckgfpg' kb{5 . df6fd] f rg' /fvL udL{ dlxgfdf @ xKtf b]lv @ dlxgf ;Dd
;f]nf/fOh{ ];g ug'{ kb5{  .

!$_ lsjfh] fO{G6 hftsf] sfpnLsf] ljz]iftf s] 5 <

F of] k5f}6] hft xf], j]gf{ /f]kk] l5 !@)–!$) lbgdf afnL lng ;lsG5 . o;sf] :jfb sf7df08fF} :yfgLo h:t}
dL7f] xG' 5 . o;n] j9L tfkqmd ;xg ;Sg] x'gfn] dWo kxf8L Ifq] df c;f/ ;Dd vt] L ug{ ;lsG5 .

!%_ sfpnL vt] Lsf] g;/{ Lsf nflu s:tf] hldgsf] cjfZostf kb5{ <

F sfpnLsf] jg] f{ pTkfbg ug{sf] nflu k|fËfl/s kbfy{ k|z:t ePsf] vs' n' f] bf]d6 df6f], l;rfO{sf] ;l' jwf kU' g],
ks| fz, ;fkl] Ifs cfbt|{ f / tfkqmdsf] cg'sn" xg' ] hdLgsf] 5gf}6 ug{' kb5{  .

!^_ sfpnL v]tLdf uf8] dn] / dnvfbsf] Joj:yfkg s;/L ul/G5 <

F sfpnLsf] jg] f{ ;f/s] f] s/Lj # xKtf kl5 uf]8d]n u/L emf/kft x6fpg' kb5{  . afnL cjlwdf # k6s ;Dd
uf8] d]n ug'{ kb5{  . uf]8dn] sf] jn] f @ s=] hL= ol" /of kl| t /fk] lg 6k8];« u/L ps]/f lbg' kb5{  . cGo dn
eg] j]gf{ ;f/s] } lbg jf ;fg{' cufj} lbg' kb5{ .

!&_ sfpnL v]tLdf l;rfOs{ f ljlw s] s] 5g\ / s;/L ul/G5 <

F sfpnL afnLdf /fd|f] pTkfbg lng l;rfO{sf] Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ el" dsf x'G5 . k/Dk/fut ?kdf sn' f], kfOk,
68«] n kDksf] dfWodaf6 l;rfO{ ul/Ptf klg xfn yf]kf l;rfOsf] dfWodaf6 klg l;rfO{ ul/G5 .

!*_ sfpnLsf] kftdf sL/fn] hfnL s;/L jgfp5 / o;sf] Joj:yfkg s;/L ug'{ kb{5 <

F oL sL/fx?n] sfpnLsf] kftsf] tNnf] kl§af6 ;?' Ë h:tf] jgfOl{ eq k:b5 / kft vfbF } hfnf] h:tf] jgfO{
lbG5 . sL/fsf nfef{x? xl/of / xNsf u'nfjL /+usf xG' 5g\ . o;sf] /f]syfd ug{ ;s];Dd h}ljs k4lt
ckgfpg' kb5{  . t/ /f]syfd ug{ sl7gfO{ ePdf dfnfyfPg jf 8fO{Ns/fe] ; @ ld=ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf
ld;fO{ 5g'{ kb{5 .

af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf] 27

!(_ nfxL sL/f sfpnL afnLsf] nflu slt xfgLsf/s 5 / s;/L Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 <

F x]bf{ ;fgf] xl/of] /u+ sf] o; sL/fn] kft / km"nsf] /; r';L gfS] ;fg ko' f{/pgs' f] ;fy} efO/; /fu] klg ;fg]{
sfd ub{5 . o;sf] Joj:yfkg z?' sf] cj:yfdf ufO,{ e}F;Lsf] ! efu lk;fjdf !) efu kfgL ld;fO{ :k|]
ug{,] df/uf;] gLd # ld=ln= kl| t ln6/ kfgLdf 3fn] L :k|] ug]{ / cGtdf ge' fg jf /f]u/ @ ld=ln=kl| t ln6/
kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5gf{n] lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

@)_ pkm| g] vk6] sL/fx? s;/L klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 / s;/L Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 <

F oL sL/fx? ;fgf cfsf/sf plkof h:t} km8\sg] ub{5g \ . sL/f nfu]sf kft, jf]6 xNnfof] eg] vk6x] ?
pkm| s] f] b]lvG5 . jRrf tyf jo:s bj' }n] lj?jf gfS] ;fg ub{5g\ . o;sf] Joj:yfkgdf ;s;] Dd h}ljs ljlw
ckgfpg' kb{5 t/ /f]syfd ug{ sl7gfO{ ePdf OG8f];Nkmfg !–@ ld= ln= kl| t ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ @–#
k6s :k]| ug{' kb{5 .

@!_ sfpnLsf] dWo efudf vfq] mf] / sfnf]kg s] sf/0fn] cfpbF 5 / s;/L Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 <

F sfpnL vt] L ul/Psf] hdLg cTolws dlnnf] vf;u/L gfO6f« ]hg dnsf] dfqf j9L xg' , tfkqmd j9L x'g,
lj?jfsf] 3gTj sd xg' ', jf6] tLj| ultdf j9g\ n' ] jf]6sf] 8f7F km6' \g] / leqL efu vf]qmf] x'g] ub5{  . o;sf]
Joj:yfkg ug{ gfO{6f« h] g plrt dfqfdf ko| f]u ug]{ / jf]6x? nufpbF f plrt b"/L sfod ug'{ kb{5 .

@@_ sfpnLsf] kft ;fFu/' f] eO{ k'R5/ h:tf] b]lvg] sf/0f s] xf] s;/L Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 <

F o:tf] ljs[lt df]lnA8]gd ;'Id tTjsf] sldaf6 x'G5 . kftsf] lsgf/f leqkl§ kms{g', kft j9\g g;Sg'
kftsf] 8f7F dfq bl] vg' o;sf nIf0f x'g \ . of] ;d:of clDno df6fd] f b]vfkb5{  . o;sf] Joj:yfkg
lk=Pr=dfg ^=% df sfod /fVg] tyf Pdf]lgod jf ;fl] 8od df]lnA8]6 %) uf| d kl| t /fk] gLsf b/n] vt] L
ul/g] hUufdf k|ofu] ug'k{ b5{  .

@#_ slxn] sfxF L sfpnLsf] km"n Hofb} ;fgf] nfUb5 / vfg of]Uo ;d]t xF'bg} o;sf] sf/0f s] xf]nf <

F cuf}6] hft l9nf] nufPdf nfdf] ;do Jof8df /xs] f j9' f j]gf{ /fk] d] f, hdLgdf gfO6f« h] go'Qm dn sd
ePdf, lj?jf a9g\ ] jn] fdf ;'Vvf / tftf] df};d ePdf ;fgf] uR' 5f h:tf] kmn" nfUb5 . o;sf] Joj:yfkg
ug{ hftLo u'0f cg;' f/ ;dodf lj?jf ;fg{] tyf lr:ofg tyf dnhnsf] plrt Joj:yf ug{' kb{5 .

@$_ sfpnLsf] km"nnfO{ 9'jfgL ubf{ s;/L jrfj6 ug{ ;lsG5 <

F sfpnLsf] km"n -Curd_ sf6b\ f dflyNnf #–$ j6f kft ;lxt sf6\g] tyf tL kftx?nfO{ kmn" -Curd_ nfO{
5fk] L Ps cfk;df hw' fP/ KoflsË ubf{ 9'jfgLsf] cj:yfdf sfpnL gfS] ;fgL xFb' g}  .

@%_ sfpnLsf] u]|l8Ë ug{] tl/sfx? s] s] x'g\ <

sfpnL u|l] 8Ë ubf{ o;sf] km"nsf] sl;nf] kg, -w]/} sl;nf], sl;nf, clncln kms' s] f] / w/] } km'ss] f]_ ;fOh
-w/] } 7"nf,] 7n" f,] dWod, ;fgf]_, /u+ -pHofnf] lqmdL ;t] f], clncln kx]nF f], v/} f] wAaf nfus] f_] cfwf/df
56' o\ fpg ;lsG5 .

@^_ sfpnL afnL 9'jfgL ubf{ s'gsg' s'/fx?df Wofg ko' f{pg' kb5{ <

F k|ydtM sfpnL afnL sf6\g] j]nfdf g} tLg rf/j6f dflyNnf kftx? ;lxt sf6g\ ' kb5{  . tL dflyNnf
kftx?n] sfpnLsf] kmn" nfO{ 9flsg] u/L 8f/] L ;'tnLn] aflF w 6K' kf] tkm{ hw' fO{ 8fs] f], 8fnf], qm]6 cflbdf
KoflsË u/]/ dfq 9'jfgL ug'{ kb{5 .

@&_ sfpnL sg' jn] f sf6\g pko'Qm xG' 5 <

F ;fwf/0ftof sfpnL l6Kg / sf6\g ;dosf] Wofg lbOGg t/ ljxfg zLt cf]efP kl5 / ;fFem kv 708f
ePkl5 l6Kg' kb5{  . l6kL ;s]kl5 3fddf g/fvL 5fofFbf/ 7fpFdf /fVg' kb{5 .

28 af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf]

@*_ sfpnLsf] kmn" -Curd_ df e;' -Riceyness_ lg:sg] sf/0f s] xf] / o;sf] Joj:yfkg s;/L ug{
;lsG5 <

F sfpnLsf] kmn" -Curd_ sf] jflx/L ;txdf e'; lg:sgn] fO{ eml' ;n] eGg] rng 5 . of] dn lbbF f gfO6«fh] gsf]
dfqf j9L xFb' f, hft cg;' f/sf] tfkqmddf 36j9 xF'bf o:tf nIf0fx? / ljs[tLx? bv] f kb5{ g\ . ctM dnvfb
xfNbf ;Gtl' nt dfqf ldnfO{ lbg] / hftLo cfjZostfx? kU' g] :yfgdf vt] L ubf{ o:tf ;d:of cfpFbg} g\ .

@(_ slxn] sfxL km"nsfk] Lsf] jLr efujf6 ;fgf xl/of kft jflx/ b]lvG5 s] sf/0fn] xf]nf <

F sfpnLsf] jg:klt j[l4 eO/x]sf] j]nfdf pRr tfkqmd ePdf kmn" sf] jLr efujf6 ;fgf xl/of kft jflx/
bl] vG5 h:t} jhf/ efp /fd|f] gkfpg ;Qm5 . o:tf] ;d:ofjf6 kf/ kfpg hft cg;' f/ pkoQ' m nufpg]
;dodf /fK] g' kb{5 .

#)_ sfpnL afnL sf6g\ tof/ eof] egL s;/L klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 <

F sfpnLsf] afnL l6Kg o;sf] km"n 5fDbf s8f cge' j ePkl5 l6Kgsf] nflu pko'Qm eof] egL a'‰g' kb{5 .
o;sf] ;do ljTg ;fy w]/} g/d / vs' 'nf] / km';|f] xF'b} hfG5 . hft cg';f/ lbg uGtLsf] lx;fjn] klg l6Kg]
;do lgwf/{ 0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

#!_ sfpnL slt tfkqmddf / cfb{t| fdf slt lbg ;Dd e08f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 <

F ;fwf/0ft sfpnLsf] kmn" -Curd_ )–@ l8=;=] tfkqmd / (%% ;fkl] Ift cfb|{tfdf @)–#) lbg ;Dd e08f/0f
ug{ ;lsG5 .

#@_ O{6 a§' ] kt' nL -Diamond Back Moth_ sL/f s;/L lrGg] < o;n] sfpnL afnLnfO{ s;/L gf]S;fgL k'of{p5F
/ o;sf] /fs] yfd s;/L ul/G5 <

F oL k'tnLx?sf cl3Nnf kv]6fdf lqsf0] ffTds kx]nf bfu xG' 5g \ . kt' nLn] kv]6f hf]8L j:bf 9f8df # j6f
O{6fa'§] cfsf/ xG' 5 . nfen|] ] vfP/ kftdf w/] } Kjfn kfb{5g \ . ;s];Dd efl} ts Pj+ h}ljs t/Lsfn] sL/fsf]
Joj:yfkg ug{' kb5{ cGoyf km]lg8«f]yfkg jf OG8f];Nkmfg # ld=ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLsf b/n] :k]| ug{' kb5{  .

##_ sfpnLsf] km"nsf] ;txdf kfgLn] leh] h:tf] v/} f] xg' ] -Browning_ s] sf/0fn] xf<] o:tf] ;d:ofaf6 s;/L
jRg ;lsG5 <

F o:tf ljsl[ t÷nIf0fx? jf/] g ;'Id tTjsf] sdLn] ubf{ xG' 5 . z'?df sf]kLsf] ;txdf kfgLn] leh] h:tf]
bfu bl] vG5 . kl5 v}/f] eO{ ljqmL / vfgof]Uo xbF' g} .o;sf] lg/fs/0fsf] nflu hdLgsf] tof/Lsf] ;dodf
%))–&)) u|fd jf/] ofS; jf ;f]l8od jf/] ]6 kl| t /fk] gL cyfj )=@%–)=%)% jf/] S] ;sf] emf]n sfpnL
afnLdf 5sg{ ' kb{5 .

@=$ aGbf (Cabbage)

!_ aGbf v]tLsf] nflu s:tf] xfjfkfgL pkoQ' m x'G5 <

F aGbf lxpbF ] t/sf/L afnL xf] . o;nfO{ 708f xfjfkfgLsf] h?/t kb{5 . o;sf] v]tL !%–@) l8=;]= tfkqmd
/fdf| ] x'G5 t/ hfkfgLh xfOj{ |L8 hftx? @%–#) l8=;]= tfkqmd klg /fd|f] kmi6fpbF 5g \ .

@_ aGbf vt] Lsf] nflu s:tf] df6f] pko'Qm xG' 5 <

F k|fËfl/s kbfys{ f] dfqf k|;:t ePsf] hg' ;s' } df6fd] f oxfFsf] vt] L ug{ ;lsG5 . df6f]sf] lk=Pr=dfg %=%
bl] v ^–% ;Dd ePsf] bf]d6, jnf6} ] / kfËf] ;jeGbf /fd|f] xG' 5 .

af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf] 29

#_ aGbf vt] Ldf dnvfb Joj:yfkg s;/L ul/G5 <
F aGbf klg /fd|f] vfB tTjx? ;dfjz] ePsf] df6fd] f dfq /fdf| ] pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 . k|lt /fk] gL !)))

s=] hL= ufa] /÷sDkfi] 6 dn, !@ s]=hL= gfO6f« h] g, ( s=] hL= km:kmf/] ; tyf $ s]=hL= kf]6f; dn lbg' kb5{  .

$_ gk] fndf kfOg] aGbfsf cuf}6] hftx? sg' sg' xg' \ <
F gk] fndf kr| lnt aGbfsf cuf6} ] hftx?df, ufN] 8]g Ps8, kf| O{8 ckm OlG8of, sf]kg xu] g dfs]{6 cflb xg' \ .

%_ aGbfsf k5f}6] hftx? sg' –sg' xg' \ <
F aGbfsf] k5f}6] hftdf n]6nfh{ 8d« x]8 dV" o xf] . s=] s]= qm; hft eg] cuf}6] dWod tyf k5f6} ] hftsf] ?kdf

klg nufpg ;lsG5 .

^_ s=] s=] qm; hftsf] aGbfdf ljz]if s:tf u0' fx? ljBdfg 5g\ <
F s]=s]= qm; hft 7"nf] 8Nnf -Head_ x'g] hft xf] . o;sf] ljz]iftf eg]sf] jd] f;} ddf klg /fd|f] pTkfbg lng

;lsG5 .

&_ sfk] gxu] g dfs6{] hft gk] fnsf] s'g If]qnfO{ l;kmf/L; ul/Psf] 5 <
F sfk] gxu] g dfs]6{ hft g]kfnsf] t/fO,{ lelq dw]z tyf dWo kxf8sf] nflu l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] hft xf] /

of] hft g]kfndf z?' bl] v g} v]tL ul/Psf] hft xf ] .

*_ aGbfsf] jg] f{ s;/L pTkfbg ul/G5 <
F aGbfsf j]gf{ tof/ ug{ ;jk{ y| d kf| Fufl/s kbfy{ kz| :t ePsf] jnf}6] bf]d6 df6f] 5gf6} ug'{ kb5{  . To;nfO{

/fd|/L df6f]jf6 pTkGg x'g] /fu] sL/f /f]syfd ug{ ;fn] /fO{h]zg kl| jlw ckgfO{ p7s] f] j]8df jLp 5g{' kb{5
/ 5fkf] lbO{ jLp pd|]kl5 5fkf] x6fO{ lbg' kb5{  .

(_ pGgt hft / j0f{zs+ / hftdf kl| t OsfO{ hdLgdf jLp b/ slt slt nfUb5 <
F l aGbfsf] jLp ;fgf] ;fOhsf] x'G5 / pGgt hftsf] #)–$) uf| d kl| t /f]kgL tyf j0f{zs+ / hftsf] jLp

!%–@) uf| d kl| t /f]kgL eP k'Ub5 .

l afnL nufpg eGbf cuf8L nufPsf] uf]j/ dn / dV' o tTjx?n] dfq /fdf| ] pTkfbg lng ufxf| ] x'g] x'bF f
jg] f{ ;f/]sf] # xKtfkl5 dlN6Kn]S;, ld/fs'ng h:tf ;'Id tTjx? le6fdLg ;dfjz] ePsf cfi} flwx?
@ ld=ln=k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g'{ kb{5 .

!)_ aGbfdf uf8] d]nsf] Joj:yf s;/L ul/G5 <
F aGbfsf] v]tL ul/Psf] hUufdf emf/kft gcfcf]; / df6f] xns' f xf]; eGg] x]t'n] afnL cjlwdf #–$ k6s

uf]8d]n ug{' kb5{  . uf]8dn] ubf{ cGo afnLdf h:tf] ulx/f] vGg' eg] kbg{} .

!!_ aGbf v]tLdf l;rfO{ Joj:yfkg s;/L ul/G5 <
F uf8] dn] kl5 df6f] ;'Vvf x'g] xbF' f afnL cjlw e/df %–^ k6s ;Dd l;rfO{sf] cfjZostf kb5{  . cfhsfn

yf]kf l;+rfO{ k|ljlw ko| fu] df cfPsf] 5 .

!@_ aGbfdf nfUg] k|dv' sL/fx? s] s] 5g\ <
F aGbfdf nfUg] dV' o sL/fx? aGbfsf] k'tnL, nfxL, kt/] f,] em'l;n sL/f cflb xg' \ .

!#_ aGbfdf dfq j9L c;/ k'¥ofpg] sL/fx? s'g sg' xg' \ / logLx? Joj:yfkg s;/L ug'{ kb5{ <
F aGbf v]tLdf j9L bv] f kg]{ sL/fx?df aGbfsf] kt' nL / nfxL sL/f g} xf ] . logLx?sf] Joj:yfkg ;s];Dd

gLd, uxt'F , c;/' f] h:tf ;fdfuL| ld;fO{ k|ofu] u/]/ Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 t/ j9L cfqmd0f ePsf] v08df
OG8f;] Nkmfg / ge' fg jf /fu] / h:tf ljiffbLx? @ ld=ln= kl| t ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5s{g' kb5{  .

30 af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf]

!$_ sfpnL ;dx" eGbf cnu t/Lsfn] aGbfdf dfq nfUg] s'g} /f]ux? 5g\ <

F sfpnL ;d"xdf nfUg] /fu] x? g} aGbfdf klg b]vf kb{5g \ . t'ngfTds ?kn] xb] f{ sfpnLdf eGbf aGbfdf
sd /fu] nf]us] f] kfOG5 .

!%_ aGbfdf kftsf] 6'Kkf 89\g] s] sf/0fn] xf] < o;sf] /fs] yfd ug{ s] pkfo ug'{ knf{ <

F aGbfsf] kft cyjf x]8sf] dflyNnf] efu 89] h:tf] b]lvg] d'Vo sf/0f jn] fdf gl6k/] klg xf ] . slxn] sfxL
tfkqmd PSsf;L jl[ 4 eP/ sL/fsf] k|sf]k j9L ePdf klg o:tf] xG' 5 . ctM ;dodf l6Kg] tyf j9\tf udL{
df};ddf klg aGbf l;wf 3fdaf6 hf]ufpg' kb{5 .

!^_ aGbfsf] kftsf] 8fF9 sfnf] xg' ] sf/0f s] xf] / o;sf] Joj:yfkg s;/L ul/G5 <

F of] /fu] hLjf0f' -JofS6l] /of_ jf6 xg' ] /fu] xf ] . z'?df kftsf] lsgf/fdf cfqmd0f x'G5 /fu] L sf]if kxl] ng] /
of] qmd kftsf] dWo efult/ j9b\ } hfG5 . kxl] nPsf Ifq] sf g;f tyf pkg;f sfnf eP/ hfG5g\ . o;sf]
/f]syfdsf] nflu Puf| d] fO;Lg, :6]«K6f]dfOl{ ;gn] jLp / j]gf{ pkrf/ ug{ ;lsG5 .

!&_ aGbfsf] 8Nnf -Head_ kmf6\gjf6 -Splitting_ s;/L hf]ufpg ;lsG5 <

F aGbfsf] 8Nnf -Head_ kmf6g\ 'sf] dV" o sf/0f x]8 jlg;s]kl5 j9L dfqfdf tnjf6 kj| fx xg' ] kfgLsf] k|jfx
-k|;] /_ n] ubf{ xf] . o:tf] cj:yfjf6 kf/ kfpgsf] nflu aGbfsf] jf6] sf] cfwf efusf h/f sfl6 lbg] / jf]6
Psftkm{ 9NsfO{ lbg] ug{' kb{5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf l56f] sf6\g] l6Kg] ug'{ kb{5 .

!*_ slxn] sfxL aGbfdf 8Nnf -Head_ gnfUg] x'G5 < o;sf] sf/0f s] xfn] f / o;sf] Joj:yfkg s;/L
ul/G5 <

F slxn] sfxL aGbfsf] 8Nnf -Head_ nfUg] cj:yfdf cfPkl5 klg x]8 gnfus] f] pbfx/0f kfOG{ 5 . o;sf] dV" o
sf/0f l;hg cg';f/ l9nf] /f]Kgsf] sf/0fn] g} xf] 8Nnf -Head_ gnfUg'df j9L tfkqmd ;'Vvf / dnhn
gkU' g' klg sf/s tTjsf] ?kdf /xs] f] x'G5 .

!(_ aGbfdf nfUg] kt' nL s;/L lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 <

F aGbfdf kt' nLsf] >ft] Go"lgs/0f ug{sf] nflu aGbfsf] vt] jf/Ldf jfof] jfO6{ , lj=6L= l86h]G{ 6sf] ko| f]u tyf
nfebfos sL/fx?sf] ;+/If0f u/]/ ug{ ;lsG5 .

@)_ aGbf s:tf] cj:yfdf l6Kg plrt x'G5 <

F aGbf l6Kg] / sf6g\ ] cj:yf o;sf hftx? cuf6} ,] dWod of k5f}6] xg' \ To;df e/ kb5{ t/ h'g;'s} hft
ePtf klg aGbfsf] x8] -8Nnf_ s8f x'bF } / jflx/L kftx? ;S' g gyfnLsg l6Kg' kb5{  .

@!_ aGbf 9'jfgL ubf{ s] s:tf ljifodf wofg k¥' ofpg' h?/L x'G5 <

F aGbf 9j' fgL ubf{ sfpnL jf a|fs] fpnL 9'jfgLdf hlt ;fjwfgL ckgfpg' kb{}g t} klg o;nfO{ rf]6 gnfuf;]
eGgsf nflu sfpnLsf kft jf cGo hu+ nL lj?jfx?sf kftx? ljR5\ofO{ KoflsË u/s] f] v08df /fdf| ] xG' 5 .

@=% cfn' (Potato)

!_ cfna' fnLsf] gk] fndf dxTj s] /xs] f] 5 <

F o; afnLsf] g]kfndf w]/} dxTjk"0f{ :yfg 5 lsgsL t/fO{, leqL dwz] / dWo kxf8L If]qdf o;sf] ko| fu]
t/sf/Lsf] ?kdf ko| fu] ul/G5 eg] pRr kxf8L Ifq] df vfBfGg / t/sf/Lsf ?kdf ko| f]u ul/G5 . cfn'nfO{
;:tf] / u/Ljx?sf] ;fyLsf ?kdf kl/lrt ePsf] 5 .

af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf] 31

@_ cfn'nfO{ sg' sg' ?kdf ko| fu] ul/G5 < o;df dV' ot sg' –s'g vfB tTjx? kfO{G5g <

F cfn'nfO{ tfhf ?kdf t/sf/L tyf vfBfGgsf] ?kdf ko| fu] ul/G5 eg] o;jf6 k|z:t kz| f]lwt kl/sf/x?
tof/ ul/G5 / nfdf] cjlw / 6f9f–6f9f ;Dd 9'jfgL u/L nfg ;lsG5 . o;df @)=^ kl| tzt sfjf{x] fO8«6] ,
@=! kl| tzt kf| l] 6g, )=# kl| tzt lrNnf] kbfy,{ !=!% /z] f / )=(% eid kfOG5 . o;df Pldgf] cDn klg
kz| :t dfqfdf kfOG{ 5 .

#_ of] s:tf] df};d÷xfjfkfgLdf xg' ] afnL xf] <

F of] lr;f] df};ddf kmi6fpg] afnL xf] . of] lr:ofg d'Qm dlnnf] df6f]df /fdf| ] x'G5 . tfkdfgsf] lx;fjn]
!%–@) l8=;=] tfkqmd ePsf :yfgdf cfn' v]tL ;kmntfkj" s{ ug{ ;lsG5 .

$_ o;nfO{ vfBfGgsf] ?kdf klg lnOG5 lsg <

F ky| dtM o;df @)% eGbf j9L sfjf]{xfO{8]8« kfO{G5 / pRr kxf8 hxf cGo vfBGg afnL nufpg ;lsGg
jf /fd|f] pTkfbg lng ;lsbg} To:tf] 7fpdF f klg cfn' vl] t ul/G5 / rfdnsf] ;§fdf ko| fu] ul/G5 .

%_ jLp cfn' Kn6 5gf}6 ubf{ s–] s] s/' fdf Wofg lbg' kb{5 <

F jLp cfn' Kn6 5gf6} ubf{ nfdf] cjlwsf] afnL rqm ckgfPsf,] c;n jLpjf6 dfq jLp pTkfbgsf] z'?jft
ul/Psf] sL/fsf] ks| fk] gx'g] :yfg, efO/; /fu] sf] zs+ f nfu]sf / jh] ftsf jf]6x? x6fOP{ sf] :j:y :yfg
5gf6} df Wofg lbg' kb{5 .

^_ cfnd' f :j:y >f]t jLp eGgfn] s] j'lemG5 <

F cfnd' f :j:y >f]t jLp eGgfn] jLpjf6 ;g]{ /f]ux? h:tM} efO/;, v/} f] lkkrqm] Ph] ]?, sfnf] vf]i6] cflb
/f]u /lxt ;e+ mg' kb{5 .

&_ cfn' /fK] g' eGbf !%–@) lbg cufj} jLpm cfn'sf] Joj:yf ul/;Sg' elgG5 lsg <

F jLp cfn' /f]Kg' eGbf cuf8L /fd|/L 6';fPsf] cfn' /f]Kgsf] nflu !%–@) lbg cufj} cfn' jLpsf] Joj:yf
ug{ h?/L x'G5 .

*_ cfn' nufpg÷' /f]Kg' eGbf klxn] hUufsf] tof/L s:tf] xg' h?/L 5 <

F cfn' df6fd] l' g kmNg] / o;sf h/fx? sdhf]/ x'g] xF'bf v]tjf/LnfO{ ulx/f] hf]t]/ 9Ë' f tyf emf/kft x6fO{
8Nnf km'6fP/ df6f] a'/j'/fpbf] jgfP/ dfq jLp /fK] g' kb{5 .

(_ cfn' vt] Ldf cGo afnLeGbf j9L dnvfbsf] cfjZostf kb{5 lsg <

F cfn' vfB tTj j9L zf]if0f ug{] afnLdf kb5{ . o;nfO{ cGgafnL tyf sf;] a] fnL eGbf j9Lg} dnvfbsf]
Joj:yf ug{k' b{5 . /fd|f] pTkfbg lngsf] nflu !)))–!%)) s]=hL= sDkfi] 6, !! s=] hL= 8L=P=kL=, & s]=hL=
o"l/of tyf % s]=hL= Do"/]6 ckm kf]6f; sf] cfjZostf x'G5 .

!)_ g]kfnsf] t/fO{ tyf leqL dw]z Ifq] nfO{ l;kmf/L; ul/Psf hftx? sg' –sg' x'g\ <

F gk] fnsf] t/fO{ tyf lelq dwz] sf] nflu l;kmf/L; ul/Psf hftx?sf d"VotM sl' k|m Hof]lt, l;Gb/' L
cfO={ kL=jfO{=–* x'g t/ vd' n /ftf]–@ nufotsf] c? :yfgLo hftx? klg nufO{G5 .

!!_ cfns' f :yfgLo hftx? Ph] ? tyf 89'jf /f]u ;xg ug{ g;st] f klg si[ fsx?n] ?rfO{ /xs] f x'G5g\ o;sf]
/x:o s] xf] <

F :yfgLo hftx?df 89'jf, Ph] ? h:tf /fu] ;xg ;Sg] Ifdtf g/x]tf klg si[ fsx?n] oL hftx?sf] vt] L
ul//xs] f 5g\ . lsgsL logLx?df dL7f] :jfb, /fdf| ] e08f/0f Ifdtfsf] ;fy} sd dlnnf] df6f]df klg pTkfbg
lbg] ljzi] f u'0fx? dfh} b' /xG5g\ .

32 af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf]

!@_ cfn' vt] L ubf{ afnL rqm ckgfpg lsg h?/L x'G5 < afnL rqmdf s'g–sg' afnL nufpg' pko'Qm
xG' 5 <

F cfn' vt] L ubf{ afnL rqm k4lt ckgfpg' h?/L xG' 5 lsgsL df6f]af6 ;j} /f]ux? h:t} v/} f] lkkrSs] h:tf
/fu] x? kmn} g uPdf jif{ leq} cfn' v]tL ;vfk x'G5 . afnL rqms} ?kdf wfg tyf sf;] ] afnLx? nufpg
pkoQ' m dflgG5 . cfn' afnL kl/jf/df kg]{ afnLx? afnL rqmdf nufpg xF'b}g .

!#_ cfns' f] v}/f] lkk rqm] /f]u km}ng] >f]t s] s] x'g\ < of] s:tf] cj:yfdf j9L km}lnP/ hfG5 / s;/L
Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 <

F of] JofS6l] /ofsf] sf/0fjf6 pTkGg x'g] /f]u xf] . of] kmn} g] d"Vo >ft] eg]sf] /f]uL cfn'sf] ;;+ u{ o; kl/jf/sf
lj?jfsf cjz]if tyf df6f] g} xf] . of] /f]u nfuk] 5L 8f7Fx? cf]OnfP/ lgisG5 . o;sf] Joj:yfkgsf] nflu
o; kl/jf/x?sf wfg, ds}, uFx,' hf} h:tf afnLn] afnL rqm ckgfpg,] lg/f]uL jLp dfq nufpg,] jLp
cfn' gsf6L ;uF } nufpg] ug{' kb{5 .

!$_ g]kfndf bv] fk/]sf efO/; /fu] x? s'g–' sg' x'g\ < oL /fu] x? nfUgaf6 jRg s] ;fjwfgL ckgfpg' kb5{ <

F cfn' afnLdf ljleGg lsl;dsf efO/; /fu] x? bv] fkb{5g\ h:tM} kft bf]ljg| ], xNsf df]hfO{s / s8f
df]hfOs{ efO/; cflb . oL /fu] x?jf6 jRgsf] nflu efO/; dQ' m jLp cfn' nufpg], nfxL sL/fsf] k"0f{
lgoGq0f ug{' kb5{  . v'd|]n] cfxf/ ljxf/ ug]{ jg:klt klxrfg u/L gi6 ug,]{ t/sf/L afnLsf ljleGg\ ;dx"
ldnfP/ nufpg] h:t}M Kofh, n;g' , wlgofF tyf cGo ljlwjf6 ;+ej gePsf] v08df Snf/] LkfO/{ Lkm; h:tf
ljiffbLx? @–# u|fd kl| t ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g{' kg{] xG' 5 .

!%_ cfnd' f nfUg] /ftf] sldnf gk] fnsf] s'g Ifq] df j9L Jofks 5 < o;sf] s:tf] cj:yfdf j9L cfqmd0f
ub{5 <

F cfnd' f nfUg] /ftf] sldnfn] gk] fnsf] t/fO{ bl] v pRr kxf8 ;Ddg} Iflt ko' fF{p5 . oL sL/fx?n] cfn' jfxs]
;v/v08, dn" f, ufFh/, ;nud cflbdf klg Iflt ub{5g \ . l;rfO{ gx'g] ;'Vvf hdLgdf logLx?n] j9L
gf]S;fgL ub5{ g\ . logLx? ufn] f jgfO{ j:b5g\ / uf]nfjf6 lg:sL sdL{ sldnfn] df6f] d'lgg} j;]/ h/f tyf
cfn'sf bfgfx? vfO{ gf]S;fg k'ofp{ F5 .

!^_ g]kfnsf] dWokxf8L If]qdf nufpg ;lsg] hftx? s'g–s'g x'g\ <

F gk] fnsf] dWo kxf8L If]qdf nufOg] hftx?df l8lh/], hgsb]j, vd' n ;t] f–] !, vd' n nIdL cflb hftx?
x'g \ .

!&_ g]kfnsf] pRr kxf8L If]qdf /fd|f] pTkfbg lbg ;Sg] hftx? s'g–sg' x'g\ <

F pRr kxf8L If]qdf /fdf| ] pTkfbg lbg] hftx?df sl' k|m Hofl] t, hgsb]j, v'dn ;t] f–] !, v'dn nIdL cflb
hftx? 5g\ .

!*_ g]kfndf :yfgLo ?kdf k|l;l4 kfPsf hft tyf nufOP{ sf Ifq] x? s'g s'g / sxfF sxfF 5g\ <

:yfgLo ?kdf kl| ;l4 kfPsf hft tyf If]qx?

l ;/sf/L ;]tf] – k"jL{ kxf8

l yf? nfs] n – dWo tyf klZrd t/fO{

l hD' nL nfs] n – dWo kxf8 / klZrd kxf8

l sf7df8f}F nfs] n – sf7df8fF} pkTosf

l :ofË bf]h{] – kj" L{ kxf8

af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf] 33

!(_ jLp cfn' s;/L pTkfbg ul/G5 <

F cfn' v]tL jf/] ;fwf/0f hfgsf/L ePsf s[ifsx?nfO{ jLp Kn6 k|ljlw yfxf ePdf pgLx?n] cfˆgf] nflu
cfkm} jLp pTkfbg ug{ ;Qm5g\ . jLp KN6 kl| jlw eGgfn] vfg] cfn' /fK] g] 7fpF eGbf 5§' } / jLpjf6 ;g]{
/f]u lgoGq0fsf nflu ;fjwfgL ckgfP/ v]tL ug'{ kb5{ .

@)_ vfog cfn' / jLp cfn' pTkfbg k|ljlwdf s] km/s 5 <

F vfog cfn' pTkfbg ubf{ ef}ufl] ns Ifq] , 3D' tL afnL k|0ffnL, /fK] g] b"/L, /f]u sL/fsf] Joj:yfkgdf j9L Wofg
glbP klg hlt pTkfbg x'G5 Tolt pkef]u ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ jLp cfn' pTkfbg ubf{ jLp jf6 /f]u kmn} g],
7Ls ;fO{hsf] x'g' kg{] sf/0fn] pNnl] vt s/' fx?df ljz]if Wofg k'ofu{ pg' kb5{  .

@!_ cfn' v]tL ubf{ l;rfO{n] sltsf] dxTj /fVb5 / afnL cjlwdf slt k6s ;Dd l;rfO{ ug{ h?/L xG' 5 <

F cfn' vt] L ul/g] hft, ;"os{ f] k|sfz, cfb{t| f tyf pTkfbg ug]{ ;don] kfgLsf] dfqf lgwf/{ 0f ub{5 . ljzi] ftM
cfn' /fK] g' cuf8L Ps k6s ufg'sf] ljsf; xg' ] a]nfdf Ps k6s df6f] r9fPkl5 Ps k6s u/L sDtLdf
# k6s t/ df;} d x]/L j9L klg ug{ kg{] cj:yf cfpg ;Sb5 .

@@_ cfn' afnLdf uf8] dn] sf] ;fy} pKs]/f nufpg lsg h?/L xG' 5 <

F cfn' afnLdf uf8] dn] tyf pKs/] f nufpbF f df6f]df xfjfsf] ;+rf/ /fdf| ] xG' 5 . df6f] xns' f x'G5 / gofF
cfns' f bfgfx? ljgf cj/fw] j9g\ kfpF5g\ . gofF bfgfx?nfO{ 3fdsf] ks| fz jf6 jrfpg ;lsG5 cfn'sf
TofG'fx? g5fl] kPdf bfgfsf] ;§f jf]6sf] ljsf; eP/ hfg] x'Fbf uf8] dn] tyf pKs/] f u/fpg h?/L xG' 5 .

@#_ cfn' afnLdf 5fkf]/dlNrË lsg / s;/L ul/G5 <

F cfn' afnLdf lr:ofg sfod u/L l5§} emf/kft gcfcf;] eGgsf nflu dlNrË ul/G5 . cfn'sf] jLp /f]kL
;s]kl5 k/fn, v/ jf cGo hu+ nL emf/kftn] dflyaf6 5fk] L lbg' kb5{ / cfn' uf8] dn] ug{] jn] fdf dlNrË
x6fO{ uf8] g\ ,] pKs]/f nufpg] sfd ug'{ kb{5 .

@$_ cfn' vGg' eGbf klxn] ul/g] xfDk'nLË eg]sf] s] xf] / lsg ul/G5 <

F cfnd' f xfDkl' nË eGgfn] cfn' vGg' eGbf !)–!% lbg cuf8L jf]6x? pvN] g] cyjf sf6g\ ] ul/G5 .o;/L vGg'
cuf8L ul/g] ljlwn] jg:klts j[l4 /f]lsg uO{ df6f] leqsf cfns' f af]qmf l5lkG5g\ / e08f/0f ubf{ nfdf]
;Dd /fVg ;lsG5 h;n] ubf{ o;nfO{ ns] -@))) ld6/ dfly_ pTkfbg ubf{ efO/; /fu] sf] ;q+ md0fjf6
hfu] fpg ;lsG5 . o;n] ljpjf6 ;g]{ /f]ux? lgoGq0f ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 .

@%_ efO/; dQ' m jLp cfn' s;/L pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 <

F w/] } jif{ ;Dd Pp6} jLp / ghLssf] :yfgdf pTkfbg ubf{ efO/{ ; /f]usf] ;+qmd0f j9\b} hfG5 . o;jf6
jRgsf] nflu cg';Gwfg sG] bx| ?df pTkfbLt l6:o" sNr/ tyf cfns' f] jLofF -TPS_ jf6 pTklbt jLp
/ j]gf{jf6 vt] L efO/;d'Qm jLp cfn' pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 .

@^_ cfn' afnLsf] zq' Ph] ?] /f]u gnfUg] hftx? s'g s'g x'g\ <

F Ph] ?] /f]u cfns' f] lgs} vt/gfs /fu] xf ] . xfn o; /fu] sf] cj/f]ws hftx? ljsl;t ePsf 5g\ h:tM}
sl' km| Hof]lt, vdn ;]tf–] !, hgsbj] , 8]lh/] cflb .

@&_ cfn'sf] e08f/0f k|ljlw s] s] 5g\ <

F cfn'sf] e08f/0f ;fwf/0ft tLg lsl;djf6 ug{ ;lsG5 . 5f6] f] cjlwsf] nflu cFWof/f] sf]7fdf t/ xfjf
;+rf/ xg' ] u/L, lh/f] Oglhs{ f] /li6s :6f]/df / lzt e08f/df @–$ l8= ;=] tfkqmddf / *%–()% cfb|{tfdf
^–* dlxgf e08f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

34 af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf]

@*_ cfns' f] 89'jf /fu] eGgfn] s] al' emG5 < o;sf] Joj:yfkg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <

F cfn'sf] 89'jf /f]u 9';Lsf] sf/0fn] pTkGg x'G5 . z'?df v}/f] sfnf bfux? kftdf bv] f kb5{ g\ . s]xL bfux?
kml} nbF} 8f7F ;Dd ku' L sfnf] eO{ jf6] } db{5 / bfgfdf ;dt] c;/ ub5{  . o;sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ /fu] u:| t
If]qdf pTkflbt jLp ko| fu] gug,{] /fu] cj/f]ws hftx? Pr=kL=P;= @÷^&, !÷!#, &÷^& tyf v'dn
/ftf]–@, vd' n ;]tf]–!, Pg=kL=cfO{ !)^ / /fu] nfUg] jftfj/f0f b]lvPdf OG8f]lkmn Pd–$%, lqmgfS] ;Ln
ufN] 8 !–@ u|fd kl| t ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g'{ kb{5 .

@(_ cfns' f] 89'jf /fu] g]kfnsf] sg' If]qdf j9L kmn} G5 <

F of] /fu] lr;f] cfbt|{ f hnjfo' ePsf] ;dodf km}lnG5 . jfo'd08nsf] tfkqmd !)–!% l8=;=] / ;fkl] Ifs
cfbt|{ f *)% eGbf j9L ePdf of] /fu] gk] fnsf] t/fO{, lelq dw]z, kxf8 hg' ;'s} :yfgdf klg kmn} g
;Qm5 .

#)_ cfn'sf] v/} f] lkk rSs] /fu] nfus] f] hdLgdf km/] L of] /fu] gnfuf]; eGgsf nflu s]lx pkfo 5g\ ls <

F of] /f]u gnfuf;] eGgsf nflu nfdf] 3D' tL afnL rqm k4lt ckgfpg /fd|f] xf] t/ b'lift df6fn] fO{ pkrf/
ugs{ f] nflu !)% kmdfl{\ngsf] emf]nn] s/Lj ! kmL6 ;Dd lehfO{ Knfli6sn] xfjf gk:g] u/L ! xKtf;Dd
5fl] klbbF f o;sf hLjf0fx' ? db{5g\ / /f]u nfUg] ;Defjgf sd xG' 5 .

#!_ cfn'sf] PF]h?] /fu] s;/L km}nG5 / o;af6 jRg sg' –s'g ljlw cjnDjg ug{ ;lsG5 <

F of] 9;' Lsf] dWodjf6 kmn} g] /fu] xf] . of] /f]u nflu ;sk] l5 o;sf hLjf0f' df6f]df !)–!% jif{ ;Dd jfFRg
;Sb5g \ . of] /f]u cfns' f] h/f jfx]s o;sf] 5fgf, TofGf' tyf 8fF7x?df cgfjZos j[l4 eO{ sfpnLsf] km"n
h:tf] bl] vG5 . o;jf6 jRgsf] nflu bl' ift Ifq] df pTkfbLt jLp gnufpg], nfdf] 3D' tL afnL rqm ckgfpg]
tyf /f]u cj/f]ws hfgsf] v]tL ug]{ h:tf ljlwx? ckgfpg ;lsG5 .

#@_ sfnf] vfK] 6] /fu] jf6 jRg s'g /;fogn] jLp pkrf/ ug{ j9L nfebfos xG' 5 <

F of] 9';LhGo /fu] xf ] . o; /f]un] cfns' f] jfq] mfdf ;fxf| –;fxf| sfnf vfK] 6fx? bl] vG5g\ / pd|g nfus] f dg' fx?
db{5g \ . o;sf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu 8f]/fn;Ln %)% w'nf] ljiffbL !–!=% % uf| d kl| t ln6/ kfgLdf jf # %
jfl] /s Pl;8sf] 3f]ndf %–!) ldg6] 8'jfO{ lkmhfP/ /;fpg lbg' kb5{  .

##_ cfns' f] kt' nLn] s;/L gf]S;fgL k'¥ofpbF 5 < o;sf] Joj:yfkg ljlw s] s] 5g\ <

F o; sL/fnfO{ cfn'sf hf]tfxf klg elgG5 . o;sf] z/L/ sn} f] tyf cl3Nnf kv]6fx? sfnf tyf kx]Fnf
bfux? x'G5g \ . o;sf] Joj:yfkgsf] nflu sL/f nfu]sf bfux? vfN8fd] f ufl8 lbg,] cfns' f efn] kt' nLnfO{
kL=6L=Pd= Kof/f km/] f]df]g of}g cfsif0{ f ko| f]u ug{,] e08f/ ubf{ hdLgdf n;g' , Kofh, e6df; h:tf afnL
nufPdf /f]syfd ug{ ;lsG5 .

#$_ cfns' f] km]b sf6\g] sL/faf6 jRg] pkfo s] 5 <

F o; sL/fn] hdLgdg' L j;L cfn'nfO{ Iflt k'ofp{ Fb5 . o;n] lr:ofg ePsf] 7fpFdf eGbf ;'Vvf / cfl] ;nf]
hldgdf kmn" kfb5{ / kl5 uP/ j9L Iflt ko' f{pbF 5 . o;sf] Joj:yfkgsf] nflu jo:s k'tnLx? jQLdf
cfslif{t x'g] xbF' f jQLsf] kf;f] yfKg,] sfrF f] ufj] /sf] k|ofu] ug'{ x'bg}  .

#%_ /ftf] sldnf Joj:yfkgsf] plrt t/Lsf s] xfn] f <

F o;sf] plrt Joj:yfkg xt] ' /fd|/L sl' xPsf] -kfs]sf_] ufj] / dn dfq k|of]u ug{] hdLgdf l;rfO{
u/L lr:ofgsf] dfqf sfod /fvL /fVg], cfn' /f]Kg' cuf8L tLt]kftL, s]t'sL, jgdf/f c;'/f] cflbsf 6'qmfx?
8ofË /fvL lbg, ufOs{ f] uxt' df 5 efu kfgL ld;fO{ h/f lehfpg] tyf cfn'df ufh/ ld;fO{ vt] L ug{'
kb{5 .

af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf] 35

#^_ jLp cfn' pTkfbg ubf{ /fK] g] j]nfdf cfn' sf6\g' xb'F }g lsg <
F ;s;] Dd jLp tyf vfog cfn' /fK] bf v]/L cfn' sf6g\ ' xbF' g} lsgsL 3fp nfu]sf] 7fpjF f6 hLjf0f,' ljiff0f'

tyf zq' mf0fx' ? k|jz] ug{ ;lhnf] xG' 5 . ljz]ifu/L v/} f] lkk rSs] /f]u ;lhn} ;g]{ xG' 5 .

#&_ /li6s :6f]/ eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf] ko| fu] sg' ef}ufl] ns If]qdf ul/G5 <
F /li6s :6f/] egs] f] ljgf ljhn' L -zG" o zlQm_ k|ofu] u/L cfn' sx] L ;do /fVg] u/L jgfPsf] e08f/0f 3/

xf] . o:tf] e08f/ dWokxf8sf] pkNnf] pQ/tkm{ dfx] 8f ePsf] hdLg / pRr kxf8L Ifq] df ko| fu] eO{ cfPsf]
5 .

#*_ cfn' aLofFaf6 s'g sg' t/Lsf ckgfO{ cfn' v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 / g]kfndf sg' t/Lsf kr| lnt 5 <
F cfns' f] aLofjF f6 tLg t/Lsfn] vt] L ug{ ;lsG5 . klxnf] t/Lsf xf] cfns' f ljof kftnf] u/L /f]Kg] / To;}

nfO{ 5f6F L, uf8] dn] dnhn u/L pTkfbg lng] eg] bf;] f| ] cfn'sf aLofF sfpnL, aGbfsf] h:t} g{;/Ldf pdfg]{
tyf tLg} j]gf{ d"Vo vt] Ljf/Ldf ;f/L 3d' fO{ pTkfbg lng] tyf t];f| ] t/Lsfdf Ps jif{ jfSnf] /fk] ]/ ldgL
6o\ 'j/ pTkfbg u/L tLg} ldgL 6\oj" / /fk] L cfn' pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 .

#(_ cfns' f] aLofF g]kfnsf] sg' sg' :yfgdf pTkfbg ul/G5 / o;sf] pTkfbg kl| jlw s:tf] 5 <
F cfn'sf] aLofF xfn ;Dd ;nf{xLsf] pi0f kb| l] zo jfujfgL s]Gb| tyf l;Gw'kfNrfs] sf] Go"lSno; jLp cfn'

sG] b| tyf sG] b|sf] cf;kf;df sx] L cge' jL si[ fsx?n] pTkfbg ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . o;df cfns' f efn] / kfy] L
hftx? Pp6} Nk6df xs' fO{ { efn] jf6] sf] kmn" x? kfn] g -efn] cFu_ lemsL xft] ;]rg lqmof u/L pTkfbg
ul/b} cfPsf] 5 . t/fOd{ f lxpbF ] df};ddf ug'{ k/s] fn] ] 5§' } e/] L nfO{6sf] Joj:yf ug{' kg{] xG' 5 .

$)_ /fd|/L Joj:yfkg u/L vt] L ul/Psf] k|lt /f]kgL hdLgaf6 slt ;Dd pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 <
F cfns' f] pTkfbg÷pTkfbsTj hdLgsf] pj/{ f zlQm Joj:yfkg tyf nufOP{ sf] hftdf km/s kb5{  . cf;} tdf

eGg' kbf{ !%–$) d]=6g k|lt xS] 6/ pTkfbg ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 .

$!_ jf]qmf xl/of ePsf cfn' vfPdf :jf:Yosf] nflu xflgsf/s xG' 5 lsg <
F cfn' e08f/0f ubf{ pHofnf] sf7] fdf e08f/0f ul/of] eg] jf]qmfsf] /u+ xl/of] df kl/0ft xG' 5 / To;sf

ljleGg /f;folgs k|so[ fjf6 ePsf] xb'F f dflg;sf] :jf:Yosf] kl| ts'n xG' 5 .

$@_ cfn' s:tf] 7fpdF f e08f/0f ubf{ /fd|f] xG' 5 <
F cfnn' fO{ cWF of/f] t/ :jR5 xfjf ;r+ f/ x'g] sf]7fdf e08f/0f ug'{ kb{5 . of] t/Lsf 3/fo;L xf] t/

Joj;flos lx;fjn] zlQm e08f/df @–$ l8= ;=] tfkqmd tyf *)–()% ;fkl] Ift cfbt|{ fdf e08f/0f ug'{
kb5{  .

$#_ lk|–j]l;s jLp cfn' eg]sf] s] xf] / of] lsg pTkfbg ul/G5 <
F lk–| jl] ;s jLp cfn' eg]sf] ko| fu] zfnfdf efO/; /fu] dQ' m kfl/Psf cfns' f jg] f{x? 6]:6 6o\ 'jdf tof/ u/L

jftfj/0f cgs' 'lnt Unf; xfp; -l;;fsf] 3/_ leq /f]kL ;–;fgf cfn' bfg -ldgL 6\oj' /_ pTkfbg ul/G5
h;nfO{ lk–| jl] ;s jLp cfn' elgG5 . o;sf] dV" o p2Z] o hftLo u'0f sfod u/L pTkfbg Ifdtf sfod
ug{' xf ] .

$$_ cfn'sf] dn" jLp egs] f] s] xf] / o;sf] pTkfbg s;n] ub5{ <
F cfn'sf] dn" jLp lk–| jl] ;s jLp cfnj' f6 pTkfbg u/s] f] klxnf] k':tfsf] jLp xf] . o:tf] jLp ;/sf/L kmfd{

tyf /lhi6«8 lghL jLp pTkfbs s[ifsx?n] pTkfbg ub{5g \ .

36 af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf]

$%_ cfn'sf] kt' nLn] ;l+ rt cfn'df s;/L Iflt k¥' ofp5F <

F jo:s k'tnLn] cfn'sf] cfvF f jf 3fp nf]usf] 7fpFdf km"n kfb5{  . ;fx] L 7fpFdf nfef{ pTkGg eO{ bfgf leq
k:b5g\ / ;?' Ë vgL u'bL vfg yfNb5g \ . kmn:j?k cfn' e08f/0f u/s] f] 7fpdF f sf7sf] v;f| ] lji6fsf
sf/0f yl' kg| yfNb5g\ / cfns' f bfgfx? rfpl/bF } hfG5g\ . o;/L cfqmd0f ePsf cfn' k0' f{tM vfg of]Uo x'Fb}
gg \ .

$^_ cfnd' f nfUg] vd' ]| sL/fsf] Ifltsf] ks| f/ s:tf] xG' 5 / s:tf] df6f]÷cj:yfdf j9L Iflt k'of{p5F <

F v'd]s| L/fsf] jo:s / nfef{ b'j}n] afnLnfO{ gfS] ;fg k¥' ofpbF 5g \ . jo:sn] dg' f / slnnf kft vfP/ /
nfefn{ ] df6f] leq j;]/ cfn'sf bfgf Pj+ h/f vfP/ gf]S;fg ub5{ g\ . jo:sn] lr;f,] cfl] ;nf] t/ kfgL
ghDg] 7fpF dg k/fpbF 5 . vs' n' f] tyf bf]d6 jnf}6] df6fd] f logLx? j9L ;so[ /xG5g\.

@=^ d"nf (Radish)

!_ d"nf afnLnfO{ s:tf] xfjfkfgL pko'Qm x'G5 <

F dn" f lxpFb] t/sf/L afnL xf] . ctM o;n] 708f df};d ?rfpbF 5 . t/fO{ b]lv pRr kxf8 ;Dd o;sf] vt] L
x'G5 .tfkqmdsf] lx;fjn] % l8=;=] bl] v @% l8=;=] ;Ddsf] tfkdfg u0' f:t/Lo pTkfgsf] nflu /fdf| ] xG' 5 .

@_ o;df kfOg] pkof]uL dV' o vlgh tTjx? s'g sg' x'g\ <

F d"nfdf vlgh kbfy,{ k|fl] 6g tyf le6fdLg tTjx? kz| :t dfqfdf kfO{G5 . ctM ;Gtl' nt efh] gdf dn" fsf]
dxTjk0" f{ :yfg /xG5 .

#_ of] s:tf] df};ddf km:6fpg] afnL xf] <

F dn" f lr;f] df;} ddf km:6fpg] afnL xf] hj ls o;n] sx] L dfqfdf udL{ klg ;xg ;Qm5 . jftfj/0f cg'sn'
geP l5§} 8's' lgisg], ;fgf] cfsf/sf] x'g,] h/f kmf6\g] ;d:of x'G5 .

$_ dn" f v]tL s:tf] lsl;dsf] df6f]df /fdf| ] x'G5 <

F kf| Ëfl/s÷hl} js kbfy{ k|z:t ePsf] xNsf bfd] 6 df6f] dn" f v]tLsf] nflu pkoQ' m x'G5 . h/] afnL ePsfn] ]
lrD6ofOnf] df6f] eg] /fd|f] xbF' g}  .

%_ k|lt /fk] gL hdLgdf slt dnvfb ko| f]u u/]df /fd|f] pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 <

F d"nfsf] pTkfbg /fd|f] lngsf] nflu s/Lj !))) s]=hL= uf]j/dn, % s]=hL= ol" /of, $ s]=hL= l8=P=kL= /
@ s=] hL= Do/" ]6 ckm kf6] f; cfjZos kb5{  . jf/] g tTj sd ePsf] df6f]df dn" f s'lxg] ;Defjgf ePsf]n]
jf/] ]S; cfwf s=] hL= kl| t /fk] gL xfNg' kb{5 .

^_ d"nf vt] L ubf{ hdLgsf] tof/L s;/L ul/G5 <

F d"nf Ps h/] afnL ePsf sf/0fn] ubf{ df6f] tof/Ldf ljzi] f Wofg k'¥ofpg' kb{5 . @)–@% ;=] dL= sf]
ulx/fO{df @–# k6s hft] L 8Nnf km6' fO{ j'/j'/pFbf] jgfpg' kb{5 . hdLg tof/Ls} j]nf sDkf]i6 of ufj] /dn,
gfO6f« h] gsf] cfwf efu, km:kmf/] ; / kf]6f; xfNg' kb{5 .

&_ dn" fdf cGoafnL eGbf l56f] uf]8d]n / 6k8;«] ug{ cfjZos kb5{ lsg <

F d"nf df6f] dg' L j9\g] afnL ePsfn] ] df6f] vs' n' f] / ulx/f] xg' h?/L 5 . dn" f /fk] ]sf] @ xKtf kl5 w/] } j]gf{
ePsf] 7fpjF f6 @ j6f dfq afsF L /fvL cGo x6fpg' kb5{  .

af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf] 37

*_ g]kfndf k|rlnt d"nfsf hftx? s] s] 5g\ <
F gk] fndf nufOPsf kr| lnt hftx?df, ldgf] cnL,{ XjfO{6g]s, k;' f r]tsL, 6fl] sgf;L, $) lbg,] Ko"7fg] /ftf]

cflb 5g \ . j0fz{ s+ / hftx?df cn l;hg XjfO6{ , PgL l;hg, 6«lksn qm;, k';f lxdfgL cflb xg'  \ .

(_ ldgf] cnL{ hftsf] ljz]iftf s] xf] <
F o;sf] h/f ;t] f] / tnlt/ 6'lKkbF} uPsf] x'G5 . o;sf] h/f ;/b/ $) ;=] ld= nfdf] *–!) ;=] ld= df6] fO{ /

dWod sl;nf] xG' 5 . of] s]xL lk/f] / ul' nof] ld>Lt :jfbsf] x'G5 . xQkQ sf7 gk:g] xF'bf o; hftnfO{
;jn} ] ?rfp5F g \ .

!)_ gk] fndf sg' s'g /+usf] dn" fx? kfOG5g\ < sg' –sg' tTjx? ;t] f] d"nfdf eGbf /ftf] dn" fdf k|fKt xG' 5g\ <
F gk] fndf ;t] f / /ftf bj' } ks| f/sf dn" fx? kfO{G5g \ . sfjf]x{ fO{8«]6 tyf vlgh tTj ;t] f] dn" fdf eGbf /ftf]

d"nfdf j9L kfOG5 .

!!_ /ftf] /u+ x'g] d"nfsf] hft sg' xf] < o;sf] pTkfbg sg' ef}ufl] ns If]qdf /fd|f] xG' 5 <
F /ftf] /+usf] dn" fsf] hft Ko"7fg] /ftf] xf ] . of] k5f}6] hft / 9Lnf] tof/ x'G5 . o;sf] kft xl/of,] ;Lwf /

/ftf] tyf g;f klg /ftf] vfnsf] x'G5 . o;sf] vt] L kxf8L If]qdf /fdf| ] xG' 5 .

!@_ d"nfsf hft dWo] Pp6f hftnfO{ rfln; lbg] -$) lbg]_ gfdfs/0f lsg ul/Psf] xf] <
F o; hftsf] dn" f jLp /fk] k] l5 $) lbg leq vfgnfos xg' ] ePsfn] ] rfln; lbg] elgPsf] xf].
!#_ 6fl] sgf;L hft sxfFjf6 leqfOPsf] xf] <
F 6fl] sgf;L hftsf] dn" f hfkfgjf6 leqfOPsf] xf] . of] j9L tfkqmd ;xg ;Sg] k5f}6] hft xf] . of] hft klg

dWo kxf8L Ifq] sf] nflu l;kmf/L; ul/Psf] 5 .

!$_ XjfO6{ g]s hftsf] ljzi] ftf s] 5 <
F of] hft hfkfgjf6 cfPsf] pGgt d"nf dWo] k/" fgf] xf] . o;sf] /u+ ;]tf] xG' 5 tyf o;n] j9L tfkqmd ;xg

;Qm5 . of] hft #–% ;]=ld= nfdf] ^–* ;=] ld= df]6fO{ ePsf] dflyjf6 tn ;fFul' /b} uPsf] xG' 5 . o;sf]
:jfb sx] L lk/f] x'G5 .

!%_ dn" fdf nfUg] ;]tf] l;Gb/' ] /f]u -White Rust_ s;/L /fs] yfd ug{ ;lsG5 <
F of] /f]u h/f jfx]s jf6s] f] cGo efux?df nfUb5 . kftsf] tNnf] ;txdf /f]u nfu]sf efu j6n' /] hnfpg,]

nfdf] ;do;Dd 3'DtL afnL nufpg' kb{5 .

!^_ dn" fsf] sfnf] h/f -Black Root of Radish_ s:tf] df6f]df nfUb5 < o;sf] nIf0f tyf /fs] yfdsf] pkfo
s] xf]nf <

F of] /fu] jf]/fg] tTjsf] sdL ePsf] df6f]df j9L nfUb5 . o; /fu] n] h/fsf] jl[ 4 x'b}g / ;–;fgf dl;gf h/f
glhsjf6 /f]un] cfqmd0f ub{5 / k/" f dn" fdf sfnf] bfu b]lvG5 . /fu] sf hLjf0f' w/] } ! jif{ ;Dd /xL /xg]
xg' fn] Kofh, n;'g / v';f{gL h:tf afnLn] 3D' tL afnL nufpg' kb5{  .

!&_ dn" fdf nfUg] k|dv' zq' sL/fx?sf] Aoj:yfkg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
F dn" fdf nfUg] k|d'v sL/fx?df nfxL tyf tf/] Lsf lemuF fx? xg'  . oL sL/fjf6 jRg h}ljs ljiffbLsf] k|ofu]

ug{ /fdf| ] x'G5 t/ sg' } cj:yfdf /f;folgs ljiffbL 5g{'kg]{ ePdf d6] fl;i6S; ! ld=ln=kl| t ln6/ kfgLdf
ld;fO{ 5g'{ kb5{  .

38 af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf]