l ^) s=] hL= km;kmf/] ;
l ^) s=] hL= kf]6f; k|lt /f]kgLsf b/n] lbg' k5 { .
!@_ hldgsf] to} f/L s;/L ug{] <
F a;] f/ /fK] g' eGbf Ps dlxgf klxn] g} @) ;]=ld= ulx/fO{ ;Dd $÷% k6s vghft] u/L df6f] a/' a'/fpbf]
agfpg' k5{ / kfgL lgsf;sf] nfuL %) dL6/sf] b/' Ldf ;f-;fgf] rg} n agfpg' k5 { .
!#_ a;] f/ /fK] g] dlxgf s'g xf] <
F rq} jz} fv dlxgf pkoQ' m dlxgf xf ] .
!$_ a];f/ vt] Lsf] nfuL df6f] s:tf] x'gk' b{5 <
F anf6} ] bfd] 6, sfnf], /ftf] / lrD6o\ fOnf] df6f] ;d]tdf vt] L ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ kfgL ghDg] hUuf x'gk' b{5 .
!%_ a];f/sf] v]tLsf] nfuL s:tf] xfjfkfgL rflxG5 <
F a;] f/ vt] Lsf] nfuL @)–#) l8=;]= tfkqmd, &)–*) kl| tzt cft' f ePsf] pi0f b]lv pkfi] 0f -!%)) dL6/
prfO{ ;Dd_ kb| z] sf] xfjfkfgL cfaZos kb{5 .
$=@ n;'g (Garlic)
!_ n;'gsf] So"l/Ë s;/L ug{] <
F n;'g vg] kl5 v]td} ufgfnfO{ af6] n] 5fk] L ;'sfO{ ;Dk0" f{ af6] ;'s]kl5 5fof / xfjfdf /fd|/L ;'sfO{
yGsfpgfn] e08f/0fdf /fdf| ] xG' 5 .
@_ n;'g slxn] vGg' k5{ <
F n;'gsf] ufgf] tof/ ePkl5 n;g' sf] af]6 kx+]lnO{ e'Od{ f 9Ng yfn] kl5 vGg' k5 { .
#_ n;'gdf uf8] dn] slxn] ug{' k5{ <
F n;'gsf] klxnf] uf]8fO{ nufPsf] @%–#) lbg kl5 / bf]>f] uf]8fO{ %)–^) lbg kl5 ug{' k5 { .
$_ n;'g v]tLdf l;r+ fO{ slxn] ug'{ k5{ <
F n;'gn] kfgL hd]sf] / ;V' vf ba' } ;xg ;Sb}g . ;fwf/0f lr:ofg ufgf] tof/ gx'Gh]n rflxG5 .
%_ n;g' /fK] g s] stL aLp -s;] f| _ rflxG5 <
F n;g' /f]Kg aLp -s];f| _ %))–^)) s=] hL= kl| t x]S6/ -@% b]lv #) s=] hL= kl| t /f]kgL_ cfjZos k5{ .
^_ n;g' stLsf] b'/Ldf /f]Kg' k5{ <
F n;g' !)–!% ;=] dL sf] b/' Ldf /fK] g' k5{ .
&_ n;'g pRr kxf8df slxn] bl] v /fK] g' k5{ <
F n;'g pRr kxf8df ;fpg–ebf}df /fK] g ;lsG5 .
*_ n;g' dWo kxf8df slxn] /fK] g' k5{ <
F n;g' dWo kxf8df sflt{s dlxgf e/ /f]Kg ;lsG5 .
(_ n;'g t/fO{df slxn] /fK] g' k5{ <
F n;g' t/fO{df c;f]h !% bl] v sflt{s !% ;Dd /f]Kg ;lsG5 .
af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf] 139
!)_ n;'g vt] Lsf] nfuL s] stL s;/L dn ko| f]u ug{' k5{ <
F n;g' v]tLsf] nfuL %=^ s=] hL= ol' /of, *=&= s=] hL= 8L=P=kL= / ^=&% s]=hL= Do/' 6] ckm kf]6f; k|lt /fk] gL
hUuf tof/Lsf] clGtd jn] f k|of]u ul/G5 eg] $ s]=hL= o'l/of @÷@ s]=hL=sf b/n] /fk] ]sf] #) lbg / ^)
lbg kl5 k|ofu] ugk{' b{5 .
!!_ n;'g vt] Lsf] nflu cfjZos kg{] dn s] stL xf] <
F n;'gnfO{ k|fªufl/s dn kz| :t rflxg] ePsf]n] #) 6g /fd|/L kfs]sf] uf]7] jf sDkf]i6 dn k|lt x]S6/ hldg
tof/ ug{' clw ko| f]u u/L vghft] ug{' kb5{ . /;fogLs dnsf] xsdf k|lt xS] 6/ !@)M *)M*) s]=hL=
gfO6f« ]hg, km;kmf]/; / kf6] f; l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] 5 .
!@_ n;g' vt] Lsf] nflu s:tf] df6f] rflxG5 <
F n;'gsf nfuL kfgL ghDg] vs' n' f] df6f] pQd xG' 5 . kf| Ëfl/s kbfy{ kz| :t ePsf] ^–& lk=Pr= ePsf] df6f]
/fd|f] xG' 5 .
!#_ n;g' v]tLsf] nflu s] /fK] g'k5{ <
F n;'g jfg:klts k|;f/0f ul/g] d;nf afnL xf ] . n;'gsf] s;] f| -Clove_ jf6 g} k;| f/0f ul/G5 . ctM
/fu] sd nfUg] :j:Yo 7"nf, cfsif{s ufgfsf] af]6d} 5gf}6 ul/ aLpsf] nfuL e08f/0f ug{' kb{5 . t/ Vofn
ug'{ kg]{ slxn] klg pRr kxf8af6 NofPsf] n;g' t/fO{df nufpg' xbF' }g . ef]6] 6fOksf n;'gsf] klg t/fOd{ f
ufgf] nfUb}g .
!$_ n;g' vt] Lsf] nflu k|sf; cjlw slt rflxG5 <
F n;'gsf] ufgf]sf] ;'?jft, j[l4 ljsf;sf nfuL k|sfz cjlw !@ 306f jf ;f] eGbf a9L xg' cfjZos 5 .
!%_ n;'g afnLsf] nflu rfxlg] tfkqmd slt xf] <
F n;g' sf] ufgf] aGgsf nflu @%–#) l8=;]= tfkqmd pkoQ' m xG' 5 . !)–!% l8= ;=] df afg:klts a[l4 xG' 5,
To:t} tfkqmd @) l8=;]=eGbf dfly nfu]kl5 ufgfs] f] ljsf; z?' xG' 5 .
!^_ n;'g v]tLsf] nfuL s:tf] xfjfkfgL rflxG5 <
F n;g' Ps km/flsnf] xfjfkfgL cyft{ t/fO{ bl] v pRr kxf8 ;Dd vt] L ug{ ;lsg] afnL xf ] . ufgf] aGgsf
nflu nfdf] lbg / pRr tfkqmd -lj?jf a9g] eGbf_ rflxG5 .
!&_ n;g' sf] cfi} flwo u0' f s]–s] x'g <
F n;'g Ps cfi} fwLo afnL xf] . hl} js vt] L k0| ffnLdf v]tLsf] aLraLrdf n;'g nufpgfn] ls/fx? efU5g
elgG5 . n;g' sf !–# s];|f vfnL k6] df kfgL;Fu vfbF f hf]gL{x? bV' g] /f]udf kmfObf kU' b5 . o;n] /utdf
a9s] f] sfn]:6«f]n 6«fOlUn;/fO8nfO{ klg ;dfGo u/fpbF 5 . %) uf| d hlt tf]/Lsf] t]ndf $–% n;g' sf] s];f|
km/' fP/ 89fP/ Pp6f efF8f]df /fvL cfjZostf cg';f/ 9f8, sDd/, jf cGo bv' ]sf] efudf k|of]u ubf{
ljzi] f nfe x'G5 .
!*_ n;g' df sg' –sg' kfl} i6s tTjx? kfOG{ 5 <
F n;g' kf}li6stfsf] xsdf ;a} ufgf] afnL dWo] n;g' a9L kfl} i6s 5 . of] sfafx]{ fO8]«6, kf| ]l6g, km;kmf]/;,
P;s/las Pl;8sf] /fdf| ] >ft] xf ] .
!(_ n;'gsf] k|of]u s;/L ul/G5 <
F n;'g ljzi] f u/L d;nf afnLs} ?kdf ko| fu] ul/G5 . t/sf/L, crf/, r6gL, df;'sf] :jfb a9fpg n;g' sf]
ko| fu] x'G5 . ljbz] lt/ o;sf] ;V' vf w'nf] agfP/ ko| fu] ug{] k|rng a9L /xs] f] 5 . gk] fndf klg rfprfp
pBf]udf n;g' sf] t]n k|ofu] ePsf] kfOG{ 5 . :jflbi6 kl/sf/ dMd sf] dV' o d;nfg} n;g' xf ] .
140 af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf]
$=# wlgof -Coriander_
!= wlgof s:tf] lsl;dsf] xfjfkfgLdfv]tL ul/G5 <
F wlgof lr;f] tyf Gofgf] ba' } lsl;dsf] xfjfkfgLdf vt] L ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] v]tL lxpFb dlxgfdf t/fO{df
klg x'G5 t/ lxpFb, jiff{ b'ad} f lr;f] /xg]t/ a9L t'iff/f] lxpF gkg{] 7fpxF ?df afx|} dlxgf vt] L ug{
;lsG5 .
@= wlgofsf] v]tL ;d' ;txaf6 slt prfO;{ Dd ug{ ;lsG5 <
F wlgofsf] v]tL !))) ld6/ b]lv #))) ld6/sf] prfO;{ Dddf ug{ ;lsG5 .
#= wlgof vt] L slt;Ddsf] tfkqmddf ug{ ;lsG5 <
F o;sf] v]tL kf| oM % l8uL| ;l] N;o; bl] v #) l8uL| ;]lN;o; ;Dd} ug{ ;lsG5 t/ !) b]lv @) l8u|L
;l] N;o;sf] tfkqmd o;sf] nflu ;ae} Gbf pko'Qm dflgG5 .
$= kl| t /f]kgL hldgdf slt aLp nfUb5 <
F aLpsf] u0' f:t/ /fd|f] eP %)) bl] v *)) u|fd aLp k|lt /f]kgL nfUb5 .
%= wlgofsf] nflu s:tf] lsl;dsf] df6f] pkoQ' m x'G5 <
F wlgofsf] nflu kfgL gDg] kz| :t KËfl/s kbfy{ ePsf] hg' ;s' } df6f]df v]tL ug{ l;G5 . o;sf] nflu df6f]
sf] lkPr ^ blv & x'g' kb5{ .
^= wlgof nufpg] hdLgsf] tof/L s:tf] x'g' kb5{ <
F /fdf| ] afnL pTkfbgsf nflu @–# k6s vghf]t u/L 8Nnf kmf]/L hUuf ;Dofpg' kb{5 .
&= k|lt /f]kgL hdLgdf dnvfbsf] dfqf slt rflxG5 <
F Ps /fk] gL hdLgsf] nflu !%)) s=] hL= uf]j/dn, ! s=] hL= gfO6{ «fh] g, ! s]=hL= kmf:] kmf/] ; tyf ! s]=hL=
kf]6f; hUuf tof/ ubf{ df6fd] f xfNg' kb5{ .
*= 6k8«;] sf] ?kdf klg vfB tTj lbg' h?/L 5 <
F aLp pd]|sf] @) b]lv @% lbgkl5 ! s=] hL= ol" /of dnn] 6k8;«] u/d] f /fd|f] pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 .
(= slt b"/Ldf aLp /f]Kbf a9L pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 <
F tof/L ul/Psf] hldgdf @)÷@) ;]=ld= sf] b/" Ldf # ;=] ld= ulx/f]df aLp /f]Kbf pTkfbg /fd|f] xG' 5 .
!)= s'g ;dodf nufof] eg] wlgofsf] /fdf| ] pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 <
F t/fO{ If]qdf cflZjg b]lv d+l;/;Dd, dWo kxf8df ef' b]lv df3;Dd / pRr kxf8df afx}| dlxgf nufpg
;lsG5 .
!!= o; afnLnfO{ uf8] dn] / l;r+ fO{sf] sltsf] h?/L kb{5 <
F aLp /fk] L pd]k| l5 xNsf uf]8d]n ug'{ kb5{ . l;r+ fOs{ f] xsdf udL{ ofddf %÷% lbgsf] km/sdf / hf8f]
ofddf !)÷!) lbgsf] km/sdf l;r+ fO{ ug{' kb{5 .
!@= slt cjlwdf pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 <
F aLp pd|g sl/a Ps ;ftf nfUb5 / aLp pds]| f] dlxgf lbgdf wlgofsf] kft vfgof]Uo x'G5 .
af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf] 141
!#= wlgof kl| t /fk] gL slt ;Dd pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 <
F pTkfbg o;sf] hft / df6f]sf] dlnnfk] g tyf l;+rfO{ cflbdf lge{/ /xG5 t/ cf;} tdf %)) b]lv ^))
s=] hL= xl/of] wlgofkl| t /f]kgL pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 .
$=$ v';f{gL tyf csa/] v;' f{gL (Chili)
!_ csa/] v;' fg{ Lsf] kmn slxn] l6Kg' k5{ <
F csa/] v';fg{ Lsf] kmn a]gf{ ;f/]sf] *)–() lbgdf klxnf] kmn l6Kg tof/ xG' 5 . Ps df;} ddf !) k6s
;Dd kmn l6Kg ;lsG5 .
@_ v';fg{ Ldf nfUg] d'Vo /f]ux? s] x'g <
F v';f{gLdf PGYo|fsgf]h, 89j' f /f]u / uh' 'dh' ] efO/; /f]ux? nfUg] u5 { .
#_ v;' f{gLsf] uaf/f] s;/L lgoGq0f ug{] <
F ujf/fn] ljz]if u/L kmndf Kjfn kf//] u'bL vfG5 . o;sf] /f]syfdsf] nfuL ge' fg ! Pd=Pn= k|ltln6/
kfgLdf /fv/] 5g'k{ 5 { . nuftf/ % lbgsf] km/sdf # k6s ge' fg 5g{'k5{ / 5/]sf] lbg b]lv % lbg;Dd
kmn vfg' xF'b}g .
$_ v';fg{ LnfO{ kmb] s6'jf ls/fjf6 s;/L hf]ufpg] <
F kmb] s6j' f ls/fn] e/v/ ;f/]sf] lj?jfsf kmb] sf6/] gf]S;fg u5{ . j]gf{ ;fbf{ dfnlyofg w"nf] @ s=] hL=
kl| t /f]kgLsf b/n] df6fd] f ld;fpg' k5 { .
%_ v';f{gLsf] lyK| ; ls/fnfO{ s;/L lgoGq0f ug]{ <
F v';fg{ Lsf] ly|K; ls/f lgoGq0f ug{ ge' fg ! Pd=Pn= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf % lbgsf] km/sdf # k6s :k]| ug{]
/ % lbg;Dd kmn l6k]/ vfgsf] nfuL k|ofu] gug {] .
^_ v;' fg{ Ldf ly|K; ls/f nfus] f] s;/L klxrfg ug]{ <
F v';fg{ Ldf ly|K; ls/f nfu]df dfp / aRrf b'j}n] kftsf] tNnf] efudf sft] //] /; r':5g\ / of] 7fpFx?df
v/} f bfux? b]lvG5g\ .
&_ v';fg{ Ldf nfUg] dV' o ls/fx? s] x'g\ <
F v';fg{ L afnLdf k|fo nfUg] ls/fOx?df ly|K;, kmb] s6'jf / uaf/f] kb{5 .
*_ v';fg{ L vt] Ldf l;rfO{ s;/L ug]{ <
F v';fg{ L vt] Lsf] nfuL yf]kf l;r+ fO{ k|ljwL ckgfpg' /fdf| ] xG' 5 . lxp+ bdf w]/} ;'Vvf ePdf v;' fg{ Lsf] jf]6
k|foM dg]{ ePsf] x'gfn] o; ;dodf ljzi] f Wofg k'of{O{ ;do ;dodf l;rfO{ u/L km]bsf] jl/kl/ ljz]if u/L
k/fnsf] 5fk] f| -Mulching_ xfNg' k5 { .
(_ v';f{gLsf] v]tLsf] nflu slxn]–@ k6s 6k8]l« ;ª ug'{ k5{ <
F klxnf] 6k8«l] ;ª jg] f{ ;f/]sf] @% lbg kl5, bf]>f] 6k8«]l;ª klxnf] 6k8l]« ;Ë u/]sf] @% lbg jf jg] f{ ;f/]sf]
%) lbg kl5 / kmn l6Kg yfnk] l5 k|To]s l6kfO{ cyjf sDtLdf @ k6s kmn l6k]kl5 ufO{ e+;} Lsf] uxFt'
;s+ ng u/L Ps efudf % efu kfgL ld;fO{ x/]s jf6] df %)–!)) Pd=Pn= sf b/n] jf6] sf] jl/kl/ lbg]
/ :k|] ug{' k5{ .
!)_ v;' f{gLsf] jg] f{ k|lt /fk] gL stL cfjZos k5{ <
F v;' fg{ Lsf] jg] f{ @))) b]lv #))) uf6] f ;Dd k|lt /fk] gL cfjZos kb5{ .
142 af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf]
!!_ v;' f{gLsf] a]gf{ s;/L /f]Kg' k5{ <
F h/f / kftx? w/] } / :j:y lj?jf 5fg/] an] s' Lkv ;fg{' kb5{ . jg] f{ ;fbf{ g;/{ Ldf 5bfF df6fd] g' L /xs] f] efu
hlt dfq hldgd'gL kg{] u/]/ ;fg{k' 5 { . a]gf{ ;f/]kl5 nuftf/ % lbg ;Dd xhf/Ln] lj?jfsf] jl/kl/ kg]{
u/L kfgL lbgk' 5 { .
!@_ v;' fg{ Lsf] ax'–aifLo{ pTkfbgsf] nflu stLsf] b'/Ldf /f]Kg' k5{ <
F v;' f{gLsf] axj' ifLo{ pTkfbgsf] nflu -$–% jif{;Dd_ xf/ bl] v xf/sf] b/' L !%) ;=] ld= / af6] b]lv jf6] sf]
b/' L !%) ;]=ld= xg' ' k5 { .
!#_ v';f{gLsf] a}df};dL pTkfbgsf] nflu stLsf] b'/Ldf /f]Kg' k5{ <
F ad] f;} dL v;' fg{ L pTkfbgsf nflu -c;f/–sflts{ _ xf/ b]lv xf/sf] b/' L *) ;=] ld= / af]6 bl] v af]6sf] b/' L
^) ;=] ld= xg' 'k5{ .
!$_ v';fg{ Lsf] df};dL pTkfbgsf] nfuL stLsf] b/' Ldf /fK] g' k5{ <
F df;} dL v;' fg{ L pTkfbgsf nflu -kmfNu'g–c;f/_ xf/ bl] v xf/sf] b'/L ^) ;]=ld= / af6] b]lv af6] sf] b'/L #)
;=] ld= -lxpFbdf_ / $% ;]=ld= -jiff{df_ x'gk' 5 { .
!%_ v';fg{ L v]tLsf] nflu hUufsf] tof/L s:tf] xg' ' k5{ <
F @–# k6s /fd|f];uF vghft] u/L 8Nnf km'6fP/ emf/kft sn] fP/ hUuf tof/ ug{' k5{ . ad] f};dL pTkfbgsf
nfuL eg] aiff{sf] df;} ddf vt] L ul/g] ePsf]n] aiffs{ f] kfgLjf6 o;nfO{ hfu] fpg / u'0f:t/Lo pTkfbgsf]
nflu Knfli6sf] 5fgf] agfpg' cfjZos kb{5 . aiff{sf] lr:ofgjf6 hf]ufpg hldgsf] ;txeGbf #) ;=] ld=
cUnf] Aof8 agfpg' k5{ .
!^_ v';f{gLsf] vt] Ldf s] slt dn ko| f]u ug{' k5{ <
F v';f{gLsf] kl| tjf]6 sDkfi] 6 ! s]=hL= 8L=P=kL= !) u|fd, kf]6f; % uf| d o'l/of !) u|fd, lhs+ ! uf| d / af/] ]S;
! u|fd k|lt af6] ag] f{ ;fg{' eGbf &–* lbg lbg klxn] hldg tof/ ug{] a]nfdf x/]s ag] fs{ f nflu -! lkm6
X ! lkm6 X ! lkm6_ wg lkm6sf] vfN8f] agfO{ df6fd] f ld;fP/ vfN8f] eg{] / dn lbP kl5 df6f] ;'Vvf 5
eGg] xNsf l;r+ fO{ ug{' k5{ / lj?jf /fks] f] #%–$) lbgsf] km/sdf csf{] k6s u/L bO' { k6s x/s] af]6sf]
jl/kl/ o'l/of %–% u|fdsf b/n] cf7} L cfsf/af6 % ;=] ld ulx/f] s'n];f] agfO{ dn lbg] / df6f]n] k'/L l;r+ fO{
ul/lbg' k5 { .
!&_ v';fg{ Lsf] aLp b/ s] xf] <
F Ps /fk] gLsf] nflu %) b]lv &% u|fd;Dd v';fg{ Lsf] aLpsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
!*_ pRr kxf8df v';fg{ Lsf] pTkfbg slxn] ug{ ;lsG5 <
F pRr kxf8df kmfug' –r}qdf aLp /fVg,] rq} –az} fvdf a]gf{ ;fg{] / c;f/–ebf}df afnL lng ;lsG5 .
!(_ kxf8df v';fg{ Lsf] a}df};dL pTkfbg slxn] ug{ ;lsG5 <
F c;f/–;fpgdf aLp /fVg,] ;fpg–ebf}df a]gf{ ;fg]{ / c;f]h–sflt{sdf afnL pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 .
@)_ kxf8df v';fg{ Lsf] df;} dL pTkfbg slxn] ug{ ;lsG5 <
F kxf8df sflts{ -kmfug' df aLp /fVg], kmfu'g-r}tdf a]gf{ ;fg]{ / h]7–c;f/df afnL lng ;lsG5 .
@!_ t/fOd{ f v;' f{gL nufpg] pkoQ' m ;do s'g xf] <
F t/fOd{ f ;fpg ebfd} f aLp /fVg], ebf} c;fh] df a]gf{ ;fg]{ / dl+ ;/–kmfug' df afnL lng] ul/G5 .
af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf] 143
@@_ csa/] v;' fg{ LnfO{ s:tf] xfjfkfgL rflxG5 <
F csa/] v;' f{gL udL{ / Gofgf] df;} ddf xg' ] afnL xf] . t'iff/f] gkg{] / Go"gtd tfdqmd % 8]=;L= eGbf tn
ghfg] 7fpdF f lxpb] afnLsf] ?kdf ul/G5 . tfkqmd !* l8=;]= / #@ l8=;] sf] aLrdf v';fg{ Lsf] al[ 4 /
ljsf; /fd|f] xG' 5 . t/ #% l8=;=] eGbf a9L tfkqmd ePdf kmn nfUb}g / !) l8=;]= eGbf sddf kmnsf]
cfsf/ ljlu|G5 . o;n] t'iff/f] / w]/} lr;f] klg ;xg ;Sbg} .
@#_ v';fg{ L vt] Lsf] nflu df6f] s:tf] x'g' k5{ <
F kfgL ghDg] lrlD6fOnf] bf]d6 df6f] o;sf] nflu pQd x'G5 . anf6} ] df6fd] f klg o;sf] vt] L ug{ ;lsG5
t/ uf]a/ dn kz| :t /fVg' kb5{ . df6fs] f] kL=Pr= %=%= bl] v ^=%=sf] x'gk' b{5 .
@$_ v';f{gLsf] ko| f]u s;/L ul/G5 <
F v';fg{ Lsf] kfss] f] kmndf Capsaicin eGg] /;fog kfO{G5 / o;nfO{ cf}ifwL agfpg k|of]u ul/G5 . kmn w/] }
lk/f] x'g] xFb' f o;sf] ld7f] dxsn] vfgfsf] ?lr a9fp5F . o;sf] k|of]u d;nfsf] ?kdf ul/G5 . o;nfO{
cfB} fl] us sRrf kbfys{ f] ?kdf klg k|ofu] ul/G5 . o;sf] kfss] f] kmnjf6 crf/ / cGo gk] fnL kl/sf/x?
agfpg ;lsG5 .
@%_ v;' f{gLsf] vt] L sxfF ug{ ;lsG5 <
F v;' fg{ L vt] L gk] fnsf] t/fO{ b]lv dWo] kxf8;Dd ;kmntf k"js{ ug{ ;lsG5 .
@^_ csa/] v;' fg{ Ldf s] kfOG{ 5 <
F csa/] v;' fg{ L w/] } lk/f] / :jflbnf] x'G5 . o;sf] l5lKkPsf] xl/of] kmndf le6fldg æPÆ, æl;Æ nufot
ljleGg ks| f/sf cGo le6fldg, vlgh, tTjx? tyf cGo kfi] f0f tTjx? kz| :t dfqfdf kfOG5 .
@&_ v';f{gLsf] pTklt sxfF ePsf] xf] <
F k|fo ;a} lsl;dsf] v';f{gLsf] pTklt dWo cdl] /sfsf] dl] S;sf] / Ujf6]dfnfdf ePsf] cg'dfg 5 .
$=% cbj' f -Ginger_
!= cb'jf vt] Lsf nflu s:tf] xfjfkfgL cfjZos kb{5 <
F cb'jf v]tL Gofgf] tyf cfl] ;nfk] gf ePsf] :yfgdf /fd|f] xG' 5 . of] k|foM v'Nnf jftfj/0fdf vt] L ul/g]
ePtfklg kr| 08 udL{ / 3fd nfUg] 7fpdF f 5fofF klg Tolts} cfjZos kb{5 . cbj' f a9\g] cj:yfdf lbgsf]
tfkqmd @) b]lv #) l8uL| ;l] N;o; x'gk' b{5 eg] #% l8u|L ;l] N;o; eGbf a9L tfkqmd pko'Qm x'Fbg} .
al9 afbn nfUg] 7fpF /fdf| ] dflgbF g} .
@= cb'jf v]tL ;d' ;tx bl] v slt prfO;{ Dd ug{ ;lsG5 <
F o;sf] vt] L ;db' | ;txaf6 ()) b]lv !%)) ld6/;Dd ;kmntfsf ;fy ug]{ u/s] f] kfOG5 .
#= cb'jf v]tLsf nflu jflifs{ jiff{ s:tf] x'g' kb5{ <
F cb'jf v]tLsf] nflu !%)) b]lv #))) ldld jiff{ kofK{ t xG' 5 .
$= cb'jf vt] Lsf nflu df]x8f s:tf] x'g' kb5{ <
F cb'jf vt] Lsf] nflu blIf0f–kj" L{ dfx] 8f ePsf] hldg /fdf| ] xG' 5 t/ klg cGo s'/fx? cg's"n ePdf hg' ;s' }
dfx] 8f ePsf] hldgdf cb'jf vt] L ug{ ;lsG5 .
144 af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf]
%= cb'jf v]tLsf] nflu s:tf] df6f] pko'Qm x'G5 <
F cbj' fsf] vt] L %=% bl] v ^=% ;Dd lk=Pr= dfg ePsf] hg' ;'s} df6f]df klg ug{ ;lsG5 t/ To:tf] 7fpF kfgL
ghDg], k|z:t k|fËfl/s kbfy{ ePsf,] bfd] 6 df6f] ePdf cem /fd|f] x'G5 .
^= gk] fndf cbj' f afnLsf sg' –sg' hftx? kfOG5g\ <
F gk] fndf :yfg ljz]ifdf cfˆg} vf; u'0f ePsf cbj' fsf :yflgo hftx? v]tL ul/G5 . a9L g;f ePsf
cb'jfnfO{ g;] tyf /]zf sd ePsf cbj' fnfO{ af;] ] gfd lbPsf] kfOG{ 5 . g]kfndf sk'/sf]6 cbj' f–! ;a}
eGbf k|rlnt hft xf] . of] @)%^ ;fndf pGdfr] g u/]sf] hft xf] .
&= sk'/sf6] cbj' f–! hftsf] ljzi] ftf s] s] 5g\ <
F o;hftsf] cbj' fdf /z] f $% eGbf sd x'g], o;sf] ufgf] 7"nf] xg' ], o;df ;u' lGwt tn] @=!^% / cfl] nof/] l] hg
&=!@% kfO{g,] o;af6 ;7' f] !*% aGg]/ #) bl] v $) d]=6g k|lt xS] 6/ pTkfbg Ifdtf ePsf ljzi] ftfx?
5g\ .
*= cb'jf v]tLsf] nflu hldgsf] tof/L s;/L ul/G5 <
F cb'jf nufpgsf nflu kfgL ghDg] hldgsf] 5gf6} ug{' kb{5 . hUufnfO{ @–# k6s hft] L, 8Nnf km6' fO{
df6f] a'/a/' fpFbf] agfO{ sDkfi] 6 cyjf ufa] / dn ld;fpg' kb5{ .
(= cbj' f vt] Lsf] nflu kl| t /f]kgL cbj' fsf] aLp slt nfUb5 <
F aLpsf] cfsf/, df]6fO,{ hft tyf nufpg] tl/sf cg';f/ cbj' fsf] aLpsf] kl/df0f km/s kb5{ . ;fwf/0ftM
kl| t /fk] gL @@% b]lv @&% s=] hL= aLp nfUb5 .
!)= cbj' fsf] aLpsf] 5gf}6 s;/L ul/G5 <
F cbj' fsf] aLp agfpFbf %)–^) u|fd tfn} ePsf], /fu] gnfu]sf,] grfpl/Psf], aLpsf] 6'qmfdf slDtdf Pp6f
6;' fpg] efu ePsf,] afq] mf gvO' l{ nPsf,] gsfl6Psf] / nfdf] 6';f gcfPsf] aLp 5gf6} ug{' kb5{ .
!!= cbj' fsf] aLpsf] pkrf/ lsg ul/G5 <
F cb'jfsf] aLpsf] pkrf/ dV' otM aLp ufgf]af6 ;g]{ /fu] af6 arfpg ul/G5 . aLpsf] pkrf/ bO' { k6s ug{'
kb5{ . klxnf] e08f/0f ug{' cuf8L / bf>] f] nufpg' cl3 pkrf/ ug{' kb{5 .
!@= cb'jfsf] aLpsf] pkrf/ s;/L ul/G5 <
F cb'jfsf] aLpnfO{ 8fOy{ ]g Pd–$% sf] 3f]ndf -@=% u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLsf b/n_] ! 306f;Dd 8a' fO{ pkrf/
ug{' kb5{ . pkrf/ kZrft\ k"0ft{ M 5fofdF f cf]efpg' kb{5 / cfe] fPkl5 dfq e08f/0f jf vt] af/Ldf /f]Kg'
kb{5 .
!#= cbj' fsf] aLp s;/L /f]lkG5 <
F cbj' fsf] aLp /fK] bf xf/af6 xf/sf] b/" L #) ;=] ld= / af6] bl] v af]6sf] b'/L klg #) ;=] ld= sfod xg' ] u/L &
bl] v !) ;=] ld= sf] ulx/fOd{ f /fK] g' kb{5 . kT| os] rf/ nfO{g cbj' f kl5 #)–$) ;]=ld= vfnL 7fpF la?jfsf]
:ofxf/ ;Def/sf nflu 5f8] \g' kb{5 .
!$= cbj' f v]tL ubf{ dnvfbsf] Aoj:yfkg s;/L ul/G5 <
F k|lt /fk] gL hUufsf] nflu @ d=] 6g ufa] /dn, ^ s]=hL= ol" /of, % s=] hL= l8=P=kL=, $ s]=hL= kf]6f; dnsf]
cfjZostf kb5{ .
af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf] 145
!%= cbj' f vt] Lsf] nflu 5fkf] /fVg] sfo{ sltsf] dxTjk"0f{ 5 / s;/L ul/G5 <
F cbj' f vt] Lsf] nflu 5fkf] jf dlNrË ug{' clgjfo{ 5 . o;sf] ko| fu] af6 df6f]df lr:ofg arfO{ /fVg, emf/
lgoGq0f ug,{ df6fd] f k|fËfl/s kbfy{ a9fpg dxTjk0" f{ of]ubfg lbG5 . 5fkfs] f] ?kdf :yflgo :t/d} kfpg]
;s' ]sf] ;f]Q/, xl/of] :ofpnf, v/, k/fn, wfgsf] e;' cflb ko| f]u ug{' kb5{ .
!^= cb'jf afnLdf uf8] dn] lsg / s;/L ug'{ kb{5 <
F emf/kftaf6 xg' ] vfBtTjsf] k|lt:kwf{ /f]Sg, h/f, kfgf tyf af6] x?df xfjfsf] ;r+ f/ u/fpg uf8] d]n ug{
h?/L x'G5 . uf8] d]n ubf{ klxnf] k6s pd|]sf] Ps dlxgf kl5 kfgfnfO{ c;/ gkg]{ u/L / bf]>f] k6s pds|] f]
bO' { dlxgf kl5 kfgfnfO{ c;/ gug{] u/L ;fjwfgLk"js{ uf8] d]n ug{' kb5{ . ;Dej eP;Dd xftn} ] emf/x?
pvN] g' kb{5 .
!&= cb'jf afnLdf l;+rfO{sf] cfjZostf kb5{ <
F gk] fndf ;fdfGotof jiffo{ fddf / kfvfa] f/Ldf cbj' f v]tL ul/g] xbF' f l;r+ fO{sf] cfjZostf kb{}g . t/
l;FrfO{sf] ;'ljwf ePdf dg;g' ;lsPkl5 cflZjg dlxgfdf !% lbgsf] km/sdf @ k6s l;FrfO{ lbFbf
pTkfbgdf j[l4 / u'0f:t/Lo cbj' f pTkfbg x'G5 .
!*= cbj' f afnLdf a|'gL jf dfp lgsfNg] egs] f] s] xf] <
F a?gL jf dfp lgsfNg] eg]sf] nufPsf] cb'jf afnL tof/ gxFb' } nufPsf] aLp ufgf] la?jf :yflkt e};sk] l5
la?jfaf6 lj:tf/} cnu u/L df6f] aflx/ lgsfNg] tl/sf xf] . o;/L A?gL lgsfNbf nufPsf] aLpsf] ()
kl| tzt;Dd lgsfNg ;lsG5 . o;/L lgsfn]sf] a|'gL laqmL ubf{ aLpdf nfu]sf] em08} %) kl| tzt vr{ lkmtf{
kfpg ;lsG5 .
!(= cbj' f afnLdf nfUg] d'Vo–dV' o sL/fx? s'g sg' x'g\ <
F cb'jf afnLdf nfUg] sL/fx?df vd' |], uaf/f,] ufg] cf;+} f, kft a?] jf, sTn] / :kfO; la6n dV' o x'g\ .
@)= cb'jf afnLdf nfUg] uaf/f] sL/fsf] lgoGq0f s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
F o;sf] nfen|] ] ;/fsf] %–& ;]=ld= dfly kmb] df Kjfn kf/L ua' f] vfFb} 6'Kkf lt/ hfG5 . o;n] ubf{ ;/f ;S' b5 .
o;sf] lgoGq0fsf nflu /fu] / jf 8]l;;sf] )=! k|ltztsf] 3fn] 5g'{ kb{5 .
@!= cbj' f afnLsf] ufg] cf;}+ fsf] lgoGq0f s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
F /fOhf]d ˆnfO{sf Dofuf6] nfO{ ufg] cf}+;f eGb5g\ . cb'jfsf] ufgf] sl' xg yfNof] eg] uGwn] lemËf cfslif{t
x'G5g\ / cf;}+ f k/k] l5 ;8\g] qmddf tLj|tf cfp5F . o;sf] /f]syfdsf] nflu 9;' Lgfzs ljifflbsf] ;fydf
sL6gfzs ljifflb klg ld;fO{ /fu] L af]6sf] jl/kl/ ufgf] leHg] u/L 8]l« GrË u/d] f /f]u / sL/f ba' s} f] lgoGq0f
x'G5 .
@@= cb'jf afnLdf b]vf kg]{ d'Vo d'Vo /fu] x? s'g s'g xg' \ <
F cb'jf afnLdf nfUg] /fu] x?df ufgf] s'lxg,] ;'s] ;8g jf kx+n] f] /fu] , kftdf nfUg] yfK] n] /fu] cflb dV' o x'g\ .
@#= cb'jf afnLsf] ufgf] s'lxg] /f]usf] lgoGq0f s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
F of] /f]u /f]Kg' cl3 g} aLp ufgfd] f 9;' Lsf] ;q+ md0f e} /x]sf] /x]5 eg] pld|g] lalQs} 6';fx?df kfgLoQ' m
wAafx? bl] vG5g\ . /fu] a9b\ } uPdf 6';fx? g} db{5g\ . o;sf] /f]syfdsf nflu /f]u/lxt If]qaf6 dfq aLp
Nofpg] . /fu] cj/f]wL jf /f]u ;xg ;Sg] hftsf] ko| f]u ug]{, afnL–rqm ckgfpg] tyf kf| /lDes nIf0f
b]lvgf ;fy a]leli6g ! uf| d kl| t ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ af]6 leHg] u/L 8«]lGrË ug'{ kb{5 .
146 af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf]
@$= cb'jf afnL tof/ ePsf] s;/L kQf nufpg] / kl| t /f]kgL slt;Dd pTkfbg x'g] ub{5 <
F cbj' f vGg] ;do xfjfkfgL, hft, pkof]u tyf ahf/sf] dfudf e/ kb{5 . ;fwf/0ftof &% k|ltzt ;/f
-af6] _ ;'s/] 9Ng yfNof] eg] afnL tof/ ePsf] dflgG5 . gk] fndf cbj' fsf] pTkfbg Ifdtf @ d=] 6g kl| t
/f]kgL /xs] f] 5 .
@%= cb'jfsf] ;/;kmfO{ tyf u]l| 8Ë s;/L ul/G5 <
F cbj' fsf] ;/;kmfO{ ubf{ ufgfd] f 6fFl:;Psf] df6f], h/f cflbnfO{ ;kmf ug{] / cbj' fsf] u]|l8Ë ug{] qmddf
sfl6Psf, /f]u nfu]sf / 6l' qmPsf ufgfx? tyf dfp jf A?gLnfO{ klg cnu 5'§o\ fP/ /fVg' kb{5 . o;/L
5'§\ofO{Psf] /fdf| ] u'0f:t/sf] cb'jfnfO{ aLp ko| fh] g tyf ;'7f] agfpg k|ofu] ul/G5 .
@^= cbj' fsf] e08f/0f s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
F cb'jf e08f/0f ubf{ pkoQ' m jftfj/0f gldnd] f cbj' f ;S' g], rfpl/g], nfdf] 6';f cfO{ u'0f:t/ 36\g] tyf
sl' xP/ gf]S;fg xg' ] ub5{ . t;y{ cb'jfnfO{ !@–!$ l8uL| ;]lN;o; tfkqmd / ^%–&) k|ltzt cfb|t{ f ePsf]
e08f/ 3/df e08f/0f ubf{ % b]lv ^ dlxgf;Dd klg cb'jfnfO{ e08f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
@&= ;7' f] eg]sf] s] xf] <
F ;'7f] eg]sf] kvflnPsf,] af]qmf x6fOP{ sf] jf gx6fO{Psf] / ;'sfPsf] cb'jfsf] ufgf] xf] . ;'7fd] f lr:ofg !)
kl| tzt eGbf a9L x'g' x'Fbg} / ;u' lGwt t]n !=% k|ltzt eGbf sd xg' ' xbF' g} .
@*= ;'7f] s;/L agfOG{ 5 <
F ;jk{ y| d xft / af]qmf 5f8] fpg] d]lzgsf] ;xfotfn] cbj' fsf] af]qmf vs' /]{ kfgLn] ;kmf ug'{ kb5{ .
To;kl5 @ kl| tzt rg' kfgL -@)) uf| d 3/ kf]Tg] rg' / !) ln6/ kfgL_ sf] 3f]ndf af]qmf v'lsP{ sf ;kmf
cbj' fsf 6'qmfx?nfO{ ^ 306f;Dd 8'afpg' kb{5 / kl5 3fddf ;'sfpg' kb5{ . o;/L cfsif{s ;7' f] tof/
ug{ ;lsG5 .
@(= ;7' fs] f] e08f/0f s;/L ul/G5 <
F ;'7f] tof/ ePkl5 @)–@% s]=hL= c6g\ ] ;kmf / oyfzSo leqL efu kfl] nlyg ePsf] af]/fdf /fVg' kb{5 .
o:tf] ;'7fn] fO{ ;kmf tyf cfe] fgf] sf7sf] ˆNofs dfly * bl] v !) dlxgf;Dd ;'/lIft /fVg ;lsG5 t/
!–@ dlxgfsf] cGt/df 3fddf clgjfo{ ;s' fpg' kb{5 .
$=^ d]yL -Fenugreek_
!= d]yL afnLsf nflu s:tf] xfjfkfgL cfjZos kb5{ <
F d]yL z/b\ tyf zLtsflng d;nfafnL xf] . o;sf] jl[ 4 / ljsf;sf nflu lr;f], t'iff/f] /lxt xfjfkfgL
rflxG5 . o;sf] aLp kfSg] an] fdf eg] sx] L ;V' vf / u/d df;} dsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
@= dy] Lvt] Lsf] nflu s:tf] df6f] pkoQ' m x'G5 <
F d]yL vt] Lsf] nflu df6f]sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ vt] L ug{ /fl] sg' kg]{ cj:yf /xbF g} hg' ;'s} lsl;dsf] df6f]df ug{
;lsG5 t/ a9L pTkfbgsf] nflu eg] k|fËfl/s kbfy{ kr| '/ ePsf] kfgL ghDg] bf]d6 df6f] pQd xG' 5 .
#= gk] fndf d]yL afnLsf sg' –sg' hftx? kfOG5g\ <
F gk] fndf a9L vt] L :yflgo hfts} ul/G5 t/ klg /fh]Gb| qmflGt, k;' f cln{ alGrË, lx;f/ ;f]gfnL, sf=] !,
nfd ;]nS] zg !, cf/ Pd l6–!, cf/ Pd l6–!$# hftx? g]kfndf lelqPsf 5g\ / s'g} ;fusf] lx;fan] /
s'g} aLpsf] ko| f]u u/L d;nfsf] ?kdf k|ofu] eO/xs] f] kfOG{ 5 .
af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf] 147
$= d]yL v]tLsf] nflu hldgsf] tof/L s;/L ul/G5 <
F o;sf] nflu b'O{ tLg k6s vghft] u/L 8Nnf kmf]/]/ emf/kft x6fO{ df6fn] fO{ a'/a'/fpbF f] agfpFb} hUufnfO{
;Dofpg' kb5{ . o;/L tof/ ul/Psf] hdLgdf !–!=% ld6/ rf}8fO{ ePsf] Sof/L agfpg' kb5{ .
%= d]yLsf] aLp s;/L /fl] kG5 <
F o;sf] aLp ;f]em} v]tdf 5l/g] xg' fn] nfOg{ d} 5g{' kb{5 . tof/L hUufdf @)–@% ;]=ld= sf] km/sdf nfOg{
sf/] ]/ aLp / afn'jf ld;fOP{ sf] aLp Psgf;n] 5g{' kb5{ . To;kl5 xNsf lsl;dn] aLpnfO{ k'//] xhf/Lsf]
;xfotfn] df6fn] fO{ xNsf lehfO{ lbg' kb{5 .
^= o;sf] nflu slt aLpsf] cfjZostf kb5{ <
F dy] L vt] Lsf] nflu !@ s]=hL= /fd|f] aLp eP ! x]S6/ hdLgnfO{ kU' b5 .
&= dy] Lsf] aLpsf] pkrf/ s;/L ul/G5 <
F o;sf] !@ s=] hL= aLpnfO{ Phfl] :kl/nd !=% s=] hL= / 6f« O{sf8] df{ lel/8L %) u|fdn] pkrf/ ug'{ kb{5 .
*= dy] Lsfv] t] L ug{ slt;Dd dnvfbsf] k|of]u ug{ pkoQ' m x'G5 <
F o;sf] nflu hldg tof/Lsf] cj:yfdf @)–@% d]=6g ufa] /÷sDkf]i6 dn, #) s]=hL= gfO6{ «f]hg, @% s]=hL=
kmf:kmf/] ;,$) s=] hL= kf]6f; k|lt x]S6/ /fVg' kb{5 .
(= s] d]yL vt] Lsf] nflu 6k8«;] ug{ klg h?/L 5 <
F a9L pTkfbg lngsf] nflu aLp 5/]sf] #) lbg kZrft\ @)s]=hL= gfO{6«fh] gk|lt xS] 6/ 5g{' kb5{ .
!)= dy] L v]tLdf uf8] dn] sltsf] h?/L xG' 5 <
F nfOg{ df nufOP{ sf] dy] L afnLnfO{ s'6f] jf vk' L{n] uf]8dn] u//] emf/kft lgsfnL ;kmf /fVg' kb{5 . w]/}
afSnf] pd|s] f] 7fpdF f 5fF6L / a]8fO{ lbg' kb{5 h;n] ubf{ afnL :j:Yo /xg] / pTkfbgdf jl[ 4 x'G5 .
!!= d]yLnfO{ sg' sg' a]nf l;r+ fO{ lbg h?/L xG' 5 <
F o;nfO{ klxnf] l;r+ fO{ aLp 5g]{ lalQs} lbg' kb{5 . bf]>f] l;r+ fO{ lr:ofgnfO{ x]/L @–# lbg kl5 / To;kl5
&–!) lbgsf] cGt/fndf l;rF fO{ u/L /xg' k5{ .
!@= d]yL afnLdf s:tf s:tf /fu] x? bv] f kb5{ g\ / ltgLx?sf] Joj:yfkg s;/L ul/G5 <
F d]yL afnLdf h/f sl' xg], yfK] n,] l;Gb/' ] tyf kfp8/L ldN8\o" h:tf /fu] x? nfUb5g\ . logLx?sf] /fs] yfdsf]
nflu 8fOy{ g] Pd–$% jf al] eli6g jf ;Nkm/ @ u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ @–# k6s 5/]df pNnl] vt
/f]ux?nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
!#= d]yL afnLdf s:tf s:tf sL/fx?sf] cfqmd0f x'G5 / ltgLx?sf] s;/L Joj:yfkg ug'{ kb{5 <
F o; afnLdf sL/fx?n] TolQ w]/} gf]S;fgL u/s] f] kfOGg . obfsbf b]lvg] kft vfg] nfe]| cyjf sf];fdf nfUg]
uaf/f] bl] vPdf dfnfyfog ! ld=ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5bf{ /fs] yfd ug{ ;lsG5 .
!$= d]yL afnL pd|] kl5 slt cjlwdf afnL lng tof/ xG' 5 <
F o;af6 bO' { lsl;dsf] pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 . xl/of] ;fusf] ?kdf @)–@% lbg bl] v / bfgf÷aLpsf] ?kdf
()–!)) lbgdf pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 .
!%= dy] Lsf] Ps k6ssf] afnLaf6 slt;Dd pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 <
F xl/of] ;fusf] ?kdf ko| f]u ug{sf nflu $)))–%))) / bfgf÷aLpsf] ?kdf %))–&)) sh] L k|lt x]S6/
pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 .
148 af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf]
gub] afnL (Cash Crops)
k|Zg–pQ/
%=! pv' (Sugarcane)
!_ pv' vt] Ldf df};d kl/jt{gsf c;/x?nfO{ ;fdgf ug{ s] ko| f;x? ePsf 5g\ <
F pv' afnLdf ldl>t jf 3;' j' f afnL nufOG5 . o;df klg sf];a] fnL ;d]t nufOG5 . o;/L ldl>t afnLn]
lr:ofg ;+lrts/0f, tfkqmddf ;t+ 'ng x'gdf ;xofu] eO{/xs] f] xG' 5 . o; afxs] kfgL hDg] cj:yf / ;'Vvf
;xg ;Sg] hftx? ljsf; ug]{ sfox{ ? eO{ /xsf] 5 .
@_ v'§L afnL v]tL klxnf] afnL h;/L g} ul/G5 jf s] slt km/s 5 <
F pv' sf6k] l5 t'?Gt l;r+ fO{ u/L dnvfb lbg' kb{5 . gfO{6«f]hg o'Qm dn -ol" /of_ klxnf] afnL eGbf s/La
@)% al9 lbg' kb{5 . cfwL dn klxnf] l;+rfO{ u/]kl5 af+ cfwL bf];|f] jf t;] f| ] l;r+ fO{ u/k] l5 /fd/| L af8+ ]/
lbg' kb5{ . o;/L klxnf] afnL ;/xg} v'§L afnLsf] klg vt] L ug{' kb{5 / nfebfs pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 .
/fu] L af]6sf] eg] v'§L afnL ug{' x'+g / vfnL 7fpFx?df cfVF nf ;lxtsf] jLp 8fF7 /fk] L lbg' kb5{ .
#_ pvs' f] v§' L afnL s] xf] / of] afnL s;/L kmfobf hgs 5 <
F pv' sf6L ;sk] l5 tn 8fF7af6 kml] / knfpb5 / csf]{ afnLsf] ?kdf kg' M vt] L ul/G5 / nfebfos ?kdf
pv' pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 . o:tf] vt] LnfO{ v§' L afnL elgG5 . o;sf nflu pv' eg] tn km]baf6 g} sf6] ]sf]
xg' ' kb{5 cGoyf dflysf] efuaf6 pds]| f] af]6af6 /fdf| ] pTkfbg xfl;n ug{ ;lsbg} . o; afxs] pv' sf6\g
df3;Dd /xd] f jz] xG' 5 . o;/L hldg tof/L ug{ gkg],{ jLpsf] vr{ gnfUg] ePsfn] lskmfot ?kdf
afnL leœofpg ;lsg] ePsfn] v'§L afnL kmfobfhgs 5 t/ bf;] f| ] kl5 t;] f| ] afnLsf nflu eg] v'l§ afnL
nfesf/L x'Fb}g .
$_ pv' sf6\g] tyf ;d]6\g] t/Lsf s] xf] <
F pv' sf6b\ f pKs]/f nufPsf] df6f] x6fO{ d'gL 8fF7;Ddsf] efu sf6g\ ' kb5{ . ;'s]sf] kftx? x6fpg' kb5{ /
6'Kkf] efu klg sf6/] x6fPkl5 ;kmf 8fF7dfq sf] efu afw+ L ldndf aR] gsf] nflu nUg] ul/G5 .
%_ pv' sf6g\ ] plrt ;do sg' xf] < s;/L yfxf kfpg] <
F ha pvs' f] tnsf] kftx? ;'Sg yfNb5 / 6'Kkf] tkm{sf] efu dfq xl/of] /xG5, sf6\g] a]nf ePsf] al' emG5 .
;fwf/0f tof Ps jif{ kl5 sflts{ d+l;/ b]lv pv' sf6\g] z'? x'G5 t/ pv' df3 kmfNug' ;Dd /xd] f lrgLsf]
dfqf a9\b5 . pvs' f] aLrsf] efusf] /;sf] lrgLsf] dfqf !&–!*% ePdf sf6\g] jn] f ePsf] ;s+ t] ub5{ .
o:tf] gfk l/km]S6fl] d6/ eGg] oGqåf/f tTsfn} dfkg ug{ ;lsG5 .
^_ pvn' fO{ 9Ngaf6 arfpg s] ug{' kb5{ <
F dnvfb ko| f]udf o'l/of dfq ko| f]u gu/L ;a} dnvfbsf] ;t+ 'lnt dfqf ko| f]u ug{' kb{5 . o; afxs] bf]>f]
k6ssf] dnvfb k|ofu] df pKs]/f nufpg lj;g{ ' xb'F }g . >fj0f dlxgf lt/ s/La ^–& lkm6 x'Fbf af]6x?nfO{
afWg' kb5{ .
af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf] 149
&_ pvs' f] 3fF;] /f]usf] nIf0f s:tf] xG' 5 / s;/L Aoj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 <
F pvs' f] of] /fu] dfO{qmf]KnfHdaf6 xG' 5 . /f]u nfus] f] af]6x? ;fgf], ;O' /f] / kx+]nf] kft ePsf] xG' 5 . oL
af]6x? Ps} 7fpdF f w]/} pd/|] 3f;F sf] emK' kf h:tf] bl] vG5 / nfqmf kN] g nfos x'bg} .
Aoj:yfkgM
l /f]u k|lt/f]wL hft nufpg k|of; ug {] .
l /f]uL lj?jf x6fpg ] .
l :j:y jLpsf] 5gf}6 u/L nufpg ] .
l o;sf nflu jLp pkrf/ u//] dfq ko| f]u ug {] .
pkrf/sf] nflu dfly pNnv] u/] cg';f/ cg;' /0f ug {] .
*_ pvs' f] cf]Onfpg] -Sugar Cane-Wilt_ /f]usf] nIf0f s:tf] x'G5 / Aoj:yfkg s;/L ul/G5 <
F of] /fu] klg 9;' Ls} sf/0faf6 xG' 5 . c;f]h dlxgf b]lv bl] vg yfNb5 . /f]uL af]6sf] dflyNnf] kft kx]+nf]
eO{ cfO] {nfP/ ;S' g yfNb5 . lr/]/ x]bf{ /ftf] v}/f] /+u bl] vG5 .
Aoa:yfkgsf pkfox?M
pv'sf] jLp 6'qmfO ;s]kl5 %$ l8uL| ;]lG6u8]| sf] cfb| jfon' ] $ 306f ;s] L jl] e:6Lgs] emfn] -! u|fd kl| t
ln6/ kfgL_ jf 8fO{y]lgod $%–@=% uf| d k|lt ln6/ kfgL_ sf] emf]ndf 8'jfO{ pkrf/ u/L /f]Kg' kb{5 .
(_ sfnf]kfs] ] /f]u sf] nIf0f s:tf] xG' 5 / Aoj:yfkg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
F of] 9';Laf6 x'g] /f]u xf] / kf| ylds ;q+ md0f jLpaf6 xG' 5 / v8f afnLdf xfjfaf6 kg' M kmn} G5 . of] v§' L
afnLdf al9 nfUb5 . /f]uL lj?jfsf] jLrsf] efu sfnf] eP/ w/] } lkm6 nfdf] eO{rfa's h:tf] bl] vG5 .
Aoj:yfkgsf pkfox?M
%) l8u|L ;]lG6u8]| sf] jfon' ] rf/ 306f;Dd pkrf/ u/L jl] e:6Lgsf] emfn] -! uf| d kl| t ln6/ kfgLdf_ df
jLp pkrf/ u/L /fK] g' kb5{ .
!)_ pvs' f] /ftf] ;8g /fu] -Red rot disease_ sf] nIf0f s:tf] x'G5 / s;/L Aoj:yfkg ug]{ <
F of] 9;' L hGo /f]u xf ] . /fu] sf] ky| d nIf0f ;fpg dlxgflt/ z?' x'G5 / sf6g\ ] an] f;Dd bl] vG5 . /fu] L
lj?jfsf] 8fF7x?sf] cfFVnf ;fgf] / nDafO{ k§L rfp/L k/]sf] xG' 5 . kftsf] dn" g;fdf /ftf] bfu bl] vG5 /
of] kftsf] ba' } ;txaf6 k|i6;Fu bl] vG5 . nfqmfdf wAaf, ;S' g] v'lDrg] / v's'nf] xg' ] nIf0fx? bl] vG5g \ . pv'
lr/]/ x]bf{ s'lxPsf] /ftf] tGt'x?sf] aLr ;]tf] w;f÷{ bfu k|:6 b]lvG5 / /f]uL af]6af6 cldnf] uGw cfpb5 .
Aoj:yfkgsf pkfox?M
l /fu] L lj?jf x6fpg] / gi6 ug ]{ .
l pv'sf] jLp 6'qmfO ;s]kl5 %) l8u|L ;l] G6u8]| sf] tftf] kfgLdf @ 306f jf %$ l8uL| ;]lG6u|]8 cfb|jfo'n]
$ 306f;Dd pkrf/ u/L jl] e:6Lgsf] emf]n -Ps uf| d kl| t ln6/ kfgLdf_ jf 8fOyLlgod $%–@=% u|fd
k|lt ln6/_ kfgLsf] emfn] df 8'afO{ pkrf/ u/L /fK] g' kb5{ .
!!_ Knf;L uaf/fs] f] ljgfzsf] nIf0f s:tf] x'G5 / lgoGq0f s;/L ul/G5 <
F kf]yL k'tnLn] ;dx' ;d'xdf kf/]sf] kmn' af6 lg:ss] f nfefn{ ] 6K' kf]af6 #–% cGt/ uf7+ df k|jz] u/L Kjfn
kfb5{ g\ / nfqmfleq lta|?kn] ;'?+u agfO{ Ifl] t k'¥ofpb5 .
150 af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf]
Aoa:yfkgsf pkfox?M
l pv' sfl6 ;sk] l5 76' fx? hnfO{ lbg] h;n] ubf{ uaf/f]sf] crn cj:yf gi6 x'G5 .
l pv' /f]k]sf] #)–$) lbgkl5 6Osfu] f| df Ps nfv k|lt xS] 6/sf b/n] bz lbgsf] km/sdf %–^ k6s
5f8\g] .
l sL/fsf] ks| fk] al9 ePdf alQsf] kf;f] /fvL sL/fsf] cjnfs] g ug{] / al9 ;+Vofdf kt' nL cfPsf] a]nf
nfle{g &^% 8An=' kL= -Thiodicarp 75% WP_ :k]| ug]{ .
l k|sfk] al9 xg' ] Ifq] df /fk] f+Os{ } ;dodf km6/{] f -)=$% bfgf_ jf lkmk|l] gn -)=#% bfgf_ )=&%–!=) s=] hL=
k|lt s§fsf b/n] pv'sf] gfnfdf xfnL df6f]n] kg' ]{ / l;r+ fO{ ug ]{ .
!@_ pv'sf] km6o\ fª\u|] sL/fsf] ljgfzsf] nIf0f s:tf] xG' 5 / lgoGq0f s;/L ul/G5 <
F of] sL/fn] kftsf] 5]paf6 vfG5 / w]/} cfqmd0f ePsf a]nf dn" g;f afxs] ;a} vfPsf] x'G5 . kl| t ju{ld6/
!# uf]6f eGbf a9L ePdf clgjfo{ ?kdf lgoGq0f ug'{ kb5{ .
Aoa:yfkgsf pkfox?M
v]tL Aoa:yfkgM
l r}q–az} fvlt/ klxnf] em/ kfgL kg'{eGbf cuf8L v]tjf/Lsf] cfnL !)–!% ;]=dL= tf;/] k'g Tolts} lxnf]
df6f] ylk lbgfn] km6\ofªu\ f| sf] kmn' w]/} dfqfdf gi6 xG' 5g \ .
l pv' nufpg' eGbf klxn] rq} –az} fv lt/ /fd|/L hfl] t lbgfn] km6\ofªu\ |fsf] kmn' gi6 x'G5 .
l af+emf] hldgdf w]/} kmn' kfg{] ePsfn] ;s];Dd o:tf] hldg sd 5f8\g] .
l v§' L afnLnfO{ /fd|f;] uF vghft] / df6f] r9fpg] ug {] .
/;folgs cfi} fwL k|of]uM
l sL/f ;+Vof w/] } eO{ cfi} fwL ko| f]u ug{' kbf{ cNkmfd]lyg| -!)% O=;L=_, Snf/] kfO/Lkm; -@)% O=;L_
!^))–@))) ld=ln= *))–!))) ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ Ps x]S6/df 5g {] .
!#_ pv'sf] km8s\ ] sL/fsf] ks| f]ksf] nIf0f s:tf] xG' 5 / lgoGq0f s;/L ug{] <
F o;n] lj?jfsf] kft tyf nfqmfaf6 /; r;' L vfG5, h;n] ubf{ lj?jfsf] j[l4 sd xG' 5 / cGo /fu] n] klg
cfqmd0f ub5{ . o;n] 5f8]sf] ul' nof] kbfy{df 9';Lsf] km} nfj6 xG' 5, h;n] ubf{ k|sfz ;:+ n]if0f 36fpF5 /
pTkfbgdf sdL ko' f{pFb5 . al9 3gTj, pRr gfO6{ h] g dn / kfgL hDgfn] o;sf] a[l4 al9 xG' 5 .
lgoGq0fsf pkfox?
l v]tL Aoj:yfkg .
l gfO{6«f]hgo'Qm dn a9L glbg ] .
l kfgL hDg glbg] .
l aiffo{ fddf tnsf vs' 'nf kftx? x6fO{ lbg ] .
l v§' L afnL Aoj:yf ubf{ kf| sl[ ts zq' gi6 gxf;] eGgfsf nfuL ;a} lj?jf efusf] Mulch agfpg ] .
hl} js lgoGq0f
l Olk/L SofgLof d]nfgf]No'sfsf] sfs] 'g jf kmn' rf/ kfr+ xhf/ k|lt x]S6/sf b/n] 5f8\g ] .
af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf] 151
l d6] fl/lhod / jLp e]l/og jfl;ofgfn] ;o+ 'Qm ?kdf pkrf/ ul/Psf @%) jo:s km8s\ ] sL/f k|lt
xS] 6/sf b/n] 5f8\g ] .
/;folgs cf}ifwL k|ofu] M
l s/lGhg gfds ag:klt hGo ljiffwL @ ld=ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g{] jf
l lkmkf| l] gn )=&%–!=) s]=hL= k|lt s¶fsf b/n] pvs' f] gfnfdf 5g{] / df6fn] ] k'/L l;+rfO{ ug]{ jf
l Snf]/kfO/Lkm; -!)% O=;L=_ !^))–@))) ld=ln= k|lt *))–!))) ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g{] -kl| t
x]S6/_ .
!$_ km]bsf] cuf6} ] uaf/fs] f] ljgfzsf] nIf0f s:tf] xG' 5 / lgoGq0f s;/L ug]{ <
F of] sL/fn] pvs' f] slnnf] cj:yfdf vfG5 . Ifl] t ko' fP{ kl5 dt[ u'jf] b]lvG5 . dt[ uj' fs] f] tn dl;gf
Kjfnx? x'G5g\ hf] uaf/f]n] vfPsf] xf] . cf}ifwL k|ofu] ug'{ kbf{ dfly eg] cg';f/ g} ko| fu] ug{ ;lsG5 .
sL/f /f]syfdsf nflu l56f] kfSg] / rf+8} a9\g] hft nufpg' kb{5 . ;V' vf eP sL/f b]Vgf;fy l;+rfO{ ug{]
/ kfgL a9L eP lgsf;sf] Aoj:yf ug {] . a;GtsfnLg pv'df /f]k]sf] $% / ^) lbgdf @–# O+Gr df6fs] f]
r9fO{ ug ]{ .
!%_ pv'sf] 6'Kkfsf] uaf/f] sL/fsf] Ifltsf] nIf0f s:tf] x'G5 / Aoa:yfkg s;/L ug]{ <
F nfjf{n] u'jf] leq ;?' u+ agfpFb} leq k:b5 / u'afs] f] kft aflx/ lg:sG5 / tL kftdf g;fsf] ;dfgfGt/
x'g] u/L n:s/} ufn] f b]lvG5g \ . lgoGq0fsf pkfox? o; ks| f/ 5g,\
v]tL k0| ffnL Aoj:yfkgaf6M
l l56f] kfSg] / a9L ufh+ cfpg] hft nufpg], sL/f bV] gf;fy l;r+ fO{ ug{], j;GtsfnLg /f]kf+O{ gu/L
z/bsfnLg /fk] fO{ ug {] . a;GtsfnLg /f]kfO+ { ug{ k/] l56} kfSg] hft nufpg ] .
l hl} js lgoGq0fM /fk] s] f] $) lbg kl5 6Osf]uf| df !,)),))) uf6] f k|lt x]S6/sf b/n] !)–!) lbgsf]
km/sdf %–^ k6s 5f8g\ ' kb5{ .
/;folgs cf}ifwLsf] k|of]uM
k|sf]k a9L x'g] If]qdf /fK] g] ;dodfg} km6{/] f jf lkmkf| ]lgn &=#% bfgfbf/ cf}ifwL )=&%–!=% s=] hL kl| t s§f
sf b/n] pv' jl/kl/ gfnfdf xfNg] / l;+rfO{ ug]{ jf nleg{ &%% 8An'=kL= @ u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLsf b/n]
*))–!))) ln6/ 3f]n tof/ u/L :k]| ug{] -Ps xS] 6/df_ .
!^_ pvd' f sg' sg' sL/fx? nfUg] ub{5g\ <
F ;fdfGotof pvd' f nfUg] sL/fx? o; ks| f/ 5gM\ pv'sf] 6'Kkfs] f] uaf/f], km8\s], ;]tf] lem+uf, sTn] sL/f,
sfnf] kt/] f], Knf;L uaf/f,] skf;n] fO{ sL/f, km6\ofË|f cflb 5g \ . dV' otof uaf/f] sL/fx?sf] ks| f]kn] a9L
gfS] ;fgL ko' fP{ sf] x'G5 .
!&_ pv'df emf/kftsf] lgoGq0f s;/L ug{' kb{5 <
F pv' /fk] ]sf] Ps 8]9 dlxgf leq emf/kftsf] lgoGq0f x'g' kb{5 . To;kl5 () lbgdf / !@) lbgdf ps/] f
nufO{ emf/kft lgoGq0f ug{' kb5{ . emf/kft lgoGq0f ug{ xftn] uf]8dn] jf ;fgf d]lzgx? ko| fu] ug{
;lsG5 . em/kft lgoGq0f ug{ cfi} fwL ko| fu] ug'{ kbf{ pv' /fk] ]kl5 emf/kft pdg| ' cl3 P6hLg jf l;dflhg
eGg] cfi} fwL @ s=] hL= k|lt 8]8 ljufxfdf %))–^)) ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g'{ kb{5 . o;kl5 rf]8fkft]
emf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu pv' /f]ks] f] @%–#) lbg kl5 @–$ 8L gfds cf}ifwL @ s]=hL= vf; cfi} fwL k|lt x]S6/
-8]9 ljufxf_ df %))–^)) ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g{' kb{5 .
152 af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf]
!*_ a9L kfgL ePdf pvn' fO{ s] c;/ ub{5 <o;sf] Aoa:yfkg s;/L ug]{<
F al9 kfgL pv'sf nflu xflgsf/s 5 . o;n] pTkfbg 36fpg'sf ;fy} pvd' f ePsf] u'lnofk] g -;'qmfh] _ nfO{
36fpb5 kfgLsf] lgsf;sf] Aoa:yf ldnfpg' kb{5 / w/] } kfgL hDg lbg' xF'bg} .
!(_ pvd' f cGt/afnL vt] L nufpg] rng 5 . sg' afnL pko'Qm xf] <
F z/bsfnLg l;l+ rt pvd' f cfn', aGbf, d'nf, xl/of] ds}, tf/] L, wlgof afnLx? cGt/afnLsf] ?kdf nfesf/L
bl] vPsf 5g\ . cl;+lrt cj:yfdf tf]/L / wlgofF nfesf/L 5g \ . a;GtsfnLg pvd' f le08L / d+u' nfesf/L
kfOP{ sf 5g\ .
@)_ pv' nufpg] ;do slxn] xf] <
F pv' lxpbF ] afnL xf] / sflts{ bl] v df3 dlxgf;Dddf nufpg] ul/G5 . sflts{ df nufPsf] pv'nfO{
z/bsfnLg / df3df nufPsf]nfO{ j;GtsfnLg pv' elgG5 .
@!_ pv'df l;+rfO{ slxn] / slt lbg' kb5{ <
F l;rfO{ lbg] kl/df0f df6f] / jiffs{ f] cj:yfdf e/ kb{5 . ;fwf/0ftof aiff{ z'? xg' ' eGbf cuf8L $–% k6s
/ jiff{ kl5 !–@ k6s lbg ;sd] f /fdf| ] pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 . z/bsfnLg pv'df l;+rfO{ a9L rflxG5 .
@@_ pv' /fK] g] t/Lsf s] xf] <
F pv' xNsf 8\ofË b]lvg] 8\ofË / vfN6f] vg]/ nufOG{ 5 . cfhsn vfN6f] vg]/ nufpg] k|rng g} al9 5 .
vfN6f] vgL tLg cfVF nf ePsf] jLp 6'qmfx? Ps kl5 csf]{ u/L /fvL df6f]n] k'/L ;Dd kfg'{ kb5{ .
@#_ lhtk/' –# / lhtk'/–$ sf ljzi] ftfx? s] 5g\ <
F oL bO' { hftx? klxnfsf lhtk/' –! / lhtk/' –@ eGbf gofF x'g . logLx?df /ftf] ;8g\ ] /fu] -Red Rot
Dinece_ / sfnf] Wjf;+ ] -Black % ot_ /f]u sd nfUb5 .
@$_ g]kfndf l;kmfl/; ePsf hftx? s] s] x'g <
F xfn;Dd l;kmfl/; ePsf hftx? xg' lhtk/' –!, lhtk/' –@, lhtk/' –# / lhtk/' –$ . lhtk/' –# / lhtk/' –$
;Dk"0f{ t/fO{ If]qdf nufpg ;lsG5 . lhtk/' –@ vf;u/L cl;+lrt If]qsf nflu l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] xf] eg]
htk'/ @ l;+lrt If]qsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] xf ] .
@%_ Ps ljufxf If]qsf] nflu slt jLpsf] 6q' mfx? cfjZostf kb{5 <
F Ps laufxfdf dfly elgP cg';f/sf 6q' mfx? @%–@^ xhf/ rflxG5 .
@^_ pv' vt] Lsf nflu jLpsf] 5gf}6 s;/L ul/G5 <
F pv'af6] sf] tnsf] efu x6fO{ dflyNnf] efuaf6 tLg j6f cfFVnf ePsf] #)–#% ;] dL nfdf] 6'qmfx? agfO{
jLpsf] nflu ko| fu] ug'{ kb5{ . 6'qmf agfpbf /f]u sL/f nfu]sf] af6] af6 agfpg' x'bg} / v'§L afnLaf6 klg
jLp 5gf}6 ug'{ x'bF }g .
@&_ pv' v]tsf nflu s:tf] k|sf/sf] df6f] pko'Qm x'G5 <
F pv' anf}6] bfd] 6 bl] v lrD6o\ fO{nf] bf]d6;Dd ;a} k|sf/sf] df6f]df nufpg ;lsG5 . anf6} ] df6fd] f nufPdf
l;+rfOs{ f] /fd|f] Aoa:yf x'g' kb5{ / lrD6\ofO{nf] df6f] ePdf kfgLsf] lgsf; /fd|f] x'g kb5{ .
@*_ pvv' ]tL s:tf] xfjfkfgLdf ug{ ;lsG5 <
F of] udL{ xfjfkfgL ePsf] If]qdf nufpg] afnL xf ] . g]kfndf vf;u/L t/fO{ If]qdf o;sf] vt] L xG' 5 / dWo
kxf8sf] az] L If]qdf klg of] afnL kmf6km'6 ?kdf nufOG{ 5 .
af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf] 153
%=@ skmL -Coffee_
!= skmL vt] Lsf] s] dxTj 5 <
F skmL afnLnfO{ Psaif]{ afnL h:tf] vghf]t al9 ug{ gkg{], kxf8sf] le/fnf], kfvf] hldgdf nufpg ldNg],
e–" Ifoaf6 arfj6 ug{] / aif{a] fnLsf] tn' gfdf cflys{ ?kdf @–# u0' ff;Dd a9L kmfobfhgs kfOP{ sf]n]
o;sf] ljzi] f dxTj 5 . of] Ps cf}Bf]lus afnL ePsfn] kz| fw] g, ahf/Ls/0f cflb d"No >[Înf;uF
hfl] 8Psf] x'Fbf /fh] uf/L l;h{gf x'g] ePsfn] ] o;sf] cfly{s dxTj klg TolQs} 5 .
@= lgof{tofU] o afnLsf] ?kdf skmLsf] ;DefAotf s:tf] 5 <
F gk] fnsf] *)) bl] v !%)) ld6/ prfOd{ f nufPsf] skmLsf] u'0f:t/ /fd|f] ePsf]n] o;n] cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df
ljz]if klxrfg agfPsf] xf] . o; afxs] o;df kfO{g] Soflkmg eGg] tTjn] ubf{ lkpFbf :kml" t{ k|fKt xg' ]
ePsf]n] klg k]o kbfy{sf] ?kdf nf]slko| e} lgoft{ ofU] o afnLsf] ?kdf /fdf| ] ;DefAotf ePsf] cj:yf 5 .
#= g]kfnsf] s'g Ifq] skmL pTkfbgsf nflu pko'Qm 5g\ <
F ;db|L ;txaf6 *))–!%)) ld6/;Ddsf] gk] fnsf dWo kxf8L Ifq] x? u'0f:t/Lo skmL pTkfbg ugs{ f
nflu pkoQ' m 5g\ .
$= g]kfnsf] slt lhNnfdf skmL v]tL eO/xs] f] 5 <
F xfn g]kfnsf] $) lhNnfdf w/] yf]/ skmL vt] L eO/{ xsf] kfOP{ sf] 5 eg] @@ lhNnfdf o;sf] vt] L Aoj;flos
?kdf eO{/x]sf] 5 .
%= skmLsf sltj6f ;dx" x? 5g\ / g]kfndf vt] L ul/g] skmL s'g ;d"x cGtu{t kb5{ <
F skmL afnLdf v]tL ul/Psf d'VotM # j6f ;dx" x? 5g–\ c/fljsf, /fj] :6f / nfOj/] Lsf . g]kfndf vt] L
ul/g] skmL c/fljsf ;dx" cGtut{ kb5{ .
^= g]kfndf nufOg] c/flasf skmLsf hftx? s'g sg' x'g\ <
F g]kfnsf] xfjfkfgLdf pkoQ' m b]lvPsf c/flasf skmLsf hftx?df af]ag{ cdfl/Nnf], Sofl6df/] , kfsfdf/f,
kfs;, 6s] l] ;s, onf]s6/' f, ;]n]S;g !), If]qbLk / :ofËhf :k]zn kd| 'v xg' \ .
&= oL dWo] /fd|f] pTkfbg lbg] hftx? s'g s'g x'g\ <
F pk/f]Qm hftx? dWo] gk] fndf 6]sl] ;s, onf]s6/' f, If]qbLk hftx?n] /fdf| ] pTkfbg lbO/x]sf 5g\ .
*= c/fljsf skmL k|hfltsf] ljzi] ftf s] xf] <
F o;sf] af6] cGo kh| fltx?sf] eGbf xf]rf] xG' 5 -#=% ld6/_ xfFufx? dl;gf / ;fgf xG' 5g\ . kft uf9f xl/of]
6'Kkflt/ ltvfl/Psf] lrNnf] / nfDrf] xG' 5 . !%–@) j6fsf] em'Kkfdf kmnx? kmNg] ub5{ . kmn ufn] f] x'G5 /
;ft b]lv gf} dlxgfdf kl/kSj xG' 5 .
(= c/flasf skmLsf hftsf] nflu s:tf] xfjfkfgL rflxG5 <
F skmL vt] Lsf nflu ;fk]lIfs cfbt|{ f &) b]lv *) kl| tzt, jflifs{ jiff{ !%))–@))) ld=ld= / sDtLdf
!) b]lv !@ 306f 3fd nfUg] / !% bl] v @% l8u|L ;l] G6u]8| ;Ddsf] tfkqmd c/flasf hftsf skmLsf nflu
pkoQ' m xG' 5 .
154 af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf]
!)= skmL vt] Lsf nflu s:tf] df6f] pkoQ' m xG' 5 <
F k|z:t dfqfdf kf| u+ fl/s kbfy{ ePsf,] kfgL ghDg,] lk=Pr= %=% bl] v ^=% ;Dd ePsf] df6f] skmL vt] Lsf
nflu /fdf| ] dflgG5 . h+unL pTkltsf] bf]d6 df6f] of] afnLsf nflu pQd dflgG5 . df6f] w]/} clDno 5
eg] -lk=Pr=%=% eGbf sd_ sl[ if rg" ko| f]u ug'{ kb5{ .
!!= skmL afnLsf] k;| f/0f s;/L ul/G5 <
F skmL afnLnfO{ al8Ë, u|flˆ6Ë / sl6Ë ljlwåf/f k|;f/0f ug{ ;lsG5, tfklg o;sf] k|;f/0f vf; u/L jLp
af6g} ul/G5 . skmLsf] jLpnfO{ g;{/Ldf pdf/L jiffo{ fddf ;fg]{ sfd ul/G5 .
!@= jLpsf] 5gf6} s;/L ug{' kb5{ <
F aLp kl/kSj, /fu] / sL/f gnfus] f] :j:Yo af6] af6 lnOP{ sf,] /fdf| ;] Fu kfs]sf] kfl] 6nf,] rlDsnf] x'g' kb{5 .
o;/L 5fg]sf] aLpnfO{ kfgLdf 8j' fpg' kb5{ . kfgLdf 8'a]sf] bfgfdfq jLpsf nflu pko'Qm xG' 5 . 5flgPsf]
jLpsf] aflx/L a|fq] mf x6fP/ kmSn6] f agfO{ $–% ;=] dL= afSnf] v/fgL jf sf7sf] wn" f]sf] ;txdf ldnfO{
$–% lbg;Dd 5fofdf ;'sfpg' kb5{ . Psgf;n] ;s' fpg aLr aLrdf rnfpg' kb{5 . o;/L tof/ ul/Psf]
aLpnfO{ dlxgf lbg leq /f]kL ;Sg' kb{5 .
!#= g;{/Ldf jLp /fK] g] ;do slxn] xf] <
F skmL g;/{ Lsf nflu jLp /fK] g] po'Qm ;do kmfNug' –rq} dlxgf xf] .
!$= g;/{ L Aof8sf] tof/L s;/L ug'{ kb{5 <
F g;/{ L Aof8 tof/L ug{sf] nflu ^ efu hu+ nsf] df6f], # efu /fd/| L kfss] f] uf7] d] n / ! efu afn'jf /fd|/L
ld;fpg' kb{5 . olb df6f]df lrD6o\ fO{nf] df6fs] f] dfqf a9L 5 eg] afn'jfsf] dfqf a9fpg' kb{5 . o;/L
tof/ kfl/Psf] df6f]af6 ! ld6/ rf8} f, !% ;=] dL= cUnf] / cfjZostf cg;' f/sf] nDafO{ sfod u/L g;{/L
Aof8 tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 .
!%= g;/{ Ldf jLp /f]Kg] t/Lsf s] xf] <
F g;{/Ldf !) ;=] dL= km/sdf !=@% ;]=dL= -cfwf OGr_ ulx/f] sn' ];f] agfpg' kb{5 . jLpsf] km/flsnf] efu
tn kmsf{O{, Ps jLpaf6 csf]{ jLpsf] b'/L @=% ;=] dL= sfod xg' ] u/L /f]Kg' kb5{ . /f]kL;sk] l5 jLpnfO{
xNsf;Fu dlnnf] df6f]n] k'/L 5fkf] xfNg' kb{5 .
!^= g;/{ Ldf /fk] s] f] jLp slt ;dodf pdG| 5 <
F g;/{ L Aof8df /fl] kPsf] jLp tfkqmd / lr:ofgsf] /fdf| ] k|aGw ePdf s/La bO' { dlxgf leq pd|G5g\ .
!&= bf>] f] g;{/L Aof8df slxn] ;fg'{ kb{5 <
F klxnf] Aof8df skmL aLp 6f]kL cj:yfdf k'Ugf;fy cyf{t\ jLp pd|]sf] !)–!% lbgdf bO' { kft] ag] f{
aGb5g\ h;nfO{ Knfl:6s y}nfdf bf>] f] g;{/Ldf ;fg'{ kb5{ . o:tf] Knf:6Ls yn} fx?nfO{ g;/{ Ldf /fd/| L
:ofxf/ ;Def/ ug{' kb{5 / 5fk|f] agfO{ 5f]Kg' klg kb5{ . dnvfb, uf]8dn] / l;r+ fO{sf] /fd|f] Aoj:yf
ldnfpg' kb5{ .
!*= g;/{ Ldf uf]8d]n tyf dnhnsf] Aoa:yf s;/L ul/G5 <
F cgfjZos emf/kftx? lgoldt ?kdf x6fpg' kb5{ . df6f]sf] cj:yf x]/L ;dofg;' f/ l;r+ fO{ lbg' kb5{ .
t/ g;{/Ldf al9 kfgL klg hDg lbg' xFb' g} . gfO{6«f]hg sdL eO{ kx+]lnPdf )=$% sf] ol" /ofsf] emfn] agfO{
5g'{ kb{5 .
af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf] 155
!(= skmL aur+} fsf] nflu s:tf] hldg 5gf}6 ug{' kb5{ <
F skmL au}+rf :yfkgf ug{] 7fpFsf] 5gf}6 ubf{ kfgL ghDg], sl] x le/fnf] tyf pQ/ jf pQ/ k"j{ kms{s] f] hUuf
5gf}6 ug'{ a]z xG' 5 . al9 xfjf vN] g] / nfdf] ;do 3fd nfUg] hUuf 5fGg' xb' g} . skmL nufpg] aur+} fdf
^)% ;Dd 5xf/L ePsf] x'g' kb5{ .
@)= au}+rfdf skmL nufpg] ljlw s] xf] <
F kxf8L Ifq] df skmL nufpg] ePsfn] sG6/' ljlwg} pkoQ' m tl/sf xf] . hxf+ k+lQm kl+ Qm aLrsf] b'/L sfod
ul/G5 / hldgsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ lj?jf lj?jf jLrsf] b/" L sfod ul/b}g. c/ljsf ;dx" sf] skmL hftx?df
kl+ Qm kl+ Qm aLr & lkm6 b/" L /flvG5 . /fj] :6f skmLnfO{ eg] ( lkm6sf] b"/Ldf /fl] kG5 . o;/L Ps /f]kgLdf
&)–!)) af6] ;Dd skmL lj?jf nfUb5 .
@!= vf8nsf] ;fOh / lj?jf nufpg] t/Lsf s] xf] <
F lj?jf /fK] g' eGbf s/La Ps dlxgf cfuf8L lj?jf nufpg] 7fpxF ?sf] /v] fs+ g u/L lrGxf] nufP/ /fVg'
kb5{ . ;f] lrGx nufPsf] 7fpFdf @X@X@ lkm6 nDafO{ rf8} fO{ / ulx/fO{ ePsf] vf8n vGg] / k|lt vf8fn
s/La !) s]=hL= sDkfi] 6 jf uf7] dn /fd/| L ld;fO{ vf8n k'g'{ kb5{ . :j:Yo lj?jf 5fgL, Knf:6Ls Aofudf
/fd/| L lehfO{ lj:tf/} af]6nfO{ Aofuaf6 lgsfnL v/fa h/f x6fpg] / lj?jfnfO{ vf8ndf /fvL df6fn] ] /fd/| L
kg' '{ kb5{ .
@@= lj?jf /fK] g] vf; ;do slxn] xf] <
F Knf:6Ls Aofudf /xs] f] skmL a]gf{df sDtLdf ^–* hf]8f kft xg' ' kb5{ . cfiff9 b]lv efb|;Dd aifft{ sf]
;dodf 3fd gnfu]sf] an] fkf/L nufpg' pQd x'G5 .
@#= skmL vt] Ldf dnvfbsf] Aoj:yf s;/L ug'{ kb{5 <
F gk] fndf skmL k|fu+ fl/s tl/sfn] pTkfbg ul/g] ePsfn] ] /;folgs dnsf] ko| fu] ul/bF g} . skmLsf] af6]
nufpbF f vf8ndf sDkf]i6 dn /fVg' kb{5 . kT| o]s aif{ kmfNug' r}qdf -kmn l6kk] l5_ % s=] hL= sDkf]i6 jf
uf]a/dn k|To]s af]6df /fVg' kb{5 . yk s'v'/fsf] dn ! s=] hL= / tf/] Lsf] lkgf %)) u|fd k|ltaf]6 klg
pknAw ePdf lbg' a]z xG' 5 .
@$= au+r} fsf] x]/rfx tyf cGo Aoj:yf s;/L ug'{ kb5{ <
F ;dofg;' f/ uf8] dn] / lr:ofgsf] Aoj:yf ldnfO{ /fVg' kb5{ . lr:ofgsf] nflu dlNrË ug{' kb5{ . t'iff/fa] f6
arfpg c:yfoL 5xf/L klg lbg' kb{5 .
@%= skmLdf af]6sf] sfF65f6F s;/L ul/G5 <
F skmLsf] af6] ;bfaxf/ au{df kg]{ ePsfn] w]/} s8f sfF65f6F ug'{ kbg{} . o;sf] sf6F 5f6F df vf; u/L /fu] L,
d/]sf tyf eO" +{df nq]sf xfuF fx?nfO{ x6fO{G5 . af6] nfO{ clgolGqt ?kdf a9\g lbPdf l6kfO{ tyf cGo
sfox{ ? ug{ sl7gfO{ x'g] ePsfn] cUnf] hftnfO{ @ ld6/ / xfr] f hftx?nfO{ !=&% ld6/ /fvL 6'Kkf sf6\g]
ul/G5 .
@^= skmLsf] sf08sf] ;]tf] uaf/f]sf] Ifltsf] nIf0f s:tf] x'G5 <
F g]kfndf of] sL/f rg' ft} Lsf] ?kdf b]lvPsf] 5 . of] sL/fsf] jo:s cj:yf vk6] xf] / o;sf] aflx/ sfnf]
vk6fdf ;]tf] w;f{ xG' 5 . kf]yL sL/fn] afq] mfdf kf/]sf] kmn' af6 s/La @–# lbgdf nfef{ -uaf/f_] lg:sG5g\ .
nfefx{ ?n] z?' sf] cj:yfdf af]qmfsf] ub' L vf+b} ub{5g\ / s/La b'O{ dlxgfsf] cj:yfdf 8fF7 jf xfuF fsf] s8f
efudf Kjfn kf/L leq k;L u'lb vf+b} s/La !) dlxgf;Dd nfef{ cj:yfd} a:b5g \ .
156 af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf]
@&= skmLsf] sf08sf] ;t] f] uaf/fs] f] Aoj:yfkg s;/L ug]{ <
F ;t] f] uaf/f]sf] kf]yL ao:s sL/fn] kfl/nf] 7fpdF f dfq km'n kfg]{ ePsf] xg' fn] skmL au}r+ fdf plrt 5xf/Lsf]
Aoj:yf ldnfpg' kb5{ df6fd] f lr:ofg sfod ul//xg' kb{5 / au}r+ fsf] /fdf| ] ;/;kmfO{ ug{' kb5{ .
@*= skmLsf] slnnf] xfuF fx?df nfUg] /ftf] uaf/fs] f] Ifltsf] nIf0f s:tf] x'G5 <
F of] sL/fsf] /+u xNsf lsl;dsf] /ftf] tyf v}/f] /Ësf] xG' 5 . dfp sL/f k'tnLn] ljz]if u/L skmLsf xfFufsf
slnnf 8fF7x?df Kjfn kfb{5 / leq leq} slnnf efux? vfO{ lbG5 h;n] ubf{ tL xfFufx? 6'Kkflt/af6
;'Sb} u/]sf] b]lvG5 . of] sL/fn] Kjfn leq k;k] l5 dfq km'n kfb{5 / s/La @–# lbgdf km'naf6 aRrfx?
lgl:sG5g\ / nfef{x? @)–@! lbg;Dd /xG5g\ oxL cj:yfdf slnnf 8fF7sf] ub' L vfG5g\ .
@(= skmLsfd] f nfUg] /ftf] uaf/fs] f] Aoj:yfkg s;/L ug{' kb{5 <
F /ftf] uaf/f] sL/fsf] Aoj:yfkg ugs{ f nflu au+}rfdf 5xf/Lsf] /fdf| ] Aoj:yf ug{,] au+}rfsf] lgoldt
;/;kmfO{ ug{,] skmLsf] af]6 /fd|/L sf6F 5fF6 ug{] / sfl6Psf] efudf af]8f{]k:] 6 k|of]u ug{] / sL/fsf] k|sf]kn]
ubf{ sfl6Psf] xfFufx? hnfO{ lbg] .
#)= skmLdf nfUg] d'Vo /fu] x? s] s] xg' <
F skmL afnLdf nfUg] /fu] x?df g;{/Ldf ag] f{ sl' xg] /fu] , sfq] ,] kmn ;S' g] tyf kftsf] yfK] n] / 6'Kkfaf6 xfFuf
dg]{ /f]u dV' o xg' \ .
#!= g;{/Ldf a]gf{ s'lxg] /fu] sf] ks| f]ksf] nIf0f s:tf] x'G5 / o;sf] Aoj:yfkg s;/L ug{' kb5{ <
F of] /fu] nfuk] l5 g;/{ L Aof8sf lj?jfx? hldgsf] ;txaf6 8fF7 s'lxP/ ;d"xdf dg{] ub5{ g\ . df6f]df
clws lr:ofg, /fu] L df6f] tyf w]/} afSnf] ag] f{ ePsf] cj:yfdf of] /fu] b]lvG5 . o;sf] Aoj:yfkg
ug{sf nflu Aof8df 6f« O{sf]8dfn{ ] pkrfl/t sDkf]i6 dnsf] k|of]u ug]{, hldgsf] ;tx eGbf !%–@) ;=] dL=
cUnf] Aof8 agfpg,] afSnf] a]gf{ g/fVg,] l;kmfl/; u/] cg';f/ 7LSs b'/L /fVg] / Aof8df a9L lr:ofg x'g
glbg] .
#@= sf]q] Pj+ kmn ;'Sg] / kftsf] yf]Kn] /f]usf Ifltsf nIf0fx? s:tf x'G5g\ / o;sf] Aoj:yfkg s;/L ug'{
kb{5 <
F oL ;a} 9';LhGo /f]ux? x'g \ . oL /f]u nfu]sf af6] sf kftx?df sfnf wAaf tyf v}/f yfK] nfx? b]lvG5g \ .
o;sf] Aoj:yfkgsf nflu aur+} fsf] /fd|f] ;/;kmfO{ ug],{ ;'Vvf df};ddf l;+rfO{sf] Aoj:yf ug]{, au+}rfdf
plrt 5xf/Lsf] /fd|f] Aoj:yf ug{] / g;/{ L tyf au}r+ fdf af]8f{] ldS;r/sf] lgoldt k|of]u ug{' kg]{ xG' 5 .
##= 6'Kkfaf6 xfËf dg{] -Die-back_ /fu] sf] ks| fk] sf] nIf0f s:tf] xG' 5 / o;sf] Aoj:yfkg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
F of] /f]u nfus] f af6] sf] slnnf] xfFufx?sf] kft kxl]+ ng], cfVF nf / ;fgf xfuF fx? klg kx]+lnb} hfg], /f]uLaf6]
cf]Onfpg] tyf 6'Kkfaf6 ;S' b} hfg] x'G5 . o;sf] Aoj:yfkg ugs{ f nflu /f]uL tyf ;'s]sf xfFufx? x6fpg],
af]6sf] sfF65f6F ug]{ / af8] f]{ ldS;r/ tyf af]8f{]k]:6sf] k|ofu] ug]{ .
#$= skmLsf] af6] n] slxn] kmn lbg z?' ub{5 <
F skmLsf] la?jf nufPsf] tLg bl] v rf/ jifk{ l5 af6] n] kmn lbg z?' ub{5 / k|To]s jif{ kmn nfUb5 . skmLsf]
kmnnfO{ r/] L elgG5 .
#%= skmLsf] kmn slxn] l6Kg' kb5{ <
F skmLsf] kmn" r}q dlxgfdf kmN' g z'? u/L kmn d+l;/–kf}ifdf kfSb5 . skmLsf] bfgf /fd/| L kfs]/ /ftf] jf
kx+]nf] /Ëdf kl/0ft ePkl5 kmn l6Kg' kb{5 . skmLsf] kmn Ps} ;dodf gkfSg] ePsf] x'gfn] o;sf] l6kfO{
af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf] 157
k6s k6s ug'{ kb{5 . sfFrf] cj:yfdf jf luNyLlng] u/L kfss] f] skmL l6Kgfn] skmLsf] u0' f:t/ lau|Lg
hfG5 .
#^= skmLsf] pTkfbg slt x'G5 <
F skmLsf] kmnsf] pTkfbg kl| t af6] % s]=hL= b]lv !% s=] hL= ;Dd lng ;lsG5 .
#&= skmLsf u'0f:t/Lo bfgf s;/L 5'6o\ fOG5 <
F skmLsf] kmn l6lk;sk] l5 kfgL e/s] f] afnL6gdf /fVg] / kfgLdf 8a' s] f skmLsf bfgf g} u'0f:t/Lo bfgf
xf] h;nfO{ 5'6\ofP/ cnu /fvL klNkË ug'{ kb{5 / plqPsf skmLsf bfgfnfO{ x6fOlbg' kb5{ .
#*= skmLsf] kz| fw] g ug]{ slt j6f ljlwx? 5g\ <
F skmLsf] kz| f]wg bO' { ljlwaf6 ug{ ;lsG5 – Pp6f skmLsf] lr;f] kz| fw] g ljlw / csf{] skmLsf] ;'Vvf kz| fw] g
ljlw.
#(= skmLsf] lr;f] kz| f]wg ljlwsf ljleGg r/0fx? s] s] xg' \ <
F lr;f] k|zfw] g ljlwdf skmLsf] tfhf kmn l6lk;sk] l5 kmnsf] af]qmf x6fOG5 -klNkË_, klNkËkl5 lg:ss] f
lrKnf] kbfy{ ;lxtsf] skmLsf bfgf -kfrd{ G] 6_ nfO{ kmd]G{ 6z] g ul/G5, To;kl5 kfr{dG] 6nfO{ wg' ] kvfNg,]
;s' fpg] sfo{ ul/G5, ;s' s] f] kfrd{ G] 6sf] aflx/sf] kftnf] lemNnL x6fOG5 -xlnË_, xlnËkl5 uL| g aLg tof/
x'G5 h;nfO{ e'l6G5 -/fl] i6Ë_, e6' k] l5 lkGg] ul/G5 -u|fOl{ 08Ë_ cyf{t\ wn' f] agfO{G5 / KoflsË ul/G5 .
$)= skmLsf] ;'Vvf k|zfw] g ljlw s] x'g\ <
F o; ljlwdf skmLsf tfhf kmn l6lk;s]kl5 l;w} 3fddf ;'sfpg] sfd ul/G5 / !% b]lv @) lbg rsf]{
3fddf ;s' fOG{ 5 . o;/L ;s' fPkl5 lr:ofgsf] dfqf hfrF u//] !! bl] v !@ kl| tzt lr:ofg sfod ePsf]
skmLsf ;'s]sf bfgfsf] afq] mf ;lxt aflx/sf] kftnf] lemNnL x6fOG5 / To;kl5 tof/ ePsf] uL| g aLgnfO{
lr;f] kz| f]wg ljlw h:t} el' 6G5, lklgG5 / Kofs]lhË ul/G5 .
$!= klNkË eg]sf] s] xf,] slxn] / s;/L ul/G5 atfO{ lbg'xG' 5 ls <
F klNkË egs] f] skmLsf] tfhf kmn -/ftf] r]/L_ sf] af]qmf x6fpg] ks| [of xf] . skmL bfgf l6ks] f] @$ 306f leq
klNkË ug'{kg{] xG' 5 . kNk/ dl] zgsf] ;xfotfn] klNkË ug{] sfo{ ul/G5 .
$@= kfr{dG] 6 s;nfO{ elgG5 <
F afq] mf x6fO{ ;ss] f] lrKnf] kbfy{ ;lxtsf] skmLsf] bfgfnfO{ kfr{d]G6 elgG5 . skmLsf] !)) s]=hL= tfhf
kmnnfO{ klNkË u/]kl5 s/La %$ s]=hL= kfr{d]G6 tof/ x'G5 .
$#= skmLsf] kmd]G{ 6]zg s;/L ul/G5 <
F klNkË ul/;sk] l5 lr;f] skmL kfr{dG] 6nfO{ @$ bl] v &@ 306f;Dd afN6L jf 8«ddf /flvG5 o; k|so[ fnfO{
kmd]{G6z] g elgG5 .
$$= skmLsf] kmdG]{ 6z] g kl5sf kz| f]wg k|s[of af/] sx] L atfO{ lbg' x'G5 ls <
F kmd]{G6z] gsf nflu &@ 306f /flv;sk] l5 afN6Ldf ePsf] skmL kfr{d]G6df nfu]sf lrKnf] kbfyn{ fO{ x6fpg
kfgLn] /fd|f];uF kvfNg' kb5{ / kfrd{ ]G6nfO{ hfnLdf ;s' fO{ kfgL plqg lbg'kb5{ . o; k|s[ofdf %$ s]=hL=
kfrd{ ]G6sf] tfn} 36]/ sl/a $# s]=hL= kfr{d]G6 /xghfG5 .
$%= skmL ;s' fpg] ks| [of eg]sf] s] xf] <
F skmL ;'sfpg] ks| [of egs] f] skmL kz| fw] g s} Pp6f ljlw xf] h;df skmL kfrd{ G] 6nfO{ 3fddf kN6fO kN6fO
;s' fOG{ 5 . o;/L ;'sfO;s]kl5 u'0f:t/Lo skmL pTkfbgsf nflu kfrd{ ]G6df !! b]lv !@ k|ltzt dfq
158 af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf]
lr:ofg ePsf] x'gk' b{5 . o; k|so[ fdf $# s=] hL= kfr{dG] 6sf] tfn} 36]/ sl/a @# s=] hL= ;V' vf kfr{dG] 6
-vf:] 6f ;lxtsf] skmL_ tof/ xG' 5 .
$^= xlnË eg]sf] s] xf,] of] s;/L / lsg ul/G5 <
F xlnË egs] f] skmL k|zfw] gsf] Pp6f ljlw xf] h;df vf:] 6f ;lxtsf] skmL kfrd{ ]G6 cyf{t\ ;'Vvf kfr{dG] 6sf]
aflx/sf] kftnf] lemNnL h;nfO{ l;Ne/ l:sg elgG5, To;nfO{ x6fOG5 . of] sfo{ xn/ dl] ;gsf] k|ofu]
u/L ul/G5 . o; k|s[ofaf6 dfq} vfg] skmL cyf{t\ u|Lg aLg tof/ xG' 5 . o; ks| [ofdf @# s]=hL= ;'Vvf
kfrd{ G] 6af6 s/La !*=% s=] hL=u|Lg aLg tof/ xG' 5 .
$&= lkpg] skmL s;/L agfO{G5 <
F tof/ ePsf] uL| g aLgnfO{ /fi] 6/ d]lzgsf] ;xfotfn] cf–cfˆgf] :jfb cg;' f/ s8f jf xNsf lsl;dn]
e'l6G5 / uf| O{lG8Ë dl] zgdf lkg]/ wn' f] agfOG5 . To;kl5 tftf] kfgLdf ksfO lkmN6/n] 5fg]/ lkpgsf
nflu tof/ x'G5 .
$*= !)) s=] hL= /ftf] r/] L cyf{t\ tfhf skmL bfgfjf6 slt s]=hL= vfgof]Uo skmL tof/ xG' 5 <
F !)) s=] hL= /ftf] r]/L cyf{t\ tfhf skmL bfgfjf6 sl/a !$ s=] hL= vfgof]Uo e6' s] f] skmL tof/ xG' 5 .
%=# lrof -Tea_
!= gk] fndf sg' hftsf] lrof vt] L ul/G5 <
F gk] fndf bO' { hftsf] dfq Jofj;flos ?kdf v]tL ug{] ul/Psf] 5M Pp6f rfOl{ gh hft / bf>] f] cf;fldh
hft .
@= rfOlgh hftsf] lrof / cf;fldh hftsf] lrofdf s] km/s 5 <
F rfOl{ gh hftsf] lrofsf] af6] ;fgf], kft 7f8f] / ;fgf] x'G5 eg] cf;fldh hftsf] lrofsf] af6] 7n" f,] kft
t];f]{ / 7n" f] xG' 5 . rfO{lgh lrof lr;f] xfjfkfgL cyf{t\ kxf8L Ifq] sf nflu pko'Qm x'G5 eg] cf;fldh
hft udL{ xfjfkfgL cyft{ \ t/fO{ If]qsf nflu pko'Qm x'G5 .
#= cyf8{] S; lrof s:tf] k|sf/sf] lrof xf] <
F of] lrofsf] dg' fx?af6 qm; gu/L kz| fw] g ul/Psf] ljzi] f k|sf/sf] af:gfbf/ u0' f:tl/o lrof xf] . o;nfO{
u|Lg l6 klg elgG5 / o;sf] pTkfbg rfOlgh hftsf] lrofaf6 ul/G5 .
$= s:tf] ks| f/sf] lrofnfO{ l;=l6=l;= lrof elgG5 <
F ;L=l6=;L= lrof Ps k|sf/sf] kz| fw] g k2lt xf] h;df wn' f] kfg{] -qm;_, RofTg] -l6o/_ / a6fg{] -sn{_ u/L
tLg j6f r/0fx? ckgfOG{ 5 . cyf{8] S; lrofsf] t'ngfdf ;L=l6=;L= lrofsf] /Ë a9L s8f t/ jf;gf eg]
sd x'G5 . o;sf] pTkfbg cf;fldh hftsf lrofaf6 ul/G5 .
%= lrof vt] Lsf nflu s:tf] xfjfkfgL rflxG5 <
F lrof v]tL lr;f] tyf udL{ xfjfkfgL ePsf ba' } Ifq] df ug{ ;lsG5 t/tL If]qx?df nufpg] hftx? eg]
cnu cnu} 5g\ . kxf8df !!)) ld6/ bl] v @!)) ld6/;Ddsf] kxf8L e"–efudf lrlgof hftsf lrof
v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 eg] cf;fldh hftsf lrof vt] L t/fO{ tyf a];+ L If]qsf] !)) b]lv %)) ld6/;Ddsf]
prfO{df ug{ ;lsG5 .
^= lrof vt] Lsf nflu s:tf] lsl;dsf] tfkqmd tyf jiff{sf] cfjZostf kb5{ <
F o;sf] v]tLsf nflu !@ bl] v #) l8u|L ;l] G6u]|8sf] tfkqmd / jflifs{ jiff{ !!)) b]lv #))) ldlnld6/
ePsf] 7fpF /fd|f] dflgG5 t/ #) l8uL| ;l] G6u8|] eGbf a9L tfkqmd xg' ] If]qdf clgjfo{ ?kdf 5xf/Lsf]
Joj:yf ug{' kb{5 .
af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf] 159
&= lrof g;{/L tyf aufgsf] nflu s:tf] lsl;dsf] df6f] rflxG5 <
F lrof vt] Lsf] nflu lr:ofg sfod /xg] t/ kfgL ghDg] bfd] 6 vfnsf] df6f] pko'Qm dflgG5 . o;sf] nflu
slDtdf ! ld6/ ulx/f] kz| :t kf| Ëfl/s kbfy{ ePsf] $=% b]lv %=% lk=Pr dfg ePsf] clDno df6f] a9L
pko'Qm xG' 5 .
*= lrofv]tLsf] nflu df6f]sf] Joj:yfkg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
F lrof aufgdf x/]s $–% jif{df df6f] k/LIf0f u/L olb lk=Pr dfg $=% eGbf sd ePdf sl[ if r"g tyf
lk=Pr dfg %=% eGbf a9L ePdf lhK;d k|of]u ug{' kb5{ . /f;folgs dnsf] ;fy ;fy} sDkf]i6 dnsf]
k|ofu] nfO{ a9fjf lbg' kb{5 .
(= lrofsf] la?jfsf] k;| f/0f s;/L ul/G5 <
F lrofsf] la?jfsf] k|;f/0f aLp / sl6Ë ba' }af6 ug{ ;lsG5 t/ aLpaf6 eGbf sl6Ëaf6 o;sf] k|;f/0f a9L
ul/G5 / o;/L pTkfbg ul/g] k2ltnfO{ Snf]gn g;{/L elgG5 .
!)= lrofsf] la?jf pTkfbg ug{ g;{/L Aof8sf] tof/L s;/L ul/G5 <
F g;{/L Aof8sf] rf}8fO{ ! ld6/ tyf nDafO{ hUufsf] ;fO{h tyf cfjZostf cg;' f/ /fVg ;lsG5 .
;fdfGotof g;/{ L Aof8sf] nDafO{ a9Ldf !@ ld6/ /fVg] ul/G5 . bO' j{ 6f Aof8sf] aLrdf ^) ;]=ld= rf}8fO{
a/fa/sf] af6f] 5f8b\ f g;/{ Ldf sfd ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .
!!= lrofsf] g;{/L s'g ;dodf :yfkgf ug{ pkoQ' m x'G5<
F ;fdfGotof cfiff9–>fj0fdf Snf]g ;fg{ pkoQ' m x'G5 tfklg l;r+ fOs{ f] ;'ljwf 5 / sl6Ë lng ;lsG5 eg]
sflt{s–dl+ ;/df klg g;/{ L /fVg ;lsG5 . g;/{ Ldf kfgL hDg glbg hldgsf] ;txaf6 !% ;]=ld= cUnf]
Aof8 agfpg' kb{5 .
!@= lrof g;/{ Lsf] nflu 5xf/L cfjZos kb5{ <
F g;/{ Ldf ePsf slnnf la?jfx?nfO{ ;fe] m} kg]{ 3fd, ti' ff/f], cl;gf, jiffs{ f] kfgL tyf hgfj/af6 arfpg
v/ k/fnaf6 agfOP{ sf] 6f6F L jf af/] fsf] 5xf/L lbg ;lsG5 .
!#= lrofsf] Snfg] tof/ ug{ dfpaf]6 s:tf] xg' ' kb{5 <
F Snfg] ÷sl6Ë lngsf] nflu :j:Yo, alnof] / slDtdf $ jif{ pd]/ ku' s] f] dfpjf]6sf] 5gf}6 ug'k{ b{5 . oL
jf]6x?nfO{ $–^ dlxgf cuf8Lb]lv sfF65fF6 gul/Psf] ;fy} o;af6 kQL l6Kg 5f8\g' k5{ t/ sl6Ë lng]
;do eGbf s/La @–# xKtf klxn] dfpjf6] sf] 6'Kkf lt/sf] sfl] knfnfO{ x6fO{ lbg' kb5{ .
!$= lrofsf] xfuF f÷8fnfsf] 5gf6} s;/L ug'{ kb5{ <
F 8fnfsf] cj:yf cg';f/ Pp6f 8fnfaf6 # bl] v $ j6f sl6Ë lng ;lsG5 eg] Pp6f dfpjf6] af6 !% b]lv
@% j6f 8fnf lng ;lsG5 . 8fnf ;+sng ug{] sfo{ laxfg} ug'{ kb5{ / ;S' gaf6 arfpg t?' Gt} kfgLsf]
efF8fdf /fv]/ 5fofbF f/ 7fpFdf /fVg' kb5{ .
!%= lrofsf] xfuF f÷8fnfaf6 sl6Ë s:tf] lng' kb{5 <
F 8fnfaf6 sl6Ë lnFbf Pp6f sl6Ëdf Pp6f dfq cFVnf kg{ u/L lng' kb{5 . sl6Ë lnFbf 8fnfsf] aLr
efusf] 5gf}6 ugk'{ b5{ / sl6Ë ;'Sg glbg t?' Gt} kfgLsf] ef8F f]df /fvL l56f] eGbf l56f] g;/{ L Aof8df
/f]Kg' kb5{ .
160 af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf]
!^= lrofsf] sl6Ë s;/L ;fg{' kb5{ <
F sl6ËnfO{ g;{/L Aof8 cyjf kf]nLAofudf /fK] g' eGbf cuf8L xNsf l;+rfO{ ug'{ kb{5 . To;kl5 g;{/L
Aof8 jf kfn] LAofudf e/s] f] df6fd] f @=% ;]=ld= ulx/f] Kjfn kf/L /fK] g' kb{5 . kfl] nAofudf /f]Kbf Pp6f
Aofudf Pp6f dfq sl6Ë ;Lwf kf/] /f]Kg' kb{5 . hldgdf /f]Kbf sl6Ë b]lv sl6Ësf] b/" L % ;=] ld= / nfOg{
b]lv nfO{gsf] b"/L ^ ;=] ld= /fVg' kb{5 . /f]lk;s]kl5 jl/kl/sf] df6f]nfO{ xNsf lyRg' kb{5 / xNsf;Fu kfgL
lbg' kb{5 .
!&= g;{/L la?jf xs' f{pg s] s:tf s'/fx?df Wofg lbg' kb{5 <
F ;fdfGotof t/fO{df ^ bl] v * xKtfdf / kxf8df !) bl] v !@ xKtfdf sl6Ë÷6q' m]6fa] f6 h/f lgl:sG5 .
h/fx? lgl:s;sk] l5 dfq} la?jfx?nfO{ dnvfb lbg' kb{5 t/ l;+rfO{sf] xsdf z'?sf lbgx?df df};d x/] L
lbgsf] @–# k6s / h/f nflu;s]kl5 xKtfdf $–% k6s l;r+ fO{ lbg' kb5{ .
!*= g;{/Ldf ePsf la?jfx?nfO{ hv{ofpg÷xf8{]lgË ug{ h?/t kb{5 <
F sl6Ëaf6 kftx? knfpg yfn]kl5 la?jfnfO{ ;o" {sf] ks| fz cfjZos kb5{ . ctM z?' df laxfg !) ah;] Dd
dfq Aof8 leq 3fd kg]{ u/L 6fF6L Psfk§L dfq p7fpg' kb5{ eg] @–# xKtfkl5 c? @–# 306f 3fd kg]{
u/L 6fF6L cem dfyL p7fpg' kb5{ / lj:tf/} 6fF6L x6fpbF } hfg' kb{5 .
!(= lrof aufgsf] nflu s:tf] hldg rflxG5 <
F lrof aufg ;dy/ hldg b]lv kxf8L e"–efudf klg :yfkgf ug{ ;lsG5 t/ hldgsf] le/fnf]kgf &)
k|ltzt cyjf #! l8uL| eGbf a9L x'g' x'bF g} . uxf| –sfGnf ePsf] hldgdf sfGnf km'6fO{ hUufnfO{ Psgf;sf]
le/fnf]kgf xg' ] u/L ;Dofpg' kb5{ . lrof afnLnfO{ 5xf/Lsf] nflu pko'Qm x'g] ?vx? /fvL cgk' o'Qm ?vx?
x6fpg' kb5{ .
@)= lrofsf] la?jf ;fg{] cj:yfdf s:tf] xg' ' kb{5 <
F :j:y / alnof] g;/{ L la?jf g} ;kmn lrof vt] Lsf] cfwf/ dflgG5 . g;{/Laf6 la?jf pvN] bf h/f grFl' 8of];\
eGg] tkm{ ljz]if Wofg lbg' kb{5 . kf]lnAofudf tof/ ul/Psf] la?jfaf6 zt k|ltzt ;kmntf kfpg]
;Defjgf /xG5 . ctM lrofsf] la?jf hldgdf eGbf kf]lnAofudf tof/ ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 .
@!= lrofsf] la?jf /fK] bf /]vfÍgsf] klg h?/L xG' 5 <
F lrof axj' lifo{ ks| [ltsf] afnL ePsfn] ] /f]Kg] an] fdf efu} fl] ns cjl:ylt cg?' k /v] fÍg / b/" L sfod ug{
h?/L xG' 5 . le/fnf] hdLgdf lrof /fK] g klxn] ;d pRr /]vf sfg] {' kb5{ . o;sf] nflu …AÚ km| ]dsf] d2t
lng' kb{5 .
@@= lrofsf] la?jf /f]Kg] k2lt cg;' f/ klg la?jf /f]Kg] b'/Ldf km/s kb{5 <
F l;Ën xh] k2ltdf vf8\n bl] v vf8nsf] b/' L kxf8df ^) ;]=dL= / t/fOd{ f &% ;=] dL= tyf nfOg{ b]lv
nfOg{ sf] b/' L kxf8df !)) ;=] dL= t/fO{df !@) ;=] dL= /fVg' kb{5 . 8an xh] k2ltdf lj?jf /fK] bf !%–@)
k|ltzt;Dd a9L la?jf /f]Kg ;lsG5 .
@#= lrofsf] la?jfdf dnvfbsf] Joj:yf s;/L ldnfpg' kb5{ <
F lrofsf] la?jfnfO{ /f]k0f ug]{ ;do / /fk] 0fkl5sf] dnvfb lbg] kl/df0fdf lgs} km/s kb{5 . la?jf
nufPsf] klxnf] jif{ sDkfi] 6÷uf]7d] n !) d]=6g, o"l/of ^) s]=hL=, l8=P=kL= $) s]=hL= tyf kf]6f; #)
s=] hL= kl| t xS] 6/ lbg' cfjZos xG' 5 .
af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf] 161
@$= lrofsf] pTkfbg lbO{/xs] f] jo:s la?jfnfO{ slt;Dd dnvfbsf] cfjZostf xfn] f <
F pTkfbgzLn la?jfnfO{ pd/] tyf pTkfbgsf] cfwf/df dnvfbsf] dfqf lbg' kb{5 . pbfx/0f:j?k 5}7f+]
jifs{ f] la?jfnfO{ sDkfi] 6÷uf7] d] n @) d]=6g, ol" /of !%) s=] hL=, l8=P=kL= !^) s=] hL=÷kf6] f; !)) s]=hL=
kl| t xS] 6/ lbg'kg{] x'G5 . To;} u/L @%))–#))) s]=hL= kl| t x]S6/ pTkfbg x'g] aufgdf sDkf]i6 #) d]=6g,
ol" /of #%) s]=hL=, l8=P=kL= !)) s]=hL= tyf kf]6f; @&% s]=hL= l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] 5 .
@%= lrof aufgdf s'g ;dodf dnvfb lbbF f a9L kmfObfhgs x'G5 <
F ;fdfGotof lrofdf dn xfNg] ;ae} Gbf pko'Qm ;do egs] f] a;Gt Ct' kl5sf] klxnf] jiff{n] hdLgsf]
$)–%) ;]=dL= ulx/fO;{ Dd leh]sf] ;do xf] . dn xfNg] ;dodf lrofsf] aufg uf8] dn] u/L emf/kft /lxt
agfpg' kb5{ .
@^= lrofdf ;I" d tTjx? klg ko| f]u ug{ cfjZos x'G5 <
F lrof aufgaf6 a9L pTkfbg lng ljleGg ;"Id tTjx?sf] dxTj xG' 5 t/ logLx? dWo] klg lhÍ tTjsf]
ke| fj pNnv] gLo x'G5 . vf;u/L sf6F 5fF6 gul/Psf, xNsf, dWod / ulx/f] 56fO{ ul/Psf jf6] x?df lhÍ
;Nkm6] !–@ kl| tzt 5bf{ pTkfbgdf !) k|ltzt eGbf a9L jl[ 4 ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 .
@&= lrof aufgdf 5xf/Lsf] klg Joj:yfkg ug{' kb{5 <
F kxf8L e"–efudf lrof v]tLsf] nflu 5xf/Lsf] cfjZoFstf kb}g{ t/ jfos' f] tfkqmd #) l8u|L ;]lG6u]8| eGbf
dfly hfg] t/fO{ If]qdf clgjfo{ ?kdf 5xf/Lsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kb5{ . 5xf/Lsf] nflu lxpFbdf kft emg],{
;lhn} sl' xg], ulx/f] h/f hfg] lzl/if hftsf ?vx? nufpFbf kmfObfhgs xG' 5 .
@*= lrof aufgdf l;+rfOs{ f] dxTj sltsf] /xG5 / s'g ;dodf a9L cfjZostf xG' 5 <
F lrofsf] dg" f/kQL g} o;sf] pTkfbg ePsfn] ] k6s k6s kQL l6Kgsf] nflu df6fd] f lr:ofg ePdfq vfB
tTj la?jfn] lng ;Qm5 . gk] fndf jife{ /L Psgf;n] kfgL gkg{] / ljz]iftM d;+ L/ b]lv hi] 7;Dd ;'Vvf
xg' ] ePsf]n] o; cjlwdf l;r+ fOs{ f] cfjZostf x'G5 .
@(= lrofdf sg' tl/sf÷k2ltn] l;+rfO{ ubf{ pkoQ' m xG' 5 <
F lrofdf l;r+ fO{ ug]{ ;ae} Gbf nfs] lko| / k|efjsf/L k2lt l:k|Ín/ k2lt xf]. lxhf] cfh yf]kf l;+rfO{ klg
k|of]udf cfpg yfns] f] 5 . l;+rfO{sf] kofK{ t ;'ljwf gePsf] 7fpFx?df gofF /f]k0f ePsf / blIf0f dfx] 8f
ePsf If]qx?nfO{ a9L kf| yldstfsf ;fy l;r+ fO{ ug'{ kb5{ .
#)= lrof aufgdf emf/kft Joj:yfkgnfO{ lsg a9L dxTj lbg' kb{5 <
F lrof emf8Lbf/ la?jf ePsf]n] o;df cfpg] emf/kftn] k|sfz, vfBtTj tyf kfgLsf] nflu k|lt:kwf{ ub{5
/ pTkfbgdf x|f; NofpbF 5 . sg' } sg' } emf/kftx?n] lrofdf nfUg] /fu] / sL/fsf] js} lNks cf>o:ynsf]
sfd ub5{ . ctM aufgdf emf/kftx? a9g\ lbg' xbF' }g .
#!= lrof aufgsf] emf/kft s;/L lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 <
F lrof aufgdf dV' otM bO' { lsl;dn] emf/kft lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 . klxnf] s6' f,] sfb] fnf], xl;of cflbn]
sf6]/ jf uf8] dn] u/L x6fpg ;lsG5 eg] bf>] f]df emf/kftgfzs ljifflb UnfOk{ mf;] ]6 jf @, $–l8 h:tf
ljifflbx? #–% ld=ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf 3fn] agfO{ 5//] klg lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ kf| Ëfl/s lrof
pTkfbsf] nflu sg' } klg emf/gfzs ljifflb k|ofu] ug{ ;lsGg .
#@= lrofsf] jf]6nfO{ sf6F 5f6F sf] klg cfjZostf kb5{ <
F x'g t lrof ;bfaxf/ la?jf xf] t/ o;af6 /fdf| ] pTkfbg lngsf nflu lglZrt ;dodf sfF65f6F ug{
cToGt h?/L xG' 5 . ;lx tl/sfn] sf6F 5f6F ubf{ lrofsf] af]6af6 clwstd kl| tkmn lng ;lsG5 .
162 af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf]
##= lrof la?jfsf] k|md] agfpg] egs] f] s] xf] <
F lrof la?jfsf] /f]k0f sfo{ u/k] l5 o;nfO{ lglZrt cfsf/ lbO{ pTkfbgofU] o agfpgsf] nflu la?jfx?sf]
sf6F 5f6F ug]{ sfon{ fO{ k|m]d agfpg] sfo{ elgG5 . o;/L la?jfsf] km| ]d agfpbF f la?jfnfO{ #%–$% ;=] ld=
sf] prfOd{ f sfl6G5 . Pp6f cfbz{ k|m]ddf # j6f tx xg' ' kb5{ h;df klxnf]df Ps, bf>] fd] f tLg / t>] f]df
;ftsf] cg'kftdf kofK{ t df6] fO{ ePsf xfFuf xg' ' kb5{ .
#$= lrof la?jfsf] jo:s sf6F 5f6F slt jif{kl5 ul/G5 / lsg ul/G5 <
F la?jf /f]k0f u/s] f] ^ jif{kl5 cyf{t\ la?jf pTkfbgzLn e} clGtd k|md] agfpg] sfF65fF6 u/] kZrft\
lrofsf] jf]6nfO{ sfF65fF6 rqmdf n}hfg' kb{5 . s6fO{ / 56fO{sf] prfO{ adf]lhd ljleGg gfdfs/0f ul/Psf]
kfO{G5 .
#%= lrofsf] jf]6nfO{ sf6F 5f6F ubf{ s:tf–s:tf lsl;dsf s6fOx{ ? ul/G5 <
F lrofsf] la?jfnfO{ la?jfsf] pd/] tyf cfjZostf cg';f/ s6fO{ ul/G5 h:t} xNsf s6fO{, dWod s6fO{,
prfO{ 36fpg] s6fO{, ulx/f] s6fO{ tyf kmb] sf] s6fO{ ug{ h?/L xG' 5 .
#^= lrofsf] jf6] nfO{ s'g ;dodf sf6F 5fF6 ug{ pkoQ' m xG' 5 <
F sf6F 5fF6 ug]{ pko'Qm ;do egs] f] h/fdf sfafx{] fO{86«] ;+lrt ePsf] / la?jf ;'ifK' t cj:yfdf xFb' fsf] ;do
xf]. t/fOs{ f] nflu kf}if–df3 / kxf8sf] xsdf dl+ ;/ b]lv g} sf6F 5fF6 z?' ug{ ;lsG5 .
#&= lrofsf] jf]6nfO{ sfF65f6F ubf{ s:tf] t/Lsf ckgfpg' kb{5 <
F sfF65f6F ubf{ leqaf6 aflx/lt/ $% l8uL| sf] sf]0fdf 3fp x'g] u/L sf6\g' kb5{ . 3fpsf] cUnf] efu jf6] sf]
aflx/lt/ x'g' kb5{ . sfl6Psf xfuF fx?sf] cUnf] efu aflx/lt/ ePdf gofF d'gfx? klg jf]6sf] aflx/lt/ g}
a9\5g\ / o;sf] kft l6Kg] If]q 7"nf] agfpbF 5 .
#*= lrofsf] afnL lng] sfo{nfO{ s] elgG5 <
F c? afnLdf afnL s6fgL u/] h:t} lrofsf] afnL lng] sfon{ fO{ l6lkË jf KnlsË eGg] ul/G5 . KnlsË ubf{
6K' kfsf] @ jf # j6f slnnf] kft / Pp6f dg' f -;'O/f_] nfO{ efFr/] l6Kg] sfo{ ul/G5 .
#(= lrof kQL l6kfO{ slt k|sf/n] ug{ ;lsG5 <
F ;fwf/0ftof tLg k|sf/n] lrof kQL l6Kg] ul/G5 . klxnf] xftn] l6Kg] hf] xKtfdf Ps kN6 l6lkG5 / ;a}
eGbf pQd tl/sf dflgG5 . bf]>f] xft] l;o/n] l6Kg] hf] !% lbgsf] cGt/df l6Kg] ul/G5 / t]>f] dl] ;gn]
ul/g] l6kfO{ hf] dlxgfsf] Ps k6s dfq l6lkG5 .
$)= lrofdf afeF mL kQL egk] l5 s] al' emG5 <
F lrof jf]6sf] dflyNnf] xfuF fsf] clGtd efudf xg' ] gofF kftdf k:| kml' 6t geO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd ;fljs
cj:yfdf /lx/xg] d'gfnfO{ afeF mL kQL elgG5 . nfdf] ;do;Dd lrof af]6nfO{ sf6F 5f6F gu/d] f klg o:tf
afFemL d'gfx? a9L lg:sG5g\ .
$!= kl| t xS] 6/ hldgaf6 slt;Dd lrofsf] pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 <
F 7fpF tyf aufgsf] Joj:yfsf] cfwf/df !)))–@))) s]=hL= tof/L lrof kl| t jif{ pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 .
u0' f:t/Lo $ s]=hL= xl/of] kQLaf6 ! s=] hL= tof/L lrof aGb5 .
$@= lrofdf s:tf–s:tf /f]ux?n] ;tfpF5 s]xL atfO{ lbg' x'GYof] ls <
F lrof aufgdf bv] f kg]{ d'Vo /f]ux?df kmf]s] d?jf, /ftf] l;Gb'/], sfn] / SofÍ/, sf08df nfUg] SofÍ/, h/f s'lxg]
/fu] d'Vo xg' \ . logLx? dWo] /ftf] l;Gb/' ], sfn] / SofÍ/ / h/f sl' xg] /f]un] a9L Iflt k'¥ofPsf] kfO{G5 .
af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf] 163
$#= /ftf] l;Gb'/] s:tf] vfnsf] /fu] xf] / o;af6 la?jfnfO{ s;/L arfpg ;lsG5 <
F of] /fu] cNuLsf] sf/0fn] nfUb5 . 5xf/L / kfgLsf] lgsf; /fd|f] gePsf] 7fpdF f of] /fu] a9L nfUb5 . z'?df
;fgf lvof /Ësf yf]Knfx? b]vf kb{5g\ / kl5 kftsf] xl/of] /Ë x/fpFb} hfG5 / kft sdhf]/ eP/ em5{ .
o;sf] lgoGq0f ug{ 5xf/L / kflgsf] Joj:yfkg plrt 9Ën] ldnfpg] / ! kl| tztsf] af]8f{] ldS:r/ kftx?
leHg] u/L 5g'k{ b5{ .
$$= lrofdf sf]nf/ SofÍ/ s:tf] cj:yfdf nfUb5 / o;sf] lgoGq0f s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
F of] /fu] uf]8dn] ubf{ jf6] nfO{ rf6] nfUbf, sf08nfO{ g} 5g' ] u/L dn xfNbf jf dlNrË ubf{ of] /f]u nfUb5 .
hldgdfly sf08 km6" ]sf] bl] vg] of] /fu] sf] nIf0f xf] . o;sf] /f]syfd ug{ la?jfdf sg' } tj/n] rf]6 k6s
nfUgaf6 arfpg] / sl6Ë÷k?lgË ubf{ af]8f]k{ i] 6 nufpg' kb5{ .
$%= lrofdf h/f s'lxg] /f]u nfu]sf] s;/L yfxf x'G5 / o;af6 s;/L la?jf arfpg ;lsG5 <
F o; /fu] nfuk] l5 la?jfsf] kft lj:tf/} ;S' g yfNb5 / jf6] d} /lx/xG5 . of] 9';LhGo /f]u xf] . dg;g' z'?
ePkl5 z?' df oL 9';Lx? ;t] f / g/d x'G5g\ / kl5 uP/ v/} f] b]lv sfnf] /Ëdf kl/0ft x'G5g\ . o;sf]
/f]syfd ug{ ;dod} sfF65f6F ug]{ / 6f« O{sf8] df{ lel/8L @)) uf| d kl| t la?jfsf b/n] afnj' f cyjf df6f]df
ld;fP/ 5g{' kb{5 .
$^= lrofdf s:tf s:tf lsl;dsf sL/fx?n] gf]S;fgL k'¥ofpbF 5g\ <
F lrof afnLdf nfUg] d'Vo sL/fx?df lrofsf] nfdv§' ,] ly|K;, ;n' ;'n,] nk' /, kft a6fg],{ em'Kkfdf a:g]
Sof6/lkn/ cflb x'g\ . logLx? dWo] ;n' ;n' ,] nk' /, ly|K;, kft a6fg]{ sL/fn] lrofkQL a9L gf]S;fg u/]sf]
kfOG{ 5 .
$&= lrofsf] ;n' ;'n] sL/fn] s;/L gf]S;fgL k'¥ofpFb5 / o;sf] lgoGq0f s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
F lrofsf ;'n;'n] ljleGg vfnsf x'G5g\ h;dWo] /ftf] dfs/' ], ah} gL /Ësf] ;n' ;n' ,] ;'Gtnf /Ësf] ;'n;n' ]
/ un' faL /Ësf] ;'n;n' n] ] a9L Iflt k¥' ofpFb5g\ . logLx?n] cfqmd0f u/s] f] kftsf] dflyNnf] ;tx v}/f]
jf tfdfsf] kftfsf] /Ë h:tf] b]lvG5 / 5bF' f xftdf nfUb5 . o;sf] lgoGq0fsf] nflu gLdhGo ljifflb jf
8fO{sf]kmn )=% ld=ln= kl| t ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g'{ kb5{ .
$*= lyK| ; sL/fn] lrofsf] la?jfnfO{ s;/L c;/ k'¥ ofpbF 5 / o;sf] lgoGq0f ljlw s] xf]nf <
F lyK| ; sL/fn] lrofsf] slnnf] dg' fnfO{ cfqmd0f ub{5 . o;n] cfqmd0f u/s] f] kft 3l' d|Psf] xG' 5 eg] km'sfP/
xb] f{ ;t] fd] f sfnf] yfK] nfx? ePsf] kbfy{ b]lvG5 / kftsf] lsgf/fdf v}/f] 89s] f] h:tf bfux? bl] vG5g\ .
kfgL kg{ z?' ePkl5 logLx? cfkm} x/fP/ klg hfG5g\ / cfqmd0f a9L ePdf gLdhGo ljifflb 5ls{g'
kb{5 .
$(= lrofsf] n'k/ sL/fnfO{ s;/L klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 / o;sf] lgoGq0f s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
F o; sL/fsf] nfe]| nk' h:t} a6fl/P/ lx8\g] ePsf]n] n'k/ gfdfs/0f ul/Psf] xf] . o;sf] jo:s sL/f sn} f]
/Ësf] /fqLr/ k'tnL xf] h;sf] kv]6fdf sfnf] / kx+n] f] wAafx? x'G5g\ . oL nk' /x?n] slnnf tyf l5lKkPsf
kftx? vfP/ b'nfx? agfpbF 5g\ . o;sf] Joj:yfkg x]t' /flqr/ ePsfn] ] aQLsf] kf;f] yfKg] tyf ;t' Ls{ f]
emf]n jf gLdhGo ljifflb k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
%)= kft a6fg]{ sL/fn] lrof kQL s;/L gfS] ;fgL k¥' ofp5 / o;sf] lgoGq0f ljlw s] xf]nf <
F o; sL/fsf] jo:s klg /flqr/ kt' nL g} xf] . nfe|]x?n] lrofsf] kft a6f5{g / /z] dL hfnf]n] To;nfO{
hf]8\b5g\ . a6fl/Psf kftx? leq nfe|] e]l6G5 . al] /Psf kftx? l6kfO{ of]Uo x'Fb}gg\ . oL sL/fx? yf/} }
;V+ ofdf 5g\ eg] ljifflb 5g'{ kb{g} lsgsL o;sf kf| s[lts zq'x?n] g} gfz ub{5g\ . k|sfk] a9L ePsf]
v08df gLdhGo ljifflb jf Pg=lk=eL= ! ld=ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g{' kb{5 .
164 af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf]
%=$ cnr+} L -Large Cardamom_
!= cnr+} L vt] Lsf nflu s:tf] xfjfkfgL cfjZos kb{5 <
F cn}+rL 5fofFlko| tyf lr;f] jftfj/0f dg k/fpg] afnL xf] . o;sf] vt] Lsf] nflu ;a}eGbf pko'Qm tfkqmd
* b]lv @) l8u|L ;l] N;o; ;Dd xf] . $ l8uL| ;l] N;o; eGbf sd tfkqmd ePdf la?jfsf] a9g\ ] ult sd
x'G5 .
@= cn+r} L vt] L ;d'Gb| ;tx bl] v slt prfO{;Dd ug{ ;lsG5 <
F o;sf] v]tL ;d'Gb| ;txaf6 &)) b]lv @!)) ld6/;Dd ;kmntfsf ;fy ug{ ;lsPtfklg ^)) bl] v @#))
ld6/;Dd klg o;sf] vt] L u/s] f] kfOG5 .
#= cn}r+ L v]tLsf nflu s:tf] lsl;dsf] cfbt{| f rflxG5 <
F cn}+rLn] a9L cfbt{| f ePsf] :yfg dg k/fp5F . () kl| tzt jf ;f] eGbf a9L cfb{|tf ePdf o;sf] vt] Lsf]
nflu /fd|f] dflgG5 .
$= cnr+} L v]tLsf nflu jflifs{ jiff{ s:tf] x'g' kb{5 <
F cn+}rL pTkfbg jiff{sf] kl/df0f / ljt/0f k|0ffnLdf e/ kb5{ . jiff{ hlt w/] } eof] Tolt /fd|f] dflgG5 .
l;+rfO{ eGbf jiffs{ f] kfgL la?jfsf] nflu a9L kmfO{bfhgs xG' 5 .
%= cnr+} L v]tLsf nflu s:tf] :yfg 5gf}6 ug{' kb5{ <
F cn}+rL vt] Lsf] nflu sl] x le/fnf] k/s] f], ;o" s{ f] k|sfz sd kg]{, 5xf/L ;lxtsf] vfN] ;f] tyf km]baf6 ;wF }
kfgL alu/xg] :yfg ;a}eGbf pko'Qm x'G5 .
^= cn}+rL vt] Lsf nflu df]x8f s:tf] x'g' kb5{ <
F cn}r+ L vt] Lsf] nflu pQ/–k"j{ kmls{Psf] hldg /fdf| ] x'G5 t/ klg cGo s/' fx? cg's"n ePdf h'g;'s} dfx] 8f
ePsf] hldgdf cn}+rL vt] L ug{ ;lsG5 .
&= cnr+} L v]tLsf] nflu s:tf] df6f] pko'Qm x'G5 <
F cn}+rLsf] v]tL $=% bl] v ^=% ;Dd lk=Pr= dfg ePsf] hg' ;'s} df6fd] f klg ug{ ;lsG5 t/ To:tf] 7fpF
hxfF kfgL ghDg], kz| :t kf| Ëfl/s kbfy{ ePsf],bf]d6 df6f] ePdf cem /fdf| ] xG' 5 . lrD6ofOnf] /ftf] df6fd] f
kfgL hDg] / kfgL sd ePdf df6f] slqmg] xF'bf o:tf] df6fd] f cn}+rL v]tf] /fd|f] x'Fb}g .
*= cn}+rLnfO{ 5xf/Lsf] Joj:yfkg s;/L ldnfpg' kb5{ <
F cn+r} Ldf 5xf/L Joj:yfkgsf] nflu rf8F f] a9g\ ] 6'Kkf] lt/ em'Kkf] / tn lt/ vN' nf /xg], kft afx}| dlxgf
vl;/xg] / rf8F f] x'sg{ ,] lr:ofg / ;l] knf] 7fpdF f rfF8f] x'sg{ / a9\g ;Sg] e/;s gfO{6f« ]hg l:y/Ls/0f
ug{ ;Sg] af6] la?jfx? cnr}+ L /fK] g' cufj} nufpg' kb{5 .
(= cnr+} LnfO{ 5xf/Lsf] nflu s:tf h+unL jg:kltx? nufpg pkoQ' m xG' 5 <
F cn}+rLdf 5xf/Lsf] nflu ljz]iftM plQ;sf la?jf nufpg] rng 5 . plQ; afxs] lzl/if, dnft', Sofdg' f,
bw' ]nf,] r'nq] f] cflb klg nufpg ;lsG5 . 8fn] 3f;F sf6b\ f cn}r+ L aufgdf gf]S;fgL k'¥ofpg] x'bF f o:tf
la?jfx? 5xf/Lsf] nflu pkoQ' m x'bF }gg\ .
!)= 5fofbF f/ la?jfx? slt b/' Ldf nufpg pkoQ' m x'G5 <
F z?' sf jifd{ f 5xf/L lbg] af6] x? afSnf] /f]kL 57}+ f] ;ftf}+ jif{kl5 cfjZos ;V+ ofdf /fvL cGonfO{ x6fpg
;lsG5 . ;fwf/0ftof 5xf/Lsf] nflu !% b]lv @) lkm6sf] b/' L sfod u/L la?jf nufpg pko'Qm x'G5 .
af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf] 165
!!= g]kfndf cn}r+ Lsf s'g–s'g hftx? kfOG5g\ <
F gk] fndf v]tL ul/bF } cfPsf cnr+} Lsf kd| v' hftx?df /fd;fO{, uf]n;fO,{ 8Da/;fO,{ lra];fO,{ ;fpg],
;nsk/' ], sfF6Lbf/ cflb xg' \ .
!@= cn}+rLsf hftx?nfO{ efu} fl] ns w/ftn cg';f/ ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 <
F xfn vt] L e} /x]sf hftx? dWo] /fd;fO{ !%)) ld6/ eGbf dflysf] prfO{df, uf]n;fO{ / ;fpg] !@))
b]lv !%)) ld6/sf] prfOd{ f, 8Da/;fO{ &)) b]lv !@)) ld6/sf] prfO{df, lra;] fO{ / sfF6Lbf/ &)) b]lv
!))) ld6/sf] prfOd{ f nufpg ;lsG5 .
!#= cn+}rLsf] /fd;fO{ hftsf] ljz]iftf atfO{ lbg' x'GYof] ls <
F of] hftsf nfqmfx? /ftf] /Ësf / nfdf x'G5g,\ kftx? 8fF7sf] 6'Kkf]df a9L xG' 5g,\ kftx? gx' s] f bl] vG5g\ .
km"n -yË' f_ 5f]6f] x'g] xg' fn] sf6g\ cK7o\ f/f] xG' 5 . o;df kl| t ‰ofË a9L y'Ëf nfU5g\ . ;k|]sf] nfqmfdf $
j6f ;Dd y'Ëf nfu]sf] kfOG{ 5 . kmnx? demf}nf / nfDrf x'G5g\ . kfSg] ;do c;fh] sf] clGtd xKtf bl] v
sflt{ssf] k|yd xKtf;Dd xG' 5 .
!$= cnr+} Lsf] uf]n;fO{ hftsf] klg ljzi] ftf atfO{ lbg' xG' Yof] ls <
F o; hftsf] 8f7F sf] kmb] } bl] v kftx? cfpF5g,\ kftx? 7f8f xG' 5g,\ kmnx? kxn+] f] /Ësf] / af6'nf tyf 7n" f
/ kf]l6nf x'G5g\ . o;sf] kmn c;fh] sf] z'? b]lv clGtd;Dd l6Kg ;lsG5 .
!%= cnr}+ Lsf la?jf s;/L pTkfbg ul/G5 <
F cn+}rLsf la?jf bO' { tl/sfn] klxnf] jfg:klts kh| gg\ jf d"n la?jfaf6 kfgf 5§' ofP/ / bf]>f] nl} Ës
k|hgg\ jf aLpaf6 la?jf pdf//] pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 .
!^= jfg:klts kh| gg\sf kmfOb{ f tyf ak] mfOb{ f s] 5g\ <
F jfg:klts tl/sfn] d"n la?jfaf6 5'§ofO{Psf la?jfx? /f]k]sf] bf]>f]–t>] f] jif{af6} kmNg z?' ub5{ g\ . dfp
af6] sf] hflto u'0f h:tf] 5 To:t} u'0fx? sfod /xG5 t/ o:tf la?jfdf l5s{] kms' ]{ h:tf efO/{ ;hGo
/f]ux? ;b5{ g\ .
!&= nl} Ës kh| ggs\ f kmfO{bf tyf ak] mfO{bf s] 5g\ <
F n}lËs k|hgg\ jf aLpaf6 la?jf pdfg{ sl] x ufx|f], la?jf tof/ xg' sl] x ;do nfUg] ePtfklg gofF 7fpdF f
l5s]{ kms' {] h:tf efO{/;hGo /f]ux?af6 arfpg ;lsG5 / aufgnfO{ nfdf] cjlw;Dd pTkfbgd"ns /fVg
;lsG5 .
!*= cn}+rLsf] la?jf pTkfbg ubf{ hflto 5gf}6 ug{ cfjZos 5 <
F ljleGg hftx?sf cf–cfˆg} hflto u'0fx? x'G5g\ h; cg';f/ a9L kmNg,] /f]u ;xg ug{ ;Sg], w]/} jif{;Dd
kmn lbg,] efu} f]lns prfO{ cg';f/ :yflkt x'g ;Sg] u'0fx? ePsfn] ] hftsf] klxrfg ug{ h?/L 5 .
!(= cn}+rLsf] g;/{ L s;/L :yfkgf ug{ ;lsG5 <
F cnr+} Lsf] aLp ;fgf] xg' ] ePsfn] ] o;nfO{ /fdf| ];Fu pd|g tyf pdL| ;sk] l5 bf>] f] g;{/Ldf la?jf ;fg{]
cj:yf;Dd la?jfnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ;Dk0" f{ vfBtTjx? k"/f x'g] u/L k|fËfl/s dn k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 . cn}+rL
la?jf ;fgo{ f]Uo agfpg k|yd / bf>] f] u/L bO' { k6s g;/{ Ldf la?jfx? x'sf{O{G5 .
166 af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf]
@)= cn+r} Lsf] la?jf xs' f{pg slt ;do nfU5 <
F cn}+rL la?jfnfO{ ky| d g;/{ Ldf !* bl] v @@ dlxgf;Dd /fVg' kg{] xG' 5 eg] bf>] f] g;{/L !@ bl] v !$
dlxgf;Dd /xG5g\ . o;/L #@ bl] v #$ dlxgfdf dfq la?jfx? laqmLof]Uo xG' 5g\ . ctM la?jfsf] plrt
:ofxf/ ;Def/ ug{ cfjZos x'G5 .
@!= cnr+} Lsf] aufg s;/L :yfkgf ug{ ;lsG5 <
F cn}+rLsf] aufg :yfkgf ug'{ cuf8L /v] fËg ug,{] vf8\nsf] tof/L ug],{ dnvfb k|of]u ug{] cflb sfdx? ug{'
kb{5 . hUufsf] tof/L ubf{ 5xf/L ePsf] :yfg xf] jf gofF 5xf/L af6] nufpg' kg{] eGg] s'/fdf klg Wofg
lbg' kb5{ .
@@= cnr}+ Lsf] la?jf nufpbF f slt ulx/fO{sf] vf8\n vGg' kb5{ <
F ;fwf/0ftM #)X#)X#) 3g ;]=ld= sf] vf8\n vGg' k5{ . olb hldg lgs} s8f 5 eg] ulx/fO{ $% ;=] ld=
;Dd agfpg' kb{5 .
@#= vf8\n tof/ ePkl5 cnr}+ Lsf] la?jf s;/L ;fg'{ kb{5 <
F sl/a dlxgf lbg cuf8L k/' ]/ /fvs] f] vf8\ndf kl| t vf8\n # j6f la?jf lqsf0] f cfsf/df /f]Kg' kb5{ . of]
tl/sf ckgfpFbf la?jf d//] vf8n\ l/Qf] xFb' g} . la?jf * b]lv !) ;=] ld= ;Dd ulx/fO{df /f]Kg' kb{5 .
@$= cnr}+ Lsf] la?jf slxn] ;fbf{ pko'Qm x'G5 <
F dg;'gL jiff{ z?' xg' ] ;do g} cn}+rL nufpg] pQd ;do xf] . x/s] jif{ dg;g' z'? x'g] ;do km/s x'g
;Sb5 t/ klg ;fdfGo ?kdf h]i7sf] clGtd xKtf b]lv >fj0f dlxgfsf] dWo;Dd cnr+} L la?jf /fK] g' pQd
x'G5 . o; eGbf l9nf u/L /fk] ]sf] la?jfsf] d[To' b/ a9\b} hfG5 .
@%= cnr}+ L aufgdf uf8] dn] lsg ug{' kb{5 <
F emf/kftaf6 x'g] vfBtTjsf] kl| t:kwf{ /f]Sg], h/f, kfgftyf af6] x?df xfjfsf] ;+rf/ u/fpg]. la?jfnfO{
vlghkbfy{ / ;"o{sf] ks| fz pknAw u/fpg], /f]usL/fsf] k|sfk] sd ug{], h/f / kfgfsf] jl[ 4sf nflu df6f]
vs' 'nf] agfO{ aflx/ lgl:sPsf h/f tyf kfgfnfO{ 5f]Kg] sfo{ u/L a9L pTkfbg xfl;n ug{' g} uf8] d]nsf]
dV' o p2Z] o xf] .
@^= cn+}rL l6Kg] cj:yf s;/L yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 <
F cnr}+ Lsf] hft / hldgsf] prfO{sf] cfwf/df cn}r+ L l6Kg.] cnr} Lsf] kmn /ftf] / aLofF v}/f]af6 sfnf]df
kl/0ft ePkl5 l6Kg ;lsG5 . gkfSb} l6k]sf] kmndf u]8f g/d, ;t] f] v/} f] xG' 5 eg] a9L kfss] f] kmn emg{,]
;s' fpbF f km6' \g] x'G5 .
@&= cnr+} L l6kL ;s]kl5 yË' f uD' ;fpg lsg h?/L 5 <
F y'Ëfsf kmb] sf kmnx? /fdL| kfls;s]kl5 6'Kkf lt/sf kmnx? sl] x sfrF } /xg ;Sg] ePsfn] ] l6k]sf] #–$
lbg;Dd uD' :ofP/ /fvd] f ;a} kmnx?n] kfSg] cj;/ kfp5F g\ .
@*= uD' ;fPsf] y'Ëfx?af6 kmn s;/L 5'§ofpg' kb5{ <
F u'D;fPsf] yË' fx?af6 Ps Ps u/L kmnx? 5§' ofpg' kb{5 . pQm kmnx? ;kmf kfgLdf wf]P/ df6f] kmf]xf/]
cflb x6fO{ lrqf, dfGbf| ] cflbdf t¥ofpg' kb5{ .
af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf] 167
@(= cnr+} LnfO{ ;'sfpg lsg h?/L x'G5 <
F tfhf kmndf /xg] *) bl] v *% kl| tzt kfgLnfO{ p8fO{ !) bl] v !@ kl| tztsf] ;'/lIft laGb'df emf/L
kmnsf] ;+/If0f ug{ cn+r} L kmnnfO{ ;s' fpg' kb{5 . cn+}rLnfO{ ljleGg tl/sfaf6 ;s' fpg ;lsG5 t/ o;sf]
u'0f:t/, ahf/ efp o;}df hfFlrg] ePsfn] ] o; kIfnfO{ ulDe/tfk"js{ lng' k5{ .
#)= cn}+rLnfO{ s:tf] lsl;dsf] e§Ldf ;s' fpg pkoQ' m xG' 5 <
F cn+r} L ;s' fpg] ljleGg ks| f/sf e§Lx? kfO{G5g\ . sg' } e§Ldf w'jfsF f] dfWodaf6 cnr+} L ;'sfOG5 eg] s'g}
df /fk / tfksf] dfWodaf6 ;'sfOG{ 5 . xfn ko| fu] df cfPsf e§Lx?df :yflgo e§L, ;w' fl/Psf] :yflgo
e§L, lah'nL e§L cflb 5g\ .
#!= cnr+} L ;s' fpg pko'Qm dflgPsf] e§L s'g xf]nf <
F xfn;fn} ljsl;t ePsf] ;'wfl/Psf] :yflgo e§L, ;/n, ;a} 7fpFdf ko| fu] x'g ;Sg,] wj' f/F lxt tfkaf6
;s' fOg] ePsfn] ] kmnsf] /Ëdf kl/jt{g ge} cfsif{s /xg], cfGtl/s u0' fx?df xf| ; gx'g] / u'0f:t/oQ' m
cn+r} L k|zfw] g e} dN" o klg a9L kfpg] ePsfn] ] ;a}eGbf pko'Qm dflgPsf] 5 .
#@= ;'sfPsf] cn}r+ L kmnaf6 kR' 5/ x6fpg lsg h?/L x'G5 <
F pkefQ] mfx?n] kmnsf] 6K' kf]df xg' ] k'R5/nfO{ dg gk/fpg] x'Fbf d"Nodf lu/fj6 cfpg ;Sb5 . yf]/} kl/df0fdf
ePdf s}r+ Ln] sf6/] x6fpg ;lsG5 t/ w]/} ePdf kmnfd] rfNgf]df bn/] x6fpg' kb{5 . of] sfd e§Laf6
;s' fP/ lgsfNg] lalQs} u/d] f kR' 5/ rfF8f] x6\b5 / kmn klg sl] x dfqfdf ePsf] Wjf;F f] x6L ;kmf xG' 5 .
##= cnr+} L kmnnfO{ u|l] 8Ë ug{ lsg h?/L x'G5 <
F pTkflbt cnr+} L kmnnfO{ To;sf] /Ë, cfsf/ cflbsf] cfwf/df ul]| 8Ë ul/G5 . ul|] 8Ë ubf{ /f]u nfu]sf, kR' 5/
ePsf, /fd|/L ;kmf gul/Psf, hu+ nL cn+r} L -r?' Dkmf_ cflb x6fO{ Psgf;sf] kmnx? Ps 7fpFdf 5§' o\ fpg'
kb{5 .
#$= cnr+} L kmn laqmL ug'{ cuf8L s;/L KoflsË ug{' kb{5 <
F cn}+rL kmn laqmL ug{' cuf8L u]|l8Ë ul/Psf cnr+} L kmnnfO{ Knfli6s ;lxtsf] h6' sf] af/] fdf KoflsË ug'{
pkoQ' m x'G5 . o;/L KoflsË ubf{ cnr}+ Ldf sfod ul/Psf] lr:ofg k|ltzt sfod ug{ ;lsG5 . afXo
k|efjaf6 lr:ofg 36g\ ] a9\g] ;Defjgf /xFb}g / nfdf] cjlw;Dd e08f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
#%= cnr+} LnfO{ s;/L e08f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 <
F cn+}rLnfO{ ;V' vf tyf xfjf ;+rf/ x'g] lsl;dsf] e08f/ 3/ rflxG5 . e08f/ 3/sf] eO" d{+ f sf7sf] ˆNofs
cf5] o\ fO{ lr;f] gk:g] u/L Ps af]/f dfly csf{] af]/f vK6o\ fO{ ;/' lIft tl/sfn] e08f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
#^= cn}+rL afnLdf b]vf kg]{ d'Vo–dV' o sL/fx? sg' s'g xg' \ <
F cn+r} L afnLdf nfUg] sL/fx?df em'l;n sL/f, nfxL, uaf/f], lyK| ; cflb xg' .\ logLx? dWo] eml' ;n sL/f /
nfxL w/] } xflgsf/s x'G5g\ .
#&= em'l;n sL/fn] cnr+} L afnLnfO{ s;/L Iflt k¥' ofpFb5 <
F em'l;n sL/fx? s]lx jif{sf] cGt/fndf em'08sf em0' 8 b]vf kb{5g\ . cn+}rL afnLdf o;n] udL{ tyf lxpFbsf]
df;} ddf ;d]t cfqmd0f ub{5 . nfe]x| ? kftsf] tNnf] efudf hDdf eP/ a:b5g\ . logLx? vGr'jf ePsf
sf/0f afnLnfO{ w/] } g} gf]S;fg k'¥ ofpbF 5g\ .
168 af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf]
#*= eml' ;n sL/fsf] lgoGq0f s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
F z'?sf] cj:yfdf em0' 8df a:g] ePsfn] ] kft l6k/] dfg{ ;lsG5 . h}ljs ljiffbLx?jf6 /f]syfd x'g g;sd] f
dfnfyfog cyjf ;fOk/dl] yg| h:tf ljiffbLx? @ ld=ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLsf b/n] cn+}rL afnLdf 5bf{
sL/fsf] lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
#(= nfxL sL/fn] cn+}rL afnLnfO{ s;/L Iflt k¥' ofpFb5 <
F nfxL sL/fx? klg em0' 8df a;/] cn+r} Lsf] kft, 8fF7 tyf kmnsf] /; r:' b5g\ / ljleGg ljiff0f' /f]ux? klg
;fb5{ g\ . o;sf] cnfjf /; r':g] qmddf nfxLn] la?jfdf u'lnof] kbfy{ 5f8\b5g\ / sfnf] 9';Ln] cfqmd0f
u/L ks| fz ;Z+ n]if0f lqmofdf ;dt] afwf kU' b5 . cnr+} L afnLdf l5s]{ kms' {] /f]u ;fg]{ kd| v' dfWod g} nfxL
sL/f xf] .
$)= nfxL sL/fsf] lgoGq0f s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
F h}ljs ljiffbLx?jf6 /fs] yfd x'g g;ss] f] v08df /fu] / jf d]6fl;i6S; h:tf ljiffbLx? @ ld=ln= k|lt
ln6/ kfgLsf b/n] cn}r+ L afnLdf 5bf{ nfxL sL/fsf] lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
$!= cnr+} L afnLdf bv] f kg]{ dV' o d'Vo /fu] x? s'g s'g xg' \ <
F cn+}rL afnLdf nfUg] /f]ux?df h/f tyf kfgf sl' xg,] kftdf bfuL cfpg], cn+r} L 89'jf, l5s{] tyf
kms' /{] fu] x? b]vf kb5{ g\ . logLx? dWo] h/f tyf kfgf s'lxg] /l5s]{ tyf kms' /{] f]ux? w]/} xflgsf/s xG' 5g\ .
$@= cnr}+ Lsf] h/f tyf kfgf sl' xg] /fu] sf] klxrfg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
F of] /f]usf] cfqmd0f z'? ePkl5 kftx?sf] 6K' kf kxl+] nG5g\ / kx]l+ ng] lqmof kftsf] kmb] lt/ a9\b} hfG5 .
8fF7sf] km]b, kfgf / h/fx? sl' xG5g\ . vf]tn/] x]bf{ kfgf / h/fdf sfnf v/} f bfux? kz| :t} b]lvG5g\ .
$#= cnr}+ Lsf] h/f tyf kfgf sl' xg] /fu] sf] /fs] yfd s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
F cnr}+ L aufgdf kfgL hDg glbg lgsf;sf] /fdf| ] Joj:yf ldnfpg] . /f]uL la?jfnfO{ pvn] /] hnfpg] . o;sf]
/f]syfd ug{ af]8fl]{ dS:r/n] pkrf/ ug{] jf sk/ clS;Snf/] fO8 @–# uf| d k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g{] .
$$= cn}+rLsf] km's]{ /f]usf] klxrfg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
F of] /fu] nfu]kl5 nfqmfx? ;fgf] x'g], kftx? ;fFu'l/g], af]6 uh' 'd'Hh' k/s] f] b]lvg] . /f]usf] k|sfk] a9\b} uPkl5
kfgfx? s'lxFb} uP/ af6] db{5 .
$%= cnr+} Lsf] km's]{ /fu] sf] /f]syfd s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
F aLpaf6 tof/ ePsf la?jfx? ko| f]u ug]{ . /fu] ;xg ;Sg] hftx? nufpg] . /f]u nfu]sf aufgaf6
la?jfx?sf] k|;f/0f gug].{ nfxL sL/f lgoGq0f ug{ /fu] /jf d]6fl;i6S; @ ld=ln= kl| t ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{
5g]{ .
$^= cnr+} Lsf] l5s{] /f]usf] klxrfg / /f]syfd s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
F of] /f]uz?' x'gf;fy kftdf dl;gf g;fx?sf] aLr aLrdf nfdf / ;fgf l5sfx{ ? g;fsf] ;dfgfGt/ b]vf
kb5{ g\ / /f]u a9b\ } uPkl5 oL l5sfx{ ? Ps cfk;df hf]l8G5g\ . o;sf] lgoGq0f ljlw kms' {] /f]udf h:t}
x'G5 .
$&= cnr}+ L kmn k|lt /fk] gL slt;Dd pTkfbg xg' ] ub{5 <
F pTkfbg kl/df0f jifl} \k{ R5] km/s kg{ ;S5 . ;fdfGotof t]>f] jifb{ ]lv pTkfbg lng ;lsg] ePtfklg 5+}7f]
jif{b]lv @) jif;{ Dd nuftf/ /fd/| L pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 . o;sf] cf;} t ;'Vvf pTkfbg !* bl] v @% s]=hL=
kl| t /fk] gL /xs] f] 5 .
af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf] 169
t]n afnL (Oil seeds)
kZ| g–pQ/
^=! tf/] L, ;:o{' tyf /fof] (Rapeseed, Mustard and Broad Leaf Mustard)
!_ tf/] L tyf /fof]sf] vf; afnL sf6\g] ;do sg' xf] h;n] ubf{ bfgf emg]{ ;d:of gxf]; <
F sf;] fx? vN' g' eGbf sl] x cuf8L ha kxn]+ f ] . v}/+ f] /u+ sf x'G5g\ tf/] L tyf /fof] afnL sf6g\ ] ;do x'G5,
h;n] ubf{ bfgfx? emg{af6 aRb5g . tf]/L / /fof] ;:o'{ eGbf a9L emb{5 / /fd|/L Vofn ug{' kb{5 . sf6L
;s]kl5 %–^ lbg;Dd /fvL r6' /] bfgf emfg'{ kb5{ / ;'sfO{ yGSofpg' kb{5 . e08f/0f ug{ kbf{ bfgfsf]
lr:ofg !)% eGbf a9L x'g' xb'F }g .
@_ /fof] afnLdf nfUg] em'l;n sL/fsf] ks| f]ksf] nIf0f s:tf] xG' 5 / s;/L Aoj:yfkg ug{] <
F of] sL/fsf] nfe|]n] z?' df em0' 8d sl] x af]6sf] kftdf a;L sf]q/] vfG5 . kl5 nfex]| ? km}lnP/ kft tyf
sf];fx?df vfg yfNb5 .
Aoj:yfkg
l sL/fsf] lgoGq0fsf] nflu z'?df nfe|s] f] em0' 8nfO{ kft;u+ } l6kL gi6 u/L lbg ] .
l ks| fk] al9 ePdf !=% ld=ln= yfof]8g k|lt ln6/ kfgLsf b/n] 3fn] L dWofGxdf 5g {] .
#_ /fof]df ;]tf] kmf]s] jf XjfO{6 lAnS6/ eGg] /fu] sf] nIf0f s:tf] x'G5 / s;/L lgoGq0f ug]{ <
F of] /fu] nfu]df lj?jfsf kft, 8fF7 / kmn' df ;t] f] kmf]sf b]lvG5g\ / kl5 lt kmfs] fx? km'6/] ;t] f] wn' f]
5l/G5g\ . kmn' x? ljs[t eO{ bfgf nfUbg} .
Aoj:yfkgsf pkfox?M
l afnL ;dodf nufpg ] .
l /fu] L lj?jfnfO{ pv]nL hnfpg' kb5{ / hldg ;kmf /fVg ] .
l )=@% lhg]a ljiffbL t'?Gt 5g{] / cfjZostf cg';f/ !) lbgsf] km/sdf k'gM 5g ]{ . jf
l d]6fnfsl;n -l/8fl] dn_ )=)%% Ps ld=ln= ln6/ k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ !% lbgsf] km/sdf 5gf{n]
ke| fasf/L ?kdf lgoGq0f ePsf] kfOP{ sf] 5 .
$_ oL afnLx?df nfUg] 8fpgL ldN8o\ " /fu] sf] nIf0f s;tf] xG' 5 / s;/L Aoj:yfkg ug]{ <
F of] /f]u nfus] f] lj?jfsf] kftsf] dflyNnf] efudf kxn]+ f wAafx? b]lvG5g\ eg] To;sf] 7Ls dg' L ;]tf]
9;' L knfPsf] bl] vG5 . /f]usf] cfqmd0f a9L ePdf kmn' df klg c;/ ub{5 . kmn' x? ljst[ eO{ a6fl/Psf]
b]lvg'sf ;fy} ;t] f] w'nfn] ] 9flsPsf] xG' 5 . o:tf kmn' df sf];f nfUbg} .
Aoj:yfkgsf pkfox?M
l /fu] /lxt :jf:Yo jLp nufpg]
l /fu] sf] nIf0f b]lvgf ;fy )=@% lhga] jf )=(% sf/fy]g !) lbgsf] km/sdf @–# k6s 5g {] .
170 af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf]
%_ tf/] L tyf /fofd] f 89'jf /fu] sf] nIf0fx? s:tf] x'G5 / Aoj:yfkg s;/L ug{] <
F 9;' Laf6 nfUg] of] /fu] n] k'/fgf kftdf cfqmd0f ug{ z?' ub5{ . ;fgf ufn] f v/} f yfK] nfx? kftdf bl] vG5g,\
kl5 oL yfK] nfx? ldN5g\ / kftg} db{5 . sf];fdf /fu] ;/d] f ;fgf, g/fd|f / rfpl/Psf bfgf kmN5g \ .
Joj:yfkg ljlw
l DofGsfh] a] &% 8An=' kL= ljiffbL # uf| d kl| t lsnf] uf| d jLpmsf b/n] pkrf/ u/L jLp 5g]{ .
l DofGsf]hj] &% 8An'=kL= jf sk/clS;snf]/fO8{ %) 8An' kL 9;' Lgfzs ljiffbL @ u|fd kl| t ln6/
kfgLdf ld;fO 5g {] .
^_ tf]/L tyf /fofn] fO{ emf/kft lgoGq0fsf] slQsf] cfjZostf kb5{ / s] pkfox? xG' 5g\ <
F emf/kftn] pTkfbgdf @)–#)% ;Dd x|f; NofPsf] kfO{G5 . afnLsf] z?' cj:yfdf g} emf/kft lgoGq0f
ug'{ kb{5 . o;sf nflu dflg;åf/f jf ;fgf uf8] dn] ug{ oGq k|ofu] ug{ ;lsG5 . emf/dfg{] cf}ifwL k|ofu]
ug{k' bf{ ## uf| d cfO{;f] k|f]6'/g bjfO{ @&–## ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ ! s§f afnLdf emf/ pd|g' eGbf klxn]
5/]df emf/ lgoGq0fdf ;xofu] k'Ub5 .
&_ oL afnLx?df l;r+ fO{ ug'{ kb5{ ls kbg{} < k/d] f slxn] l;r+ fO{ ug{] <
F ;fwf/0ftof aif{] kfgL ;l+ rt ePsf] lr:ofgdf of] afnL nufO{G5 / aiff{sf] kfgLs} cfzdf si[ fsx? lge/{
/xG5g \ . t/ oL afnLx?nfO{ klg kmn' vN] g] / sf;] f el/g] an] f lr:ofg rflxG5 / l;+rfO{ lbg' kb{5, h;n]
ubf{ /fdf| ] ptkfbg lng ;lsG5 .
*_ oL afnLx?df d'Vo tTj ePsf] dnvfb afxs] cGo dnvfb sl] x ko| f]u ug{' kb{5 <
F ;a} afnLx?sf nflu dV' o tTjx? gfO{6«f]hg, km:kmf/] ; / kf]6f;sf] cfjZostf kb5{ / loglx?sf] k"lt{sf nflu
l8=P=kL=, ol" /of / kf]6f; lbOG5 . t/ oL afnLx?df oL tTj afxs] ;Nkm/sf] al9g} cfjZostf kb5{ . To;}n]
;Nkm/sf] kl" ts{ f nflu !% s=] hL= ;NkmS] ; k|lt xS] 6/sf b/n] hldg tof/Ls} a]nfdf k|of]u ug{' kb{5 .
(_ tf]/L tyf /fofd] f dnvfbsf] slt dfqf k|ofu] ug'{ kb5{ <
F eP;Dd sDkf]i6dn jf uf]a/dn k|of]u ug'{ kb5{ . o; afxs] oL afnLx?sf nflu gfO{6f« ]hg, km:kmf/] ; /
kf6f; qmdzM ^)–*), $)–@) s=] hL÷xS] 6/ ko| fu] ug{' kb{5 . dflysf] l;kmfl/; k'/f ug{ ol" /of (^ s]=hL=,
l8=P=kL= *& s]=hL= / kf6] f; ## s]=hL= kl| t x]S6/ -89] ljufxf_ sf b/n] ko| fu] ug'{ kb5{ . l;r+ fO{sf]
Aoj:yf gePdf dflysf] dfqfsf] cfwf dfq k|ofu] ug'{ kb{5 . ol" /of afxs] ;a} dn hldg tof/Ls} a]nfdf
k|of]u ug{' kb5{ . o"l/ofdf cfwf hldg tof/L ubf{ / rfy} fO{ rfy} fO{ u/L l;r+ fO{ u/]kl5 ko| f]u ug{' kb5{ .
!)_ /fof]df l;kmfl/; hftx? s] s] xg' <
F /fof]sf nflu k;' fjfN] 8 / si[ 0f eGg] hft l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] 5 .
!!_ tf/] Ldf l;kmfl/; hftx? s] s] x'g <
F tf/] Lsf nflu ^ hftx? pGdfr] g ePsf 5g \ . tL x'g\M ljsf;, nD' n] !, ku| lt, pGglt, k|Llt / df]/+u tf]/L
@ . o; afxs] xfOlj|8 h]=jfO{= !^ k+lhs/0f u/L si[ fsnfO{ vt] L ug{ cgd' lt lbOPsf] 5 .
!@_ tf]/L tyf ;:os"+{ f pko'Qm afnL rqmx? s] x'g\ <
F tf/] L l56f] kfSg] afnL ePsfn] bO' afnLx/sf] aLrdf lxpbF ] ;dfNg] afnLsf ?kdf lgDgfg;' f/ nufO{G5 .
l ds–} tf]/L–ux'F
l ds–} tf]/L–pv'
l ds–} tf/] L–cfn' t/sf/L cfbL .
o;} u/L ;:o{' eg] Psn afnLsf] ?kdf lgDgfg;' f/ nufO{G5 .
af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf] 171
l cl;l+ rt If]qM ds} – ;:o{'
l wfg -rf8+ } kfSg]_ – ;:o{'
l df; / e6df;–;:o'{
tf]/L tyf ;:o{n' fO{ ux',F hf} tyf rgf;uF ld>Lt afnLsf ?kdf klg nufO{G5 .
!#_ s:tf] df6f]df tf/] L tyf ;:o{' afnL /fd|f] x'G5 <
F ;a} lsl;dsf df6f]df nufpg ;lsG5 t/ xNsf bfd] 6 df6f]df /fdf| ] xG' 5 . df6fs] f] lkPr Go'6n\ x'g' kb{5
/ xNsf Iff/Lo -Basic_ df6f] klg ;xg ;S5 . df6f]df kfgL hDg' xbF' g} .
!$_ tf/] L tyf ;:o{a' fnLx?n] s:tf] xfjfkfgLdf /fd|f] pTkfbg lbG5g\ <
F tf]/L tyf ;:o{' afnL t/fO{ tyf kxf8 b'j} xfjfkfgLdf nufpg] afnLx? xg' . sd tfkqmd, ;kmf ;'vf
df};d, kz| :t 3fd / pkoQ' m lr:ofg ePsf] cj:yfdf t]n pTkfbg /fd|f] x'G5, oL afnLx? o:tf] xfjfkfgL
ePsf] If]qdf nufpg' kb{5 . kfgL hDg' xF'b}g t/ xNsf l;rfO{ lbg' kb5{ .
!%_ t]n pTkfbg ug{] tf]/L, ;:o'{ tyf /fof] afnLx?df s] km/s 5 / ;/n efiffdf s;/L klxrfg ug]{ <
F a|fl;sf …hg] ;… leq j|fl;sf sDk:] 6L« ; / jf| l;sf hg' l;of b'O{ ;d"xx? 5g . klxnf] ;dx" j|fl;sf sDk]:6«L;
cGt/ut …;:o'{… / tf]/L kb{5g\ / o;nfO{ cu+ h|] Ldf Rape seed elgG5 . of] j|fl;sf hg' l;of -Mustard_
;dxeGbf xf]rf] x'G5 . kft g/d / ;fgf–;fgf e'Tnf ePsf xG' 5g / aLpsf] /+u kx]+nf] jf v/} f] xG' 5 /
jflx/L efu lrKnf] x'G5 . t/ jf| l;sf hg' l;of h;nfO{ c+u|]hLdf Mustard elgG5 / o;nfO{ /fO{ jf nfxf
klg elgG5 . o;sf] af]6 cUnf] xG' 5 / xfuF fx? nfUb5 . sf;] fx? 5f6] f] / ;l' /nf] x'G5g\ / aLp v}/f] jf uf9f
v}/f] x'G5 / jflx/L efu v;|f] xG' 5 .
^=@ ;'od{ 'vL (Sunflower)
!_ ;o' {dv' L v]tL ubf{ ablnbf] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ;fdgf s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
F of] v]tL ubf{ ldl>t afnL k0| ffnL ckgfpbf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ;fdgf ePsf] x'G5 . pv' vt] Ldf
;'od{ 'vL,ds};uF ldl>t v]tL cflb ubf{ tfkqmddf ;Gt'ng, lr:ofgsf] ;+/If0f cflb ePsf] xG' 5 .
@_ afnL sltjn] f leœofpg' kb{5 <
F l6ks] f km'nsf 6fpsfx? 3fddf /fd|/L ;'sfpg' kb5{ / 6fpsf]sf] aLr efudf n¶Ln] lj:tf/} r6' \b} bfgf
lgsfNg' kb5[ . Aofj;flos vt] L ubf{ bfgf r'6\g y]|;/ dl] zg klg ko| f]u ug{ ;lsG5 . tn] lgsfNg' kbf{
jf jLp e08f/0f ug{' kbf{ lr:ofg !)% eGbf a9L x'g' x'Fbg} . o;sf nflu bfgfnfO{ 3fddf /fd|/L ;s' fpg'
kb5{ .
#_ ;o' {dv' Ldf ;'ufaf6 klg w/] } g} Iflt xG' 5 . o;sf] lgoGq0fsf] klg s]lx pkfo 5 ls <
F lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsg] sl] x pkfox? o; ks| f/ 5g\M
l Psflt/ ;t] f] / csfl] {\t/ /ftf] kf]lnPsf] cNd'lgod l/ag kfOG{ 5, o;nfO{ a6f/L vt] af/Ldf /fVbf
of] 3fddf rDsg] / xfjfsf] k|jfxn] cfjfh ;dt] cfpg] x'bf ;u' f tyf cGo r/fx? lgoGq0f ePsf]
kfO{Psf] 5 .
l vt] jf/Lsf 5]p tyf aLrsf 7n" f kmn' x?nfO{ klqsf tyf k/' fgf sk8fsf] y}nfn] 5fk] L lbgfn] klg s]lx
sd u/fpg ;lsG5 .
172 af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf]
l km'nsf] jl/kl/ dfnflyog emf]n 5gfn{ ] o;sf] uGwn] ;'ufsf] ks| f]k sl] x sd x'G5 .
l dflg; /fv/] wkfpg] klg ug{ ;lsG5 .
$_ afnL l6Kg] an] f eof] eg]/ s;/L yfxf kfpg] <
F ;'od{ v' Lsf] 6fpsf] -kmn' sf] rfSnf] efu_ sf] tn efu ha v}/f] kx]+nf] x'G5, o;sf] l6Kg] an] f eof] eg]/ a‰' g'
kb5{ . o;a]nf 6fpsfs] f] lr:ofg @)% xG' 5 . ;a} 6fpsf] Ps} k6s kfSb}g / @–# k6s u/L l6Kg' kb{5 .
%_ km'ndf jLp vGg] sL/fsf] ks| fk] s:tf] x'G5 / o;sf] /f]syfd s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
F kt]/f] sL/f / ;'lt{ tyf rgf afnLdf nfUg] nfe|] sL/fn] kmn' tyf bfgf vfP/ Iflt k'¥\ ofpbF 5 . kt/] fn] ] jLpdf
el/g nfu]sf] bw' r';L bfgf kmf;] f| ] agfpb5 eg] nfe|x]{ ?n] l;+u} bfgfg} vfP/ km'nsf] y'+uf vfnL agfpFb5 .
/fs] yfdsf pkfoM
lo sL/fx?sf] /fs] yfdsf] nflu df]gf]qmf]6f]km; ! ld=ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf 3f]nL kmn' sf] jl/kl/ leHg] u/L
5g{' kb5{ .
^_ of] afnLdf kft vfg] sL/fx? s'g s'g xg' ? / logLx?sf] /f]syfd s;/L ug'{ kb5{ <
F of] afnLdf w]/} k|sf/sf nfe]{x?n] kft vfO{ gf]S;fg k'¥ofpFb5g \ . o; afxs] nfxL / km8s\ ] sL/fn] klg /;
r';/] 89s] f] h:tf] agfpb5g \ .
/fs] yfdsf pkfox?
oL sL/fx?sf] /f]syfdsf nflu dfg] f]qmf]6fk] m; ! ld=ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf 3fn] L !) !% lbgsf] km/sdf
bO' k6s af6] leHg] u/L 5g'{ kb5{ .
&_ of] afnLdf nfUg] a]gf{ sf6\g] sL/fsf] Ifltsf] nIf0f s:tf] x'G5 / Aoj:yfkg s;/L ug{] <
F ag] f{ sf6\g] sL/f vd' ]| klg xf ] . o;n] ;fgf lj?jfnfO{ hldgsf] ;txdf sf6L Iflt k¥' ofpbF 5 .
Aoj:yfkgM
df6fd] f a:g] sL/fsf] k|sfk] af6 arfpg jLp 5g{' eGbf cufa} df6f]sf] pkrf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu
Snf/] f]kfol/km; ^ ln6/ ^)) &)) ln6/ kfgLdf 3f]nL k|lt x]S6/sf b/n] df6f]df :k]| ug'{ kb{5 .
*_ of] afnLdf nfUg] cfO] n{ fpg] /fu] sf] nIf0f s:tf] x'G5 / s;/L Aoj:yfkg ug{] <
F of] klg 9l' ; hGo /f]u xf ] . of] /f]u hg' ;'s} an] f nfUg ;Qm5 . ;]tf] 9';Lsf] a[l4 df6fs] f] ;txdf af]6df
b]lvG5 / /fofs] f] bfgf h:tf luvf{ /fu] u:| t efudf b]lvG5g \ . /f]uL af]6nfO{ 6f9faf6 cf]On{ fPsf] b]lvG5 .
Aoj:yfkgM
l /f]uL af]6nfO{ jl/kl/sf] df6f] ;lxt hDdf u/L hnfpg' kb{5 .
l emf/kft x6fO{ hldg ;kmf /fVg ] .
l 3'DtL afnL ckgfpg] @–# l;hg kl5 dfq of] afnL kg' M nufpg ] .
(_ ;o' {dv' L afnLdf nfUg] 89'jf /f]usf] nIf0f s:tf] x'G5 / s;/L Aoj:yfkg ug]{ <
F of] /f]u 9;' Laf6 nfUb5 . /f]u nfUbf kftdf uf9f v/} f] b]lv sfnf yf]Knfx? b]lvG5g\ / kl5 ufn] f yf]Knfsf]
rf/l} t/ ;f+3'/f] d/s] f] efu bl] vG5 . kl5 uP/ kftx? ;Q' m5g\ / d'n :tDedf lgx/' ]/ /xG5g\ .
Aoj:yfkgsf pkfox?M
l pkrf/ ul/Psf] z'4 jLp nufpg ] .
af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf] 173
l /fu] b]lvgf;fy j]lel:6g @ u|fd jf 8fOy{ g] Pd=$%, # u|fd kl| tln6/ kfgLdf 3fn] L !% lbgsf] km/sdf
@–# k6s :k]| ug {] .
l kmn' sf] y+u' fdf jLp el/g] ;dodf AnfO6]S; @ u|fd kl| t ln6/ kfgLdf 3fn] L @ k6s :k|] ug ]{ .
!)_ emf/kft lgoGq0f / pKs/] f slxn] nufpg' kb{5 <
F jLp 5/]sf] ^) lbg;Dd afnL emf/d'Qm x'g' kb{5 . af]6 3+'8f 38+' f cUnf] ePsf] a]nf uf8] d]n cjZo klg
ug{' kb5{ / ps/] f nfpg' kb5{ , h;n] ubf{ kl5 af6] kmn' kmN' g] ;dodf g9nf]; . emf/ lgoGq0fsf] nflu
ljiffbL 5g{' kbf{ jLp 5/]sf] # lbg leq emf/gfzs ljiffbL k]lG8ldyflng !))–!#) Pd=Pn, !#–!^ ln6/
kfgLdf ld;fO{ kl| t s§fsf b/n] 5g'{ kb{5 . o; kZrft kl5 k'gM emf/sf] k|sfk] a9L ePdf xftn] pv]Ng]
jf dl] ;g k|ofu] ug]{ ;Nnfx lbOG5 .
!!_ ;'od{ v' Ldf l;r+ fO{ slxn] lbg' kb5{ <
F a;Gt] df};ddf nufPsf] ;'od{ 'vLdf cfjZostf cg';f/ l;+rfO{ lbg' kb{5 . lr:ofg sd ePdf jLp 5g{'
eGbf cuf8L l;r+ fO{ u/L jLp Ps ?kn] pd|g] aftfa/0f ldnfpg' kb5{ . o; afx]s lj?jf $–% kft ePsf]
an] f, km'n km'Ng' eGbf cuf8L / bfgf nfUg] an] fdf l;+rfO{ lbg cfjZos x'G5 . ;fwf/0f tof aif{] df};ddf
nufPsf] afnLdf eg] l;r+ fO{ rfO{b}g t/ klg kfgL gk/]df kmn' kmN' g] a]nfdf Ps k6s l;+rfO{ lbg cfjZos
xG' 5 .
!@_ of] afnL sg' afnL k0| ffnLdf pkoQ' m t/Lsfn] nufpg ;lsG5 <
F df};d cg;' f/ lgDg adfl] hdsf] afnL k|0ffnL pkoQ' m x'G5 .
a;Gt] df};dsf nfluM
l wfg–tf/] L÷/fof]–;o' d{ v' L
l wfg–d';'/f]÷d;' /' f/]+ fof–] ;o' d{ 'vL
l wfg–cfn'–;'o{dv' L
aif{] df;} dsf nfluM
l ;o' d{ v' L–d';/' f]÷tf]/L
l ds}+;'od{ v' L–d;' '/ft]+ f/] L
o; afx]s pv' nufPsf] hldgdf klg cGt/afnLsf] ?kdf ;o' d{ v' L nufpg ;lsG5 .
!#_ ;o' d{ v' L afnLdf dnvfbsf] dfqf slt xg' ' kb{5 <
F of] afnLnfO{ dnvfbsf] /fd|f] Aoj:yf ug'{ kb5{ . ;fwf/0ftof kl| t s¶f l8=PkL= $=% s=] hL=, o"l/of %=^
s]=hL= / kf]6f; @=% s]=hL= rflxG5 . ufa] /dn jf sDkf]i6 dn k|of]u u/]df o"l/ofsf] dfqf 36fpg ;lsG5 .
t/ xfO{la8| hft nufPdf dfly egs] f] kl/df0fdf sl] x yk ug'{ kb5{ .
!$_ ;o' {d'vL v]tLsf nfuL jLpb/ tyf /fk] f+Os{ f] b/' L slt /fVg' kb{5 <
F jLpsf] dfqf ^–& s]=hL= kl| t lj3f, #–$ ;]=dL= ulx/fOd{ f xf/sf] b'/L ^) ;]=dL= / lj?jf b]lv lj?jf ljrsf]
b/' L @)–@% ;=] dL= x'g' kb5{ .
!%_ jLpsf] 5gf6} / pkrf/ s;/L ul/G5 <
F jLpaf6 ;g]{ /f]ux? gnfuf]; eg/] /f]ugfzs cf}ifwL yL/d jf jl] el:6g # u|fd kl| t s=] hL= jLpsf b/n]
pkrf/ u/s] f] xg' ' kb5{ . o; kl5 jLp 5g]{ a]nfdf jLpnfO{ !@ 306f kfgLdf lehfpg] / 5fof+df #–$
306f ;'sfpg] uof]{ eg] jLp rf+8} pd|G5 . afnL e/v/} leœofPsf] gofF jLp k|of]u ug'{ x'Fbg} .
174 af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf]
!^_ df]8g{ hftsf] 5f]6f] hfgsf/L lbg' x'G5 ls <
F o;sf] af]6 xfr] f] -*)–^) ;=] dL_ xG' 5 . yu+' f cfsifs{ / jLp ki' 6 sfnf] /+usf] xG' 5 . a;Gt Ct'df *)–*%
lbgdf kfSb5 / ;/b/ pTkfbg ! 6g kl| t x]S6/ x'G5 .
!&_ k]/]8fl] ds hftsf] 5f]6f] hfgsf/L kfpg ;lsG5 <
F o;sf] af6] cUnf] -!^)–!*% ;]=dL_ xG' 5 / af]6df xfuF f xF'bg} . ;/b/ pTkfbg !%–@) lSjG6n k|lt x]S6/
5 . a;Gt Ctd' f of] ()–(% lbgdf kfSb5 . jLp sfnf] /+usf] x'G5 .
!*_ of] afnL nufpg sg' s'g hftsf jLpx? pknAw 5g\ <
F xfn;Dd xfd}| b]zdf cg';Gwfg eO{ sg' } klg hftx? l;kmfl/; ul/ ;lsPsf] 5g} . tyflk si[ fsx?n]
aflx/af6 cfPs} jLp ;f| t] af6 nufOPsf] k|rlnt hftx? xg' \M k]/] 8fl] es df8] g { . cGo sl] x xfOla|8 hftx?
klg nufOG5g\ h;sf] pTkfbg cgo pGgt hft eGbf al9 5 . t/ xfOl{ a|8 nufpbf cfˆg} afnLaf6 jLp
/fVg ;Qm}gg\ .
!(_ ;'o{dv' L nufpg] pkoQ' m ;do sg' xf] <
F ;'o{d'vL xfdf| ] b]zdf aif{] tyf a;Gt] df;} ddf nufpg ;lsG5, t/ jLp /fK] g] pko'Qm ;dosf] eg] 5gf}6
ug'{ kb5{ . aif{] vt] Lsf nflu h]7sf] t];|f]–rf}yf] xKtf, tyf a;Gt] df;} dsf nflu kmfNug' sf] t];f| ]–rfy} f]
xKtfdf nufpg' kb{5 . jLp /fVg' cl3 kl5 ubf{ kl| ts"n df};dn] c;/ ub{5 . g]kfndf of] afnL w/] } h;f]
a;Gt] df;} ddf nufO{G5 / o;sf] nfs] lk|otf a9\b} uPsf] 5 . aif]{ df};ddf nufpbf /fu] sL/fsf] cfqmd0f
a9L x'g] ub{5 .
@)_ of] afnLsf] nflu s:tf] df6f] pko'Qm x'G5 <
F bf]d6 df6f] o;sf nflu pQd x'G5 . df6f]sf] lk=Pr= ^=% b]lv *=% ;Dd eP pkoQ' m dflgG5 . of] afnLdf
kfgL hDg' xFb' }g .
@!_ ;'o{ dv' L s:tf] xfjfkfgL ePsf] 7fpdF f nfUg] afnL xf] <
F of] afnLsf] pd|g] / ag] f{ x's{g] ;dodf lr;f] kg rflxP klg To; kl5 km'n km'Ng] / kfSg] ;dodf udL{
xfjfkfgL g} rflxG5 . kmn' vN] g] an] fdf aiff{ ePdf jLp /t]n ba' s} f] pTkfbgdf xf| ; cfpFb5 . /fd|f] v]tLsf
nflu tfkqmd @)–#% l8uL| ;l] G6u8| xg' ' kb{5 .
@@_ gub] afnLsf ?kdf o;sf] s:tf] dxTj 5 <
F of] afnLsf] jLpdf $%–%)% ;Dd pRr u0' f:t/sf] t]n kfOG5 . o;sf] tn] n] /utdf ePsf] sfn] ]:6\nnfO{
lgolGqt ug]{ ePsfn] Åbo/f]u tyf dwd' ]xsf /fu] Lx?sf nflu nfesf/L dflgG5 . t]n lgsfn] kl5 aGg]
lkgf klg k|f]l6gsf] /fdf| ] ;f| t] ePsfn] kz' cfxf/fsf nflu ko| f]u xG' 5 . o;/L of] afnL gub] afnLsf] ?kdf
k|rlnt 5 . o;sf] t]n xNsf kx]n+ f,] jf;gf cfpg] / ;a} ls;Ldsf] ksjfgdf ko| f]udf NofOG5 . ljb]zaf6
NofOPsf] ;'o{dv' L tn] ahf/df kz| :tg} ljqmL eO{/x5] . sg' } s'g} hftsf] jLp vfgdf klg k|of]u ul/G5 .
@#_ of] afnLsf] gfds} af/d] f kf| /+ les hfgsf/L kfOG{ 5 ls <
F k/fk"js{ fn bl] v of] afnL km'nsf] ?kdf nufOP{ sf] cfns+ fl/s lj?jf xf ] . ;o" l{ t/ kms/]{ km'Ng] xg' fn] ;o' {
d'vL elgPsf] xf] . kmndf ePsf] jLpaf6 t]n lgsfnL k|of]u xg' ] ePsfn] dxTjk"0f{ gub] afnLsf ?kdf
nf]slko| 5 .
af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf] 175
bnxg (Legumes)
kZ| g–pQ/
&=! d;' /' f] (Lentil)
!_ d;'/f] s'g afnL k0| ffnLdf nufO{G5 / df;} d kl/jtg{ df o;n] s;/L of]ubfg ug{ ;Sb5 <
F d;/' f] wfg tyf ds} ba' } afnL k|0ffnLsf nflu /fv]sf] dxTjk"0f{ bfnafnL xf] . afnL rqm o;/L k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 .
s_ wfg v]tM
l wfg–d;'/f] -Psn, l/n_]
l wfg–d;/' f]÷cfn;
l wfg–d;'/f]÷v;] /L
l wfg–d;'/f] + tf]/L÷/fof] -cl;l+ rt_
l wfg–d;/' f] + tf]/L÷uxF'
v_ ds} jf/LM
l ds}–d;'/f] -Psn_
l ds}–d;'/f] + tf]/L÷/fof]
o;/L d;/' f] afnL ldl>t afnLdf nufP/ kfgL tyf df6f] ;/+ If0f, ;l+ rt u/]/ df;} d kl/jts{ f ke| fjx?nfO{
Go"lgs/0f ug{ ofu] bfg ub5{ .
@_ d;/' f] e08f/0f ug'{ kbf{ Wofg lbg] s/' f s] x'g\ <
F d;/' f]nfO{ ;kmf u/]kl5 #–$ 3fd ;s' fP/ !)% lr:ofgdf e08f/0f ug{' kb5{ . e08f/0fdf nfUg] vk6]
sL/fn] aLp vfO{ ;vfk kfg]{ ePsfn] xfjf gl5g{] esf/Ldf ;]Nkm; @ rSsL Ps 6g jLpmdf /fvL aGb ug'{
kb{5 .
#_ d;/' f] sf6g\ ] pko'Qm ;do s] xf] <
F sf];f kfss] f] -(%% sf];f kfs]sf_] t/ lj?jf w]/} ;'ls g;ss] f] cj:yfdf d;'/f] sf6g\ ' kb5{ . ljxfgsf]
;dodf d;/' f] sf6\bf sf;] f sd emb{5 .
$_ d;/' fd] f Iflt k'of{bpg] sL/fx? s] s] xg' / ltgsf] Aoj:yfkg s;/L ug]{ <
F d;/' f]df klg s]lx sL/fx?sf] k|sfk] x'G5, h:tM} em'l;n sL/f, ;l] dnk' / . o; afxs] sf];f vfg] uaf/f] sL/fn]
klg Iflt ko' f{pb5 .
Aoj:yfkgsf pkfox?M
l em'l;n sL/f / ;l] dnk' / nfefn{ fO{ O8f;] Nkmfg -yfof8] fg_ !=@% ln6/ *)) ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ k|lt
x]S6/sf b/n] :k]| ug'{ kb{5 .
176 af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf]
l sf;] fdf Iflt k¥' ofpg] uaf/f]sf nflu dfgf]qmf6] f]km; -gd' fqmf]g $) O=;L_ ! ld=ln= ln6/ k|lt ln6/
kfgLdf ld;fO{ :k]| ug {] . Ps x]S6/sf nflu ^))–*)) ln6/ 3fn] rflxG5 .
%_ d;/' fd] f nfUg] 89'jf /f]usf] nIf0f s:tf] x'G5 / Joj:yfkg s;/L ug{] <
F kftsf] 6'Kkfx? vfB ttjsf] sldaf6 eP h:tf] /Ë ablnO{ ;S' b} hfG5 . dflyNnf xfFufx? kx]+nf eO{
;S' b5g \ .
Aoj:yfkg ljlw
/f]u b]vf kg{] ljlQs} DofGsfh] j] &%% 8An=' kL= -8fOy]d Pd $%, Indofil M $%, Surya M $%_ gfds ljiffbL
@–# uf| d kl| t ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ & lbgsf] km/sdf @ # k6s 5g {] .
^_ d;'/f]df nfUg] h/f sl' xg] /fu] sf] nIf0f s:tf] xG' 5 / Aoj:yfkg s;/L ug{] <
F af]6sf] tNnf] kftx? kx]l+ nb} dflylt/sf kftx? kx+l] ng yfNb5 . /f]u nfu]sf] af6] sf] d'Vo h/fx? ;xfos
h/fx? s'lxPsf xG' 5g\ .
Aoj:yfkg ljlwM
l /f]u u:| t Ifq] df #–$ aif{;Dd d;' /' f] gnufpg ] .
l 3D' tL afnL k|0ffnL ckgfpg] .
&_ d;/' f]df nfUg] cf]Onfpg] /fu] sf] nIf0f s:tf] xG' 5 / Aoj:yfkg s;/L ug]{ <
F a]gf{ cj:yfdf af6] PSsf;L cfO] nfpg yfNb5 / kft ;'Sb} hfG5 . km"n kmN' g] an] fdf klg af6] sf] 6K' kf]
cf]On{ fpb} hfG5 . kft kx+]lnb} hfG5 / k"/} af]6 cf]OnfP/ db5{ .
Aoa:yfkg ljlwM
l /f]u gnfUg] jf sd nfUg] hftx? l;dn, lzv/, vh'/f !, vh'/f @ nufpg ] .
l b'O{ aif{sf] 3'DtL afnL ckgfpg ] .
*_ d;/' fd] f :6]d kmfOnd 89'jf /fu] sf] nIf0f s] xf] <
F of] 9';L hGo /f]u xf ] . of] /fu] sf] z'?jftdf kftdf ;–;fgf xNsf v}/f] lkgsf] 6fpsf] cfsf/sf bfux?
b]lvG5 . bfux? l56f] l56f] a9\b} hfG5g\ / b'O{ ltg lbgdfg} kftsf] ;Dk0" f{ ;tx 9flsG5 . kftx? /
xfuF flju+ f d}nf] kx+n] f] xb' } hfG5g\ . cToflws /f]u nfus] f] cj:yfdf afnL 89s] f] b]lvG5 . /fu] nfu]sf tnsf
kftx? emb{5g\ / xfuF f lj+ufsf 6'Kkfsf kftx? dfq /xG5g \ .
(_ emf/kft lgoGq0f slxn] / s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
F d;/' f] 5/s] f] ^) lbg;Dd emf/kft lgoGq0f ug{] kb5{ . Psk6s 5/s] f] @%–#) lbg / csf{] $%–%) lbgdf
emf/kft lgoGq0fsf nflu ljiffbL klg k|ofu] ug{ ;lsG5 . aLp 5/s] f] @–# lbgkl5 emf/ pd|g' eGbf cuf8L
nf;f] jf k]lG8 ldyflng @–# ln6/ kl| t xS] 6/ -@) /fk] gL 8]9 lj3f_ df 5g{' kb5{ .
!)_ d;'/f]df l;+rfO{ ug'{ kb{5 ls kb{}g < k/d] f slxn] l;r+ fO{ ug]{ <
F of] afnLn] sl] x xb;Dd ;'Vvf ;xg ;s] klg lxpFbdf kfgL k/]g eg] l;+rfO{ lbg' kb5{ . Ps k6s 5/]sf]
$% lbgdf / csf{] sf;] f nfus] f] an] fdf .
!!_ jLpsf] b/ slt x'g' kb{5 <
F #)–$) s]=hL=÷x]S6/, hft cg';f/ s]lx km/s kb5{ .
af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf] 177
!@_ d;/' f] nufpg] pko'Qm ;do sg' xf] <
F afnL nufpg] ;do 7fpF cg;' f/ sl] x km/s kb5{ . ;fwf/0ftof d;'/f]sf nflu cflZjg dlxgfsf] cGt tyf
sflt{ssf] klxnf] xKtf pkoQ' m kfOP{ sf] 5 .
!#_ nf]slk|o hft sg' xf] / o;sf] ljzi] ftf s] xf] <
F lzlz/, dxZ] j/ ef/tL, vh'/f, d;'/f] ! . /f]u ;xg,] a9L pTkfbg lbg ] .
!$_ g]kfndf d;/' f] afnLsf nflu l;kmfl/; hftx? s] s] xg' \ <
F xfn;Dd !) j6f hftx? s[ifsx?sf nflu vt] L ug{ l;kmfl/; ePsf 5g\ tL x'gM l;Gb/' , l;ld|s, lzlz/,
l;dn, lzv/, vh'/f d;'/f] !, vh'/f d;/' f] @, lztn, dxz] j/ ef/tL / ;u'g .
!%_ d;/' f]{ v]tL s:tf] df6f]df ug{ ;lsG5 <
F kfgL ghDg] df6f] xg' ' kb{5 . b'd6 df6f] / df6f]sf] lk=Pr= Go'6n« x'g' o;sf nflu jz] xf ] . cfDnLo df6f]
of] afnLsf nflu pkoQ' m x'Fbg} .
!^_ d;/' f] s:tf] xfjfkfgLdf nufpg ;lsG5 <
F d;/' f] lxpFb]afnL xf] / o;nfO{ lr;f]kfgL rflxG5 t/ kfSgsf] nflu eg] udL{ xfjfkfgL xg' ' kb5{ . o;sf]
v]tL #))) ld6/ prfO{ ePsf] :yfg;Dd ug{ ;lsG5 .
&=@ e6df; -Soyabean_
!_ e6df;sf] jLpnfO{ e08f/0f ug]{ kl| jwL s] xf] <
F nfdf] cjwL;Dd e08f/0f ug{ e6df;sf] jLpnfO{ /fd|/L ;kmf u/L !!–!# k|ltzt lr:ofg sfod x'g] u/L
/fd/| L ;s' fpg' kb5{ . jLpnfO{ :6Ln ljg, l6g Sofg, af+;sf] esf/L jf 8fnf], kfl] nlyg Aofu jf h6' sf]
af/] fdf *–!) kl| tzt lr:ofg sfod xg' ] u/L /fvL e08f/0f ug'{ kb{5 . aftfgl' st 3/df e08f/0f ug{'
kbf{ tkqmd !)–@) l8u|L ;N] ;Lo; / ;fkl] Ifs cfb{|tf ^) k|ltzt eGbf sd x'g' kb{5 .
@_ e6df; sf6\g] a]nf ePsf] s;/L yfxf kfpg] <
F kftx? kxl+] nP/ emg{ yfn]kl5 / sf];fx? ;g' fn} f] kx+n] f] /Ëdf kl/jtg{ ePkl5 afnL sf6g\ tof/ ePsf]
a'lemG5 . afnL sf6\g] ;dodf jLpsf] lr:ofg !% kl| tzt x'g' kb{5 . e6df;nfO{ y]|;/ d]lzgdf r6' g\ ] xf]
eg] jLpsf] lr:ofg !#–!$ kl| tzt eGbf sd x'gk' b5{ .
#_ e6df;sf] 8f7F df nfUg] d'Vo sL/fx? s'g xg' / logLx?sf] lgoGq0f tyf /f]syfk s;/L ug{' kb5{ <
F 8f7F df nfUg] d'Vo sL/fx?df 8f7F df nfUg] lemËf -Stem fly_ / kmb] df 3/] f agfpg] vk6] -Girdle beetle_
kb5{ g \ . lem+ufn] slnnf] lj?jfsf] kftdf km'n kfb5{ . #–$ lbg kl5 kmn' af6 lg:ss] f] cf+;} fn] kftsf]
dn" gzfdf Kjfn kf/]/ lj?jfsf] dn" :tDedf k'uL ;'?Ë vGb} h/flt/ hfG5 . o:tf sL/fn] Iflt k¥' ofPsf]
8f7F nfO{ lr//] x]bf{ afËf] l6Ëf] /ftf] ;'?Ë / cf+;} f ;dt] bl] vG5g \ . vk6]sf] nfen|] ] e6df;sf] 8f7F nfO{
5]8/] leq leq} ;?' Ë agfpbF 5 . uaf/fn] ] Iflt u|:t lj?jf kl5 uP/ hldg b]lv !%–@% ;]=dL= dflyaf6
efl+ rlbG5 .
lgoGq0fsf pkfox?M
l sL/fn] Iflt u:| t lj?jfnfO{ pv]n]/ gi6 ug'{ kb5{ .
l lu:| dofddf ulx/f] hft] fO{ ug {] .
178 af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf]
l wD' tL afnL rqm ckgfpg] .
l e6df; nufpg' k"j{ df6f]df kmf]/]6 !) hL= !) s]=hL= jf sfjf]{ˆo/' fg #) hL ePsf] ˆo'/f8g #) s]=hL=
k|lt x]S6/sf b/n] jLpm /f]Kg' k"j{ k|ofu] ug ]{ .
$_ e6df;df /; r':g] sL/fx? s] s] xg' / ltgLx?af6 x'g] Ifltsf nIf0fx? s] x'g / s;/L Aoj:yfkg
ug{] <
F e6df;sf kft, 8fF7 / cGo efuaf6 /; r':g] sL/fx?df nfxL, ;t] f] le+muf / km8\s] sL/fx? kb{5g \ . lo
sL/fx?n] e6df;sf] slnnf d'gf, kft, 8f7F , km'n / sf;] fx?af6 /; r':5g\ . nfxL a9L nfus] f lj?jfdf
sfnf] kq lb;fdf hds] f] Ps ks| f/sf] 9';L bl] vG5 . o;/L nfxL nfus] f] lj?jf kl5 uP/ db5{ g \ . km8s\ ]
sL/fn] r';s] f kftx? 3d' g| ], v/} f] xg' ] / ;'Sb} hfg] ub{5, hg' nIf0fnfO{ xk/ jg elgG5 . ;t] f] lem+ufn]
cfqmd0f u/s] f kftx? kx]l+ nP/ 3'ldg| ] ub5{ . of] sL/fn] e6df;sf] kftdf kx]+nf] u'hdH' h -dfH] ofs_ u/fpg]
/fu] ;fb5{ .
Aoa:yfkgsf pkfox?M
l nfxL sL/f lgoGq0fsf] nflu kxn+] f] kf;f] -Yellow trap_ jf cGo ;a} sL/fsf] nflu alQsf] kf;f] -Light
trap_ k|ofu] ug{ ;lsG5 .
l nfxL sL/f lgoGq0fsf] nflu hl} js ljlw cGt/ut leq lhjsf] ?kdf yf]Kn] vk6] -Lady bird beetle_
sf] ko| fu] ug{ ;lsG5 jf
l nfxL sL/f lgoGq0fsf nflu 8fody] f]P6 #) O=;L= /fu] / ! ld=ln= kl| t ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g{' kb5{ .
l km8s\ ] sL/f / ;t] f] lemu+ f lgoGq0fsf nflu d]6fl;:6S; ! Ps ld=ln= ! ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g{'
kb{5 ' .
%_ e6df;df nfUg] eml' ;n sL/fsf] Ifltsf] nIf0f s:tf] x'G5 ? / /fs] yfdsf pkfox? s] xg' \ <
F k0" f{ ljsl;t nfe|]sf] z/L/df /ftf sfnf em';} em;' n] el/Psf x'G5g\ / jo:s xNsf kx+n] f] kv]6f ePsf]
k'tnL xG' 5 . eml' ;n sL/fx?n] kftsf] ;Dk"0f{ xl/of] efu vfO{ lbgfn] kftx? ;t] f] kftnf] sfuh h:tf
x'G5g\ cGtdf lj?jf kft ljlxg xG' 5g \ .
Aoj:yfkgsf pkfox?M
l em'l;n sL/fx? em'08df /xs] } cj:yfdf kftnfO{ l6Kg] / ;+sng u/L gi6 ug ]{ .
l sL/fsf] k|sfk] Hofbf ePdf sL6gfzs ljiffbL 8]N6dl] yg @=* O=;L= -8l] ;;_ ! ld=ln= jf ;fOk/d]lyg|
!) O=;L= -l/+ks8_ Ps ld=ln= kfgLsf b/n] sg' } Ps ljiffbL 5g {] .
^_ e6df;df nfUg] d'Vo d'Vo sL/fx? s] s] xg' \ <
F e6df;df nfUg] eml' ;n sL/f, sf;] fdf nfUg] uaf/f], sfnf] vk6] sL/f, xl/of] nfe],| nflx jf kft vGg] sL/f
cflb xg' \ .
&_ e6df;df sf];f 89j' f jf PGyo| fSgfh] /f]usf nIf0f s:tf] xG' 5 / o;sf] /fs] yfd s;/L ug'{ kb5{ <
F /fu] L lj?jfsf kft tyf sf;] fdf z?' df v/} f yf]Knf b]lvG5g\ hg' kl5 uf9f v}/f] aG5 / jLrdf sfnf] vfN8f]
k/]sf] bl] vG5 . sf;] fdf jLp nfUbg} / nfu] klg rfpl/Psf x'G5g \ .
/f]syfdsf pkfox?M
l :j:Yo jLp dfq ko| f]u ug ]{ .
af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf] 179
l /fu] b]lvgf;fy 8fOy{ ]g Pd $%, @–# uf| d k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ !)–!@ lbgsf] km/sdf @–# k6s
5g {] .
*_ e6df;df nfUg] l;+b/' ] /fu] sf] nIf0f s:tf] xG' 5 / o;sf Aoj:yfkgsf pkfox? s] xg' \ <
F z?' df kftdf dl;gf em08} ;t] f kmf]sfx? bl] vG5g\ / kl5 lt kmf]sfx? v/} f] /u+ df kl/0ft eO{ km6' /] w'nf]
lg:sG5 . /f]u nfus] f kftx? ;'s]/ jf]6 rf8+ } d5{ .
/fs] yfdsf pkfox?M
l /fu] L af]6sf efux?, 76' fx? / emf/kft a6n' /] hnfO{ v]tjf/L ;kmf /fVg ] .
l /fu] bl] vgf;fy 8fOy]g Pd $%–# uf| d k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fOP{ sf] emf]n !)–!% lbgsf] km/sdf b'O{
tLg k6s 5g ]{ .
(_ jLp / jg] f{sf] ;8g /f]usf] nIf0fx? s] x'g\ / /f]syfdsf nflu s] ug{' kb{5 <
F of] /f]u ˆoh" l] /od gfdsf] 9;' Laf6 xG' 5 al9 cf]l;nf] 7fpFdf e08f/0f ul/Psf] jLp / To;af6 c+sl' /t
jLpdf of] /f]u a9L bv] f kb{5 . lj?jf pdk|] l5 z'?df df6f]sf] ;tx 5p] sf] 8f7F jl/kl/ ; ;fgf wAaf bv] f
kb{5g\ hf] kl5 a9b\ } hfG5 / 8f7F cf]On{ fpFb} uP/ af6] sl' xG5 .
Aoj:yfkgsf pkfox?M
l ;8] uns] f / 6'6k] m'6s] f bfgfx? x6fP/ /f]uaf6 d'Qm ;Unf / :jf:Yo jLp dfq ko| fu] ug {] .
l 3'DtL afnL ckgfpg ] .
l yfO/fd jf SofK6g %) 8An=' kL= @ uf| d kl| t s]=hL= jLpsf b/n] pkrf/ u/L /f]Kg] .
!)_ e6df;sf] kftsf] yfK] n] /fu] jf Eofut' ] cfvF f bfu -Frog eye leaf spot_ /f]usf] nIf0f s:tf] xG' 5 / s;/L
Aoj:yfkg ug{] <
F of] e6df;sf] d'Vo /f]u xf] . of] /fu] nfuk] l5 kft / bfgfx?df ;fgf /ftf v/} f ufn] f bl] v sf0] ffsf/ bfux?
bv] f kb{5g\ . /f]usf] ;+qmd0f ;u+ } bfux? a9b\ } uP/ aLrsf] efu km;' |f] x'G5 . Aoj:yfkgsf pkfox?M
l wD' tL afnL ckgfpg ] .
l 8fOy]g Pd $% bO' { uf| d k|lt ln6/ kfgLsf] b/n] ld;fP/ 5g {] .
!!_ e6df;df nfUg] kx+]nf] dfH] ofs /f]u s] xf] < o;sf] nIf0f s:tf] x'G5 / s;/L Aoj:yfkg ugk{' b{5 <
F e6df;df nfUg] of] cToGt xflgsf/s /fu] xf ] . z?' df kftdf kx+n] f bfux? b]lvG5g\ / y'k|} bfux? a9\b}
hf+bf ;a} ldn]/ k'/f kftg} kx]+nf] eP/ hfG5 . gofF kftx?df ;a} kx+n] f] eO{ uh' 'd'Hh b]lvG5g \ . lj?jfsf]
al[ 4 /f]lsO{ k'8s\ f] b]lvG5 / af6] df sf];f klg nfUb}g . of] ;]tf] lemËf4f/f ;l/Psf] efO/{ ; lhjf0få' f/f x'G5 .
/fk] ]sf] &% lbg leq /fu] nfud] f pTkfbgdf w]/} sdL NofpbF 5 eg] To; kZrft nfu]df pTkfbdf w]/} c;/
ub}{g .
Aoj:yfkgsf pkfox?M
l /f]uL lj?jfnfO{ ;+sng u/L hnfpg ] .
l :j:Yo jLp dq k|ofu] ug {] .
l 3'DtL afnL k0| ffnL ckgfpg ] .
l ;]tf] lem+uf lgoGq0fsf] nflu d6] fl;:6fS] ; @% O=;L= ! ln6/ !))) ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ k|lt x]S6/
!) lbgsf] km/sdf 5g {] .
180 af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf]
!@_ e6df;df nfUg] AofS6]l/on kf]:Ron" sf] nIf0f s:tf] xG' 5 / s;/L Aoj:yfkg ug{' kb{5 <
F AofS6]l/of lhjf0f4' f/f x'g] of] /f]udf /fu] L lj?jfsf] kft, 8fF7 / sf;] fsf] 5p] df v}/f / jLrdf km';f| ] /Ësf
/ftf bfux? b]vf kb{5g\ . kl5 bfux? w]/} ePdf 89'jf nfu]sf] b]lvG5 .
/fu] yfd -Aoj:yfkg_ sf pkfox?M
l /f]uL lj?jfnfO{ ;s+ ng u/L nufpg ] .
l 3'DtL afnL ckgfpg ] .
!#_ e6df; afnLdf nfUg] /fu] x? s] s] x'g <
F e6df; afnLdf d'Votof nfUg] /f]ux? x'g\M SofS6]l/on, kf]:6o\ "n e6df;sf] dfH] ofs efO/;, l;+b/' ] tyf
h/f / 8fF7 sl' xg] /fu] .
!$_ e6df; vt] Lsf nflu uf8] dn] slxn] / s;/L ug'{ kb{5 <
F jLp /fk] sf] @%–#) lbg leq uf]8d]n ul/;Sg' kb{5 . o;sf nflu /fk] s] f] # lbg leq emf/ gfzs ljiffbL
kl] G8ldyflng !))–!%) ld=ln= @)–@% ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ kl| t /f]kgLsf b/n] 5g{' kb{5 . o;n] emf/
pd|g lgoGq0f ub5{ . o; afxs] /fk] ]sf] @%–#) lbg kl5 emf/kft cj:yf x]/L Ps k6s uf8] d]n / pKs/] f
jf 8\ofË+ nufO{ lbg' kb{5 .
!%_ e6df; vt] Lsf nflu dnvfbsf] k|ofu] slt dfqfdf ul/g' pko'Qm xG' 5 <
F ds;} uF nufpbF f e6df;sf nflu 5§' } dn k|ofu] ug'{ kbg{} . t/ PSnf] afnLsf ?kdf nufpbF f sDkf]i6 dn
Pj+ /;folgs dn ba' } ko| fu ug'{ kb5{ . hldg tof/L ubf{ ufa] / . sDkfi] 6 dn s/La * bl] v !) lSjG6n
k|lt /fk] gLsf b/n] k|ofu] ug{' kb{5 . o; afx]s k|lt /f]kgL -!=% s§f_ $!) u|fd o'l/of, $=% s]=hL=
l8=P=kL= / !=^^ s]=hL= kf6] f; dn klg hldg tof/Ls} ;dodf lbg' kb{5 .
!^_ aLpm /f]Kg] t/Lsfsf] nflu s:tf] ;Nnfx kfO{G5 <
F e6df; PSnf] afnLsf ?kdf nufpbF f Ps nfOg{ bl] v csf]{ nfO{gsf] b'/L $)–%) ;]=dL= / af6] bl] v af6] sf]
b'/L %–!) ;]=dL= u/L #–$ ;]=dL= ulx/f]df /f]Kg' kb{5 . ds};uF cGt/afnLsf] ?kdf nufpbF f Ps xf/ ds}
/ b'O{ xf/ e6df; nufpg' kb{5 . ds}df xf/sf] b'/L Ps ld6/ /fVg' kb{5 eg] e6df;df xf/ bl] v xf/sf]
b/' L @) ;=] dL= xg' ' kb{5 . wfg v]tdf nufpbF f vt] sf] cfnLdf rR' r] s'6fn] ] Kjfn agfpb} %–!) ;]=dL= df
jLp /fK] b} hfg' kb5{ .
!&_ e6df; vt] Lsf nflu jLpsf] b/ slt xf] <
F e6df;sf] jLp b/ jLpsf] cfsf/, pdf/ zlQm, hft / /f]Kg] ;dodf e/ kb5{ . PSnf] afnL nufpbF f @=%
s=] hL= k|lt /f]kgL tyf ds;} Fu cGt/afnL nufpFbf cj:yf x/] L !=%–@=% s=] hL= k|lt /f]kgL;Dd nfUb5 .
!*_ jLpsf] pkrf/ s;/L ug{' kb{5 / slxn] ug]{ <
F jLp /f]Kg' eGbf cuf8L jLpnfO{ 9;' L gfzs cf}ifwL yl/d jf SofK6g jf jl] el:6g @ u|fd k|lt s=] hL= jLpsf]
b/n] pkrf/ u/L 5g{' kb{5 . o;/L pkrf/ u/L 5/]sf] jLpdf jLpaf6 ;g]{ 9;' L hGo /fu] x? ;bg}{ g \ .
afnLsf6L leTof{O{ ;sk] l5 lr:ofg k|ltzt !)–!!% agfO{ e08f/0f ug{' k"j{ jLp pkrf/ ug{' kb{5 .
!(_ t/fO{ tyf leqL dwz] cyjf 6f/ Pj+ jz] L Ifq] sf nflu l;kmfl/; hftx? s] s] xg' \ <
F 6f/ tyf a]zL Ifq] jf t/fO{ tyf leqL dw]z Ifq] sf nflu l;kmfl/; hftx? sj / xf8L{ xg' \ . o; afxs]
kxf8sf nflu l;kmfl/; kh" f klg nufpg ;lsG5 . logLx? !@#–!@% lbgdf kfSb5g \ .
af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf] 181
@)_ dfly elgPsf dWo] l56f] kfSg] hftx? sg' xg' <
F t/sf/L e6df;–! / k"hf ;a} eGbf l56f] kfSg] -!@)–!@% lbg_ hftx? x'g \ .
@!_ dWo kxf8sf nflu e6df; vt] L ug{ l;kmfl/; hftx? s'g sg' xg' \ <
F /]G;d, ;]tL, lxn, n'Dn] !, t/sf/L e6df; ! / kh" f x'g \ . o; dWo] kh" f t/fO{ tyf leqL dw];df klg vt] L
ug{ ;lsG5 . t/sf/L e6df; ! t/sf/Lsf nfu ;dt] pkofu] ug{ ;lsG5 eg] cGo ;a} hftx? bfgfsf]
nflu nufpg] hftx? xg' \ .
@@_ e6df; nufpg] pko'Qm ;do s'g xf] / afnL rqm s:tf] 5 <
F t/fO{ tyf leqL dwz] df hi] 7sf] clGtd xKtf b]lv cfiff9sf] clGtd xKtf;Dd / kxf8df a}zfv b]lv h]7
dlxgf e/L /fk] L ;Sg' kb5{ .
Psn afnLM
e6df;– ux'F e6df;– d';'/f]
e6df;– s]/fp e6df;– tf/] L
cGt/ afnLsf] ?kdf e6df;;Fu ds,} sfb] f] / abfd nufO{G5 .
@#_ o;sf] v]tL Psn jf ldl>t s:tf] v]tL k4tLdf j]z xG' 5 <
F e6df; PSnf] afnL jf kfvf] af/Ldf ds;} uF ld;fP/ klg nufOG{ 5 . wfg vt] df eg] cfnLdf /fk] ]/ o;sf]
v]tL ul/G5 .
@$_ e6df; v]tLsf nflu s:tf] df6f] a9L pkoQ' m x'G5 <
F e6df; afnLsf nflu kfgL ghDg] bf]d6 lsl;dsf] df6f] pko'Qm xG' 5 . df6fs] f] lk=Pr= ^ b]lv & ;Dd
eP /fd|f] x'G5 .
@%_ e6df;sf] pkof]u s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
F e6df; Ps ax' pkofu] L afnL xf ] . o;sf] u]8f e6' /] Pj+ kfgLdf lehfO{ 6;' f pdf/L Sjf6+ Lsf] ?kdf pkof]u
ug{] rng 5 . xl/of] sfz] f t/sf/Lsf] ?kdf jf pl;g/] klg vfg] rng 5 . o; afx]s o;sf] ko| fu] b'w,
tn] , tfk] m' ;fo] f;;\ agfpgs' f ;fy} ;jfQ{] d lk7f] tyf ;ft' agfpgdf ;dt] k|ofu] ul/G5 . o; afxs]
;s' ]sf] af6] tyf af]qmf Pj+ lkgf kz' cfxf/fsf] nflu ko| f]udf cfpFb5 .
@^_ vfB tTjsf] b[li6sf0] fn] e6df;sf] s:tf] dxTj 5 <
F e6df;sf] bfgfdf $)–$%% ;Dd k|f]l6g / @)% tn] x'g'sf ;fy} le6fldg lj=,l;=,O{ / cGo vlgh
kbfy{x? klg kfO{G5 . o;nfO{ kf| ]l6gsf] zn' e Pj+ ;:tf] >f]t dflgG5 . o;sf] tn] sfn] :] 6«f]n /lxt xg' ]
ePsfn] d6' ' tyf dwd' ]x /f]uLx?sf nflu ;d]t nfesf/L dflgG5 .
@&_ xfd|f] b]zdf e6df; v]tL s'g xfjf kfgLdf /fdf| ] km:6fpbF 5 <
F sf]za] fnLx? dWo] of] Ps dxTjk"0f{ aif{] afnL xf ] . o;sf] v]tL gk] fnsf] dWo kxf8, pkTosf, 6f/ tyf
j;] L If]qdf ul/G5 . ;db|L ;txbl] v %))–@))) ld6/ ;Ddsf] prfOd{ f o;sf] v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 . @)–#%
l8=;=] tfkqmd o;sf] v]tLsf nflu pkoQ' m x'G5 .
182 af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf]
&=# rgf (Chickpea)
!_ rgf kfSg] an] f ePsf] s;/L yfxf kfpg] / sf6\g], r'6g] / yGSofpFbf ckfpg' kg]{ ;fjwfgL s] xf] <
F rgfsf kftx? ha /ftf v}/f /+usf] x'G5g\ / emg{ z'? ub5{ g clg sf6g\ ] a]nf ePsf] ;s+ ]t x'G5 . sf6L
;s]kl5 Ps b'O{ 3fd ;s' fP/ dfq r6' g\ ] jf bfO+ { u//] u]8f bfgf ;kmf u/L leTofp{ g' kb5{ . e08f/0f ug{'
eGbf cuf8L #–$ 3fd /fd/| L ;s' fP/ dfq /fVg' kb5{ . jLpsf nflu lr:ofg (% eGbf a9L xg' ' x'bF }g .
@_ rgfsf] sf;] fdf nfUg] uaf/f] s:tf] xG' 5 < o;sf] Iflt s;/L yfxf kfpg] < / o;sf] /fs] yfdsf pkfox?
s] x'g ;S5g\ <
F k0" f{ ljsl;t nfefs{ f] /ËL lj/ËL w;fx{ ? x'G5 / /+u abnL /xG5 . jo:s k'tnL eg] xNsf kx]n+ f] /Ësf
x'G5g \ . nfefn{ ] slnnf kftx?af6 vfg z'? u/L sf;] fdf Kjfn kfb5{ . nfen]| ] cfwf z/L/ sf];f leq k;fP/
vfG5 / Ps kl5 csf]{ ub{} sf;] f tyf bfgf ;vfk kfb5{ .
Aoj:yfkgsf pkfox?M
tnsf s'g} Ps k|efjsf/L kl| jlw cg';/0f ug ]{ .
l sL/f of}g hGo cfsif0{ f kbfy{ x]lnNo/" sf] ko| f]u u//] efn] kt' nLnfO{ ;dfTg ;lsG5 .
l dl;gf] nfe|] b]lvgf;fy Nof;Ln; yl/Ghl] G;; e/] fO6L s;6{ fsL sf] kfgLdf ldl;g] w'nf] Ps uf| d k|lt
ln6/ kfgLsf b/n] ld;fP/ an] 'sL kv 5g ]{ .
l Gol" Sno/ kf]ln x8] «fl] ;; efO/; x]nL -Pg=lk=eL_ sf] !)) Pn=O=sf] ! ld=ln= jf @)) Pn= O{ sf] )=%
ld=ln= kl| t ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ agfPsf] emfn] an] s' L kv 5g{] . 5bf{ @ # yf]kf lg/ ld;fO{ lbPdf
ke| fjsf/L xG' 5 .
l lgddf cfwfl/t sL6gfzs ljiffbLx? h:t}M dfuf{;] fd] )=! O=;L= jf dlN6lgd )=)# O=;L= % ld=ln=
k|lt ln6/ kfgLsf b/n] agfPsf] emfn] 5g ]{ .
l Odfdl] S6g jg] hf]P6 %% P;=hL= )=% ld=ln= kl| t ln6/ kfgLdf jf Indoxcarb !%=*% O=;L= )=&%
ld=ln= kfgLsf b/n] agPsf] emf]n 5g{] .
#_ rgfdf cf]On{ fpg] /fu] -Wilt_ s] xf] < o;sf] nIf0f s:tf] x'G5 / Aoj:yfkg ljwL s] xf] <
F rgfdf cf]On{ fpg] /fu] klg 9l' ;hGo /f]u g} xf] . of] j]gf{ jf 7n' f] af6] b'j} cj:yfdf nfUg ;Sb5 . z'?
cj:yfdf kft kxl+] nG5 / ;'Sg yfNb5 . j]gf{ af]6g} kx+]nf] x'G5 / ;'s/] hfG5 . h/f sfnf] xG' 5 / ;8b\ 5 .
Aoj:yfkg ljwLM
l /f]u ;xg ;Sg] jf gnfUg] hft nufpg ] .
l sfj]{G8flhd %)% 8An'=kL= -j]lel:6g_ # u|fd kl| t lsnf] jLpsf b/n] pkrf/ u/]/ /f]Kg ] .
l jLp 5bf{ ulx/f] -*–!) ;]=dL=_ u/L 5g {] .
l w/] } cuf8L afnL gnufpg ] .
l 3'DtL afnL k0| ffnL ckgfpg ] .
$_ rgfdf sfnf] h/f s'lxg] /fu] sf] nIf0f s:tf] x'G5 / Aoj:yfkg s;/L ug{] <
F of] /f]u nfu]kl5 af]6 kx]n+ f] xG' 5 / cf]OnfpbF 5 . dl;gf] h/fx? sl' xP/ emb{5g| afs+ L ePsf h/fx? sfnf]
xG' 5g \ .
af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf] 183
Aoj:yfkg ljwLM
3D' tL afnL k|0ffnL ckgfpg ] .
%_ rgfdf km]bdf s'lxg] /fu] sf] nIf0f s:tf] xG' 5 / o;sf] Aoj:yfkg s;/L ug]{ <
F /f]uL a]gf{ jf af6] x? kxn+] f x'G5g\ t/ kftx? cf]O{nfPsf x'bF }gg\ . df6fs] f] ;txdf tnlt/ af]6 s'lxPsf]
xG' 5 / ;t] f] 9;' Ln] 9fs]sf] x'G5 .
Aoj:yfkgsf pkfox?M
l 3'DtL afnL k0| ffnL ckgfpg ] .
l sfj]{G8flhd %)% 8An'=kL= -j]lel:6g_ # uf| d kl| t lsnf] jLpsf b/n] pkrf/ u/]/ /f]Kg] .
^_ rgfdf b]lvg] v}/] /f]usf] nIf0f s:tf] x'G5 < / o;sf] Aoj:yfkg s;/L ug{' kb5{ <
F km'n sx' /] sf];f gnfUg' g} /f]usf] k|dv' nIf0f xf ] . z?' cj:yfdf kftsf 6K' kfx? /Ëljlxg eP/ ;'s/]
hfG5g \ . /fu] km} nb} hf+bf af]6sf] ;a} efudf km';f| ] jf sfnf v/} f yf]Knfx? bv] f kb5{ g \ .
Aoj:yfkgsf pkfox?M
l rgfsf] af]6 7f8f] x'g] hft kftnf] u/L nufpg ] .
l sfjG{] 8flhd %)% 8An=' kL= -jl] el:6g_ ! uf| d kl| tln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ km'n km'Ng] jn] fdf 5g {] .
&_ rgf afnLdf l;+rfO{ ug'{ kb{5 ls kb{g} <
F rgf ;fwf/0ftof cfsfz] kfgLsf] e/df ul/g] vt] L xf] . t/ lr:ofgsf] cj:yf x]/L l;r+ fOs{ f] lg0f{o lng'
kb5{ . lxpFbdf kfgL k/]g eg] kmn' km'Ng' eGbf cuf8L Ps k6s / bfgf nflu/xbf csf]{ k6s u/L bO' {
k6s l;+rfO{ ug'{ cfjZos xG' 5 . lr:ofg gePsf] cj:yfdf rgf 5g{' eGbf cuf8L l;+rfO{ u/L hldg hft] L
cfjZos lr:ofgsf] Aoj:yf u/]/ dfq 5g'{ kb{5 .
*_ rgf vt] Lsf nflu uf8] d]n slxn] / s;/L ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 <
F jLp 5/]sf] @%–#) lbg leq uf]8dn] u/L ;Sg' kb{5 . o;sf nflu jLp 5/]sf] # lbg leq emf/ gfzs
ljiffbL kl] G8d]yflng !))–!#) Pd=Pn= !#–!^ ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ k|lt ! s§fsf b/n] 5g'{ kb{5 . o;n]
emf/ pd|g lgoGq0f ub5{ . o; kZrft @% %) lbgdf kmf6km6' ePsf] emf/nfO{ xftn] pvn] L lbg' kb5{ .
(_ rgfsf] nflu dnvfbsf] kl/df0f slt k|ofu] ug'{ kb5{ <
F jLp 5g'{ eGbf s/La b'O{ xKtf cuf8Lg} ^–& SjLG6n k|lt s§fsf b/n] sDkfi] 6 dn ko| fu] ug{ j]z xG' 5 .
o; afx]s @&% u|fd ol" /of, # s]=hL= l8=P=kL=, ! s=] hL= !)) u|fd kf]6f; k|lt s§fsf b/n] hldg tof/Ls}
;dodf ko| fu] ug'{ kb5{ .
!)_ rgf 5g]{ pkoQ' m t/Lsf s] xf] <
F Psn afnLsf] ?kdf nufpbF f rgf 5g'{ kbf{ xf/sf] b/' L #)–$) ;=] dL= ;Dd /fVg ;lsG5 / o;sf nflu
l;8l8«nsf] klg k|ofu] ug} ;lsG5 . *–!) ;=] dL= ulx/f] 5g'{ kb5{ . lsgsL of] eGbf dfly xNsf 5/d] f
kxn+] Lg] /f]u -ljN6_ nfUg] ;Defjgf x'G5 .
!!_ rgf nufpg] afnL k0| ffnL s:tf] x'G5 <
F wfg–rgf Psn, rgf 3';'jf -l/n] afnL_ . t/fOd{ f wfg sf6k] l5 Psn afnL jf wfg sf6\g] an] fdf rgf
5//] 3';'jf afnLsf ?kdf nufpg] ul/G5 . wfg vt] df j]zL Ifq] df o;/L g} nufpg ;lsG5 . o; afx]s
dWo kxf8df ds} jf e6df; jf ds+} e6df; kl5 klg rgf Psn afnLsf ?kdf nufpg ;lsG5 .
184 af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf]
!@_ afnL nufpg] pkoQ' m ;do s'g xf] <
F t/fOd{ f rgf afnL sflt{ssf] bf]>f] xKtf b]lv rfy+} f] xKtf;Dd nufpg ;lsG5 . 7fpF x/] L nufpg] ;do
s]lx cl3 kl5 xg' ;Sb5 .
!#_ rgf afnLsf gofF hftx? sg' xg' / logsf dV' o ljz]iftfx? s] 5g\ <
F o; afnLdf gofF l;kmfl/; ePsf -@)^$ ;fndf_ hftx? tf/f / cj/fw] L x'g . logLx? !#% lbgdf
kfSb5g\ / logLx?n] ;/b/ !=#–!=$ 6g kl| t xS] 6/ pTkfbg lbG5g \ . k'/fgf hftx? eGbf logLx? rf+8}
kfSg] hftx? xg' .
!$_ rgfafnLsf nflu xfn;Dd l;kmfl/; ePsf hftx? s] s] x'g <
F rgf afnLdf xfn;Dd ;ft hftx? s[ifssf nflu l;kmfl/; ul/Psf 5g \ . tL x'g wg'if, /fwf, ;Ltf, sf]zn] L,
sfnLsf, tf/f / cj/f]wL . oL ;a} hftx? t/fO{ tyf dWo kxf8sf] a]zL Ifq] df nufpg ;lsG5 .
!%_ rgf vt] Lsf nflu s:tf] df6f] nfO{ ;'xfpbF f] dflgG5
F w/] } lsl;dsf] df6f]df rgf vt] L ug{ ;lsG5 . tyflk anf}6] bf]d6 df6f] o;sf nflu pkoQ' m dflgG5 .
3'nglzn g'g /lxt / Go6' «n lk=Pr= ePsf] df6f] rgf vt] Lsf nflu cfjZos 5 .
!^_ rgfsf] vt] L s:tf] xfjfkfgL ePsf] Ifq] df ul/G5 gk] fndf sg' If]qdf pkoQ' m 5 <
F rgf lxpFb] afnL xf] . t/ w]/} lr;f] / lxp+ v]Kg ;Sbg} . kmn' v]Ng] j]nfdf lxpF kof]{ eg] bfgf nfUg ;Qm}g .
jflifs{ ^))–()) Pd=Pn= jiff{ xg' ] If]q o;sf nflu cgs' n' dflgG5 . ;fwf/0f tof of] afnL aiffs{ } e/df
ul/G5 . t/ lxpbF df kfgL k/g] eg] km'n km'Ng' cuf8L Ps k6s l;+rfO{ lbg' clgjfo{ g} xG' 5 . g]kfndf
t/fO{ tyf dWo kxf8sf az] L If]qdf of] afnL nufpg ;lsG5 .
&=$ af]8L (Cowpea)
!_ sf]z]afnL vt] L k|0ffnLdf df;} d kl/jtg{ nfO{ ;fdgf ug]{ s] k|ljlw ljsf; ePsf] 5 <
F sfz] afnL v]tL k0| ffnLn] df};d kl/jtg{ sf k|efjx?nfO{ ;fdgf ug{ lgDg of]ubfg ub5{ .
l sf]za] fnL w/] h} ;f] vfBfGg afnL;Fu ldl>t jf 3;' j' f afnLsf] ?kdf nufpg] kr| ng ePsfn] lr:ofg
;+lrlts/0f tfkqmd ;+tn' g ugd{ f of]ubfg k'¥ofpb5 .
l df6fd] f hl} js lqmofsnfk / sfjg{ tyf gfO{6«fh] g ;+/If0f u/L df6f] ;+/If0fdf ofu] bfg ug {] .
@_ af]8Ldf afnL sf6\g] / r6' g\ ] tyf yGSofpbf Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx? s] s] x'g <
F l hft cg;' f/ af]8Lsf] sf];f slnnf] xb+' } t/sf/Lsf] ?kdf ko| fu] ug{ $%–() lbg;Dd l6Kg ;lsG5 .
l bfgfsf] nflu ()–!@% lbg ;Dd sf;] f kfs]kl5 l6Kg' kb5{ / ;'sfO{ r'6/] bfgf lgsfNg' kb5{ .
l bfgfnfO{ km/] L 3fddf ;s' fO{ yGSofpg' kb5{ .
l xl/of] dnsf] ?kdf k|ofu] ug{' k/d] f cfjZostf cg';f/ xl/of] cj:yfdf /f]k]sf] $) $% lbgdf sf6/]
df6f] dl' g kfg{' kb5{ .
#_ af]8Ldf nfUg] d'Vo dV' o sL/fx? s'g sg' x'g <
F af8] Ldf klg e6df;df h:t} em'l;n sL/f, uaf/f] tyf Plkm8, ;t] f] lemËf tyf kft vfg] sL/fx? nfUb5g \ .
dfly e6df;df eg] h:t} Joj:yfkgsf pkfox? ckgfpg' kb5{ .
af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf] 185
$_ af]8Ldf nfUg] v/fg] /f]usf] nIf0f s:tf] xG' 5 ? / s;/L Joj:yfkg ug{] <
F kftdf ;t] f] v/fgL /+usf] wn' f] b]lvG5 / kl5 8f7F tyf ;a} efudf ;b{5 . kftx? ;fgf eP/ hfG5g \ .
Aoj:yfkgsf pkfox?M
l /f]uL af6] tyf cGo efux? ;s+ ng u/L hnfpg ] .
l ;Nkm/o'Qm 9l' ;gfzs cfi} fwL Onf];n jf xS] h;n kl| t xS] 6/ @=# s=] hL= *))–!))) ln6/ kfgLdf
ld;fO{ 5g ]{ .
%_ AofS6l] /on 89j' f /f]usf] nIf0f s:tf] x'G5 / s;/L Aoj:yfkg ug]{ <
F z'?df k'/fgf kftsf] lsgf/fdf d/]sf] bfu b]lvG5 . ;fy} ;a} gofF kftx? / d'G6f] db{5 . kl5 8f7F klg
;S' b5 / af]6 d//] hfG5 .
Aoj:yfkgsf pkfox?M
l /f]u gnfu]sf] :jf:Yos/ jLp k|ofu] ug ]{ .
l /fu] gnfUg] hft 5gf6} u/L nufpg ] .
l w]/} /fu] nfud] f kmfO6fn] g eGg] bjfO{ )=@% sf] emfn] agfO{ :k|] ug ]{ .
^_ af8] Ldf nfUg] kx+]nf] l5/lj/] /fu] sf] nIf0f s:tf] x'G5 / s;/L Aoj:yfkg ug]{ <
F of] /f]u Plkm8af6 ;g]{ efO/;af6 nfUb5 . /fu] L af]6sf] kft kxl+] nG5, uh' d'Hh bl] vG5 / cfsf/ klg ;fgf]
x'G5 . sf;] f klg afËLPsf] / ;fgf] xG' 5 .
Aoj:yfkgsf pkfox?M
l /f]u gnfusf] af]6af6 :j:Yo jLp 5gf}6 ug ]{ .
l /fu] L lj?jfx?nfO{ ;s+ ng u/L hnfpg ] .
l Plkm8 sL/f lgoGq0fsf nflu d6] fl;:6fS] ; ! ln6/ !))) ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ -89] ljufxf÷@)
/f]kgLsf nflu_ !) lbgsf] km/sdf @–# k6s 5g ]{ . 3'DtL afnL k|0ffnL -tLg jif;{ Dd of] afnL
gnufpg]_ ckgfpg ] .
&_ af]8Ldf nfUg] dV' o d'Vo /f]ux? s] xg' \ <
F af]8Ldf dV' otof kxn+] f] l5/lj/], AofS6l] /on 89'jf / v/fg] /fu] kd| v' x'g\ .
*_ af]8Ldf uf8] d]n slxn] ug{' kb5{ / emf/ gfzs ljiffbL slt k|ofu] ug{' kb{5 <
F e6df;df ckgfPs} k|ljlw of] v]tLsf nflu klg ckgfpg ;lsG5 .
(_ af]8Ldf dnvfb kl/df0f s] slt lbg' kb{5 <
F af8] Ldf dnvfbsf] k|of]u e6df; afnLsf] h:t} xf] . ds;} Fu nufpbF f o;sf nflu 5'§} dnvfb ug'{ kbg{} .
t/ PSnf] afnLsf ?kdf nufpbF f sDkfi] 6 Pj+ /;folgs dn ba' } k|ofu] ug{' kb5{ . hldg tof/L ubf{ ufa] / .
sDkfi] 6dn s/La * !) lSjG6n kl| t /fk] gL -8]9 s§f_ sf b/n] ko| fu] ug{' kb{5 . o; afx]s kl| t /f]kgL
$!) uf| d o"l/of, $=% s=] hL= l8=P=kL= / !=^^ s]=hL= kf6] f; dn klg hldg tof/Ls} an] f lbg' kb{5 .
!)_ af8] L v]tLdf jLpsf] kl/df0f / xf/sf] b/' L slt xg' ' kb5{ <
F jLpsf] kl/df0f # s]=hL= kl| t /fk] gL jf @ s]=hL kl| t s§f xg' ' kb5{ / xf/ bl] v xf/sf] b'/L $)–%) ;]=dL=
x'g' kb5{ / af]6 aLrsf] b/' L !) ;=] dL= /fVg' kb{5 .
186 af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf]
!!_ af]8L nufpg] pko'Qm ;do slxn] xf] <
F af]8L nufpg] ;do afnLrqm cg;' f/ sl] x km/s kb{5 . wfgvt] afnL k0| ffnLdf uxF' sf6]kl5 af]8L nufpg
;lsG5 / of] ;do r}q bl] v a}zfv dlxgf lt/ xf ] . o; afx]s af/L hldgdf ds} ef+r]kl5 jf ds;} +u} 3';j' f
afnLsf] ?kdf af]8L nufpg ;lsG5 . of] >fj0fsf] clGtd xKtf bl] v efb|sf] bf];|f] xKtfdf leq kb{5 .
!@_ t/sf/Lsf nflu l;kml/; hftx? s'g s'g xg' \ <
F dfn]kf6g ! / ufhn] af]8L t/sf/Lsf nflu l;kmfl/; ePsf 5g \ .
!#_ g]kfndf l;kmfl/; ePsf af]8Lsf hftx? s] s] xg' \ <
F g]kfnL s[ifsx?sf nflu af]8Lsf kfFr hftx? h:t}M cfsfz, k|sfz, ;o" { / dfnk] f6g ! tyf ufhn] af]8L
l;kmfl/; ePsf 5g . o; afxs] 8an xfei{] 6 eGg] csf]{ Ps hft k+lhs/0f dfq ul/Psf] 5 . o; dWo]
dfnk] f6g ! / 8an xfei{] 6 eGg] hftx? t/fO{ tyf dWo kxf8sf] af]8L nfUg] 7fpFx?sf nflu pkoQ' m
kfOP{ sf] 5 eg] cGo ;a} hftx? t/fO{ tyf lelq dw]z If]qsf nflu dfq pkoQ' m 5g\ . ;o" { eGg] hft
dWo / klZrd t/fOs{ f nflu l;kmfl/; ePsf] 5 .
!$_ gk] fndf af]8L vt] L sg' afnL k|0ffnLdf pko'Qm kfOP{ sf] 5 <
dWo kxf8÷t/fO{
wfg vt] M wfg–ux–'F af]8L
af/L hldgM ds–} af]8L–d';/' f÷] ux'F
ds+a} f]8L–d';/' f] / ux'F – cfn' / t/sf/L
!%_ s:tf] df6f]df af]8L v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 <
F ;a} lsl;dsf] df6f]df af8] L v]tL nufpg] ul/Ptf klg bf]d6 jf xNsf lrD6\ofOn{ f] df6f] o;sf nflu pQd
dflgG5 .
!^_ af8] L s:tf] xfjfkfgLdf xg' ] afnL xf] <
F of] udL{ xfjfkfgLdf x'g] afnL xf] . t/fO,{ leqL dw]z tyf jz] Ldf o;sf] vt] L ug{ ;lsG5 .
!&_ g]kfndf af]8L afnLsf] pkofu] s;/L ul/G5 <
F af]8LnfO{ bfn tyf t/sf/L ba' } ?kdf ko| f]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o; afx]s kz' cfxf/f / xl/of] dnsf] ?kdf
klg kr| lnt 5 . df6f] ;+/If0fsf] nflu klg of] afnL nufOG{ 5 .
af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf] 187
kz'kG5Lkfng (Livestock)
kZ| g–pQ/
*=! ufO{ (Cow)
!_ g]kfndf kfOg{ ] ufO{sf pGgt hftx? s] s] xg' \ <
F -s_ h;L{ -v_ xfn] :6g] -u_ af| pg ;O' ;{ -3_ /]8 l;GwL -ª_ ;fxLjfn -r_ qm;la|8 hftx?
l h;L{ ufO{n] ;/b/ $))) – %))) ln6/ b'w Ps jt] df lbG5 .
l xfn] :6]g ufOn{ ] Ps jt] df ^))) – !@))) ln6/ b'w lbG5 .
@_ kxf8L If]qdf s'g hftsf ufO{ kfNg' /fdf| ] x'G5 <
F -s_ h;L{ -v_ h;L{qm; -u_ xfn] :6]g qm; ufO{ /fd|f] x'G5 .
#_ slt jifs{ f] ePkl5 afR5Ln] ax/ vfH] b5 <
F /fdf| ] :j:Yo ePsf] pGgt hftsf] afR5Ln] b'O{ jif{ leq ax/ vf]Hb5 .
$_ ufO{ uf7] ;w' f/sf] nflu s'g} ;/sf/L of]hgf / cg'bfg kfOG5 <
l ;/sf/n] uf]7 tyf esf/f] ;w' f/ sfo{qmd /fv]sf] 5 .
%_ uf]7 ;w' f/sf] sfo{qmd kfpg / lng s] ug'{ k5{ <
F glhssf] kz' ;]jf s]Gb| jf e]6/] Lg/L c:ktfn tyf kz' ;]jf lj1 s]Gb|df a'‰g ;lsG5 . sfof{noaf6 ;f]
af/] hfgsf/L kfO{G5 .
^_ ufO{df k/hLjLaf6 nfUg] k|d'v /fu] x? s] s] xg' <
F gfDn], uf]nf] h'sf, lsgf{, lkmQ] h'sf cflb .
&_ gfDn] hs' f nfUbf s:tf] nI0f bl] vG5 <
F kftnf] 5g] ]{, Rofkd' 'lg kfgL hDg,] bA' nfpb} hfg] / bfgfkfgL sd ?rfpg ] .
*_ uf]a/ hfrF lsg u/fpg' k5{ <
F ufj] / kl/If0faf6 kfrg k|0ffnLdf xg' ] h'sfx? -ufn] f] hs' f, gfDn] hs' f, lkmQ] h'sf_ nfu]sf] 5 yfxf xG' 5 .
jif{df @ kN6 lgoldt ufa] / hfrF u/fpg' k5 { .
(_ ljiff0f' -Virus_ af6 ufOd{ f nfUg] kd| 'v /fu] s] s] xg' <
F vf/] ]t -FMD_ Ps k|dv' /fu] xf] . af}nfxf ss' '/n] 6f]sd] f /]ljh (Rabies) /f]u ljiff0f'af6 nfUg] /f]u xf] .
!)_ vf/] t] /f]usf] kd| v' nI0f s:tf] xG' 5 <
F vf]/]t /f]u nfUbf dv' , lhaf| ] / luhfdf kfgLsf] kmf]sf h:tf] 3fpF cfpg ] . ¥ofn aufpg,] bO' { v'/sf] aLrdf
3fp x'g,] kfSg] x'G5, vfgf gvfg], lx8g\ df sl7gfO{ .
188 af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf]
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