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;kmntf kf| Kt ug{ ;lsG5 .
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hf8] L Knfli6sn] /fdL| afFlwG5 . kmn:j?k @ b]lv $ xKtf d} gofF kfnj' f cfpg z'? x'G5 / Ps jif{ leq}
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glng] x'Fbf o; cjlwdf cltl/Qm la?jf -Filler Plants_ sf] ?kdf d]jf, eO" +{s6x/ / cGo afnL a];f/, cb'jf,
d';/' f,] sfpnL, aGbf, d"nf, rgf cflb nufO{ cltl/Qm cfDbfgL lng ;lsG5 .
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F cfFksf kf| oM hftx? Ps jif{ la/fP/ kmNb5g\ h;sf] dV' o sf/0f o;sf] hflto u'0f g} xf] t/ sg' } sg' }
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h:tf hftx? eg] jifl}{ kR5] kmNb5g\ .
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F kmnsf] cfsf/;Fu} To;df kl/jtg{ ePsf] /Ëaf6 klg kmn l6Kg] cj:yf yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . kmn kl/kSj
ePkl5 o;sf] /Ë uf9f xl/ofa] f6 lkmSsf xl/of] /Ëdf kl/0ft x'G5 .
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nufO{ kmn l6Kg' kb5{ . kmn l6Kbf ;s;] Dd dWo laxfg jf an] 'sL kv l6Kg' /fd|f] xG' 5 .
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F l6ks] f kmnx?nfO{ 5fofbF f/ 7fpFdf /fVg' kb{5 . 6f9f ahf/ k7fpg jf e08f/0fsf nflu kfSg z'? gu/s] f,
rf6] k6s gnfu]sf, /fu] sL/fx?af6 dQ' m, hflto u0' fn] ;DkGg Ps} lsl;dsf kmnx? 5§' ofpg' kb{5 .
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tl/sfn] SoflN;od sfafO{ 8{ /fv/] %–^ 306f pkrf/ ubf{ cfkF l56f] kfSb5 .
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xG' 5 . oL sL/fx?n] gofF kfn'jf tyf kmn" sf] uR' 5fsf] 8f7F af6 /; r';/] gfS] ;fgL ub{5 .
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jf cGo bl} xs ljifflb kmn" km'Ng' cuf8L / lrlrnf nflu;sk] l5 5g{' kb{5 .
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ug{ ;lsG5 .
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tfkqmd a9L xg' ,' afbn nfUg' / kfgL kg{' of] /fu] sf] nflu cg's"n jftfj/0f dflgG5 .
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b; lbgsf] cGt/fndf 5bf{ v/] L /fu] lgoGq0f xG' 5 .
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h;n] ubf{ kftn] k|sfz ;+Zn]if0f lqmof ug{ kfpbF }g / kmn pTkfbgdf xf| ; cfpbF 5 . km8\s] sL/f lgoGq0f
ul/;s]kl5 of] /fu] :jtM lgoGq0fdf cfp5F .
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/fu] la?jfsf] b'O{j6f cj:yfdf nfus] f] kfO{G5 . klxnf] g;{/Ldf x'bF } kfn'jfsf] ;§f u'hd' 'Hh' k/s] f kfn'jfx?
cfp5F g\ eg] bf]>fd] f kmn" kmN' g] an] fdf km"nsf] ;§f u'h'dH' h' k/]sf afFemf km"nx? lg:sg] t/ kmn gnfUg]
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ePsf,] df6fd] f xfjfsf] ;r+ f/ ePsfn] fO{ pko'Qm dflgG5 .
#$_ :ofp pTkfbgsf] nfuL aiffs{ f] -kfgL kg_{] cj:yf s:tf] x'g' k5{ <
F :ofpsf] km"n kmN' g] ;dodf cl;gf / t';f/f] kg{' xb' g} . :ofpsf] /fdf| ] u'0f:t/Lo kmn pTkfbgsf] nfuL
aflif{s @)) bl] v @%) ldlnld6/ aiff{ pkoQ' m x'G5 t/ aiff{ a'l4 ljsf; x'g] ;do r}t b]lv ebf};Dd
a/fa/ lx;fxan] kg'{ kb5{ . :ofpsf] jf]6x?nfO{ a[l4 ljsf;sf] ;dodf ;V' vf k6Ss} x'g' xb' g} .
#%_ :ofp kmnsf] al[ 4 ljsf; eO{ /x]sf] ;dodf s:tf] aftfj/0f rflxG5 <
F :ofpsf] kmnsf] al[ 4 ljsf; eO{ /x]sf] ;dodf -hi] 7 b]lv ebf_} k|z:t 3dfOn{ f] lbgx?sf] cfjZostf
kb5{ . kmndf hft cg;' f/ /Ë cfpgsf] nfuL rsf{] 3fdsf] cfjZstf kb5{ . of] ;dodf 3fd gnfUg]
:yfgx?df u0' f:t/Lo :ofp pTkfbgsf] ck]Iff gu/] xG' 5 .
af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf] 93
#^_ :ofpsf] km'nkmn' ]sf] cj:yfdf s:tf] xfjfkfgLn] gsf/Tds c;/ kfb5{ <
F :ofpsf] km"nkmn' ]sf] cj:yfdf sd tfkqmddf aiff,{ lxdkft / abnL eO/{ xd] f k/fu;r] g k|lqmofnfO{ lgs}
afwf ko' f{pg] xFb' f csf{] aifs{ f] nfuL kmn pTkfbg kmn" kmn' s] f] t'ngfdf Psbd} 36fp5 .
#&_ :ofpsf] jl[ 4 ljsf;sf] nfuL s] stL tfkqmd xg' ' k5{ <
F :ofpsf] ;lqmo al[ 4 ljsf; eO{/xs] f] ;dodf cf};t tfkqmd @! l8u|L b]lv @$ l8u|L ;]lN;o;sf]
cfjZostf kb{5 .
#*_ :ofpsf] nfuL cfjZos tfkqmd s] xg' ' k5{ <
F :ofpsf] /fd|f] pTkfbg lngsf] nfuL !))) b]lv !%)) lrlnª 306f & l8u|L ;l] N;o; eGbf tnsf] tfkqmd
cfjZos kb{5 . gk] fndf of] cj:yf cfhsnsf] lx;fan] ;d'Gb| ;tx b]lv @))) b]lv #))) ld6/
prfOd{ f dfq pknAw 5 .
#(_ :ofp vt] Lsf] nfuL s:tf] xfjfkfgL rflxG5 <
F :ofp v]tLsf] nfuL ;fwf/0ftof !%)) bl] v @))) ld6/;Ddsf] prfO{ ePsf] :yfgsf] nfuL pQ/
kj" L{ dfx] 8f / ;f] eGbf dfyLsf] prfO{ ePsf] :yfgdf blIf0f klZrdL df]x8f :ofp v]tLsf] nfuL pkoQ' m
xG' 5 .
#=# s]/f (Banana)
!_ kfss] f] s/] fnfO{ s;/L e08f/0f ug]{ <
F kfss] f] s]/fnfO{ lr;f] / ;V' vf 7fpFdf /fVg' kb{5, lkm| hdf /fVg' x'bg} .
@_ s/] fnfO{ s;/L ksfpg ;lsG5 <
F s]/f ksfpgnfO{ d'Votof @) 8=] ;]= eGbf a9L tfkqmddf l5lKkPsf] / kl/kSs s/] fnfO{ sl] x lbg 5fk] ]/
/fv]df cfkm} kfS5 t/ l56f] -#–% lbgdf_ ksfpg] eP cfjZoQmf x]/L @=%–% ld=nL= Oy/] n] jf Oy]kg
-qmLkf]n_ kl| t !) ln6/ kfgLsf b/n] 3fn] L agfPsf] 3fn] df rf]k]/÷8'afP/ pkrf/ ul/ Gofgf] kf//] 5fk] /]
/fVg' kb{5 .
#_ s/] fsf] e08f/0f s;/L ug]{ <
F s/] fsf] e08f/0f ug]{ ;'ljwf 5 eg] s/] f ksfpg' clwg} sl/a !# l8=;]= tfkqmd / *%–()% ;fkl] Ifs
cfbt{| fdf #–$ xKtf;Dd s/] fnfO{ e08f/0f u/L /fVg ;lsG5 .
$_ s/] fsf] KoflsË s;/L ug]{ <
F pTkflbt s]/fsf] ul|] 8Ë u/L s]/fsf xftfx? 5Ý' of{O Knfli6s qm6] x?df s;]/ Kofs ug{' /fdf| ] x'G5 . b'O{ xf/
xftfx? aLr klg Kjfn ePsf] Knfli6s ;L6 jf klqsf cf]5\ofpg' kb5{ .
%_ pTkflbt s]/fsf] u|]l8Ë s;/L ug'{ k5{ <
F pTkflbt s]/f 3/L jf xftfx?nfO{ /fd/| L ;kmf u/L /fdf| ] vfn], dWod vfn] / sd;n vfn] u/L ltg efudf
u]l| 8Ë u/L ;f]xL cg';f/ km/s–km/s d'Nodf ljlqm ug{' k5 { .
^_ s/] f vt] Ljf6 s] slt kmn pTkfbg xG' 5 <
F s/] fnfO{ /fd|f;] Fu Joj:yfkg ug{ ;sd] f Pp6f lj?jfjf6 cf;} tdf !%–@) lsnf] -!)–!% bhg{ _ / Ps
x]S6/jf6 -!=% ljufxf_ #)–$% 6g;Dd s]/fsf] kmn k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .
94 af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf]
&_ s/] fsf] 3/L sfl6;s] kl5 8f7F / yfdnfO{ s] s;/L Joj:yfkg ug{' k5{ <
F s]/fsf a6] jf6 3/L sf6L ;sk] l5 s]/fsf] af6] nfO{ hldgjf6 sl/a ! ld6/ nfdf] 8f7F ÷yfd 5f8]/ dfq}
sf6F L x6fpg' kb5{ . o;n] ubf{ cGo s]/fsf ;fgf knfpbF } u/s] f af6] x?nfO{ kofK{ t vfgf / kfgL pknAw
eO{ /fd|f;] Fu a9g\ / xs' {g dbt kU' b5 .
*_ s/] fsf] 3/L slxn] sf6\g] <
F s/] fsf sf];fx? uf9f xl/ofa] f6 xNsf ulx/f] /u+ sf] / sf0] fLojf6 uf]nf] cfsf/sf] ePkl5 @%–#) ;]=dL= 8fF7
;lxt s/] fsf] 3/L sf6g\ ' kb5{ .
(_ s/] f vt] Ljf6 slxn] pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 <
F ;fdfGotof t/fOd{ f kmfug' df /f]k]sf] s/] f lj?jfjf6 (–!@ dlxgf / cfiff9df /fk] ]sf] lj?jfjf6 !@–!%
dlxgfdf kmn lng ;lsG5 .
!)_ s]/f v]tLdf sg' –sg' /fu] x? nfUg ;S5 <
F s/] f v]tLdf 6K' kfsf] kft u'hdR+ r xg' ] -aGrL 6k_, cfP] nfpg] -kgdf ljN6_ / kft yfK] n] /f]ux? nfUg ;S5 .
!!_ s]/f v]tL ubf{ s'g–sg' ls/fx? nfUg ;S5 <
F s]/f v]tLdf ujf/f], 3'g, lgnf] vk6] / nfxL ls/fx? nfUg ;S5 .
!@_ s]/f vt] Ldf /fu] sL/fsf] Joj:yfkg s;/L ug]{ <
F s]/f aurF} fsf] ;/;kmfO{ / cGg Joj:yfkgdf ko| fK{ t Wofg lbg ;s] /fu] ls/fsf] cfqmd0f sd x'G5 .
!#_ s/] fsf] 3/L hf]ufpg s] ug'{ k5{ <
F s]/fsf] 3/LnfO{ a9L 3fd, lr;f,] vk6] sL/] f / rf/fx? ;dt] jf6 hf]ufpgsf Toflu lgnf] kf]lnyLgsf]
yn} f]x?n] 5fK] g' pko'Qm xG' 5 . o;/L 5f]Kbf y}nfx] ?sf] tNnf] efu÷dv' v'nf /fVg' kb{5 . h;n] ubf{ 3/Ldf
xfjfsf] ;~rf/ ;xh ?kdf xG' 5 / w/Ldf gfS] ;fg xb' }g .
!$_ s]/fsf] a'Ëf] slxn] x6fpg' kb{5 <
F s/] fsf] sf;] fx? /fd|/L k;fO{ ;sk] l5 s]/fsf] a'Ëf] sf6/] x6fpg' kb5{ . h;n] ubf{ 3/Lsf] tf}n &=% kl| tzt
a9s] f] kfO{Psf] 5 .
!%_ k;fPsf] s]/fnfO{ gf]s;fgLjf6 arfpg s] ug'{ k5{ <
F s/] fsf] 3/L k;fpg ;fy af+;sf] jf cGo sf7sf] @ j6f kf]nnfO{ qm; -x_ kf//] 6s] f lbg' kb{5 .
!^_ s/] f v]ltdf ;s/sf] Joj:yfkg s;/L ug'{ k5{ <
F s/] fsf] lj?jf /f]ks] f] ^ dlxgf;Dd kmb] af6 knfPsf] ;a} ;s/÷lj?jfnfO{ sf6/] x6fpb} ug'{ kb5{ . To;
kl5 dfp af]6;Fu Pp6f ;s/ /fVg' k5{ / dfpaf]6 km'Ng÷] k;fpg] an] fdf bf];|f] ;s/ /fVg' pkoQ' m xG' 5 .
!&_ s]/fsf] pTkfbg lng slt dlxgf nfUg ;S5 <
F s]/f vt] Ljf6 pTkfbg lngsf nflu !@ b]lv !% dlxgf;Dd nfUb5 .
!*_ s]/f v]tLdf s:tf cGt/afnL nufpg ;lsG5 <
F s]/fsf lj?jfx? /f]kk] l5 z?' sf #–% dlxgf ;Dd aLrsf] vfnL hUufdf af8] L, df;, d'u+ ;fy} e06f, v;' f{gL
/ leG8L h:tf afnL nufO{ kmfO{bf lng' k5 { .
af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf] 95
!(_ s]/f vl] tdf uf]8d]n / ps]/f slxn–] slxn] ug'{ k5{ <
F s/] fsf] h/f ulx/f] ghfg] ePsfn] s]/f af/Ldf cfjZostfg';f/ aifs{ f] #–$ k6s xNsf uf8] d]n u/L
emf/kft x6fpg' kb5{ . cfjZos k/] aiff{ofd cl3 lj?jfdf df6f] r9fpg' kb5{ .
@)_ s]/f vl] tdf l;+rfO{ s;/L ug{' k5{ <
F s/] f v]ltdf l;r+ fOsf] nfuL s/] f @ jf $ nfOg -kQmL_ sf] lardf nfOgsf] ;dfgfGt/ tyf lj?jfx? eGbf
sl/a !)–!% ;=] dL 6f9f s'n;] f]x? jgfO{ l;+rfO{ ug'{ pko'Qm xG' 5 .
@!_ s/] f vl] tdf slxn] @ l;+rfO{ ug{' kb5{ <
F s/] f v]ltdf udL{ df;} d -kmfNu'g–hi] 7;Dd_ df xKtfsf] slDtdf !–@ k6s / hf8f] df];ddf -sflts–
df3;Dd_ df !)-!% lbgsf] km/sdf l;+rfO{ ug'{ /fdf| ] x'G5 .
@@_ s]/f vt] Ldf l;+rfO{ nfuL s] ug{' kb{5 <
F s]/fsf] lj?jf nufPkl5 / dnvfb k|of]u u/]kl5 s]/f k;fpg] an] fb]lv kmnsf] j[l4 xg' ] an] f;Dd l;r+ fOs{ f]
kofK{ t Joj:yf ldnfpg' kb5{ .
@#_ s/] f v]ltdf yk dn k|of]u ug{] k|ljwL s] xf] <
F s]/f vt] Ldf yk dn ko| fu] ubf{ lj?jfsf] jl/kl/ ! km'6 ulx/fO{ / ufn] fO{sf] vfN8f] agfO{ k|of]u ug{' kb5{ .
@$_ s/] f v]tLdf yk dnvfbsf] k|of]u s] stL ug'{ k5{ <
F s/] f vt] Ldf ;fdfGotof kl| t lj?jf !)) uf| d ol' /of, &% u|fd l8=P=oL / !@% u|fd kf6] f; dn lj?jf
/f]ks] f] @, $ / ^ dlxgfdf u/L aif{sf] # k6s k|ofu] ug{' kb5{ . o;} u/L kl5Nnf aifx{ ?df klg dn k|of]u
ug'{ kb5{ .
@%_ s]/f s] s;/L /f]Kg] <
F l s]/fsf] lj?jf /f]Kbf vf8nsf] aLrdf kg]{ u/L ufgf] dfq df6f] dg' L kf//] /fK] g' kb5{ .
l tGt' kh| gg\jf6 tof/ ul/Psf] lj?jf 8Nnf] ;lxt /f]Kg' kb5{ .
@^_ s/] f /f]Kbf k|lt vf8n s] stL dn ko| f]u ug'{ k5{ <
F s/] fsf] lj?jf /fK] g' eGbf cufl8 kl| t cf8n !)) uf| d o'l/of, &% uf| d l8=P=kL= / !@% u|fd kf]6f; dn
k|ofu] ug{' kb{5 .
@&_ s/] f slxn] /fK] g' k5{ <
F s/] fsf] lj?jf /fK] g pko{Q' m ;do aiff{ Ct' cyft{ hi] 7 cfiff9 dlxgf xf ] . l;r+ fO{sf] e/kbf]{ cj:yf ldnfO{
kmfu'g dlxgfdf klg s]/f nufpg' ;lsG5 .
@*_ tGt' k|hgg\ ljlwjf6 pTkflbt lj?jf nufpbF f s:tf] x'g' k5{ <
F tGt' kh| gg\ kl| jlwjf6 pTkflbt lj?jf nufpFbf lj?jfx? bf>] f] g;{/Ldf slDtdf # dlxgf k'gM ;f/L
x'sfO{ {Psf / h/v/fO{Psf tyf tLg kft ePsf] x'g' kb5{ .
@(_ s]/f vt] Laf6 /fdf| ] pTkfbg lng s:tf] lj?jf nufpg' k5{ <
F s/] f v]tLaf6 /fd|f] cfDbfgL lngsf nflu tGt' k|hgg\ ljlwjf6 tof/ ul/Psf] lj?jf nufpg' a9L /fdf| ]
dflgG5 .
96 af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf]
#)_ s]/fsf] lj?jfsf] 5gf6} s;/L ug]{ <
F s/] fsf] lj?jf ;fF3/' f] tnaf/ cfsf/sf] kft ePsf] ;s/ -dfp af]6af6 lg:sg] lj?jf_ x'g' kb{5 .
#!_ s/] f /f]Kg' eGbf cuf8L vf8nnfO{ s] ug{' k5{ <
F vf8ndf s]/f lj?jf /f]Kg' eGbf sDtLdf ! xKtf cufl8 g} k|lt vf8n !)–!% lsnf] /fd/| L kfs]sf] uf]7d] n
jf sDkfi] 6 / % lsnf] v/fgL df6f] /fdf| ];uF ld;fP/ vf8n k'g{' k5{ . lj?jfnfO{ uaf/fj] f6 hfu] fpnfO{
kmo/" f8g #hL eGg] ljiffbL k|lt cf8n !)–!% uf| dsf b/n] k|of]u ug'{ k5 { .
#@_ s]/f s] slt b/' Ldf /fK] g' k5{ <
F s/] f /f]Kbf lj?jf bl] v lj?jfsf] b'/L @–@ ld6/ -sl/a & lkm6_ x'g] u/L !=% lkm6 uf]nfO{ / ulx/fOs{ f
vf8nx? tof/ ug{' k5{ .
##_ s]/fsf] Joj;flos vt] L ubf{ sg' hftx?sf nufpg pkoQ' m xG' 5 <
F s]/fsf] Joj;flos vt] L ug{ ljlnod 8fOl{ a8| , hL (, /fj] i6f, xl/5fn / dfnef]u -emfkfnL_ hftx? k|of]u
ul/G5 .
#$_ s/] f v]tLsf] nfuL df6f] s:tf] xg' ' k5{ <
F s]/f v]tLsf] nfuL df6f] dnLnf] x'g' kb5{ / ulx/f] -! dL=;Dd_ vGbf kfgL gcfpg] / s8f rÝfg, 9u+' f
gePsf,] kfgL ghDg] / cDnLokg gePsf] t6:y -kL= Pr= ^–&=%_ ePsf] df6f] pkoQ' m xG' 5 .
#%_ s/] f vt] Lsf] nfuL pkoQ' m tfkqmd s] slt xg' ' k5{ <
F s/] fsf] nfuL cf};t tfkqmd @$ l8u|L ;l] G6u|]6 eP /fdf| ] xG' 5 .
#^_ s/] f vt] LnfO{ s:tf] xfjfkfgL rfFlxG5 <
F s/] fsf] af6] nfO{ cfl] ;nf] / uld{ xfjfkfgL dg k5 { . t/ g]kfnsf] t/fO,{ leqL dw]z b]lv j]zL;Ddsf]
xfjfkfgLdf s/] f vt] L ;kmntfkj" s{ ug{ ;lsG5 .
#&_ s/] f v]ltjf6 stL cfDbfgL ug{ ;lsG5 <
F Ps ljufxfdf -!^)) lj?jf_ nufPsf] s]/f afnLjf6 ?= #–$ nfv cfh{g ug{ ;lsG5 .
#*_ s]/f /f]k] kl5 slt lbgdf kmn lng ;lsG5 <
F s/] f nufPsf] Ps aif{ leq} kmn k|fKt ug{ ;lsg,] /fdf| ] Joj:yfkgdf v]tL ug{ ;s] aif{sf] h'g;s' } df;} ddf
klg kmn pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 .
#(_ kfrF sÝf hUufsf] nfuL stL lj?jf rflxG5 <
F kfrF sÝfdf $)) lj?jf Ps k6s nufPkl5 $–% aif{;Dd gofF lj?jf /fK] g' gkg]{ / nuftf/ To;jf6 g}
cfDbfgL lng ;Sg] .
$)_ s]/f v]tL lsg ug{] <
F s]/f vl] tsf] Jofj;flos pTkfbg a9g\ d' f c? kmnkm'n eGbf ;lhnf} / cfDbfgL klg w]/} lbgg] } kd| 'v sf/0f
dflgG5 .
af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf] 97
#=$ ;'Gtnf -Orange_
!_ ;G' tnf v]tL s:tf] lsl;dsf] xfjfkfgLdf /fdf| ] xG' 5 <
F o;sf] v]tL ;dlztfi] 0f xfjfkfgL hxfF lr;f] / 3dfOn{ f], lxpb cf]l;nf, uL| id tyf tftf] xfjf grNg] dWo
kxf8L Ifq] ;G' tnf km'Ng, kmNg / :jflbnf] kmn pTkfbg ug{ pko'Qm dflgG5 .
@_ o;sf] vt] L ;d'x ;txaf6 slt prfO{;Dd x'G5 <
F o;sf] vt] Lsf] nflu !)))–!@)) dL6/;Ddsf] prfO{ ;a} eGbf /fdf| ] dflgG5 t/ Aojxf/df *))–!%))
dL6/;Dd vt] L eO/{ x]sf] kfOG{ 5 .
#_ o;nfO{ tfkqmd slt;Dd eP /fdf| ] xfn] f <
F o;sf] nflu !*–#)) ;=] tfkqmd x'g] 7fpFx? pkoQ' m dflgG5 t/ klg !$–$)) ;]= tfkqmd xg' ] 7fpdf
klg vt] L ug{ ;lsG5 .
$_ o;sf] vt] Lsf] nflu jflif{s jiff{ slt;Dd ePdf /fd|f] xG' 5 <
F jflif{s jiff{ s/La !))) ld=ld= ePsf] ;aeGbf /fd|f] xf] t/ ())–!*)) ld=ld=;Dd jiff{ xg' ] :yfgdf
klg v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 . sd kfgL kg{] tyf kfgLsf] ljt/0f /fd|f] gePsf :yfgx?df l;r+ fO{ Aoj:yf /fdf| ]
xg' ' kb5{ .
%_ xfjfsf] jxfjn] ;'Gtnf vt] LnfO{ sltsf] c;/ ub5{ <
F w]/} tftf] jf lr;f] xfjf rNg] :yfgx? o;sf] v]tLsf] nflu /fdf| ] dflgbg} . km"n km'Ng] / kmn" nfUg] a]nfdf
a9L xfjf rNg] ePdf kmn" ;'sfpg], emg]{, k/fu;]rg x'g glbO{ kmn gnfUg] tyf nfus] f] kmnklg emg]{ h:tf
;d:of bv] f kb{5g\ .
^_ o;sf] v]tL s:tf] lsl;dsf] df6fd] f km:6fpb5 <
F o;sf] nflu kfgL ghDg] xNsf bf]d6 df6f] pko'Qm dflgG5 . xg' t xNsf anf6} ] / lrD6fOn{ f] df6f]df vt] Lg}
ug{ g;lsg] xfO] g o:tf] 7fpdF f a9L sDkf]i6 dn k|ofu] u/L df6fs] f] ;w' f/ ug'{ kb5{ .
&_ o;sf] vt] L ubf{ hdLgsf] dfx] 8fnfO{ klg Wofg lbg h?/L xG' 5 <
F xfjfkfgL / df6f] pko'Qm ePsf] 7fpFx?df dfx] 8fsf] Tolt Wofg lbGg t/ pQ/–k"jL{ df]x8fdf lr:ofg sfod
/xg] xFb' f l;r+ fO{ ;'ljwf gePsf 7fpFx?df o:tf] df]x8f ePsf] hdLg /fd|f] dflgG5 .
*_ g]kfndf ;'Gtnfsf s'g s'g hftx? kfO{G5g\ <
F oxfF :yfgLo, pGgt tyf xfO{aL| 8 lsl;dsf hftx? kfOG{ 5g\ t/ a9L v]tL ul/Psf hftx? eg] :yfgLo g}
5g \ . pknAw hftx?df vf]s' :yfgLo, cf]lsT;j' f;], ldofufjfjf;], ofl] ;bf kf+s] fg, d/s6, lkmp6]n« cnL,{
yfO{ tG] hf/Lg, lsGgf] cflb xg' \ .
(_ vfs] ' :yfgLo ;G' tnfsf] ljz]iftf s] xg' <
F of] dWod l;hg d;+ L/ bl] v df3;Dddf kfSg] hft xf ] . kmnsf] agfj6 uf]nf] / xNsf kx]+nf] /u+ sf] x'G5 t/
af]qmsf] ;tx eg] afSnf] x'G5 . u'lnof]kg !#–!$% / cldnfk] g )=*–!=)) kfOG5 . cf;} t tfn} !))–!@%
uf| d x'G5 .
!)_ cfl] sT;'jf;s] f] ljz]iftfsf] af/d] f atfO{ lbg' x'GYof] ls <
F o;sf] vt] L !@))–!%)) dL6/;Dd /fdf| ] x'G5 . :yfgLo hft eGbf @–# dlxgf cuf8L c;f}hd} kfSg] x'Fbf
o;n] ahf/ efp /fd|f] kfp5 . o;sf] tfn} !$)–!*) u|fd / ul' nofk] g *–(% / cldnfk] g )=*–!=))%
xg' ] ePsfn] ] :yfgLo gk] fnL ;'Gtnf eGbf sd ul' nof] x'G5 .
98 af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf]
!!_ d/s6 hftsf] ljzi] ftfsf] klg hfgsf/L u/fO{ lbg' xG' Yof] ls <
F of] ;a} eGbf 9Lnf] kmfNu'0f–r}qdf kfSg] xfOa{ |L8 hft xf] . o;sf] v]tL *))–!!)) dL6/sf] prfOd{ f ug{
;lsG5 . o;sf la?jfx? w]/} cUnf gx'g] / Hofbf gkm}ng] xF'bf la?jfx? a9L 3gTjdf nufpg ;lsG5 .
of] lgs} pTkfbg lbg,] af]qmf kftnf] ePsf,] u'lnof]kg !$–!% / cldnf]kg @% ;Dd ePsf] hfkfgaf6
leœofOPsf] / g]kfndf v]tL lj:tf/ x'b} u/]sf] hft xf ] .
!@_ ;G' tnfsf la?jf s;/L pTkfbg ul/G5 <
F o;sf la?jf aLpaf6, jfg:klts k;| f/0f tyf l6:os" Nr/ kl| jlwaf6 ug{ ;lsG5 . ljut @ bzs
klxn];Dd ;'Gtnfsf la?jfx? aLpaf6 pTkfbg ul/GYof] / ljz]iftM Go";n] f/ la?jf pTkfbg ul/GYof] .
!#_ Go;" n] f/ la?jf eg]sf] s] xf] <
F k/fu;r] g / uefw{ fg s[of geO{sg z4' jfg:klts sf]ifaf6 pTkfbg xg' ] la?jfnfO{ Go;" ]nf/ la?jf
elgG5 . oL la?jfx? gu8f, sfF8b] f/ / 7f8f] u/L a9g\ ] x'G5g\ / cGo n}lËs la?jfaf6 5l' §G5g \ .
!$_ jfg:klts ljlwdf sg' s'g ljlwx? ;G' tnf la?jf pTkfbg ug{df k|of]u ul/G5 <
F jfg:klts ljlwdf ;6" 6Lk u|fˆ6LË, lelgo/ u|fˆ6LË, 6L–jl8Ë, u'6L ljlw ;kmn ljlwx?df k/t] f klg xfn
cfP/ ;"6 6Lk uf| ˆ6LË g} a9L ul/G5 .
!%_ ;"6 6Lk u|fˆ6LË ljlwaf6 la?jf s;/L k|;f/0f ul/G5 <
F o;sf] nflu s/La ! jif{ pd/] sf] k]lG;n df]6fOs{ f] 6«fO{kmf]lno6 ?6:6ssf] la?jfsf] !%–@) ;]=ld= prfO{
dflysf] efu x6fO{ rSs'n] 6'Kkf] eGbf s/La @ ;]=ld= tn b]lv dflylt 58\s] sf6g\ ' kb5{ . o;u} /L p:t}
pd]/sf] ;fogsf] kmb] lt/ kg{] u/L @ ;=] ld= dflyaf6 ?6:6sdf h:t} sf6g\ ' kb{5 / ;fognfO{ ?6:6sdf
sfl6Psf] 3fpdf hf]8/] Knfli6s 6k] n] dflyaf6 xfjf tyf kfgL gl5g]{ u/L jlnof];Fu afWg' kb5{ . sndL
;kmn ePkl5 Knfli6s x6fO{ lbg' kb{5 . o; ks| f/ ;lhn} sndL la?jf tof/ x'G5 .
!^_ ;'Gtnfsf la?jfx? au+r} fdf sg' t/Lsfn] nufpg' plrt xfn] f <
F ;'Gtnfsf] au}+rf gLs} 7"nf 7"nf 6f/ ePsf] 7fpFdf nufpg' 5 eg] jufs{ f/ jf lqe'hfsf/ t/Lsfn] nufpg
;lsG5 t/ ;'Gtnf au+r} f a9L dWo kxf8L Ifq] df nufOg] x'Fbf u/fsfGnf÷sG6'/ t/Lsfn] /]vfÍg u/L aur}+ f
nufpg ;lhnf] / pko'Qm x'G5 .
!&_ ;G' tnfsf la?jfx? slt b/' Ldf nufpg' pkoQ' m x'G5 <
F :yfgLo hftsf la?jfx? ^ X ^ dL6/ b'/Ldf nufpg' kb{5 t/ xfOa{ |L8 hftsf k8' s\ f af6] xg' ] vfnsf
hftsf] au+}rf nufpbf eg] $ X $ dL6/ b/' Ldf nufpg' kb5{ .
!*_ ;'Gtnfsf la?jf slt pd]/ / prfOs{ f xg' ' kb{5 <
F ;fwf/0ftM la?jfx? !–!=% jif{ / !=% kmL6 bl] v @ kmL6;Ddsf la?jf ePdf /fK] g klg ;lhnf] x'G5 / la?jf
dg{] kl| tzt klg sd xG' 5 .
!(_ la?jf nufpg] vf8n slt ulx/f] vGg' knf{ <
F la?jf nufpg] 7fpdF f 9Ë' f–u]u|fg el] 6g] ;Defjgf w]/} x'G5 . ctM la?jfsf slnnf h/fx? ;lhn} km}lng
;s'g eGg] p2Z] on] ! 3g ld6/sf] vf8n vGg' plrt xG' 5 .
@)_ ;G' tnfsf la?jf /fK] bf KnflG6Ë af8] ÷{ la?jf /f]Kg] kmNofssf] cfjZostf x'G5 <
F lgZrog} la?jf /fK] g] vf8n vGbf / la?jf /f]Kg] a]nfdf o;sf] la?jfx? ;db/' Ldf k?g eGgsf nflu
la?jf /fK] g] kmNofssf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf] 99
@!_ la?jf /fk] L ;sk] l5 6]sf lbg h?/L xG' 5 <
F la?jf /fl] k ;s]kl5 sf7 jf afF;sf] ;fgf] t/ la?jf eGbf clns cUnf] 6]sf uf8]/ 8f]/Ln] afFlw lbg' kb5{
h:n] ubf{ xfjfx/' L rNbf la?jfnfO{ xNnfpg ;Sbg} / la?jf dg{] ;Defjgf 36/] hfG5 .
@@_ la?jf nufpgf;fy kfgL lbg.l;r+ fO{ ug{ h?/L 5 <
F gofF vf8ndf la?jf nufpbf df6f] /fdf| ;] Fu a;s] f] x'b}g, xfjfsf] dfqf a9L xG' 5, e/v/} /f]ks] f la?jfnfO{
:yflkt xg' ufx|f] xg' ] xb'F f la?jf /fk] ]sf] 7fpdF f v'§fn] /fd|/L lyrL leHg]u/L l;+rfO{ lbg' kb{5 .
@#_ au+r} fdf nufOP{ sf la?jfnfO{ dlNrË÷5fkf] lbg lsg h?/L xG' 5 <
F la?jfsf] j/Lk/L lr:ofg sfod /xf]; / l5§} emf/kft gknfcf]; eGg] xt] 'n] la?jfsf] j/Lk/L dn" sf08nfO{
g5'g] u/L ;s' ]sf] emf/kft k/fnn] 5fkf] lbg' kmfobfhgs xG' 5 .
@$_ ;G' tnfsf] la?jfaf6 ;s/÷rf/] xfuF f x6fpg] eg]sf] s] xf] <
F sndL ul/Psf ?6:6saf6 $–% jif;{ Dd ;s/x? knfO{ /xG5g\ . oL ;s/x?n] ;fogn] eGbf a9L vfBtTj
lng] ePsfn] ] al[ 4 klg l56f] x'G5 . ;fogaf6 knfPsf xfFufx? lj:tf/} a95\ g\ / k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sbg} g\ /
dg{] ;Defjgf a9]/ hfG5 . ctM ?6:6saf6 cfpg] ;s/x? t'?Gt} x6fpg' kb{5 .
@%_ ;'Gtnfsf af6] nfO{ tflnd / sf6F 5fF6sf] h?/L xG' 5 <
F ;'Gtnfsf] af6] nfO{ w]/} cUnf] / kmn} gaf6 /f]Sg u'0f:t/Lo kmn pTkfbg ug{ / la?jfnfO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd
:jf:Yo /fVg tflnd / sf6F 5f6F ug{ h?/L xG' 5 .
@^_ ;G' tnfsf] af6] nfO{ s;/L tflnd / sf6F 5f6F ul/G5 <
F ;'Gtnfdf sf6F 5fF6 ubf{ dn" xfuF fdf tLgj6f zfvf xfuF fx? /fvL la?jfsf] slnnf] cj:yf bl] vg} tflnd lbg'
kb5{ . k|To]s dn" xfFufaf6 cfPsf ;xfos xfFufx? Ps cfk;df ghfl] 8g] / gvlK6g] u/L bO' –{ b'Oj{ 6f xfFuf
j9fpg' kb5{ . o;/L tflnd lbb} hfbF f la?jfsf] ;a} efudf ;"os{ f] k|sfz k'Ug] cj:yf x'G5 / au+}rfsf]
Aoj:yfkgdf klg ;lhnf] xG' 5 .
@&_ ;'Gtnfsf] sf6F 5fF6 sg' ;dodf ug{' pkoQ' m x'G5 <
F ktem8 kmnkmn" h:tf] ;G' tnfdf ;z' 'Kt cj:yf gxg' ] ePtfklg ;fwf/0ftof kmn l6kk] l5 ki' f–df3df
a[l4 ljsf; sd xg' ] xbF' f o;} ;dodf sf6F 5f6F ug'{ pkoQ' m x'G5 . cgfjZos ?kdf cfPsf jfSnf xfFuf /
;s/x? eg] jif{e/Lg} x6fpg ;lsG5 .
@*_ ;'Gtnfsf kmnx? s'g–sg' cj:yfdf emb5{ g\ <
F ;'Gtnfdf kmn nflu ;s]kl5 kmnsf] sfl] knf cj:yf, s]/fp bfgf cj:yf, u'R5f cfsf/ cj:yf, s'v'/fsf]
c08f cfsf/ cj:yf, kmn kl/kSs cj:yf / kmn kfs]sf] cj:yfdf kmnx? emb{5 . o;/L kmn emg]{ ;do
cjlw / sf/0fx? cnu–cnUu} xG' 5g \ .
@(_ kmnsf] sf]lknf cj:yf sg' ;dodf xG' 5 / s] sf/0fn] kmnx? emb5{ g\ <
F k|foM hftx?df r}qsf] clGtd xKtf bl] v jz} fvsf] bf];|f] xKtf;Dddf kmnsf] sf]lknf cj:yf xG' 5 / o;
cj:yfdf w]/} jfSnf] nfus] f sf]lknf / k/fu;]rg gePsf kmnsf lrlrnfx? emb{5g\ . o;nfO{ kf| s[lts
sf/0f dflgG5 .
#)_ s/] fp bfgf cj:yf sg' ;dodf cfp5 / s] sf/0fn] kmnx? emb{5g\ <
F jz} fvsf] t];|f] xKtf bl] v h]i7sf] t;] |f] xKtf;Dd s]/fp bfgf cj:yf cfp5 . o; cjlwdf ;V' vf a9L xg' fn]
df6f]df lr:ofg sd x'Fbf af6] n] ;a} kmn wfGg ;Sb}g t;y{ kmnsf] e]6g\ fd] f P;Ll;og tx ag]/ kmnx?
100 af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf]
emb5{ g \ . o;/L cGo cj:yfx?df klg kt]/f] sL/f, kmn sx' fpg] cf;} f, a;] dodf x'g] jiffs{ f sf/0fn] ubf{
kmnx? emb{5g\ .
#!_ au+r} fsf] ;/;kmfO{ ubf{ sg' –sg' sfddf ljzi] f Wofg k'¥ofpg' kb5{ <
F au+}rf ;/;kmfOd{ f emf/kft x6fpg,] uf8] d]n ug{,] em/s] f] kmn hDdf u/L df6fd] f k'g{,] af]6df knfPsf Ph] ?] ,
‰ofp x6fpg,] af]6sf] cj:yf 7Ls 5 5g} lg/LIf0f u/L pkrf/ ug{], af]6sf] km]bdf af8] f{k] ]i6 nufpg] h:tf
sfdx? ug'{ kb{5 h:n] ubf{ au+r} f nfdf] cjlw;Dd :jf:Yo /xg ;Sb5 .
#@_ ;'Gtnfsf] la?jfdf slt dfqfdf dnvfb lbg' kb5{ <
F af]6 la?jfsf] pd/] cg';f/sf] dnvfbsf] dfqf km/s kb{5 / jif{ cg;' f/sf] dfqf l;kmf/Lz ul/Psf] xG' 5
t/ oxfF gkmns] f] @ jif{sf] la?jfsf] nflu ufa] / dn @) s=] hL=, gfO{6f« ]hg !)) u|fd, km:kmf]/; %) u|fd,
kf6] f; &) u|fd / kmns] f] !) jifs{ f] la?jfnfO{ ufa] / dn !)) s]=hL=, gfO6{ f« ]hg %)) u|fd, km:kmf]/;
@%) u|fd / kf6] f; #%) u|fdn] la?jfsf] cfjZostfnfO{ k|ltlglwTj ub{5 . o; afx]s u'0f:t/Lo / a9L
pTkfbg lngsf] nflu ;"Id tTj / xdf]{gx?sf] klg cfjZostf kb5{ .
##_ ;G' tnfsf] la?jfnfO{ s'g cj:yfdf l;+rfO{sf] a9L cfjZostf kb5{ <
F ;'Gtnf la?jf nufP/ /fd|/L :yflkt gxG' hn] , kfnj' f cfpg] a]nf, kmn" kmN' g] an] f, kmn nfUg] / kmnsf] al[ 4
lasf; eO{ /x]sf] a]nf l;+rfO{sf] dxTj a9L /xG5 .
#$_ ;G' tnf la?jfdf s:tf–s:tf sL/fx?n] cfqmd0f ub5{ g\ <
F ;G' tnf la?jfdf nfUg] sL/fx?df kmn sx' fpg] cf}+;f, sTn] sL/f, lnkm dfOg/, xl/of] kt/] f,] uaf/f,] nfxL,
;]tf] lemËf, lyK| ;, l;6;« l;Nnf cflb x'g . oL ls/fx? dWo] sTn] sL/f, kmn s'xfpg] cf}+;f / l;6;« l;Nnfn]
a9L gf]S;fgL k¥' ofPsf] kfOG{ 5 .
#%_ sTn] sL/fn] la?jfnfO{ s;/L gf]S;fgL k¥' ofpF5 <
F oL sL/fx?n] af]6sf] kft xfFuf, d'gf / km"nnfO{ r;' L gf]S;fgL k¥' ofpFb5g \ . dl;gf, ufn] f tyf r]K6f v/} f
/+usf d}ghGo 9sgLn] 9flsP/ /xg] logLx?n] ;d"xdf /xL af6] sf] ;a} efudf cfqmd0f ub{5g \ .
#^_ sTn] sL/fsf] Joj:yfkg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
F sL/f nfus] f] kft tyf kmn em/]kl5 hDdf u/L hnfO{ lbg] sL/fn] u|:t ePsf xfFufx? sfl6 x6fO{ lbg],
sl[ if ;ef{] jf PT;f] -ATSO_ h:tf vlgh t]n !) Pd=Pn= kl| t ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g {] .
#&_ kmn sx' fpg] cf};+ fn] s;/L gfs] ;fgL k¥' ofp5F <
F oL sL/fsf] kf]yL lemËfn] kmnkmn" sf] afq] mf 5]8/] leqk§L km"n kfb{5g \ . oL km"nx? kl5 uP/ cf+};f agL
kmnsf] ub' L vfg yfNb5g\ kmn:j?k kmn sl' xP/ emb{5g \ . sL/f nfu]sf kmnx? aflx/af6 x]bf{ ;4]
bl] vG5g \ .
#*_ kmn sx' fpg] cf};+ fnfO{ s;/L lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 <
F cf}+;f nfuL em/s] f kmnx? cf};+ f df6fd] f kj| ]z ug{' cufj} kmn hDdf u/L vf8ndf kg' {' kb{5 . au+r} fdf
em/s] f kmnx? Knfli6sdf kf]sf] kf/]/ hnfO{ lbg] jf tftf] kfgLdf 8j' fP/ dfg'{ kb{5 . efn] lemËfnfO{
cfslift{ ug{] km]/fd] g] 6«ofksf] k|of]u ug{ kb5{ . /f;folgs ljiffbL Tolt k|efjsf/L x'bg} tk} lg dfp lemËf
ga;f]; eGgsf nflu a]nf a]nfdf d6] fl;i6S; h:tf ljiffbLx? !–@ ld=ln=÷ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g{
;lsG5 .
af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf] 101
#(_ l;6«; l;Nnf sL/fn] s;/L gf]S;fgL k¥' ofpFb5 <
F of] sL/f z/L/df ;t] f yfK] nf / kf/bzL{ kv]6fd ePsf] cfFvfn] bV] g sl7g kg{] clt ;fgf] v/} f] /+usf] sL/f
xf] . o;n] udL{ z?' ePkl5 ;so[ eO{ gofF kfnj' fdf /; r;' L ljiffn' kbfy{ 5f8] \g] xFb' f kftx? uh' 'dH' h eO{
Iflt k'Ub5 . o;n] /; r':g] qmddf lul| gË /f]usf z'qmf0f' AofS6]l/of :jf:Yo af]6df ;fb5{ g\ / /fu] k|sf]k
a[l4 eO{ lbG5g\ .
$)_ l;6«; l;Nnfsf] lgoGq0f s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
F o;sf] lgoGq0f ug{ o;nfO{ cf>o lbg] sfldgL, s8Lkft tyf cGo ;G' tnf hftsf] la?jfx? aur}+ faf6
x6fpg' kb5{ . /f;folgs ljifflb Old8fSnf]/f]lk8 ! Pd=Pn= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf jf 8foldyfo] 6 !=%
Pd=Pn= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g{' kb{5 .
$!_ ;G' tnfdf x|f; /f]u/l;6;« l8SnfO{g /fu] eg]/ gLs} rrf{ ul/G5 jf:tjdf of] /fu] s;/L nfUb5 <
F ;G' tnf x|f; x'gd' f sg' } Ps sf/0f dfq geP/ /f]u–sL/f b]vL df6f]sf] cj:yf, l;+rfO{, au}r+ f Aoj:yfkg
/ hftLo ljz]iftf h:tf w/] } sf/0fx? xG' 5g \ . o:tf] cj:yfdf lj?jfx? ;S' b} hfg] / pTkfbgdf gLs} xf| ;
cfpFb5 .
$@_ ;G' tnfdf nfUg] o:tf] lagf;sf/L /fu] af6 s;/L la?jfnfO{ arfpg ;lsG5 <
F o; /fu] af6 aRgsf] nflu Pp6f dfq ljlw jf t/Lsf sfdofjL x'g ;Sb}g . o;sf] nflu PsLst[ ?kd}
Joj:yfkg ljlw ckgfpg' kb{5 . h:t}ls df6f] / dnvfbsf] plrt Joj:yfkg ug{,] :j:Yo la?jfsf]
pTkfbg / ljt/0f ug]{, ;dod} uf]8d]n u/L l;r+ fO{ ug]{, la?jfsf] sfF65f6F ug{] / ljleGg /f]u sL/fx?sf]
a]nd} f pkrf/ a]n}df Joj:yfkg ug'{ kb5{ .
$#_ ;'Gtnfsf kmnx? l6k] kZrft gf]S;fgL a9L g} gfS] ;fgL xG' 5g\ <
F ;'Gtnfsf kmnx? sdnf x'g] ePsfn] ] l6kfO,{ Kofs]lhË / 9'jfgLsf] ;dodf rf6] k6s nflu a9L gfS] ;fgL
x'G5g \ . cf};tdf l6kfO{ kl5 @)–@% k|ltzt kmnx? gf]S;fg xG' 5g \ .
$$_ ;'Gtnfsf kmnx? s:tf] cj:yfdf l6Kg' pko'Qm xG' 5 <
F nfdf] ;do e08f/0f ug,{ u0' f:t/Lo kmn lng / ahf/ efpm /fd|f] kfpg kmnx? k"0f{ ?kdf kl/kSj ePkl5
l6Kg' kb5{ lsgsL kmn l6kL ;sk] l5 kmnsf] u0' f:t/df ;w' f/ cfpb}g . slDtdf *% u'lnof] kbfy{ /
)=*–!=) % clenf]kg kl; ;sk] l5 kmn l6Kg' kb5{ .
$%_ ;G' tnfsf kmnx? u]|l8Ë ug{ h?/L xG' 5 <
F Psgf;sf kmnx? Ps 7fpFdf /fVbf e08f/0f ug{, 9'jfgL ug{ / ar] lavg ug{ klg ;lhnf] xg' ] xb' f ul]| 8Ë
ug'{ lgtfGt h?/L x'G5 . rf6] nfus] f, /fu] sL/f nfus] f / slnfnf kmnx? t'?Gt x6fpg' kb5{ . ;'GtnfnfO{
;fO{hsf] cfwf/df P=la= / ;L u8]| df 5'6o\ fpg] kr| ng 5 .
$^_ ;G' tnf kmnnfO{ e08f/0f ug{] kl| jlw s] 5 <
F ;'Gtnf kmnnfO{ lahn' L ePsf] / zLte08f/ 3/ pknAw ePsf] 7fpdF f zLte08f/df / lah'nLsf] ;'ljwf
gePsf] / pTkfbg :yndf ;n] f/ :6f/] df e08f/0f ul/G5 .
$&_ zLte08f/df slt ;do;Dd kmn e08f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 <
F zLte08f/0f nfdf] ;do;Dd e08f/0f ug{] Joj;flos k|ljlw xf] . o;df kmnnfO{ ^) ;]= tfkqmd / ()–
(%% ;fk]lIft cfb|t{ fdf *–!) xKtf;Dd ;'/lIft /fVg ;lsG5 .
102 af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf]
$*_ ;'Gtnfdf s:tf–s:tf /fu] x?sf] ks| fk] kfO{G5 <
F ;'Gtnfdf nfUg] /f]ux?df h/f s'lxg,] km]b sl' xg], v/fg,] sfnf] Wjf;F ], l;6«; lu|gLË, SofÍ/÷vl6/] h:tf
/fu] x? nfUb5g\ . logLx? dWo] h/f s'lxg] / lul| gË /fu] n] ;a} eGbf a9L gfS] ;fgL u/]sf] x'G5 .
$(_ ;G' tnfsf] lu|lgË /f]u s;/L nfUb5 <
F ;G' tnf vt] Ldf bv] f k/s] f] ;G' tnfsf] lul| gË -x|f; /fu] _ Ps k|sf/sf] zsf0f÷' JofS6l] /ofaf6 nfUb5 /
o;nfO{ l;6«; l;Nnfn] kmn} fpg] sfd ub5{ . of] /f]u vf;u/L /f]u u|:t Ifq] df pTkfbLt la?jfaf6 gofF
:yfgx?df km}nG5 .
%)_ of] /f]u nfUg glbg s] s:tf pkfox? cjnDag ug'{ kb{5 <
F o:tf] /f]uaf6 aRg g;{/L la?jf pTkfbg ubf{ !@)) ld6/ prfO{ eGHbf dflysf] :yfgdf ug]{, au}+rfdf
l;6«; l;Nnf sL/fsf] k"0f{?kdf lgoGq0f ug],{ /f]unfO{ a9L Ifq] df kmn} g glbg /fu] sf nIf0f bl] vg] lalQs}
/fu] L af]6nfO{ t'?Gt x6fpg] h:tf sfo{ tbf?stfsf ;fy ug{' kb{5 .
%!_ h/f tyf km]b sl' xg] /f]u s;/L nfUb5 <
F of] 9';Lsf] sf/0fn] nfUg] /fu] xf] . au+r} fdf kfgL hDg] / pRr tfkqmd ePdf /fu] al[ 4sf] nflu cg's"n
jftfj/0f xg' ] ePsfn] ] dg;"g z'? ePkl5 o;sf] ljsf; tLa| ultdf xG' 5 . /f]usf] k|sf]k a9L ePkl5 kft
kx+]lng,] emg{] / cGtdf xfFuf xb'F } k/' } af6] db5{ .
%@_ o; /fu] sf] /fs] yfd s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
F o; /fu] sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ tLgkft] / l;6]G« h kh| fltsf ?6:6sdf sndL u/]sf] la?jf dfq nufpg,]
vghft] ubf{ h/fdf rf6] –k6s nfUg glbg], /fu] u:| t af6] df tLgkft] ;G' tnfsf] ?6:6s kmb] df ;f/L Pk|f]r
u|fˆ6LË u/Llbg] /fu] nfus] f] la?jfnfO{ !% af]8f{]ldS:r/n] h/fdf kU' g] u/L 8«G] r ug]{ h:tf sfo{ u/L /f]uaf6
aRg ;lsG5 .
%#_ ;'Gtnfdf nfUg] w/] } /f]ux?sf] la?4df ko| f]u ug{ ;lsg] sg' } To:tf] ljiffbL xf] <
F lgnf]tyf], r'gf / kfgLsf] ld>0faf6 tof/ ul/Psf] af8] f]ldS:r/, af]8f{k] ]i6 / af8] f]{ k]G6 cflb
/fu] gfzs ljifflbx? an] f–an] fdf k|of]u ubf{ ;G' tnfdf bv] f kg{] clwsf+z /f]ux?af6 la?jfnfO{ arfpg
;lsG5 .
#=% dj] f -Papaya_
!_ dj] f s:tf] xfjfkfgLdf xg' ] kmnkmn" afnL xf]<
F d]jf pi0f k|bz] Lo kmn xf] . o;nfO{ u/d / a9L ;fkl] Ifs cfb|t{ f ePsf] xfjfkfgL pkoQ' m xG' 5 . d]jfdf
cg's"ng ug]{ Ifdtf sd x'G5 .
@_ dj] fsf] j[l4 / ljsf;sf] nflu slt;Ddsf] tfkqmd pkoQ' m x'G5 <
F dj] f vt] Lsf] nflu @@ bl] v @^ l8u|L ;]lN;o; tfkqmd pko'Qm dflgG5 . !) l8uL| ;l] N;o; eGbf sd
tfkqmd ePdf lr;f]n] kl| tsn" c;/ kg{] x'Fbf af]6sf] s'g}–s'g} efudf sfnf bfu a:b5g\ .
#_ dj] fsf] v]tL ug{ jflifs{ jiff{ slt;Dd x'g' cfjZos 5 <
F dj] fsf] nflu jflifs{ ;fnfvfnf !)) bl] v @)) ;=] ld=kfgL kg{] 7fpF plrt xG' 5 .sn" jiff{ eGbf klg o;sf]
ljt/0f s:tf] 5 To;n] d]jfsf] pTkfbgdf ;sf/fTds jf gsf/fTds c;/ bv] fpbF 5 .
af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf] 103
$_ d]jf v]tLsf] nflu s:tf] df6f] pkoQ' m dflgG5 <
F d]jf jif{e/Lg} kmln/xg] xF'bf o;sf] nflu t'ngfTds ?kn] dlnnf] df6f]sf] cfjZstf kb{5 . kfgL
ghDg] v's'nf] tyf bf]d6 df6fd] f dj] f /fdf| ] kmi6fp5F . kfgL hDg] vfnsf] hdLgdf dj] fdf kmb] s'lxg] /fu]
nfUb5 .
%_ df6f]sf] clDnokgf / Iffl/okgf s:tf] x'g' kb{5 <
F d]jf v]tLsf] nflu df6fs] f] lk=Pr= dfg ^=) b]lv ^=% pko'Qm x'G5 . d]jfsf h/fx?;txdf km}lng] xF'bf
;txsf] df6f] u'0f:t/sf] x'g' kb5{ .
^_ d]jfsf] la?jf sg' tl/sfn] nufpg pko'Qm x'G5 <
F d]jfsfaf]6x? w/] } nfdf] cjlw;Dd g/xg] ePtf klg Jojl:yt tl/sfn] la?jf nufpFbf uf]8d]n,
dnhn, afnL ;/+ If0f ug{ / kmn l6Kg ;l' jwf xG' 5 . ctM juf{sf/ jf cfotfsf/ tl/sfn] la?jf nufpg
;lsG5 .
&_ dj] fsf la?jf slt b"l/df nufpFbf plrt xG' 5 <
F dj] fsf la?jf !=* ld=X!=* ld= b]lv lnP/ @=% ld=X@=% ld= ;Ddsf] b/' Ldf nufOG5 .
*_ d]jfsf] la?jf /f]Kg' cuf8L slt ulx/fO{sf] vf8n\ vGg' kb{5 <
F d]jf nufpg] hUufnfO{ /fd|f;] Fu tof/ u/L cfjZos b/' L to u/L %) 3g ;=] ld= sf] vf8n\ vgL ;txsf]
df6f] # efu / /fd/| L kfss] f] uf]a/ dn÷sDkf]i6 dn ! efu ld;fO{ vf8\n k/' L la?jf nufpg' kb5{ .
(_ dj] fsf] au}r+ fdf l;+rfO{ ug{ h?/L 5 <
F dj] fnfO{ la?jfsf] j[l4sf] cg;' f/ a9L kfgLsf] cfjZostf kb5{ . kmnsf] ljsf; eO/x]sf] an] fdf kfgLsf]
cefj x'g' xb'F g} . u/d xfjfkfgLdf &–!) lbg la/fP/ kfgL lbO{/xg' kb{5 .
!)_ d]jfdf dnvfbsf] Joj:yf s;/L ug{ kb5{ <
F dj] fsf] af]6sf] ljsf; cGo kmnkmn" sf] tn' gfdf l56f] x'g] ub5{ . Pp6f la?jfsf] nflu jflif{s %) s]=hL=
sDkfi] 6 dn, @%) uf| d gfO6{ f« h] g, !)) uf| d kmf:] kmf]/; / @% u|fd kf6] f; lbg' kb{5 .
!!_ dj] fdf sg' sg' an] fdf dnvfb lbbF f a9L ke| fjsf/L x'G5 <
F d]jfsf] af6] df dnvfb >fj0f–efb| / df3–kmfNu'0f u/L @ k6s lbg' kb5{ . dnvfb / ;I" d tTjx?sf] sdL
ePdf la?jfn] ljleGg /f]usf nIf0fx? b]vfpbF 5 / pTkfbgdf klg x|f; cfp5F .
!@_ d]jfsf la?jf au+r} fdf ;fl/;sk] l5 slt ;dokl5 km"n km'Ng z'? xG' 5 <
F udL{ xfjfkfgL ePsf] 7fpFx?df la?jf ;f/s] f] $%–%) lbgdf km"nsf sfl] knfx? bv] f kb{5g\ . kfy] L km"nsf
sf]lknf c7f/ bl] v aL;f+} kftkl5 bl] vG5g\ eg] efn] kmn" x? rf}la;f+} kftkl5 dfq b]vf kb{5g\ .
!#_ d]jfsf] la?jfdf kfy] L km"n / efn] km"n s;/L 5§' ofpg ;lsG5 <
F d]jfsf la?jfdf kfy] L km"n Ps-Ps u//] lg:sG5g\ eg] efn] kmn" x? Pp6} u'R5fdf w/] } ;+Vofdf x'g] ub5{ g\ .
s'g} s'g} hftx?df Pp6} e6] \gf]af6 @ j6f;Dd kmn kmNg] u/s] f] kfO{G5 .
!$_ gk] fndf d]jfsf s:tf–s:tf hftx? kfO{G5g\ <
F dj] fsf yk' }| hftx? kfO{G5g\ t/ tL ;a} hftx?sf] k/LIf0f / d"NofÍg eg] ul/Psf] 5}g . g]kfndf a9L vt] L
ul/Psf hftx?df jflzË6g, xlg8o\ ," sfo] Da6/' hfoG6, k';f 8\jfkm,{ ;n] S] zg–& cflb 5g\ .
104 af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf]
!%_ dj] fsf] jflzË6g hftsf] ljz]iftf s] xf] <
F o;sf af]6x? demf}nf / kmnx? nflDrnf cfsf/sf x'G5g\ . kmnsf] uf]nfO{ s/La $) ;]=dL= / nDafO{ @)
;]=dL= sf] x'G5 . ;/b/ Ps s=] hL= tf}n x'g] o;sf] :jfb u'lnof] / :jflbi6 x'G5 .
!^_ k';f hfOG{ 6 hftsf] ljz]iftf rflF x s] xf] <
F o;sf] la?jfn] s/La Ps ld6/sf] prfO{df kmn lbg] ub5{ . o;sf af]6x? alnof, s8f / xfjfx'/L ;xg
;Sg] vfnsf x'G5g\ . o;sf kmnx? @)–@% s]=hL= ;Ddsf cfsifs{ x'G5g\ .
!&_ k;' f 8\jfkm{ hftsf] ljzi] ftfsf] af/]df klg s]lx atfO{ lbg' xG' Yof] ls <
F of] hftsf] af]6 Hofb} xfr] f] @%–#) ;=] dL= sf] prfO{df kmn kmNg z?' ub5{ . kmn c08fsf/ / ;/b/ tfn}
!–@ s]=hL= ;Ddsf] x'G5 . o;sf la?jfx? a9L 3gTjdf nufpg ;lsG5 .
!*_ d]jfsf la?jf s;/L pTkfbg ul/G5 <
F g]kfndf xfn;Dd o;sf la?jf aLh' tl/sfn] g} pTkfbg ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 hals ljsl;t d'n'sx?df o;sf]
a]gf{ tGt' k|hgg\ ljlwaf6 klg pTkfbg ul//x]sf 5g\ .
!(_ aLh' la?jf pTkfbg ug{] tl/sf af/] atfO{ lbg' x'GYof] ls <
F g;/{ L ug{] hdLgnfO{ /fd/| L vghft] u/L a/' a/' fpFbf] agfPkl5 s/La !–!=% ld6/ rf}8fO{ ePsf,] hdLgsf]
;txaf6 !%–@) ;]=dL=p7]sf], kfgL ghDg] Aof8 agfP/ !% ;]=dL=sf] b/' Ldf wsf]{ sf]/L @=% ;]=dL=sf]
km/sdf aLpx? /fK] g' kb5{ . a9L ulx/f] ePdf aLp pd|g ufx|f] xg' ] xFb' f s/La ! ;=] dL= ulx/fO{df aLp /f]kL
xNsf df6f]n] k/' L dflyaf6 v/ jf k/fnn] 5f]kL lbg' kb{5 .
@)_ dj] fsf] au}+rfdf cGt/afnL nufpg ;lsG5 <
F ;fwf/0ftof dj] f afnL nufO{ ;sk] l5 #–$ jif{ ;Dd /xG5 . o; cjlwdf nfdf] cjlwsf afnL eGbf Ps
l;hgdf tof/ xg' ] sfpnL, aGbf, d"nf, s/] fp, uf]ne+8] f h:tf rfF8} tof/ x'g] afnLx? nufpg' kb{5 . d]jf
kmNg z?' u/]kl5 cGt/afnL nufpg plrt xF'bg} lsgls d]jfsf] la?jf g} a9L 3gTjdf nufPsf xG' 5g\ .
@!_ d]jf kmn s:tf] cj:yfdf l6Kg' kb5{ <
F o;sf] kmn af6] d} kfSbf r/fx?n] gf]S;fg ug]{ xF'bf kmn kfSg' cuf8L g} l6Kg' kb5{ . :yflgo ahf/sf nflu
l6Kbf kmndf sx] L kx]n+ f] /Ë r9k] l5 tyf e08f/0f u/]/ /fVgsf nflu eg] kmnn] k0" f{ cfsf/ lnO{;sk] l5
sd rf]k cfpg] cj:yfdf l6Kg' kb{5 .
@@_ d]jfsf] cUnf] af]6af6 s;/L ;/' lIft tl/sfn] kmn l6Kg ;lsG5 <
F kmnx? l6Kbf xftn] ;dftL a6f//] l6Kg' kb5{ . sf7sf] jf afF;sf] 3fr] fn] emfbf{ 3fp rf]6 nflu kmn
sl' xG5 .
@#_ dj] fsf] k|lt af]6 slt;Dd pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 <
F dj] fsf] pTkfbg To;sf] hft, pd]/, au}r+ f Joj:yfkg cflbdf lge{/ ub5{ . pGgt hftaf6 %)–!%)
j6f;Dd kmn kl| t af]6 k|lt jif{ pTkfbg xG' 5 . pTkfbg z'? ePsf] klxnf] / bf>] f] jifd{ f a9L pTkfbg xG' 5
To;kl5 qmdzM pTkfbg 36\b} hfG5 .
@$_ d]jf kfSg] cfwf/df s:tf] kmnkmn" afnL xf] <
F dj] f af]6df g} kfSg] :jefjsf] kmn xf] . kmn kfSg z'? u/]kl5 kfSg] lqmof ljleGg /f;folgs kl/jt{g
cg'?k rNg] / g/fl] sg] xbF' f o;nfO{ ;fwf/0f kl| qmofaf6 nfdf] cjlw;Dd e08f/0f u/]/ /fVg ;lsGg .
af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf] 105
@%_ dj] fsf] kmnnfO{ e08f/0f ug{ s:tf] pkfo cjnDag ug{' kb5{ <
F d]jfnfO{ e08f/0f u//] /fVg jf 6f9fsf] ahf/df laqmL ug{ k7fpg' 5 eg] kmnnfO{ kfSg z'? gxbF' } l6Kg'
kb5{ . o:tf kmnx?nfO{ * l8u|L ;]lN;o; tfkqmd / (%% eGbf dfly ;fkl] Ifs cfb{|tf ePsf] sf7] fdf
e08f/0f ug]{ jf o:tf] ;l' jwfo'Qm Eofgdf 9'jfgL u/]/ k7fpg' kb5{ .
@^_ d]jfsf] kmnnfO{ Kofs]lhËsf] Joj:yf s;/L ldnfpg' kb5{ <
F dj] fsf] kmnnfO{ sf7sf] afs;, afF;sf] 6fs] /Ljf sf6'g{ df Kofs ug'{ kb{5 . Ps 7fpaF f6 csf]{ 7fpdF f n}
hfbF f kmnx? /ul8P/ lau|g] x'gfn] kmnnfO{ /ul8gaf6 arfpg s;' gsf] Joj:yf ugs'{ f ;fy} KoflsËsf]
dflyk§L b'a} ;fO8{ df Zjf; kZ| jf; lqmofsf] nflu ;fgf–;fgf Kjfn agfpg' kb5{ .
@&_ e08f/0fsf] kmnnfO{ Psgf;;uF ksfpg s] pkfo 5 <
F e08f/0f ul/Psf kmnx?nfO{ Ps?ktf ;fy /fd/| L ksfpgsf nflu @)) b]lv @))) lk=lk=Pd= Oyk] mgsf]
ko| f]u ug'{ kb{5 .
@*_ dj] fsf] kmnaf6 k]lkg pTkfbg ul/G5 < s] xf] of] k]lkg <
F of] dj] fsf] kmnaf6 lg:sg] rf]k ;s+ ng u/L /flvPsf] kbfy{ xf] . o;sf] pTkfbg xt] ' k"/f cfsf/ lnO{ ;s]sf
-()–!)) lbg pd]/sf_ kmnnfO{ 5flgG5 / laxfg !) aHg' eGbf klxn] kmnnfO{ rSs'sf] ltvf] 6K' kfn] rf/}
lt/ )=# ;=] dL= ulx/f] lrl/G5 / rfk] nfO{ l;Ne/sf] ef8fd] f hDdf ul/G5 .
@(_ kl] kg pTkfbgsf] nflu 5'§} hft klg 5g\ <
F ;fwf/0ftof ;a} dj] fsf] hftaf6 kl] kg pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 t/ xfn;Dd ;n] ]Szg–& / sfo] Da6'/–! hft
k]lkg pTkfbgsf nflu /fd|f] dflgG5 .
#)_ dj] fdf /fu] sL/fsf] ks| f]k s:tj x'G5 <
F d]jfdf /f]u tyf sL/f ba' }n] cfqmd0f ub{5g\ t/ sL/f eGbf /f]un] a9L gfS] ;fgL u/s] f] kfOG{ 5 lsgls d]jf
a]nd} f l6Kof] eg] sL/f tyf cGo zq' sfu, rd]/f], ;u' f, h'/]nL cflbaf6 ;lhn} arfpg ;lsG5 .
#!_ dj] fdf nfUg] /fu] x? s'g s'g xg' \ / sg' s'g /fu] af6 a9L Iflt kU' b5 <
F d]jfdf nfUg] /f]ux?df kmb] sl' xg], h/f s'lxg], PGyf| Sgfh] , dfH] ofs, kft a6fl/g] /f]u dV' o x'g\ . logLx?
dWo] klg h/f s'lxg] / PGy|fSgfh] /fu] a9L xflgsf/s xG' 5g\ .
#@_ h/f s'lxg] /f]u nfus] f] s;/L yfxf x'G5 / o;sf] /f]syfd s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
F of] /fu] 9';Lsf] cfqmd0faf6 xg' ] xf] . /fu] nfu]kl5 h/f s'lxg z'? ub{5g\ / cfqmd0f a9b\ } uPkl5 af]6
cf]OnfP/ db5{ g\ . of] /fu] aLp / df6f] ba' }af6 km}lng] xF'bf ltgLx?sf] an] }df pkrf/ ug{' kb5{ . aLp
/fK] g' cuf8L aLpnfO{ ;/] ];g jf SofK6fgn] pkrf/ ug'{ kb{5 eg] df6f]nfO{ kmdl{ N8xfO8{ jf s'g} tfdfoQ' m
9;' Lgfzs ljifflbn] pkrf/ ug'{ kb{5 .
##_ dj] fdf PGyf| Sgf]h /fu] sf] Ifltsf] k|s[lt / /fs] yfdsf] pkfo s:tf] 5 <
F o; /f]usf] 9';Ln] ubf{ kmn / kftx?df sfnf wAafx? bv] f kb5{ g\ . ;fgf kmn x'Fb} cfqmd0f ePdf kmnx?
emb{5g\ . kmn kfSg] ;dodf cfqmd0f ePdf kmnsf] aflx/kl§ sfnf] bfu bv] f kb{5 . af]8f{]ldS:r/ !% a]nf
an] fdf 5bf{ o; /f]usf] /fs] yfd ug{ ;lsG5 .
106 af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf]
#=^ e"O{+s6x/ -Pineapple_
!_ eO" +{s6x/nfO{ s:tf] lsl;dsf] xfjfkfgL pkoQ' m xG' 5 <
F of] pi0f k|b]zLo kmnkm"n cGtut{ k/t] f klg o;sf] pTkfbg pkf]i0f xfjfkfgLdf klg TolQs} /fd|f] xG' 5 .
@_ o;sf] vt] L ;d' ;txaf6 slt prfO;{ Dd ug{ ;lsG5 <
F o;sf] v]tL ;d'L ;txaf6 !%)) ld6/sf] prfO;{ Dddf ug{ ;lsG5 . xfnsf] hnjfo' kl/jtg{ n] ubf{ o;sf]
vt] L dflyNnf] If]qdf klg /fd|f] eO/x]sf] 5 .
#_ o;sf] vt] Lsf] slt;Ddsf] tfkqmddf pkoQ' m xG' 5 <
F o;sf] v]tLsf] nflu @! b]lv @# l8u|L ;l] N;o;sf] tfkqmd pQd xG' 5 t/ !%=% bl] v #@=% l8u|L ;l] N;o;
;Ddsf] tfkqmddf klg o;sf] v]tL ;kmntfsf ;fy eO/x]sf] 5 .
$_ o;sf] nflu jflifs{ jiff{ slt;Dd ePdf plrt xG' 5 <
F o;sf] nflu ;fnfvfnf !%) ;]=ld= jflif{s jiff{ pQd xG' 5 t/ %! bl] v %)) ;]=ld=;Dd jflif{s kfgL kg{]
7fpFdf klg o;sf] vt] L ug{ ;lsG5 .
%_ o;nfO{ s:tf] lsl;dsf] df6fd] f nufpbF f /fdf| ] x'G5 <
F kfgL ghDg] anf6} ] bf]d6 / a9L pj{/fzlQm ePsf] df6f] o;sf] v]tLsf] nflu pkoQ' m dflgG5 . o;nfO{
df6fs] f] lsl;d eGbf klg lgsf;sf] Joj:yf xg' ' clt h?/L 5 .
^_ df6fs] f] lk=Pr= dfg slt;Dd ePdf /fd|f] x'G5 <
F o;sf] v]tLsf] nflu df6f]sf] lk=Pr= dfg %=% bl] v ^=% ;Dd pQd x'G5 . df6fd] f SoflN;od, DofËlgh /
kmnfdsf] dfqf a9L eof] eg] la?jfnfO{ gsf/fTds c;/ kb{5 .
&_ gk] fndf sg' sg' hftx?sf] v]tL eO/x]sf] 5 <
F gk] fndf xfn hfOG{ 6 So", SjLg, df}l/;; / :kl] gz hftsf] vt] L eO{ /xt] f klg hfOG{ 6 So" / SjLg a9L
k|rlnt hftx? x'g\ .
*_ hfOG{ 6 Soh" ftsf] eO" {+s6x/sf ljz]iftfx? s] s] 5g\ <
F o;sf kft 7n" f / sf8F f gePsf x'G5g\ . kmnsf] cfsf/ 7"nf] / ufn] f] tyf dflyk§L ;fuF 'l/b} uPsf] xG' 5 .
kmnsf] ;/b/ tf}n @=% s]=hL= xG' 5 . o;sf cfvF fx? w]/} ulx/f geO{ ;txd} x'G5g\ / /]zf xb'F }g . of]
l8AafaGbLsf] nflu kl| ;4 hft xf] .
(_ eO" +s{ 6x/sf] SjLg hftsf] klg ljzi] ftf atfO{ lbg' x'GYof] ls <
F o;sf la?jfx? ;fgf cfsf/sf / kftx? sf8F f ePsf x'G5g\ . ;/b/ Pp6f kmnsf] tf}n )=* bl] v !=@%
s]=hL= ;Dd x'G5 . kmn ufn] f] xG' 5 / cfFvfx? leqk§L ufl8Psf x'G5g\ . ctM of] hft l8AafaGbLsf] nflu
pko'Qm dflgbF }g . hfOG{ 6 So" eGbf a9L jf;gfbf/, a9L u'lnof] / sd cldnf] x'G5 .
!)_ eO" {s+ 6x/sf] la?jf s;/L pTkfbg ul/G5 <
F o;sf la?jfx? cn}lËs efux? k|of]u u//] pTkfbg ul/G5 . o;/L ko| f]u ul/g] efux? qmfpg, l:nk /
;s;{ xg' \ .
!!_ eO" {s+ 6x/sf] qmfpg eg]sf] s] xf] <
F kmnsf] lz/df /xs] f] efunfO{ qmfpg elgG5 . kmn kfs]kl5 dfq To:tf qmfpgnfO{ x6fpg ;lsG5 . kmn;Fu
o;sf] 3lgi7 ;DaGw xg' ] x'Fbf o;nfO{ kmnsf] pTkfbg lng' cuf8L x6fpg' xF'b}g . logLx?nfO{ /fk] s] f]
@@–@$ dlxgfdf kmn lbG5g\ .
af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf] 107
!@_ e"O{+s6x/sf] l:nk eg]sf] s] xf] atfO{ lbg' x'GYof] ls <
F l:nk kmnsf] km]bb]lv tnk§L ;fgf la?jfx? lg:ss] f x'G5g\ . logLx?sf] jl[ 4 / ljsf; klg kmnsf] ljsf;
;Fu;Fu} xG' 5 / logLx?nfO{ klg kmnsf] pTkfbg lng] ;dod} x6fpg] ul/G5 . logLx?nfO{ /f]kk] l5 @)–@@
dlxgfdf kmn lbG5g\ .
!#_ e"Os+{ 6x/sf] ;s/ eGgfn] rflxF s] a'lemG5 <
F ;s/ eGgfn] la?jfsf] sf08sf] df6f]d'gLsf] 6';faf6 k|z:t sfz] fx? lg:sG5g\ . oL sf;] fx?nfO{ g} ;s/
elgG5 . ;s;{nfO{ au}r+ fdf /f]k]sf] ^–!) dlxgfdf kmn lbG5g\ .
!$_ e"O+{s6x/sf] la?jf s;/L nufOG{ 5 <
F /fd|/L vghf]t u/L tof/ u/]sf] hdLgdf bO' { nfO{gsf] aLrsf] b/' L ^) ;]=ld= / Ps af]6b]lv csf{] af]6sf]
b'/L #) ;=] ld= sfod ul/G5 . b'a} Aof8sf] aLrsf] b'/L &%–() ;]=ld= /flvG5 .
!%_ e"O+{s6x/nfO{ kl| t /f]kgL hdLgdf slt dnvfbsf] h?/L kb5{ <
F klxn] cGgafnLx? nufO{ /xs] f] hdLgdf o;sf] au+}rf nufpbF f !–!=% d=] 6g sDkfi] 6 dn, #) s=] hL=gfO6{ f« ]hg,
@) s=] hL= kmf:kmf]/; tyf #) s=] hL= kf6] f;sf] cfjZostf kb5{ .
!^_ e"O{+s6x/sf] la?jfnfO{ l;r+ fO{sf] cfjZostf x'G5 <
F o;nfO{ lagf l;+rfO{ klg v]tL u/s] f] kfOG{ 5 . o;sf kftx? afSnf x'g] xFb' f kftn] kz| :t kfgL hDdf u/]/
/fVb5 . lbpF;f] rsf]{ 3fddf :6f]df6f aGb x'g] xbF' f kfgLsf] vr{ sd xG' 5 . Hofb} u/d / ;V' vf 7fpdF f
!%–@) lbgdf l;r+ fO{ ug{' kb5{ .
!&_ e"Os+{ 6x/ aur+} fdf emf/kft lgoGq0fnfO{ lsg dxTjk0" f{ dflgG5 <
F emf/kft lgoGq0f o;sf] v]tLsf] ;a}eGbf dxTjk0" f{ sfd dflgG5 . o;sf] lgoGq0fsf] nflu dfq sn' vr{sf]
$)% nfUb5 . o;sf] au+r} fdf cfpg] dV' o emf/x?df 3f;, s';, l;?, b'af,] df]yf cflb kb5{ g\ .
!*_ e"O+{s6x/sf] emf/kftnfO{ s;/L lgoGq0f ul/G5 <
F o;sf] aur}+ fdf emf/kft gcfcf;] eGgsf nflu au}+rf nufpg] a]nfdf ;'ss] f] emf/kft, k/fn cflbn]
afSnf] dlNrË ug'{ kb5{ . To;kl5sf] cj:yfdf s6' f] sfb] fnfs] f] dfWodn] xftn} ] emf/ x6fpg' kb5{ / 7n" f]
aur+} fdf eg] emf/gfzs ljifflb dfgfo] "/g @ s]=hL= jf l;dflhg !) s]=hL= jf af| ]dfl;n $ s]=hL= kl| t
xS] 6/df k|ofu] u/L emf/kft lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
!(_ eO" s+{ 6x/sf] aur+} f leq klg cGt/afnL nufpg ;lsG5 <
F e"Os+{ 6x/ cfkm} cGt/afnLsf] ?kdf k|of]u ul/g] afnL xf] . o;sf la?jfx? sd b/' Ldf nufOg{ ] / emf/kft
lgoGq0f ;d:ofsf] ?kdf /xg] x'bF f cGo afnLnfO{ cGt/afnLsf] ?kdf nufpg ;lsGg .
@)_ Pp6f e"O{+s6x/sf] la?jf slt k6s km'N5 / kmn lbG5 <
F Pp6f e"Os{+ 6x/sf] la?jfn] cfˆgf] hLjgsfndf PskN6 kmn" / kmn lbG5 . kmnsf] ljsf;sf] nflu
e"O{s+ 6x/df k/fu;]rgsf] dxTj 5}g . kmnx? aLp lagf g} x'G5g\ .
@!_ eO" {+s6x/ kmn s:tf] cj:yfdf l6Kg' kb{5 <
F glhssf] ahf/sf nflu kmn l6Kbf kmnsf] kmb] df kx]n+ f] ;'Gtnf /Ësf] ljsf; ePkl5 kmn l6Kg' kb{5 eg]
6f9f ahf/sf] nflu jf e08f/0fsf] nflu kmn l6Kbf cfFvfx? ki' 6 ePkl5 cfvF fsf ;fgf kftx? cln–cln
;'Sg yfnk] l5 l6Kg' kb5{ .
108 af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf]
@@_ e"Os+{ 6x/sf] pTkfbg kl| t /f]kgL slt;Dd x'G5 <
F Jojl:yt tl/sfn] nufOPsf] au+r} fdf kl| t /f]kgL @=% d]=6g b]lv #=) d=] 6g ;Dd pTkfbg lng ;lsG5
/ sl/a %))) ;s;{ / l:nkx? klg pTkfbg x'G5 .
@#_ e"O+{s6x/nfO{ ul|] 8Ë ug{ h?/L xG' 5 <
F ahf/af6 /fd|f] d"No k|fKt ug{ ;lsof];\ / e08f/0fsf nflu pkoQ' m kmnx? 5'l§pg eGgsf nflu ul|] 8Ë
xg' h?/L 5 . o;sf kmnx? l6lk;s]kl5 7n" f / ;fgf kmnx?nfO{ u]l| 8Ë u//] 5'§ofpg' kb5{ . kfSg z'?
u/]sf, /f]usL/f nfus] f kmnx?nfO{ cnUofO{ /fdf| / Psgf;sf kmnx?nfO{ cnUu} /fVg' kb{5 .
@$_ 9j' fgLsf] ;dodf kmnx? gfz gx'g\ eGgsf nflu Kofs]lhË s;/L ug{' kb5{ <
F kmnsf] e6] g\ fn] fO{ !)–@) ;]=ld= afsL /fv/] cGo efu sf6]/ x6fpg' kb5{ / sf6s] f] 7fpFdf ;'/lIft
9;' Lgfzs ljifflb nufpg' kb{5 . 6'Kkflt/sf] qmfpgsf] kftnfO{ klg x6fpg' kb{5 / sf7sf] afs; jf
sf6g'{ df k/fn jf :kfG] h /fvL afs;sf] dflykl§ Kjfn agfO{ xfjf vN] g] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kb{5 .
@%_ eO" {s+ 6x/nfO{ s;/L e08f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 <
F u/d 7fpFdf o;nfO{ !) lbgeGbf a9L e08f/0f u//] /fVg ;lsGg . sf]N8 :6f/] ]hdf *–!) l8uL| ;]lN;o;
sf] tfkqmd / *%–() kl| tzt cfbt|{ fdf Ps dlxgf;Dd e08f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . clS;hg @% / gfO{6«fh] g
(*% ePsf] lgolGqt :6f/] h] df Ps dlxgf eGbf a9L e08f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
@^_ e08f/0f ul/Psf kmnx?nfO{ Psgf;;Fu ksfpg] s'g} pkfo 5 <
F e08f/0f ul/Psf kmnx?nfO{ Ps?ktfsf ;fy ksfpg tyf kx]+nf] / cfsifs{ /Ësf] ljsf; ug{ kmnnfO{
%)) lk=lk=Pd= sf] Oy|n] n] pkrf/ ug'{ kb{5 .
@&_ e"Os{+ 6x/df nfUg] ;a}eGbf xflgsf/s sL/f ldnLaun] s;/L Iflt k'¥ ofpbF 5 <
F o; sL/fsf] cfqmd0f kZrft\ la?jfn] cfO] nfpg] nIf0f bv] fpFb5g\ . sL/fn] a9L h/fdf cfqmd0f ub5{ g\ /
h/f s'lxg uO{ To;sf] c;/ kftdf k/L cf]Onfpg nIf0f b]vf kg{ z?' x'G5 .
@*_ o; sL/fsf] cfqmd0faf6 la?jfnfO{ s;/L arfpg ;lsG5 <
F o;af6 aRgsf] nflu ;s];Dd sL/fn] cfqmd0f gu/]sf] 7fpaF f6 la?jf NofO{ nufpg' kb{5 . la?jf nufpg]
a]nfdf qmfpg jf tnkl§sf kft x6fO{ )=)$ kl| tztsf] Osf6;sf] emf]ndf !–@ 306f 8'afP/ clg dfq
la?jf nufpg' kb5{ . au+}rfdf )=%–!=) s=] hL= kl| t /fk] gLsf b/n] ko| f]u ug{' kb{5 .
@(_ e"Os{+ 6x/df /f]usf] k|sfk] s:tf] 5 <
F o;df ue' f] sl' xg], kmn sl' xg], kftsf] yf]Kn], ;g :sfN8, uR' 5] h:tf ljleGg vfnsf /fu] x? nfUb5g\ t/
logLx? dWo] ue' f] sl' xg] / kmn sl' xg] /fu] n] afnLnfO{ a9L gf]S;fgL k¥' ofpFb5 .
#)_ ue' f] sl' xg] /f]u s;/L nfUb5 / o;sf] klxrfg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
F df6fd] f /fdf| ];Fu xfjf gv]Ng] / kfgLsf] lgsf; /fdf| ] gePsf] 7fpFdf o;sf] k|sf]k a9L xG' 5 . kftx? kx+]lnFb}
hfg,' 6K' kf / 5p] df v/} f] uf]nf] bfu xg' ,' kftsf] kmb] af6 s'lxg,' h/f s'lxg' o;sf dV' o nIf0f xg' \ .
#!_ o; /f]uaf6 aRg s:tf–s:tf pkfox? ckgfpg' knf{ <
F o; /f]uaf6 aRgsf] nflu /f]ud'Qm la?jfx? nufpg] / df6f]df kfgL hDg lbg' x'bF g} . uf8] d]n ubf{ la?jfsf]
u'efd] f df6f] kg{ lbg' xb'F g} / la?jf /f]Kg' cuf8L la?jfnfO{ SofK6fg jf af]8f{]ldS;r/sf] !% 3f]ndf 8'afP/
dfq /fK] g' kb{5 .
af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf] 109
#@_ kmn sl' xg] /f]u s;/L nfUb5 / o;nfO{ s;/L klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 atfO{ lbg' xG' Yof] ls <
F o; /fu] sf] 9';Lsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ klxnf u'bL s'lxg z'? x'G5 . aflx/af6 x]bf{ kmn /fdf| ] bl] vPtf klg kmn
leqsf] u'bLdf sfnf bfux? /xs] f x'G5g\ . zLt e08f/0f ul/Psf kmnx?df o;sf] k|sfk] a9L x'G5 .
##_ kmn s'lxg] /f]uaf6 aRgsf] nflu s] s:tf;fjwfgL ckgfpg' kb{5 <
F o; /fu] af6 aRgsf] nflu kmnsf] e6] g\ fn] fO{ !)% sf] aG] hf]Os Pl;8nfO{ Oyg] ndf tof/ u/]/ To;df
8a' fpg' kb{5 .
#$_ e"O+s{ 6x/sf] kmndf bv] f kg]{ ;g :sfN8 ljs[ltaf6 s;/L aRg ;lsG5 <
F e"Os+{ 6x/sf af6] 9nd] f jf t]l;{Pdf kmndf k|sfz k/s] f] efu tyf blIf0f–klZrd tkm{sf] efu kl/kSj gx'bF }
kx]+lnG5 . o:tf] ;d:ofaf6 aRg 9n]sf] tyf ks| fz a9L kg]{ kmnsf] efunfO{ v/ jf k/fn jf s/] fsf] kft
jf eO" +{s6x/s} kftn] 5f]kL lbg' kb5{ . 5fofFbf/ af]6 nufOPsf] 7fpxF ?df o:tf] lsl;dsf] ;d:of cfpFbg} .
#=&= cDaf -Guava_
!_ cDaf s:tf] xfjfkfgLdf x'g] kmnkmn" afnL xf] <
F cDafn] pkf]i0f kb| ]zLo xfjfkfgL ?rfPtf klg lxpbdf 708f x'g] pi0f kb| z] Lo 7fpxF ?df klg o;sf] v]tL
;kmntfsf;fy eO{ /x]sf] 5 . o;n] nfdf] ;do;Dd t';f/f] ;xg ;Sb}g t/ /fdf| ];Fu kmn" km'Ng / kmn
pTkfbg x'g lxpFbdf lr;f] tfkqmdsf] cfjZostf kb5{ .
@_ cDafsf] al[ 4 / ljsf;sf] nflu slt;Ddsf] tfkqmd pkoQ' m x'G5 <
F cDafn] t;' f/f] hDg];Ddsf] lr;f] tfkqmd ;xg ug{ ;Sb}g t/ o;sf] kmn" tyf kmn /fdf| ];uF nfUgsf] nflu
lxpb dlxgfsf] lr;f] tfkqmd eg] ?rfpb5 . o;sf] Ifdtf lr;f] ;xg] eGbf klg tftf] ;xg] a9L xG' 5
lsgsL $*) ;=] tfkqmd x'g] 7fpx? klg o;sf] vt] L ;kmntfsf ;fy eO/{ x]sf] kfOP{ sf] 5 .
#_ cDafsf] v]tL ug{ jflifs{ jiff{ slt;Dd x'g' cfjZos 5 <
F a9L jiff{ xg' ] / cf]l;nf] 7fpF cDaf vt] Lsf] nflu Tolt /fd|f] xb' g} . jflifs{ ;fnfvfnf !)) ;=] ld= eGbf
sd kfgL kg{] 7fpFx? cDaf vt] Lsf] nflu /fdf| ] dflgG5 .
$_ cDaf vt] Lsf] nflu s:tf] df6f] pko'Qm dflgG5 <
F cDaf vt] L anf}6,] bfd] 6, lrD6fO{nf,] /ftf] sfnf] ;a} lsl;dsf] df6f]df ug} ;lsG5 t/ hdLgdf kfgL hDg]
cj:yf eg] ;[hgf x'g' xb' }g . ;dyt/ hdLgdf kfgLsf] lgsf;sf] Aoj:yf /fd|/L ldnfpg' kb{5 .
%_ df6fs] f] clDnokgf / Iffl/okgf s:tf] xg' ' kb{5 <
F o;sf] vt] L clDno tyf Iffl/o ba' } ks| f/sf] df6f]df ug{ ;lsG5 . df6fs] f] lk=Pr=$=% bl] v &=% ;a} eGbf
/fdf| ] ePtf klg $=% b]lv *=@ lk=Pr= ePsf] hdLgdf klg v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 .
^_ cDafsf] la?jf sg' tl/sfn] nufpg pko'Qm x'G5 <
F cDafsf la?jfx? nufpg] ofh] gf ul/Psf] hUufnfO{ @–# dlxgf cuf8Lg} vghf]t u/]/ lgsf;sf] /fdf| ]
ka| Gw x'g] u/L ;Dofpg' kb5{ . o;sf la?jfx? juf{sf/, cfotfsf/ / lqe'hfsf/ dWo] s'g} Pp6f k4ltaf6
nufpg' kb{5 .
&_ cDafsf la?jf slt bl" /df nufpFbf plrt xG' 5 <
F la?jfsf] b/' L slt sfod ug{] eGg] s/' fdf la?jf kh| gg\ ul/Psf] t/Lsf, hft, df6f]sf] pj{/f zlQmdf
e/kb{5 . ;fwf/0ftof # bl] v * ld6/sf] b'/L leq la?jf nufpg' kb{5 .
110 af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf]
*_ cDafsf] au}r+ f :yfkgf ubf{ /v] fÍg ug{ lsg h?/L 5 <
F cDafsf af6] x? klg ax'jlifo{ ks| [ltsf ePsf] x'gfn] w/] } jif{;Dd la?jfsf] :ofxf/ ;Def/ ug{ au+r} fnfO{
cfsifs{ agfpg tyf u0' f:t/Lo kmn pTkfbg ug{ plrt b'/L sfod ug{ h?/L ePsf]n] /v] fÍg ug{ h?/L
x'G5 .
(_ cDafsf] la?jf /fK] g' cuf8L slt ulx/fOs{ f] vf8n vGg' kb{5 <
F /v] fÍg u/L la?jf /f]Kg] 7fpF lglZrt ul/Psf] 7fpFdf ! 3g ld6/sf] vf8n vgL !%–@) lbg vf8nnfO{
;'Sg lbO{ To;kl5 @)–@% s=] hL= sDkf]i6÷uf]a/ dn ldnfP/ vf8n kg' '{ kb{5 .
!)_ cDafsf] la?jf /fK] bf la?jf /fK] g] ˆNofs jf KnflG6Ë af]8{sf] lsg cfjZos kb{5 <
F lglZrt b/' L sfod u/L nufOg{ ] af]6 la?jf nufpbf la?jf /f]Kg] ˆNofssf] h?/L kb5{ cGoyf /]vfÍg /fdf| ]
u/]tf klg la?jf ;dfg b/' Ldf nufpg ;lsGg .
!!_ cDafsf] aur}+ fdf l;+rfO{ ug{ h?/L 5 <
F cDafsf] au}r+ fdf cGo kmnkmn" sf la?jfnfO{ h:tf] nuftf/ l;r+ fO{sf] cfjZostf kb}g{ . df6f]df lr:ofg
sd ePdf af6] sf kftx? emb5{ g\ / k|fsl[ ts ?kdf la?jfn] kfgLsf] jrt ub{5g \ . w/] } udL{ / ;V' vf xg' ]
7fpxF ?df dfq l;+rfO{ cfjZostf kb5{ .
!@_ cDafdf dnvfbsf] Aoj:yf s;/L ug{ kb{5 <
F cDafsf la?jfnfO{ pd/] cg';f/ cnu–cnu dfqfsf] h?/L kb5{ . Pp6f !–@ jif{sf] la?jfnfO{ %)
u|fd gfO{6f« h] g, @% u|fd km:kmf/] ; / %) u|fd kf6] f;sf] cfjZostf kb{5 eg] ^ jif{ kl5 k0" f{ kmn lbg
yfns] f] af6] nfO{ #)) u|fd gfO{6f« h] g, !%) u|fd km:kmf/] ; / #)) u|fd kf6] f; lbg' kb{5 . o;sf] cnjf
@)–@% s]=hL= sDkf]i6 / ;'Id vfB tTjx? lhs+ , DofUgl] zod / SofN;Lod h:tf tTjx? klg ;dfj]z
ug{' kb{5 .
!#_ g]kfndf cDafsf k|rlnt hftx? s'g sg' xg' \ <
F gk] fndf vt] L eO{ /x]sf k|dv' hftx?df nvgpm–$(, cnxfjfb ;kmb] , jgf/;L, lrlQbf/, sh] L–!, /]8
ˆn]:8, j]bgf, :yfgLo cflb xg' .
!$_ cDafsf] nvgpm–$( hftsf] ljz]iftf s] xf] <
F o;sf af6] x? demf}nf cfsf/sf @–@=% ld6/ cUnf / xfuF fx? kml} nPsf xG' 5g\ . kmnx? k|fo ufn] f / sx] L
nfDrf x'G5g\ . kmnsf] af]qmf aflx/kl§ ;fgf tyf /ftf yfK] nfx? b]lvG5g \ . kmnsf] e08f/0f Ifdtf a9L
xG' 5 .
!%_ cnfxfjfb ;km]bfsf] ljz]iftf atfO{ lbg' x'GYof] ls <
F o;sf af]6x? %–^ ld6/ cUnf 3gf / xfuF fx? kml} nPsf xG' 5g\ . o; hftn] ;V' vf xfjfkfgL ;xg ;Sb5 .
kmnx? uf]nfsf/ s/La !*) uf| dsf x'G5g\ . kmnsf] aflx/L efu ;t] f]–kxn] f] / u'bL ;]tf] / c? hftsf]
tn' gfdf s]xL s8f vfnsf] x'G5 .
!^_ /8] ˆn]:8 hftsf cDafsf] ljzi] ftf klg atfO{ lbg' xG' Yof] ls <
F o;sf af]6x? #=%–% ld6/ cUnf / xfFufx? kml} nPsf x'G5g\ . kmnx? nflDrnf / kfs]sf] cj:yfdf
kx]n+ f–/ftf /+usf cfsif{s bl] vPtf klg vfbF f c? hftsf] tn' gfdf vNnf / e08f/0f Ifdtf sd ePsf
x'G5g \ .
af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf] 111
!&_ cDafsf] la?jf pTkfbg ug{ s'g–s'g ljlw ckgfp ;lsG5 <
F o;sf la?jf aLpaf6, u'6L afFw/] , u|fˆ6LË, jl8Ë, :6l' nË, sl6Ë cflb ;a} ljlwaf6 pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 t/
;kmn ljlwdf aLpaf6 lgsfNg] / u6' L afWg] b'O{j6f ljlw x'g\ . xfn gk] fndf u'6L afFw/] g} la?jf pTkfbg
ul/G5 .
!*_ u'6L afWg÷] Po/ no] /LË ljlwaf6 s;/L la?jf pTkfbg ul/G5 t <
F u6' L afFWgsf] nflu s/La Ps jif{ pd/] sf] kG] ;Ln cfsf/sf] df]6fO{ ePsf] xfFufnfO{ 5gf}6 u/L @=% ;]=ld=
hlt nfdf] xg' ] u/L xfuF fsf] af]qmf cf}7Lsf] h:tf] cfsf/ agfP/ lgsflnG5 . pQm af]qmf x6fOP{ sf] 7fpdF f
lehfOP{ sf] ‰ofp÷ln;fO{nf] df6f] /fvL Knfli6s nk]6]/ b'j} 5p] df kfgL p8\g gkfpg] u/L /fd/| L s;]/
aflF wG5 . o;/L u6' L afFw]sf] 7fpdF f #)–$) lbgdf h/fsf] ljsf; x'G5 h'g aflx/af6} ki| 6 bV] g ;lsG5 .
!(_ cDafsf] au}+rfdf cGt/afnL nufpg ;lsG5 <
F cDafsf] af]6 xs' {g al9 ;do nfUg] xb'F f af]6 ;fgf] 5pGhn] au+}rfdf cGt/afnL nufpg ;lsG5 . afnLx?
nufpbf cDaf;Fu kl| t:kwf{ gug{] skmL, eO" s6x/, rgf, /x/, af8] L, s/] fp h:tf afnLx? nufpg' kb5{ .
@)_ cDafsf] af]6nfO{ sfF65f6F / tflndsf] h?/t kb5{ <
F cDafsf] af]6 w]/} cUnf] gxf;] / w]/} kml} nP/ klg ghfp; eGg] x]tn' ] v'Nnf sG] b| ljlw ckgfP/ tflnd lbO{G5 .
of] ljlwdf af]6nfO{ rf/j6f xfuF fx? rf/l} t/ /fv/] d'Vo xfuF fnfO{ sfl6G5 . tLg dlxgf kl5 tL rf/j6f
xfuF fsf 6K' kflt/sf] Ps ltxfO{ efu x6fO{ lbO{j6f zfvf xfFufx?nfO{ a9\g lbOG5 .
@!_ cDafsf] af]6n] jifd{ f slt k6s kmn lbG5 <
F g]kfnsf] t/fO{ / leqL dwz] df pGgt hftsf cDafx? jifd{ f b'O{kN6 kmNg] u/]sf] kfOG{ 5 . dWo kxf8L
Ifq] df :yfgLo hftx? jif{df Ps k6s dfq kmNb5g \ . ef/tsf] clwsf+z 7fpxF ?df cDaf jifs{ f] tLg
kN6;Dd kmNb5g\ .
@@_ cDafsf] kmn l6Kg] cj:yf eP gePsf] s;/L kQf nufpg ;lsG5 <
F kmnx? kl/kSj ePkl5 hflto u0' f cg;' f/ xl/of]af6 /ftf,] kx]nf], ;]tf] /+udf ablnG5g\ / kmnx?df jf;gf
cfpg yfNb5 . kmnx?nfO{ af6] df w]/} lbg /fVbf rd/] f / cGo r/fx?n] gf]S;fgL k'¥ofpg] x'bF f cwk{ fss] f]
cj:yfdf kmnx? l6Kg' kb{5 .
@#_ kmnx? s;/L ;'/lIft t/Lsfn] l6Kg ;lsG5 <
F cUnf] af6] df ?vd} r9]/ jf e¥ofËsf] ;xfotfn] / xf]rf] af]6x?df e"O{af6} rf6] k6s nfUg glbg Ps–Ps
u/L e6] g\ f] ;lxt l6Kg' kb{5 .
@$_ cDafsf] k|lt af]6af6 slt;Dd pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 <
F o;sf] pTkfbg af]6sf] pd]/, hft, k|hgg\ ljlw, xfjfkfgL tyf Aoj:yfkg h:tf s/' fx?df lge{/ /xG5 .
jif]{ afnLsf] t'ngfdf lxpb] afnLsf] pTkfbg sd x'G5 . cf};tdf eGg' kbf{ kl| t af6] ()–#%) s=] hL=
pTkfbg xG' 5 .
@%_ cDaf kmnnfO{ slt ;do;Dd e08f/0f u//] /fVg ;lsG5 <
F jiff{tsf] l;hgdf pTkfbg ePsf kmnx?nfO{ eGbf lxpbF df pTkfbg ePsf kmnx?nfO{ ;fwf/0f tj/n] klg
a9L ;do;Dd e08f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . *=%–!$) ;l] N;o; tfkqmddf $–% dlxgf;Dd e08f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
d]lns xfO8«hfO{8 jf lha|l] ns Pl;8sf] k|ofu] ugfn{ ] klg d08f/0f Ifdtf a9fpg ;lsG5 .
112 af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf]
@^_ cDafsf] af]6x?df s:tf–s:tf sL/fx?n] ;tfp5g\ <
F o;df kmnsf] cf;+} f, ldlnju, sTn], afq] mf tyf kft vfg] em'l;n sL/f cflbn] gf]S;fg ub{5g\ . logLx?
dWo] kmndf nfUg] cf+;} f ;a}eGbf xfgLsf/s x'G5 .
@&_ kmndf nfUg] cf+};fn] s;/L gfS] ;fgL ub5{ <
F kmnsf] cf};+ fsf] dfp/km| '6 ˆnfO{ eGg] lemËfx?n] kmn kfSg] ;dolt/ kmnsf] aflx/L afq] mfdf kfb5{ g\ .
km"naf6 cf;+} f lg:sgf;fy u'bLdf k|jz] u/]/ vfg z'? ub5{ g\ kmn:j?k kmnx? emg{ z?' ub{5g\ . cfqmd0f
ePsf kfs]sf kmnsf] leqkl§ k|;:t cf;+} fx? x'G5g\ .
@*_ kmnsf] cf+};f h:tf] xfgLsf/s sL/fnfO{ s;/L lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 <
F ;jk{ |ydtM au+r} fnfO{ ;w} ;kmf ;U' 3/ /fVg' kb{5 . cf;+} f nfu]sf kmnx?nfO{ hDdf u//] ulx/f] u/L k/' L lbg'
kb{5 . kmn kfSg' cuf8L 3/fo;L emfn] dfn] cyjf a9L cfqmd0f ePdf dfnfyfog jf 8fody] f]o6 h:tf
ljiffbLx? )=!% sf b/n] ko| fu] ug'{ kb{5 .
@(_ cDafdf s] s:tf /f]ux?n] gfs] ;fgL k¥' ofpF5g\ <
F cDafdf cf]Onfpg,] PGy|fSgfh] , vl6/,] kft yf]Kn] h:tf /fu] x? nfUb5g\ . logLx? dWo] cf]Onfpg] /f]u ;a}
eGbf a9L xfgLsf/s 5 .
#)_ cf]Onfpg] /f]usf] klxrfg s;/L x'G5 <
F of] /fu] nfus] f] af]6 dflyaf6 xfuF f ;S' b} uP/ sx] L xKtf jf dlxgfd} k/' } af6] db5{ . of] /f]un] !(&) sf]
bzsdf t/fO{ Ifq] df dxfdf/Lsf] ?kdf bv] f k/s] f] of] /f]u cem} klg k0" f{ lgoGq0fdf cfPsf] 5}g .
#!_ cDafsf] cf]Onfpg] vt/gfs /fu] af6 s;/L aRg ;lsG5 <
F o:tf] 3fts /f]uaf6 af]6÷au}+rfnfO{ arfpg aur}+ fnfO{ ;w} ;kmf ;U' 3/ /fVg' kb5{ . kfgL hDg lbg' x'bg}
/ /fu] nfus] f af]6x? h/f;lxt pvn] /] hnfpg' kb{5 . au+r} fsf ;Dk0" f{ af]6x? k'/} leHg] u/L )=!% sf]
j]lei6Lg cyjf j]Gn6] n] !)–!% lbgsf] km/sdf 5s{g' kb{5 .
#@_ cDaf kmn kfSg] an] fdf cGo ;d:ofx? klg cfO{ k5g{ ls <
F cDaf afnL kfSg] a]nfdf / kfls ;sk] l5 /fu] –sL/faf6 afnL hfu] fP/ k'Ub}g o;df rd]/f, sfu, h'/]nL,
;'uf h:tf kl+ Ifx?n] klg lgs} ;tfp5g\ . logLx?af6 aRg au}+rfdf sk8f / sf7sf] dfG5s] f] cfs[lt v8f
ug{], l6g 76fpg] / aGb's k8s\ fpg] h:tf so[ fsnfk u//] t;fp{ g / eufpg ;lsG5 .
#=* cgf/ -Pomegranate_
!_ cgf/ vt] Lsf] nflu s:tf] xfjfkfgL pkoQ' m xG' 5 <
F u'0f:t/Lo kmn pTkfbgsf] nflu o;nfO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd ;V' vf / tftf] df};dsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . nfdf]
;do;Dd 3fd nfUg], a;Gt Ct' sl] x ;V' vf xg' ] / lxpFb lr;f] xg' ] :yfg a9L pko'Qm dflgG5 .
@_ cgf/nfO{ Gog" td / clwstd slt;Ddsf] tfkqmd pko'Qm xf]nf <
F lxpbF sf] df};ddf cgf/ ;i' f'Kt cj:yfdf /xg] ePsfn] ] !) l8u|L ;l] N;o; eGbf tnsf] tfkqmdn] klg
gfS] ;fg k¥' ofpbF g} t/ kmn a9\g] / kfSg] ;dodf $) l8uL| ;l] N;o; eGbf a9L tfkqmd ePdf 3fdn]
89s] f bfux? b]lvG5g\ .
af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf] 113
#_ jftfj/0fLo lx;fan] cgf/sf] ;ae} Gbf /fd|f] u0' f s] xf] <
F cgf/ afnLn] cGo kmnkm"n afnLsf] tn' gfdf ;V' vf ;xg ;Sb5 . o;sf] ljzi] ftf s] 5 eg] Gofgf] xfjfkfgL
ePsf] Ifq] df of] ;bfaxf/ x'G5 eg] lr;f] Ifq] df ktem8 xG' 5 .
$_ cgf/ vt] L ;d' ;txaf6 slt prfO;{ Dd ug{ ;lsG5 <
F o;sf] vt] L ;d' ;txaf6 %)) b]lv !$)) ld6/;Dd ;kmntfsf ;fy u/]sf] kfOP{ sf] 5 . cgf/ kmN" g /
kmNgsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ lxpbF df 708L / afsF L ;dodf udL{ df;} d g]kfnsf] lxdfnL If]q afx]s ;a}
e"–efudf v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 .
%_ cgf/ vt] Lsf] nflu s:tf] df6f] pko'Qm dflgG5 <
F jiff{tsf] ;dodf kfgL ghDg], %=% b]lv ^=% ;Ddsf] lk=Pr= dfg ePsf] xNsf clDno, ulx/f] u/L h/f
hfg;Sg] bfd] 6 df6f] g} pko'Qm x'G5 .
^_ xfjfkfgLsf] bl[ i6sf0] fn] pko'Qm ePsf] t/ df6fs] f] lk=Pr= dfkgdf pko'Qm gb]lvPsf] hldgdf cgf/ vt] L
ug]{ sg' } pkfo 5 <
F xfjfkfgLsf] b[li6sf0] fn] pkoQ' m 7xl/Psf] If]qdf df6f] hfrF ubf{ df6f]df cDno jf Iffl/okg a9L bl] vPdf
clDno df6fd] f s[lif r'g tyf Iffl/o df6f]df l;kmfl/z cg?' ksf] lhK;d ko| fu] u/]/ df6f] ;'wf/ u/L o;sf]
v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 .
&_ cgf/ au}+rf nufpg s'g tl/sfn] /v] fÍg ug{ pkoQ' m xG' 5 <
F cgf/sf] aur+} f t/fOs{ f] ;dy/ hldg bl] v dWo–kxf8sf] le/fnf] hUuf;Dd nufpg ;lsg] xb'F f
;dy/ hldgdf jufs{ f/, cfotfsf/ / lqeh' fsf/ tl/sfaf6 pkoQ' m xG' 5 eg] kxf8L le/fnf] hldgdf
uxf| –sfGnf÷sG6'/ tl/sf ckgfpg' pko'Qm x'G5 .
*_ cgf/ vt] L ubf{ la?jf slt b"l/df nufpFbf plrt x'G5 <
F ;fdfGotof cgf/sf af]6x? w]/} jif{;Dd g} j[l4 e}/xg] x'bF f slDtdf $ X $ ld6/sf] bl" / sfod ug'{
kb{5 .
(_ cgf/sf] la?jf /fK] g' cuf8L slt ulx/fOs{ f] vf8n\ vGg' kb5{ <
F ;fwf/0ftof ! 3gld6/sf] vf8n\ vGg' kb5{ t/ 9'Ëf, u]uf| g gePsf] 7fpFx?df ^) X ^) X ^) ;]=ld= sf]
vf8\n ePklg la?jf /f]Kg ;lsG5 .
!)_ cgf/sf] la?jf /fK] bf la?jf /fK] g] ˆNofs jf KnflG6Ë af8] s{ f] lsg cfjZos kb5{ <
F la?jf /fK] g] ˆNofs jf KnflG6Ë af]8{ ePg eg] la?jfnfO{ plrt :yfg sfod u/L /f]Kg ;lsGg . o;sf]
ko| f]u vf8n\ vGg tyf la?jf /f]Kg] an] fdf cfjZos kb5{ .
!!_ cgf/sf] au}+rfdf l;+rfO{ ug{ h?/L 5 <
F cgf/sf] ;fgf] af]6nfO{ l;+rfO{sf] cfjZostf xG' 5 t/ xs' L{ ;s]sf] / k/" fgf af]6x?nfO{ l;+rfO{sf] ;l' jwf
gePklg kmn pTkfbgdf afwf k'Ub}g .
!@_ cgf/ v]tLsf] nflu dnvfbsf] Joj:yf s;/L ug{ kb5{ <
F cgf/sf] af6] nfO{ pd]/ cg;' f/ vfBtTjsf] dfqf km/s kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu ! jif]{ la?jfsf] nflu !)
s]=hL= sDkfi] 6 dn, ^) u|fd gfO{6f« h] g, #) u|fd kmf:] kmf]/; / #) uf| d kf]6f; l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] x'G5 eg]
% jif{ eGbf dflysf af]6nfO{ %) s]=hL= sDkfi] 6 dn, #%) uf| d gfO6{ f« h] g, @%) uf| d kmf]:kmf]/; / @%)
u|fd kf6] f; l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] x'G5 .
114 af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf]
!#_ gk] fndf cgf/sf k|rlnt hftx? sg' s'g xg' \ <
F xfn gk] fndf cgf/sf] vt] L a9b\ f] qmddf 5 / ljleGg efu} f]lns If]qdf ljleGg hftx?sf] v]tL xbF' } cfPsf]
5 h;dWo] db[ 'nf, u0f]z, l;Gb/' L, ab] fgf, sfGwf/L, d:s6 /]8, ?aL, j08/kmn' cflb d'Vo x'g\ .
!$_ cgf/df la?jf k|;f/0fsf] nflu s'g ljlw ckgfOG5 <
F cgf/sf] la?jf aLp jf afg:klts ba' } tl/sfaf6 pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfndf oL ba' } tl/sfx? ckgfpFb}
cfOPsf] 5 .
!%_ cgf/sf] aLpaf6 tof/ ul/Psf la?jfdf s] s:tf cju0' fx? xG' 5g\ <
F aLpaf6 pTkfbg ul/Psf cgf/sf la?jfx? :jo+ k/fu;r] g dfq ge} cflF zs jf k"0f{ k/fu;r] g klg x'g]
x'Fbf hflto z'4tf ge} kmndf Ps?ktf x'bF g} . aLh' la?jf ePsf]n] kmn klg l9nf] pTkfbg xG' 5 .
!^_ cgf/df ;ae} Gbf ;kmn sndL ljlw sg' xf] <
F sndL tl/sfn] la?jf pTkfbg ug{ no] l/Ë tyf sl6Ë ba' } tl/sfx? ckgfO{G5 t/ sl6Ë tl/sf g} ;/n
/ w]/} pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] ljlw ;flat ePsf] 5 .
!&_ cgf/sf] sl6Ë ;fg{ s] s'/fdf ljzi] f Wofg lbg' kb5{ <
F cgf/sf] sl6Ë hlxn] klg ;i' f'Kt cj:yf jf ;i' fK' taf6 ;'ifK' tsf] clGtd cj:yf;Dd -k'if–df3_ df ;fg{
pkoQ' m xG' 5 . sl6Ësf] k|Tos] 6q' mfdf %–^ j6f cfVF nf xg' h?/L xG' 5 h; dWo] @–# j6f cfVF nf hldg
dl' g / @–# j6f cfVF nf hldg dfly x'g' h?/L x'G5 .
!*_ cgf/sf] au}r+ fdf cGt/afnL nufpg ;lsG5 <
F ;dy/ hldgdf nufOP{ sf] au}+rfdf cltl/Qm la?jf -Filler Plants_ sf] ?kdf a];f/, cbj' f, sfpnL, aGbf,
d"nfcflb nufO{ cltl/Qm cfDbfgL lng ;lsG5 .
!(_ cgf/ afnLdf sf6F 5fF6 / tflndsf] cfjZostf k5{ <
F cgf/df Ps} k6s kz| :t sf8F x?sf] ljsf; x'G5 . sf6F 5f6F / tflndsf] dfWodaf6 af]6nfO{ Pp6} sf08df
jf #–$ j6f sf08df ljsl;t x'g] u/L tflnd ug{ ;lsG5 . /fu] sL/f nfus] f, Ps cfk;df 6flF :;Psf
xfFufx?nfO{ kmn l6k]kl5 jf lxpbF df sf6]/ x6fpg' kb{5 .
@)_ cgf/ kmn l6Kg] cj:yf eP gePsf] s;/L kQf nufpg ;lsG5 <
F cgf/sf s]lx hft?df kmnx? kxn+] f] /Ëdf ablnG5g\ . l5lKkPsf kmnnfO{ cf}n+ fn] km6s\ f//] xfg] eg] wft'sf]
efF8f ah] h:t} cfjfh cfpF5 . aLpsf] aflx/L efusf] /Ë /ftf] x'G5 .
@!_ cgf/ e08f/0f s;/L ul/G5 <
F e08f/0f ubf{ sl' xg] /fu] af6 arfpg )=@% sf] al] eli6gn] pkrf/ ug'{ kb{5 . w]/} dfqfdf kmnx? e08f/0f
ug'{ kbf{ kmnnfO{ sf7sf] afs; sfuhn] nk]6]/ tx tx u/L /fVg' kb{5 . ;fwf/0f cj:yfdf klg cgf/nfO{
c? kmnsf] tn' gfdf a9L ;do;Dd e08f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
@@_ cgf/sf] ;a}eGbf xflgsf/s sL/f s'g xf] <
F cgf/sf] ;ae} Gbf xflgsf/s sL/f cgf/sf] k'tnL xf.] k'tnLn] kmnsf] af]qmfsf] leqk§L kmn" kf/]/ 5f]8\5 /
kmnsf] ljsf;sf] ;fy} km'naf6 nfefs{ f] ljsf; u/L leq leq} kmnnfO{ vfg z?' ub{5 . cGTodf Kjfn kf/]/
k'tnL aflx/ lg:sG5 .
af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf] 115
@#_ cgf/sf] kt' nLsf] lgoGq0f s;/L ul/G5 <
F cgf/ kmnnfO{ sk8f, Knfli6s jf sfuhsf] y}nfn] 9flslbg' ;a} eGbf pQd pkfo xf] . sg' } s'g} cj:yfdf
d]6fl;8 )=%% jf ;l] eg )=@% !)–!% lbgsf] cGt/fndf 5/]/ klg sL/fnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
@$_ cgf/df nfUg] uaf/f] sL/fn] s;/L gf]S;fg ub5{ <
F o;n] af6] sf] sfF8 / xfFufx?df Kjfn kf/]/ leqleq} vfO{ /x]sf] xG' 5 . cfqmd0f a9L ePdf kmn pTkfbg
xg' 5f]85\ / af6] x? sdhf]/ eP/ hfG5 .
@%_ cgf/df nfUg] uaf/f] sL/fsf] lgoGq0f s;/L ul/G5 <
F sL/fn] agfPsf] Kjfndf tf/n] 3f]r]/ jf ?On{ fO{ k]6f« ]n÷kmdfl{ ng÷d§Lt]ndf rfk] /] Kjfndf /fvL n]l;nf]
df6f] jf d}gn] KjfnnfO{ 6fn]/ uaf/f] sL/fnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
@^_ cgf/df nfUg] ldnLau sL/fsf] lgoGq0f s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
F sL/fn] af6] sf] kmb] j/k/ hldgdf kmn" kfg]{ xFb' f udL{ dlxgfdf af6] sf] jl/kl/ vg]/ kmn" x? gi6 ug{ ;lsG5 .
lxpbF dlxgfdf lrNnf] kbfy{ luh| jf /fl] hg / sfi6/sf] t]n af]6sf] jl/kl/ nufO{ sL/fnfO{ af6] df dfly
hfgaf6 /f]s nufpg ;lsG5 . o; sL/fnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ kf| sl[ ts k/hLljsf] ko| f]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
@&_ cgf/df nfUg] /f]ux?df s'g ;ae} Gbf xflgsf/s 5 <
F cgf/df kmnsf] yfK] n], kftsf] yfK] n,] kmn s'lxg] h:tf /f]ux? bv] f kb5{ g\ . oL /f]ux? dWo] kmn s'lxg] /f]u
;a}eGbf vt/gfs xf] . o; /f]udf kmnsf] tnk§L sfnf] jf 5]plt/af6 ;s' ]h:tf] bfu a9\b} hfG5 . ;ftf
b; lbgdf nueu cfwf kmn s'lxP/ gi6 e} em5{ .
@*_ cgf/df nUg] of] /f]uaf6 aRg s:tf] pkfo cjnDag ug{' knf{ <
F ;fwf/0ftof SofK6fg %)) u|fd @)) ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ !)–!% lbgsf] cGt/fndf 5g'{ kb{5 / au+}rfnfO{
/f]uL xfuF flaFuf, kmn cflb x6fO{ ;w}+ ;kmf /fVg' kb{5 .
@(_ cgf/sf] kmn km6' g\ ] cj:yf s;/L >h[ gf x'G5 <
F kmn km6' \g] s'/fdf ljleGg dtx? kfOG{ 5 . s;s} f] egfO{df ;'Vvf jftfj/0f / df6fs] f] lr:ofg sd ePdf
kmnx? km'65\ g\ eg] s;s} f] egfOd{ f ;'Vvf df6f]sf] jftfj/0f kl5 l;+rfO{ u/d] f kmnx? km6' b\ 5g\ . kmn
km'6\g] lqmof af/] fg] sf] sdL ePdf jf hflto :jefjsf] sf/0fn] klg km'6g\ ;Sb5 .
#)_ cgf/ kmndf bv] f kg{] o; cj:yfnfO{ s;/L lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 <
F o;sf] lgoGq0f ug{ df6f]df lr:ofg sfod /fvL SoflN;od / af]/fg] ;'IdtTj lbbF } u/d] f kmn km'6\g]
lqmofnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
#=( ?vs6x/ -Jackfruit_
!_ ?vs6x/ s:tf] xfjfkfgLdf x'g] kmnkm"n afnL xf] <
F ?vs6x/sf] nflu u/d / cf]l;nf] xfjfkfgL pQd dflgG5 . dWo–kxf8L eu] sf gbL lsgf/fdf /x]sf u/d
tyf cf]l;nf 7fpFx?df !$)) ld6/;Ddsf] prfOd{ f klg o;sf] vt] L /fd|f] ePsf] kfOG{ 5 . nfdf] ;do;Dd
ti' ff/f] kg{] / a9L lr;f] x'g] 7fpFx?df o;sf] v]tL /fdf| ] xbF' }g .
@_ ?vs6x/sf] jl[ 4 / ljsf;sf] nflu slt;Ddsf] tfkqmd pkoQ' m xG' 5 <
F ?vs6x/sf] jl[ 4 / ljsf;sf nflu @% b]lv #) l8uL| ;]lN;o; pQd dflgP tfklg $% l8uL| ;]lN;o;
tfkqmd x'g] 7fpFx?df klg o;sf] v]tL eO/x]sf] 5 .
116 af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf]
#_ ?vs6x/sf] v]tL ug{ jflif{s jiff{ slt;Dd x'g' cfjZos 5 <
F pi0f k|b]zLo xfjfkfgL ePsf] ;a} Ifq] df o;sf] v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 tfklg ;fnfvfnf !)))–!%)) ld=ld=
jflif{s jiff{ x'g] 7fpFx? ?vs6x/ v]tLsf] nflu /fdf| ] dflgG5 .
$_ ?vs6x/ v]tLsf] nflu s:tf] df6f] pkoQ' m dflgG5 <
F ?vs6x/ ;a} k|sf/sf] df6fd] f v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 tfklg ulx/fO{ a9L ePsf] / kfgL ghDg] hdLg /fd|f] x'G5 .
kmn nfUg] ;dodf hdLgdf a9L kfgL hd]df kmn Pj+ kftx? emg{ z?' ub5{ g\ .
%_ df6f]sf] clDnokgf / Iffl/okgf s:tf] x'g' kb{5 <
F ;fwf/0ftof df6fs] f] lk=Pr= dfg %=) bl] v ^=% /fd|f] dflgG5 . a9L kmnfdo'Qm clDno df6f]df ?vs6x/
/fdf| ] km:6fPsf] kfOG{ 5 . Iffl/o df6f] o;sf] nflu nfebfos xFb' }g .
^_ ?vs6x/sf] la?jf sg' tl/sfn] nufpg pkoQ' m x'G5 <
F ?vs6x/sf] la?jf ;dy/ vf;u/L t/fO{ Ifq] df nufOg] x'Fbf jufs{ f/ jf cfotfsf/ tl/sfn] aur+} f nufpg
;lsG5 t/ xfn;Dd ?vs6x/sf] dfq aur+} f o;/L nufOP{ sf] la/n} kfO{G5 . ljz]iftM cfkF , lnrL au+r} fsf]
5]p5fpdf jf af/Lsf] sfGnfdf la?jf nufpg] ul/G5 .
&_ ?vs6x/sf la?jf slt b"l/df nufpFbf plrt xG' 5 <
F ?vs6x/sf af6] x? lgs} km}lng] / prfO;{ Dd hfg] x'Fbf !% b]lv @% ld6/ ;Ddsf] b"/L sfod ug{' kg{]
xG' 5 .
*_ ?vs6x/sf] au}r+ f :yfkgf ubf{ /v] fÍg ug{ lsg h?/L 5 <
F ?vs6x/sf af]6x?sf] cfo' lgs} nfdf] xg' ] xbF' f plrt b"/L sfod ug{ /]vfÍg ug{ h?/L x'G5 h;n] ubf{
kl5 uP/ oflGqsLs/0fsf] dfWodaf6 aur+} fsf] :ofxf/ ;Def/ ug{ ;lsof];\ .
(_ ?vs6x/sf] la?jf /f]Kg' cuf8L slt ulx/fO{sf] vf8n\ vGg' kb{5 <
F o;sf] la?jf nufpg' cuf8L ! 3gld6/sf] vf8n\ vGg' kb5{ lsgsL ?vs6x/sf la?jf aLh' x'g] / ulx/f]
u/L /fK] g' kg]{ xG' 5 . o;sf] d"n h/f sfl6of] eg] la?jf ;g{ ufxf| ] xG' 5 lsgsL ;xfos h/fx? sd x'G5g\ .
!)_ ?vs6x/sf] la?jf /fK] bf la?jf /fK] g] ˆNofs jf KnflG6Ë af]8s{ f] lsg cfjZos kb5{ <
F la?jf /fK] g vf8n\ vGg] a]nfdf / la?jf /f]Kg] a]nfdf o;sf] h?/L x'G5 cGoyf la?jfn] plrt :yfg kfpFb}
g / sfnfGt/df au+r} f /fdf| ] bl] vFb}g .
!!_ ?vs6x/sf] au+}rfdf l;r+ fO{ ug{ h?/L 5 <
F o;nfO{ ;'Vvf xfjfkfgLaf6 arfpg /fk] s] f] @-# jif;{ Dd lxpbF tyf udL{ dlxgfdf l;+rfO{ ug{ cfjZos
x'G5 . af]6 la?jf 7"nf eO;sk] l5 h/f ulx/fO;{ Dd hfg] xg' fn] l;+rfO{sf] h?/t kb{}g .
!@_ ?vs6x/df dnvfbsf] Joj:yf s;/L ug{ kb{5 <
F ;fwf/0ftof ?vs6x/ kmNg %–!) jif;{ Dd nfUb5 . kmNg z'? gu/]sf] la?jfnfO{ @%–#) s=] hL= sDkfi] 6
dn / !)) u|fd gfO{6f« h] g k|lt jif{ lbg' kb5{ . kmn lbg z'? u/]sf la?jfnfO{ eg] #)–#% s]=hL= sDkf]i6
dn, !s=] hL= gfO{6f« ]hg,)=% s=] hL= kmf:] kmf]/; / ! s=] hL= kf]6f;sf] cfjZostf kb5{ .
!#_ gk] fndf ?vs6x/sf k|rlnt hftx? s'g s'g xg' \ <
F ?vs6x/sf hftx?df ?b|fIfL, l;+ufk'/÷] >Ln+sg, Vjfhf, cnfxfafb, /fl] xgL, ;d}of, cflb xg' \ .
af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf] 117
!$_ gk] fndf vt] L e/} x]sf ?vs6x/sf hftx?sf] af/]df hfgsf/L u/fO{ lbg' xG' Yof] ls <
F ?vs6x/sf] /fl] xgL hft h]i7–cfiff9df kfSb5 . o;sf kmn af6'nf / ;fgf vfnsf x'G5g\ . ;do} f eGg]
hft cfiff9–>fj0fdf kfSb5g\ . o;sf kmn c08fsf/sf nfDrf x'G5g\ . ebo} f eGg] hft efb|–cflZjgdf
kfSb5g\ / o;sf kmnx? Hofb} 7"nf, nfDrf xG' 5g\ h;n] ubf{ ahf/ efp klg /fdf| ] xbF' g} .
!%_ kz| fw] gsf nflu klg s'g} hft 5g\ <
F ?vs6x/sf kz| fw] g ofU] o hft 5g} g\ / xfn;Dd k|zfw] g ul/Psf pTkfbgx? ahf/df el] 6Psf] klg 5}g .
!^_ ?vs6x/sf la?jf k;| f/0fsf] nflu sg' ljlw ckgfOG5 <
F o;sf] la?jf w]/} h:tf] aLpaf6} pTkfbg ul/G5 . o;sf] aLpnfO{ kfgLdf kvfnL 5fofbF f/ 7fpdF f @–# lbg
cfe] fgf] agfP/ /fK] bf aLp a9L pd|G5g\ . aLp w]/} lbg e08f/0f u//] /f]Kbf pdf/zlQm x|f; x'G5 . To;}n]
o;sf] aLp !)–!% lbgleq /fk] L xfNg' kb{5 . o;df u'6L ug{ ;lsG5 t/ Hofb} sd ;kmn x'g] x'bF f sndL
ljlw ckgfPsf] kfOF{bg} .
!&_ ?vs6x/sf] au}+rfdf cGt/afnL nufpg ;lsG5 <
F o;sf af]6x?n] %–!) jif{bl] v kmn lbg z?' u/]tfklg !%–@) jifk{ l5 dfq cfly{s ?kdf kmfO{bf lng
;lsG5 . ctM o; cjlwdf cltl/Qm la?jf -Filler Plants_ sf] ?kdf dj] f, cDaf, eO" +s{ 6x/ h:tf kmnkmn" ,
cbj' f, a];f/ h:tf d;nfafnL / sfpnL, aGbf, dn" f, s/] fp h:tf t/sf/L afnL tyf rgf, d';'/f,] /x/
h:tf bnxg afnL nufO{ cltl/Qm cfDbfgL lng ;lsG5 .
!*_ ?vs6x/sf] kmnnfO{ sg' sg' ?kdf ko| fu] ug{ ;lsG5 <
F o;sf] kmn k0" f{ ?kdf ljsf; xg' $–% dlxgf nfUb5 . kmn #–$ dlxgf ePkl5 afSnf / cfsl[ t laluP| sf
kmnx? l6kL t/sf/Lsf] nflu ko| fu] ul/G5 . kmnnfO{ cf+n} fn] bafpbF f g/d / sfF8f sx] L km/flsnf / kmndf
jf;gf ljsf; ePkl5 kmn kl/kSj ePsf] a‰' g' kb{5 .
!(_ ?vs6x/nfO{ l56f] ksfpg k/]df s:tf] pkfo cjnDag ug'{ knf{ <
F ?vs6x/ kmnnfO{ l56f] ksfpg kl/kSj ePsf kmnx?nfO{ l6k]/ gg' kfgL 5s{/] , e'; k/fndf u'D;fP/ jf
o;df 3fp rf]6 nufP/ klg ksfpg ;lsG5 .
@)_ o;sf] kmnnfO{ s;/L e08f/0f ul/G5 <
F kmnnfO{ e08f/0f ug{ / 6f9f ahf/sf] nflu 9'jfgL ug{ kmn kl/kSj cj:yfdf kU' g] lalQs} l6Kg' kb{5 .
kfss] f] kmn 9j' fgL ug{ / e08f/0f ug{ ldNb}g . kmnnfO{ !!–!@ l8uL| ;]lN;o; tfkqmddf / *% bl] v ()
k|ltzt ;fkl] Ifs cfbt|{ fdf !–!=% dlxgf;Dd e08f/0f u//] /fVg ;lsG5 .
@!_ ?vs6x/sf] k|lt af6] slt pTkfbg xG' 5 <
F o;sf] pTkfbg af]6sf] pd/] , nufPsf] hft tyf au}+rfsf] Joj:yfkgdf lge/{ ub{5 . ;fwf/0ftof kl| t af6]
@))–@%) kmnx? cyft{ \ !)))–@))) s=] hL= pTkfbg x'G5 .
@@_ ?vs6x/df uaf/f] sL/fn] s;/L gfS] ;fgL k'{ofp5F / o;sf] /f]syfd ljlw s] 5 <
F uaf/fs] f] nfefn{ ] af]6 tyf slnnf 8f7F leq k;L sf7 vfg] ub5{ . nfef{n] vfPsf] 7fpFdf Kjfn bl] vG5g\
/ ToxfF lji6f tyf sf7sf] w"nf] kfOG{ 5 . o;sf] cfqmd0faf6 aRg sL/fsf] ;+qmldt efu sf6]/ hnfO{ lbg],
skf;nfO{ Oy{ /, dl§tn] jf k]6f« n] df lehfP/ Kjfndf /fvL df6f,] uf]a/ jf d}gn] 6fnL lbg' kb{5 .
118 af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf]
@#_ ?vs6x/df ldnLau sL/fn] sg' df};ddf / s;/L gf]S;fgL k'¥ ofpbF 5 <
F kf}if–df3 dlxgfdf kmn' af6 aRrfx? lgl:sP/ ?vdf r9\g] / slnnf xfuF fx?, kmn" / kmnsf] e]6\gf]df
6fl:;P/ /; r':b5g\ . logLx?n] Ps ks| f/sf] ul' nof] t/n kbfy{ lgsfNg] xbF' f sfnf] Wjf;F ] /fu] sf] ks| f]k
a9b\ 5 . oL sL/fx?sf] lgoGq0fsf nflu kmb] jl/kl/sf] df6f] vghft] u/L 3fddf ;s' fpg' kb5{ . af]6dfly
r9\g glbg /f]lhg / sfi6/sf] tn] ld;fP/ af6] sf] km]bdf kf]tL lbg' kb{5 .
@$_ ?vs6x/df s:tf s:tf /fu] x? nfUb5g\ <
F o;df klg ljleGg lsl;ddf /fu] x? h:t} un' faL÷lk+s /fu] , kftsf] yfK] n] /fu] , kmn sl' xg], 8f7F sl' xg]
/f]ux? nfUb5g\ . logLx? dWo] u'nfaL / kmn s'lxg] /f]un] a9L gfS] ;fgL ub5{ .
@%_ ?vs6x/sf] u'nfaL÷lk+s /fu] s;/L klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 <
F o; /f]un] cfqmd0f u/]sf xfFufsf af]qmfx? ;s' ]sf] h:tf b]lvG5g\ . pQm 7fpFdf u'nfaL /Ësf] wn' f] b]vf
kb5{ . xfuF fsf] af]qmf / sf7 gi6 ePsf] sf/0f xfuF faf6 vfB kbfy{sf] kj| fx /f]lsg uO{ kftx? emb{5g\ /
cGTodf k/' } af]6 dg{ ;Qm5 .
@^_ u'nfaL÷lks+ /f]usf] /f]syfd s;/L ug{' kb5{ <
F /f]uL xfFufx?nfO{ sf6]/ hnfO{ lbg' kb{5 . o;/L sfl6Psf] 7fpdF f af8] {]S; kG] 6 nufpg' kb5{ / k"/} af6] df
af8] ]{S; ldS:r/ !% sf] 3f]n agfO{ 5g'{ kb{5 .
@&_ ?vs6x/sf] kmn sl' xg] /fu] sf] klxrfg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
F of] /fu] kf| oM ;a} u/d / cf]l;nf] xfjfkfgL ePsf 7fpFx?df nfus] f] kfO{G5 . o; /fu] sf] 9;' Ln] slnnf
kmnx?df cfqmd0f ub{5 . /fu] n] ul| ;t kmnx? sfnf x'G5g\ / af]6af6 emb5{ g\ .
@*_ kmn sl' xg] /fu] sf] /f]syfd s;/L ug'{kb5{ <
F af6] df kmn nflu;s]kl5 slnnf kmnx?nfO{ 8fO{yg] Pd–$% jf j]leli6g @–# uf| d kl| t ln6/ kfgLdf
ld;fO{ !)–!% lbgsf] km/sdf @–# k6s :k|] u{of] eg] /fu] nfUgaf6 arfpg ;lsG5 .
#=!) lnrL -Litchi_
!_ lnrL s:tf] xfjfkfgLdf x'g] kmnkmn" afnL xf] <
F pi0f kb| z] Lo kmnkm"nx? dWo] lnrLnfO{ ljzi] f k|sf/sf] xfjfkfgLsf] h?/t kb5{ . o;sf] nflu a9L cfbt|{ f
ePsf] u/d cf]l;nf t/ lxpbdf lr;f] t/ t';f/f] gkg]{ vfnsf] xfjfkfgL ePsf] 7fpFx? Aoj;flos vt] Lsf]
pkoQ' m x'G5g\ . /fd|f];uF kmn" km'Ng kmN" g' cuf8L 708f df};dsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
@_ lnrLsf] a[l4 / ljsf;sf] nflu slt;Ddsf] tfkqmd pko'Qm x'G5 <
F lnrLsf] nflu !)) b]lv #%) ;=] tfkqmd 7fpFx? pkoQ' m dflgG5g\ t/ lxpbsf] tfkqmd !) ;=] eGbf sd
gxg' ] / udL{sf] ofddf $)) ;=] eGbf a9L gxg' ] 7fpFdf o;sf] vt] L ;kmntfsf ;fy u/s] f] kfO{G5 .
#_ lnrLsf] vt] L ug{ jflifs{ jiff{ slt;Dd xg' ' cfjZos 5 <
F o;sf] vt] Lsf] nflu @) bl] v @#) ;]lG6ld6/ jflifs{ jiff{ x'g] 7fpxF ? pko'Qm xG' 5g\ . o;sf] ;kmn v]tLsf]
nflu s'n jiff{ eGbf klg lxpbF / udL{ ofdsf] jiffs{ f] ljt/9fn] a9L ke| fj kfb5{ .
$_ lnrL v]tLsf] nflu s:tf] df6f] pkoQ' m dflgG5 <
F lnrL v]tLsf] nflu anf}6, bfd] 6 df6fg] } ;j} eGbf pkoQ' m xf] t/ lgsf;sf] /fd|f] k|aGw ug{ ;s] lrD6o\ fOn{ f]
/ sfnf] df6fd] f ;dt] vt] L ug{ ;lsG5 . el" dut kfgLsf] ;tx sd;] sd @ ld6/ xg' ' kb{5 .
af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf] 119
%_ df6fs] f] clDnokgf / Iffl/okgf s:tf] xg' ' kb{5 <
F lnrLsf] vt] L lk=Pr= %=% sf] xf/fxf/Ldf ePsf] ;a} eGbf pQd xf] t/ %=))–^=)) ;Dd lk=Pr= ePsf]
df6f]df Aoj;flos v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 .
^_ lnrLsf] la?jf sg' tl/sfn] nufpg pko'Qm xG' 5 <
F o;sf] v]tL k|foM ;dy/ hdLgdf g} ul/g] xF'bf jufs{ f/ jf cfotfsf/ jf lqe'hfsf/ t/Lsfn] la?jf
nufpg pko'Qm xG' 5 . dWo] kxf8L If]qsf] jz] L–vf+r] lt/ sG6/' t/Lsf klg ckgfpg ;lsG5 .
&_ lnrLsf la?jf slt bl" /df nufpFbf plrt x'G5 <
F lnrLsf] k|foM ;a} hftx? g} prfO eGbf klg a9L km}ng] lsl;dsf ePsfn] ] la?jfsf] b/' L sDtLdf !)X!)
dL6/ sfod ug{' kb{5 .
*_ lnrLsf] au}r+ f :yfkgf ubf{ /]vfÍg ug{ lsg h?/L 5 <
F lnrLsf af6] x? w/] } jif{;Dd afRF g] / jif}{ lkR5] kmn lbO{ /xg] xF'bf o;sf] plrt :ofxf/ ;+ef/
ug{ dl] zg/Lx?sf] klg ko| fu] ug{ ;lsof;] egL /v] fÍg u/L plrt tl/sf ckgfO{ la?jf nufpg h?/L
xG' 5 .
(_ lnrLsf] la?jf /fK] g' cuf8L slt ulx/fOs{ f] vf8\n vGg' kb5{ <
F xfjf 5]Sg] ?v nufOP{ sf] lbzflt/af6 sDtLdf !)–!% dL6/ 5f8] L /]vfÍg ul/Psf :yfgdf la?jf /fK] g]
kmNofssf] ko| f]u u/L ! 3gdL6/sf] vf8n la?jf /fK] g' eGbf !%–@) lbg cufj} vGg' kb5{ .
!)_ lnrLsf la?jf /f]Kg' cufj} xfjf 5]Sg] la?jf nufpg lsg cfjZos x'G5 <
F lnrLsf] km"n kmN' g] / kmn nfusf] nfu]sf] ;dodf xfjfx'/Ln] km"n tyf kmnx? a9L g} emfb{5 . lnrLsf
xfFuflau+ f cGo kmnkm"nsf] eGbf sdhf]/ x'g] xF'bf a9L g} efFlrG5g\ . t;y,{ o:tf] kl/l:ytLaf6 afFRgsf] nflu
lah' cfkF , s6x/, hfd'g, os' flnK6;, l;;f} h:tf la?jfx? xfjf 5]Sg] la?jfsf] ?kdf nufpg' kb{5 .
!!_ lnrLsf] au}+rfdf l;r+ fO{ ug{ h?/L 5 <
F lnrLsf] af6] n] cfjZostf cg'?k kfgL gkfPdf la?jfsf] a[l4 /f]lsg] / kftx? emg{] xG' 5 . ;'Vvf / udL{
ofddf a9L l;r+ fOs{ f] h?/L xG' 5 . l;+rfOs{ f] cefj xg' ] 7fpFx?df km"n / kmnx? emg]{ / cl8Psf kmnx?
;fgf / kfSg] cj:yfdf km'6g\ ] qmd a9L xG' 5 .
!@_ lnrLdf dnvfbsf] Aoj:yf s;/L ug{ kb5{ <
F lnrL la?jfsf] /fd|f] al[ 4 / pRr u'0f:t/sf] a9L kmn pTkfbg ug{ ;Gtl' nt dfqfdf vfB tTjx? lbg
cfjZos xG' 5 . ;fwf/0ftM kmn gkmn]sf la?jfdf &%–!)) uf| d gfO6{ «f]hg, @%–%) uf| d kmf:kmf/] ; /
&%–!)) u|fd kf]6f;sf] cfjZostf kb5{ . To;/Lg} kmn lbg] la?jfsf] nflu %))–^)) u|fd gfO6{ f« ]hg,
!%)–@)) u|fd kmf:kmf/] ; tyf %))–^)) u|fd kf6] f; kl| t af6] sf] b/n] lbg' kb{5 . kf| Ëfl/s dn @%)
s=] hL= tyf cGo z'Id tTjx?sf] klg cfjZos xG' 5 .
!#_ gk] fndf lnrLsf k|rlnt hftx? sg' sg' x'g <
F gk] fndf ljleGg :yfgdf leGg leGg hftx?sf] vt] L u/]sf] kfO{G5 lsgsL oL hftx? kf| oM ef/taf6 cfoft
ul/Psf x'g\ . a9L Ifq] kmndf nufO{Psf hftx?df d'hˆkm/k/' , cln{ nfh{ /]8, rfOgf, zfxL, snslQof,
aDa], l;8n];, d]lsng cflb d'Vo xg' \ .
120 af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf]
!$_ lnrLsf] d'hˆkm/k/' hftsf] lazi] ftf s] xf] <
F of] l56f] kfSg] hft xf] . o;sf kmnx? h]i7sf] !% lt/ kfSb5 . of] hftsf] lnrLdf 3gf kmn nfUb5g \ .
;/b/ kmnsf] tfn} @) uf| d kmnsf] ub' L / aLpsf] cgk' ft s/La %M! x'G5 . cGo hftsf] tn' gfdf kmnx?
sd km'6b5g\ .
!%_ lnrLsf] rfO{gf hftsf] ljzi] ftf s] xf]nf <
F o;sf] af]6 demfn} f, kmnx? 7"nf / cfsif{s, jf;gfbf/, g/d / vfFbf :jflbnf / a9L ul' nof xG' 5g\ . kmn
km"6g\ ] / ;g:SofN8 /f]u sd nfUb5 .
!^_ lnrLsf] snslQof hftsf] ljz]iftf atfO{ lbg' x'Yof]ls <
F t'ngfTds o;sf] af]6 ;fgf] x'g] ePtf klg k|;:t kmn nfUb5g \ . kmn kfSbf kmnsf] aflx/L /Ë /ftf,] u'bL
;t] f] / vfFbf :jflbi6 / ul' nof x'G5g \ . o;sf kmn eg] a9L km6' g\ ] ub}5g \ .
!&_ lnrLsf] l;8n;] hftsf] ljzi] ftf klg agfO{ lbg' xG' Yof] ls <
F o; hftnfO{ l;8n;] elgPtf klg ;fgf aLp eg] xG' 5g\ t/ ub' Lsf] dfqf a9L x'G5 . kmnsf] tnlt/ rR' rf]
k/s] f] nflDrnf] tyf c08fsf/sf x'G5g \ . kmnsf] aflx/L /Ë /ftf] / u'bL lqmd h:tf] ;t] f] x'G5 .
!*_ lnrLsf] aDa] hftsf] klg ljz]iftf atfO{ lbg' x'GYof] ls <
F o;sf kmnx? 7n" f–7n" f emK' kfdf kmNg] ub5{ . kmn kfSbf 6'Kkf] /ftf] /Ëdf ablnG5g\ eg] cGo efu xl/o}
/xG5g \ . ub' L ;t] f], /l;nf] / :jflbnf] x'G5 . aLp÷laofF 7"nf], nfDrf] / lrNnf] k|sf/sf] xG' 5 .
!(_ lnrL la?jf k;| f/0fsf] nflu s'g ljlw ckgfOG5 <
F lnrLsf] la?jf k|;f/0f ug{] d"Vo t/Lsf sndL÷u'6L no] /LË g} xf ] . aLpaf6 klg lnrLsf] la?jf pTkfbg
ug} ;lsG5 / sltko hft aLpaf6} 5gf6} ul/Psf klg 5g\ t/ o;/L pTkfbg ul/Psf af]6x? *–!) jif{
kl5 dfq kmNg] / kmnx? dft[u0' f ;DkGg gx'g] xbF' f aLpaf6 k;| f/0f ug{] rng sd} kfOG{ 5 .
@)_ lnrLdf no] /LË ljlwaf6 s;/L la?jf pTkfbg ul/G5 <
F lnrLsf] n]o/LË ug]{ xfuF fx? dflylt/ kmss{] f, /f]usL/f gnfu]sf #)–^) ;=] ld= nfdf xfFufx? 5fGg' kb{5 .
oL xfFufx?af6 !–@ ;=] ld= rf8} f u/L j/Lk/Lsf] af]qmf x6fpg' kb5{ . pQm 7fpdF f ?vdf kfOg] ‰ofp jf
nl] ;nf] df6f] /fvL Knfli6sn] ba' } 5p] df afWg' kb5{ . ciff9–>fj0flt/ nufPsf] u'6L a9L ;kmn x'G5 .
@!_ u6' L n]o/LË ubf{ s'g} /;fogx? klg k|of]u ug{' kb{5 <
F u'6L afWg] 7fpdF f %)% ?6f]g -cfO{=jL=P=_ cyjf !)) kLkLPdsf] Pg=P=P= nufO{ lbPdf h/fx? w]/} rf8F f]
ljs;Lt x'G5g\ / ztkl| t;t ;kmn x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 .
@@_ lnrLsf] la?jfx?sf] x/] rfxdf sltsf] Wofg k¥' ofpg' kg{] xG' 5 <
F lnrLsf] la?jf l9nf] u/L x's{g] xb'F f emf/kft lgoGq0fdf ljzi] f Wofg ko{' fpg' kb{5 . lj?jfsf] kmb] sf] j/Lk/L
v/, k/fnsf] 5fkf] lbPdf emf/kft lgoGq0f / lr:ofg sfod /fVg gLs} d2t kU' b5 . olb /f;folgs ljlw
k|of]u ug'{ k/d] f UnfOk{ mf];]6 jf kf/fSjf6 eGg] ljiffbL ko| f]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
@#_ lnrL au}r+ fdf cGt/afnL nufpg plrt xf]nf ls gxfn] f atfO{ lbg' x'GYof] ls <
F la?jfx? gx'lsp{ Gh]n aLrsf] vfnL 7fpdF f eO{s6x/, d]jf, skmL / df}ifd cg;' f/sf t/sf/L afnLx?
cGt/afnLsf] ?kdf nufpg ;lsG5 . au}r+ f nufPsf] &–* jif{ kl5 cGt/afnLx? qmdzM x6fpb} hfg'
kb5{ .
af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf] 121
@$_ lnrLsf kmnx? l6Kg nfos ePsf] s;/L yfxf x'G5 <
F kf| oM hftx?df kmn kfSbf af]qmfsf] aflx/L /Ë xl/ofa] f6 /ftfd] f kl/0ft x'G5g\ . af]qmfdf /xs] f sfF8f g/d,
d;fOn{ f / km}lnPsf xG' 5g\ . s'g–} sg' } hftx? kfSbf kmnsf] /Ë kl/jt{g gxg' ] xb'F f cGo cfwf/df kmn kfs]
gkfss] f] 56' \ofpg' kb{5 . ;fwf/0ftof kmn nfus] f] %%–^) lbgdf kmnx? kfSb5g \ .
@%_ lnrL kmnnfO{ nfdf] ;do e08f/0f ug{ s'g} pkfo 5 ls <
F lnrL kmn af]6d} kfs]kl5 l6Kg] vfnsf] kmn ePsfn] ] w]/} sfFrfd] f l6Kg ;lsb}g . l6k]sf kmnx? ;fwf/0f
cj:yfdf @–# lbg dfq l6Sb5g\ . zLt e08f/0fdf !–& l8u|L ;]lG6u]|8 tfkqmddf @–# dlxgf;Dd /fVg
;lsg] kl/If0faf6 b]lvPsf] 5 t/ Aojxf/df o;/L /fv]sf] kfOGg . Knfli6ssf] yn} fdf ;fgf–;fgf Kjfnx?
agfO{ kmnnfO{ !M# u/L /fv]df &–* lbg;Dd tfh} /fVg ;lsG5 .
@^_ lnrLsf] pTkfbg k|lt af6] slt;Dd lng ;lsG5 <
F o;sf] kmn pTkfbg hft, pd]/, dnhn tyf xfjfkfgLdf lge{/ ub{5 . Pp6f kl/kSj af6] af6 ;fwf/0ftof
$–% xhf/ kmnx? cyjf ()–!%) s]=hL= pTkfbg xg' ] ub5{ . Pp6f af6] af6 a9Ldf %)) s]=hL=;Dd
pTkfbg ePsf] /s] 8{ klg kfOG{ 5 .
@&_ lnrLdf s:tf–s:tf sL/fx? nfUb5g\ <
F lnrLdf ljz]iftM ;n' ;'n,] afq] mf vfg] em'l;nsL/f, kft a]g]{ sL/f, lnkm dfOg{ / / nfxL ls/f nfUb5g\ t/
;'n;'n] g} o;sf] ;a} eGbf xflgsf/s xG' 5 .
@*_ lnrLdf nfUg] ;'n;'n]n] s;/L gf]S;fgL ub5{ <
F o;sf] dfp sL/fn] kftsf] sf]lkn} cj:yfdf km"n kfb5{ g \ . tL km"naf6 #–$ lbgd} nfefx{ ? lg:s]/ kft
vfg z?' u/L k0" f{ kftsf] ljsf; xg' cufj} kftnfO{ gf]S;fgL k¥' ofpbF 5g \ . kftdf ePsf] /; r'l;;sk] l5
kft a6fl/G5 / sL/fn] vfPsf] 7fpFdf v}/f] ej' f h:tf] kbfys{ f] ljsf; x'G5 .
@(_ ;'n;n' ] sL/fnfO{ s;/L lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 <
F o; sL/fnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;fag' , uGws kfgL -@)M@M^)) sf] ldS;r/_ jf 8fO{dy] f]o6 -! ln= k|lt ln6/
kfgLdf_ jf uGwsn] -$%) uf| d k|lt !)) ln= kfgLdf_ gofF kfnj' f lg:sg] ;dodf / !)–!% lbgsf]
cGt/fndf #–$ k6s pkrf/ u/d] f ;n' ;'n] lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
#)_ lnrLdf /f]usf] ;d:of slQsf] b]vf kb5{ <
F cGo afnLx?df h:tf] lnrLdf w/] } lsl;dsf /fu] nfUb}g . st}–st} /:6 eGg] /fu] nfUb5 . of] /fu] slnnf
kftx?df Ps ks| f/sf] np] maf6 xg' ] ub{5 . o;n] lnrL afnLnfO{ cflys{ ?kdf 7"nf] gf]S;fgL k'{ofPsf]
kfOb{ g} .
#!_ lnrLdf kmn km6' \g] ;d:of s] sf/0fn] ubf{ cfpbF 5 <
F ;"o{sf] ks| fzn] ubf{ kmnx?sf] Pskl§ 89g\ ] / kmnx? km6' \g] lnrLsf] Pp6f 7"nf] ;d:ofsf] ?kdf b]vf k/]sf]
5 . kmnx? ljsl;t eO{/xs] f] / kfSg] cj:yfdf km6' \g] ub5{ g\ . kmn km6' g\ ] qmd sd cf'tf ePsf u/d /
;V' vf 7fpdF f a9L xg' ] ub5{ .
#@_ lnrLdf kmn km'6g\ ] ;d:ofnfO{ s;/L Gog" ug{ ;lsG5 <
F kmn km'6\gaf6 lnrLnfO{ kmnsf] ljsf; eO{/xs] f] ;dodf kfgLsf] cefj x'g lbg x'bg} . kmnsf] ljsf;sf]
;dodf lh+s;Nkm6] -!=%%_, lha]|lns Pl;8 -$) lk=lk=Pd=_ cyjf Oyk] mfg] -!) lk=lk=Pd=_ 5gf{n] kmn
km6' g\ ] lqmof sd x'b} hfG5 .
122 af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf]
#=!! gf:kftL -Pear_
!_ gf:kftL s:tf] lsl;dsf] xfjfkfgLdf km:6fpg] kmnkmn" afnL xf] <
F of] Ps ;dlztfi] 0f ktem8 kmnkm"n xf ] . o;sf vt] L lr;f] cf' sd ePsf] 7fpxF ?df a9L km:6fp5
u'0f:t/Lo kmn pTkfbg x'G5 .
@_ o;n] s:tf] tfkqmd ?rfp5 <
F gf:kftL v]tL @@–@^) ;=] tfkqmd ePsf] 7fpdF f ;aeGbf /fdf| ] xG' 5 t/ o; eGbf a9L jf 3l6 ePsf
:yfgx?df klg pTkfbg eg] xG' 5 . gf:kftLn] t';f/f] ;xg ug{ ;Sb}g .
#_ ;d' ;txaf6 slt prfO{;Ddsf] hdLgdf o;sf] v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 <
F gf:kftLsf y'k|} hftx? kfOG5g\ . s'g} hftx? clns xf]rf] :yfgdf ?rfp5g\ eg] s'g} cUnf] 7fpdf
km:6fpb5g\ . km/lkË gf:kftL !)))–!&)) dL6/;Dd Aoj;flos v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 eg] hfkflgh hftsf
gf:kftL !$)) dL6/ dfly ;kmn x'G5g \ .
$_ o;sf] nflu s:tf] lsl;dsf] df6f] pko'Qm xG' 5 <
F gf:kftL vt] L ug{ h:tf;] 's} df6f] pkoQ' m xG' 5 t/ k|fËfl/s kbfys{ f] kr| '/tf / kfgLsf] ljsf; eg] /fdf| ]
xg' ' kb5{ . df6fs] f] lk=Pr= dfg %=% b]lv ^=) ePsf] /fdf| ] dflgG5 .
%_ a9L lr;f] ?rfpg] hftx? s'g–s'g xg' <
F gf:kftLsf a9L lr;f] ?rfpg] hftx?df jf6{n]6, xf6L{ / sGkm/G] ; eGg] hftx? 5g\ .
^_ dWod lr;f]df klg nufpg ;lsg] hftx? sg' sg' xf]nft <
F sf;] 'O,{ xf;] 'O,{ rf]h'/f,] lgO{tfsf, l;Gsf,] cftfuf], lss;' O' { cflb hfkfgLh hftx? xg' .
&_ sd lr;f] dg k/fpg] vfnsf hftx? sg' –sg' xf]nfg <
F dWod vfnsf] lr;f] dg k/fpg] Ps dfq kmlk{Ë :yfgLo hft xf ] . 7fpF cg';f/ cGo :yfgLo hftx? klg
kfOG{ 5g \ .
*_ gf:kftLsf la?jfx? s;/L pTkfbg ul/G5 <
F gf:kftLsf] la?jfx? sndL ljlwaf6} tof/ ul/G5 . o;sf] nflu don jf ef]6] donsf] aLpaf6 la?jf
pTkfbg u/L To;df kmfNu'0f dlxgfdf ;fog hf]8L la?jf tof/ ul/G5 .
(_ o;sf] la?jf nufpg sg' t/Lsfn] /v] fÍg ug{ pkoQ' m xfn] f <
F ljzi] ft gf:kftL vt] L ul/g] :yfgx? le/fnf] x'g] xFb' f u/fsfGnf÷sG6/' t/Lsfn] /]vfÍg ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 .
clns ;dy/ hdLgdf if8sf]0ffsf/ t/Lsfn] la?jf nufpg ;lsG5 .
!)_ gf:kftLsf la?jfx? slt b'/L sfod u/L /f]Kg' knf{ <
F hfkfg hLh hftsf la?jfx? $X$ dL6/ b'/Ldf nufO{G5 eg] :yfgLo km/lkË hftnfO{ eg] sDtLdf klg
^X^ dL6/sf] b/' L sfod ug{' kb{5 .
!!_ la?jf /fK] gsf] nflu slt ulx/fOs{ f] vf8n vGg h?/L xG' 5 .
F au}r+ f nufpg] :yfg d6\ofOn{ f] ePdf ! 3g dL6/ eGbf sdsf] vf8n vGbf klg xG' 5 t/ 9Ë' ofOnf] df6fd] f
eg] sDtLdf ! 3g dL6/ j/fj/sf] vf8n vGg} kg]{ x'G5 . o;/L vg]sf] vf8ndf sDkfi] 6 dn / df6f] !M#
sf] cgk' ft ldnfO{ k'g'{ kb5{ .
af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf] 123
!@_ gf:kftLsf s:tf vfnsf la?jf s'g dlxgfdf ;fg'{ knf{ <
F s/La # kmL6 prfO{sf :j:Yo la?jfx? kf}if–df3 dlxgfdf klxn] vlg /fv]sf] vf8ndf ;fbf{ eg] ;+Vof
gLs} Gog" xg' cfp5 .
!#_ gf:kftLsf la?jfx? /fl] k ;s]kl5 5fkf] lbg h?/L xG' 5 <
F lgZrog}, slnnf] la?jfnfO{ ;'Vvfaf6 arfpg / emf/kftx? l56f] gknfcf;] eGg ;s' s] f emf/kft k/fn
cflbn] af]6sf] j/Lk/L 5fkf] xfnL lbg' kb{5 .
!$_ gf:kftLsf] au}+rfdf cGt/afnL nufpg ;lsG5 <
F gf:kftL cUnf] / km}lng] vfnsf] kmnkmn" xf] t/ o;sf] k0" f{ ljsf; x'g s/La *–!) jif{ nfUb5 . o;
cjlwdf sx] L cf?jv8f, cb'jf, j];f/, cfn' / bfn afnLx? l;dL, s]/fp, df;, e§df; h:tf afnLx?
la?jfsf] pd]/ *–!) jif{sf] gx'Gh]n nufpg ;lsG5 .
!%_ gf:kftLsf] la?jfnfO{ dnvfbsf] Aoj:yf s;/L ldnfpg' kb5{ <
F gf:kftLsf] af6] nfO{ pd/] cg';f/sf] cnu cnu dfqf l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] xG' 5 . @ jif{sf] gkmns] f] la?jfnfO{
@) s]=hL= sDkf]i6, !)) u|fd gfO6{ f« h] g, %) u|fd km:kmf]/;, !) uf| d kf]6f;sf] cfjZos x'G5 eg] ;fx] L
la?jfnfO{ !) jif{ k'u]kl5 ^) s]=hL= sDkf]i6, $)) u|fd gfO{6f« h] g, @)) uf| d km:kmf/] ; / $) uf| d
kf]6f;sf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
!^_ l;kmf/L; dfqfsf dnx? jifd{ f slt k6s / sg' cgk' ftdf lbg' kmfobfhgs x'G5 <
F /f;folgs dnx? jifs{ f] # k6s ko| fu] u/]sf] klg kfO{G5 t/ Aojxfl/s ?kn] ;lhnf] tyf la?jfnfO{
kmfobf k'Ug] klxnf] kN6 ki' f, df3df &%% / afsF L @%% hi] 7 dlxgflt/ xfNg pkoQ' m xG' 5 .
!&_ gf:kftLdf tflnd tyf sf6F 5f6F sf] sltsf] dxTj xG' 5 <
F gf:kftL ktem8 la?jf ePsfn] ] lxpbF sf] dlxgfdf la?jfnfO{ tflnd tyf sf6F 5fF6 ug{ clgjfo{ cfjZostf
xG' 5 . tflnd tyf sf6F 5fF6 u/LPsf la?jfx? 7Ls cfsf/sf cfsifs{ / u'0f:t/Lo / a9L pTkfbg lbg]
Ifdtfsf xG' 5g \ .
!*_ gf:kftLdf sg' t/Lsfn] tflnd sfF65fF6 ug{' plrt x'G5 <
F gf:kftLdf s]lGbo| vN' nf k|0ffnL / dfl] 8kmfO8{ ;]G6«n ln8/ l;i6daf6 tflnd tyf sfF65f6F u/s] f] kfO{G5 .
z?' sf $ jif;{ Dd la?jfsf] cfsf/ ldnfpg] t/Lsfn] la?jfsf] tflnd / sf6F 5f6F ul/G5 eg] $ jif{kl5
7n" f la?jfnfO{ km"n pTkfbgsf] lx;fan] sf6F 5fF6 ug{] ul/G5 .
!(_ s] gf:kftLdf klg kmn 5f6F \g] sfo{ ug{ h?/L xG' 5 <
F u0' f:t/Lo kmn pTkfbg ug{ kmn 5f6F \g clgjfo{ xG' 5 . klxnf] k6s kmn nfu]sf] ! dlxgf kl5 s/La uR' 5f
cfsf/sf x'Fbf kmn 5f6F \g' kb{5 . bf;] f| ] k6s h]i7sf] klxnf] ;ftflt/ ;fgf / sfd gnfUg] vfnsf kmn
5f6g\ ' kb5{ . Pp6f emK' kfdf !–@ j6f dfq kmn nfUg lbg' kb{5 .
@)_ gf:kftLdf s:tf s:tf sL/fx? nfUb5g\ <
F gf:kftLdf ljz]ift sTn] sL/f, lrKn] sL/f, nfxL, kmn s'xfpg] cf;+} f, vk6,] uaf/f,] ly|K;, ;n' ;'n] h:tf
sL/fx? nfUb5g\ . logLx? dWo] sTn], lrKn] / kmn sx' fpg] cf;}+ f sL/fn] a9L Iflt k¥' ofPsf] xG' 5 .
124 af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf]
@!_ gf:kftLdf nfUg] sTn] sL/fn] s;/L Iflt ub5{ <
F ;i' fK' tfj:yfdf /xs] f gf:kfltsf af6] x?df k|;:t dfqfdf v/fgL /u+ sf ;]tf v;|f yfK] nfx? slnnf dg" f,
kft tyf ?vsf] af]qmfdf a;L /; r';L /x]sf x'G5g\ . sdhf]/ la?jfx?df oL sL/fx?sf] cfqmd0f a9L
bl] vG5 .
@@_ sTn] sL/fsf] /fs] yfd s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
F oL sL/fx?nfO{ /f]syfd ug{sf] nflu ;j{ky| dtM au+}rfnfO{ ;kmf ;'U3/ /fVg], ;'ifK' tfj:yfdf @% vlgh
tn] sf] ko| f]u ug{] / cem /fd|f] /fs] yfd x'g ;s]g eg] ;l' dl;l8g h:tf ljiffbL ! Pd=Pn= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf
ld;fP/ :k|] ug'{ kb5{ .
@#_ lrKn] sL/fn] gf:kftLnfO{ s;/L gf]S;fgL k'¥ofpbF 5 <
F o; sL/fsf nfefx{ ? lrKn] sL/f h:t} ynyn k/s] f x'G5g\ . nfef{x?n] gf:kftLsf] kftdf cfqmd0f u/L
kftx? vfO{ lbG5g\ h:n] ubf{ la?jfx? gfË} b]lvG5g\ . oL nfefx{ ? xl/of, kx+]nf / cGo /Ësf klg x'G5g\ .
@$_ lrKn] sL/fsf] /f]syfd s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
F la?jfdf b]lvPsf nfef{ Ko"kfx? xftn] l6k]/ uf8/] jf hnfP/ gi6 ug{ ;lsG5 . a9L cfqmd0f ePsf] 5
eg] ;'ldl;l8g gfds ljiffbL ! Pd=Pn= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ciff9sf] z?' b]lvg} la?jfdf 5g'{ kb5{ .
@%_ kmn sx' fpg] cf}+;fn] gf:kftLsf] kmnnfO{ s;/L gfS] ;fgL k'¥ ofpbF 5 <
F o; sL/fsf] kfy] L lemËfn] p;sf] km'n kfg]{ ltvf] cËn] kmnsf] leqL efudf km'n kfl/lbG5g \ . tL km"nx?af6
sx] L lbgdf cf+;} fx? lg:sG5g\ / kmnsf] leqL efu vfg yfNb5g\ kmn:j?k kmn s'lxP/ emb5{ g \ .
@^_ kmn s'xfpg] cf};+ fsf] s;/L /f]syfd ug{ ;lsG5 <
F h]7 dlxgfsf] cGtlt/ kT| o]s kmnnfO{ sfuhsf] yn} fn] jf hfnn] 5fK] g' kb5{ . cuf6} ] hftx?df eGbf k5f}6]
hftx?df a9L gfS] ;fgL k'¥ofpbF 5g \ .
@&_ gf:kftL afnLdf s:tf–s:tf /f]ux? nfUb5g\ <
F gf:kftLdf kftdf nfUg] yf]Kn] /f]u, u'nfjL÷lk+s /fu] d'Vo x'g . logLx? dWo] yf]Kn] / u'nfaL /fu] n] a9L
gf]S;fgL ub{5 .
@*_ gf:kftLsf] kftdf nfUg] yfK] n] /f]un] s;/L gf]S;fgL ub{5 <
F klxn] kftdf ;fgf–;fgf v}/f /Ësf yf]Knfx? cfiff9 dlxgfsf] z?' lt/ bv] f kb{5g\ . oL yfK] nf ePsf kftx?
l56} emb{5g\ h:n] ubf{ la?jfx? j]dfi} fddf km'Ng yfNb5g\ . of] /f]u kmndf eg] nfus] f] kfO{Psf] 5g} .
@(_ kftdf nfUg] yfK] n] /f]usf] /f]syfd s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
F lxpbsf] ;dodf la?jfsf] kmb] df em/s] f /f]uL kftx? hDdf u/]/ hnfO{ lbg' kb{5 / hi] 7 bl] v ciff9sf]
cGt;Dd OG8f]lkmn Pd–$% gfds /f]u gfzs ljiffbL !–% uf| d kl| t ln6/ kfgLdf 3fn] ]/ 5gfn{ ] /fu]
lgoGq0fdf cfpb5 .
#)_ un' faL / lk+s /fu] sf] klxrfg s;/L xG' 5 <
F z'?df /f]u nfu]sf] 7fpdF f dfs'/fsf] hfnf] h:tf] 9;" Lsf] hfnf] b]vf kb5{ . oL 9;' Lx? qmdzM la?jfsf]
xfuF fdf a9b\ } hfG5g\ / un' faL bfu b]lvG5g\ . /fu] kml} nb} hfbf kftx? kxl]+ nG5g\ / la?jf cfO] nfp5 .
/fu] L la?jfsf] af]qmf v;|f] / lrl/Psf] xG' 5 .
af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf] 125
#!_ u'nfaL /f]usf] /f]syfd ug]{ pkfox? s–] s] xf]nfg <
F af]6df u'nfaL wAaf bl] vPsf] efunfO{ rSsn' ] sf6/] x6fpg] / Toi;df af]8f]ki] 6 nufpg' kb5{ . km"n kmN" g'
cuff8L bl] v jifft{ sf] dWo;Dd OG8fl] kmn Pd–$% gfds ljiffbL !=% u|fd÷ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ k6s–k6s
5g'{ kb{5 .
#@_ gf:kftLsf] kmn kfss] f] s;/L yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 <
F gf:kftLsf kmnx? kl/kSj ePkl5 xl/of] /Ëaf6 kx+]nf]–/ftf] lsl;dsf] 56' } /Ëdf ablnG5 / kmndf /;
r8L kfl] 6nf b]lvG5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf df}/L, r/f cflbn] a9L cfqmd0f ub{5g\ .
##_ gf:kftLsf] kmnnfO{ s;/L l6Kg pko'Qm xfn] f <
F sf6F 5fF6 ul/Psf hfkfgLh hftsf gf:kftLx? eO" a{ f6} l6Kg ;lsG5 t/ cUnf af6] 5g\ eg] e¥ofËsf]
;xfotf lng' kg{] x'G5 . kmn l6Kg] a]nfdf kmnnfO{ gtfgLsg kmn dfly p7fPdf ;lhn} l6Kg ;lsG5 .
kmn l6kL ;s]kl5 e6] g\ f] sr} Ln] sf6g\ ] 3fp nfu]sf] cfsf/ gldns] f] kmn x6fO{ /fd|f kmnx? kmf]d h:tf
g/d j:t'df /fVg' kb5{ .
#$_ kmnx? Kofs ug{' k"j{ lr:ofpg lsg h?/L x'G5 <
F gk] fndf kf| oM kmn l6kL ;s]kl5 lr:ofpg] rng 5}g t/ lr:ofpbf aflx/ v]tjf/L ePsf] tfkqmd sd
eO{ u'0f:t/ lju|g / tf]n 36g\ kfpb}g .
#%_ gf:kftLsf kmnx? 5fGg / u]l| 8Ë ug{ cfjZos 5 <
F kmnx? l6kL;s]kl5 kmnsf] e6] \gf / kftx? x6fpg] /fu] sL/f, rf]6k6s nfu]sf c;dfg cfsf/ ePsf
kmnx? x6fpg' kb{6 / /fdf| kmnx? dWo] P / aL ;d"xdf afF8L P ;dx" sfnfO{ yf]s ahf/df / aL
;d"xsfnfO{ :yfgLo ahf/df ljqmL ug'{ kb{5 .
#^_ gf:kftLsf] kmnnfO{ s;/L KoflsË ug'{ plrt xfn] f <
F xfn klg gf:kftLsf kmnx? 6fs] /L, y'G;], 8fs] f,] af]/f cflbdf KoflsË ubf{ kmnnfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg ;lsG5 .
#&_ gf:kftLsf kmnx? s;/L e08f/0f ug{' kb{5 <
F ;fwf/0f sf]7fx?df gf:kftL /fVof}+ eg] #–$ lbg leq} lau|g z'? x'G5 . ctM e08f/0f ug]{ sf7] fsf] tfkqmd
^–*) ;=] / cfbt{| f *)–*%% sfod u/L e08f/0f ubf{ #)–$% lbg;Dd e08f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
#*_ gf:kftLsf] pTkfbg k|lt af6] slt;Dd lng ;lsG5 <
F hfkfgLh hftsf *–!) jif{ pd]/sf kl| t af]6df ;b/ @)) bfgfsf] *)–!)) s]=hL= pTkfbg ePsf] /]s8{
5 .
#=!@ cf? -Peach_
!_ cf? s:tf] xfjfkfgLdf xg' ] kmnkmn" afnL xf] <
F cf?nfO{ zLtf]i0f xfjfkfgL ePsf] lxpbF df lr;f-] cfb{| tyf jiffd{ f ;V' vf x'g] :yfgx? pkoQ' m x'G5 . a9L
lr;f] rflxg] hftx?nfO{ !))) 306fsf] lr;f] cfjZos kb5{ eg] sd lr;f] rflxg] hftx?nfO{ $)) 306f
eGbf sdsf] lr;f] eP kU' b5 . a;Gt Ctd' f kg]{ t'iff/f] ;a} hftx?sf] nflu xflgsf/s dflgG5 .
@_ ;d' ;txaf6 slt prfO{ ;Dd o;sf] v]tL ;kmn x'G5 <
F o;sf] v]tL ;db| ;txaf6 !)))–@))) ld6/ ;Ddsf] prfO{ pko'Qm dflgG5 t/ o; eGbf tn jf dfly
klg 3/fo;L lx;fan] la?jfx? nufPsf] / kmns] f] kfOG{ 5 .
126 af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf]
#_ cf?sf] v]tL ug{ jflifs{ jiff{ slt;Dd xg' ' cfjZos 5 <
F cf?sf] vt] Lsf nflu jflifs{ jiff{ $%) ld=ld= cyjf o; eGbf a9L jiff{nfO{ pkoQ' m dflgG5 .
$_ cf? vt] Lsf] nflu s:tf] df6f] pko'Qm dflgG5 <
F cf?sf] v]tL ljljw lsl;dsf] df6f]df ug{ ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ xNsf anf}6] b]lv lrD6o\ fOnf] bfd] 6 df6f]df
nufpg ;lsG5 t/ kfgLsf] lgsf; eg] /fdf| ] xg' ' kb5{ .
%_ df6fs] f] clDnokgf / Iffl/okgf s:tf] xg' ' kb5{ <
F cf? afnLn] Iffl/okg eGbf xNsf clDno df6f] ?rfpFb5 . o;sf] nflu %=* bl] v ^=* lk=Pr= dfg ePsf]
df6f] ;ae} Gbf pko'Qm x'G5 .
^_ cf?sf] la?jf s'g tl/sfn] nufpg pko'Qm xG' 5 <
F kxf8L le/fnf] hUufdf la?jf nufOg] x'bF f if6e\ h' fsf/ cyjf uxf| -sfGnf÷sG6'/ tl/sfn] au+}rfsf] /]vfÍg
u/L la?jf nufpg pkoQ' m x'G5 .
&_ cf?sf la?jf slt b"l/df nufpFbf plrt xG' 5 <
F o;sf] nflu ^ X ^ ld6/sf] b/" L sfod u/L la?jf nufpFbf Ps xS] 6/ hdLgdf s/La #)) j6f la?jf
nufpg ;lsG5 .
*_ cf?sf] au+}rf :yfkgf ubf{ /]vfÍg ug{ lsg h?/L 5 <
F cf? Ps axj' lif{o kmnkm"n afnL ePsf]n] cGt/afnL nufpg tyf au+}rf Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lhnf] xg' ]
ePsfn] ] /v] fÍg u//] } au}+rf :yfkgf ug{ h?/L x'G5 .
(_ cf?sf] la?jf /fK] g' cuf8L slt ulx/fOs{ f] vf8\n vGg' kb5{ <
F kxf8L hldgdf 9Ë' f el] 6g] ;Defjgf a9L ePsf]n] sDtLdf ! 3gld6/sf] vf8n vGg' kb{5 .
!)_ cf?sf] la?jf /f]Kbf la?jf /f]Kg] ˆNofs jf KnflG6Ë af8] s{ f] lsg cfjZos kb{5 <
F la?jf nufpg] 7fpF /v] fÍg u/L ;s]kl5 vf8\n vGg] ;dodf / la?jf /fK] g] ;dodf la?jf /fK] g] ˆNofs
jf KnflG6Ë af]8{sf] lgtfGt h?/L xG' 5 lsgsL o;s} f] dfWodaf6 la?jfx? ;db"/Ldf /f]Kg ;lsG5 .
!!_ cf?sf la?jfx? aur+} fdf sg' df};ddf /fl] kG5 <
F cf?sf la?jfx? ktem8 lsl;dsf ePsf] x'gfn] lxpFb df;} d ljz]iftM ki' f–df3 dlxgfdf /f]lkG5 .
!@_ cf?sf] aur}+ fdf l;r+ fO{ ug{ h?/L 5 <
F cf?sf la?jf /fk] s] f] ^–& dlxgf;Dd la?jfdf lr:ofg sfod /fVg' kb5{ . la?jf 7"nf e;} s]kl5 kfnj' f
cfpg] a]nfdf, kmn nfUg] an] fdf / jl[ 4 xg' ] an] fdf ljz]iftM ;'Vvf k/s] f] ;dodf l;r+ fOd{ f ljzi] f Wofg
lbg' kb5{ .
!#_ cf?df dnvfbsf] Joj:yf s;/L ug'{ kb{5 <
F cf?sf] af6] nfO{ dnvfb lbFbf pd/] cg';f/ l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] 5 t/ oxfF gkmn]sf] b'O{ jifs{ f] la?jfnfO{
@% s=] hL= sDkfi] 6 dn, !!) uf| d gfO{6«fh] g, %) uf| d kmf]:kmf/] ; / #) uf| d kf]6f; lbO{G5 eg] kmns] f] ^
jifs{ f] af6] nfO{ %) s]=hL= sDkfi] 6 dn, ##) u|fd gfO{6«f]hg, !%) uf| d kmf]:kmf]/; / () u|fd kf6] f; lbg'
kb5{ .
af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf] 127
!$_ gk] fndf cf?sf k|rlnt hftx? s'g sg' x'g\ <
F gk] fndf cf?sf kr| lnt hftx?df cf]/fOg, k/] LuL| g, l:kË| 6fOd{ , sfl8{gn, /]8 xe] g cflb kb5{ g\ .
!%_ cf?sf ;a}eGbf l56f] kfSg] hftx? s'g sg' x'g\ <
F cf?sf ;ae} Gbf l56f] kfSg] hftx?df cf/] fOg, l:k|Ë 6fOd{ , cfd{ uf]N8 / cln{ u|Lgu]h x'g\ .
!^_ cf?sf dWo df;} ddf kfSg] hftx? klg atfO lbg' xG' Yof] ls <
F cf?sf dWo df;} ddf kfSg] hftx?df sfl8g{ n, /]8 xe] g, k|mG] r cln{, 6]S;f; PNnf,] ˆnfl] /8f;g cflb xg' \ .
!&_ cf?sf ;ae} Gbf l9nf] kfSg] hftx? rflF x s] s] xg' \ <
F cf?sf l9nf] kfSg] hftx?df k/] Lu|Lg / O{Na6f{ g} dV' o xg' \ .
!*_ cf? au}+rfdf emf/kft x6fpg / dlNrË ug{ sltsf] h?/L xfn] f <
F la?jfsf] jl/kl/sf] emf/kft x6fO{ au+}rfnfO{ ;kmf ;'U3/ /fVg / a]l;g jl/kl/ 5fkf÷] dlNrË u/L lr:ofg
sfod /fVg / emf/kft knfpg glbg h?/L x'G5 lsgsL ;a} 7fpdF f l;+rfO{ ;l' jwf k¥' ofpg ufxf| ] x'G5 .
!(_ cf?sf] af]6nfO{ tflnd / sfF65fF6sf] cfjZostf kb5{ <
F cf? ktem8 afnL ePsf] x'bF f jif{df Ps k6s sfF65fF6 ug{ lgtfGt cfjZos kb{5 . o:tf] tflnd la?jf
/f]ks] f] klxnf] jif{ bl] v nuftf/ $ jif{;Dd la?jfsf] cfsf/ k|sf/ ldnfpg ul/G5 eg] To;kl5 cfjZostf
cg;' f/ af6] sf] sfF65f6F ug{' kb5{ . g]kfndf vN' nf s]Gb| ljlw cGtut{ /x/] tflnd / sf6F 5f6F ug{] ul/G5 .
@)_ cf?df la?jf k;| f/0fsf] nflu s'g ljlw ckgfOG5 <
F cf?sf la?jfsf] k|;f/0f jfg:klts k|hgg\af6 ul/G5 . o;sf] hËnL hftdf ljzi] ftM ckn|} bl] v ;K] 6D] a/
dlxgf;Dd 6Ë u|flˆ6Ë ljlwaf6 uf| lˆ6Ë u/L la?jf lgsfnL ! jif{ g;/{ Ldf /fvL bf]>f] jif{ aur+} fdf
;fl/G5 .
@!_ cf?sf] aur}+ fdf cGt/afnL nufpg ;lsG5 <
F cf? afnL k"0f{ ?kdf ljsl;t ePkl5sf] cfjZos kg]{ b/' L klxn] g} sfod ug{' kbf{ w]/} hdLg vfnL g} /xG5 .
ctM la?jfn] k0" f{ cfsf/ glnP;Dd bnxg afnL l;dL, s]/fp, df;, e6df; h:tf afnLx? cGt/afnLsf]
?kdf nufpg' au+r} fsf] nflu klg kmfObfhgs xG' 5 .
@@_ cf?sf] kmn 5f6F g\ ' h?/L xG' 5 <
F 7n" f ;fO{hsf / ahf/df /fdf| ] dN" o kfpg] u/L cf?sf] pTkfbg ug'{ 5 eg] kmn 5f6g\ ] sfd clgjfo{ ?kdf
ug{' kb5{ . kmn 5f6\bf ljz]iftM o;df /xs] f kft / kmnsf] cgk' ftnfO{ ldnfP/ ul/G5 . kft / kmnsf]
cgk' ft #)M! /flvG5 .
@#_ cf?sf] kmn l6Kg] cj:yf eP gePsf] s;/L kQf nufpg ;lsG5 <
F cf?sf sndL la?jfx? tLg jif{ bl] vg} kmNg z?' ub{5g\ . o;sf kmnx? kl/kSj eP ePgg\ eg/]
yfxf kfpgsf] nflu xl/of]af6 k/fn] /Ë / xNsf /ftf] / sfrF f] jf s8f nfUg] kmnx? 5fDbf s]xL g/d
dx;'z x'G5 .
@$_ cf?sf] af6] af6 s;/L ;'/lIft tl/sfn] kmn l6Kg ;lsG5 / pTkfbg slt;Dd x'G5 <
F cf?sf] kmn l6Kbf kmnnfO{ xftn] dsf{P/÷a6f/]/ l6lkG5 . o;sf] pTkfbg k|lt af6] @%–#) s]=hL=xG' 5 .
128 af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf]
@%_ cf?sf] kmnnfO{ slt lbg;Dd e08f/0f u//] /fVg ;lsG5 <
cf?sf] kmnnfO{ l6kk] l5 ;fwf/0f sf7] fdf @) l8u|L ;]lN;o; tfkqmddf @–# lbg eGbf a9L /fVg ;lsG5 t/
)–! l8u|L ;]lN;o; tfkqmd / *%–() k|ltzt cfbt{| fdf @%–#) lbg;Dd e08f/0fu/]/ /fVg ;lsG5 .
@^_ cf?df s:tf s:tf sL/fx? nfUb5g\ <
F cf? afnLdf kft a6fg{] sL/f, kmnsf] kt' nL÷cf+};f/ uaf/f] h:tf sL/fx? nfUb5g\ .
@&_ cf?sf] ;ae} Gbf xflgsf/s sL/f sg' xf] / o;sf] lgoGq0f s;/L ul/G5 <
F cf?sf] ;a}eGbf vt/gfs sL/f kft a6fg]{ nfxL sL/f g} xf] . o;sf dfp tyf nfefn{ ] la?jfsf] slnnf
kftsf] /; r:' b5g\ / kftx? a6fl/G5g\ . o;sf] lgoGq0f ;s];Dd 3/fo;L÷h}ljs ljifflbaf6 ug'{ kb{5
t/ cfqmd0f a9L ePdf /f]u/ ! ld=nL= kl| t ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g{' kb{5 .
@*_ cf?df s:tf–s:tf /f]ux?sf] ks| fk] bl] vG5 <
F cf?df kft a6fl/g] /fu] , ub'F cfpg] /fu] , v/fg] /f]u tyf 8f7F ;8\g] h:tf /f]ux? bv] f kb5{ g\ . logLx?
dWo] kft a6fl/g] /fu] ;ae} Gbf xflgsf/s x'G5 .
@(_ cf?df kft a6fl/g] /f]u s;/L nfUb5 / o;sf] lgoGq0f s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
F of] /fu] 9';Lsf] cfqmd0faf6 xG' 5 . 9;' Ln] lr;f] df;} ddf cfqmd0f z?' u/L a;Gt Ctd' f ha kfn'jf, ;fgf
kmnx? nfUg yfN5g\ clg o;sf nIf0fx? bv] f kb5{ g\ . o;sf] lgoGq0fsf nflu a]Gn]6 ! ld=ln= k|lt ln6/
kfgLdf cyjf @ u|fd SofK6fg kl| t ln6/ kfgLdf cyjf ! kl| tztsf] af8] f{]ldS:r/ sf]lknf nfUg' eGbf
cuf8L, s]xL xKtf k5f8L / To;kl5 klg @-# k6s 5g{' kb{5 .
#=!# cf?av8f -Plum_
!_ cf?av8fnfO{ s:tf] xfjfkfgL pkoQ' m x'G5 <
F cf?av8fsf] nflu lxpFbdf cfb|{ lr;f] tyf jiff{tdf 7LSs vfnsf] u/d xfjfkfgLsf] h?/t xG' 5 . w]/}
lr;f] ?rfpg] o/" fl] kog hftx?nfO{ !))) 306f eGbf a9L lr;fs] f] cfjZostf kb{5 eg] sd lr;f]
?rfpg] hfkgLh hftx?nfO{ $)) 306f eGbf sd 708f÷lr;f] ePklg k'Ub5 .
@_ o;sf] vt] L ;d' ;txaf6 slt prfO{;Dd /fd|f] x'G5 <
F o;sf] vt] L ;d' ;txaf6 (%)–!*)) ld6/ ;Ddsf] prfOd{ f /fd|f] dflgG5 t/ o; eGbf a9L jf 36L
prfOd{ f klg o;sf] vt] L 3/fo;L ko| f]hgsf] nflu u/s] f] kfOG{ 5 .
#_ jflifs{ jiff{ slt;Dd ePdf /fd|f] xG' 5 <
F o;sf] nflu jflifs{ jiff{ ^)) ld=ld= pko'Qm dflgG5 t/ o;eGbf a9L jf 36L jflif{s jiff{ x'g] 7fpdF f
klg l;r+ fOs{ f] k|aGw u/L v]tL u/g] ;lsG5 .
$_ o;sf] nflu s:tf] vfnsf] df6f] pko'Qm xG' 5 <
F o;sf] v]tL ;a} lsl;dsf] df6f] vf;u/L anf}6] bfd] 6 bl] v lrD6o\ fOnf];Dd klg /fd|f] xG' 5 t/ kfgLsf]
lgsf; eg] /fd|f] x'g' kb5{ .
%_ df6fs] f] clDnokgf / Iffl/okgf s:tf] ePsf] /fd|f] xG' 5 <
F cf?av8f v]tLsf] nflu %=% b]lv ^=% ;Ddsf] lk=Pr= dfg ePsf] df6f] /fdf| ] dflgG5 . Iff/Lo eGbf
clDnokg a9L ePsf] df6f]df v]tL km:6fp5F .
af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf] 129
^_ cf?av8fsf] la?jf s;/L nufpg pko'Qm xG' 5 <
F kxf8L le/fnf] hldgdf la?jf nufOg] xb'F f ux|f–sfGnf÷sG6'/ tl/sfn] /]vfÍg u/L au}+rf nufpg pkoQ' m
xG' 5 .
&_ cf?av8fsf la?jf slt b'/Ldf nufpg plrt xfn] f <
F o;sf la?jfx? %X% ld6/sf] b/' L sfod u/L la?jf nufpbF f au+}rf Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .
*_ o;sf] aur}+ f :yfkgf ubf{ /]vfÍg ug{ h?/L xG' 5 <
F cf?av8f lj:tf/} xl' sg{ ] / nfdf] cjlw;Dd la?jfn] kmn lbO/{ xg] xb'F f au}+rf nufpg' cuf8L /fd|/L /v] fÍg
u/L nufpg' pkoQ' m x'G5 .
(_ la?jf /fK] g' cuf8L slt ulx/fOs{ f] vf8\n vGg' knf{ <
F cGo zLtf]i0f kmnkmn" h:t} cf?av8fsf] la?jf ;fg{sf nflu klg ! 3gld6/sf] vf8n\ tof/ ug{' kb{5 .
!)_ la?jf /f]Kbf la?jf /fK] g] ˆNofs jf KnflG6Ë af8] {sf] lsg cfjZos kb5{ <
F la?jf nufpg] 7fpF /v] fÍg u/L ;sk] l5 vf8n\ vGg] ;dodf / la?jf /f]Kg] ;dodf la?jf /fK] g] ˆNofs
jf KnflG6Ë af8] {sf] lgtfGt h?/L x'G5 lsgsL o;}sf] dfWodaf6 la?jfx? ;db"/Ldf /f]Kg ;lsG5 .
!!_ cf?av8fsf la?jfx? s'g df;} ddf /fl] kG5 <
F cf?sf la?jfx? ktem8 lsl;dsf ePsf] x'gfn] lxpFb df};d ljz]iftM ki' f–df3 dlxgfdf /fl] kG5 .
!@_ cf?av8fsf] au+r} fdf l;r+ fO{ ug{ h?/L 5 <
F cf?av8fsf la?jf /f]k]sf] ^–& dlxgf;Dd la?jfdf lr:ofg sfod /fVg' kb{5 . la?jf 7"nf e};s]kl5
kfn'jf cfpg] an] fdf, kmn nfUg] a]nfdf / jl[ 4 x'g] a]nfdf ljz]iftM ;V' vf k/s] f] ;dodf l;+rfOd{ f ljz]if
Wofg lbg' kb5{ .
!#_ cf?av8fdf dnvfbsf] Joj:yf s;/L ug'{ kb5{ <
F cf?av8fsf] af]6nfO{ dnvfb lbFbf pd/] cg;' f/ l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] 5 t/ oxfF gkmns] f] bO' { jifs{ f]
la?jfnfO{ @% s=] hL= sDkf]i6 dn, !)) u|fd gfO6{ «fh] g, %) uf| d kmf]:kmf/] ; / #) u|fd kf6] f; l;kmfl/z
ul/Psf] 5 eg] kmn]sf] ^ jifb{ ]lvsf af]6nfO{ %) s=] hL= sDkf]i6 dn, #)) uf| d gfO{6«f]hg, !%) u|fd
kmf]:kmf]/; / () uf| d kf]6f; kT| os] jif{ lbg' kb{5 .
!$_ g]kfndf cf?av8fsf k|rlnt hftx? sg' s'g xg' \ <
F gk] fndf cf?av8fsf kr| lnt hftx? uL| guh] , cnL{ 6«fG;kf/G] 6 uh] , :6fGn,] ldy]nL, d]/L kf];f, s]N;L,
;fGtf/fh] f, ;T;d' f, km/df];f cflb x'g\ .
!%_ cf?av8fsf ;ae} Gbf l56f] kfSg] hftx? sg' sg' xg' \ <
F ;ae} Gbf l56f] kfSg] hftx?df uL| gu]h, ldy]nL / km/df];f x'g\ .
!^_ cf?av8fsf dWo df;} ddf kfSg] hftx? sg' sg' x'g\ <
F cf?av8fsf dWo df;} ddf kfSg] hftx?df ;T;d' f, d/] L kf];f / s]N;L kb5{ g\ .
!&_ cf?av8fsf ;a}eGbf l9nf] kfSg] vfnsf hft klg sg' } 5g\ ls <
F o;sf] ;a}eGbf l9nf] kfSg] hft Psdfq ;fGtf/fh] f xf] .
130 af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf]
!*_ cf?av8fsf] aur}+ fdf emf/kft x6fpg / dlNrË ug{ sltsf] h?/L 5 <
F cf?av8fsf] au+}rfnfO{ ;kmf ;U' 3/ /fVg / al] ;g jl/kl/ 5fkf]÷dlNrË u/L lr:ofg sfod /fVg / emf/kft
knfpg glbg uf]8dn] / dlNrË cfjZos xG' 5 lsgsL ;a} 7fpdF f l;r+ fO{ ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg ufxf| ] x'G5 .
!(_ cf?av8fsf] af]6nfO{ tflnd / sf6F 5f6F sf] cfjZostf kb5{ <
F cf?av8fsf] af6] nfO{ klg cf?sf] af]6 h:t} u/L la?jf /f]k]sf] klxnf] jif{ b]lv nuftf/ $ jif{;Dd la?jfsf]
cfsf/ k|sf/ ldnfpg tflnd ul/G5 eg] To;kl5 cfjZostf cg';f/ af]6sf] sf6F 5fF6 ug'{ kb{5 . o;df
klg o/" fl] kog hftsf cf?av8fnfO{ hfkgLh hftx?sf] t'ngfdf xNsf sf6F 5f6F sf] h?/t kb{5 .
@)_ cf?av8fdf la?jf k;| f/0fsf] ljlw sg' xf] <
F cf?av8fsf la?jfx? klg cf?h:t} 6Ë uf| lˆ6Ë ljlwaf6 k;| f/0f ul/G5 . o;sf] la?jf sndL ug{
?6:6ssf] ?kdf hËnL cf?av8f ko| f]u ul/G5 t/ Snfg] n ?6:6sx? dfO/f]anfg / dfl/ofgf @^@$ klg
?6:6ssf] ?kdf k|of]u ul/bF } cfPsf] 5 . sg' } s'g} cj:yfdf hËnL cf?nfO{ klg cf?av8fsf la?jf sndL
ugs{ f nflu ?6:6ssf] ?kdf ko| f]u u/]sf] kfOG{ 5 .
@!_ cf?av8fsf] au+}rfdf cGt/afnL nufpg ;lsG5 <
F cf?av8fnfO{ :ofp, gf:kftL / cfv] / aur}+ f leq cGt/afnLsf] ?kdf ko| fu] ug{ ;lsG5 . / o;nfO{ dV' o
afnLsf] ?kdf nufpbF f la?jfn] k"0f{ cfsf/ glnP;Dd bnxg afnL l;dL, s]/fp, df;, e6df; h:tf
afnLx? cGt/afnLsf] ?kdf nufpg' au}r+ fsf] nflu klg kmfObfhgs x'G5 .
@@_ cf?av8fsf] kmn 5fF6g\ ' sltsf] h?/L xG' 5 <
F ahf/df /fd|f] d"No kfpgsf nflu 7n" f ;fOh{ sf kmn laqmL ljt/0f ug{] xf] eg] cf?av8fsf] kmn 5f6\g]
sfd clgjfo{ ?kdf ug{' kb5{ . kmn 5f6b\ f ljz]iftM xftn] jf /;folgs ljlwaf6 klg kmnnfO{ 5f6F g\
;lsG5 . olb /f;folgs ljlw ckgfpg] xf] eg] O{y]kmf]g @)–@)) lk=lk=Pd= sf] :k|] ug'{ kb{5 . kmn 5f6b\ f
cf?df h:t} kft / kmnsf] cgk' ft #)M! xg' ' kb{5 .
@#_ cf?av8fdf nfUg] nfxL sL/fn] s;/L cfqmd0f ub5{ / o;sf] lgoGq0f s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
F nfxL sL/fn] la?jfsf] slnnf dg" f, kft tyf kmnx?df ;dt] cfqmd0f ub5{ / la?jf tyf kmnsf] j[l4
ljsf;df cj/f]w k¥' ofO{ lbG5 . o;sf] lgoGq0fsf nflu 8folhgg\ )=)# kl| tzt !% lbgsf] cGt/fndf
@–# k6s :k|] ubf{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
@$_ cf?av8fdf ubF' lg:sg] /fu] s;/L km}lnG5 / o;sf] lgoGq0f ljlw s] ckgfpg' kb5{ <
F of] zfsf0f'/ AofS6]l/ofaf6 pTkGg x'g] /f]u xf] . o;n] cfqmd0f u/]sf] efuaf6 u'Fb lgl:sPsf] xG' 5 . o;sf]
cfqmd0f a;Gt Ct'sf] z?' lt/ ha lr;f] / cfb{| df;} d a9L ;do /xG5 To:tf] an] fdf a9L xG' 5 . o;sf]
lgoGq0fsf nflu 8fOx{ fO8«f] :6«K] 6f]dfOl{ ;g k|of]u ug'{ kb5{ .
@%_ cf?av8fdf h/f s'lxg] /f]u s;/L nfUb5 / o;sf] lgoGq0fsf] Joj:yf s;/L ldnfpg' kb5{ <
F of] 9';Lsf] sf/0fn] pTkGg x'G5 . ljzi] ftM kfgLsf] lgsf; /fdf| ] gePsf] / lrD6\ofO{nf] df6fd] f kfgL hDg]
cj:yf cfof] eg] /f]usf] ;Defjgf a9b\5 . o;sf] cfqmd0fn] la?jfsf] sf08df af]qmf sx' fO{ lbG5 / la?jf
dg{ ;Sb5 . o;af6 aRgsf] nflu kfgLsf] lgsf;nfO{ g} Jojl:yt tN' ofpg' kb5{ .
@^_ cf?av8fsf] kmn l6Kgsf] nflu slxn] tof/ x'G5 <
F cf?av8fsf sndL la?jfx? klg cf?sf] h:t} tLg jif{ bl] vg} kmNg z?' ub{5g\ . o;sf kmnx? xl/of]af6
xNsf /ftf] jf uf9f /ftf] ePkl5 l6Kgnfos x'G5g\ .
af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf] 131
@&_ cf?av8fsf] af6] af6 kmn s;/L ;/' lIft tl/sfn] l6Kg ;lsG5 <
F cf?av8fsf] kmn l6Kbf kmnnfO{ xftn] dsfP{ /÷a6f/]/ l6lkG5 .
@*_ cf?av8f kmnsf] pTkfbg slt;Dd xG' 5 <
F o;sf] pTkfbg k|lt af]6 #% bl] v %) s]=hL= ;Dd xG' 5 .
@(_ cf?av8fsf] kmnnfO{ slt lbg;Dd e08f/0f u/]/ /fVg ;lsG5 <
F cf?av8fsf] kmnnfO{ )–! l8u|L ;l] N;o; tfkqmd / *%–() kl| tzt cfb|t{ fdf b'O{ tLg xKtf;Dd e08f/0f
u//] /fVg ;lsG5 .
#=!$ eO" {+sfkmn -Strawberry_
!_ eO" s+{ fkmn s:tf] xfjfkfgLdf x'g] afnL xf] <
F xfjfkfgLsf] b[li6sf]0fn] of] afnL zLtf]i0f kb| ]zLo xf] . o;sf ljleGg hftx? ljleGg xfjfkfgLdf cg's"lnt
xg' ] lsl;dn] ljsl;t ePsfn] ] o;sf] v]tL ;dzLtf]i0f kb| ]z;Dd e/} x]sf] 5 . o;sf] vt] L ;+;f/sf w]/}
b]zx?df e/} xs] f] kfO{G5 / kfl} i6stfsf] lx;fan] dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 .
@_ o;sf] v]tL w/ftlno lx;fan] slt prfO{;Dd x'G5 <
F o;sf] v]tL ;d' ;txaf6 !))) bl] v @))) ld6/;Dd ;kmntfsf ;fy e/} xs] f] 5 . k|z:t 3fdsf] ks| fz
kU' g] / l;r+ fOs{ f] ;'ljwf k'¥ ofpg ;lsg] 7fpFdf o;sf] v]tL /fdf| ] xG' 5 .
#_ o;sf] u0' f:t/Lo kmn pTkfbg ug{ tfkqmdsf] s:tf] cj:yf /xg' kb5{ <
F o; afnLsf] j[l4 / ljsf;sf] nflu @@ bl] v @% l8u|L ;l] N;o; lbgsf] / & b]lv !# l8uL| ;]lN;o;
/ftsf] tfkqmd ;a}eGbf /fdf| ] dflgG5 . & l8u|L ;]lN;o; eGbf tnsf] tfkqmd xbF' f / ti' ff/f] kbf{ km"n
dg]{ ;d:of b]lvG5 . ctM xfn To:tf] kl| tsn" df};d ePsf 7fpxF ?df Knfli6s xfp;df vt] L ug{] rng
a9]sf] kfOG{ 5 .
$_ o;sf] ;kmn vt] Lsf] nflu s:tf] ks| f/sf] df6f] a9L pkoQ' m dflgG5 <
F kz| :t k|fËfl/s kbfy{ ePsf], kfgL ghDg] t/ kfgL cl8g,] xNsf anf}6] bfd] 6, xNsf clDno lk=Pr= dfg
%=& bl] v ^=% ;Dd ePsf] df6f] pQd dflgG5 .
%_ df6f]sf] clDnokgf / cGo tTjsf] sdLn] la?jfdf s:tf] c;/ kfb5{ <
F df6fd] f lk=Pr= sf] dfqf a9L ePdf h/fsf] jl[ 4 ljsf; /fdf| ] x'bF g} . ;fy} SoflN;odsf] dfqf a9L ePdf
kft cf]Onfpg] ;d:of a9L xG' 5 . Pp6} hldgdf w]/} jif{ v]tL ug{ /fd|f] dflgbF }g .
^_ eO" s{+ fkmnsf hftx? slt 5g\ xf]nf <
F g]kfndf y'k}| hftx? leœofOPsf 5g\ h;dWo] lkl| do/, gyj{ i] 6, /]8sf6] {, /f]on ;fe] l/g, cfnla6| g, Gof]xf],
cfk] m| f, Sofdf/f;] f, An]s df]/, cf]gf] cflb dV' o xg' \ .
&_ o;sf la?jf s;/L pTkfbg ul/G5 <
F o;sf] la?jf tof/ ubf{ kmn kmln;s]sf /g;{nfO{ ko| fu] ul/G5 . Pp6f :j:Yo la?jfaf6 !@–!* j6f;Dd
/g;{ tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 . dfpjf6] af6 lg:s]sf nx/fx? eO" s{+ f] ;Dks{df cfpFbf uf7F fa] f6 h/f lg:sG5g\ /
gofF /g;{sf] ljsf; xG' 5 .
132 af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf]
*_ o;sf la?jfx? tof/ xg' slt cjlw kv{g' kb{5 <
F df3–kmfNu'0fdf nufOP{ sf] la?jf h]i7–cfiff9df /g;{sf] ?kdf ljsl;t x'G5g\ / ltgLx?nfO{ g;{/L Aof8df
;f//] x'sfP{ kl5 cflZjg–sflQsdf au}+rfdf ;fg{sf] nflu tof/ x'G5g\ .
(_ e"O{s+ fkmnsf] la?jf /fK] g' cuf8L hUufsf] tof/L s:tf] xg' ' kb5{ <
F o;sf la?jf ;fgf / nx/f hfg] lsl;dsf ePsf]n] hUufsf] tof/Ldf lgs} Wofg k¥' ofpg' kb5{ . df6fn] fO{
@–# k6s vghf]t u/L 8Nnf km6' fO{ emf/kft x6fO{ df6fn] fO{ vs' n' f] / a'/a/' fpFbf] agfpg' kb{5 .
!)_ k|lt /fk] gLdf nufpg] la?jfsf] nflu slt kl/df0fdf dnvfbsf] ko| fu] ug{' knf{ <
F o;sf] nflu df6f] lgs} dlnnf] rflxg] xb'F f k|lt /f]kgL @=% d=] 6g uf]a/ jf sDkf]i6 dn, ^–* s=] hL= ol" /of,
%–^ s]=hL= l8=P=lk= / %–& s=] hL= Do/" 6] ckm kf6] f; cfjZos kb{5 . o;sf] cnfjf lh+s ;Nkm6] )=%%,
SoflN;od ;Nkm]6 )=%%, / af]l/s Pl;8 )=@% kmf]lnP/ :k]| ubf{ pTkfbgdf j[l4 xG' 5 .
!!_ o;sf la?jfx?sg' ;do / slt b"l/df nufpg plrt x'G5 <
F o;sf la?jf aur+} fdf nufpFbf efb|–cflZjg / df3–kmfNu'0fdf nufpg pkoQ' m x'G5 . la?jf bl] v la?jfsf]
b"/L $% ;=] dL= tyf nfO{g b]lv nfO{gsf] b"/L &% ;=] dL= /fVg' plrt x'G5 . Ps /fk] gL hldgsf] nflu !&%
b]lv @@% j6f;Dd la?jfsf] cfjZostf kb5{ .
!@_ o;nfO{ cGo afnL eGbf sx] L ljz]if x/] rfx ug{' kb5{ <
F o;sf h/fx? df6f]sf] ;txd} km}lng] xFb' f df6fd] f kz| :t lr:ofg /xg' kb5{ / emf/kft a9\g lbg' xF'b}g .
o;sf] nflu sfnf] /Ësf] !=% ld=ld= df]6fO{ ePsf] Knfli6sn] dlNrË uo{ f] eg] lr:ofg klg sfod /xG5
/ emf/kft klg knfpg lbbF g} .
!#_ o;nfO{ l;r+ fOs{ f] slt cfjZostf kb5{ <
F o;sf h/fx? 5f6] f] xg' ] / ;txd} kml} ng] x'bF f df6fd] f lr:ofg sfod /fvL /xg cfjZos x'G5 . lxpFbsf]
df;} ddf sflQs b]lv df3;Dd dlxgfsf] b'O{ k6s l;r+ fO{ u/] k'U5 eg] udL{ df};ddf xKtfs} bO' { k6s
l;r+ fO{ ug{' kg{] x'G5 .
!$_ e"Os+{ fkmnsf la?jfnfO{ sf65fF6 / tflndsf] h?/L x'G5 <
F pTkfbgdf jl[ 4 ug{ / u'0f:t/Lo kmn pTkfbg ug{ sf65fF6 / tflndsf] lgtfGt cfjZostf kb{5 .
la?jfnfO{ tLg k|sf/n] tflnd lbg ;lsG5 . klxnf] Ps dn" k|0ffnL h;df z'?df /fk] s] f] d"naf]6 /fvL cGo
;a} /g;{ pv]n]/ x6fpg' kb5{ . bf>] f] rf/ dn" k0| ffnL h;df klxn] /fk] s] f] d"naf]6af6 rf/a6f /g;{nfO{
a9g\ lbOG{ 5 eg] t]>f] ax'dn" k|0ffnLdf Ps lkm6;Ddsf] b/" Ldf ;a} /g;{nfO{ a9\g lbOG5 / To;kl5sf
/g;n{ fO{ a9\g glbO{ ;an} fO{ pv]n/] x6fOG5 .
!%_ o;sf] kmn tof/ xg' slt cjlw nfUb5 <
F km"n kmn' s] f] s/La #) bl] v $% lbgleq kmnsf] ljsf; xG' 5 / To;sf] !% b]lv @) lbg kl5 kmn
l6Kgnfos xG' 5 .
!^_ e"O{s+ fkmnsf] kmn kfss] f] s;/L klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 <
F kmnsf] cfwf rfy} fO{ efudf /Ësf] ljsf; ePkl5 kmn l6Kg nfos x'G5 . 7LSs kfss] f] kmn u'nfaL /ftf]
;G' tn] bl] v hft cg;' f/ a}hgL /Ësf] xG' 5 .
af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf] 133
!&_ o;sf] kmn s;/L l6Kg' kb5{ < s] ;a} kmn Ps} k6s l6Kg ;lsG5 <
F kmn Ps} k6s gkfSg] ePsf]n] k6s k6s u/L l6Kg' kb{5 . kmnnfO{ Ps Ps u/L e6] \gf] ;lxt gËn] jf
;fgf] vfn] lSnk/sf] ;xfotfn] l6Kg' kb{5 . glhssf] ahf/sf] nflu kmn k"/} kfs]kl5 l6Kg' kb{5 eg]
6f9fsf] ahf/sf nflu cfwf /Ë ljsl;t ePkl5 l6Kg' kb{5 .
!*_ o;sf] pTkfbg k|lt /f]kgL slt;Dd lng ;lsG5 <
F o;sf] pTkfbg df6fs] f] dlnnf]kgf, l;r+ fO{ tyf df};dn] lgwf{/0f ub5{ . ;/b/df lng] xf] eg] !–@=% d=] 6g
;Dd pTkfbg ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 .
!(_ o; afnLnfO{ sL/fx?n] sltsf] ;tfpFb5g\ <
F cGo afnLx?sf] t'ngfdf sL/fx? sd} nfUb5g\ tfklg /ftf] dfs/' ,] ;'n;n' ] / hfkflgh vk6] sL/fx?n]
gf]S;fgL ub{5g\ .
@)_ o;df nfUg] /ftf] dfs/' ] sL/f s:tf] vfnsf] sL/f xf] / o;nfO{ s;/L lgoGq0f ug{ ul/G5 <
F b'O{ yf]Kn] /ftf] dfs/' ], ;n' ;'n] kftsf] tNnf] ;txdf a;L la?jfsf] kftaf6 /; r':b5 / la?jf sdhf/]
eO{ pTkfbgdf 7n" f] x|f; x'G5 . o;sf] lgoGq0fsf nflu ldq hLjsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;'n;n' g] fzs 8fOsfk] mfn]
!–@ ld=ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g'{ kb5{ .
@!_ o;nfO{ gf]S;fgL ug{] sL/f hfklgh vk6]sf] af/]df klg sx] L atfO{ lbg' xG' Yof] ls <
F o;sf] dfp vk6]n] kmndf Kjfn kf//] vfG5 eg] nfe]n| ] h/f vfO{ gfS] ;fgL ub5{ . o;sf] /f]syfd ug{
ljljw pkfo ug{ ;lsG5 h:t} vk6]nfO{ l6k]/ gi6 ug,{] km]/fd] g kf;f]sf] k|ofu] ug]{ / a9L cfqmd0f ePdf
kfOl/y|Lg jf sfaf| {ln h:tf ljifflbx? !–@ ld=ln= kl| t ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g'{ kb5{ .
@@_ o; afnLdf /f]usf] k|sf]k s:tf] 5 <
F o; afnLdf bv] f kg{] /fu] x?df v}/f] 9';L, sfnf] bfu x'g], v/fg], kftsf] yfK] n,] h/f sl' xg] cflb x'g\ .
logLx? dWo] v/} f] 9;' L / h/f sl' xg] /f]un] afnLnfO{ a9L gfS] ;fgL u/]sf] kfO{G5 .
@#_ o; afnLdf v}/f] 9;' L /f]un] s;/L Iflt u5{ / o;af6 aRg s] pkfo ug'{ knf{ <
F o; /fu] sf] 9';Ln] cfqmd0f u/k] l5 kmndf v/} f] wn" f] h:tf] kfp8/ b]lvG5 / /fu] sf] k|sf]k a9L ePkl5
kmn ;8/] hfG5 . o;nfO{ /fs] yfd ug{ nIf0f b]lvPsf kmnx? l6k/] gi6 ug]{ / kmn" kmqmgf;fy ly/fd jf
SofK6g h:tf ljifflb !–@ ld=ln= kl| t ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g{' kb5{ .
@$_ o; afnLnfO{ cfqmd0f ug{] h/f sl' xg] /fu] sf] af/d] f klg s]xL atfO{ lbg' xG' 5 ls <
F o; /fu] sf] 9;' Ln] afnLsf] h/fdf cfqmd0f ub5{ / h/fx? s'lxG5g\ kmn:j?k h/fn] vfBtTj ;f;] /] k7fpg
;Qmg} / la?jf db5{ . o;sf] /fs] yfd ug]{ ;a}eGbf /fdf| ] pkfo afnL-rqm ckgfpg] / aur+} fdf kfgL hDg
glbg] g} xf] t/ /fu] sf] cfqmd0f a9L ePdf jl] eli6g @ ld=ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ df6f] pkrf/ ug{
;lsG5 .
@%_ s] eO" +{sfkmnsf] kmn nfdf] ;do;Dd 3fdsf] ;Dks{df cfpbF f gf]S;fgL x'G5 <
F nfdf] ;do;Dd 3fdsf] ;Dks{ tyf ;'Vvfsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ kmnsf] /ftf] /Ë lj:tf/} x/fp5F / kmndf bfu
b]lvG5 . df6f]df l7Sssf] lr:ofg sfod /fVg] / a9L 3fd nfUg] :yfgdf 5fofsF f] Joj:yf u/d] f o;
;d:ofaf6 kf/ kfpg ;lsG5 .
134 af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] kZ| g–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf]
@^_ PSsf;L kmnsf] d'v km'6g\ ] / kmn vf]qmf] xg' ] ;d:of klg obfsbf ;l' gG5 lg <
F tfkqmddf cfPsf] PSsf;Lsf] kl/jt{gn] ubf{ kmnsf] 6'Kkf] km'6g\ ] ;fy} kmn vfq] mf] x'g] ub{5 h;nfO{ Eofu't]
dv' klg elgG5 . o:tf] cj:yfnfO{ ;xg ug]{ vfnsf hft klg ljsf; ePsf 5g\ .
@&_ s'g} sg' } cj:yfdf kmnx? a]cfsf/sf x'g,] Psgf;sf] /Ë ljsf; gx'g] h:tf ;d:of klg ;l' gG5 lg s]
sf/0fn] xfn] f <
F jf:tjdf o:tf ;d:ofx? obfsbf bl] vG5g\ . o;sf w]/} sf/0fx? dWo] df}/Lsf] lqmofsnfkdf sdL cfO{
/fd|/L k/fu;r] g gx'g,' df6f]df gfO{6f« h] gsf] dfqf a9L x'g' cfjZostf eGbf a9L lr;f] / t'iff/f] dV' o
dflgG5 .
#=!% sfutL (Lemon)
!_ sfutLdf nfUg] /f]ux? lgoGq0fsf pkfo s] xf] <
F sfutLdf nfUg] /fu] x? lgoGq0fsf dV' o pkfox? au+r} f ;kmf /fVg], lxpbdf af]6sf ;'s]sf xfuF flau+ fx?sf]
sf6F 5fF6 ul/ x6fpg,] sk/cS;fO8{ # u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf emfn] agfO{ sf6F 5f6F k5L 5g]{ / km]b jl/k/L
;kmf kf/L ! bl] v !=% xft;Dd af]8f] ki] 6n] lnkL lbg] .
@_ sfutLdf nfUg] /fu] x? s'g s'g xg' \ <
F sfutLdf nfUg] /f]ux? SofO+s/, sfnf] Wjf;,] sf]q,] h8f sx' Lg,] kmb] s'xLg], un' faL /f]u lu|lgu+ dV' o x'g\ .
#_ sfutLsf] ldlnau ls/f s;/L lgoGq0f ug]{ <
F sfutLsf] ldlnau ls/f lgoGq0f ug{ Old8fsfn] lk6 )=@ ld=ln= kl| t ln6/ kfgLdf emf]n agfO{ 5g{] .
$_ sfutLsf] nfxL / l;6;« l;Nnf ls/f s;/L lgoGq0f ug{] <
F sfutLsf] nfxL / l;6;« l;Nnf ls/f lgoGq0f ug{ kmn' kmNg' cuf8L /fu] / #) kl| tzt Ol; ! ld=ln= k|lt
ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g{] .
%_ sfutLsf] stn] ls/f s;/L lgoGq0f ug]{ <
F sfutLsf] stn] ls/f lgoGq0f ug{ ls/f nfu]sf af]6x? g;fg,{] kmfug' / r}q dxLgfdf Ps Ps k6s /f]u/
#) kl| tzt Ol; ! ld=ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g],{ d6Lt]n / ;fag' sf] emfn] agfO{ 5g]{ / P6\;f] !)
ld=ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g ]{ .
^_ sfutLdf nfUg] ls/f 7n' f] kt' nL / kftsf] lem+ufnfO{ s;/L lgoGq0f ug]{ <
F sfutLdf nfUg] ls/f 7'nf] k'tnL / kftsf] lemu+ fnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ 8N] 6f« dl] yg| @* k|ltzt Ol; @ ld=ln=
k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g{] .
&_ sfutLdf nfUg] d'Vo d'Vo ls/fx? s'g sg' xg' \ <
F sfutLdf nfUg] d'Vo dV' o ls/fx? xl/of] 7'nf] kt' nL, kftsf] lemu+ f, stn] ls/f, nfxL ls/f, l;6«; l;Nnf,
kmn s'xfpg] cf;+} f / ldnL au x'g .
*_ sfutLsf] kmn l6Kg pko'Qm ;do s] xf] <
F ljxfg *–!) ah] / ;feF m #–^ ahs] f] ;do kmn l6Kg pko'Qm x'G5 .
(_ sfutL lj?jfnfO{ sf6F 5fF6 ug]{ ljlw s] xf] <
F lj?jfnfO{ sfF65f6F ug{ lj1sf] ;Nnfx cg;' f/ ug{' kb5{ .
af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;+ufnf] 135
!)_ dnvfb lbg] tl/sf s] xf] <
F lj?jfn] hldg cf]u6]sf] jl/kl/ sn' ;] f] agfO{ dnvfb lbg'k5{ / To;nfO{ v/kftn] 5fk] L l;r+ fO{ ug'{ k5{ .
!!_ jf6] xl' s{ ;s]kl5 dnvfb sltsf] xfNg' k5{ <
F !–# aifs{ f] lj?jfnfO{ kl| t lj?jf uf]j/dn @) s]=hL=, o'l/of, l8PrL / kf6] f; qmdzM !)), %) / !))
uf| dsf b/n] xfNg] .
!@_ l;+rfO{sf] nfuL >f]tdf kfgL sd 5 eg] s;/L Joj:yf ldnfpg] <
F kfgLsf] >f]t sd 5 eg] yf]kf l;r+ fO{ k|ljlwsf] k|ofu] ug{ ;lsG5 .
!#_ sfutL aur+} fdf l;r+ fOs{ f] cfjZostf slxn] k5{ <
F df6fs] f] lr:ofgsf] cj:yf x]/L ;V' vf ofddf kmfug' b]lv h]i7;Dd !)–!% lbgsf] km/sdf xNsf l;r+ fO{
ug'{ k5 { .
!$_ sfutLsf] lj?jf Ps k6s /fk] ]kl5 slt aif{;Dd kmn lbO{ /xG5 <
F $) bl] v %) aif{;Dd .
!%_ sfutLsf] s:tf] hft 5gf}6 ug{' k5{ <
F 7fpF / xfjfkfgL cg;' f/ lj1sf] ;Nnfx lnO{ sfutLsf] hft 5gf6} ug {] .
!^_ dnvfbsf] ko| fu] slt ug{' k5{ <
F kl| t vf8n %) u|fd l8=P=kL=, %) u|fd ol' /of / @% u|fd kf]6f;nfO{ df6fd] f ld>0f ul/ vf8n k'g'{ kb5{ .
!&_ lj?jf slxn] /fK] g] <
F cfiff9 dlxgfdf .
!*_ vf8n slxn] eg{] <
F h]7 dlxgf leq .
!(_ vf8n slxn] vGg] <
F a}zfv dlxgf leq .
@)_ sfutLsf] lj?jf /fK] g s] s:tf] to} f/L ug'{ k5{ <
F sfutL ;DaGwL lj1sf] ;Nnfx lnO{ /]vfÍg ul/ lj?jf /fK] g' eGbf @–# dlxgf klxn] g} @–# 3glkm6sf]
vfN8f] vGg ] .
@!_ sfutL v]tLsf] nfuL s:tf] hUufsf] 5gf6} ug{' k5{ <
F kfgL ghDg,] af/ aGbh] nufpg ;lsg,] kfgLsf] en gcfpg,] df6] / jf6fn] ] 5f]Psf] / kfgLsf] >f]t ePsf]
hUufsf] 5gf6} ug'{ k5{ .
@@_ sfutLsf] jf]6 /f]kg] b'/L slt /fVg' kg{] xf] <
F Joj;foLs au}+rf :yfkgf ubf{ #X# dL6/sf] b/' Ldf lj?jf /f]Kg' kb{5 .
@#_ sfutL vt] Lsf] nfuL s:tf] df6f]sf] cfjZos kb5{ <
F hldgsf] ;tx b]lv @ dL6/ ulx/f];Dd r§fg gePsf], kfgL ghDg] k|z:t k|fËufl/s kbfy{ ePsf], df6fs] f]
lk=Pr= %=%–^=%= ;Dd ePsf] bf]d6 df6f] ;j} eGbf pkoQ' m x'G5 .
136 af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf]
@$_ sfutLnfO{ l;rfO{ ug{ cfjZos x'G5 <
F ;'Vvf df};ddf sfutLsf] jf6] nfO{ kfgLsf] cfjZostf k'/f ug{ l;+rfO{ kfgLsf] cfjZostf kb5{ .
@%_ sfutL vt] Lsf] nfuL s:tf] xfjfkfgL rflxG5 <
F aif{ el/g} Gofgf] / cf]lifnf] xfjfkfgL ePsf] pi0f k|bz] bl] v lxpF / t'iff/f] gkg{] pkf]i0f If]q;Dd -!)) dL6/
bl] v !*)) dL6/ prfO{ ;Dd_ sf] xfjfkfgLdf o;sf] v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 .
@^_ s:tf] s:tf] /fu] df of] kmn pkof]uL x'G5 <
F ckr Pj+ k6] sf] ;a} h;f] ljsf/x? lgisfzg ug{ of] kmn lgs} pkof]uL xG' 5 .
@&_ sfutL kmnsf] dxTj s] xf] <
F sfutLsf] /;df le6fldg ;L kz| :t dfqfdf kfOg] xg' fn] :jf:Yosf] nfuL cToGt} dxTjk0" f{ kmn xf] .
af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf] 137
d;nf afnL (Spice Crops)
kZ| g–pQ/
$=! a];f/ (Turmeric)
!_ a];f/df dV' o ?kn] s] tTj kfOG5 <
F a;] f/df d;nfsf] cnfjf clt dxTjk0" f{ cfi} fwLo tTj sf/sf]dLg kfOG5 h'g SofG;/ /fu] sf] pkrf/df
k|of]u ul/G5 .
@_ /f]u lgoGq0f ug{ s] ug{' k5{ <
F lj1sf] ;Nnfx cg';f/ ug'{ k5 { .
#_ dV' o dV' o sg' /fu] nfU5 <
F a];f/df h/f s'lxg] /fu] g} dV' o x'g . o;sf] cnjf kft sx' Lg] /fu] klg nfUg ;S5 .
$_ a;] f/ e08f/0f ug{] /fd|f] tl/sf s] xf] <
F :yflgo:t/d} klg uf7] , s6/] f], ?vsf] 5fxf/Ldf y'kf| ] agfP/ e08f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
%_ kl| t /fk] gL slt hlt pTkfbg x'G5 <
F ;/b/ k|lt /fk] gL ! d]=6= pTkfbg x'G5 .
^_ a];f/ slt dlxgfdf tof/ x'G5 <
F &–( dlxgfdf.
&_ a];f/sf] pGgt hftx? klg 5g\ <
F a;] f/sf] pGgt hftx?df l;=cf–!, ;ug' , ;j' 0f{ cfbL 5g\ .
*_ gk] fndf sg' hftsf] a;] f/sf] v]tL ul/G5 <
F xfn;Dd gk] fndf :yflgo hftsf] dfq} vt] L ul/Psf] kfOPsf] 5 .
(_ a;] f/ v]tLdf aLp b/ slt rflxG5 <
F kl| t s¶f @%)) s]=hL= .
!)_ a];f/ /fK] g] tl/sf s] xf] <
F xf/ bl] v xf/sf] b/' L %) ;=] ld= / aLp bl] v jLpsf] b'/L @% ;=] dL= x'g] u/L vfN8f], 8\ofª jf sn' ];f] h]
agfP/ klg /f]Kg ;lsG5 .
!!_ a];f/ vt] Lsf] nfuL dnvfgsf] dfqf slt xf] <
F l @)) s=] hL= lgdsf] kft
l @% s=] hL= gfO6«fh] g
138 af/Daf/ ;fl] wg] k|Zg–pQ/x?sf ;u+ fnf]
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